@article {pmid42295492, year = {2026}, author = {Zeng, D and Wang, L and Gong, Y and Zhou, W and Wang, W and Wang, S and Xu, G and Chen, A}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis suppresses tomato bacterial wilt by coordinating plant systemic resistance with microbiome antagonism.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42295492}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {32472831//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32472831//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32472831//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32472831//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32472831//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32472831//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32472831//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32472831//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology/prevention & control ; *Ralstonia solanacearum/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Microbiota ; Rhizosphere ; Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance ; Soil Microbiology ; Disease Resistance ; }, abstract = {Tomato bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a globally devastating soil-borne disease that poses a serious threat to the sustainable development of tomato production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are well-recognized beneficial soil microorganisms that significantly promote plant growth, enhance nutrient uptake, and improve resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive understanding of the potential of AMF to suppress tomato bacterial wilt is still lacking. In this study, we demonstrate that AMF inoculation remarkably reduces the disease index of bacterial wilt in tomato plants, upregulates the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and enhances antioxidant enzyme activities, collectively strengthening systemic disease resistance. High-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that AMF colonization drives substantial reassembly of the rhizosphere microbiome. Notably, AMF colonization promoted the recruitment of beneficial bacterial genera, including Bacillus and Brevibacillus, while significantly suppressing the abundance of Ralstonia. Furthermore, we isolated two Brevibacillus strains, designated AQC211 and AQC296, from the mycorrhizosphere of healthy tomato plants, both exhibited antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum in vitro. Pot experiments confirmed that inoculation with the AQC211 strain significantly reduced the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt. These findings indicate that AMF can not only directly prime plant systemic resistance but also indirectly enhance protection against bacterial wilt by shaping a disease-suppressive rhizosphere microbiome.}, }
@article {pmid42296348, year = {2026}, author = {Catacora-Grundy, A and Juery, C and Chevalier, F and Yee, DP and Pavie, M and LeKieffre, C and Schieber, NL and Schwab, Y and Gallet, B and Jouneau, PH and Curien, G and Decelle, J}, title = {Sweet and fatty symbionts: Photosynthetic productivity and carbon storage boosted in microalgae within a host.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {25}, pages = {e2513679123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2513679123}, pmid = {42296348}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {GBMF11532//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF)/ ; 101088661)//EC | Horizon Europe | Excellent Science | HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (ERC)/ ; NR-22-PEEL-0014//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/physiology ; *Photosynthesis/physiology ; *Microalgae/metabolism/physiology ; *Carbon/metabolism ; Chloroplasts/metabolism ; *Paramecium/metabolism/physiology ; Carbon Cycle ; Starch/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Symbiosis between a host and intracellular eukaryotic microalgae is a widespread life strategy in aquatic ecosystems. This partnership is considered to be mainly energized by the supply of photosynthetically derived carbon energy from microalgal symbionts. A major question is whether microalgae increase their photosynthetic production and decrease carbon storage in order to maximize carbon translocation to their host. By combining three-dimensional subcellular imaging and physiological analyses, we show that the chloroplast and CO2-fixing pyrenoid of the microalga Micractinium conductrix significantly expands during symbiosis within their host (the ciliate Paramecium bursaria) compared to the free-living stage. This is accompanied by a threefold higher quantity of Rubisco enzymes, 16-fold higher carbon fixation rate per algal cell and upregulation of several Carbon Concentrating Mechanism-related genes. Time-resolved subcellular quantitative imaging revealed that photosynthetically fixed carbon is first allocated to starch during the day, with five times higher production in symbiosis. Nearly half of the carbon stored in starch is consumed overnight while some is converted into lipid droplets, which are 20-fold more voluminous in symbiotic microalgae. We also show that carbon is transferred to the host and potentially respired by the high density of surrounding host mitochondria. Yet, high starch and lipid content in symbiotic microalgae suggest a moderate carbon export to the host relative to the high primary productivity. Overall, this study provides an original view of the subcellular remodeling and dynamics of carbon metabolism of microalgae inside a host, and opens new questions on the mechanisms of the source-sink relationship in aquatic photosymbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid42296622, year = {2026}, author = {Pravara, R and Praveen, R and Seema, B}, title = {Microbial allies in a cotton pest: A descriptive account of associated microbiota dynamics in Dysdercus cingulatus across development.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics &amp; proteomics}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {101902}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbd.2026.101902}, pmid = {42296622}, issn = {1878-0407}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hemipteran insects harbour several symbiotic partners, mainly bacteria, which play pivotal roles for hosts like dietary provision, support overall physiology, xenobiotic degradation and manipulate/regulate behaviour. Most of these symbionts usually reside and operate from the digestive tracts of the animals. Cotton is one of the major cash crops in India and Dysdercus cingulatus (D. cingulatus) though a secondary pest, is causing significant destruction of cotton bolls, poor lint quality and reduce oil content of seeds. Premature opening of cotton bolls often leads to bacterial and fungal infections, thus resulting in extensive economic loss worldwide. D. cingulatus is a hemimetabolous insect that comprises of developmental stages like egg, nymph (5 instar stages), and adult. The present work explored the ontogeny specific diversity in the associated microbiota and predicted their probable functional inputs in D. cingulatus.<br><br>RESULTS: The data obtained using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (NovaSeq 6000) revealed presence of members of Proteobacteria (65.83%), Firmicutes (24%), Actinobacteria (10%) phyla throughout the ontogeny of D. cingulatus. Highest alpha diversity of these symbiotic bacteria was recorded in the third instar nymphs in contrast to rest of the developmental stages. Among all the observed genera, Stenotrophomonas, Hungatella and Glutamicibacter were predominant from egg to adult stages. MicFunPred, a tool used for predicting the probable functional inputs of these symbionts, hinted at their probable stage specific contribution in crucial biochemical pathways such as polyketide biosynthesis, ascorbate/aldarate metabolism, pentose phosphate and glyoxylate cycles, steroid hormone and peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and glycolysis/pyruvate metabolism.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The primary investigations on the ontogenetic composition and diversity of associated microbiota, suggest dynamic shifts in D. cingulatus, concurrent with their probable functions/roles in the host development and metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on symbiotic microbiota variation across the developmental stages of D. cingulatus that provides preliminary descriptive observations that may guide future functional and experimental investigations into microbiota-based pest management.}, }
@article {pmid42298073, year = {2026}, author = {Qin, F and Li, L and Chen, H and Yang, L}, title = {Whole-genome sequencing and analysis of the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata Y-2 from Leymus chinensis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-58118-5}, pmid = {42298073}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2021BS03029//The Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region/ ; 2024XJCG31//The university-level research project of Hulunbuir University/ ; 2024XJCG28//The university-level research project of Hulunbuir University/ ; }, abstract = {To explore the genetic basis and functional potential of beneficial symbiosis between the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata Y-2 and its host Leymus chinensis, we performed Illumina-based draft whole-genome sequencing and systematic bioinformatic analysis. Although this assembly does not reach telomere-to-telomere completeness, it provides high-quality gene-level information for gene prediction, functional annotation, carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) identification, and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster analysis. The final genome size of A. alternata Y-2 was 34,383,676 bp with a GC content of 51.0%, containing 12,724 predicted protein-coding genes, 90 tRNAs, and 12 rRNAs. BUSCO assessment showed 98.9% completeness, supporting the high quality of this draft genome. A total of 12,627 genes were successfully annotated in the NCBI NR database, and 17,183 genes were functionally categorized using GO terms. In total, 448 CAZyme genes and 21 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were identified, which are potentially involved in lignocellulose degradation, cellular redox homeostasis and biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites. Based on ITS sequence alignment, NR annotation, and phylogenetic analysis of single-copy orthologous genes, the strain was confidently identified as A. alternata. This study firstly reports the draft genome of an endophytic A. alternata strain derived from L. chinensis and provides valuable genetic resources for exploring the endophytic lifestyle, stress tolerance, and bioactive metabolite potential of this fungus.}, }
@article {pmid42298395, year = {2026}, author = {Montes-Ortiz, Z and Powell, D and Vogel, H and Löfstedt, C and Andersson, MN}, title = {Comparative genomics reveal signatures of ecological specialization in the striped ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42298395}, issn = {1471-2164}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Beetles (Coleoptera) display exceptional dietary diversity and occupy a wide range of ecological niches, often involving close associations with plants and microbes. Ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae; Scolytinae and Platypodinae) exemplify ecological specialization by cultivating mutualistic fungi within galleries excavated in their host trees' xylem, with the fungi serving as their main food source. The striped ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum is a pest of conifers, relying on its nutritional mutualist Phialophoropsis ferruginea for survival. This fungiculture-based lifestyle provides a system for exploring how specialized mutualism is reflected at the genomic level. Hence, we performed a comparative genomics analysis between T. lineatum and nine other beetle species with different ecological specializations. We hypothesized that fungiculture is associated with specific genomic adaptations, including changes in gene family composition related to nutrition, detoxification, and immunity.<br><br>RESULTS: The small genome of T. lineatum (74.4-83.6&#xa0;Mb) exhibits comparatively low levels of repetitive DNA (19.9%), including a reduced proportion of transposable elements. Annotation generated 14,830 high-quality gene predictions, most of which were supported by transcript evidence or functional domains. Comparative orthology analysis across ten beetle species identified 13,896 orthogroups, with T.lineatum having 78 species-specific orthogroups comprising 238 genes. Gene family evolution analyses revealed 33 families with significant size changes in T. lineatum, including 16 expansions and 17 contractions. Notably, gene families associated with digestion, detoxification, and immunity were contracted. These included glycoside hydrolase 28, cytochrome P450, serpin, and trypsin families, which may reflect the fungus-based, rather than plant-based, diet of T. lineatum, and reduced reliance on broad-spectrum immune defenses. In contrast, expansions in the THAP and CD80-like immunoglobulin domain families indicate diversification of genes involved in genomic regulation and immune recognition.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the genome of T. lineatum is characterized by low repeat content and compact gene architecture. The observed contractions in key gene families involved in plant digestion, detoxification, and immunity may represent genomic signatures of its obligate mutualistic specialization and narrow ecological niche. Our findings provide the first insights into the genomic adaptations of fungus-farming ambrosia beetles, suggesting that co-evolved insect-microbe mutualisms may lead to reductions in a variety of gene families.}, }
@article {pmid42298695, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, P and Liu, C and Pu, W and Zhang, J and Xu, R and Liu, L and Luo, J and Huang, R and Jiang, L and Huan, H and Luo, L and Liu, G and Dong, R and Chen, Z}, title = {Telomere-to-telomere genome of Stylosanthes guianensis uncovers symbiotic adaptation to phosphorus-deficient soils.}, journal = {Genome biology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42298695}, issn = {1474-760X}, support = {32441034, 32471766, 32371769//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 323CXTD387//Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province/ ; CARS-22//Earmarked fund for CARS-Green Manure/ ; CARS-34//Earmarked fund for CARS-Forage and Grass/ ; 2024YFD1301203//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; *Fabaceae/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Phosphorus/deficiency/metabolism ; *Genome, Plant ; *Telomere/genetics ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Root Nodules, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stylosanthes guianensis, a representative tropical legume, exhibits remarkable adaptation to low-phosphorus acidic soils. As a symbiotic species, it forms root nodule associations with rhizobia to fix atmospheric nitrogen, potentially enhancing phosphate use efficiency. This study aims to decipher the mechanisms linking root nodule symbiosis to low-phosphate adaptation in Stylosanthes guianensis.<br><br>RESULTS: We present the first gap-free, telomere-to-telomere genome of Stylosanthes guianensis (1.20&#xa0;Gb), containing 82.28% repetitive sequences and 34,728 genes, with 99.30% BUSCO completeness and a 29.05 LTR Assembly Index score. Integrated genomic data and multi-omics analyses reveal a coordinated symbiotic strategy. Specifically, roots enhance flavonoid biosynthesis, likely driven by tandem duplication of chalcone reductase genes, to facilitate robust symbiont recruitment, while nodule development was regulated by a conserved network centered on the transcription factor NIN. In nodules, multiple phosphate starvation response pathways are activated, including enhanced phosphate transport and recycling, membrane lipid remodeling, and phosphate-conserving metabolic bypasses to support nitrogen fixation. Furthermore, co-upregulation of vitamin B6 and nitrogen assimilation pathways suggests a role in mitigating oxidative stress and sustaining metabolic balance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that root nodule symbiosis in Stylosanthes guianensis underpins a multifaceted adaptation to low-phosphate stress, integrating enhanced symbiotic signaling, conserved nodule development, reprogrammed phosphate metabolism, and improved antioxidant protection. These findings provide insights into stress-resilient symbiosis and a genomic foundation for improving nutrient efficiency in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid42298899, year = {2026}, author = {Zhan, F and Shen, C and Mundock, IM and Ren, Y and Li, H and Xue, Q and Guo, W}, title = {Draft whole-genome and mitochondrial genome assemblies of Steinernema tarimense and Heterorhabditis sp. XJ-55.}, journal = {Journal of helminthology}, volume = {100}, number = {}, pages = {e63}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X26101667}, pmid = {42298899}, issn = {1475-2697}, support = {32160377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Rhabditida/genetics/classification ; *Genome, Helminth ; Phylogeny ; China ; }, abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are potent biocontrol agents. They kill insects through a unique symbiosis with pathogenic bacteria (Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus), making them ideal for integrated pest management due to their broad host range and environmental safety. Despite high species diversity, genomic resources for these nematodes remain limited. The aim of this study was to characterise the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of a newly described species, S. tarimense, and a putative novel Heterorhabditis species (strain XJ-55), both obtained from Xinjiang, China. A comprehensive genomic annotation and analysis were conducted to investigate the evolutionary origins of insect parasitism and the molecular adaptation mechanisms involved in host-parasite interactions. Through Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly, we obtained fragmented yet biologically informative genomes for both species. The assembly of S. tarimense reached a BUSCO completeness of 84.06% with an estimated genome size of 84.27 Mb, while that of Heterorhabditis sp. XJ-55 achieved 92.28% completeness with an estimated size of 75.11 Mb. Functional annotation revealed conserved metabolic profiles between the two species, with the Metabolism category being the most abundant. Mitochondrial genomes were successfully reconstructed using MitoZ and NOVOPlasty, resulting in a complete mitogenome of S. tarimense (13,836 bp) and a partial mitogenome of Heterorhabditis sp. XJ-55 (16,865 bp). Comparative mitogenomic analysis highlighted characteristic features such as pronounced A+T bias and distinct codon usage patterns, providing new evolutionary insights into these genera. These genomic resources establish a foundation for future comparative studies and functional investigations, with promising implications for enhancing the biological control efficacy of EPNs in sustainable agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid42299645, year = {2026}, author = {Paulsen, J and Sharrett, ST and Mumey, D and Larsen, EM and Nguyen, NK and Lendemer, J and Calabria, LM and Hoffman, JR and Magori, K and Allen, JL}, title = {Helitrons are enriched in lichenized fungi with long generation lengths and small distribution sizes.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/g3journal/jkag153}, pmid = {42299645}, issn = {2160-1836}, abstract = {Transposable elements (TEs) have the potential to drive genome evolution by introducing mutations and causing structural instability and chromosomal rearrangements, particularly under conditions like environmental or genetic stress. In this study, we generated 18 new long-read based metagenomically assembled reference genomes for lichenized fungi, which form obligate mutualistic symbioses with algae or cyanobacteria. We used the new genomes and 10 publicly available genomes to investigate the relationships between species traits (i.e., dominant reproductive mode, distribution size, and generation length) and the abundance and spatial distribution of TEs using a phylogenetic comparative framework. We found that species with smaller distribution sizes and longer generation lengths had a higher genomic DNA transposon load. Specifically, their genomes were enriched with Rolling Circle transposons, which contradicts previous research that has identified high proportions of retrotransposons in rare species. Disproportionate distributions of TEs in rare and range-restricted species may disrupt genomic stability, decrease fitness, and be reflective of species experiencing a greater degree of stress. Conversely, greater TE activity may be an important source of novel genetic diversity in isolated populations with limited gene flow. Further research is needed to understand the potential mechanisms driving TE proliferation in rare species' genomes, and if TE content is predictive of increased extinction risk.}, }
@article {pmid42300248, year = {2026}, author = {Lee, YJ and Hwang, HJ and Lee, J and Park, HS and Son, J and Seyedsayamdost, M and Bae, M and Lee, SR and Kwon, Y}, title = {Natural products with atypical atoms: unveiling structures, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivities.}, journal = {Natural product reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5np00083a}, pmid = {42300248}, issn = {1460-4752}, abstract = {Covering: 1944-2025Nature's biosynthetic repertoire extends far beyond conventional CHON(S) chemistry and encompasses a rare but diverse array of natural products that incorporate atypical elements such as arsenic, selenium, fluorine, iodine, boron, and vanadium. These metabolites reveal how living systems have evolved to harness atypical atoms through both enzyme-mediated and spontaneous chemical strategies. Biological C-F and Se-C bond formation, SAM-dependent arsenic methylation, and non-enzymatic boron complexation exemplify nature's ingenuity in overcoming extreme energetic or coordination constraints. Despite their scarcity, these compounds play critical ecological and physiological roles in detoxification and redox regulation (As, Se), defense, and signaling (F, I, B), and in some cases, sustain global biogeochemical cycles (Mo, V). Structurally, they exhibit exceptional chemical stability, redox versatility, and metal-ligand diversity. Functionally, these findings expand our understanding of enzyme evolution, chemical defense strategies, and symbiotic metabolism in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Recent genomic and biochemical advances have uncovered new families of atypical natural products and the specialized enzymes responsible for their formation. Taken together, these discoveries define the limits of biogenic chemistry and highlight promising avenues for sustainable biocatalysis and drug discovery, particularly in the fluorination, selenation, and boronation pathways that bridge biological and synthetic chemistry.}, }
@article {pmid42301021, year = {2026}, author = {Echeverry-Pérez, JS and Castelli, M and Muñoz-Leal, S and Nava, S and Sassera, D and Sánchez-Vialas, A and Olmeda, AS and Valcárcel, F and Uribe, JE}, title = {Genomic evolution of Francisella: metabolic innovation, endosymbiotic transitions to ticks, and biogeographic history.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evag135}, pmid = {42301021}, issn = {1759-6653}, abstract = {Ticks (Ixodida) are the second most important vectors of infectious diseases in vertebrates, after mosquitoes. Beyond vector roles, they maintain mutualistic associations with bacteria, including endosymbionts that provide essential B vitamins lacking in their blood-based diet. The most extensively studied endosymbionts belong to the genera Coxiella, Midichloria, and Francisella. The genus Francisella encompasses endosymbionts (FE), pathogens (FP), opportunistic pathogens (FO) and free-living environmental strains (FL), making it a powerful system for evolutionary and comparative genomic analyses. In this study, total DNA from six adult female ticks of the genera Hyalomma and Amblyomma was sequenced to generate new FE genomes. Seven deeply sequenced public metagenomes were also assembled, yielding 71 Francisella and three Allofrancisella strains. This dataset supported phylogenomic reconstruction and comparison of genomic features, including vitamin biosynthesis and virulence pathways, with a focus on transitions to tick endosymbiosis. A densely sampled MLST phylogeny was constructed to explore biogeographic patterns. Our results show that, except for FE, no ecological trait is monophyletic, supporting an origin of Francisella diversity from free-living ancestors. Biogeography suggests Palearctic and Afrotropical FE strains are derived and may involve horizontal transfers. Francisella comparative genomics reveals two contrasting profiles: environmental generalists and host-restricted specialists. These findings reinforce the role of tick FEs as nutritional mutualists, retaining key pathways such as riboflavin, shikimate, and biotin biosynthesis. In contrast, virulence is not ancestrally conserved but an innovation in pathogenic lineages, largely degraded in tick FEs. These results advance understanding of endosymbiont evolution and provide genomic insights with potential for disease control.}, }
@article {pmid41114903, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Z and Li, H and Tang, G and Wu, J and Zhang, Z and Huang, R and Cao, Y}, title = {Heterologous expression of nodulation signaling pathway genes enhances grain yield in rice.}, journal = {Plant molecular biology}, volume = {115}, number = {6}, pages = {115}, pmid = {41114903}, issn = {1573-5028}, support = {2024YFA0918200//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 32160430//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Rhizobial symbiosis, a crucial source of nitrogen for legume hosts, is thought to have evolved from mycorrhizal symbiosis. Both symbioses share a common symbiotic signaling pathway (CSSP) in plants. One hypothesis is that the lack of nodulation-specific genes in the genome of mycorrhizal symbiotic plants limits their ability to establish rhizobial interactions. Here, we introduced nine key genes in nodulation pathway, including NFR1, NFR5, SYMRK, CCaMK, CYCLOPS, NSP1, NSP2, LHK1, and NIN) from Lotus japonicus, into rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv. Zhonghua 11) to create Nodulation Signaling Pathway Overexpression (NSPO) rice. Analysis of gene expression showed that NFR5 and CCaMK were robustly transcribed in transgenic rice roots determined by qPCR. SYMRK, CYCLOPS, NSP2, and NFR1 showed relatively low transcript abundance, while transcripts of NIN, NSP1, and LHK1 were not detected. NSPO rice did not exhibit enhanced rhizobial colonization at the roots but increased formation of 2,4-D-induced nodule-like structures at the ratoon roots compared to the wild type. Remarkably, field trials demonstrated higher grain yield in NSPO rice, despite a slight reduction in seed-setting rate. Additionally, the expression of immune-related transcription factor genes was downregulated in NSPO rice. These findings suggest that heterologous expression of nodulation-related genes can promote rhizobial interaction and improve agronomic traits, such as yield in non-leguminous crops.}, }
@article {pmid41489731, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, X and Suo, D and Zhao, B and Gao, Y and Xu, W and Pan, F}, title = {Research progress in plant endophyte-mediated lignocellulosic biomass degradation and valorization: a review.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {2}, pages = {82}, pmid = {41489731}, issn = {1432-072X}, support = {QKPTRC[2019]-035//the Science and Technology Plan Project of Guizhou, China/ ; 202310661078//he Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Zunyi Medical University/ ; ZYDC202402136//the Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Zunyi Medical University/ ; QKHJC-ZK[2023]YB524//and the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province/ ; }, abstract = {Endophytes establish persistent symbiotic relationships within healthy plant tissues, with certain strains demonstrating robust lignocellulose degradation capabilities, positioning them as promising biocatalysts for efficient biomass conversion. These endophytes present significant advantages in sustainable straw utilization, biosynthesis of valuable bioactive compounds, advancement of bioenergy production technologies, and the development of bio-fertilizers. This review systematically evaluates recent advancements in lignocellulose-degrading endophytes (LDE) research, addressing critical scientific aspects including strain selection, identification, host and strain distribution characteristics, enzymatic system properties, and industrial applications. Strain screening incorporates comprehensive phenotypic, enzymatic, and genomic analyses, while identification relies on integrated morphological, metabolic, and molecular genetic markers. The primary LDE producers are predominantly Ascomycota fungi and Proteobacteria bacteria, which preferentially colonize dicotyledonous plants through diverse symbiotic mechanisms. Lignocellulose degradation is mediated by a sophisticated enzymatic system, whose activity can be enhanced through carbon source induction and strain optimization strategies. Co-cultivation systems have demonstrated synergistic effects in improving degradation efficiency. Furthermore, endophytic metabolites exhibit broad applicability, facilitating lignocellulose breakdown in agricultural residues to yield high-value natural products and renewable energy sources, et al. The degradation efficiency of endophytes is intrinsically linked to their evolutionary adaptations and functional genomic modules. Recent studies indicate that a “dual carbon” strategy has significantly enhanced research on LDE, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural residue conversion and contributing to carbon neutrality objectives.}, }
@article {pmid41746517, year = {2026}, author = {Jana, S and Raha, S}, title = {Biosynthesis of auxin and other plant growth-promoting traits from novel endophyte Fusarium incarnatum SELC2 and its in vitro plant growth-promoting efficacy on rice (Oryza sativa L.).}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41746517}, issn = {1573-0972}, abstract = {Endophytic fungi in symbiotic relationships with their host plants are recognized for promoting plant growth and mitigating the detrimental impacts of both abiotic and biotic challenges. However, due to limited knowledge of plant growth-promoting microorganisms coupled with Pteridophytes, the objective of this investigation was to identify and characterize the fungal endophytes from Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring. The endophytic fungus Fusarium incarnatum SELC2 was isolated and identified via the 18S rDNA sequencing. The isolates exhibited phosphate solubilization, ammonia production, and extracellular enzyme production activities, and had the capacity to generate indole acetic acid (IAA) whether L-tryptophan was present or not. This research explores the optimization of a number of environmental and nutritional aspects for IAA production using Central Composite Design (CCD) with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The ambient temperature for incubation was 34℃, pH of 6.5, incubation time of 6 days, 0.35 g/L tryptophan, and 30 g/L sucrose were identified as the ideal parameters for achieving the highest IAA production. The refined IAA was analyzed using HPTLC and HPLC, showing a pink band with an Rf value of 0.92 and a peak at 2.5 min, consistent with standard IAA. Furthermore, the impact of endophyte on the initial growth parameters of Oryza sativa L. was assessed using three rice varieties, confirming that SELC2 is a significant isolate for promoting rice vegetative growth parameters, and notable changes have been observed in the photosynthetic pigments, sugar, protein, and antioxidative enzymes across both fungal extract treatments, as well as in co-inoculation.}, }
@article {pmid41774391, year = {2026}, author = {Neves, MAS and de Paulo, RS and Bressan, J and Pereira, SS and Kravchychyn, ACP and Hermsdorff, HHM}, title = {Kefir and Its By-Products Supplementation Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress, Improves Intestinal Barrier Integrity, and Modulates the Gut Microbiota in Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41774391}, issn = {1867-1314}, abstract = {Kefir is a beverage obtained by fermenting milk or sugary solutions with a symbiotic community of bacteria and yeasts, presenting promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence from preclinical studies evaluating the effects of kefir or its by-products on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut health in animal models of IBD. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, utilizing the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases. The quality of the studies was assessed using SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias tool. Sixteen experimental studies were included, comprising 585 rodents with chemically induced colitis. The interventions included traditional milk kefir, rice and water kefir, as well as isolated microorganisms and kefir-derived supernatants. Most studies reported reductions in inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and inflammatory enzymes (iNOS, COX-2, MPO), along with increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4). Reductions in MDA and H2O2 were reported, supporting the antioxidant effects of kefir and its derivatives. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, including SOD, were also observed. In addition, kefir modulated gut microbiota composition, upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, and influenced immune and molecular signaling pathways. Improvements were also observed in clinical parameters of IBD models, including disease activity index, rectal bleeding, and histological damage. Kefir and its derivatives exhibit beneficial effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, gut permeability, and immune modulation in animal models of IBD, suggesting a potential alternative for treating these diseases in humans. Although the findings are promising, heterogeneity among study protocols and methodological limitations highlight the need for further studies. Registration PROSPERO number: CRD420251062931.}, }
@article {pmid41803332, year = {2026}, author = {Roy, S and Soumen, S and Arp, JT and Kaur, J and Bhowmick, R and Pettit, T and Choudhury, S and Das, TK and Nayaka, SC and Mandal, SN and Mallikarjuna, MG and Sanyal, D}, title = {From soil to sequences: mechanisms and tools unravelling plant-rhizomicrobiome interactions.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41803332}, issn = {1573-0972}, abstract = {The rhizosphere of a plant represents a dynamic interface where interactions with diverse microbial communities drive nutrient cycling, stress tolerance, and crop performance. As agricultural systems increasingly face challenges such as soil degradation, extreme climate variability, and resource limitations, understanding rhizomicrobiome functions and developing sustainable strategies to enhance them has become central to sustainable crop production. This review summarizes current knowledge of plant–rhizomicrobiome interactions, emphasizing the biological mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate nutrient acquisition, abiotic and biotic stress responses, and rhizosphere microbial communities. It integrates evidence from symbiotic signaling, immune regulation, and microbial communication to demonstrate how coordinated plant–microbe interactions produce emergent effects on plant health and soil function. The review also examines how advances in molecular and omics-based technologies have transformed rhizomicrobiome research by enabling culture-independent, high-resolution analysis of microbial diversity, activity, and function within complex soil environments. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and related functional approaches have collectively shifted the field from descriptive community profiling toward mechanistic understanding. By synthesizing insights from biological mechanisms and molecular tools that have revealed plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, this review offers an integrated framework for interpreting rhizomicrobiome function and linking molecular discoveries to improved production outcomes in agricultural systems. Collectively, these advances establish the rhizomicrobiome as a tractable biogeochemical system for exploring and enhancing soil health and crop resilience in sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41806195, year = {2026}, author = {Bavani, U and Sangwan, S and Narwal, E and Agnihotri, R and Prasanna, R and Bana, RS}, title = {Belowground-Aboveground climate allies: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as ecosystem bridges for greenhouse gas mitigation.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41806195}, issn = {1573-0972}, abstract = {Climate change, fuelled by rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, threatens ecosystems and global food security, necessitating innovative nature-based solutions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), an ancient underground symbiosis, emerge as potent climate allies with the capacity to mitigate GHG emissions and enhance ecosystem resilience. By promoting root-derived carbon inputs, stabilizing soil aggregates, and producing glomalin, AMF enhance soil carbon sequestration, contributing to long-term soil organic matter storage. In wetland and rice systems, they influence methane dynamics by suppressing methanogenesis and stimulating methanotrophy. Their pivotal role in nitrogen cycling—improving plant N uptake efficiency and modulating nitrifier–denitrifier communities—helps lower nitrous oxide emissions, linking below-ground processes to above-ground climate benefits. Evidence across ecosystems shows that AMF-mediated functions are context-dependent and are influenced not only by agricultural management practices but also by broader anthropogenic activities (e.g., land-use change, fertilizer application, pollution) and climatic factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation, drought), yet they can be strengthened through sustainable management practices, including reduced tillage, cover cropping, and targeted inoculation. Recent molecular and omics-based insights, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, and synthetic consortia approaches, provide mechanistic understanding and strategies to harness AMF for climate-smart agriculture. Despite their promise, methodological constraints, environmental variability, and limited long-term field studies have restricted their integration into policy and carbon accounting frameworks. Developing standardized indicators, ecosystem-specific models, and precision deployment strategies will be critical to scale AMF’s climate impact. Leveraging these underground allies can reduce GHG emissions, improve soil health, and support sustainable agricultural intensification, bridging below-ground symbioses with above-ground climate mitigation and global sustainability goals.}, }
@article {pmid41854803, year = {2026}, author = {Das, A and Das, T and Ghosh, Z and Siddhanta, A}, title = {An intronic bidirectional promoter-driven lncRNA (LjPLR) putatively modulates a late nodulin gene during nodulation in Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41854803}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {EMR/2017/004234//Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The development and functioning of root nodules in legumes are regulated by a cascade of gene expression events involving early and late nodulins. Early nodulins participate in infection and cortical cell division, whereas late nodulins support mature nodule function. Previously, a unique late nodulin gene, LjPLP-IV (Lotus japonicus phosphatidylinositol transfer protein-like protein IV), was identified. This gene contains a bidirectional promoter (BiP) within its tenth intron that drives the expression of both an antisense RNA and another late nodulin transcript. However, the antisense transcript remained largely unexplored. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we characterized a novel long non-coding RNA, LjPLR (L. japonicus PLP-IV lncRNA), through strand-specific transcriptome analysis of L. japonicus nodules. Sequence alignment revealed that LjPLR is highly complementary to the sense strand of LjPLP-IV, with its first exon aligning precisely at the tenth exon–intron boundary of the LjPLP-IV gene. These results strongly suggest that LjPLR corresponds to the previously reported antisense RNA transcribed from the BiP. Real-time PCR analysis further demonstrated an inverse temporal expression pattern between LjPLR and LjPLP-IV during nodule development. CONCLUSION: Together with in silico target prediction analyses, our findings indicate that LjPLP-IV is the sole putative target of LjPLR. We therefore hypothesize that LjPLR likely regulates LjPLP-IV, a gene implicated in rhizobial infection of root cortical cells in L. japonicus. Collectively, these results provide novel insight into the regulatory landscape underlying symbiotic nitrogen fixation in L. japonicus.}, }
@article {pmid41920196, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, P and Singh, S and Praveen, A}, title = {Exploring the link between heavy metals detoxification and crop improvements.}, journal = {Protoplasma}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41920196}, issn = {1615-6102}, abstract = {Heavy metal (HM)/metalloids stresses have a detrimental effect on agriculture and the ecosystem because they impose severe strains on plants, which are sessile by nature, and cause extreme economic losses. It is imperative to safeguard crop plants from HMs to maintain sustainable agriculture and meet the global need for food from an ever-increasing population. Anthropogenic activities provide a threat to agricultural soils by contaminating them with toxic HMs, which can lead to an excessive build-up of arsenic (As), aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in food crops. This offers serious health concerns to humans since they got merged into the food chain. Finding ways to stop these harmful metals from building up in food requires knowing how plants absorb, move, and break down these toxins. Therefore, in the present study, universal distribution, toxicity of HMs and their emergence in the food chain, uptake and transport, detoxification mechanisms in plants, and ways of crop improvement under HM stress conditions have been explored. Conventional remediation methods can be costly, labor intensive, and environmentally disruptive. HMs/metalloids generate oxidative stress, disrupts cellular homeostasis, inhibits photosynthesis, and interfered with nutritional uptake leading to significant yield losses in plants. To cope up these stresses, plants utilize complex molecular mechanisms for resilience such as antioxidant enzymes activation, metal’ transporters upregulation, formation of metal chelation complexes, and variation of stress related genes and transcription factors. In contrast bioremediation offers a sustainable and ecofriendly alternative by leveraging the detoxification capabilities of plants, microbes, and their symbiotic interactions. Practices like phytoremediation, microbial-assisted remediation, and combined approaches involving nanobiochar, biostimulants, and organic amendments have established promising outcomes in restoring HMs/metalloids contaminated soil. In this study we have attempted to outline the different HMs/metalloids toxicity, uptake, and detoxification in one place. This would reduce the obstacles to agricultural output and the world’s food demands while also assisting in understanding the better HMs’ resilience in crop plants.}, }
@article {pmid41933120, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, QC and Xu, M and Wei, S and Yang, QP and Zhang, J}, title = {The effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation on alleviating Cd stress in Pinus massoniana seedlings.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41933120}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {31660150//National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project/ ; 31960234//National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project/ ; DJ-ZDXM-2023-07//Technology Project of Power Construction Corporation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), through their symbiotic associations with plants, can effectively alleviate heavy metal toxicity in plants. Therefore, we inoculated Pinus massoniana with Suillus luteus and Suillus bovinus and exposed them to different Cd concentrations (0 mg/L and 80 mg/L CdCl2) for 20 days. Single inoculation with S. luteus and S. bovinus promoted root growth and differentiation to varying degrees, enhanced the glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) levels in leaves. The glutathione (GSH) contents decreased in leaves and roots, whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased (although it remained significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in the CK group. Total nitrogen (TN) decreased in leaves and roots, whereas Ca, Mg, and Mn increased in the leaves, and Fe, Mg, and Mn increased in the roots. The Cd leaf and root levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the inoculated groups than in the CK. Mixed inoculation with S. luteus and S. bovinus resulted in higher Cd-translocation rates than single inoculation, whereas the Cd-retention rate was lower than found with single inoculation. These results indicate that EMF mitigate Cd-stress responses by promoting root growth, regulating nutrient element uptake, and enhancing antioxidant defense systems. These findings indicate that mycorrhizal symbiosis plays a potential role in Cd phytoremediation.}, }
@article {pmid41996045, year = {2026}, author = {Mohanty, A and Pavan-Kumar, A and Chaudhari, A and Kumari, K and Kumar, P and Maurye, P}, title = {Comparative performance of traditional and commercial DNA extraction methods for fish gut microbiota analysis.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41996045}, issn = {1573-4978}, support = {FBT-PB1-01//Indian Council of Agricultural Research/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The symbiotic relationship between gut microbiota and their fish hosts has fuelled extensive research into microbial distribution besides their active role in host body metabolisms and paving the way for the sustainable aquaculture. This study aims to optimize and evaluate DNA extraction techniques for characterizing the gut microbiota of fish with diverse feeding habits: Hilsa (planktivorous), Catla (zooplankton feeder), Rohu (herbivorous), and Mrigal (illiophagus). METHODS AND RESULTS: Microbial genomic DNA was extracted using five traditional methods—PLICKS A, B, C, and CTAB (Methods D and E)—and three commercial kits (MN® Microbial, MN® Soil, and MN® Faecal), each with modifications. The efficacy of these methods was assessed based on DNA yield (traditional: 74–3070 ng/µL; commercial: 8.8–224 ng/µL), purity (traditional: A260/280: 1.38–1.92, A260/230: 1.03–2.21; commercial: A260/280: 1.30–3.25, A260/230: 0.5–2.0), and successful PCR amplification, a key step for downstream 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Among traditional methods, PLICKS A (Catla), PLICKS C (Hilsa), CTAB (Mrigal and Catla), and PLICKS B (Catla, Rohu, Hilsa, Mrigal) delivered the highest DNA recovery (342–2080 ng/µL) and purity across different species. Similarly, among commercial kits, the MN® Microbial Modified Kit (Catla, Hilsa), MN® Soil Kit (Hilsa), MN® Soil Modified Kit (Catla, Rohu), MN® Faecal Kit (Catla), and MN® Modified Faecal Kit excelled, achieving optimal DNA recovery (108–224 ng/µL) and purity across various feeding habits. Overall, among traditional methods, PLICKS B proved to be the most effective, delivering high DNA yields (342–2080 ng/µL) with excellent purity (A260/280: 1.77–1.92; A260/230: 1.67–2.21) and enabling successful PCR amplification across fish species with diverse feeding habits. Similarly, among commercial kits, the MN Modified Faecal Kit achieved the highest DNA recovery (108–224 ng/µL) and purity (A260/280: 1.74–1.90; A260/230: 1.78–2.01), consistently supporting reliable amplification. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight effective DNA extraction methods tailored to fish with different feeding habits. Careful selection and optimization of extraction protocols are therefore essential for the accurate characterization of fish gut microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid42020671, year = {2026}, author = {Cruz, D and Saati-Santamaria, Z and Achury-Arrubla, L and Garcia-Fraile, P}, title = {From Wild to Farm: Gut Bacteriome Differences and Probiotic Potential of Pantoea Agglomerans in Two-Spotted Cricket (Gryllus Bimaculatus) Rearing.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42020671}, issn = {1867-1314}, abstract = {The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in insect nutrition and performance, yet its targeted exploitation in cricket farming remains underexplored. Here, we combined gut microbiota profiling of wild and farmed Gryllus bimaculatus with probiotic testing of host-derived bacterial isolates to explore microbiome-informed strategies for sustainable cricket farming. Wild crickets exhibited higher Shannon diversity but lower phylogenetic diversity than farmed counterparts. Wild populations were enriched in Oscillospiraceae and Christensenellaceae families, while farmed crickets showed higher abundance of Parabacteroides. From 199 bacterial isolates, wild populations showed higher frequencies of uricolytic capabilities (44% vs. 31%), related to nitrogen recycling, while farmed crickets had more pectinolytic isolates (70% vs. 50%), linked to plant fiber degradation. Pantoea agglomerans I53BLB, which demonstrated broad enzymatic capabilities, was selected for probiotic evaluation; we further provide its genome sequence and analysis to contextualize its metabolic and probiotic potential. A feeding experiment with a 2 × 3 factorial design (two diets × three probiotic treatments, n = 10 replicates per group) compared control chicken feed versus a high-fiber diet formulated with agricultural by-products, each supplemented with water, live or heat-inactivated P. agglomerans. A significant diet × probiotic interaction was observed for weight gain (χ[2] = 18.8, p = 0.0021) and adult emergence (χ[2] = 17.7, p = 0.0033). Live P. agglomerans enhanced performance only when combined with the high-fiber diet, with individuals reaching a mean wet weight of 0.602 g compared to 0.451 g (heat-inactivated, p = 0.035) and 0.427 g (water control, p = 0.003), and a significantly higher adult emergence rate (37%) compared to all other treatment combinations (13%, p < 0.05), suggesting a symbiotic effect likely related with carbohydrate digestion. No effects were observed on survival or reproductive output. Notably, the high-fiber diet alone performed comparably to commercial feed, suggesting potential for sustainable cricket production using agricultural by-products. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of microbiome informed probiotic strategies to enhance cricket farming efficiency while reducing feed costs.}, }
@article {pmid42020676, year = {2026}, author = {Purohit, HV and Chakraborty, J and Kothari, RK and Bhatt, AR}, title = {Gene Exchange Mechanisms in Natural and Engineered Probiotics Within the Human Gut Implications for Antibiotic Resistance and Metabolic Modulation.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42020676}, issn = {1867-1314}, abstract = {The human gut microbiome is a dynamic and densely populated ecosystem where microbial gene exchange plays a central role in shaping both ecological interactions and host physiology. This review critically examines the mechanisms and implications of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among natural and engineered probiotics within the human gut, with a specific focus on antibiotic resistance dissemination and metabolic modulation. We provide an in-depth analysis of the molecular pathways of conjugation, transformation, and transduction under anaerobic gut conditions, highlighting their roles in the spread of mobile genetic elements, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and functional metabolic traits. Special emphasis is placed on the dual nature of gene exchange: while beneficial traits such as vitamin biosynthesis and polysaccharide degradation can be horizontally acquired to enhance probiotic efficacy and host-microbe symbiosis, the uncontrolled dissemination of ARGs or synthetic constructs poses significant clinical and ecological risks. Through a synthesis of recent findings from metagenomics, microbial ecology, and synthetic biology, we explore how natural probiotics may act as reservoirs of ARGs, and how engineered strains—if not properly contained—may contribute to genetic instability in the gut. We also evaluate current containment strategies such as chromosomal integration, kill switches, auxotrophy, and orthogonal circuit design to limit horizontal spread, alongside emerging tools for in situ gene transfer monitoring. Finally, we discuss regulatory challenges and propose a context-dependent risk assessment framework in which the consequences of probiotic gene exchange are determined by cargo properties, host ecological niche, gut inflammatory status, and biocontainment design.}, }
@article {pmid42032013, year = {2026}, author = {Carrizosa, R and Padilla, I and Romero, M and López-Delgado, A}, title = {Harnessing salt slag and diatomite sludge by co-recycling for zeolite production.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-50164-3}, pmid = {42032013}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Developing alternative uses for waste is one of the main concerns of modern industry, as proper waste management is necessary to pave the way towards a circular economy and sustainability. In this study, the sustainable synthesis of zeolites using salt slag, a hazardous waste product from the secondary aluminium industry, and diatomite sludge, an agri-food waste product, was explored. The aluminium salt slag and diatomite sludge served as the aluminium and silicon sources, respectively, for the LTA and NaP zeolite formulations through a one-pot hydrothermal process. The key synthesis parameters, temperature (70–90 °C), reaction time (2–24 h), and NaOH concentration (0.38–1 M), were systematically varied to adjust the type, crystallinity and textural properties of the zeolites. The synthesised materials exhibited specific surface areas of 12.7–22.5 m2 g−1 and cation exchange capacities ranging from 1.57 to 2.54 meq g−1. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of zeolitic phases, whereas microstructural characterisation revealed a progressive topotactic transformation from cubic LTA to NaP crystalline aggregates. These findings demonstrate the potential of this approach to produce functional zeolites and promote circular economy practices by co-recycling industrial waste through industrial symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid42053608, year = {2026}, author = {Çağatay, NS and Dageri, A and Saruhan, I and Tuncer, C and Guz, N}, title = {Diversity and Composition of the Microbiome Associated with Adult of the Green Shield Bug Palomena prasina (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02779-2}, pmid = {42053608}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {Project number: 116O328//T&#xfc;rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara&#x15f;t&#x131;rma Kurumu/ ; }, abstract = {Hazelnut is a major export commodity for Türkiye, the world’s leading producer, yet pest pressure in hazelnut orchards has caused substantial quantitative and qualitative yield losses in recent years. Among emerging pests, the green shield bug (GSB) Palomena prasina (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has become a key threat due to direct feeding on developing fruits. Despite its increasing economic relevance, the microbial community associated with P. prasina remains poorly characterized. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the bacterial community associated with P. prasina using 16 S rRNA gene metabarcoding combined with prevalence screening and phylogenetic analyses. A total of 36 bacterial taxa were detected across sampled populations, with Pantoea and Sodalis identified as the dominant genera. Bacterial diversity did not differ significantly between sexes or among geographic locations, indicating a relatively stable microbial community. Prevalence analyses revealed that Pantoea spp. were present in all examined individuals, whereas Sodalis spp. showed variable infection frequencies among populations. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated contrasting evolutionary patterns between these dominant taxa, with Pantoea lineages displaying a polyphyletic structure suggestive of repeated environmental acquisition, while Sodalis sequences formed a more cohesive, host-associated lineage consistent with a facultative symbiotic lifestyle. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of stink bug-microbe associations and provide an ecological framework for future studies exploring symbiont-based pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42284160, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, F and Deng, K and Lin, X and Wen, X and Zhu, Y and Peng, S and Cai, K and Cai, S and Wu, Q and Zheng, X and Yu, Z and Mo, N and Zhu, H and Zheng, Y and Huang, J and Zheng, Y and Fox, EGP}, title = {Time-resolved comparative genomics of 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii' across psyllid lineages reveals a conserved core genome and contrasting secondary symbiont dynamics.}, journal = {Microbial genomics}, volume = {12}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/mgen.0.001727}, pmid = {42284160}, issn = {2057-5858}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Hemiptera/microbiology/classification ; Genomics ; }, abstract = {Psyllids harbour the obligate nutritional symbiont 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii' (CaCr), yet complete CaCr genomes remain unevenly sampled across Psylloidea, limiting both comparative analysis and temporal inference. Here, seven complete CaCr genomes (165-174 kb) were assembled and annotated from psyllid hosts representing four families, including lineages for which genome-grade resources had previously been unavailable. We integrated whole-genome phylogenomics, pangenome analysis, fossil-calibrated relaxed-clock dating and quantitative PCR (based on 16S rRNA) screening of secondary symbionts. Across hosts, CaCr retained an extremely reduced, AT-rich (>82%) and gene-dense (>90% coding) genome architecture with a conserved core of 155 genes, while the accessory fraction was limited and lineage-specific. Most variable genes belonged to amino-acid metabolism or proteins of unknown function, suggesting differential erosion of peripheral functions around a stable translational and informational core. Phylogenomically, CaCr diversification broadly tracked deep host diversification, although the CaCr lineage from Diaphorina citri grouped with Triozidae-associated lineages rather than with other sampled Psyllidae. Using two host fossil-informed soft calibrations, we estimated that major CaCr divergences occurred mainly from the Paleogene to the Miocene, with crown diversification of Cacopsylla-associated CaCr at 15.95-18.99 Ma. In contrast to the stability of the primary symbiosis, secondary symbionts showed patchy host distributions: Wolbachia- and Arsenophonus-like lineages occurred in multiple hosts, 'Candidatus Profftella armatura' was restricted to D. citri, and no secondary symbiont was detected in Cacopsylla chinensis. These results provide a time-resolved comparative framework for CaCr evolution in psyllids and underscore the different evolutionary stability of primary and facultative associates.}, }
@article {pmid42286259, year = {2026}, author = {Jarosch, AC and Maloney, SNA and Weerasuriya, NM and Jacobs, CR and Thorn, RG}, title = {Community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Ontario tallgrass prairies of differing disturbance histories.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42286259}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/classification/genetics/physiology ; Ontario ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Grassland ; *Glomeromycota/classification/genetics/physiology ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Poaceae/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), in the phylum Glomeromycota, form symbiotic relationships with most vascular plants, including grasses. Tallgrass prairies (TGPs) are an endangered habitat in Ontario; some undisturbed fragments remain and there have been efforts to restore disused agricultural land to prairie. The objective of this study was to investigate differences in the community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi between disturbed and undisturbed TGP at five locations across southwestern Ontario. The V4 variable region of the small ribosomal subunit was amplified from DNAs extracted from soil samples, and sequence analysis yielded operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing twelve genera of Glomeromycota. There was a significant difference in the community composition of the AMF communities in undisturbed TGP remnants and restored TGP that had been previously disturbed, with an overall greater community diversity and evenness in the undisturbed than previously disturbed sites. Ambispora fennica, three OTUs of Diversispora and four OTUs of Glomus were found to be potential indicator taxa of undisturbed TGPs and, overall, Glomus was significantly more abundant in undisturbed than disturbed sites. In contrast, two other OTUs of Diversispora, two of Entrophospora and one of Septoglomus were found to be potential indicator taxa of disturbed TGPs. These findings have implications for success of TGP restoration and should be considered in future efforts.}, }
@article {pmid42286422, year = {2026}, author = {Odriozola, I and Větrovský, T and Barbi, F and Machac, A and Dobbler, PT and Turcu, C and Van Nuland, ME and Qin, C and Kiers, T and Soudzilovskaia, NA and Baldrian, P and Kohout, P}, title = {Global distribution and biogeography of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71334}, pmid = {42286422}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {21-20802M//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004597//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/ ; }, abstract = {Ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi play a crucial role across terrestrial ecosystems, forming mutualistic symbiosis with Ericaceae and contributing to soil organic matter dynamics. However, compared to other fungal groups, their biogeography remains unknown. Here, we combined several analytical approaches to analyze a newly compiled, large-scale dataset comprising 39 163 soil samples and more than 13 million ITS rRNA sequences assigned to ErM fungi. Specifically, we asked: What are the global patterns of ErM fungal species richness and relative abundance (out of all fungi) and their predictors, and how is the distribution of ErM fungi associated with soil carbon content at the global scale? We show that ErM fungi reach their highest species richness in very high latitudes. Soil chemistry is a stronger predictor of ErM fungal species richness than climate or ericoid vegetation cover. The relative abundance of ErM fungi is highest in soils with high surface carbon content, supporting their proposed role in soil carbon storage. Furthermore, we predict that climate change will reduce ErM fungal abundance across 38% of the land cover of their current global distribution. Our study shows distinct biogeographic patterns of ErM fungi compared with arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi and indicates the vulnerability of ErM fungi to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid42286499, year = {2026}, author = {Musa, M and Khan, R and Ullah, I and Ali, N and Khan, MF and Riaz, MB}, title = {Phytohormones producing endophytic fungi Paecilomyceslilacinus modulated metabolic, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems of Zea mays L. under heavy metal stress.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08812-3}, pmid = {42286499}, issn = {1471-2229}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The continuous growth of the global population is intensifying the challenge of sustaining future food production. Among the major constraints to agricultural productivity, heavy metal (HM) contamination of soils has emerged as a serious environmental problem that adversely affects crop growth and yield. Environmentally friendly strategies are therefore needed to mitigate HM stress in plants. Endophytic fungi have gained attention for their potential to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. In this study, the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus was evaluated for its ability to produce phytohormones and alleviate lead (Pb) and cobalt (Co) stress in maize (Zea mays L.).<br><br>RESULTS: Firstly, culture filtrate of P. lilacinus was analyzed for phytohormone production under Pb and Co stress conditions. The fungus produced significant amounts of gibberellic acid (43.01&#xa0;&#xb5;g mL&#x207b;&#xb9;), salicylic acid (2192.1&#xa0;&#xb5;g mL&#x207b;&#xb9;), and abscisic acid (35.4&#xa0;&#xb5;g mL&#x207b;&#xb9;), along with measurable protein content (170.06&#xa0;&#xb5;g mL&#x207b;&#xb9;) in cobalt contaminated filtrate. Secondly, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of P. lilacinus inoculation on maize plants grown under different concentrations of Pb and Co. Inoculated plants showed increased endogenous levels of GA&#x2083;, SA, and ABA, along with significantly higher chlorophyll content compared to non-inoculated controls. The fungal association also enhanced antioxidant capacity, as indicated by increased 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition activity, which reached 90.9% under Pb (90&#xa0;mg) and 89.1% under Co (90&#xa0;mg). Similarly, the highest ABTS inhibition activity (96%) was recorded under Pb (90&#xa0;mg). Moreover, P. lilacinus inoculation significantly increased the activities of different antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, ascorbate acid oxidase, and peroxidase. Enhanced uptake of Pb and Co from the soil was also observed in inoculated maize plants compared with control plants.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that Paecilomyces lilacinus mitigates heavy metal toxicity in maize by enhancing phytohormone production and strengthening antioxidant defense mechanisms in a symbiotic association with the host plant. This endophytic interaction improves plant tolerance to Pb and Co stress and promotes metal uptake, highlighting the potential of P. lilacinus as a sustainable biological approach for reducing heavy metal toxicity and improving crop productivity in contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid42287489, year = {2026}, author = {da Silveira Bastos, IMA and Cardoso, MS and Laux, M and Ribeiro, RR and García, GJY and Bahia, PA and de Sousa, PMV and Alves, BGT and de Rezende, DHC and Rosado, AS and Bezerra, JDP and Landell, MF and Melo, VMM and Tavares, TCL and Góes-Neto, A}, title = {Worldwide diversity and ecology of mangrove fungi: a systematic review of ITS metabarcoding studies and a quantitative, integrative analysis of raw sequence data.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {42287489}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Fungi/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Biodiversity ; *Wetlands ; *Mycobiome ; Basidiomycota/genetics/classification ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Rhizophoraceae/microbiology ; Ecosystem ; Ascomycota/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Fungi are integral components of the mangrove microbiome, playing critical roles in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and symbiosis. Our study synthesizes the findings from a global systematic review of fungal ITS metabarcoding studies conducted in mangrove ecosystems. This review consolidates data from 23 original research articles (1,154 samples) and provides a comprehensive overview of the diversity, community structure, and ecological functions of fungi in these critical coastal habitats. The analyses revealed a consistent core fungal mycobiome in mangroves worldwide. This community is dominated by Ascomycota, with Basidiomycota as the second most abundant phylum. A consistent set of ten highly abundant genera underpins this core community, and fungal diversity and composition are strongly influenced by the specific substrate. Non-rhizospheric sediment harbors the highest diversity, while live plant organs host a more specialized and less diverse community, slightly dominated by potential plant pathogens. Rhizospheric sediment supports a unique assemblage rich in wood-decomposing fungi. The primary ecological role of fungi in mangroves is decomposition, which is essential for breaking down lignocellulosic litter, cycling nutrients, and storing carbon in sediments. A surprisingly high relative abundance of fungi classified as plant pathogens was identified on mangrove plant tissues, suggesting an underappreciated role of fungal diseases in these ecosystems. Metabarcoding provides a far broader view of fungal diversity than traditional collection and culturing methods. It has uncovered a vast number of uncultured taxa and has been particularly effective in revealing the significant, and likely underestimated, presence of macrofungi in mangrove soils. Our study also highlights that current short-read metabarcoding can severely underestimate certain fungal groups, particularly the endomycorrhizal Glomeromycota, due to technical limitations. Altogether, our synthesis provides a global baseline against which future mangrove mycobiome studies can be benchmarked.}, }
@article {pmid42287895, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, Z and Lin, G and Liu, Y and Zhang, J}, title = {Mechanisms for the phytohormone-elevated performance of a continuous-flow baffled cyanobacterial photo-bioreactor for antibiotic removal and lipid production.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {303}, number = {}, pages = {126283}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.126283}, pmid = {42287895}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {A mixture of Synechococcus sp., Chroococcus sp., and Synechocystis sp. was immobilized in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-supplemented calcium alginate beads and then placed into a four-compartment baffled photo-bioreactor. A 30-day continuous-flow treatment of secondary effluent wastewater using this system achieved removal rates of 74.08-85.12% for COD, 87.52-96.89% for TN, 95.36-99.26% for TP, 84.02-88.36% for cefalexin, 67.15-75.57% for erythromycin, 91.17-96.05% for oxytetracycline, and 74.76-78.87% for norfloxacin. Chroococcus sp. contributed the most to pollutant removal, with its abundance negatively correlated with the concentrations of all pollutants. Bacterial colonization within cyanobacterial beads, upregulated genes involved in signal transduction, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation, as well as correlations between cyanobacteria and seven bacterial genera (Acidovorax, Chitinophaga, Massilia, Algoriphagus, Chryseobacterium, Comamonas, and Candidatus) together confirmed the formation of a cyanobacteria-bacteria consortium. Efficient pollutant removal was attributed to the high cyanobacterial biomass stimulated by IAA and the activation of genes related to stress response, the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and pollutant metabolism in bead microorganisms. Reduced abundances of antibiotic resistance genes in the effluent may result from activated mismatch repair pathway and suppressed horizontal gene transfer. Antibiotics, the symbiotic bacterium Azospirillum, and IAA jointly stimulated cyanobacterial growth and lipid accumulation, contributing to a high cyanobacterial lipid productivity of 47.59-51.82 mg/(L·d), mainly through the upregulation of genes involved in the Calvin cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Overall, this study provides a sustainable strategy integrating pollutant removal, resistance control, and resource recovery.}, }
@article {pmid42289283, year = {2026}, author = {Noda, M and Ito, M and Miyata, K and Suzaki, T}, title = {Nonnodulating Fagales retain the functional NODULE INCEPTION gene.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71337}, pmid = {42289283}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {JPMJAN23D2//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; JPMJSP2124//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; JP23K27188//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP25H01345//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP26K02024//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {NODULE INCEPTION orthologs are present in nonnodulating species in Fagales.}, }
@article {pmid42289648, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, C and Ding, Z and Guo, Y and Ma, X and Li, J and Guo, L}, title = {Sex-specific adaptive strategies and rhizosphere microbiome responses to drought stress in Bouteloua dactyloides.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05275-2}, pmid = {42289648}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {LJKMZ20221053//Foundation of Liaoning Province Education Administration/ ; X2021012//Shenyang Agricultural University/ ; }, abstract = {Drought is becoming more frequent and severe under global climate change. Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) (hereafter, B. dactyloides) is a dioecious, drought-tolerant warm-season turfgrass, but whether males and females use different adaptive strategies under drought remains unclear. We conducted a pot experiment to compare male and female plants under well-watered (90% field capacity) and drought-stressed (30% field capacity) conditions. We hypothesized that male and female B. dactyloides plants would exhibit sex-specific adaptive strategies in physiological traits and rhizosphere microbial communities under drought stress. Drought increased malondialdehyde and proline contents and enhanced superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities in both sexes, while peroxidase activity decreased. Under well-watered conditions, females had a higher drought resistance index than males, whereas no significant sex difference was detected under drought. Sex-specific responses were still evident; females showed a higher root-shoot ratio, whereas males exhibited increased catalase (CAT) activity. Drought and plant sex also jointly altered rhizosphere microbial communities. Drought increased fungal alpha diversity only in males, whose rhizospheres were enriched in Basidiomycota and Glomeromycota. Drought suppressed bacterial aerobic metabolism and sulfur respiration functions, as well as saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi in both sexes. Notably, male rhizospheres were significantly enriched in symbiotic fungi, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Overall, female B. dactyloides mainly enhances drought adaptation through morphological plasticity, whereas males rely more on a microbiome-mediated strategy centered on AMF recruitment. These findings reveal sex-specific physiological and rhizosphere microbiome adaptation pathways and underscore the role of the microbiome in drought response, providing a basis for cultivar selection in arid-region turf management.}, }
@article {pmid42289812, year = {2026}, author = {Pellegrinetti, TA and Santos, AA and Molligan, J and Pérez-López, E}, title = {Can the leafhopper microbiome unlock new strategies for its control?.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toag166}, pmid = {42289812}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are significant agricultural pests worldwide, causing direct feeding injury and transmitting plant pathogens. Conventional management still relies heavily on insecticides, but resistance development, non-target effects, and environmental concerns increasingly limit their effectiveness. Recent progress in leveraging insect microbiomes for sustainable pest control, mostly in well-studied groups such as mosquitoes, whiteflies, and aphids, suggests that symbiotic manipulation could offer new tools. Whether such strategies can be developed for leafhoppers remains an open question, given how little is currently known about their microbial partnerships. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of leafhopper-associated microbial communities and evaluate approaches that could complement existing integrated pest management programs. We discuss approaches ranging from the characterization and isolation of symbionts to biotechnology strategies. We present a case study examining microbiome dynamics in the corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis) as a conceptual demonstration of how microbiome data can generate testable management hypotheses. We highlight both the opportunities and challenges associated with manipulating microbial partners, including ecological predictability, host specificity, and evolutionary feedback. Framing leafhoppers as holobionts, our review outlines a roadmap for translating microbiome research into compatible control technologies for agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid42290043, year = {2026}, author = {Mullally, ME and Bond, LJ and Palepu, RR and Young, JS and Frei, DR}, title = {Evaluation of novel materials for front-of-neck access simulations.}, journal = {Anaesthesia and intensive care}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {310057X261443357}, doi = {10.1177/0310057X261443357}, pmid = {42290043}, issn = {0310-057X}, abstract = {Neck rescue encompasses a variety of techniques and terms used to describe direct access to the trachea to allow delivery of oxygen into the airway, typically in the context of a 'can't intubate, can't oxygenate' (CICO) scenario. Anaesthetists rely on CICO simulation exercises to obtain competency in neck rescue using commercially available plastic airway models. Recently, innovations in three-dimensional (3D)-printed airway models and 'symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast' (SCOBY) skins have been trialled for CICO training. We undertook a study to compare the fidelity of a 3D-printed airway model and SCOBY skin model with a commercially available plastic and foam model (Crico-Trainer 'Frova', VBM-Medizintechnik GmbH, Sulz am Neckar, Germany) trialled by 27 volunteer anaesthesia specialists and trainees. Study participants performed neck rescue on all model variants and provided structured feedback. The 3D-printed model with SCOBY skin was found to have the highest fidelity for neck rescue training and was the model preferred by most participants. Model fidelity, environmental impact, and ethical considerations were rated as important or very important by participants. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in other hospital settings.}, }
@article {pmid42290978, year = {2026}, author = {Jin, Z and Zhang, Y and Zhong, Z and Shen, Z and Huang, L and Hu, H and Chen, X and Liu, W and Li, L and Gao, C}, title = {Dynamic feedback BacGuard anchors microbial metabolism to host symbiosis in real-time ulcerative colitis therapy.}, journal = {Bioactive materials}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {365-379}, pmid = {42290978}, issn = {2452-199X}, abstract = {The escalating global burden of ulcerative colitis (UC) underscores the limitations of conventional anti-inflammatory therapies. Although multi-omics insights have propelled gut microbiota modulation to the forefront of therapeutic innovation, current strategies relying on probiotics or fecal transplants remain constrained by empirical designs due to the lack of spatiotemporal precision and real-time monitoring of microbial metabolic vitality in situ. In this study, BacGuard, a metabolically orthogonal microgel platform, was developed to unify the probiotic surveillance and guided dynamic dose regulation with spatially targeted microbiota-associated metabolic modulation. Our core design featured a β-xylosidase-activated chemiluminescent probe (XOS-CL) that was conjugated with xylooligosaccharide-based hyperbranched polymers (HBXOK) and orally delivered via microgels. Thereby, this system enabled real-time monitoring of probiotic abundance and metabolic activity in the colon through enzyme-responsive signaling, while simultaneously promoting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production via redirected bacterial metabolic flux. This dual-action system created a self-reinforcing therapeutic loop and optically quantifying the microbial activity in a dynamic manner. By resolving the causal disconnects between enzymatic activity, microbiota proliferation, and host interactions, the BacGuard bridged the diagnostic metrics to functional therapeutic outcomes. Anchoring both sensing and treatment to microbial metabolic flux, our platform reimagined the precision gut ecosystem engineering, establishing an image-guided dynamic dose regulation framework that actively preserved the microbiota-host symbiosis through in-time and function-adaptive modulation.}, }
@article {pmid42291240, year = {2026}, author = {Montalbetti, E and Aramini, T and Bonanomi, M and Louis, YD and Brivio, E and Zhang, L and Perez, PG and Porro, D and Lucini, L and Lavorano, S and Seveso, D and Galli, P and Gaglio, D}, title = {Thermal stress-induced metabolic reprogramming in two hard coral species.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {116207}, pmid = {42291240}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Coral reefs are increasingly impacted by marine heatwaves that disrupt the symbiosis between corals and their symbiotic dinoflagellates. Using untargeted LC-MS metabolomics, we investigated heat-stress responses at the coral holobiont level in Stylophora pistillata (S. pistillata) and Pocillopora damicornis (P. damicornis) from the northern Red Sea. Under control conditions (25°C), the two species exhibited distinct baseline metabolic profiles, indicating different energy-metabolism strategies. After 10 days at 31°C, both the corals showed pronounced metabolic reprogramming but with contrasting responses, P. damicornis increased amino acid metabolism, redox buffering, and ammonia recycling, consistent with enhanced cellular defense. In contrast, S. pistillata reduced central carbon metabolism and shifted toward alternative energy pathways and lipid remodeling. These findings show that closely related corals can adopt divergent holobiont-level metabolic strategies under thermal stress, highlighting metabolic plasticity as an important component of coral responses to ocean warming.}, }
@article {pmid42291262, year = {2026}, author = {Reddy, SS and Miao, S and Khan, MS and Hansen, AK}, title = {Host plant quality reshapes symbiotic organ architecture without altering symbiont density.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {29}, number = {6}, pages = {115932}, pmid = {42291262}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Obligate nutritional symbioses enable sap-feeding insects to overcome essential amino acid limitations, yet the extent to which these associations exhibit plasticity across host plants remains unclear. We tested whether host plant quality alters the Bactericera cockerelli-Carsonella symbiosis by comparing psyllids developing on tomato and pepper. Tomato sap contained significantly higher essential amino acid concentrations than pepper. Despite these nutritional differences, only 42 genes were differentially expressed in the bacteriome, a symbiotic organ composed of insect cells (bacteriocytes) that house Carsonella. Tomato-fed psyllids upregulated genes associated with cell communication and structural organization, whereas pepper-fed psyllids upregulated metabolic and translational pathways. We also observed that bacteriocyte number was higher on tomato and in females, while bacteriocyte symbiont density remained unchanged. Psyllid fitness was also higher on tomato. These findings support a condition-dependent model in which plant nutrition shapes bacteriome structural and transcriptional investment in symbiosis without altering symbiont density per bacteriocyte.}, }
@article {pmid42293523, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, H and Zhao, Q and Luo, B and Zhang, X and Huang, J and Lu, Y and Tian, F and Sun, H and Ni, Y}, title = {Significant strain microdiversity in mother-infant dyad cohorts across ethnic groups reveals population specificity of bifidobacteria microbiota transmission.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1814222}, pmid = {42293523}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The gut microbiota of human populations shares a core of symbiotic microbial species, some of which codiversify with hosts, and are considered a complex mixture of closely related strains. However, little is known about population-wide diversity for strain-level symbiont community in the human gut so far. Here, we focused on Bifidobacterium, a key microbial group in the early-life gut microbiota. By analyzing metataxonomic datasets of the full-length 16S rRNA gene and the Bifidobacterium-specific groEL and tuf genes from 54 mother-infant dyads across three ethnic groups spanning large geographic distances in China, we determined that 16S rRNA gene primer sequencing causes significant deviations in species and strain diversity of the Bifidobacteria community. In the single-copy groEL nd tuf gene dataset, a core group comprising at least 10 bifidobacterial (sub)species was consistently identified across multiple cohorts. ASVs within the same species represent significant microdiversity, showing distinct distribution patterns across cohorts. Notably, strain similarity within a cohort was significantly higher than that across cohorts, supporting the hypothesis of population specificity in intergenerational inheritance of gut symbiotic consortia within sympatric populations.}, }
@article {pmid42293537, year = {2026}, author = {Retzinger, AC}, title = {The Acari Hypothesis, VIII: the human apocrine-mammary-microbiota axis and Staphylococcus epidermidis mutualism.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1714798}, pmid = {42293537}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Human integument is unusual among primates for its expanded eccrine network, glandular specialization, acidic surface pH, and enrichment of staphylococcal taxa. Framed within the Acari Hypothesis, this manuscript proposes a unifying apocrine-mammary-microbiota axis in which human integumentary glands cultivate protective symbionts, with Staphylococcus epidermidis as a keystone. Reviewed evidence encompasses acid mantle biochemistry and glandular antimicrobials that favor acid- and lipid-tolerant staphylococci while restricting pathogens and possibly ectoparasites. Mammalian apocrine secretions rely on microbial metabolism to convert precursor molecules into bioactive compounds that mediate species-specific physiological functions. This reliance may be consistent with the enrichment of staphylococci at apocrine-rich sites in humans. Mammary biology indicates vertical transfer of skin- and milk-associated microbes that stabilize epithelial ecosystems across generations. The manuscript develops a mutualist model for S. epidermidis on human epithelia, reconsiders device-associated infections, and surveys staphylococcal dysbiosis across dermatologic conditions. As proposed, human integumentary and mammary glands co-evolved to cultivate and vertically transmit symbiotic staphylococci, whose metabolites and niche competition defend against ectoparasites and pathogens while balancing epithelial and metabolic homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid42294231, year = {2026}, author = {Uszko, JM and Abibu, SA and Eichhorn, SJ and Patil, AJ and Hall, SR}, title = {Cellulose Biofilms, New Biotemplates in the Synthesis of Cuprate Superconductors.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {11}, number = {22}, pages = {32391-32399}, pmid = {42294231}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Bacterial cellulose (BC), obtained from fermented food byproducts (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast, and Nata de Coco), was successfully used as a template for the synthesis of a YBa2Cu3O6+δ (YBCO) superconductor. As previous studies have shown, a dry template is needed to ensure the maximum uptake of the precursor solution. BC used is obtained in a wet state; it must be dried before use as a template. A variety of template drying techniques were investigated to assess the efficacy. This included air, oven, freeze, and solvent exchange drying. Among these, freeze-drying proved to be the most effective method as it best preserved the porous internal structure of the template. The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a polychelating acid, also had a beneficial effect on the synthesis, improving both phase purity and the contribution of the superconducting phase. Waste-derived BC was shown to be a suitable substrate for the sol-gel synthesis of cuprate superconductors, providing an alternative to the ionic-liquid/nanocellulose-based approach used previously.}, }
@article {pmid42294715, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, H and Niu, X and Lei, L and Zhou, T and Zhang, G and Xu, B}, title = {The symbiotic bacteria Frischella perrara in honey bees mitigate varroa mite infection.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0096026}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00960-26}, pmid = {42294715}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Honey bees are vulnerable to various pathogens and pests, and ectoparasitic Varroa destructor has become the main cause of population decline of western honey bees (Apis mellifera) worldwide. Currently, chemical acaricides are the primary methods for controlling Varroa mites (V. destructor), and developing non-chemical control technique is urgently needed for beekeeping industry. We aimed to evaluate if the symbiont gut bacteria from bee colonies were attributed to Varroa tolerance and could be developed as a control agent. We sequenced 16S rDNA of gut microbiota between surviving colonies at a non-acaricide treated apiary (i.e., anti-mite colonies, AMCs) and conventional mite-susceptibility colonies (CMSCs) at an apiary with routine acaricide treatment. We found that AMCs harbor higher abundance of Frischella. By supplementing CMSCs with F. perrara in the field, we found decreased Varroa infestation intensity with more fallen phoretic Varroa and more injured pupae to be removed (an indicator of hygienic behavior). By supplementing honey bees with F. perrara in laboratory, we found increased proboscis extension reflex frequency and expression of odor-binding proteins in their antennae (OBP 11, 12, 16, and 21), indicating a potential molecular mechanism of enhanced hygienic behavior. This study suggests a novel function of the gut symbiont F. perrara in mitigating Varroa parasitism, implying its potential to serve as a new method to control Varroa mites through enhancing bees' olfactory sensitivity.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The parasitic mite of honey bees, Varroa destructor, is the major challenge of beekeeping industry across the world. We propose a practical control method, applying a gut symbiont bacterium (F. perrara) to bee colonies to address this global challenge without the side effects of using chemical treatment methods. We found F. perrara treatment can lead to a higher number of fallen mites from adult bees' body. The potential mechanism is to improve honey bees' hygienic behavior to clean mites through promoting their olfactory sensitivity, increasing the chances to detect mites. Varroa control by administrating F. perrara does not harm honey bee health and avoid product contamination and pesticide resistance to mites. This method may provide a sustainable Varroa control tool in realistic beekeeping industry.}, }
@article {pmid42294875, year = {2026}, author = {Cai, W and Moriyama, M and Nishide, Y and Koga, R and Fukatsu, T}, title = {Symbiotic Escherichia coli strains can better colonize host stinkbugs and outcompete natural symbiotic bacteria, but confer less fitness benefit.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0095126}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.00951-26}, pmid = {42294875}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {The stinkbug Plautia stali harbors essential gut symbiotic bacteria of the genus Pantoea, whose natural strains differ in cultivability and host benefits. Using this system, we evaluated how laboratory-evolved and genetically engineered symbiotic Escherichia coli strains compete against native Pantoea symbionts and how they influence host fitness. In single infection assays, the native uncultivable symbiont Sym A conferred the highest host performance, whereas the evolved (CmL05G13) and artificial (ΔcyaA) symbiotic E. coli strains supported host survival at levels comparable to cultivable Pantoea symbionts (Sym C-F). In competitive co-infection assays, the symbiotic E. coli strains generally showed unexpectedly strong colonization ability. CmL05G13 outcompeted all the cultivable symbionts Sym C-F and even displaced the native uncultivable symbiont Sym A, whereas ΔcyaA and the nonsymbiotic control E. coli ΔintS were dominated by Sym A at the adult stage. Despite their superior infection competitiveness, the symbiotic E. coli strains provided limited reproductive benefits, behaving as "cheater-like" associates. They were able to invade and dominate the symbiotic organ but failed to match the fitness contributions of native symbionts. These results demonstrate that the experimentally evolved E. coli can rapidly acquire strong colonization ability, surpassing that of the natural symbionts that have coevolved with P. stali in nature. At the same time, the mismatch between infection success and host fitness benefits highlights potential evolutionary conflicts and provides an experimental model for studying the dynamics of cheating, mutualism, and symbiont replacement in vertically transmitted symbioses.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding how novel symbionts invade and displace long-term mutualists is central to the evolution of symbiosis. This study demonstrates that Escherichia coli, originally a nonsymbiotic bacterium, can rapidly evolve potent colonization ability and even outcompete native Pantoea symbionts of the stinkbug Plautia stali. Meanwhile, these competitive E. coli strains confer markedly lower reproductive benefits compared with the native symbionts that have developed an intimate mutualistic association with the host P. stali over evolutionary time, revealing a striking decoupling between infection success and host fitness. This finding highlights the potential for cheater-like microbes to invade vertically transmitted symbioses and destabilize coevolved partnerships. By combining experimental evolution, controlled co-infections, and quantitative analyses, the P. stali-E. coli experimental symbiotic system provides a powerful model for studying the mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of mutualism, cheating, and symbiont replacement.}, }
@article {pmid42283205, year = {2026}, author = {Caregnato, A and Hohmann, U and Hothorn, M}, title = {Structure of the Arabidopsis receptor kinase SRF6 ectodomain determined from crystals obtained using the LRR crystallization screen.}, journal = {Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1107/S2059798326005498}, pmid = {42283205}, issn = {2059-7983}, support = {310030_205201//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; }, abstract = {Plant-specific membrane receptor kinases with structurally diverse extracellular domains regulate key processes in plant growth, development, immunity and symbiosis. Structural studies of these glycoproteins are often hampered by the limited quantities in which they can be obtained. Here, we describe the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) crystallization screen, which has enabled the successful crystallization and structure determination of multiple receptor kinase ectodomains, including ligand- and co-receptor-bound complexes. As an example, we report the 1.5 Å resolution crystal structure of the LRR domain of STRUBBELIG-RECEPTOR FAMILY 6 (SRF6) from Arabidopsis thaliana. The SRF6 ectodomain contains seven LRRs and a disulfide-bond-stabilized N-terminal capping domain but lacks the canonical C-terminal cap and the N-glycosylation pattern typically found in other family members. Previously reported protein-protein interactions between the SRF6 and SRF7 ectodomains and the receptor kinases BRI1, BRL1, BRL3, SERK3 and BIR1-BIR3 could not be confirmed by quantitative isothermal titration calorimetry and grating-coupled interferometry assays, suggesting that these structurally conserved LRR receptor kinases may have signalling functions outside the brassinosteroid pathway.}, }
@article {pmid42002555, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, Y and Momin, AA and Hameed, UFS and Gourdoupis, S and Gonçalves, TP and Ma, H and Balakrishna, A and Huang, KW and Jaremko, &#x141; and Al-Babili, S and Arold, ST}, title = {Catalytic mechanism for β-carotene isomerisation and substrate selectivity by the strigolactone biosynthetic enzymes D27 and D27like1.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42002555}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {CRG//KAUST Competitive Research Grant 2022/ ; 5932//KAUST Center of Excellence for Smart Health (KCSH)/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Strigolactones (SLs) are important phytohormones that regulate plant architecture, stress response, and adaptation. SLs exuded by roots also act as signals that allow symbiotic fungi and root-parasitic Striga plants to detect their host. Carlactone, the precursor of SLs, is derived from all-trans-β-carotene through the sequential action of the enzymes DWARF27 (D27), carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 (CCD7), and CCD8. D27 catalyses the isomerisation between all-trans and 9-cis-β-carotene, enriching 9-cis-β-carotene, which is the substrate for CCD7. D27 paralogues (D27likes) have also been reported to use 15-cis- or 13-cis-β-carotene isomers as substrates. The molecular basis for the isomerisation of β-carotene by the D27 enzyme family has remained elusive. By using AI-enabled protein structure prediction to guide experimental and computational methods, we demonstrate that D27 contains a 4Fe–4S cluster positioned deep within a hydrophobic cavity that can accommodate β-carotenes. This configuration allows iron cluster–mediated softening of β-carotene through a single-electron transfer reaction and subsequent cavity-induced stereodivergent isomerisation. Differences in cavity dimensions and stereochemistry explain the differences in isomer preference of D27 and D27like1 proteins. Structure-based analysis proposes that the rim areas lining the catalytic site openings of D27, CCD7, and CCD8 immerse into the membrane, implying a mechanism for sequential substrate capture from the membrane, catalysis, and product release into the membrane. Our findings fill a critical gap in the understanding of SL biosynthesis and may inspire new directed interventions to improve plant growth and resilience.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-45951-x.}, }
@article {pmid42274908, year = {2026}, author = {Díaz-Nieto, LM and Palladini, A and Moyano, A and Coria, C and Murúa, F and Pantano, V and Rull, J}, title = {Wolbachia in Tephritid Populations from Argentina: New Hosts and First Report of Multiple Infections in Rhagoletotrypeta pastranai.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42274908}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {PICT 2018-02837//Fondo para la Investigaci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; PIPE 2022//Secretaria de Ciencia, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n de San Juan (SECITI)/ ; Exp. SECITI N&#xb0;1400-000101-2022//Secretaria de Ciencia, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n de San Juan (SECITI)/ ; PIBAA-CONICET DD812//Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas y Tecnol&#xf3;gicas (CONICET)/ ; }, abstract = {The Tephritidae family comprises agriculturally important insect pests that cause significant economic losses worldwide. Interest in eco-friendly pest control methods is growing, and novel strategies involving symbiotic microorganisms are under investigation. Strategies involving the bacterium Wolbachia have been proposed for managing pest insects and disease vectors. However, they have not yet been used for tephritid pest control. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize Wolbachia strains in tephritid flies from Argentina that could be proposed for use in area-wide programs applying the incompatible insect technique. We also aimed to identify and analyze Wolbachia strains in little-studied species of no economic importance. Infested fruits were collected from different localities in two provinces of Argentina. Adults were identified and the presence of Wolbachia strains was evaluated using the wsp surface protein primer. Genotyping was performed through multilocus sequence typing (MLST). When multiple infections were suspected, the obtained amplification products were cloned into P-GEN. Two new Wolbachia hosts were identified, Rhagoletis blanchardi Aczél and Rhagoletotrypeta pastranai Aczél from Tucumán. Interestingly, we found a multiple infection by Wolbachia in R. pastranai, detecting three different strains. The Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) strains were similar to haplotypes previously described in Argentina. Our results provide the first records of Wolbachia strains in new tephritid hosts from Argentina. The phenotypic effects of these strains on their hosts should be further investigated to evaluate their potential for Wolbachia-based control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42275074, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, B and Yuen-Simović, B and Yuan, H and Degnan, BM and Degnan, SM}, title = {Early transcription factor activation distinguishes symbiotic from non-symbiotic bacteria during microbiome processing in a sponge.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag150}, pmid = {42275074}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Animals that filter-feed on environmental microbes must rapidly discriminate among captured bacteria to maintain beneficial associations while avoiding inappropriate immune activation. In innate immunity, this discrimination is executed through transcription factors (TFs), whose activation and nuclear translocation initiate effector gene expression and shape the nature of the host response. In sponges, bacteria are first physically captured by choanocytes, but the timing and cellular context in which TF-mediated immune discrimination becomes evident remains unclear. Here, we investigate the earliest detectable regulatory responses associated with discrimination between symbiotic and non-symbiotic bacteria in the marine sponge Amphimedon queenslandica. Using a feeding-based design to model post-metamorphic microbiome restructuring, we exposed juvenile sponges that already harbour vertically inherited symbionts to native (symbiont) or foreign (non-symbiont) bacterial communities and assessed early cellular processing and transcriptional responses to bacterial uptake. Symbiotic bacteria were rapidly transported across the epithelium and induced a strong, transient activation of conserved innate immune TFs, including IRF, NF-κB, and STAT, together with associated signalling pathways. IRF and NF-κB translocated to the nuclei of amoebocytes that had engulfed symbionts, indicating that discrimination becomes evident shortly after uptake and precedes downstream effector responses. In contrast, foreign bacteria were internalized more slowly, failed to induce coordinated immune TF activation or nuclear translocation, and instead elicited a xenobiotic-dominated transcriptional program. Together, these findings identify TF activation as an early regulatory checkpoint in sponge-microbe interactions and reveal key mechanisms that underpin the initial stages of symbiont discrimination.}, }
@article {pmid42275228, year = {2026}, author = {Harsonowati, W and Sanjaya, LL and Krismawati, A and Rembang, JHW and Rawung, JBM and Widiyono, W and Doni, F and Iqbal, R and Ullah, S}, title = {Endophyte function in climate-stressed crops: integrating molecular regulation, metabolic trade-offs, and ecological constraints.}, journal = {Plant signaling &amp; behavior}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {2687952}, doi = {10.1080/15592324.2026.2687952}, pmid = {42275228}, issn = {1559-2324}, mesh = {*Endophytes/physiology/metabolism ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Crops, Agricultural/microbiology/metabolism ; *Climate Change ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Climate change increasingly exposes crops to simultaneous abiotic and biotic stresses, disrupting physiological stability and reducing agricultural productivity. Although endophytes are widely recognized for improving plant stress tolerance, their effectiveness remains inconsistent across environmental conditions. This review develops an integrative framework to explain how endophyte-mediated responses are regulated at the molecular, metabolic, and ecological levels under climate stress. We examine multi-level interactions to inform predictive deployment in varied agricultural environments. We critically synthesize recent studies on ROS-hormone signaling, carbon allocation trade-offs, metabolic reprogramming, microbiome interactions, ecological filtering, and host genotype-dependent responses. We aim to identify mechanisms that govern the stability or destabilization of plant-endophyte associations under stress conditions. The analysis indicates that endophyte-mediated beneficial traits remain effective only when redox regulation, metabolic balance, and ecological compatibility are maintained within functional physiological limits. Under severe or prolonged stress, disruption of ROS homeostasis, carbon limitation, and ecological instability progressively reduce symbiotic effectiveness, physiological stability, and plant growth performance. Potential predictive variables in this framework include ROS accumulation thresholds, antioxidant capacity, photosynthetic stability, carbon allocation balance, and ecological persistence of endophytes under fluctuating environmental conditions. These variables may enable the prediction of endophyte functional stability, stress adaptation, and growth promotion under heterogeneous climate stress conditions. Collectively, this framework advances current understanding from descriptive interpretation toward a context-dependent perspective that may support future prediction and validation of endophyte performance in climate-resilient agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid42275321, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, C and Chen, Q and Ye, M and Zhang, X}, title = {HiSymGeo: Hierarchical Context Symbiosis for Cross-View Object-level Image Geo-Localization.}, journal = {IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society}, volume = {PP}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1109/TIP.2026.3700932}, pmid = {42275321}, issn = {1941-0042}, abstract = {Cross-view object-level image geo-localization (CVOIGL) aims to locate ground/drone-view query objects in satellite imagery. This task confronts two obstacles, namely view differences from imaging platform viewpoint changes and detection ambiguities from similar objects in large-scale satellite views. Existing methods typically employ uniform feature processing across objects while overlooking query-reference cross-view differences, leading to compromised localization precision when handling structurally analogous objects with scale variations. In this paper, we propose HiSymGeo, a Hierarchical Context Symbiosis framework with dual cooperative learning, achieving cross-view representation alignment and structural ambiguity resolution. Specifically, to mitigate cross-view differences, the Diversified View Enhancer (DiVE) first incorporates context-aware query enhancement for ground/drone-view representation while constructing scale-agnostic reference enhancement in satellite views to handle scale variations. These view-specific features then undergo contrastive learning via semantic-aware matching to align query and reference representations. Furthermore, the Query-Gated Multi-Expert View Fusion (QG-MEVF) introduces dynamic expert routing via multi-scale pyramidal representations, in which a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) inspired architecture employs query-driven gating to adaptively select scale-specific fusion expert. This differentiable routing mechanism boosts structural discrimination against analogous objects, enabling precise object localization. Extensive ablation experiments demonstrate HiSymGeo's superiority, achieving state-of-the-art effectiveness while ensuring high cross-dataset generalization. We have released our code at https://github.com/chenqi142/HiSymGeo.}, }
@article {pmid42279331, year = {2026}, author = {Thangaretnam, K and Islam, MO and Lv, J and Chen, L and Ballout, F and Zhu, S and Lu, H and Peng, D and El-Rifai, W and Chen, Z}, title = {Architectural Refuges: Mapping Spatial Heterogeneity and Niche-Mediated Drug Resistance in Gastric and Esophageal Adenocarcinomas.}, journal = {Cancers}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cancers18111748}, pmid = {42279331}, issn = {2072-6694}, support = {24K05//Florida Department of Health/ ; Zheng_2025//Gastric Cancer Foundation/ ; ASP24-0000000013//The Mark Foundation for Cancer Research/ ; Zheng_Chen_2025//DeGregorio Family Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Resistance to systemic therapy remains the defining challenge in the management of gastric cancer (GC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). While genomic drivers of resistance are well characterized, traditional bulk profiling has failed to capture the physical rules governing tumor survival within the complex tissue ecosystem. Emerging data from 2024-2025, leveraging high-resolution spatial transcriptomics and multi-omics, have recontextualized resistance as a phenomenon of "spatial privilege" rather than solely an intrinsic cellular fate. This review summarizes recent evidence to define "architectural refuges": distinct spatial niches that physically shield malignant clones from cytotoxic and targeted agents. We delineate three critical resistance domains common to upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas: (1) The "Excluded" Niche, where specific cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subpopulations (iCAFs vs. myCAFs) and stiffened extracellular matrix create hypovascular zones that limit drug delivery; (2) the "Immune-Tolerant" Niche, characterized by the spatial exclusion of CD8+ T cells and the recruitment of suppressive myeloid populations via the MIF/CD74 and USP14 axes; and (3) the "Metabolic" Niche, where mitochondrial heterogeneity and lipid metabolic symbiosis establish nutrient-deprived niches that select for stem-like, dormant states. By mapping these conserved spatial determinants from primary GEJ tumors to peritoneal and distant metastases, we argue that overcoming resistance requires an advancement: moving beyond targeting individual mutations to dismantling the multicellular architecture that sustains malignancy.}, }
@article {pmid42279368, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Chanda, D and Jeon, SW and Jeon, JH and Kim, MJ}, title = {Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming in Colorectal Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: An Up-to-Date Review.}, journal = {Cancers}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cancers18111786}, pmid = {42279368}, issn = {2072-6694}, support = {RS-2024-00507256//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; RS-2024-00437643//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; RS-2025-25410994//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; RS-2025-25460277//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; NRF-2021R1A5A2021614//Ministry of Science and ICT/ ; }, abstract = {Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression stems from dynamic metabolic crosstalk between malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among stromal components, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have emerged as pivotal metabolic drivers rather than mere structural elements. Specifically, evidence indicates that mitochondrial reprogramming in CAFs significantly orchestrates tumor growth, therapeutic resistance, and immune evasion in CRC. This review synthesizes recent insights into how CAF mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic reprogramming dictate CRC biology. We first examine the functional diversity of CAF subpopulations and their distinct mitochondrial requirements. We then contrast mitochondrial dynamics-including fission-fusion balance and mitophagy-between CRC cells and CAFs, highlighting how tumor-derived signals modulate stromal mitochondrial function. We systematically evaluate key regulatory pathways of CAF mitochondrial reprogramming, including TGF-β/HIF-1α, ROS-NF-κB, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, AMPK-PGC-1α, YAP/TAZ mechanotransduction, and mtDNA-mediated cGAS-STING signaling. Furthermore, we discuss how remodeled CAF mitochondria foster metabolic symbiosis via lactate, ketone, and glutamine shuttling; maintain redox homeostasis through the NADPH-glutathione axis and UCP2; and establish immunosuppressive niches via mitochondrial stress signaling. Collectively, these mechanisms drive resistance to chemotherapy, targeted agents, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. By integrating mitochondrial metabolism, stromal signaling, and clinical responses, this review identifies CAF mitochondria as an actionable target within the CRC TME. Targeting these CAF-specific pathways offers a novel strategy to disrupt tumor-stroma metabolic cooperation and overcome treatment resistance in colorectal cancer.}, }
@article {pmid42279684, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Shi, S and Chen, Y and Zhang, S and Ji, C}, title = {Defined Microbial Communities Modulate Polyphenol Transformation and Quality of Kombucha Across Different Tea Substrates.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods15111897}, pmid = {42279684}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {2024-MS-172//Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation Program/ ; }, abstract = {Kombucha quality is largely governed by polyphenol transformation during fermentation. However, interaction between substrate composition and microbial communities regulating phenolic transformation and quality formation remains unclear. In this study, six tea substrates (white, green, yellow, black, oolong, and mint tea) were fermented using three defined microbial communities (SMC1-SMC3) and a traditional symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) to evaluate carbon metabolism, phenolic transformation, antioxidant activity, and sensory quality. After 10 d of fermentation, SMC2 and SMC3, containing acetic acid bacteria, showed stronger acidification (pH 2.2-2.5) and lower ethanol (0.34-0.52 mg/mL) than SMC1 (13.09-15.88 mg/mL). Phenolic transformation was substrate-dependent: total phenolics and flavonoids decreased in green tea, both increased in white tea, while flavonoids increased in oolong and black tea. Meanwhile, rutin decreased in white and green tea, whereas gallic acid accumulated in yellow, black, and oolong teas and was positively correlated with antioxidant activity. Sensory evaluation showed SMC3 achieved higher overall acceptability in most substrates, whereas SCOBY performed best in mint tea. These findings indicate substrate-microbiota interactions play a key role in phenolic transformation and quality formation in kombucha. Rational matching of tea substrates with defined microbial communities enables coordinated optimization of antioxidant activity, ethanol control, and sensory quality.}, }
@article {pmid42279698, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, Y and Huang, Y and Ye, L and Yu, J and Huang, Z and Yang, X and Tian, Q and Zhang, B and Liu, Y and Li, X}, title = {Oxford Nanopore Technologies Sequencing and Targeted Amino Acid Metabolomics Reveal Spatially Segregated Microbial Hijacking and Metabolic Collapse During Trichoderma Infection of Golden Ear Mushroom.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods15111912}, pmid = {42279698}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {This study combines Oxford Nanopore (ONT) third-generation sequencing with targeted amino acid metabolomics to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the structural and metabolic responses of the microbial community in Golden Ear Mushroom (Naematelia sinensis) during Trichoderma infection. By comparing healthy tissue (MOCK), adjacent healthy areas (HAF) and the core lesion area (DiR), the results indicate that pathogen infection significantly reduces bacterial community diversity, with a progressive decline observed across these regions. In the DiR region, the fungal community underwent significant restructuring, with the abundance of the Trichoderma genus (T. lixii and T. afroharzianum) rising to over 45%, whilst that of host symbiotic fungi (Stereum and Tremella) decreased by 50-60%. Metabolomic analysis indicated that levels of various amino acids and antioxidant-related metabolites were significantly reduced in the host tissue of the DiR region, suggesting that amino acid metabolism was inhibited. Concurrently, changes were observed in certain metabolites associated with nitrogen metabolism (e.g., L-glutamine). KEGG analysis further revealed that amino acid biosynthesis and D-amino acid metabolic pathways were inhibited, whilst ABC transporters and arginine/proline metabolic pathways were activated. All metabolic changes originated from the host fungal tissue itself, rather than from commensal microorganisms. In summary, Trichoderma may promote the infection process by disrupting the host microbial community and metabolic networks, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms of fungal diseases and their control.}, }
@article {pmid42280738, year = {2026}, author = {Tian, ZX and Ke, X and Ji, XY and Chen, XY and Zhu, LH}, title = {Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis as a Bio-Enhancement Strategy for Transplantation of Somatic Embryo-Derived Pinus elliottii.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15111701}, pmid = {42280738}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Somatic embryo-derived plantlets of pines often fail to survive acclimatization, which limits commercial micropropagation. Conventional hardening methods do not correct the physiological weaknesses of in vitro plantlets, especially the lack of beneficial microbes. Here we developed a practical protocol for resistant Pinus elliottii. First, we used an optimized maturation protocol (three sequential ABA pre-treatments) and glucose for germination. Substrate screening showed that a peat:vermiculite:perlite mixture (3:1:1) gave the highest survival (98.9%). Then, before transplantation, we introduced a key bio-enhancement step: in vitro inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus orientalis cfcc7668. This treatment achieved a mycorrhization rate of 97.7% and transformed root morphology from thin, sparsely branched roots to a coralloid, dichotomously branched system with a well-developed Hartig net. As a result, mycorrhizal plantlets had 100% transplant survival at 30 days and remained above 94% over 360 days, whereas non-inoculated controls dropped to 95.6% at 30 days and further declined to about 73% after three months. Pre-establishing ectomycorrhizal symbiosis effectively restores a key root function missing in in vitro plantlets. Our integrated procedure provides a practical method for clonal propagation of conifers.}, }
@article {pmid42281119, year = {2026}, author = {Dudukcu, D and Gorgulu, AB and Karakus, M and Savran Kiziltepe, R and Basbrain, A}, title = {A Comprehensive and Unified Survey on Blockchain-Enabled SDN Cybersecurity: Industry Use Cases, Threat Landscapes, Defense Architectures, and Open Challenges.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s26113606}, pmid = {42281119}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {1470-612-2025//King Abdulaziz University/ ; }, abstract = {The convergence of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Blockchain (BC) creates a symbiotic relationship in which SDN's programmable global visibility complements BC's decentralized, immutable trust model to address critical cybersecurity vulnerabilities and cyber attacks. Addressing the fragmentation in the current literature, this study rigorously investigates BC and SDN (B-SDN) integration with the primary objectives of: (1) differentiating impacts across varied sectors, including the Internet of Things (IoT), Smart Grids, and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and more; (2) analyzing critical performance metrics such as energy efficiency and scalability; (3) classifying mitigation, detection, and prevention schemes for specific threats; (4) examining novel Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods; and (5) identifying open challenges and future research directions. Methodologically, this study conducts a survey of state-of-the-art B-SDN studies to investigate six key areas: Industry-specific applications, security mechanisms, defense strategies, defenses against specific attacks, AI integration, and implementation performance. The findings demonstrate that B-SDN integration shows strong potential in simulated and prototype environments to mitigate specific high-impact threats, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Man-in-the-Middle (MiTM), and spoofing, across various domains, including IoT, 5G/6G, VANETS, and Smart Grid. Despite the benefits and advantages promised by B-SDN, several limitations continue to exist, including the latency-security trade-off inherent to consensus protocols and scalability constraints in large-scale deployments. Finally, open research challenges persist in AI-driven automation, particularly in Federated Learning (FL) and in the development of standardized interoperability protocols required to enable the transition from conceptual models to operational systems.}, }
@article {pmid42281342, year = {2026}, author = {Nguyen, TM and Nguyet, PN and Long, NH and Le, NA and Anh, LH and Hieu, NP and Van Tri, D and Le Luu, T}, title = {Algae-to-Sludge Inoculation Ratio Regulates Organic Matter and Nitrogen Removal in Algal-Bacterial Symbiosis Systems Treating Shrimp Farming Wastewater.}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {98}, number = {6}, pages = {e70446}, doi = {10.1002/wer.70446}, pmid = {42281342}, issn = {1554-7531}, support = {105.99-2025.60//Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED)/ ; }, abstract = {This study evaluated the influence of algae-to-sludge inoculation ratio on biomass development and pollutant removal in an algal-bacterial symbiotic system (ABSS) treating shrimp farming wastewater. Batch reactors operated at ratios of 1:2-1:6, along with monoculture controls, were assessed for biomass characteristics, organic matter removal, and nitrogen transformation. The 1:3 ratio achieved the most balanced biomass growth (MLSS: +54.9%; MLVSS: +57.8%) and the highest removal efficiencies, reaching 60.5% ± 7.3%, 89.4% ± 2.9%, and 55.2% ± 15.2% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium (NH4 [+]-N), and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. Co-culture reactors consistently outperformed monocultures, suggesting the benefits of coupling algal photosynthesis with bacterial metabolism. The results indicate that biomass balance is a key operational factor governing system performance, likely through its influence on oxygen availability, substrate utilization, and internal mass transfer. Optimizing the algae-to-sludge ratio provides a simple and effective strategy to enhance ABSS performance without increasing aeration demand, offering practical implications for sustainable aquaculture wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42282484, year = {2026}, author = {Decena, ML&#xc1; and Campos-Cáceres, M and Calderón-Pardo, D and Shiposha, V and Olonova, M and Pérez-Collazos, E and Catalán, P}, title = {A Palearctic divide, niche conservatism and host-fungal endophyte interactions shaped the phylogeography of the grass Brachypodium sylvaticum.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, pages = {501-517}, pmid = {42282484}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {Brachypodium sylvaticum is a perennial woodland grass selected as a model species for perenniality, which is widely distributed across the Palearctic. This plant forms a symbiosis with the endophytic fungus Epichloë sylvatica. Despite its widespread distribution and ecological importance, the evolutionary history of the B. sylvaticum complex and the role of its fungal symbiont remain poorly understood, and no integrative phylogeographic study of the grass-endophyte holobionts has been conducted to date. We hypothesize that niche dynamics and host-fungal interactions shaped the diversification and current distribution of the complex. We integrate whole-genome phylogenomics, plastome analysis, environmental niche modeling (ENM), and coevolutionary analyses to investigate the diversification of B. sylvaticum and its fungal symbiont. Using 94 representative individuals spanning Eurasia and North Africa, we recovered two deeply divergent sister lineages (Eastern and Western Palearctic), with cytonuclear discordances suggesting historical plastid capture events in the western group. Admixture analysis revealed four genetic clusters, including signatures of secondary contact and hybridization in the Western lineage. Filtered ITS sequences of E. sylvatica recovered from holobiont genome skimming reads enabled phylogenetic reconstruction, revealing two fungal clades that broadly mirror their host's evolutionary history in the West. Parafit and Procrustes Application to Cophylogenetic (PACO) analyses supported partial co-divergence between hosts and endophytes. ENM projections identified climatically stable glacial refugia for both B. sylvaticum main lineages during the Last Glacial Maximum and asymmetric postglacial expansion, with moderate niche shifts in the West and stronger turnover in the East. Evidence of niche overlap and similarity indicated niche conservatism among clades, suggesting that geographic isolation, rather than adaptive divergence, was the primary driver of lineage splitting. IBD and IBE patterns significantly influenced divergences in the Western, but not the Eastern, group, highlighting contrasting demographic and ecological dynamics. Our results provide the first evidence of coevolutionary and ecological structuring in B. sylvaticum-E. sylvatica holobionts across their Western native range, highlighting how this ubiquitous host-endophyte association may have contributed to the ecological success, persistence, and expansion of the complex under Quaternary climatic fluctuations.}, }
@article {pmid42282980, year = {2026}, author = {Figura, T and Tylová, E and Novák, F and Merckx, VSFT and Ponert, J and Minasiewicz, J and Selosse, MA and Martos, F}, title = {Broad Fungal Compatibility and Seed Size May Facilitate Invasiveness in Two Asian Terrestrial Orchids Spathoglottis plicata and Arundina graminifolia.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {e73805}, pmid = {42282980}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Two Asian orchids, the bamboo orchid (Arundina graminifolia) and the Philippine ground orchid (Spathoglottis plicata), are expanding into South and Central America, the Pacific, and Africa. Here, we tested whether seed traits and low in vitro selectivity toward mycorrhizal fungi may contribute to their successful spread outside the native range. We examined seed size and reserves, asymbiotic and symbiotic germination with orchid mycorrhizal fungi from different geographic regions. Both species have relatively large seeds, with A. graminifolia having some of the largest among orchids. Seeds contain lipids, proteins, and low amounts of soluble saccharides and starch. Despite these reserves, both orchids are initially mycoheterotrophic and require an external carbon source for early development. In asymbiotic culture, both species showed high germination on sucrose-containing media, with maximum germination exceeding 95%. In symbiotic culture, both species formed protocorms with Tulasnellaceae isolates from different continents, including isolates obtained from locations separated by more than 9000 km. This capacity was broader in S. plicata. Our results suggest that the success of S. plicata outside its native range may be facilitated by broad compatibility with Tulasnellaceae, some of which have a global distribution, and partly by self-pollination. In A. graminifolia, relatively large seeds may provide greater internal reserves for early development, but this species appears more specific toward certain Tulasnellaceae lineages and remains pollinator-dependent. Together with the ability to colonize disturbed habitats, these traits may help explain the successful spread of both orchids outside their native range.}, }
@article {pmid42283067, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, F and Wang, X and Lv, H and Xia, H and Gan, G and Chen, X and Liu, X and Chen, H and Zhao, L}, title = {Identification of a potential novel Staphylococcus species via genomic sequencing: A neonatal infection case report.}, journal = {IDCases}, volume = {44}, number = {}, pages = {e02631}, pmid = {42283067}, issn = {2214-2509}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are common symbiotic Gram-positive bacteria colonizing human skin and mucous membranes with lower virulence than Staphylococcus aureus. As crucial pathogens of neonatal infections, they often harbor multiple drug resistance genes and can induce neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, suppurative meningitis, and other clinical manifestations.<br><br>CASE PRESENTATION: A preterm neonate at 29[+1] weeks' gestation complicated by respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia received empirical ceftazidime and penicillin for 8 days. The condition initially improved but suddenly deteriorated on postnatal day 17 with septic shock, fever, and anemia. Routine tests suggested Staphylococcus capitis infection, and targeted anti-infective and supportive treatments relieved symptoms. Given the inconsistenty between the infection severity and that of typical Staphylococcus infections, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were further performed, identifying a potential novel Staphylococcus species closely related to Staphylococcus warneri. Nevertheless, the origin of this potential novel species remains unclear, which needs further verification.<br><br>CONCLUSION: For neonates with sudden clinical deterioration, intractable infection or ambiguous conventional microbial results, mNGS and WGS facilitate accurate pathogen identification and treatment adjustment. This potential novel strain discovery highlights the importance of enhanced vigilance against bacterial multidrug resistance and the emergence of potential novel pathogens in neonatal care.}, }
@article {pmid42265261, year = {2026}, author = {Pazos, T and Moya, P and Chiva, S and Škaloud, P and Kantnerová, V and Barreno, E and Garrido-Benavent, I}, title = {The Impact of Visible Symptoms of Thallus Damage on the Phycobiota of Mediterranean Epiphytic Lichens.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02794-3}, pmid = {42265261}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Lichens are excellent bioindicators of overall ecosystem health. The symbiotic nature of their thalli enables tracking changes in humidity, temperature, habitat disturbance and air pollution, often before larger plants do. Sensitive species usually show visible thallus damage, such as bleaching or changes in colour (including total or partial necrosis, and death of the photosynthetic component of the symbiosis), slow growth, and/or biases in reproductive strategies. Particularly, the extent to which these damages are associated with changes in the microscopic photosynthetic community inhabiting lichen thalli (phycobiota) remains poorly understood. Here, we combined Sanger and Illumina sequencing techniques to characterize the diversity and community structure of the eukaryotic phycobiome in selected epiphytic macrolichens showing different levels of thallus damage. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high microalgal diversity, largely dominated by a few Trebouxia species, which are the most prevalent lichenized microalgae, accompanied by several low-abundance co-occurring genera. Notably, microalgal diversity peaked at intermediate levels of thallus damage. This pattern is consistent with disturbance-mediated modulation of microalgal community evenness rather than a categorical shift in symbiotic composition. These findings reveal previously unrecognized variability within the lichen phycobiota, providing new insights into the ecological dynamics and stress responses of these communities. In conclusion, our work offers a new perspective on the potential of lichens as sensitive bioindicators of air quality and ecosystem health.}, }
@article {pmid42265318, year = {2026}, author = {Giovannini, L and Marqués-Gálvez, JE and Sillo, F and De Paola, D and Petrozza, A and Mango, T and Melfi, D and Wang, JY and Fiorilli, V and Carriero, F and Balestrini, R}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato roots with a diverse range of carotene accumulation.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42265318}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is regulated by carotenoid-derived molecules, including strigolactones and other apocarotenoids. However, the role of root carotene availability remains poorly understood. Here we evaluated AM performance in tomato using two mutants showing contrasting root carotenoid profiles, i.e. cyc-b7, an EMS-derived TILLING mutant carrying a characterized mutation in Cyc-B, and 7458-Y, an uncharacterized mutant line showing high carotenoid accumulation), compared to their related wild type (Red Setter). Not-inoculated and AM fungal inoculated plants were grown under controlled conditions and root colonization parameters were assessed after two months. Root carotenoids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and RNA-seq analysis was performed on root samples to understand the tomato response to the inoculation. Roots of cyc-b7 accumulated significantly lower total carotenoids than Red Setter, including reduced lutein and β-carotene, whereas 7458-Y showed increased β-carotene, together with higher arbuscule abundance than both Red Setter and cyc-b7. Transcriptome profiling revealed a genotype-dependent response to AMF inoculation, with symbiosis-related genes differentially regulated in the two mutant lines. In cyc-b7, AMF inoculation was associated with reduced expression of genes encoding nutrient transporters, as well as of a gene encoding a symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK), a component of the common symbiosis signaling pathway. By contrast, in 7458-Y, AMF inoculation was associated with up-regulation of a gene encoding a LysM receptor-like kinase involved in AM establishment, and of a gene, SlD27, related to strigolactone biosynthesis. Overall, our results support a link between root carotenoid metabolism and AMF colonization.}, }
@article {pmid42265539, year = {2026}, author = {Schoeman, C and Roodt, D and Mc Menamin, A and Bezuidt, O and Dithugoe, C and Pinard, D and Mizrachi, E}, title = {Conserved symbiosis-associated genes in the cycad Encephalartos natalensis suggest co-option for cyanobacterial symbiosis.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71311}, pmid = {42265539}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {116239//National Research Foundation/ ; 118981//National Research Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Plant-cyanobacterial symbioses have evolved independently at least four times across land plants, yet their underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we elucidate the pathways involved in this specialised symbiosis and nutrient exchange within coralloid roots (CRs) of Encephalartos natalensis. Using anatomical analysis and RNA sequencing, we characterise the structural and transcriptional features of CRs harbouring active, heterocyst-rich, nitrogen-fixing Nostoc cyanobacteria. Notably, no fungal hyphae or arbuscular structures were observed under the sampled conditions. CR-associated upregulation of core common symbiosis signalling pathway (CSSP) genes was evident, genes shared across multiple nodulating symbioses. Transcriptome-wide analysis further revealed elevated expression of citrulline and ornithine biosynthesis genes, indicating host assimilation of Nostoc-fixed ammonia. Together, these findings demonstrate that cycads retain and transcriptionally upregulate conserved symbiosis signalling genes during cyanobacterial associations. Building on the evolutionary link between CSSP genes and the ancient arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) signalling toolkit, our results support differential retention of these genes across plant lineages. Specifically, in E. natalensis, CSSP gene expression in CRs suggests transcriptional co-option for cyanobacterial symbiosis in CRs. This study provides a framework for understanding the role of ancient molecular pathways in driving plant-microbe symbiosis evolution and diversification.}, }
@article {pmid42267652, year = {2026}, author = {Müller, S and Stegmann, T and Adema, K and Holmer, R and van Seters, A and van Velzen, R and Kulikova, O and Wijsman, T and Klein, J and Fernandez-Moreno, JP and Stepanova, AN and Alonso, JM and Franssen, H and Larrainzar, E and van Zeijl, A and Kohlen, W}, title = {Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Ethylene Biosynthesis Shape Infection and Nodule Initiation in Medicago Truncatula.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koag173}, pmid = {42267652}, issn = {1532-298X}, abstract = {Ethylene is a well-established negative regulator of nodulation, yet how ethylene biosynthesis and perception are spatially coordinated during early symbiotic signalling remains unresolved. Here, we investigate the dynamics of ethylene responses in Medicago (Medicago truncatula) using transcriptomics, promoter-reporter analyses, loss-of-function approaches and a synthetic reporter. We show that the activity of the ethylene-responsive EBSn reporter shifts from inner root tissues under non-symbiotic conditions to the outer cortex and epidermis following rhizobial inoculation, revealing a spatial reprogramming of ethylene signalling. Among the eight Medicago 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE (ACS) genes, MtACS3 is induced in outer root cell layers upon rhizobia application, while MtACS10 is repressed in the inner cortex and pericycle, mirroring the shift in ethylene perception. Functional analysis demonstrates that MtACS10 restricts nodule initiation, whereas MtACS3 modulates the number of infection threads, prevents nodule clustering, and contributes to the radial positioning of nodule primordia. Rhizobial induced ectopic ACS expression in the root interior counteracts MtACS10 repression and blocks nodulation, highlighting the requirement for spatially confined downregulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Together, these findings establish a framework in which localized shifts in ethylene biosynthesis, mediated by distinct Medicago ACS genes, balance infection and organogenesis while co-defining the spatial limits of the root susceptible zone.}, }
@article {pmid42268976, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, L and Wang, E and Ying, M and Luo, L and Ren, Y and Zhu, C and Li, J and Le, T and Feng, H and Wang, X and Chen, C and Li, Z and Ouyang, H}, title = {Restoration of endogenous electric fields with a glucose-powered symbiotic bioabsorbable bandage for diabetic wound healing.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {12}, number = {24}, pages = {eaed9445}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aed9445}, pmid = {42268976}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Endogenous electric fields (EFs) are essential for tissue regeneration but are diminished under hyperglycemia conditions, thereby impeding diabetic wound healing. Here, we report a biodegradable, glucose-powered electronic fabric bandage (GEB) that restores wound-edge electrical fields and enables closed-loop wound healing. To avoid compromising clinical applicability, we integrated all components into a soft, lightweight, and breathable bandage design to replace the traditional bulky electrical stimulator design. We also show the universal glucose-powered electricity generation and therapeutic functions of the electronic bandage across species and organs in diabetic wound models. In diabetic mouse wounds, porcine skin defects, and intestinal injury, the bandage uses endogenous glucose for power generation, thereby reducing local glucose levels and restoring the endogenous EF that guided cell migration, reprogrammed macrophage polarization, and promoted angiogenesis, to accelerate wound healing. These findings should establish an "endogenous glucose-powered symbiotic bioelectronics" paradigm for next-generation bioelectronic medicine.}, }
@article {pmid42269517, year = {2026}, author = {Prokina, KI and López-García, P and Moreira, D}, title = {Diverse new species and genera of Developea (Stramenopiles) displaying self-aggregation and multiflagellated stages.}, journal = {Protist}, volume = {182}, number = {}, pages = {126167}, doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2026.126167}, pmid = {42269517}, issn = {1618-0941}, abstract = {Developea is a poorly studied group of flagellated protists, with only seven species known to date. It is closely related to parasitic oomycetes, hyphochytriomycetes, Pirsoniales, and photosynthetic ochrophytes (e.g., diatoms and brown algae), altogether forming the large clade Gyrista within supergroup Stramenopiles. Due to their deep phylogenetic position and phagotrophic feeding mode, developeans might have preserved ancestral characteristics shared with related large and important sister groups. Despite their cosmopolitan distribution, only few environmental 18S rRNA gene sequences related to Developea are known. Here we describe 12 new strains which represent eight new species and two new genera, as well as the previously described species Developayella elegans. We provide feeding experiments on diverse eukaryotic prey, including red algae, diatoms, and heterotrophic flagellates. The ability of the new developean species to successfully consume red algae represents missing piece of the previously postulated developean-like phagoheterotrophic model for the symbiotic ancestor of photosynthetic stramenopiles. Three species, including D. elegans, are omnivorous, i.e. able to survive on either eukaryotic or prokaryotic prey. Finally, we observe new and rare morphological features for Developea, such as facultative multiflagellated life stages, cysts and self-aggregation. These features might have been present in the ancestor of Stramenopiles.}, }
@article {pmid42269592, year = {2026}, author = {Shi, Y and Zhang, C and Yang, W and Wang, H}, title = {Toward telomere-to-telomere genomics in Fabaceae: Unlocking comparative and functional insights into symbiotic nitrogen fixation.}, journal = {Cell genomics}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {101246}, doi = {10.1016/j.xgen.2026.101246}, pmid = {42269592}, issn = {2666-979X}, abstract = {The Fabaceae encompasses key agricultural species such as soybean, barrel medic (Medicago), and common bean, which are valued for their contributions to global food security and their ability to perform symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Although substantial progress has been made in sequencing economically important legumes, the taxonomic coverage remains uneven, with a disproportionate emphasis on model crops. Furthermore, most genome assemblies lack telomere-to-telomere (T2T) resolution, limiting insights into complex genomic regions and regulatory mechanisms. Emerging T2T technologies offer a transformative opportunity to overcome these limitations. By generating complete T2T assemblies for a representative range of Fabaceae species, including underrepresented lineages, researchers should obtain novel comparative and functional insights into the genetic and epigenetic bases of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. These high-resolution assemblies potentially facilitate the identification of conserved and divergent regulatory networks, shed light on the evolution of nodulation processes, and deepen our understanding of agronomically important traits.}, }
@article {pmid42270664, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Tang, Y and Wang, H and Zhang, J}, title = {A chromosome-level genome assembly of the chemosymbiotic species Rugalucina vietnamica (Lucinida: Lucinidae).}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-026-07569-6}, pmid = {42270664}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {42576103//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Rugalucina vietnamica is one of the representative symbiotic bivalves in marine chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. The species is concentrated along the Beibu Gulf-Qiongzhou Strait coastal region in the western Pacific, making it an ideal model for studying the evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic fauna in the South China Sea. However, the lack of a high-quality reference genome has limited the identification of genome-wide genetic variation and hindered population genomic investigations. In this study, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome of R. vietnamica, generated by integrating PacBio, Illumina, and high-resolution chromosome conformation capture sequencing. The final assembled genome spans 1.23 Gb, with a scaffold N50 of 78 Mb, and was successfully anchored onto 17 chromosomes. BUSCO assessment recovered 96.50% of conserved metazoan genes, indicating high completeness. Genome annotation further revealed that transposable elements account for 65.56% of the genome, and a total of 18,649 protein-coding genes were predicted.}, }
@article {pmid42271057, year = {2026}, author = {Bernabeu, M and Manzano-Morales, S and Marcet-Houben, M and Gabaldón, T}, title = {Gene ancestries reveal diverse microbial associations during eukaryogenesis.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42271057}, issn = {1476-4687}, abstract = {The origin of eukaryotes remains a central enigma in biology[1]. Continuing debates agree on the pivotal role of a symbiosis between an alphaproteobacterium and an Asgard archaeon[2,3]. However, the nature, timing and contributions of other potential bacterial partners[4-6] and the role of interactions with viruses[7-9] remain contentious. To address these questions, we used advanced phylogenomic approaches and comprehensive datasets spanning the known diversity of cellular life and viruses. Our analysis provided a revised reconstruction of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) proteome, in which we traced the phylogenetic origin of each protein family. We found compelling evidence for multiple waves of horizontal gene transfer from diverse bacterial donors, with some likely to have preceded mitochondrial endosymbiosis. We inferred plausible traits of the major donors and their functional contributions to the LECA. Our findings support a contribution of horizontal gene transfers to shaping the proteomes of pre-LECA ancestors and suggest a facilitating role of Nucleocytoviricota viruses. Taken together, our results suggest that ancient eukaryotes may have originated within complex microbial ecosystems through a succession of diverse associations that left a footprint of horizontally transferred genes.}, }
@article {pmid42274480, year = {2026}, author = {Shen, K and Xu, M and Zhou, W and Zhou, H and Wang, W and Su, Y and He, H and Yang, S}, title = {Community Succession and Diversity Variation of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Soil Bacteria Across Gastrodia elata Seed Formation Stages.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15110829}, pmid = {42274480}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {32160063//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202401BA070001-121//Special Basic Cooperative Research Programs of Yunnan Provincial Undergraduate Universities' Association/ ; 202501BA070001-100//Special Basic Cooperative Research Programs of Yunnan Provincial Undergraduate Universities' Association/ ; 2024//the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Program of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education/ ; 2026J1148//the Science Research Fund Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education/ ; 2023-3//the Zhaotong "Xingzhao Talent Support Program" Team Project/ ; }, abstract = {The Gastrodia elata Blume (GE) life cycle is unique, since its successful germination and growth rely on symbiosis with specific fungi (e.g., Armillaria mellea). However, the community succession, tissue specificity and functional potential of endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial communities during the seed formation stage of GE remain unclear. Here, we used high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to systematically explore the composition, diversity, and dynamic succession of bacterial communities across different stages of seed formation and among various tissues. Our results revealed that the endophytic community remained relatively stable across most developmental stages and tissue types (ANOSIM R = 0.4568, p = 0.001), with significant compositional shifts only occurring at the fruiting stage in specific tissues (stems and seeds). In contrast, the rhizosphere soil bacterial community showed stronger developmental succession (ANOSIM R = 0.7037, p = 0.001), with progressive divergence and the strongest segregation observed between the initial planting and fruiting stages. Alpha diversity peaked at the flowering stage for endophytic bacteria (Shannon index) and at the bud formation stage for rhizosphere soil bacteria, with persistent core taxa (Bacteroides in endophytic bacteria, Pseudarthrobacter in rhizosphere soil bacteria) dominating across stages. Functional predictions revealed stable core metabolic pathways, with stage-specific enrichments of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis at late developmental stages. These results provide novel ecological insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of bacterial communities across different stages of GE seed formation, highlighting the distinct ecological strategies of endophytic and rhizosphere soil bacteria during the reproductive development of the plant.}, }
@article {pmid42274548, year = {2026}, author = {Alghannam, K and Michoud, G and Barozzi, A and Al Romaih, S and Alhazmi, R and Vernooij, B and Odokonyero, K and Gallo, A and Mishra, H and Daffonchio, D and Marasco, R}, title = {Promicromonospora noduliphila sp. nov., a nodulation-enhancing actinobacterium isolated from the root nodules of grey-hair acacia planted in the Khurais desert, Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.007173}, pmid = {42274548}, issn = {1466-5034}, abstract = {A set of actinobacterial strains was isolated from the root nodules of Acacia gerrardii grown as part of an afforestation trial in the Khurais desert, Saudi Arabia. Among them, five clonal isolates could not be unambiguously assigned to any recognized type species, and two of them, designated AC027S[T] and AC027N, were selected as representatives for taxonomic characterization. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, with short rods to coccoid-like morphology. Growth occurred at 20-42 °C, pH 5.0-10.0 and in the presence of up to 3.0% (w/v) NaCl. The major whole-cell sugar was glucose, and the muramic acid residues of the peptidoglycan carried peptide subunits composed of alanine, glutamic acid and lysine. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4). Major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0, and the polar lipid profile included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerols and several unidentified glycophospholipids, glycolipids, phospholipids and lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed AC027S[T] and AC027N within the genus Promicromonospora. Whole-genome sequence-based phylogenomic reconstruction and relatedness indices confirmed that these G+C-rich strains (72%) are distinct from all described Promicromonospora species, with Promicromonospora soli NEAU-GS50[T] as the closest described relative. Consistent with their nodule-associated niche, the strains were able to degrade and utilize plant-derived substrates, tolerate microaerophilic conditions and possessed genes for mobilizing essential metals, such as iron and molybdenum, suggesting a supportive role in the nodule microbial community and in sustaining rhizobial nitrogen fixation, as reflected in an enhanced nodulation by native rhizobia when inoculated in desert soil. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic evidence, strains AC027S[T] and AC027N represent a novel species of the genus Promicromonospora, for which the name Promicromonospora noduliphila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AC027S[T] (=KCTC 59476[ᵀ], =JCM 37759ᵀ).}, }
@article {pmid42274741, year = {2026}, author = {Kirichek, EA and Kusakin, PG and Gorshkov, AP and Tsyganova, AV and Tsyganov, VE}, title = {The symbiotic interface in Pisum sativum L. and Rhizobium laguerreae interactions.}, journal = {Protoplasma}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42274741}, issn = {1615-6102}, support = {23-16-00090//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 23-16-00090//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 23-16-00090//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 23-16-00090//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic interface plays a crucial role in symbiosis development and stability. In this study, the progressive remodeling of symbiotic interface components, such as pectins, arabinogalactan proteins, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and others, were analyzed in pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules induced with siх strains of Rhizobium laguerreae. Some strains induced effective nodules while others ineffective ones. The organization of the symbiotic interface in ineffective nodules differed from that in effective ones. Indeed, ineffective nodules were characterized by reduced pectin modification activity and lack of de-esterified homogalacturonan accumulation. Additionally, abnormal localization of arabinogalactan proteins, arabinogalactan protein-extensin, and callose was observed in response to certain rhizobia strains, indicating the involvement of these components in defense mechanisms during symbiosis. Transcriptome analysis of ineffective nodules revealed activation of plant defense responses and responses to the biotic stresses. Thus, abnormalities in the organization of the symbiotic interface were revealed, accompanying ineffective interaction of pea with R. laguerreae strains.}, }
@article {pmid42274808, year = {2026}, author = {Soltani-Moghadam, F and Kafil, HS and Sefidan, FY and Nezhadi, J and Saedi, S and Mohammadzadeh-Asl, Y and Sattarpour, S and Rezaee, MA}, title = {Gut Bacteria: A Beneficial Symbiosis or a Hidden Threat? Investigating the Dual Role of Bacteria in Gastrointestinal Diseases.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {42274808}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {Tabriz University of Medical Sciences//Tabriz University of Medical Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {The intestinal microbiota is a highly dynamic and intricate system that supports digestive function, modulates immune responses, and protects against gut disorders. This review explores the impact of gut microorganisms on gastrointestinal conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and colorectal cancer (CRC). Beneficial microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Akkermansia help reduce inflammation and maintain intestinal homeostasis by producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These metabolites regulate immune mechanisms and reinforce the gut barrier while also suppressing harmful pathogens. In contrast, pathogenic bacteria including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium difficile contribute to gastrointestinal disorders by producing toxins, increasing mucosal permeability, and stimulating inflammatory responses. Additionally, microbial dysbiosis-alterations in microbiota composition-can lead to chronic inflammation and neoplastic changes in intestinal cells, thereby promoting CRC development. Future studies may further clarify microbiota-pathogen interactions, which may provide a basis for exploratory therapeutic strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42261101, year = {2026}, author = {Tanaka, K and Wu, J and Xia, Q and Harada, Y and Suzuki, T and Yan, Y and Seto, Y and Xiong, G and Kameoka, H}, title = {In vitro evaluation of protein-protein interactions in the rice KAI2 ligand signaling complex.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiag325}, pmid = {42261101}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2)/DWARF14-LIKE (D14L) plays key roles in land plant development, environmental responses, and the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, likely acting as the receptor for unidentified signaling molecules termed KAI2 ligands (KLs). KL perception by KAI2/D14L promotes DWARF3 (D3)/MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) F-box protein-mediated ubiquitination of SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1) proteins, thereby transducing the KL signals. Although genetic and in vivo assays have demonstrated the functions of these components, the biochemical details of their interactions remain elusive. Here we investigated physical interactions between rice (Oryza sativa) D14L, D3, and OsSMAX1 in vitro using desmethyl germinone (dMGer), a recently developed KL analog. dMGer elicited KL responses in rice with higher activity and pathway specificity than a widely used KL analog (-)-GR24. dMGer, but not (-)-GR24, directly bound to D14L and promoted the interaction between D14L and D3 in vitro. The interaction between D14L and OsSMAX1 was also enhanced by dMGer. Furthermore, we identified the domain of OsSMAX1 that distinguishes it from its paralog DWARF53 (D53), which is associated with the strigolactone signaling complex. These findings suggest a model of the interactions among KL signaling components and highlight the role of the ligand in the signaling complex.}, }
@article {pmid42262083, year = {2026}, author = {Lewin, GR and Khadempour, L}, title = {mGem: Tapping into the language of symbiosis to advance human microbiome research.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0366125}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.03661-25}, pmid = {42262083}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {In human microbiome research, the term "commensal" is often used to describe organisms that benefit their hosts. In ecology, in host-microbe symbiosis, a commensal organism has no impact on its host, whereas a mutualist organism benefits its host. While others have recognized this discrepancy in terminology use, old habits are hard to break, and the human microbiome community has continued in this vein. This is our call to action for the human microbiome community to use more precise terminology that appropriately reflects the impact that these microbes have on their hosts. We should use the terms "commensal" and "mutualist" when we know the effect on the host, and "symbiont" when we do not. By using the same terminology as ecologists, we will be able to make use of, and contribute to the vast research in the field of symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid42262490, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, Y and Qian, Y and Wang, Y and Li, X and Huang, Y and Dai, L and Duan, L and Guo, Q and Jiang, K and Wang, S and Shen, J and Du, L and Pi, E}, title = {DMI3 autophosphorylation at the C-terminus of its calmodulin-binding domain dismantles CaM-DMI3-IPD3 to initiate root nodulation.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiag347}, pmid = {42262490}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {DMI3 (Doesn't Make Infections 3), a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK), decodes rhizobia-induced Ca2+ signals through phosphorylation of its interacting partner, IPD3, thereby initiating root nodule symbiosis (RNS). However, the precise mechanism by which DMI3 activates this pathway remains unclear. Here, we show that phosphorylation of a triplet motif (S343S344T345) located at the C-terminus of the calmodulin-binding domain acts as a molecular switch. We identified T345 as a phosphorylation site that exhibits regulatory functions similar to those of S343 and S344. Phosphomimic mutations at any single residue of the three sites blocked DMI3-dependent nodulation, indicating that the kinase must initially remain non-phosphorylated at these positions. Conversely, simultaneous phosphorylation of at least two residues was required for symbiotic activity, revealing a transition from a phosphorylation-free state to a hyperphosphorylated (simultaneous phosphorylation of at least two residues) status at these sites. Phosphomimic mutations within the triplet enhanced DMI3 autophosphorylation (auto-P) but severely impaired its interaction with Ca2+/CaM and IPD3. In addition, the physical interaction between DMI3 and IPD3 suppressed IPD3-triggered MtNIN transcription and nodulation, indicating that DMI3 also acts as a negative regulator by sequestering activated IPD3. Thus, we propose a model in which repeated auto-P at the triplet contributes to RNS activation by dissociating the CaM-DMI3-IPD3 complex, thereby releasing phosphorylated and activated IPD3 to initiate the downstream transcriptional cascade. Our findings uncover a dual role for DMI3-as both a kinase and a scaffold-and clarify how auto-P within the triplet motif licenses IPD3 to trigger RNS.}, }
@article {pmid42262896, year = {2026}, author = {Wan, L and He, C and Xue, C and Chen, H and Mao, X and Peng, Y and Lian, X and Wang, X and Xu, S}, title = {Structural basis of NSP1-NSP2 heterodimerization and its regulatory mechanism in legume nodulation.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koag161}, pmid = {42262896}, issn = {1532-298X}, abstract = {Legumes establish symbiotic relationships with rhizobia, leading to the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Two GRAS transcription factors, Nodulation Signaling Pathway 1 (NSP1) and NSP2, are essential for Nod factor-induced transcription and subsequent nodulation in legumes. However, the structural basis of their interaction and functional mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Medicago truncatula NSP1-NSP2 complex at 2.4 Å resolution. The structure reveals that NSP1 and NSP2 assemble into a heterodimer with a small, triangular interface exclusively composed of their leucine heptad repeat I (LHRI) motifs. This direct interaction is essential for nodulation, as NSP2 facilitates NSP1-DNA binding. Furthermore, we identified an HCCC-type zinc finger in NSP1 that modulates nodulation by influencing its DNA-binding activity. Together, our findings provide structural insights into NSP1-NSP2 heterodimerization and elucidate the regulatory mechanism underlying legume nodulation, offering a theoretical foundation for rationally engineering NSP1 and NSP2 to optimize plant-microbe relationships for agricultural applications.}, }
@article {pmid42263681, year = {2026}, author = {Isidra-Arellano, MC and Bazzicalupo, M and Salas-Oropeza, J and Formey, D and Wickens, G and Bailey, PC and Mahto, MK and López-Villagómez, LA and Gray, JE and Valdés-López, O and Schiessl, K and Chater, CCC}, title = {Nodule development in Medicago truncatula is promoted by EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE peptides.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.05.019}, pmid = {42263681}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Epidermal patterning factor-like (EPFL) peptides are regulators of stomatal development across land plants, yet their below-ground functions remain poorly understood. Here, we show that two EPFL family members from Medicago truncatula, MtEPFL9 and MtEPFL14, act as positive regulators of nodule organogenesis during nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Rhizobia and purified Nod factors transcriptionally induced MtEPFL9 and MtEPFL14 genes in a common symbiosis-signaling-pathway-dependent manner. Exogenous application of synthetic MtEPFL9 and MtEPFL14 peptides promoted root development and root nodule formation by promoting cell division and growth during nodule primordium formation. Synthetic MtEPFL peptides partially restored nf-ya1 mutant nodulation defects and suppressed the nodule-to-root conversion phenotype in the noot1/noot2 mutant. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that MtEPFL9 and MtEPFL14 peptides act on rhizobia-induced programs associated with gibberellin, auxin, and cytokinin signaling. Together, our results identify MtEPFL9 and MtEPFL14 as regulators of meristematic activity and organ growth in nodules and lateral roots of Medicago truncatula and uncover previously unrecognized roles for EPFL peptides as host-derived signals promoting symbiotic organogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid42264137, year = {2026}, author = {Viswakethu, V and Ramasamy, V and Balakrishnan, P and Narayanasamy, B}, title = {Biological control of banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa by Akanthomyces lecanii, role of volatile-mediated interactions.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108673}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2026.108673}, pmid = {42264137}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Endophytic entomopathogenic fungi Akanthomyces lecanii, were found to establish a covert symbiotic association within banana Musa spp. and conferring enhanced resistance against herbivorous pests. This endophytic relationship is a promising, and sustainable approach for integrated pest management in banana cultivation. The banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa, plays a critical role in insect-microbe interactions and serves as a target for aphid control to reduce virus transmission. In this study, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by P. nigronervosa and to characterize the metabolic repertoire of A. lecanii. Endophytic fungi were isolated from pseudostem tissues, which yielded multiple fungal isolates, were taxonomically characterized through sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Subsequently, bioassays were conducted to assess their effect on aphid survival and behavior. GC-MS metabolomic profiling revealed that both Akanthomyces lecanii and Pentalonia nigronervosa produces a range of volatile organic compounds including Triphenyl phosphate, p-Cymen-7-ol (4-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol), Valeric acid, 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde (Caproic Acid), Pyridoxal phosphate, Palmitic Acid, 2-Methyloctan-3-ol and Ethanone (Acetaldehyde) several of the bioactive compounds exhibit aphicidal properties with potential insect-repellent effects. Notably, 2-methyloctan 3ol, ethanone, palmitic acid, and pyridoxal phosphate emerged as the most potent aphicidal candidates and were formulated into eco-friendly insecticidal blends. Overall, our results highlight the chemical ecology of aphid-microbes interaction and provide a metabolomic-guided foundation for novel phytochemical strategies to protect banana crops from aphid-borne diseases.}, }
@article {pmid42264690, year = {2026}, author = {Giménez, ME and Innocenzi, C and Schulze, FE and Forgione, A and Marescaux, J}, title = {Future of Robotics and Integration of Artificial Intelligence: Toward Computer-Assisted Surgery and the Real Democratization of Surgical Care.}, journal = {Surgical oncology clinics of North America}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {433-446}, doi = {10.1016/j.soc.2025.12.003}, pmid = {42264690}, issn = {1558-5042}, abstract = {Minimally invasive surgery has evolved from a disruptive concept to a cornerstone of modern surgical oncology. The integration of imaging, robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed surgical care into a highly data-driven, precise and standardized discipline. These advances are significant in oncologic surgery, where complex anatomy, biological variability and the need for radical resections demand unprecedented accuracy. This perspective review examines the current state and future direction of computer assisted surgery, exploring how the fusion of imaging, robotics and AI is reshaping clinical practice and promoting the democratization of surgery. The future of surgery will be built on a symbiotic relationship between human expertise and technological intelligence.}, }
@article {pmid42264737, year = {2026}, author = {Ji, Y and Wen, J and Sun, S and Bai, B and Gao, B}, title = {Phospholipase Cβ regulates midgut homeostasis and defends against Bacillus thuringiensis in Spodoptera exigua.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {221}, number = {}, pages = {107134}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.107134}, pmid = {42264737}, issn = {1095-9939}, abstract = {Bacillus thuringiensis, an insect pathogen, is widely used for pest control. Phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) is an important factor in activating the dual oxidase-reactive oxygen species (DUOX-ROS) pathway for defense against pathogens. However, the role of PLCβ in maintaining midgut homeostasis of Lepidopteran insects has not yet been fully elucidated during Bt infection. Here, a total of two PLCβ genes, SePLCβ1 and SePLCβ4, were identified and characterized in Spodoptera exigua. Both SePLCβ1 and SePLCβ4 can regulate the expression of SeDUOX to increase ROS levels, which restrains a high load of midgut symbiotic bacteria in S. exigua larvae, suggesting the role of SePLCβs in maintaining midgut homeostasis. Furthermore, the expression of SePLCβs was upregulated in response to short-term uracil induction and downregulated following long-term uracil induction and Bt treatment. After Bt oral infection, the knockdown of SePLCβs caused lower midgut ROS levels, higher load of midgut total bacteria, and increased loads of two midgut opportunistic pathogens, Bacillus cereus HB1 and Enterococcus mundtii HB1, which enhanced the Bt insecticidal activity. It was noteworthy that the knockdown of SePLCβ1 or SePLCβ4 led to a decrease in larval wet weight, indicating the potential regulatory function on larval development. Our results demonstrated the important contribution of PLCβ-regulated DUOX-ROS pathway in Bt insecticidal activity against Lepidopteran insects, providing more evidence for the development of management strategies of other pests.}, }
@article {pmid42258715, year = {2026}, author = {Duan, J and Wang, J and Guo, R and Clark, CB and Luo, Z and Li, X and Trabert, L and Huang, XQ and Tao, WA and Dudareva, N and Stacey, G and Meyers, BC and Ma, J}, title = {A long-distance signaling loop promotes soybean nodulation and productivity.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {24}, pages = {e2609325123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2609325123}, pmid = {42258715}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {2128023//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 5R01GM151302-03//HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)/ ; 2413-209-0102//United Soybean Board (USB)/ ; 2414-209-0102//United Soybean Board (USB)/ ; }, abstract = {Legume nodulation is initiated when soil bacteria rhizobia infect root hairs and is tightly regulated by host-derived mechanisms that restrict nodule numbers to balance the benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation with the plant's growth and metabolic demands. However, how plants actively promote the initiation of nodulation to counterbalance these restrictive mechanisms and maintain an optimal level of nodulation remains largely unknown. Here, we report a systemic regulatory mechanism through which soybean (Glycine max) promotes rhizobial infection. We show that inoculation of soybean roots with rhizobia suppresses the biogenesis of microRNA miR4416-5p in shoots, a mobile microRNA that is transported from shoots to roots. The resulting reduction of miR4416-5p levels in roots enhances the expression of a vegetative lectin gene Lectin 3 (GmLe3), which promotes rhizobial infection, thereby enhancing nodule formation and improving plant productivity under low nitrogen conditions. We further demonstrate that suppression of miR4416-5p biogenesis in shoots is triggered by the root-derived C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE 7 (GmCEP7), establishing a long-distance GmCEP7-miR4416-5p-GmLe3 regulatory loop that is critical for desirable symbiotic synergy and plant productivity. Comparative genomic analysis reveals that this miR4416-5p-mediated regulatory module is absent in the model legumes Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus but appears to be conserved in economically important legume crops common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), suggesting an evolutionary innovation in nodulation control. These findings uncover a systemic mechanism that promotes rhizobial infection and highlight an evolutionary innovation in regulation of nodulation with potential implications for improving legume crop productivity under nitrogen-limited conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42258947, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Z and Jia, Y and Liu, T and Wang, S and Liu, L}, title = {A malignant symbiosis: The neuro-metabolic symphony rewires the tumor microenvironment.}, journal = {Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {78}, number = {}, pages = {101322}, doi = {10.1016/j.neo.2026.101322}, pmid = {42258947}, issn = {1476-5586}, abstract = {Emerging evidence in cancer neuroscience has established a reciprocal bidirectional loop between neural signaling and tumor metabolism as a central driver of malignant progression. This review critically evaluates bidirectional neuro-metabolic symbiosis and its profound implications for overcoming treatment refractoriness. We first analyzed the anterograde mechanism, in which peripheral nerve terminals and systemic endocrine factors impose distinct metabolic dependencies on malignant and stromal cell populations. By forcing alterations in nutrient utilization pathways, these neural cues create a highly immunosuppressive landscape. Conversely, we investigated the retrograde axis and established that tumor-excreted biochemicals act as potent neuromodulatory agents. Rather than functioning as mere metabolic byproducts, these molecules structurally and functionally remodel intratumoral nerve endings, lowering neuronal firing thresholds and solidifying a self-amplifying loop that drives disease aggression while triggering systemic neurological disorders in the host. Ultimately, dismantling this deleterious alliance is imperative for clinical progress. By integrating neuropharmacological interventions - such as autonomic blockade - with targeted metabolic disruption, we present a dual-pronged translational framework designed to uncouple neuro-metabolic interdependencies, thereby abrogating tumor resilience and alleviating comorbid neuropathologies.}, }
@article {pmid42259034, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Z and Wang, H and Lai, Y and Yao, L}, title = {From green to gold: Synergistic enhancement of residents' well-being and ecological quality under China's "two mountains" pilots zones.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {411}, number = {}, pages = {130160}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130160}, pmid = {42259034}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Achieving a harmonious symbiosis between economic prosperity and environmental sustainability remains a defining challenge for global sustainable development. This study investigates China's pioneering "Two Mountains" practice pilot zones (TMPZ) as an institutional model for resolving the "dualistic paradox" between growth and conservation. Using panel data from 1688 counties (2010-2023), we construct a multidimensional framework to evaluate residents' well-being (RWB) and evaluate its coupling coordination degree (RECCD) with ecological environment quality index (EEQI). A Double Machine Learning (DML) approach is further employed to identify the causal impacts of TMPZ on RECCD. The results reveal significant improvements in both RWB and EEQI, driving the RECCD from 0.4567 to 0.6345. All three indices maintain a consistent "Southeast-High, Northwest-Low" spatial pattern. Empirical evidence confirms that TMPZ designation not only improves ecological baselines and living standards but also effectively facilitates their synergistic evolution. These findings remain robust across various sensitivity checks. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the policy effects are most pronounced in eastern regions, non-poverty counties, and counties with high government financial investment. Mechanism tests indicate that TMPZ operates through three primary channels: intensifying environmental governance, stimulating green technological innovation, and facilitating the ecological transformation of industrial structures. By providing systemic evidence on how institutional innovation converts "ecological advantages" into "developmental momentum," this research offers a vital "Chinese Template" for developing nations striving to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) while balancing human prosperity and planetary health.}, }
@article {pmid42260092, year = {2026}, author = {Waschk, P and Spiegel, P and Gessler, A and Saurer, M and Bock, BM and Hinterdobler, W and Anthony, MA}, title = {Evidence for resource transfer via common endophyte networks.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-56653-9}, pmid = {42260092}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {VRG-22-007//Vienna Science and Technology Fund VRG/ ; }, abstract = {Fungal symbionts play essential roles in ecosystems influencing plant development and biodiversity. Mycorrhizal fungi can form common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) where a fungus connects the roots of at least two plants via continuous extraradical mycelium and transfers resources such as nitrogen and carbon. In addition to mycorrhizal fungi, there is another group of fungal mutualists known as endophytes. They also support plant development and may form common endophyte networks (CENs). Whether endophytes can transfer soil resources like nitrogen, carbon, and water through such networks remains an open question. To test this, we established a CEN experiment in split petri dishes involving Arabidopsis thaliana hosts and three phylogenetically diverse endophytes (Trichoderma viride, Mucor hiemalis, and Fusarium temperatum) to test whether resources like isotopically labelled amino acid [15]nitrogen (N), amino acid [13]carbon (C), [15]N-ammonium, or deuterated water can be transferred by donor to receiver plants connected via CENs. We show that the tested endophytes can form CENs and transfer growth limiting resources from donor plant soil to receiver plant tissues. F. temperatum boosted plant growth by 38% relative to the uninoculated control, and it enriched plant [15]N content derived from amino acids by 55%. Surprisingly, we also observed amino acid-derived [13]C transport from donor plant soil to receiver plant tissues by T. viride (+ 2.83% > control). We also demonstrate that soil resource transfer, evaluated as isotope enrichment, by all three endophytes shifted in the presence of two versus a single host plant even when root systems were physically separated to avoid competition, underscoring that endophytic functioning, not just that of plants, also shifts when CENs are formed. Our results demonstrate that non-mycorrhizal fungi, like endophytes, can form networks similar to the idea of CMNs and transfer plant growth relevant resources. Endophytes display a broad array of symbiotic functions with their hosts, and formation of CENs may be a newly discovered component of their symbiotic tool kit.}, }
@article {pmid42251749, year = {2026}, author = {Botana, MT and Lewis, RE and Mitchell, K and Salamin, O and Revol-Cavalier, J and Heit, E and Gamba, A and Wilkinson, SP and Rosset, SL and Oakley, CA and Nitschke, MR and Hamberg, M and Grossman, AR and Suggett, DJ and Weis, VM and Wheelock, CE and Davy, SK}, title = {Oxylipin-mediated metabolic signatures of symbiosis homeostasis and thermal stress in a model sea anemone.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag143}, pmid = {42251749}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Oxylipins are oxygenated products of fatty acids proposed to exert a regulatory role in cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis; however, this has not been investigated in detail. We integrated physiological measurements and molecular phenotyping with comparative transcriptome mining to examine how the symbiotic cnidarian model, the sea anemone Aiptasia (i.e., Exaiptasia diaphana), and its dinoflagellate symbiont Breviolum minutum respond to symbiosis and thermal stress. We performed lipidomics in combination with the quantification of oxylipins, including octadecanoids, eicosanoids, and docosanoids derived from C18, C20, and C22 fatty acids, respectively, and reconstructed their putative biosynthetic routes through cross-phylogenetic protein sequence homology. Relative to aposymbiotic, symbiotic anemones were enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and downstream octadecanoids of symbiont origin, consistent with inter-partner metabolite flux. Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids and docosanoids increased up to 300-fold in symbiotic vs. aposymbiotic anemones. Under elevated temperature, anemones showed minor changes in their physiology and lipid profiles; however, the symbiont fraction displayed multiple signatures of stress. In comparison, aposymbiotic anemones showed a 50 % reduction in protein abundance as well as structural and storage lipids, while simultaneously accumulating oxylipins linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. Our findings report novel oxylipins that have not been previously observed in dinoflagellates. We identified regulatory pathways that are conserved across cnidarians and higher metazoans, advancing our understanding of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis and its response to warming climate. We are targeting specific oxylipins and signaling pathways for further research that may aid molecular intervention strategies for selective breeding and assisted evolution to enhance coral resilience in warming oceans.}, }
@article {pmid42251962, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, S and Ao, B and Yan, Q and Wu, F and Xu, P and Duan, Z and Xiao, Y and Han, Y and Qu, Y and Zhang, J}, title = {MaWRKY76 enhances symbiotic nodulation and salt tolerance of nodulation by activating NIN in Melilotus albus.}, journal = {Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jgg.2026.06.003}, pmid = {42251962}, issn = {1673-8527}, abstract = {Legumes establish mutualistic symbiosis with rhizobia to facilitate biological nitrogen fixation. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms of symbiotic nodulation regulated by salt stress remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identify that MaWRKY76 localizes to the nucleus and possesses transcriptional activation activity in Melilotus albus. MaWRKY76 expression is strongly induced under salt stress and upregulated during nodule formation. Transgenic hairy root composite plants overexpressing MaWRKY76 enhance salt tolerance by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and alleviating oxidative damage. Furthermore, MaWRKY76 also promotes symbiotic nodulation by directly targeting the promoter region of NODULE INCEPTION (MaNIN), a master regulator of nodule development, and activating its expression. Under salt stress, MaWRKY76 overexpression plants enhance salt tolerance of nodulation by increasing nodule numbers and upregulating MaNIN expression, whereas knockdown of MaWRKY76 produces the opposite effect. Our findings reveal that MaWRKY76 functions as a transcriptional activator of NIN in legume nodulation signaling, and serves as a regulatory node to coordinate salt stress response with symbiotic nodulation.}, }
@article {pmid42252140, year = {2026}, author = {Muñoz-Gómez, SA and Sørensen, MES and Shazib, SUA and Shin, MK and Bauer, T and Kreutz, M and Hess, S}, title = {Evolutionary assembly of a unique purple-green photosymbiosis revealed by expanded ciliate diversity.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag142}, pmid = {42252140}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Symbioses are widespread in nature and have been the source of much evolutionary innovation. While some types of symbioses evolved multiple times across space and time (e.g., oxygenic photosymbioses or chemosymbioses), others are extremely rare. Purple photosymbioses are an example of such rare associations. Only two purple photosymbioses between heterotrophic eukaryotes and intracellular purple bacteria have been documented. This contrasts sharply with oxygenic photosymbioses which are very common in nature. What factors prevent the more frequent establishment of purple photosymbioses? To shed light on this question, we investigated the evolutionary history of the purple-green ciliate Pseudoblepharisma tenue (Spirostomidae) using a phylogenetic and comparative approach and newly discovered species and their symbionts. We sampled about 30 new isolates of spirostomid ciliates from Germany and South Korea, inferred a comprehensive and well-supported phylogenomic tree based on >200 proteins, and resolved the sister relationship between Pseudoblepharisma and Spirostomum. Furthermore, we characterized P. tenue's sister species, here renamed Pseudoblepharisma chlorelligerum, and revealed that it constitutes a quadripartite symbiosis between a ciliate, a green alga, and two different non-photosynthetic bacteria. This oxygenic photosymbiosis is presumed to be nutritionally supplemented with amino acids by its intracellular bacterial symbionts. In addition, we discovered three colorless, non-photosymbiotic Pseudoblepharisma species, which branch as sister to the photosymbiotic P. tenue and P. chlorelligerum. Our phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses suggest that the green algal symbionts of P. tenue predated the acquisition of purple bacterial symbionts, and that the ancestor of the extant Pseudoblepharisma species was non-photosymbiotic and facultatively anaerobic. These data allowed us to hypothesize on the evolutionary steps that led to the origin of P. tenue and thus bring us closer to explaining the conditions that led to the evolutionary emergence of a unique purple-green symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid42252372, year = {2026}, author = {Aslan, A and Simarmata, R and Santosa, D and Widowati, T and Lekatompessy, S and Merrisa, A and Bait, M and Palar, R}, title = {Genomic and Molecular Interaction Analysis of NodD1 in a Novel Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense sp. B64 Isolate for Nodulation and Symbiosis of Legume Plants.}, journal = {Biochemical genetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42252372}, issn = {1573-4927}, support = {45/III.5/HK/2024//Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan/ ; }, abstract = {Rhizobial bacteria are known for their ability to fix nitrogen for leguminous plants and their essential function for sustainable agriculture. This study characterizes the taxonomic status and functional potential of the Bradyrhizobium B64 isolate using integrated genomic and molecular approaches. The whole genome of the B64 isolate was sequenced via Illumina paired-end technology. Species delimitation was performed using average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA Hybridization (dDDH). The NodD1 protein structure was modeled using AlphaFold3 and validated by Ramachandran plot analysis. Molecular docking was then conducted to evaluate interactions between NodD1 and four signaling flavonoids: Apigenin, Daidzein, Genistein, and Naringenin. Genomic analysis revealed a maximum ANI of 94.4% and dDDH values between 51.4 and 62.4%. Since these values fall below the standard prokaryotic thresholds (ANI < 95%; dDDH < 70%), the B64 isolate is identified as a novel species. Physiological assays confirmed nitrogen fixation (1.97 ppm), IAA production (3.67 ppm), and phosphate solubilization (26.10 ppm). Structural validation showed 100% of NodD1 residues in allowed regions, ensuring high model reliability. Docking simulations demonstrated strong binding affinities across all flavonoids, with binding free energies ranging from - 8.8 to - 9.0 kcal/mol. Daidzein exhibited the highest thermodynamic stability (- 9.0 kcal/mol), whereas apigenin showed the most extensive residue interaction network. The B64 isolate is a novel Bradyrhizobium species with a high symbiotic capacity. The stable NodD1-flavonoid interactions provide a molecular basis for efficient nodulation, positioning B64 as a promising candidate for developing lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO)-based biofertilizers.}, }
@article {pmid42252622, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Song, X and He, J and Li, P and Zhang, L and Li, W and Hu, Y and Li, K and Wang, X and Han, Q and Chen, R}, title = {ESN3, a nodule-specific small peptide essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71333}, pmid = {42252622}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {32270261//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022YFF1003200//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 22ZD6NA049//Foundation of Science and Technology of Gansu Province/ ; XDA26030103//Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic interactions between legumes and rhizobia rely on the symbiotic interface, the symbiosome membrane. However, the regulatory mechanisms for symbiosome membrane maintenance remain largely elusive. Methods include forward genetics screenings of mutants, transcript-based cloning and genetic complementation, yeast two-hybrid library screening and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 gene editing. We characterized Early Senescent Nodule 3 (ESN3), a key regulator of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) encoding a nodule-specific, 54 aa-long small peptide, which localizes to the symbiosome membrane in Medicago truncatula. We identified SYPTAXIN132 as an ESN3-interacting protein. We showed that syp132a mutants exhibited premature nodule senescence and upregulation of senescence-associated gene expression, similar to the esn3 mutant. Our proteomic studies revealed significant alterations of a large number of membrane proteins in the symbiosome fraction of the esn3 mutant, consistent with a key role of ESN3 in symbiosome maintenance. Furthermore, our data indicated that the expression of ESN3, but not SYP132A, is responsive to gibberellic acid (GA) treatments and DELLA proteins are positive regulators of ESN3 gene expression. In this study, we demonstrated that ESN3 encodes a novel nodule-specific small peptide, playing a key role in SNF. In conjunction with the syntaxin SYP132A, GA signaling plays a negative role in SNF at a later stage of nodule development.}, }
@article {pmid42253138, year = {2026}, author = {Steegmüller, T and Walch, S and Gschwendtner, S and Klingl, A and French, LE and Flaig, M and Clanner-Engelshofen, BM}, title = {Third Generation Genome Sequencing of the Endobacterium Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii subsp. demodicis Reveals Details of Its Microbe-Host-Interaction With the Most Complex Human Commensal, Demodex folliculorum.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e70374}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70374}, pmid = {42253138}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {//Medical &amp; Clinician Scientist Program (MCSP) at LMU Munich/ ; }, abstract = {Demodex mites inhabit the pilosebaceous unit despite harsh environmental conditions including UV radiation, variable salinity, and cosmetics. Their recently characterized endobacterium may contribute to this resilience. This study aimed to elucidate mechanisms of the microbe-host interaction that help mites withstand environmental stress. The genome of Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii subsp. demodicis was sequenced using PacBio technology and annotated via MicroScope. Metabolic and symbiotic traits were analyzed using KEGG and compared with the Demodex folliculorum secretome from published transcriptome data. The complete 2,456,075 bp genome contains 2034 coding sequences and exhibits reduced variable genes compared to other Corynebacterium species. Primary metabolism comprises an almost complete minimal gene set but lacks two tRNA synthetases and genes for phosphatidylethanolamine and NAD[+] biosynthesis. Carbohydrate pathways are incomplete and fatty acid synthase I is absent. Secondary metabolism includes complete mevalonate and β-carotene biosynthetic pathways, while the methylerythritol phosphate pathway is missing. UV protection and oxidative stress tolerance are supported by β-carotene, ClpB, RecN, MsrA, KatA, SodA, and manganese transporter SitB. The secretome contains hydrolases likely aiding mite digestion. These findings provide genomic insights into mite-bacterium symbiosis and follicular adaptation. All functional inferences are based on genomic data and in silico predictions; experimental validation remains to be established.}, }
@article {pmid42253456, year = {2026}, author = {Yurkov, AP and Kudriashova, TR and Belyaeva, AI and Kryukov, AA}, title = {Transcriptional changes of aquaporin genes in leaves of black medic induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation under water deficit.}, journal = {Vavilovskii zhurnal genetiki i selektsii}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, pages = {424-434}, doi = {10.18699/vjgb-26-46}, pmid = {42253456}, issn = {2500-0462}, abstract = {One of the current research directions in plant-microbe interactions focuses on the mechanisms of plant adaptation to environmental stress through symbioses with various microorganisms. While the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant adaptation to drought is well-known, the underlying mechanisms of these processes remain poorly understood, particularly in leaf tissues. It is suggested that certain genes from the aquaporin family play a critical role both in adaptation to water deficit and in the development of an effective arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Thus, the important task in this study of plant-microbe symbioses is to assess the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on the expression of aquaporin genes in leaves. This study utilizes the highly effective plant-microbe model system "Medicago lupulina + Rhizophagus irregularis" under drought stress conditions. A comparative assessment of gene transcription was carried out using the 2-ΔΔCT method based on real-time quantitative PCR results: normalization was performed relative to the actin reference gene with non-inoculated plants serving as the control. The study was conducted both at the initial development stage (the 2nd leaf stage), and at the stage of active plant-microbe interaction (the flowering stage). The study revealed genes with significant differential expression under drought conditions when comparing mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Medicago lupulina plants: NIP3;1, NIP4;2, specific NIP7;1, TIP5;1 at the 2nd leaf stage; genes NIP3;1, NIP5;1, NIP6;4, NIP7;1 (specific), PIP1;4, TIP2;3 and specific XIP1;1 at the flowering stage. Previously, in a similar experiment, under well-watering conditions, the same genes did not have differential expression between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Thus, the listed genes likely participate in the adaptation of the studied plants to drought conditions. The obtained information can be used to develop highly productive plant-microbe systems involving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, aimed at transitioning to organic farming, minimizing negative environmental impact, and enhancing plant resistance to water deficit.}, }
@article {pmid42254498, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Gao, Z and Long, H and Wang, R and Bai, W}, title = {Isolation and identification of dark septate endophytes from sorghum roots and the effects of Alternaria destruens HN16G1 on drought and low-nutrient tolerance in sorghum seedlings.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1829731}, pmid = {42254498}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are root-associated fungi that can enhance host stress tolerance, yet their diversity and function in sorghum remain unclear. Here, we investigated the culturable DSE community across 29 sorghum varieties and evaluated the symbiotic potential of key isolates.<br><br>METHODS: Culturable DSE were isolated from sorghum rhizosphere soil and roots via plate isolation, microscopy, and colonization assessment to screen efficient colonizers. Pot experiments then analyzed symbiotic compatibility with major Chinese cultivars to identify strains with high colonization efficiency. Finally, the selected strain was evaluated for salt tolerance and its effects on drought resistance, growth promotion, and low-fertility tolerance in seedlings.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 94 DSE isolates were obtained, accounting for 30.72% of the total fungal isolates, and were classified into 30 morphotypes. The genus Alternaria emerged as the dominant group, comprising 46.67% of the isolates. Among them, strain HN16G1, isolated from Hongnuo 16 and identified as Alternaria destruens via internal transcribed spacer sequencing, demonstrated superior root colonization capability. Strain HN16G1 established stable symbiosis with all 10 commercial cultivars tested, maintaining colonization rates and intensities above 50.0 and 16.0%, respectively. Physiologically, HN16G1 exhibited moderate halotolerance, with low NaCl concentrations (0.1-0.2&#x202f;mol/L) promoting mycelial growth, whereas high salt stress (0.6&#x202f;mol/L) induced adaptive responses including enhanced sporulation and reduced hyphal septal distance. The strain also displayed substantial indole-3-acetic acid production, reaching 181.56&#x202f;&#x3bc;g/mL. Inoculation with HN16G1 (5.0&#x202f;&#xd7;&#x202f;10[5]&#x202f;CFU/mL) significantly improved seedling emergence and early vegetative growth in sorghum under combined drought stress (40% field capacity) and low-nutrient conditions. Notably, varieties "Hongnuo 16" and "Jinnuo 3" exhibited the most pronounced responses, with growth parameters approaching optimal levels. Colonization parameters (rate and intensity) correlated positively with plant height, root length, and biomass. Overall, these findings highlight the rich DSE diversity in sorghum roots and identify A. destruens HN16G1 as a broad-compatibility, multifunctional endophyte with promising potential for the development of microbial inoculants to enhance stress tolerance in sorghum production systems.}, }
@article {pmid42254837, year = {2026}, author = {Schmelz, P and Eckensperger, S and Osvatic, J and Séneca, J and Alzubaidy, H and Petersen, JM}, title = {Host depletion kits improve microbiome analyses in environmental samples: seagrass as a test case.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag082}, pmid = {42254837}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {All plants and animals associate with specific communities of symbiotic microorganisms. Characterizing the diversity and functions of these communities is essential for understanding their roles in host health; however, such efforts are often hindered by the dominance of host-derived material in, e.g. DNA extractions. Although various commercial host DNA depletion kits have been developed to overcome these challenges, they have not yet been systematically tested on environmental samples. We used Zostera marina, globally the most widespread seagrass species, as a test case to assess the effectiveness of three different commercially available host DNA depletion kits: QIAamp DNA Microbiome Kit, HostZero Microbial Enrichment Kit, and NEBNext Microbiome DNA Enrichment Kit, when compared to the widely used DNeasy PowerSoil Pro Kit. All three host depletion kits substantially reduced the relative proportion of host DNA, as assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and enriched previously identified seagrass-associated bacteria. Furthermore, in metagenomes, only samples processed with host depletion methods allowed for the assembly of metagenome-assembled genomes with high completeness and low contamination. Metagenomic analysis further enabled the recovery of seagrass root core microbiome members, including previously undetected members of the family Sedimenticolaceae, highlighting the value of these techniques for uncovering novel host-associated microbial diversity in environmental samples such as marine plants.}, }
@article {pmid42255284, year = {2026}, author = {Trylińska-Tekielska, E and Fijałkowski, M and Kolek, A and Furman, F and Ładoś, S}, title = {A pilot study of human-AI conversational interaction and its impact on loneliness and wellbeing.}, journal = {Frontiers in digital health}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1687924}, pmid = {42255284}, issn = {2673-253X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: With the growing accessibility of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, there is a need to understand their impact on users' psychological wellbeing. This pilot study aimed to explore the subjective experiences of human-AI conversational interaction and its potential relationship with loneliness and life satisfaction.<br><br>METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted among 19 psychology students who voluntarily chose one of two forms of support, i.e., interaction with a chatbot (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;9 for the quantitative component; N&#x2009;=&#x2009;11 for the qualitative component) or a conversation with a psychologist (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;10 for the quantitative component; N&#x2009;=&#x2009;9 for the qualitative component). The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale were used. Qualitative data were collected through participant-maintained diaries and subjected to a thematic analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The quantitative analysis revealed that the group that chose to interact with the chatbot was characterized by a higher sense of loneliness (M&#x2009;=&#x2009;6.69) and lower life satisfaction (M&#x2009;=&#x2009;20.67) compared to the group that chose contact with a psychologist (M&#x2009;=&#x2009;3.66 and M&#x2009;=&#x2009;24.20, respectively). The qualitative analysis revealed that the participants perceived the chatbot to be a safe and non-judgmental space for expressing emotions, while also recognizing its formulaic nature and limitations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this pilot study suggest that interactions with AI may be particularly appealing to individuals experiencing greater emotional loneliness. The feasibility of the research procedure was also confirmed. Further research on larger and more diverse samples is necessary to verify these preliminary observations and to investigate the long-term effects of human-AI interaction.}, }
@article {pmid42255295, year = {2026}, author = {Ranjan, P and Das, D and Bundela, V and Ramesh, A and Verma, RK and Nargund, R and Manandhar, U and Drijber, R and Upadhyay, RK and Sharma, MP}, title = {Role of rhizosphere specific microbiome in enhancing soybean productivity across contrasting soil and crop management systems.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1830235}, pmid = {42255295}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Soybeans are a globally significant legume and oilseed crop with a diverse rhizospheric microbiome that can enhance sustainable agriculture by reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. These microbes can potentially impact plant growth and development through symbiotic (rhizobium and mycorrhizae) and non-symbiotic (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and fungi) interactions with soybean roots under optimal crop and soil management practices. During the production of soybeans, practices such as excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, mono-cropping, and intensive tillage are often employed to achieve higher yields. However, these practices can alter the rhizomicrobiome communities and their interactions with soybean crops. Implementing optimal soil and crop management techniques can create a more favorable environment for rhizomicrobial communication with soybean roots, ultimately enhancing nutrient uptake for the soybean plants. In this review, we address how the soil rhizomicrobiome communicates with soybean roots, its role in promoting plant health and yield, and approaches to enhance soil rhizomicrobiome diversity and function through improved crop and soil management practices. Herein we synthesize current literature on soybean-microbe interactions, including both symbiotic and non-symbiotic relationships with an emphasis on how plant-microbe interactions within soybean cropping systems are influenced by agricultural practices such as crop rotation, intercropping, integrated nutrient management, and no-tillage. Greater understanding of the complexity underlying rhizosphere microbiome relationships will enable design of local cropping systems enhancing soybean yield along with improving soil health.}, }
@article {pmid42255296, year = {2026}, author = {Narayanan, N and Swamy, RAR and Gehan, J and Jones, T and Lazar, S and Wintraube, D and Yakir, E and Hasson, O and Lampert, A and Colvin, J and Taylor, NJ and Morin, S and Malka, O}, title = {Creating resistance to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in cassava through RNAi-mediated targeting of multiple insect metabolic processes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1822258}, pmid = {42255296}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: It is commonplace in East Africa for 100% of cassava fields to be infected with Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and/or Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), resulting in annual losses of more than US$1.25 billion and reduced food and economic security for farming households. The vector of both diseases is the African cassava species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Since the late 1990s, there has been an unprecedented increase in whitefly populations, to the extent that they are referred to as "super-abundant". Research efforts since the late 1990s has focused mainly on developing plant resistance to the viral pathogens and paid scant attention to understanding the root causes of disease epidemics or the control of whitefly infestation.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we aimed at developing long-term whitefly-control solutions using an in-planta RNA interference (RNAi) approach. First, transcriptome analysis identified candidate genes that play 'key' roles in whitefly biology: osmoregulation, sugar metabolism and transport, symbiosis with endosymbiotic bacteria and detoxification of phytotoxins. Then, fifteen RNAi inverted repeat constructs were produced, designed to target the candidate genes and 140 independent transgenic lines were generated in cassava variety NASE 13.<br><br>RESULTS: Whole plant bioassays showed insecticidal activity of transgenic plants, reaching 58% lethality for adults within 7 days and 75-90% lethality of nymphs after 25 days, compared to control plants. Target genes were confirmed to be downregulated by up to 2.5-fold in adult whiteflies and nymphs.<br><br>DISCUSSION: We used population dynamics modeling to predict the potential of the RNAi technology to control whiteflies under field conditions in East Africa. These analyses indicated that the developed technology offers a realistic option for obtaining durable control of cassava whitefly in African cassava fields.}, }
@article {pmid42257277, year = {2026}, author = {Shu, M and Zuo, Y and Wang, J and He, X}, title = {Microbial Shifts Across Endosphere and Rhizosphere as Strategy for Drought Adaptation in Shrub Ammopiptanthus mongolicus.}, journal = {Journal of basic microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {6}, pages = {e70177}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.70177}, pmid = {42257277}, issn = {1521-4028}, support = {H2022201056//Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province/ ; 236Z2904G//Central Guidance for Local Scientific and Technological Development Funding Projects/ ; }, abstract = {Although plant-associated microbes influence plant performance and ecological adaptability, knowledge of microbial variation between the root endosphere and rhizosphere of desert relict plants remains limited. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a relict species native to the hyper-arid deserts of northwestern China, was used to investigate microbial community structure across ecological niches and their soil ecological responses, aiming to elucidate adaptive plant-microbe symbioses and microbial distribution patterns. Root and rhizosphere soil samples were collected from Wuhai and Alxa in July 2021 to characterize microbial assemblages. Pronounced differences in community composition were observed between niches, with significantly higher species richness and α-diversity in the rhizosphere. PCoA indicated that niche type was the primary driver of microbial differentiation, outweighing site-level effects. Although more enriched taxa occurred in the rhizosphere, differentially abundant fungal taxa were far fewer than bacterial taxa. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that positive interactions dominated microbial associations, with the rhizosphere network exhibiting greater complexity, while endosphere fungal communities showed positive associations. Six low-abundance OTUs (< 0.1%) functioned as keystone taxa supporting network stability. AP, SOC, NH4 [+]-N strongly shaped bacterial and fungal communities. Pathotrophs and saprotrophs dominated fungal guilds, whereas intracellular parasites and chemoheterotrophs prevailed among bacteria, with symbiotic fungi enriched in the endosphere.}, }
@article {pmid42258085, year = {2026}, author = {Kamil, SS and Al-Bdery, ASJ and Al-Marzoqi, AH and Abdulabbas, HT and Shakir, AJ}, title = {Lactate as a Signaling Molecule in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Progression.}, journal = {Biochemical genetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42258085}, issn = {1573-4927}, abstract = {Aerobic glycolysis is a process commonly utilized by tumor cells to produce excessive lactate, acidification of the extracellular milieu and promoting tumor progression. Lactate plays its roles as a metabolic intermediate and as a signaling molecule in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this literature review, we first describe how cancer cells alter their metabolism, focusing on the Warburg effect, LDHA-mediated lactate catalysis, and MCT1/4's role in its removal. Next, we explain GPR81-mediated signal transduction and inhibition of HIF-1α and NF-κB degradation, which connects metabolism to oncogenic signaling pathways. We discuss lactate-driven histone lactylation as an epigenetic process that enhances gene expression for growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. We also examine lactate effects on Immune cells by inhibition of CD8 + T and NK cells, macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, and inhibition of dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Lactate shuttling between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor cells promotes metabolic symbiosis and therapy resistance. Lastly, this review examines treatment options targeting LDH and MCTs, either on their own or in combination with immunotherapy. We also discuss challenges including compensatory pathway activation and off-target effects. Understanding the mechanisms of lactate 's effects on the TME facilitates the development of more effective metabolic and immunometabolic cancer treatments. From a clinical perspective, targeting lactate metabolism through LDHA inhibitors and MCT blockers, alone or combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, represents a promising strategy to recondition the immunosuppressive TME and improve therapeutic outcomes. However, metabolic plasticity, pathway redundancy, and insufficient tumor selectivity remain significant translational challenges that warrant further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid42250849, year = {2026}, author = {Xiao, J and Qiao, H and Shang, M and Nie, L and He, W and Cao, F and Lin, G}, title = {Ternary Synergistic Activation of Municipal Waste Incineration Bottom Ash for High-Performance Supplementary Cementitious Materials: Mechanisms, Heavy Metal Immobilisation, and Sustainability.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124957}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124957}, pmid = {42250849}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {The efficient valorization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is fundamentally constrained by its mineralogical inertness and potential environmental toxicity. To address these coupled barriers, this study adopts a three-phase sequential optimisation approach, involving mechanical grinding, stoichiometric regulation of Ca/Si/Al molar ratios, and evaluation of four alkali activator types (Ca(OH)2, NaOH, KOH, and water glass) at varying dosages. Accordingly, a mechanical-compositional-alkali ternary synergistic strategy is proposed for the clean upcycling of bottom ash into high-performance supplementary cementitious components within blended binder systems. The activation mechanisms, heavy metal immobilization behavior, and sustainability performance of the proposed strategy are systematically elucidated through comprehensive multiscale characterization (e.g., X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance) combined with life cycle assessment. Results demonstrate that the ternary synergistic strategy markedly outperforms conventional single-activation approaches, elevating the relative reactivity index of the blended system (30% MSWIBA replacement) to 93% and achieving a structural-grade compressive strength of 42.7 MPa. A self-reinforcing unlock-steer-drive cascading mechanism is proposed to explain this synergy. The dense gel matrix produced under optimal conditions immobilises over 95% of hazardous heavy metals (Pb and Cd) via a coupled physical-chemical dual-confinement mechanism. Prospective life cycle assessment indicates a potential carbon footprint reduction of 88%-93% relative to Portland cement under laboratory and industrial-symbiosis scenarios, respectively. This work presents a systematic framework for high-performance, environmentally safe, low-carbon valorisation of MSWIBA, offering a potentially scalable pathway for advancing circular economy implementation and decarbonisation in the construction sector.}, }
@article {pmid42250928, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, W}, title = {Cultivating faculty growth: Mentors' experiences of supporting tenure-track faculty in nursing academia.}, journal = {Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {139-147}, doi = {10.1016/j.profnurs.2026.03.007}, pmid = {42250928}, issn = {1532-8481}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mentoring and supporting nursing faculty to obtain tenure is crucial to the advancement of individual faculty, the academic institution, and the nursing profession. Little is known about mentoring from the perspectives of nursing faculty mentors.<br><br>PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore mentors' experiences of supporting tenure-track faculty in nursing academia.<br><br>METHODS: Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 nursing faculty mentors from 16 different academic institutions across all four geographic regions of the United States. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was adopted to construct the meaning of mentors' experiences of supporting tenure-track nursing faculty.<br><br>RESULTS: Four major themes were interpreted as follows: 1) Perceptions of mentorship: getting them to fly, 2) Making it work: being a holistic coach, 3) Fostering symbiotic relationships: it is bidirectional learning, and 4) Envisioning the future: keeping them in academia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights faculty mentors' perceived mission in growing tenure-track faculty in their professional and personal lives. The findings suggest several practice implications in the areas of content, time, approach, pairing, and sustainability of faculty mentorship. Future faculty mentoring programs in nursing academia need to recognize the diverse needs of faculty members and tailor approaches to faculty career stages.}, }
@article {pmid42251066, year = {2026}, author = {Niranjana, MI and Kumareshan, N}, title = {Energy-efficient secure routing in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy inference clustering and attention-based multi-scale deep learning.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-55944-5}, pmid = {42251066}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in applications such as environmental monitoring, smart agriculture, healthcare, industrial automation, and military surveillance. However, their performance and lifetime are often limited by energy constraints, inefficient clustering, insecure routing, and vulnerability to network attacks. Existing approaches frequently suffer from high energy consumption, increased routing overhead, poor scalability, and limited accuracy in detecting intrusions. To address these issues, the proposed approach employs a Mamdani-type Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for adaptive cluster formation, ensuring balanced and stable clustering. Cluster Head (CH) selection is carried out using Dynamic Adaptive Fig Tree-Wasp Symbiotic Coevolutionary Optimization (DA-FTWSCO) to improve energy efficiency and extend network lifetime. For secure communication, the Adaptive Trust-Synchronized Packet Control Protocol (ATSPCP) is used to compute trust values, followed by optimal path selection using the Improved Grizzly Bear Fat Increase Optimizer (IGBFIO). Additionally, an Enhanced Multi-scale Dilated MobileNet with Attention Mechanism (EMSD-MobileNet-AM) is utilized for effective intrusion detection, enabling accurate identification of denial-of-service (DoS) and zero-day attacks. Simulation outcomes demonstrate that the proposed method achieves low energy consumption (1.02 J), high throughput (0.93 Mbps), low end-to-end delay (4.0 ms), and a high attack detection rate (98%). The results demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms several existing methods in terms of efficiency, security, and scalability.}, }
@article {pmid42251392, year = {2026}, author = {Krysińska, M and Barua, D and Muszewska, A}, title = {Glomhopper-a subfamily of DUF3504-encoding CryptonA elements in Glomeromycota.}, journal = {Mobile DNA}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13100-026-00404-0}, pmid = {42251392}, issn = {1759-8753}, support = {2023/49/N/NZ2/03440//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; 2021/41/B/NZ2/02426//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Transposable elements drive genomic changes and are mobilized by specific nucleases. Among them are tyrosine recombinases (YRs), which mediate DNA cleavage and rejoining. YR-encoding elements, such as DIRS, Ngaro, Crypton, and Starships, occur in diverse eukaryotes and display characteristic terminal repeat structures that enable their mobility. Their activity in fungi results in large-scale chromosomal rearrangements, horizontal gene transfer, and the movement of genes for pathogenicity, symbiosis, and secondary metabolism. Other YR-elements underwent domestication giving rise to ZMYM transcriptional regulators in animals.<br><br>RESULTS: We identify and characterize the fungal members of the CryptonA lineage of tyrosine recombinase-encoding transposons, which we name Glomhoppers. These elements encode a DUF3504 domain that retains the conserved catalytic residues characteristic of active YRs. In contrast, many domesticated animal DUF3504 homologs lack key catalytic residues, whereas active CryptonA transposon-derived DUF3504 elements have also been reported in animals. Structural modeling suggested the presence of a putative DNA-binding groove, and phylogenetic analyses placed Glomhoppers as a well-supported subclade within the CryptonA lineage, together with domesticated ZMYM-like derivatives. Across 72 Glomeromycota genomes,&#x2009;~&#x2009;1,800 Glomhopper copies were identified, representing a subset of DUF3504-containing loci, mostly truncated or intronized, but&#x2009;~&#x2009;25% lacked introns and maintained intact catalytic motifs, consistent with potential mobility. Genomic context analysis revealed their frequent localization within highly repetitive compartments, often alongside other transposon families. Expression data indicated that intronless variants respond to stress, reaching several-fold higher expression levels than intron-containing forms, especially in Gigaspora species. This is consistent with the possibility that a subset of Glomhoppers remains transcriptionally active and potentially mobilizable, although direct evidence of transposition is lacking.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings establish Glomhoppers as a novel subfamily of DUF3504-encoding CryptonAs. The lineage-specific distribution, intron variation, and stress-responsive expression of Glomhoppers suggest divergent evolutionary trajectories, potentially including both mobility and domestication. These elements expand the known diversity of YR transposons and highlight DUF3504 as a candidate domain for further functional and evolutionary studies.}, }
@article {pmid42251744, year = {2026}, author = {Yoshihara, S and Minakuchi, Y and Toyoda, A and Higashi, K and Fujimura, K and Minagawa, J and Tokumoto, H}, title = {Distinct Concentration-dependent dsDNA-binding Modes of a Dinoflagellate Cold Shock Domain Protein Provide Insight into Mechanisms of Nuclear Regulation.}, journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcag075}, pmid = {42251744}, issn = {1471-9053}, abstract = {Coral reef ecosystems depend on symbiotic dinoflagellates, yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate their growth remain poorly understood. Dinoflagellates possess unusually large genomes but remarkably few transcription factors, most of which contain a cold shock domain (CSD). In this study, we investigated transcriptional responses associated with growth stimulation in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Breviolum minutum. Exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) significantly promoted cell proliferation, and transcriptome analysis identified a CSD protein gene, designated BmCSP1, as one of the few upregulated genes encoding transcription-related proteins under this growth-promoting condition. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BmCSP1 belongs to a highly divergent dinoflagellate CSD clade. To examine its biochemical properties, we analyzed the recombinant CSD of BmCSP1 and compared it with Escherichia coli CspA. BmCSP1 bound single-stranded DNA and RNA with apparent affinities similar to those of EcCspA but exhibited stronger apparent binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays further revealed a distinctive concentration-dependent dsDNA-binding behavior: at lower concentrations, BmCSP1 formed sharp, discrete protein-DNA complexes, whereas at higher concentrations the electrophoretic behavior of the complexes became increasingly heterogeneous. Comparative analyses using supercoiled, open circular, and linearized plasmid DNA further demonstrated that BmCSP1-dsDNA interactions are strongly influenced by DNA topology. In addition, both BmCSP1- and EcCspA-dsDNA complexes remained stable after heating to 95 °C, despite loss of dsDNA-binding activity of the free proteins above 55 °C. These findings identify BmCSP1 as a dinoflagellate CSD protein with unique topology-dependent dsDNA-binding modes and exceptional complex stability, providing new insight into how a limited repertoire of transcription factors may contribute to genome organization and transcriptional regulation in dinoflagellates.}, }
@article {pmid42247786, year = {2026}, author = {Chuah, LF and Chew, KW and Bokhari, A and Mubashir, M and Show, PL}, title = {Retraction notice to 'Biodegradation of crude oil in seawater by using a consortium of symbiotic bacteria' [Environ. Res. 213 (2022) 113721].}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {305}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {124880}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124880}, pmid = {42247786}, issn = {1096-0953}, }
@article {pmid42248042, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, L and Gong, X and Rao, S and Huang, L and Cheng, H and Cheng, S and Luo, J and Li, Q and Wei, Y and Xu, H}, title = {Biological effects of selenium on Hypnum plumaeforme and the underlying mechanisms mediated by physiology and microbiome.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {322}, number = {}, pages = {120341}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120341}, pmid = {42248042}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {Bryophytes provide vital ecosystem services, yet the biological effects of selenium (Se) on them remain largely unknown. This study simulated ecological scenarios with different selenite exposure levels to investigate the response patterns of growth, physiology, and symbiotic bacterial communities in Hypnum plumaeforme. Overall, its inorganic, organic, and total Se content increased with increasing selenite exposure levels. At 2 mg/L, H. plumaeforme accumulated more biomass, carotenoids and selenomethionine (SeMet), but less lipid and phosphorus (P). Enhanced methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys) biosynthesis facilitated its Se detoxification. At 4 mg/L, H. plumaeforme had more photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates and protein, but fewer chloroplasts and less P. H2O2 accumulation did not result in elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content and growth inhibition, which was attributed to the activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), as well as increased SeMet biosynthesis for Se detoxification. The enrichment of Variovorax and TM7a might support its starch accumulation and Se tolerance. At 8 mg/L, H. plumaeforme had more photosynthetic pigments and protein, but fewer chloroplasts and less P. Excessive SeMet synthesis induced Se toxicity. Although SOD, CAT and GPX were activated, H2O2 and MDA accumulation occurred in this bryophyte, resulting in reduced biomass and impaired nitrogen (N) uptake. The enrichment of bacterial taxa, including Alphaproteobacteria, might facilitate its antioxidant defense. This study identifies the growth-promoting, neutral, and inhibitory effects of Se on H. plumaeforme, and illustrates the underlying physiological and microbial regulatory mechanisms. These findings provide important theoretical support for bryophyte conservation and Se ecological risk assessment.}, }
@article {pmid42248379, year = {2026}, author = {Li, W and Zhang, G and Li, L and Ding, Y and You, H and Ding, Y and Zhu, J and Li, Z}, title = {Performance and microbial community dynamics of an internal circulating photogranular membrane bioreactor for synthetic mariculture wastewater treatment under different hydraulic retention times.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124972}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124972}, pmid = {42248379}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Two internal circulating photogranular membrane bioreactors (IC-PMBRs) were constructed and operated for three months under different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (R1: 48 h, R2: 24 h). The R1 system with a longer HRT was conducive to maintaining structural stability and enhancing the settleability of photogranules, whereas the photogranules in the R2 system experienced severe disintegration. Both systems proved effective in removing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from mariculture wastewater. Both systems achieved complete NH4[+]-N removal, with TN removal efficiencies of 51.07 ± 9.22% (R1) and 57.87 ± 7.64% (R2). Additionally, PO4[3-]-P removal efficiencies were 34.92 ± 3.94% (R1) and 33.61 ± 7.23% (R2). The membrane fouling cycle in the R1 system was significantly longer than that in the R2 system (R1: 40 d, R2: 11 d). High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that substantial community succession occurred in both systems. The R1 system exhibited higher abundances of functional bacteria, such as Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, compared to the R2 system. Furthermore, the microalgal community structure in the R1 system was more diverse, exhibiting stronger mutualistic symbiotic relationships with bacteria. These characteristics created a more favorable microenvironment for photogranules in the R1 system. This study offers novel insights and a theoretical basis for the widespread application of photogranules in the MBR treatment of mariculture wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid42248789, year = {2026}, author = {Bruijning, M and Moeller, AH and Carver, G and Donia, MS and Koskella, B and Singh, P and Metcalf, CJE}, title = {The bacterial march toward symbiosis: on-ramps and off-ramps.}, journal = {Trends in microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2026.05.008}, pmid = {42248789}, issn = {1878-4380}, abstract = {Host-associated bacteria are found across the tree of life. In this opinion article, we propose that population genetics theory can be used to probe the conditions that form the path toward such symbioses. We illustrate how mutation-selection models generate insights into the maintenance of a symbiont under transmission between generations and from the environment. We outline how basic features of host population size and life history shape the fixation of a heritable symbiont in a host population, suggesting elevated fixation probabilities in long-lived hosts. Finally, whenever the fitness effects of the symbiont vary over time, reduced efficiency of selection increases the fixation of a deleterious symbiont. Our predictions of the properties of hosts, symbionts, and their ecological contexts that impact symbiont establishment frame expectations across systems.}, }
@article {pmid42238977, year = {2023}, author = {Head, D and Marsh, PD and Devine, D and Tenuta, LMA}, title = {In silico study of hyposalivation and sugar exposure on biofilm dysbiosis.}, journal = {JADA foundational science}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {100019}, pmid = {42238977}, issn = {2772-414X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental caries develops under actively sugar-fermenting dental biofilms, but the most successful control methods available only target mineral loss. Reduced salivary flow rates (hyposalivation) significantly exacerbate caries progression by lessening sugar and acid clearance near tooth surfaces. Maintaining dental biofilm symbiosis (health) under hyposalivation requires knowledge of the impact of acid inhibition under given dietary regimens.<br><br>METHODS: An individual-based mathematical model was used to predict biofilm dysbiosis under normal or hyposalivatory conditions by regulating the frequency of sugar intake and inhibiting microbial glycolysis, reducing the acid challenge to the tooth mineral. The impact of pH-dependent (stronger inhibition at lower pH [eg, fluoride]) and pH-independent (general percentage reduction in acid production) strategies on pH near the tooth surface during sugar intake, and the corresponding compositional changes in the biofilm, were quantified.<br><br>RESULTS: Under normal saliva flow, reducing the frequency of sugar intake and increasing the inhibition of acid production by pH-dependent or pH-independent strategies could prevent bacterial dysbiosis and prevent the biofilm from having a caries-associated (dysbiotic) to a health-associated (symbiotic) composition. However, under hyposalivatory conditions, dysbiosis occurred beyond 2 sugar intakes per day, and the degree of inhibition of glycolysis required to prevent dysbiosis was not feasible with available therapeutics.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Model data predict that to counteract the drastic effect of hyposalivation on biofilm dysbiosis, it will be essential to significantly reduce the frequency of fermentable sugar intake and any direct inhibition of bacterial metabolism.}, }
@article {pmid42239423, year = {2026}, author = {Walker, AB and Widun, EVX and Heath-Heckman, EAC}, title = {The Neuroanatomy of the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid Juvenile Bacterial Light Organ.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.05.15.725553}, pmid = {42239423}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that symbiotic bacteria can have drastic effects on host neurobiology, but few simple, accessible models currently exist in which to study these interactions. Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) participate in a binary symbiosis with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri , a population of which resides in a specialized hindgut-derived organ called the light organ. Upon colonization by V. fischeri , the light organ undergoes transcriptional changes that suggest neurons are among the cell types impacted by the initiation of symbiosis, but the nascent light organ's innervation has remained uncharacterized.<br><br>RESULTS: The light organ-associated nervous system (LONS) in hatchling E. scolopes is a remarkably complex segment of the peripheral nervous system. The LONS is largely plexiform and originates from two primary nerves connected by a local commissure. The abundance of synapsin-like immunoreactivity indicates that the lobe plexus is highly interconnected. We also highlight a small number of serotonin-like immunoreactive neurites innervating the anterior appendages that are poised to be directly impacted by symbiont-driven post-embryonic development. Finally, we present evidence that a limited but morphologically diverse population of neurons reside within the light organ and are often located near internal symbiont-interacting structures.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results show that the LONS is structurally and molecularly complex and exhibits traits characteristic of an immature nervous system, suggesting that it may undergo substantial post-embryonic refinement. This initial characterization of the LONS provides a foundation from which to investigate how beneficial bacterial symbionts affect host peripheral neurobiology in a tractable model system.}, }
@article {pmid42241987, year = {2026}, author = {Cruz, VH and Lopes, PRM and Frias, YA and Maia, JP and Velázquez-Martí, B}, title = {Diagnostic system for tebuthiuron soil ecotoxicity using morphophysiological indicators of Mucuna pruriens validated by Lactuca sativa.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {236}, number = {}, pages = {111450}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111450}, pmid = {42241987}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {This study developed an integrated diagnostic system for tebuthiuron-induced soil ecotoxicity based on morphophysiological indicators of Mucuna pruriens, using the germination index (GI) of Lactuca sativa as a sensitive ecotoxicological validation endpoint. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and 360 individual pots (independent samples evaluated via destructive sampling), which were distributed across five evaluation periods at 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 days after sowing. Morphophysiological variables, including plant height, root length, shoot and root dry mass, chlorophyll content, nodule number, and visual phytotoxicity, were quantified and integrated with multivariate and probabilistic modeling approaches. Given the multifactorial nature of the germination index, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify ecological and physiological gradients associated with plant vigor, stress, and symbiotic functioning. The PCA outputs were subsequently used as inputs for Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNNs), enabling the classification and prediction of bioindicator-based ecotoxicological levels using mathematically defined low, medium, and high GI classes. Model performance was internally assessed using training and validation datasets, confusion matrices, overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curves. Because no independent external dataset was available, the predictive performance should be interpreted as evidence of internal consistency rather than definitive generalizability across different soils, climates, herbicide doses, or field conditions. Multivariate analyses revealed that ecotoxicological attenuation trajectories in tebuthiuron-contaminated soils are inherently nonlinear, being structured by coordinated shifts in morphophysiological traits rather than isolated responses of individual variables. The integrated PCA-PNN framework demonstrated that aboveground traits. Particularly plant height, chlorophyll content, and shoot dry mass, were more sensitive indicators of tebuthiuron-induced stress than root traits alone. Higher GI values were associated with PCA regions characterized by increased shoot biomass, greater plant height, reduced phytotoxicity, and improved physiological performance, whereas lower GI classes corresponded to suppressed growth and multidimensional stress signatures. The progressive convergence between plant vigor and GI across evaluation periods suggests a gradual mitigation of ecotoxicological stress signals on the indicator plants, indicating transitions from acute injury to physiological adaptation states. These findings confirm that M. pruriens functions as an effective bioindicator for diagnosing soil ecotoxicological status and monitoring tebuthiuron-induced impacts. However, as tebuthiuron residues were not chemically quantified, these responses should not be interpreted as direct evidence of herbicide degradation, dissipation, or removal. These findings confirm that M. pruriens functions as an effective bioindicator for diagnosing soil ecotoxicological status and monitoring tebuthiuron-induced impacts. However, as tebuthiuron residues were not chemically quantified, the observed improvements should be interpreted as evidence of physiological adaptation and/or ecological attenuation rather than definitive proof of herbicide degradation or removal. Overall, this approach provides a robust framework for early detection of soil contamination and supports its application in monitoring and guiding soil rehabilitation processes, with potential for future validation under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42243444, year = {2026}, author = {Vijaykumar, S and Sowmya, V and Chandrika, KSVP and Prasad, RD and Kavya, M and Yadav, P and Suresh, M and Mathur, RK and Rajeswari, B}, title = {Deciphering physiological mechanisms of biopolymeric seed coatings in oilseed crops.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-56648-6}, pmid = {42243444}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Oilseed crops experience substantial yield losses due to rapid seed deterioration, inconsistent moisture availability, early pathogen pressure, productivity and storability, particularly in smallholder systems. To meet these constraints, an eco-friendly, biopolymer-based double-layer seed coating containing multiple crop inputs, (fungicide, Trichoderma harzianum (Th4d), and a crop-specific biofertilizer (Azotobacter, Bradyrhizobium, and Rhizobium) for sesame, soybean and groundnut, respectively was developed. The layer-by-layer configuration ensured spatial separation and sequential release of chemical and biological inputs, enhancing compatibility, persistence, and functional delivery. Double-Layer Coating (DL-R) treatment was validated under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions in groundnut, while its efficacy under laboratory and greenhouse assays was confirmed in sesame and soybean. DL-R consistently retained the highest germination after storage (78.8-86.7%), with only 5-8% decline compared with 56-58% and > 12-23% decline in untreated seeds. Microbial viability remained superior with DL-R (2.86-2.94 Log CFU g[-1] for T. harzianum; 4.69-4.92 Log CFU g[-1] for biofertilizers), 0.3-0.5 Log units higher than control. Laboratory and greenhouse assays showed 60-75% lower seedling mortality than untreated seeds across all crops. In groundnut field trials, DL-R improved emergence (↑20-27%), reduced stem rot (↓80%), lowered pest load (↓50-70%), and achieved the highest yield (21.1 q ha[-1] vs. 12.9 q ha[-1]), with the maximum B: C ratio (1:2.41). This study demonstrates a scalable double-layer coating platform that enhances seed protection, microbial symbiosis, and yield, providing a low-chemical pathway for resilient oilseed production.}, }
@article {pmid42243878, year = {2026}, author = {Nagib, AM and Sultan, MH and El-Sheikh, HH and Hashem, AH}, title = {Untapped microbial factories for next-generation therapeutics: Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants.}, journal = {Microbial cell factories}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12934-026-03036-4}, pmid = {42243878}, issn = {1475-2859}, abstract = {Endophytic fungi residing within medicinal plants represent a rich and sustainable source of bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse pharmacological applications. These symbiotic microorganisms establish mutualistic relationships with their host plants, contributing to enhanced stress tolerance, growth promotion, and defense against pathogens. In recent years, endophytic fungi have gained considerable attention as alternative biofactories for the production of valuable compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, lignans, and polysaccharides. These metabolites exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. Advances in cultivation strategies, such as OSMAC, co-culture, and epigenetic modification, have significantly improved metabolite yield and diversity. Moreover, the integration of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics has revolutionized the understanding of biosynthetic gene clusters and metabolic pathways, enabling the discovery of novel compounds and optimization of production processes. Despite these advances, challenges such as low yield, silent gene clusters, and difficulties in large-scale production remain significant barriers. Nevertheless, continued progress in multi-omics technologies, synthetic biology, and biotechnological tools holds great promise for unlocking the full potential of endophytic fungi. Herein, endophytic fungi represent a powerful and eco-friendly platform for the development of new therapeutic agents and sustainable pharmaceutical applications.}, }
@article {pmid42244149, year = {2026}, author = {Srivastava, D and Bhadu, V and Sahoo, RN and Ghosh, AK and Upadhyay, P and Bhardwaj, A and Udvardi, MK and Ranjan, A and Sinharoy, S}, title = {Organized peripheral vascular strand development in nodules is controlled by a bHLH/HLH heterodimer.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71323}, pmid = {42244149}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {SPG/2022/000171//Science and Engineering Research Board/ ; }, abstract = {The Leguminosae family can develop root nodules with symmetrical peripheral vascular-strands (PVSs). Medicago truncatula forms indeterminate nodules with PVSs. The PVSs elongate directly from the root toward the nodule apex, maintaining a symmetrical organization and facilitating the formation of the cylindrical nodule structure. By combining genetic, biochemical, and genomic tools, we have shown that two basic Helix-Loop-Helix groups of transcription factors, MtbHLH1 (renamed Nodule Vascular bundle Development 1 (NVD1)) and NVD2, control the development of symmetrical PVSs in M. truncatula. In nvd1 nodules, PVSs drift toward the infection zone, generating aberrantly shaped nodules. NVD1 activates its expression along with NVD2, a transcriptional regulator. NVD1 functions downstream of auxin signaling. Transcriptome sequencing of nvd1 and nvd2 nodules, combined with visualization of auxin and cytokinin (CK) signal outputs, revealed disrupted auxin and CK signaling in nvd nodules. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the auxin biosynthetic enzyme (MtYUCCA8) under pMtNVD1 and pMtNVD2 resulted in defective PVSs. Mutant nvd2 nodules display asymmetric PVSs. NVD2 regulates the transcriptional activity of NVD1 by forming heterodimers with it. The formation of symmetrical PVSs depends on the balanced presence of NVD1 and NVD2. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of the NVD1-NVD2 interaction in shaping the development of symmetrical PVSs.}, }
@article {pmid42245499, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Wang, S and Chang, Z and Zhao, M and Zhang, X and Fayzullo, N and Bunyod, E and Li, S and Wang, J}, title = {A transformer based deep learning framework for accurate single nucleotide variant correction in heterogeneous samples.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1838029}, pmid = {42245499}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Profiling host genetic variations in heterogeneous host-microbiome mixtures is crucial for understanding cross-species interactions and microenvironmental dynamics. However, the variable host DNA fraction (purity) in bulk sequencing data severely compromises the performance of standard variant callers, leading to significant systematic biases in quantifying single nucleotide variants (SNVs). To address this, we developed a Transformer-based computational framework designed to model sequence context and technical artifacts in low-purity samples. The architecture employs a group-encoding mechanism to process multidimensional features-including variant allele frequency (VAF) distributions, base-level purity estimates, sequencing depth, and local genomic context (such as repeat regions and chromatin accessibility). By capturing long-range dependencies among these diverse signals, the model effectively neutralizes purity-induced biases to accurately recover the true host SNV count. We evaluated the framework using simulated sequencing data across a broad purity gradient (0.2-1.0). Our approach significantly reduced quantification errors, achieving high concordance between the corrected and actual ground-truth SNV counts. Benchmarking the corrected counts against the raw outputs of conventional callers (Mutect, Freebayes, LoFreq, and Platypus) demonstrated substantial performance gains, particularly in ultra-low purity conditions (0.2-0.3) where traditional statistical priors typically fail to provide reliable quantifications. Feature ablation and residual analyses further validated the independence of the multidimensional inputs and the unbiased, zero-centered nature of the count corrections. This deep learning pipeline provides a robust solution for the accurate quantification of host SNVs in complex biological mixtures, facilitating reliable downstream genetic analyses in highly heterogeneous microenvironments.}, }
@article {pmid42245912, year = {2026}, author = {Gupta, S and Mishra, BN and Gore, R and Singh, SK and Awasthi, A and Mishra, A and Kishore, R and Singh, V}, title = {Cognitive Load in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Bibliometric Analysis (2021-2025).}, journal = {Annals of neurosciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {09727531261443089}, pmid = {42245912}, issn = {0972-7531}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The integration of AI and digital learning technologies has transformed education but introduced cognitive overload challenges. Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) offers a framework for understanding information processing in technology-enhanced environments, yet its intellectual structure in the post-pandemic AI-driven landscape remains underexplored.<br><br>SUMMARY: This bibliometric analysis of 1,600 open-access CLT publications (2021-2025) from HYPERLINK "https://dimensions.ai/"Dimensions.ai examined publication trends, citation impact, collaboration patterns, and thematic clusters using VOSviewer. Results show 28% annual growth. Three clusters dominate (74% link strength): (a) Educational and Developmental Psychology (motivation, resilience, schema construction); (b) Clinical and Cognitive Sciences (cognitive interventions, well-being); and (c) Information and Computing in Human-centred Contexts (AI-driven adaptive learning). The USA, Australia, and UK lead in impact; Asia-Pacific (China, Singapore, Hong Kong) emerges as a technology-focused hub. Education and Information Technologies showed the highest mean citation rate.<br><br>KEY MESSAGE: This first bibliometric review maps CLT's post-2020 evolution toward human-AI symbiosis, providing an empirical framework for cognitively sustainable digital learning environments and confirming CLT's growing interdisciplinary integration with educational technology and cognitive science.}, }
@article {pmid42233878, year = {2026}, author = {Bove, CB and Castillo, KD and Hughes, AM and Ries, JB and Davies, SW}, title = {Strong Symbiodiniaceae influence on coral gene expression under ocean acidification and warming.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icag062}, pmid = {42233878}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {Tropical coral reefs face unprecedented threats from ocean acidification and warming, driving alarming declines in reef communities worldwide. Yet environmental history and diverse symbiotic partnerships often shape how corals respond to environmental change. We investigated how the Caribbean coral Siderastrea siderea responds to simulated future ocean conditions by examining holobiont phenotypes, symbiotic communities, and gene expression profiles. After three months of exposure to various acidification and warming scenarios, S. siderea showed only moderate stress responses, with no shifts in algal symbiont or bacterial communities. Remarkably, even under the warmest temperature and lowest pH conditions, coral host gene expression patterns were primarily shaped by which Symbiodiniaceae genus they hosted, rather than experimental treatments. Corals predominantly hosting Durusdinium trenchii exhibited higher lipid content but reduced calcification rates compared to those hosting Cladocopium goreaui, suggesting different metabolic strategies based on which symbiont was predominant in the coral holobiont. While moderate treatment effects were observed, significant changes in holobiont phenotype and gene expression occurred mainly under extreme acidification conditions unlikely to be experienced within the next century. Under these extreme scenarios, we detected reduced growth rates and downregulation of calcification-related genes, indicating potential challenges for skeletal production in future oceans. These findings enhance our understanding of coral acclimatization strategies and emphasize how symbiotic relationships fundamentally shape coral responses to environmental change. As climate change intensifies, these molecular and physiological mechanisms may determine which coral species persist on future reefs.}, }
@article {pmid42234850, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Q and Zhou, Y and Kang, W and Tang, X and Hu, B and Tang, Z and Wu, F and Downs, CA and Zhao, H}, title = {Environmental Concentrations of Herbicide Prometryn Increase the Susceptibility of Reef-Building Corals to Nitrate Stress.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6c06486}, pmid = {42234850}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Herbicide and nitrate pollution frequently co-occur in coastal waters, while their combined effect on corals has been a critical knowledge gap. Although corals can exhibit acclimation to nitrate enrichment, it is unclear whether this acclimation persists under coexposure to PSII herbicides. Here, we investigated the combined effects of nitrate and the PSII herbicide prometryn on the reef-building coralAcropora hyacinthusby integrating physiology, ultrastructure, and host-symbiont multiomics. The results demonstrate that prometryn acts as the primary driver of photodamage and photosynthetic toxicity in the symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae under costress. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that prometryn induced activated symbiophagy and chloroplast degradation with loosely stacked thylakoids in Symbiodiniaceae. Transcriptomics and proteomics analyses predicted that nitrate enrichment stimulated host glutathione-based antioxidant responses. However, prometryn-induced phototoxicity impaired photosynthate supply and disrupted this nitrate acclimation mechanism. Moreover, reduced photosynthate transfer further impaired the host energy balance and intensified oxidative stress. These findings show that PSII herbicides can override short-term acclimation to nitrate enrichment, underscoring the need for the joint regulation of herbicide and nutrient inputs in reef ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid42235129, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, L and Guan, M and Sun, D and Yu, H and Jiang, X}, title = {Biofilm-induced modification of passive film and corrosion resistance of TC4 alloy by Bacillus safensis, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens and Chlorella marina.}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {172}, number = {}, pages = {109353}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2026.109353}, pmid = {42235129}, issn = {1878-562X}, abstract = {TC4 (Ti-6Al-4 V) titanium alloy resists seawater corrosion by forming a TiO2 passive film, yet its integrity is strongly affected by biofilm-induced interfacial heterogeneity. This work examined passive film modification under five conditions: sterile artificial seawater, Bacillus safensis, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens, Chlorella marina, and a bacterial-algal symbiotic system. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, polarization curves, Mott-Schottky analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cell quantification were combined to correlate biofilm features with semiconductor defects and corrosion performance. Bacterial and mixed biofilms developed extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) barriers that stabilized n-type TiO2 with oxygen-vacancy defects, raising electron escape and improving protection. P. nigrifaciens produced a compact, viscous EPS layer that yielded the best corrosion resistance, while B. safensis showed dynamic evolution from early protection to mid-stage defect increase and late partial self-repair. In contrast, the porous algal film of C. marina generated p-type defects, facilitating Cl[-] ingress and poorer resistance. The symbiotic system balanced these effects through concurrent O2 generation and EPS shielding. The overall corrosion-resistance order was P. nigrifaciens > ASW ≈ B. safensis > Symbiotic > C. marina. These findings reveal how biofilm structural properties mediates passive film semiconductor properties and suggest an EPS-based interfacial design to improve the durability of marine titanium components.}, }
@article {pmid42236523, year = {2026}, author = {Kim, MK and Oh, SJ and Lee, BM and Lee, J and Hwang, CY}, title = {Genomic and phenotypic insights into Pseudocolwellia antarctica sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant bacterium with symbiotic potential from Antarctic zooplankton.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-53601-5}, pmid = {42236523}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RS-2023-00301976//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; RS-2024-00436649//Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology promotion/ ; RS-2024-00405801//Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Zooplankton in the Southern Ocean represent unique microhabitats for microbial communities that contribute significantly to polar biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we performed a polyphasic and genomic characterization of two Gram-negative, psychrotolerant bacterial strains, HL-MZ7[T] and HL-MZ19, isolated from Antarctic zooplankton. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses clearly placed these isolates within the genus Pseudocolwellia, forming a sister clade to Pseudocolwellia agarivorans QM50[T]. The complete genomes of HL-MZ7[T] (4.5 Mbp) and HL-MZ19 (4.6 Mbp) exhibited DNA G + C contents of 36.0% and 35.9%, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values confirmed that both strains represent a novel genomic species, distinct from P. agarivorans QM50[T] (79.5% ANI and 24.0% dDDH). Comparative genomic analysis revealed a rich repertoire of genes associated with cold environmental adaptation and host-microbe interactions. Notably, we identified biosynthetic gene clusters of aryl polyenes and homoserine lactones, alongside genes involved in surface adhesion and nutrient acquisition, suggesting a specialized symbiotic potential within the zooplankton micro-niche. Phenotypically, the strains are characterized as strictly aerobic, with optimal growth at 15-20 °C and 3.0% (w/v) sea salts. These findings expand the genomic and ecological understanding of zooplankton-associated bacteria in polar marine ecosystems, and support the proposal of Pseudocolwellia antarctica sp. nov.}, }
@article {pmid42237363, year = {2026}, author = {Hu, G and Yang, Y and Wang, T and Qu, J and Xu, Z and Ren, Y and Zhou, Y and Fei, G and Han, Y and Zhang, J and Dong, C and He, T and Deng, Y and Zou, X}, title = {The microecological mechanism of Cordyceps chanhua promoting soil nitrogen cycling.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40793-025-00838-8}, pmid = {42237363}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {32060038//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Qian ke he Foundation [2020]1Z009//32060038/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The nitrogen cycle is crucial to the function of the Earth's biosphere. Entomogenous fungi have been proven to promote nitrogen metabolism and cycling in host insects, and transfer nitrogen from insects to soil. However, little is known about the microecological mechanism of entomogenous fungus participating in nitrogen cycling and the microecological impact of exonitrogen from entomogenous fungus on soil.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we report that the entomogenous fungus Cordyceps chanhua secretes nitrate nitrogen and organic nitrogen from its mycelia into the soil environment and absorbs ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and hydroxylamine nitrogen from the soil environment into the C. chanhua. Along with the nitrogen exchange process, the bacterial communities related to nitrogen metabolism in the sclerotium of C. chanhua emerge in the soil environment, promoting the soil organic nitrogen cycling process. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the endogenous/symbiotic bacterial communities within C. chanhua have the greatest impact on ammonium nitrogen and organic nitrogen at the genus level. During the growth process of C. chanhua, the diversity of the bacterial community in its microenvironment significantly decreased. Consistent with this, this study also verified that the exonitrogen of C. chanhua can reduce the diversity of bacterial communities in the soil environment and enrich the bacterial group of Sporosarcina spp., which has a positive promoting effect on nitrogen metabolism. Furthermore, we isolated three highly active nitrogen-transforming dominant strains from the sclerotia of C. chanhua, which further indicates that the nitrogen transport of C. chanhua is closely related to the bacterial community in its mycelia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that the associated/endophytic bacteria of C. chanhua facilitates the participation of C. chanhua in soil nitrogen cycling in its microenvironment.}, }
@article {pmid42237458, year = {2026}, author = {Ilinsky, Y and Bykov, R}, title = {An analysis of Wolbachia incidence and genetics in non-ant Hymenoptera diversity.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imb.70048}, pmid = {42237458}, issn = {1365-2583}, support = {FWNR-2026-0032//the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria are widespread maternally inherited symbionts of Nematoda and diverse Arthropoda hosts. Their evolutionary success is determined by the ability to affect the biology of the host in different ways, promoting the relative fitness of females harbouring Wolbachia, as well as sporadic cases of horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between different host species. Here, we revised Wolbachia infection in the Hymenoptera with respect to the symbiont occurrence in host taxa and Wolbachia genetics. The representatives of about half of the extant families and 1000 out of 140,000 non-ant hymenopteran species have been tested for Wolbachia infection. We concluded that Wolbachia are found in all major hymenopteran families. More than 75% of Wolbachia diversity belongs to the A supergroup, whereas other variants belong to the B supergroup and only two isolates belong to the supergroup F. One of the main results of this study is the discovery of a specific Wolbachia genetic pattern (based on multilocus sequence typing [MLST]) in Apoidea hosts. Two haplotypes, ST-479 and ST-wH14, along with their alleles within other sequence types (STs), form the core of symbiont diversity, comprising 81% of unique host-Wolbachia ST associations. These haplotypes have not been reported beyond the Apoidea superfamily or Hymenoptera order. The reasons and mechanisms underlying this pattern in Apoidea remain unknown. Another important result of our study concerns the use of the MLST protocol, which has been previously criticised. We analysed 51 Wolbachia genomes for the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and MLST data, and found that genome and MLST variation are highly correlated. Therefore, the MLST protocol for Wolbachia remains reliable for many research tasks.}, }
@article {pmid42237550, year = {2026}, author = {Boubaker, F and Sallem, O and Dridi, I and Chabbou, A}, title = {Clockwork symbiosis: The vital interplay of microbiota and human chronobiology.}, journal = {Chronobiology international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1080/07420528.2026.2682478}, pmid = {42237550}, issn = {1525-6073}, abstract = {The human microbiota and host circadian system engage in a bidirectional dialogue with consequences for metabolism, immunity, and barrier physiology. This narrative review examines the microbiota-chronobiology interface across the gut and selected extra-intestinal niches and uses the term "clockwork symbiosis" as an organizing framework for this crosstalk. A structured, non-exhaustive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase was conducted for studies published between 2000 and 2024, with priority given to human evidence and mechanistic studies with clear translational relevance. The strongest evidence concerns the gut microbiota, for which both human and preclinical studies support diurnal variation in microbial composition, metabolite production, and host metabolic signaling. By contrast, evidence for vaginal, oral, skin, and respiratory microbiota remains comparatively limited and is best treated as emerging and largely hypothesis-generating. Across the literature, circadian disruption is associated with altered microbial rhythmicity and adverse metabolic or inflammatory phenotypes, but causality is often difficult to isolate from co-occurring changes in diet, sleep, stress, light exposure, medication use, and host disease state. Microbiota-derived metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids and bile-acid derivatives, provide plausible mechanistic links to peripheral clocks, although evidence for direct clinical manipulation remains preliminary. Overall, preserving host-microbiota temporal alignment appears biologically important, but clinical applications such as chrononutrition, timed biotics, and chronotherapy still require rigorous time-standardized human studies.}, }
@article {pmid42237730, year = {2026}, author = {Lam, AHC and Cooke, A and Richardson, J and Charpentier, M}, title = {CNGCs in Marchantia paleacea uncouple arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and rhizoid development.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71296}, pmid = {42237730}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//John Innes Foundation/ ; BB/P007112/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/X010996/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {In Marchantia paleacea, MpaDMI1-dependent nuclear Ca[2+] oscillations are essential for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonisation, indicating that endosymbiosis-mediated nuclear Ca[2+] signalling is a conserved feature of land plant-AM symbiosis. Despite this conservation, DOES NOT MAKE INFECTION (DMI)1 regulatory properties have diverged between bryophytes and angiosperms, suggesting lineage-specific adaptation and incomplete conservation of the Ca[2+] oscillation machinery. In angiosperms, DMI1-dependent Ca[2+] release requires CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS (CNGC)15, but whether a comparable CNGC module operates in bryophytes, whose CNGC gene family is greatly reduced, has remained unknown. Here, we combined phylogenetic, genetic and cell biology approaches to investigate diverging land plant CNGCs function. Phylogenetic analyses across streptophytes reveal that CNGCs diversified into three ancient superclades before the terrestrialisation of plants. Functional analyses reveal that in M. paleacea, the combined activity of three MpaCNGCs spanning two superclades is required for endosymbiosis-associated nuclear Ca[2+] oscillations and AM fungal colonisation. Although two of these MpaCNGCs redundantly regulate rhizoid elongation, AM fungi activate Ca[2+] signalling and penetrate ventral cells lacking rhizoid growth, indicating that tip-growing cells are not strictly required for fungal entry in M. paleacea. Together, these findings link MpaCNGC function in rhizoid development and AM symbiosis to nutrient acquisition, supporting both soil exploration and AM fungal colonisation.}, }
@article {pmid42238886, year = {2026}, author = {Song, L and Li, S and Wang, J and Li, X and Zhang, R and Liu, Q and Liu, Y and Chang, Z}, title = {Burden and temporal trends of non-communicable diseases from 1990 to 2021 and prediction to 2035 in the group of twenty countries: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1851514}, pmid = {42238886}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a major global public health threat, closely linked to disruptions in host-microbe symbiosis and metabolic homeostasis. The Group of Twenty (G20) comprises the world's major economic powers with diverse developmental stages, yet the NCD burden and its potential implications for host and ecosystem resilience remain poorly characterized across these nations. This study aimed to systematically estimate the burden, temporal trends, and future projections of NCDs from 1990 to 2021 and up to 2035 in G20 countries.<br><br>METHODS: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD2021), we analyzed mortality and years of life lost (YLL) attributable to NCDs among G20 states, stratified by age, sex, and country. Temporal trends were assessed using joinpoint regression to identify inflection points in annual percentage changes. Socioeconomic health inequalities were quantified using the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index. Future burden trajectories to 2035 were projected using Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) modeling.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared to 1990, the burden of the NCDs across G20 countries in 2021 showed a downward trend. However, the age-standardized mortality and YLL rates from NCDs in G20 countries accounting for 72.21 and 62.56% of all-cause mortality and YLL rates, respectively, markedly surpassing global averages. Specific countries including Indonesia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa demonstrated persistently higher burdens compared to regional averages. Males had a higher burden than females. When examining level 2 and level 3 causes of NCDs specifically, trends in burden changes varied across different NCDs at the national levels. Cardiovascular diseases remained the leading contributor to premature mortality, though neurological disorders emerged as the fastest-growing threat. Inequality assessments revealed concentrated burdens in low-sociodemographic index (SDI) region among G20 nations. BAPC model predictions suggested that the burden of NCDs will continue to decline in the future.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Despite an overall reduction in NCD burden, G20 countries face persistent sex disparities and divergent trends between dominant cardiovascular diseases and rapidly rising neurological disorders. These patterns reflect imbalances in host resilience, metabolic stability, and population-level ecosystem health. Targeted interventions are needed to strengthen cardiovascular prevention, enhance neurological care, and mitigate socioeconomic inequalities, with potential implications for restoring host-microbe symbiosis and improving population resilience.}, }
@article {pmid42228352, year = {2026}, author = {Kumar, R and Banerjee, R}, title = {Sulfide dynamics at the gut-microbiota interface: diet, oxygen and redox interplay.}, journal = {Gut microbes}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2681720}, doi = {10.1080/19490976.2026.2681720}, pmid = {42228352}, issn = {1949-0984}, abstract = {Teeming with microbes, the unique biogeography of the gut is shaped by interactions between diet, host and microbial metabolism. Hydrogen sulfide represents one such plane of interaction in the lower gut where it is largely the product of microbial activity. Sulfide oxidation by host epithelial cells helps shape a severely hypoxic luminal environment in which obligate anaerobes thrive and furnish among other products, butyrate, a fuel of choice for colonocytes. This metabolic symbiosis in healthy gut is supported by diet, and disrupted when the host sulfide oxidation capacity is exceeded, with resultant local and long-range impacts, including increased susceptibility to enteric pathogens and behavioral changes. Under homeostatic conditions, sulfide oxidation tunes host energy and redox metabolism that is corrupted under dysbiosis linked to gastrointestinal diseases. H2S could also be important for inducing a metabolic state change as in hibernating animals, by increasing energy storage in the form of reduced cofactors as well as increasing intracellular oxygen. In this review, we bracket luminal free sulfide exposure to colonocytes based on bioenergetic studies on colon-derived cells, discuss the microbial pathways for sulfide generation, and their interplay with dietary sulfur and host oxygen and redox metabolism.}, }
@article {pmid42228914, year = {2026}, author = {Kaste, JAM and Ji, R and Sydow, P and Sawers, RJH and Matthews, ML}, title = {Metabolic modeling predicts synergistic growth benefits between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and theoretical N2-fixing rhizobia symbiosis in maize.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiag327}, pmid = {42228914}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {Engineering a novel N2-fixing rhizobia symbiosis in cereal crops is a strategy being pursued to improve agricultural sustainability. However, if such a symbiosis were introduced it would have to be economically viable in the context of plants' existing nutrient acquisition strategies, including existing symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that most plants already engage in. It is important to understand how the metabolic costs and benefits from these symbioses with overlapping functions might impact plant growth when evaluating the potential benefits of this engineering strategy. To address this, we developed metabolic models describing how the relative growth rate of Zea mays is impacted by the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis and a hypothetical N2-fixing symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens in isolation and in tandem. The metabolic models of the plant-AMF symbiosis and plant-AMF-rhizobia symbiosis are the first of their kind. To validate the AMF component of our model, we conducted a field evaluation comparing AMF-compatible and mutant AMF-incompatible maize hybrids. The empirically measured AMF-mediated growth benefit agreed well with model predictions. Our model of the rhizobium symbiosis predicted that the lower N content of cereal crops makes the growth penalty associated with acquiring nitrogen from rhizobia smaller than in legumes. Finally, the model of the plant-AMF-rhizobia symbiosis predicted positive synergies between rhizobia and AMF under nutrient-limited conditions but negative synergies under phosphorus-replete conditions. This indicates that these bioengineering strategies could improve cereal crop yields and may achieve greater gains in tandem, but soil nutrient levels and plant nitrogen requirements should be considered.}, }
@article {pmid42229194, year = {2026}, author = {Cohen-Sánchez, A and Compa, M and Quetglas-Llabrés, MM and Araujo, O and Tejada, S and Gil, L and Pinya, S and Sureda, A}, title = {Depth-dependent temperature shifts and their impact on zooxanthellae dynamics and physiological stress in Anemonia sulcata.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {220}, number = {}, pages = {108167}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108167}, pmid = {42229194}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Warming seas represent a major threat: rising baseline temperatures and increasing frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves intensify physiological stress in marine organisms. In symbiotic cnidarians, thermal stress can disrupt the host-symbiont balance by enhancing reactive oxygen species production, potentially leading to oxidative damage and bleaching. Depth can further modulate thermal exposure, as shallow habitats experience greater temperature variability and light intensity than deeper zones. The aim was to assess the effects of depth-dependent temperature shifts in Anemonia sulcata by sampling individuals at 0.2 and 1.5 m depth monthly from June to September 2024, with an additional sampling in November. Zooxanthellae density, chlorophyll a and c concentrations, antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase), and lipid peroxidation biomarker (malondialdehyde) were quantified. Discrete monthly temperatures did not differ significantly between depths; however, 24-h temperature records in July and August revealed diel peaks up to ∼31.1 °C in shallow habitats, approximately 2 °C higher than in deeper sites. Zooxanthellae density and chlorophyll a and c concentrations increased during the warmest months (August-September), particularly in shallow anemones. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, together with malondialdehyde levels, were elevated in shallow individuals during July-September, whereas superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase remained comparatively stable. These patterns indicate enhanced photosynthetic activity accompanied by increased oxidative stress in shallow habitats. In conclusion, although A. sulcata appears capable of short-term photoacclimation, the concurrent rise in lipid peroxidation suggests that antioxidant defences may become insufficient under repeated or prolonged warming, potentially preceding bleaching events.}, }
@article {pmid42230617, year = {2026}, author = {Kambar, N and Song, Y and Herrera, CM and Baliga, M and Leonard, SP and Barrick, JE and Trent, MS and Moran, NA and Leal, C}, title = {Symbiotic bacteria produce non-lytic vesicles with nucleic acid cargo.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-73834-2}, pmid = {42230617}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {W911NF-20-1-0195//United States Department of Defense | U.S. Army (United States Army)/ ; R01GM143723//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01AI174416//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R35GM158145//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; 1S10OD028700-01//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic bacteria in the gut have an important physiological impact on their hosts, but the mechanisms that underlie the exchange of molecular signals remain poorly understood. Membrane vesicles have been suggested to mediate the direct exchange of cytoplasmic content like nucleic acids (NAs), but their study is complicated by conflicting and imprecise reports of their type and composition. Here, we show that honeybee gut symbionts produce non-lytic membrane vesicles (MVs) enriched in NA, potentially explaining the RNAi activity of engineered Snodgrassella alvi in honeybees. Using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we developed a method to distinguish lytic from non-lytic MV production in Gram-negative bacteria and to differentiate outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from outer-inner membrane vesicles (OIMVs) based on membrane ultrastructure. Among the strains studied, S. alvi, Gilliamella apicola, and Gilliamella apis exhibit clear OMV and OIMV budding, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica show membrane debris and self-assembled vesicles, indicating lytic release. MVs from the symbionts carry significantly more NAs than non-symbionts. Assays on DNA and RNA contents confirm the cytoplasmic origin of MV cargo in S. alvi, suggesting a role in mediating NA delivery to the insect host. These findings enhance our understanding of symbiotic vesiculation and highlight the potential for engineering symbionts to boost honeybee immunity and deliver NA-based therapeutics via vesicular transport.}, }
@article {pmid42231482, year = {2026}, author = {Pei, T and Nwanade, CF and Wang, Z and Liu, Z and Dai, Y and Zhang, X and Yu, Z}, title = {Adaptive restructuring of the microbiota promotes overwintering survival of the tick Dermacentor silvarum.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-026-07457-3}, pmid = {42231482}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {32071510//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2026ZD01909104//National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dermacentor silvarum is a medically important tick species in temperate regions of Asia that must survive prolonged cold exposure during winter. However, the impact of low-temperature stress on its microbial community and the potential functional implications for overwintering remain poorly understood.<br><br>METHODS: Adult ticks of D.&#xa0;silvarum were subjected to controlled low-temperature treatments (8, 4, 0, and&#x2009;-4&#xa0;&#xb0;C) for 7 days, with ticks maintained at 27&#xa0;&#xb0;C serving as controls. The bacterial 16S rRNA (V4 region) and fungal ITS1 regions were amplified and sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq PE250 platform. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to assess microbial diversity, community composition, and predicted functional profiles.<br><br>RESULTS: Cold exposure significantly altered both bacterial and fungal community structures, increasing overall microbial diversity. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota dominated the bacterial assemblages, whereas the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant fungal phyla. A marked enrichment of psychrotolerant and metabolically versatile genera, including Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Trichosporon, alongside a decline in the nutrient-provisioning symbiont Coxiella were observed in cold-treated ticks. Functional prediction suggested that the enriched taxa are potentially involved in antioxidative defense, cryoprotectant biosynthesis, membrane stabilization, and detoxification processes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that low temperature drives a comprehensive reorganization of the microbiota in D.&#xa0;silvarum. The increase in psychrotolerant and detoxifying microbes likely reflects an adaptive host-microbe interaction that enhances tolerance to cold, oxidative, and osmotic stress, thereby promoting overwinter survival of the ticks. These findings provide new insights into the ecological resilience of tick-associated microbiomes and the symbiotic mechanisms underlying vector adaptation to climatic challenges.}, }
@article {pmid42231805, year = {2026}, author = {Kazmi, SAM and Fatimi, SH and Pasha, HA}, title = {Colouring Inside the Lines: Why Medical Students Should Be Encouraged to Draw More in Surgical Rotations.}, journal = {The clinical teacher}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {e70451}, doi = {10.1111/tct.70451}, pmid = {42231805}, issn = {1743-498X}, abstract = {Art and surgery have long shared a symbiotic relationship, each rooted in observation, precision and creativity. I was reminded of this early as a medical student during my cardiothoracic surgery and general surgery rotations, when I began making 2-min 'thumbnail' sketches after cases-just enough lines to capture planes, landmarks and instrument angles. What started as a way to stay focused quickly changed how I saw operative anatomy: messy, layered, dynamic and rarely like the textbook plate. Although drawing has anchored surgical understanding from Vesalius and Da Vinci to Cheselden and Bell, the habit has faded in modern curricula, displaced by digital imaging and largely passive viewing, especially as a medical student in surgical rotations. My experience suggests the opposite approach is both feasible and valuable. Brief, structured sketching sharpened my spatial reasoning and helped me retain operative steps; the gaps in my redraws mapped exactly to the questions I asked on rounds the next morning. Drawing not only refines visual-spatial skills but also promotes deeper cognitive processing and long-term retention-qualities essential for surgical trainees. Despite its proven benefits, many students and clinicians shy away from drawing due to perceived lack of skill, time constraints or undervaluing of artistic learning. Integrating structured drawing exercises and art-based reflection into surgical training may not only enhance anatomical comprehension but also foster mindfulness, empathy and critical observation. Reviving art within surgical education is, therefore, not an indulgence in aesthetics, but an investment in cultivating more perceptive, reflective and precise surgeons.}, }
@article {pmid42231890, year = {2026}, author = {Lee, HO and Farmer, AD and O'Rourke, JA and Doyle, JJ and Cannon, SB}, title = {Impacts of gene duplication in the evolution of symbiotic root nodule symbiosis in legumes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1784647}, pmid = {42231890}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is found in approximately 16-18 widely-separated lineages within the "nitrogen-fixing nodulation clade (NFNC)". Although modeling of trait gain and loss across approximately 13,000 species within the rosid group indicates multiple gains and losses, there is no consensus about whether RNS had a single or multiple origins; and our understanding is fragmentary regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying those changes. Evolution of a new organ and functions involves many thousands of genes; but the evolutionary histories for many of these genes may be uninformative regarding RNS evolution. A portion of the genes, however, are likely to be derived from prior gene duplications and to have acquired new functions or to have come under new regulatory patterns. Whole genome duplications (WGDs) could conceivably enable the necessary neo- or sub-functionalization for new roles in the nodule. All species that exhibit RNS share a history of several ancient WGDs; but the last such common WGD for these species was the "gamma" paleohexaploidy that occurred early in the core eudicot lineage, ~120 Mya. This presents a puzzle: If legume RNS within the NFNC only arose in the Late Cretaceous, several tens of millions of years after the gamma event, what explains the long, seemingly quiescent interval and the many eudicot lineages without RNS? This study focuses on a collection of gene superfamilies with additional independent WGDs that appear to have occurred in the interim period, after the gamma triplication and prior to the evolution of RNS, identifying several that are both essential for RNS and that show evidence of critical roles of both ancient WGDs and more recent local duplications.}, }
@article {pmid42233733, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, H and Sun, H and Li, H and Hu, X and Liu, C and Cao, Y and Wang, Y and Wang, S and Wei, G and Chen, W}, title = {Long-Term Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization Drives a Trade-Off in the Soybean Symbiotic Network From Low-Loss Fixation to High-Loss Metabolism.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {11}, pages = {e70421}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70421}, pmid = {42233733}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {42377127//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The productivity and sustainability of legume crops are highly dependent on their tripartite symbiotic system with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a system currently facing significant pressure from long-term excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization. However, how long-term N input and host niche selection jointly regulate the structure and function of this tripartite symbiotic system remains poorly understood. Using a soybean pot experiment with soils collected in 2022 from a 24-year field experiment (winter wheat-summer maize rotation, receiving annual urea at 0, 200, 400, 600 kg N ha[-1] year[-1] since 1998), we systematically elucidated these mechanisms. The results demonstrate that host niche selection is the dominant driver structuring the core symbiotic network. This manifests as a progressive, stringent homogeneous selection for rhizobia from soil to nodules, and as dispersal limitation for AMF, imposed by strong physical filtration at the root epidermis. Long-term N input nonlinearly disrupted this host-dominated framework. Specifically, excessive N fertilization shifted rhizobial community assembly from deterministic to stochastic dominance, weakened their cross-kingdom synergy with AMF, and triggered a transition in the systemic N-cycling pathway. This transition moved from an efficient, low-loss internal symbiotic N-fixation mode to a high-loss-risk external N metabolism mode. This functional trade-off ultimately compromised the system's nutrient accumulation and retention capacity, offering a mechanistic explanation for how excessive N fertilization drives agroecosystems from symbiosis-dependence to fertilizer-dependence. These findings demonstrate that optimizing N management sustains nutrient retention and productivity by preserving the host-shaped symbiotic network, offering a reference for reducing fertilizer dependence and improving the sustainability of legume production.}, }
@article {pmid42233846, year = {2026}, author = {Moreira, AA and Camargo, RS and Forti, LC and Camargo-Mathias, MI and Castellani, MA and Zanuncio, JC and Serrão, JE and Calligaris, IB and Coelho, BS and Jean-Baptiste, MC}, title = {Morphology of ovaries and spermatheca of Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) queens: implications for oviposition rates.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {86}, number = {}, pages = {e302649}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.302649}, pmid = {42233846}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Oviposition/physiology ; *Ants/physiology/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Ovary/anatomy &amp; histology ; }, abstract = {The nest of leaf-cutting ants is founded by a newly mated queen, which lays the first eggs, giving rise to workers responsible for nest construction and colony maintenance. Bioecological and physiological aspects of queens may help explain variations in the size of newly founded nests of species in the genus Atta. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between ovary and spermatheca morphology and the oviposition rate of Atta sexdens Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) queens. Forty-one newly founded nests of A. sexdens were collected, and the volume of each fungus garden was measured. The queens from these nests were isolated and fed daily with the colony's symbiotic fungus to determine their daily egg production over four days. At the end of this period, the ovaries and spermathecae of the queens were dissected and analyzed under light microscopy. The oviposition rate of A. sexdens queens ranged from 0.5 to 90.5 eggs per day. Ovaries showing signs of degeneration, including yolk reabsorption in oocytes, were observed in queens with the lowest oviposition rates. Spermatheca morphology was similar among all queens. The relationship between ovarian morphology and oviposition rate in young A. sexdens queens supports the hypothesis that differences in ovarian condition contribute to variations in egg production. Such differences may ultimately influence colony growth in the field.}, }
@article {pmid42225249, year = {2026}, author = {Nie, X and Qin, J and Liu, M and Wang, H and Hou, K and Duan, Y}, title = {Process-Level Design of Engineered Microalgal-Bacterial Systems for Carbon-Efficient Nitrogen Removal from Low C/N Wastewater: Carbon/Electron Redistribution Revealed by Metabolic Network Analysis.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124883}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124883}, pmid = {42225249}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Carbon scarcity in low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) wastewater limits electron donor availability and constrains biological nitrogen removal. Although microalgal-bacterial symbiosis (MBS) is a promising low-input alternative, the mechanisms that sustain nitrogen removal under carbon-limited conditions remain unclear. Here, process-level characterization and metagenomic analysis were combined to investigate community assembly and carbon/electron redistribution in engineered MBS systems. Under the tested conditions, a balanced algae-to-bacteria ratio (1:1) created the most stable niche and achieved >97% NH4[+]-N removal with minimal nitrate accumulation, indicating effective coupling of nitrification, denitrification, and assimilation. EPS dynamics showed a shift from accumulation to reutilization during prolonged carbon limitation: polysaccharides decreased in the later stage as external COD was depleted, suggesting mobilization of EPS as an internal carbon source. Consistently, TCA-cycle genes (e.g., IDH, OGDH, mdh) were enriched whereas glycolysis-related genes (e.g., GAPDH, PGK) declined, indicating a shift in metabolic potential toward greater generation of reducing equivalents. Overall, the results suggest that EPS functions as a dynamic carbon reservoir and that algae-bacteria interactions promote carbon/electron redistribution under carbon-limited conditions. This study provides a process-level basis for designing carbon-efficient wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid42225308, year = {2026}, author = {Varughese, GI}, title = {Symbiosis of international medical graduates in the NHS.}, journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {e579580}, doi = {10.1136/bmj-2026-579580}, pmid = {42225308}, issn = {1756-1833}, }
@article {pmid42225647, year = {2026}, author = {Weixia, W and Jinli, Z and Qi, W and Jiachun, H and Pinjun, W and Tingheng, Z}, title = {The Bacillus rugosus BPH-S36 genome, a symbiont enabling brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) adaptation to resistant rice.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-026-07541-4}, pmid = {42225647}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {32272538//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CARS-01//the China Agriculture Research System/ ; CAAS-ASTIP-2021-CNRRI//the Rice Pest Management Research Group of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China Academy of Agricultural Science/ ; CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202406//the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institute/ ; }, abstract = {The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) is a major pest of rice, and its adaptation to resistant rice varieties often involves symbiotic microorganisms. Bacillus rugosus strain BPH-S36, isolated from a BPH population IR56 (virulent on resistant rice variety IR56), has been shown to enhance host survival on resistant rice when introduced into a susceptible BPH population TN1. To understand the genetic basis of this symbiotic virulence, we sequenced and assembled the complete genome of BPH-S36. The genome comprises a single circular chromosome of 4,120,256 bp with a GC content of 43.81%, encoding 4,288 protein-coding genes, 30 rRNA genes, 87 tRNA genes, and numerous genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, transport, and secondary metabolite synthesis. The assembly exhibits high completeness (98.4% BUSCO) and the genome sequence has been deposited in public databases (NCBI accession number JBSTRU000000000, BioProject: PRJNA1372835, BioSample: SAMN53627811). This high-quality genome resource provides a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying insect-symbiont-plant interactions and offers potential targets for novel pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42225829, year = {2026}, author = {Jöst, AB and Kim, T}, title = {From rigidity to collapse in soft coral slumping within the World Heritage coral gardens in Korean waters.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-54847-9}, pmid = {42225829}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RS-2025-02304432//Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries/ ; PEA0441//Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {Coral communities (i.e., soft and hard corals) in Korean waters persist in temperate coastal environments characterized by strong seasonal variability and episodic hydrographic extremes. Within a protected coastal seascape of high ecological and socio-economic value, designated as a UNESCO natural heritage site for its vibrant soft coral gardens, we report the first observation of widespread collapse in soft corals. Based on in situ photographs, we document a previously undescribed loss-of-structural-integrity phenomenon in soft corals. We term this a "slumping event." We define slumping in organisms lacking rigid skeletal support as collapse of the hydrostatic skeleton. The event affected multiple species of non-symbiotic octocorallian soft corals (family Nephtheidae), for which we describe four morphological stages: drooping, dangle, deflation, and disintegration, with a potential additional "inflation" stage. These represent descriptive categories based on cross-sectional observations rather than a confirmed temporal sequence. Environmental analyses indicate that the event coincided with anomalous hydrographic conditions characterized by sustained low salinity and elevated temperature. To quantify prolonged freshwater exposure, we introduce the Degree Freshening Week (DFW) metric, capturing the cumulative duration and intensity of hypo-saline stress, highlighting the importance of stress persistence rather than short-term extremes. This study provides the first field-based documentation and definition of soft coral slumping in situ. The aim is to present initial observations of this phenomenon in a hypothesis-generating context to guide further investigation into the effects of compound environmental stress on temperate coral communities.}, }
@article {pmid42226738, year = {2026}, author = {Vivas Ríos, LDC and Pérez Guedez, NC and Brazon Lunar, MF and Casado Chacín, MJ and Mendoza Sandoval, AD and Coll, DS and Villarreal, HJF and López, DJZ and Quintero, AJ}, title = {Effect of a symbiotic microbial complex (SMC) on productivity, early viability and blood parameters in broiler chicken under stress rearing conditions.}, journal = {Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {170-180}, pmid = {42226738}, issn = {2311-7710}, abstract = {Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of a novel Symbiotic Microbial Complex (SMC) as a non-nutritive additive on the productive performance, hematological parameters, and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens reared under environmental stress. Materials and Methods: A total of 264 one-day-old Ross broiler chickens were assigned to two treatments: A Control and an SMC treatment (10% dietary inclusion), with three replicates of 44 birds each, for 42 days. Diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic for the Pre-starter (1-10 days), Starter (11-22 days), and Finisher (23-42 days) phases. Environmental parameters (averaging 29.6°C) and water quality (Nitrates) were monitored. Weekly evaluations of production variables, hematology, and serum biochemistry were performed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests. Results: Inclusion of SMC significantly reduced cumulative mortality in the Pre-starter (20.45% Control vs. 3.03% SMC) and Starter phases (6.06% Control vs. 0.00% SMC) (p < 0.05). While no significant differences were observed in body weight or feed conversion ratio, the SMC treatment exhibited greater physiological stability. Liver enzyme activity (ALT/AST) was lower in SMC birds during metabolic peaks, and lipid profiles remained within normal physiological ranges despite environmental challenges. Conclusions: The SMC acted as a potent bioprotector, significantly enhancing early viability and maintaining systemic homeostasis. Its protective effect buffered the physiological toll of environmental heat and suboptimal water quality. However, its growth-promoting potential may be optimized under controlled environmental settings where metabolic energy is not prioritized for survival and homeostatic maintenance.}, }
@article {pmid42227223, year = {2026}, author = {Pérez-Ortega, S and Ortiz-Álvarez, R and Wierzchos, J and Blázquez, M and Gérault, A and de Los Ríos, A}, title = {Exploring the lichenization continuum through the marine tripartite symbiosis of Collemopsidium pelvetiae.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70210}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.70210}, pmid = {42227223}, issn = {1537-2197}, abstract = {PREMISE: Symbioses between lichen-forming fungi and brown algae (phaeophytes) are extremely rare. We investigated the interactions between the marine fungus Collemopsidium pelvetiae and its two photosynthetic partners, the brown alga Pelvetia canaliculata and a cyanobacterial symbiont to address questions on symbiosis biology, lichenization, and the diversity of fungal-photosynthetic associations in marine environments.<br><br>METHODS: We combined light microscopy, fluorescence microscope in structural illumination microscopy mode (SIM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize thallus architecture, symbiont interfaces, and ultrastructural interactions. Amplicon-based 16S rRNA sequencing profiled cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria from two regions (northern Spain and Brittany, France).<br><br>RESULTS: Collemopsidium pelvetiae had distinct interactions with its two photosynthetic partners and with heterotrophic bacteria. Interactions with Pelvetia canaliculata were restricted to the region beneath the perithecia, where hyphae penetrated the outer amorphous cell-wall layer, without any evident host defense response. In contrast, the interaction with cyanobacteria involved the formation of intracellular haustoria, which ultimately lead to the death of the cyanobionts, suggesting a controlled parasitic relationship or a transitional stage toward lichenization. Unexpectedly, C. pelvetiae also produced haustorium-like projections into heterotrophic bacterial cells, a structure not previously reported in lichen symbioses. Microbiome analysis identified Pleurocapsa as the most likely cyanobiont genus associated with C. pelvetiae and revealed consistent heterotrophic bacterial communities, suggesting a species-specific assemblage.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This marine tripartite symbiosis involves distinct interaction modes, challenging strict lichen definitions. We propose that lichen symbioses form a multidimensional continuum of strategies rather than a single mutualistic model.}, }
@article {pmid42218922, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Liu, Y and Wang, X and Wang, Y and Zhang, T and Shao, C}, title = {Comparative genomics of parasitic and symbiotic microeukaryotes: Phylogenomic insights into lifestyle transitions and co-evolutionary dynamics.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108651}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108651}, pmid = {42218922}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {Host-associated lifestyles are widespread among microbial eukaryotes, yet their evolutionary origins remain poorly resolved in unculturable lineages. Ciliates are complex unicellular eukaryotes characterized by nuclear dimorphism and extensive genome plasticity. They exhibit diverse host interactions, including ectoparasitism by Trichodina on fishes, opportunistic pathogenesis by Balantidium in mammals, and obligate anaerobic endosymbiosis by Nyctotheroides in amphibians. However, the evolutionary relationships among these host-associated forms have been obscured by a lack of genomic data. Here, we overcome this limitation by applying single-cell whole-genome sequencing to directly recover draft genomes from five ciliate species isolated from vertebrate hosts. Phylogenomic analyses reveal that these host-associated ciliates are distributed across deeply divergent clades within the phylum Ciliophora, with no congruence observed between ciliate phylogeny and host phylogeny. This decoupling demonstrates that host association has evolved independently in distantly related lineages without long-term co-diversification. Consequently, functional convergence in key gene categories suggests a shared genetic toolkit for adapting to diverse host environments. Furthermore, comparative functional profiling identifies convergent enrichment in genes involved in environmental sensing, transmembrane transport, and protein complex assembly, despite stark ecological differences among parasitic and symbiotic lifestyles. These shared molecular features suggest that successful colonization of animal hosts may be constrained by common physiological requirements rather than lineage-specific adaptations. By leveraging single-cell genomics, our study establishes a genomic framework for unculturable host-associated ciliates, providing access to previously elusive symbiotic and parasitic lineages and significantly advancing our understanding of the evolution of host dependence across microbial eukaryotes.}, }
@article {pmid42219403, year = {2026}, author = {Walker, SL and Emery, SM}, title = {Fungal symbiosis alters non-host, community-level plant trait response to N enrichment in a low-nutrient sand dune system.}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {208}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42219403}, issn = {1432-1939}, support = {#2217765//National Science Foundation/ ; #0918267//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Nitrogen ; Epichloe ; Poaceae ; Endophytes ; }, abstract = {Atmospheric nitrogen (N) enrichment is known to alter plant community trait composition and diversity. Additional research in low-resource environments is needed, however, as plant communities in these systems may respond differently than those where N is less limiting. Further, fungal endophytes, such as the Epichloë group, alter key mechanisms of species coexistence but have yet to be studied for their effects on community-level functional traits under conditions of global change. We studied the effects of N enrichment and the presence of aboveground fungal endophyte Epichloë amarillans (Epichloë hereafter) within the dominant grass species, Ammophila breviligulata (Ammophila hereafter), on community-weighted mean (CWM) traits and trait diversity of colonizing plant species in a long-term experiment of a low-resource coastal dune system. N enrichment at both real-world and high levels increased CWMs of plant size and specific leaf area (SLA) of colonizing species, and high N enrichment initially suppressed trait diversity (FDis). While N enrichment reduced community-level specific root length (SRL), this effect disappeared when Epichloë was present, indicating a predominant role of the fungal endophyte. We found that N enrichment may alter plant functional traits, even in a low-resource habitat, which may increase productivity, alter erosional dynamics, and affect belowground functioning. The presence of a fungal endophyte, however, altered community response to N enrichment treatments in a key root trait indicating that its presence may affect community-level traits and belowground functioning beyond its host species.}, }
@article {pmid42219535, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, Z and Cai, M and Liu, J and Zhou, N and Kong, F and Xie, F}, title = {Paralogous LRR receptor kinases confer symbiosis specificity between arbuscular mycorrhizal and root nodule symbioses in Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71307}, pmid = {42219535}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2024YFA0918200//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and root nodule (RN) symbiosis play essential roles in plant nutrient acquisition and share a common symbiotic signal transduction pathway, yet they produce distinct developmental outcomes. Here, we identify arbuscular mycorrhiza-induced kinase 2 (AMK2), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) in Lotus japonicus, as a key regulator of AM symbiosis. AMK2 is a paralog of the rhizobial infection receptor Rhizobial Infection Receptor-like Kinase 1 (RinRK1), highlighting an evolutionary link between receptors controlling different symbiotic programs. AMK2 expression is strongly induced following AM fungal (AMF) inoculation and is directly activated by the AM-specific transcription factor CBX1 through conserved CTTC cis-regulatory motifs. The AMK2 protein localizes specifically to arbuscule-containing cells, and amk2 mutants exhibit severely reduced arbuscule formation. Domain-swapping experiments between RinRK1 and AMK2 demonstrate that symbiosis specificity is determined by their intracellular kinase domains, whereas their extracellular domains are functionally interchangeable. Together, our findings show that two evolutionarily related LRR-RLK receptors have been differentially recruited to regulate AM and RN symbioses, providing mechanistic insights into how shared signaling components have diversified to control distinct mutualistic interactions between plants and microbes.}, }
@article {pmid42219551, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, C and Zhuang, H and Yao, L and Sun, M and Yu, C and Feng, T and Kang, W}, title = {Characterization of Key Aroma Compounds in Pandan Kombucha Fermented With SCOBYs From Different Regions via GC-MS, E-Nose, E-Tongue, and Sensory Analysis Approach.}, journal = {Journal of food science}, volume = {91}, number = {6}, pages = {e71164}, doi = {10.1111/1750-3841.71164}, pmid = {42219551}, issn = {1750-3841}, support = {27220H240337-A06//Shanghai Institute of Technology/ ; }, mesh = {*Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Fermentation ; *Odorants/analysis ; Electronic Nose ; Taste ; China ; Humans ; Solid Phase Microextraction ; Animals ; *Fermented Foods/analysis ; Flavoring Agents/chemistry ; Yeasts/metabolism ; }, abstract = {This study explored pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) infusion as a novel substrate for kombucha fermentation and examined the impact of symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) geographical origin on flavor development. Kombucha samples fermented using SCOBYs sourced from three regions in China: Jining, Shandong (SJ); Hangzhou, Zhejiang (ZH); and Hefei, Anhui (AH), were systematically characterized by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), electronic nose, electronic tongue, sensory evaluation, and multivariate statistical analyses. In total, 50 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified across all samples. The SJ sample exhibited the highest total VOC concentration (29.42 µg/g) and a balanced, floral, and fruity profile, linked to key compounds like 2-buten-1-one, 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-, (E)-, linalool, ethyl acetate, and phenethyl acetate. The ZH sample (27.24 µg/g) showed intense sour notes from acetic acid and butanoic acid, along with astringent notes from 4-ethylphenol and malty notes from 3-methyl-1-butanol. The AH sample had the lowest VOCs (10.32 µg/g) and malt-like, sour, and bitter characteristics. Odor activity value (OAV) analysis identified 2-buten-1-one, 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)- as the most influential aroma-active compound across all samples. Furthermore, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis screened 19 key differential aroma compounds contributing to sample discrimination. Overall, these findings demonstrate that SCOBY origin plays a decisive role in shaping the aroma composition, taste attributes, and sensory quality of pandan kombucha, providing a scientific basis for substrate innovation and starter culture selection in kombucha production.}, }
@article {pmid42221078, year = {2026}, author = {Gaspary, JFP and Lopes, LFD and Gaspary, FP and Lopes, EG and Edgar, AL and Camara, EP and Camara, AG}, title = {Stabilized adaptive states in microbiome-human integrated physiology: reframing health and chronic disease as symbiotic biological states.}, journal = {Frontiers in medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1824897}, pmid = {42221078}, issn = {2296-858X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Modern medicine has achieved remarkable precision in identifying molecular mechanisms and developing targeted interventions. However, a persistent clinical paradox remains: many chronic conditions-including metabolic, autoimmune, neuropsychiatric, and oncological disorders-exhibit long-term stability, resistance to guideline-concordant treatment, and recurrent trajectories. Despite extensive mechanistic characterization, the organizational basis of this stability remains insufficiently explained.<br><br>CONCEPTUAL GAP: In acute contexts such as infection and environmental intoxication, organisms can remain internally coherent while temporarily prioritizing non-host biological demands. This state-based perspective, however, has rarely been extended to chronic disease. At the same time, microbiome research has demonstrated that human physiology operates within a multigenomic system, in which exogenous gene repertoires contribute substantial metabolic and signaling capacity. Epigenetic research further indicates that repeated ecological exposures can progressively stabilize adaptive biological states over time.<br><br>PROPOSED FRAMEWORK: We propose a conceptual framework in which health and disease are interpreted as stabilized adaptive states emerging from hierarchical signal integration within a multigenomic human system. In this model, chronic pathology reflects coherent but constrained regulatory configurations, rather than simple dysregulation or isolated system failure. Central to this interpretation is membrane-level decisional architecture, which governs signal routing, threshold modulation, and downstream transcriptional responses across tissues.<br><br>IMPLICATIONS: This framework reorganizes existing evidence into a systems-level interpretation of chronic disease stability, providing a basis for generating testable hypotheses regarding state transitions, responsiveness to perturbation, and restoration of physiological flexibility. Rather than introducing new therapeutic doctrines, the model aims to clarify how biological systems stabilize over time and how such stabilization may be investigated within existing experimental paradigms.<br><br>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261295889, CRD420261295889; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261295945, CRD420261295945.}, }
@article {pmid42221143, year = {2026}, author = {Man, Y and Wang, Z and Wang, Z and Yang, N and Zhang, S and Han, Z}, title = {Draft Genomes of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its symbiont from Southwestern China.}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {186-188}, pmid = {42221143}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {Heterorhabditis nematodes have been widely exploited as effective biological control agents. Their pathogenicity largely relies on their bacterial symbionts. Here we present the genome assemblies and annotations of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its symbiotic bacterium Photorhabdus laumondii, isolated from Yunnan, China, along with comparative genomic analyses against the type strain TT01 from Australia.}, }
@article {pmid42221484, year = {2026}, author = {Sullivan, LT and Kelly, SE and Hunter, MS}, title = {Late is not great: fitness implications of delayed symbiont acquisition.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1786420}, pmid = {42221484}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Acquisition of beneficial microbes is often vital to the success of animals. In terrestrial arthropods, obligate symbionts are often acquired from mothers. However, the leaffooted bug, Leptoglossus zonatus, acquires its soil-dwelling bacterial symbiont, Caballeronia, from the environment in each generation starting in the 2nd instar. Bugs must locate their symbionts in a complex and heterogeneous environment, and location and acquisition may take time. We asked if there are costs to acquisition delay and if such costs accrue over longer intervals. A cohort of L. zonatus nymphs was split among eight treatments: seven different intervals for symbiont acquisition after bugs reached the 2nd instar (0-24 days) and a negative control in which bugs were never fed Caballeronia. We assessed the impacts on host performance by measuring acquisition success, juvenile survivorship, development time, adult mass, and development of the midgut symbiotic organ compared with the 0-day treatment. All measures were reduced by delayed acquisition of symbionts, beginning 8 days after nymphs reached the 2nd instar. As the delay increased, host survivorship and acquisition success were further reduced. Surviving hosts developed more slowly, were smaller, and their midgut symbiotic organs were smaller. Our results suggest that symbiont acquisition is most beneficial to hosts within a narrow window, within ~1 week of reaching the 2nd instar. Our results point to an important potential cost to this type of symbiosis. Nymphs must not only find the symbiont, but find it before it is too late to provide a benefit.}, }
@article {pmid42222304, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Li, Y and Chen, S and Xing, G and Zhang, Y and Meng, X and Zhang, Y and Cai, Y and Lin, JM}, title = {Enhancements of symbiotic adhesion and antibiotic efficacy observed by the metabolic crosstalk within cell-bacteria cocultured on a microfluidic gut chip.}, journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical analysis}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {101641}, pmid = {42222304}, issn = {2214-0883}, abstract = {The gut cells and symbiotic bacteria play a critical role in maintaining gut health and influencing disease development, with metabolic interactions among its constituents warranting further investigation. In this study, we developed a cell-bacteria coculture system on a microfluidic gut chip to simulate the human gut microenvironment and performed multi-omics analyses to elucidate the metabolic crosstalk within the system. The results revealed that the coculture significantly enhances the adhesion and biofilm formation of symbiotic bacteria to gut epithelial cells through activation of the glucose-pyruvate-acetate metabolic cycle. This coculture promotes glucose consumption and acetate secretion while remaining resilient to antibiotics. Moreover, the coculture protected symbiotic bacterial biofilms from antibiotic-induced disruption, thereby enhancing colonization resistance and improving the efficacy of antibiotics against pathogens. Our findings highlight the importance of cell-bacteria interactions in driving the glucose-pyruvate-acetate metabolic cycle, enhancing symbiotic adhesion, and optimizing antibiotic efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid42222793, year = {2026}, author = {Frota Gaban, SV and Queiroz Nogueira, SS and Marlon Mota Marques, F and Porro, C and Alves Filho, EG and Silva, LMA and Canuto, KM}, title = {Optimization of Kombucha Fermentation from Green Tea and Pineapple Juice: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Bioactive Profiles for Functional Beverage Development.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {11}, number = {20}, pages = {30197-30207}, pmid = {42222793}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {This study evaluated the metabolic evolution and functional quality of green tea-based kombucha and pineapple juice-based kombucha fermented with the same symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. Beverages were monitored over 0, 3, 5, and 7 days of fermentation using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy alongside complementary physicochemical and color analyses to elucidate changes in organic acids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds. Both beverages showed progressive pH reduction to approximately 3.4, increased titratable acidity, and lightning of color (increased L, decreased a and b*) over time. Sucrose content decreased progressively in both systems, accompanied by ethanol production followed by oxidation to acetic, gluconic, and succinic acids, which increased significantly (p < 0.05). Pineapple juice-based kombucha exhibited higher total acid production and faster acidification, while green tea kombucha maintained greater stability in malic and citric acids. Among nitrogenous and phenolic compounds, epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) peaked at day 5 before declining due to oxidative degradation; theanine and alanine showed transient increases, indicating microbial synthesis and assimilation. Caffeine remained relatively stable throughout fermentation. Antioxidant activity measured by the ABTS assay revealed significantly higher radical scavenging capacity in green tea kombucha (10.36 μmol TE/g at day 0 to 10.33 μmol TE/g at day 7) compared to pineapple kombucha (1.90 μmol TE/g to 3.00 μmol TE/g over the same period). Overall, day 5 was identified as the optimal fermentation point, balancing acid production, pH reduction, and preservation of bioactive compounds, supporting the development of functional kombucha beverages from both tea and fruit matrices.}, }
@article {pmid42223126, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, H and Kang, M and Xie, C and Song, Z and Zhang, J and Wu, X and Song, Y and Zhao, J and Zhang, P and Xia, P and Zhang, Z and Lynch, I and Guo, Z}, title = {Electrostatic Adsorption-Driven Reorganization of Phycosphere Eco-Corona as a Toxicity Mechanism of Cationic Nanoplastics.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6c00547}, pmid = {42223126}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging contaminants in freshwater ecosystems, readily forming heterogeneous aggregates with microalgae, yet their behavior in algal phycospheres remains poorly resolved. Here, we establish an aquatic phycosphere-plastic symbiotic system and a four-tiered analytical workflow, encompassing growth responses, cellular effects, phycosphere dynamics, and proteomic reprogramming to test how surface charge controls interactions between carboxylated and aminated polystyrene NPs (PS-COOH, PS-NH2, 50 nm) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Negatively charged PS-COOH exposure largely preserved physiological, ultrastructural, and redox homeostasis, indicating high tolerance of the symbiotic system. In contrast, positively charged PS-NH2 strongly inhibited biomass and chlorophyll, and triggered a cascade of intracellular stress, including sustained reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant imbalance, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and up to 89.6% apoptosis. Three-dimensional excitation-emission fluorescence with parallel factor analysis and self-organizing map (PARAFAC-SOM) analysis revealed charge- and dose-dependent reorganization of tyrosine- and tryptophan-like protein components in tightly and loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances, indicating spatial eco-corona remodeling. Quantitative proteomics showed that PS-COOH mainly induced homeostasis regulation in photosystem and electron-transport proteins, whereas PS-NH2 broadly disrupted photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and protein homeostasis. This multitier framework links NPs' surface charge to coupled interfacial, cellular, and proteomic processes in microalgal phycospheres, providing a mechanistic basis to assess the biological footprint of NPs in freshwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid42223258, year = {2026}, author = {Riedmuller, KC and Dyer, JE and Ottesen, EA}, title = {Large temperature excursions have modest impacts on community composition in the high diversity gut microbiome of omnivorous American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana).}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0028826}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.00288-26}, pmid = {42223258}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Microbial residents of ectothermic hosts are exposed to variations in temperature that have the potential to impact their physiology and the host-microbe symbiotic relationship. In this experimental warming study, laboratory populations of American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were kept at a baseline low room temperature of 20-22°C or a high temperature of 30°C, for 2 weeks. We quantified bacterial load and performed high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess the hindgut microbiome's response to a near 10°C shift in environmental temperature. We report modest impacts of temperature on cockroach gut microbiome composition. The high temperature treatment induced increases in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota phyla, as well as the Lactobacillaceae and Enterococcaceae families. We also observed increased interindividual variability. There were no significant differences in the dominant Bacteroidota or Firmicutes phyla, and no significant losses or reductions in taxa, or bacterial load, respectively. This suggests that the gut community of American cockroaches is largely resilient to prolonged increases in temperature, and has implications for the cockroach to withstand the impacts of climate change.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Insects, as with most animals, often harbor microbial symbionts that play an essential role in host health and nutrition. As insects are ectotherms, these microbial symbionts are subject to the same temperature fluctuations as their hosts, potentially impacting host temperature responses. Here, we demonstrate that the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) gut microbiome exhibits only modest changes following an ~10&#xb0;C increase in environmental temperature. This contrasts with studies in other insects, whose microbiota were highly responsive to temperature variation. This work illustrates that the microbiota of insects may vary in their sensitivity to long-term temperature shifts, providing a more comprehensive understanding of potential variability in insect responses to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid42223530, year = {2026}, author = {Pokharel, SK and Walsh, S and Shehata, N and Ahearne, A and Belin, D and Larson, B and Tabor, B and Wall, D and Stevens, DC}, title = {Predator avoidance promotes inter-bacterial symbiosis with myxobacteria in polymicrobial communities.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag140}, pmid = {42223530}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Myxobacteria are predatory soil bacteria with the largest known bacterial genomes, rich in biosynthetic gene clusters for specialized metabolites. Despite their ecological importance as potential keystone taxa in soil food webs, there is a disconnect between laboratory-isolated myxobacteria and abundant Myxococcota detected in environmental metagenomic studies. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of stable myxobacterial swarm consortia from rhizospheric soil, consisting of myxobacteria associated with novel Microvirga species. Using metagenomic sequencing, we assembled metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) for four consortia, revealing phylogenetically distinct yet stably associated bacterial partnerships. Comparative genomics identified evidence of horizontal gene transfer, including acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) synthases and ankyrin repeat (ANKYR) proteins shared between consortium members, and genome-scale metabolic modeling predicted complementary auxotrophies. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that Archangium exhibited reduced predation toward its Microvirga companion (0.7% predation rate) compared to non-symbiotic Myxococcus xanthus (14.9% predation rate) but maintained robust predatory capacity against Escherichia coli prey. These findings indicate that predation avoidance and metabolic complementarity can drive stable inter-bacterial symbiosis in predatory myxobacterial communities, providing foundational insights into previously overlooked myxobacterial partnerships that may be prevalent in natural soil ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid42225158, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, M and Wang, H and Liang, X and Li, J and Wang, C and Cui, L and Yang, S and Lin, J and Yang, Q and Yang, Z}, title = {Enhanced phenanthrene degradation in microalgae-bacteria systems: Mechanistic roles of exogenous and indigenous degraders.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {135034}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135034}, pmid = {42225158}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {This study investigates the synergistic mechanisms of phenanthrene (PHE) biodegradation using Chlorella vulgaris consortia with exogenous (EB) and indigenous (IB) bacteria. Results showed that both cooperative systems significantly enhanced algal growth and PHE removal, with biomass increasing by 17.2% (C.v-EB) and 75.0% (C.v-IB), and biodegradation rates reaching 75.3%-78.4%. Mechanistically, C.v-EB relied on enzymatic antioxidant responses (SOD and CAT) and a protein-rich extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) shield to mitigate oxidative stress. In contrast, C.v-IB exhibited superior resilience through non-enzymatic redox regulation (glutathione/thioredoxin systems) and the formation of a dense, biofilm-like EPS matrix supported by active transport genes (wzm/wzt). Metagenomic analysis revealed that C.v-IB possessed higher metabolic redundancy and energy production efficiency, organized into a coordinated "Degradation-Defense-Communication" genomic architecture via quorum sensing. Furthermore, both consortia expanded the metabolic landscape of PHE, effectively eliminating intermediate toxicity through divergent pathways. These findings provide a systematic framework for developing robust algal-bacterial biotechnologies for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid42214552, year = {2026}, author = {Pereira, CF and Ferrarini, MG and Kaltenpoth, M and Engl, T}, title = {Probing metabolic integration in obligate, intracellular symbioses.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101541}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2026.101541}, pmid = {42214552}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Microbial symbionts can contribute crucial capabilities to insect physiology such as limited nutrients, digestive or detoxifying enzymes, or bioactive specialized metabolites. While symbiont identity, localization and genomic capabilities are comparatively well understood due to the rise of sequencing technologies, the molecular and metabolic integration of intracellular symbionts is less well characterized. Due to the obligate nature of most of these symbioses, the study of host or symbiont in isolation is rarely possible. Instead, in situ techniques are required to decipher intertwined physiological processes. Temporally and spatially resolved structural analyses of symbiotic associations, omics approaches, and integrated metabolic models allow for a better understanding of host-symbiont interaction and provide testable hypotheses. Gene expression modulation of both host and symbiont, pharmacological perturbation of enzyme activities, and isotope tracing, then allow to test these hypotheses experimentally. Here, we provide a conceptual overview of these fields and emphasize how integrated workflows can yield causal insights.}, }
@article {pmid42214860, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Jiang, Y and Chen, X and Hu, M and Xu, L and Wang, Q and Zhu, W}, title = {Efficient U(VI) immobilization of uranium-contaminated soil mediated by Fungal-Bacterial Consortia.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {513}, number = {}, pages = {142502}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142502}, pmid = {42214860}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {This study isolated and screened four uranium-tolerant bacterial strains (Priestia aryabhattai, Priestia megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Arthrobacter woluwensis) and a group of uranium-tolerant symbiotic fungi (Mucor lusitanicus, Mucor ambiguus, Mucor circinelloides, Mucor plumbeus, Rhizopus arrhizus, Parasitella parasitica) from uranium-contaminated soil, based on which a Fungal-Bacterial Consortia (FBC) was constructed. The uranium immobilization performance of two FBC application modes in soil, namely direct addition and sodium alginate immobilization, was systematically evaluated. The results showed that uranium immobilization by FBC was mainly achieved via biosorption, bioreduction and bioaccumulation. Application of free FBC at 5% dosage and sodium alginate-immobilized FBC beads at 3% dosage reduced the acid-soluble uranium fraction by 65% and increased the residual uranium fraction by approximately 533%, with remediation performance significantly superior to that of single microbial strains. Furthermore, FBC amendment significantly elevated the abundance of functional strains in soil, with notable enrichment of the core uranium-tolerant genera screened in this study, including Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Priestia and Mucor. Further analyses demonstrated that the activities of soil urease, dehydrogenase and sucrase were significantly enhanced following FBC treatment, coupled with a marked upregulation in the expression of functional genes nirS3 and phnK. In addition, for Lolium perenne cultivated in the remediated soil, plant height, root length and biomass were increased by 30-50%, and uranium accumulation efficiency of the root system was enhanced by 3 folds. Collectively, these findings validate the high-efficiency remediation potential of the self-constructed uranium-tolerant FBC and provide a practical foundation for in-situ bioremediation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42215318, year = {2026}, author = {Chaddad, Z and Kaddouri, K and Lamrabet, M and Alami, S and Mnasri, B and Wipf, D and Courty, PE and Missbah El Idrissi, M}, title = {Corrigendum to "Bradyrhizobium zaerense sp. nov., an efficient symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from Lupinus luteus and Retama dasycarpa root nodules" [Systemat. Appl. Microbiol. 49 (2026) 126712].}, journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {126733}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2026.126733}, pmid = {42215318}, issn = {1618-0984}, }
@article {pmid42216275, year = {2026}, author = {Wong, ELY and Otte, J and Schmitt, I}, title = {Chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of the lichen-symbiotic green alga Trebouxia illuminate evolutionary relationships and climate associations, and yield new phylogenetic markers.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evag129}, pmid = {42216275}, issn = {1759-6653}, abstract = {The green-algal genus Trebouxia (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) is the most common photosynthetic symbiont of lichens, displaying high phylogenetic diversity, and worldwide distribution across all climate zones. These single-celled terrestrial algae are valuable systems to study diversification, environmental adaptation and species interactions, yet genomic resources remain limited. We present over 30 new chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Trebouxia species, extracted from PacBio metagenomes of diverse Umbilicaria lichens from multiple climate zones. The genomes represent previously identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) T. jamesii (A03), T. sp. (A04), T. incrustata (A06), T. vagua (A10), T. sp. (S02), T. sp. (S03), T. sp. (S04), T. suecica (S05), T. sp. (S08), T. angustilobata (S09), T. simplex (S10), T. sp. (S20), T. barrenoae (S28), a newly designated OTU A57, and several Single-Occurrence Sequences (SOS) from Clade A, I and S. Up to four Trebouxia OTUs were found within a single thallus. Organelle genomes vary considerably in size and structure. The consensus phylogenies from chloroplast (77 genes) and mitochondrial genes (32 genes) are largely congruent with the nuclear ITS tree, differing mainly in the derived clade S sections. All genes are under purifying selection, with mitochondrial genes exhibiting higher nucleotide diversity and hence phylogenetic resolution than chloroplast genes. Certain gene and protein features correlate with temperature variability, and some (such as GC content, arginine and valine content) mirror findings in mycobiont nuclear genomes from the same samples, and highlighting shared signatures of environmental adaptation. We designed primers for new, variable phylogenetic markers, including chloroplast genes ftsH and rpoC1, and mitochondrial genes ATP1, ATP6 and ND6. Overall, this study advances our understanding of organelle genome evolution in Trebouxia, and provides valuable resources for future ecological and evolutionary research.}, }
@article {pmid42216980, year = {2026}, author = {Ranger, CM and Baniszewski, JA and Patwa, N and Wei, HH and Pachhain, S and Raubenolt, JA and Altland, M and Cambronero-Heinrichs, JC and Phuntumart, V and Reding, ME and Rassati, D and Keesey, IW and Biedermann, PHW}, title = {Synergistic Effects of Acetic Acid and Ethanol on Offspring Production and Gallery Expansion by Fungus-Farming Ambrosia Beetles.}, journal = {Journal of chemical ecology}, volume = {52}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42216980}, issn = {1573-1561}, support = {#2021-51181-35863//USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture-Specialty Crop Research Initiative award/ ; N/A//USDA-Floriculture and Nursery Research Initiative/ ; #5082-21000-018-00D//USDA-ARS National Program 305 Project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Ethanol/pharmacology ; *Acetic Acid/pharmacology ; *Coleoptera/physiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development ; Larva/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Fungi/drug effects/physiology ; Drug Synergism ; X-Ray Microtomography ; }, abstract = {Wood-boring ambrosia beetles and their offspring obligately depend on cultivated fungi that they maintain within host trees. Stressed trees produce at least two potent antimicrobials, ethanol and acetic acid, which typically suppress the growth of most fungi. Ethanol facilitates the growth of ambrosia beetles' fungal mutualists and thus aids in host colonization; however, acetic acid's effects are unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of acetic acid on tunneling and offspring production by two exotic ambrosia beetle species, Xylosandrus germanus and Anisandrus maiche. Cut wood stems (i.e., bolts) were infused with water alone, 5% ethanol, or mixtures of 5% ethanol with acetic acid at various dilutions. Infestations by X. germanus and A. maiche resulted in more frass, larvae, pupae, and adults in the combined 5% ethanol-acetic acid treatment, than in the 5% ethanol alone or water control treatments. X-ray micro-computed tomography revealed that bolts infused with this 5% ethanol-acetic acid mixture had larger insect gallery volumes than those with only 5% ethanol, which in turn were larger than the water control. A positive relationship was found between frass ejected by each beetle and gallery volume across all experiments. This study demonstrates that acetic acid and ethanol synergistically increase offspring production while facilitating gallery expansion by the larvae. Understanding how ambrosia beetles utilize stress-induced compounds within host trees to benefit their fungiculture could lead to novel management strategies for these invasive insects.}, }
@article {pmid42217057, year = {2026}, author = {Dissanayake, EJMSK and Mine, Y and Amano, M and Ogura-Tsujita, Y}, title = {Generalist core orchid mycorrhizal fungi structure symbiotic associations across multiple orchid species in the Ryukyu archipelago, an island biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42217057}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/classification/genetics ; *Orchidaceae/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Japan ; *Biodiversity ; Phylogeny ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Islands ; }, abstract = {Plant-fungal symbioses influence plant community structure and dynamics, and orchids provide a model system for examining these interactions due to their strict dependence on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) throughout the life cycle. However, the organization of OMF communities across multiple orchid hosts in island ecosystems, and the identity of fungal lineages functioning as core symbionts, remain insufficiently resolved. We characterised OMF associated with 28 orchid species across the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan using a two-step approach: preliminary Sanger sequencing followed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) with multiple primer sets to improve taxonomic and phylogenetic coverage. HTS detected 57 OMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs), dominated by Tulasnellaceae, and recovered all Sanger-detected OTUs while capturing additional diversity. Six OTUs exhibited exceptionally broad host ranges, each occurring in more than ten orchid species, forming an ecologically influential generalist group that provides the basis for the core OMF concept proposed in this study. All orchids showed broad and flexible fungal associations with low specificity. Population-level patterns revealed both conserved and site-specific partners, reflecting the coexistence of apparent and true generalism among Ryukyu orchids. Primer choice significantly influenced the recovery of Tulasnellaceae clades, demonstrating that single universal primers underestimate lineage-level diversity. Together, these results indicate that orchid communities in the Ryukyus are structured around a core set of ecologically versatile generalist fungi that function as key symbionts across diverse hosts and habitats. These lineages represent promising candidates for multispecies symbiotic propagation and conservation initiatives, although their functional roles require validation through symbiotic culture assays.}, }
@article {pmid42217121, year = {2026}, author = {Misra, S and Salimi, F and Farrokh, P}, title = {The biostimulant role of microbial exopolysaccharides: mechanisms and agricultural applications.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42217121}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; Rhizosphere ; *Crops, Agricultural/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Agriculture ; Fungi/metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Soil Microbiology ; Cyanobacteria/metabolism ; Plants/microbiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are high-molecular-weight carbohydrate polymers secreted by bacteria (including cyanobacteria) and fungi that have attracted increasing interest as biostimulants for sustainable crop production. Despite a growing body of literature, an integrated analysis connecting EPS structural and physicochemical properties to downstream plant molecular responses has been lacking. This review addresses that gap by adopting a structure-function-omics framework, tracing a sequence from EPS chemical composition, including charge, molecular weight, hydrophilicity, and rheological behavior, through plant perception mechanisms, to the transcriptomic and metabolic changes that follow. In the rhizosphere, EPS contribute to soil aggregate stabilisation, water retention, and heavy metal chelation, improving root-zone conditions under drought, salinity, and metal toxicity. At the plant surface, LysM-domain receptor-like kinases recognize structurally defined EPS and initiate signaling cascades. The outcome, such as symbiosis, immunity, or growth promotion, depends on the EPS structural identity. Transcriptomic and metabolomic studies across multiple crop systems indicate that EPS exposure is associated with modulation of photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, antioxidant defense, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, including phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Phytohormone networks involving salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and auxin are also influenced, though evidence for intact high-molecular-weight EPS as direct hormonal regulators remains limited. Dedicated coverage is provided for cyanobacterial EPS, an underexplored source with distinctive structural properties. The review concludes by identifying priority knowledge gaps, notably the complete absence of studies on EPS-mediated epigenetic effects in plants, and outlines directions for translating EPS research into field-applicable biostimulant technologies.}, }
@article {pmid42217804, year = {2026}, author = {Sebastiano, S and Habek, E and Habouzit, C and Lestrade, D and Cazier, E and Assaf, AA and Guiraud, P and Formosa-Dague, C}, title = {Multiscale characterization of a microalgae-yeast co-culture: combining physiological performance assessment and nanomechanical analysis of symbiotic interactions.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {135004}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135004}, pmid = {42217804}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Microalgae and yeasts can establish a mutualistic relationship based on reciprocal oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange, offering a strategy to overcome productivity limits caused by the slow growth of microalgae. This study examines the physiological and biophysical responses of Parachlorella kessleri when co-cultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to enhance lipid productivity while maintaining cost-effectiveness for large-scale applications. A multi-scale analytical approach was used to clarify the mechanisms driving this interaction. Under co-culture conditions, biomass and lipid production increased 4-fold compared to microalgal monoculture grown in BBM + NO3 medium. Yeast sustained microalgal growth during the transition to phototrophy after glucose depletion (day 6) and promoted lipid accumulation through nutrient competition. Despite prolonged nutrient limitation (approximately 8 days), yeast viability remained above 68%, indicating possible metabolic support from microalgae via exopolysaccharides (EPS) - derived molecules. At the biophysical level, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses showed increased microalgal cell size, visible EPS production, and clear surface structural modifications in yeast cells, together with a significant reduction in yeast cell wall stiffness. Single-cell force spectroscopy using fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM) revealed stronger and longer microalgae-yeast interactions in co-culture, likely due to enhanced EPS production when cocultured. Overall, combining physiological and biophysical insights provides a deepened understanding of co-culture dynamics across scales, supporting the rational design and optimization of microalgae-yeast systems for sustainable and economically viable lipid production.}, }
@article {pmid42218227, year = {2026}, author = {Metz, S and Paulini, M and Rising, K and Quigley, KM and Voolstra, CR and Combosch, DJ and Ziegler, M and Parkinson, JE and McKenna, V and O'Brien, R and Niu, H and Linsdell, A and Aunin, E and Gettle, N and Oatley, G and Platte, R and Wood, J and McCarthy, S and Holroyd, N and Howard, C and Downie, J and Santos, CA and Johnson, W and Sinclair, E and Collins, J and Pelan, S and Zilov, D and Brooks, K and van Niekerk, K and Absolon, DE and Mathers, TC and Jackson, B and Howe, K and Blaxter, M and Sweet, M}, title = {Chromosome-level genomes of scleractinian corals: gene prediction and functional annotation.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-026-07499-3}, pmid = {42218227}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {GBMF8897//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; GBMF8897//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; 220540/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Scleractinia (stony corals) are a diverse taxonomic order within the phylum Cnidaria, comprising more than 1,600 species described to date. Most of these corals play a key role as reef builders by secreting calcium carbonate, forming rigid skeletons that provide the structural foundation of tropical coral reef ecosystems. Through colonial growth and symbioses with their photosynthetic microalgae (Symbiodiniaceae) and a suite of other microorganisms, scleractinian corals support high primary productivity and underpin the vast biodiversity of coral reefs. Corals are under severe pressure from climate change, including ocean warming and acidification, which threaten their survival and, consequently, the persistence of coral reef systems globally. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to increase the number of sequenced genomes from scleractinian corals, thereby providing crucial insights into their biology, evolution, resilience, and vulnerability. However, there are few high-quality reference genomes for Scleractinia, and many available genomes remain unannotated, creating barriers to collaboration and scientific insight. Annotation outcomes also vary depending on the methods and software utilised. To address these issues, we applied a standardised pipeline for generating high-quality gene models to 40 scleractinian genomes, spanning 22 genera across 13 families. These genomes, produced through the Aquatic Symbiosis Genomics (ASG) Project, are publicly available. This curated resource of annotated quality genomes will provide essential molecular tools at a critical time for coral reef conservation.}, }
@article {pmid42218251, year = {2026}, author = {Dalo, DD and Andeta, AF and Mamo, BG and Gunnabo, AH}, title = {Native rhizobia nodulating soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) performs better than commercial strain across locations in South Ethiopia Region.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-55131-6}, pmid = {42218251}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is one of the important legume crops, rich in protein, vegetable oil, maintain soil fertility and used as human food and livestock feed. Despite its importance, adoption and productivity of soybean in South Ethiopia is limited by poor agricultural practices and poor access to inputs like biofertilizers. This work aimed at trapping and screening elite rhizobia strains to use as inoculants in farmers' fields for improved soil health and crop productivity. Forty-four rhizobia strains isolated from different locations in South Ethiopia region were screened along with a commercial inoculant Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain (obtained from Menagesha Biotech Industry, Addis Ababa) in greenhouse using modified Leonard jars (MLJ). Three top performing rhizobia strains SB19, SB22, and SB24 based on the MLJ experiment and the commercial inoculant were further evaluated in farmers' fields at different locations with varying eco-physiological conditions because environmental factors differ from place to place, affecting how living things grow, survive and function. MLJ experiment revealed that the new isolates SB19, SB22, and SB24 had significantly higher relative symbiotic effectiveness (SE%) (p < 0.05) than un-inoculated and N-fertilized control plants. Except SB19, the top performing strains did not differ from the commercial strains regarding SE%. Strain SB19 produced 34 to 61 number of nodules, while the commercial strain induced 22 to 49 nodules. In the first field experiment (2023) inoculation of soybean with SB19 resulted in average grain yields of 3.1 and 2.92 tons ha[-][1] at Arba Minch University (AMU) demo farm and Abaya campus experimental sites to be consistent with, respectively. In experiment 2 (2024), SB19 strain resulted in the average grain yields of 2.39 and 2.45 tons ha[-1] at Abaya and AMU demo sites, respectively. Across all locations, the commercial strain produced an average yield of 2.25 to 2.40 tons ha[-][1], which was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the native strains, but higher than the control plants, which yielded 1.87 to 2.02 tons ha[-][1]. Among the evaluated strains, SB19 consistently exhibited the most promising performance across all fields and locations compared to the commercial one and others. This finding highlights the presence of highly effective, locally adapted rhizobial strains capable of nodulating soybean in South Ethiopian soils, and demonstrate their promise for selection and improvement into superior inoculant strains to enhance soybean productivity.}, }
@article {pmid42218364, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, H and Shi, H and Li, C and Lei, L}, title = {EgSPE, a secreted protein from Epichloë gansuensis, modulates symbiotic establishment and host drought tolerance.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-09133-1}, pmid = {42218364}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {U21A20239//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32300241//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22ZSCQD01//Gansu Province Intellectual Property Program/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Epichloë endophytes form beneficial symbioses with cool-season grasses, enhancing host tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought while maintaining normal plant growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning this symbiosis, particularly the role of fungal-secreted protein, remain largely unexplored.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, we identify EgSPE, a secreted protein from Epichlo&#xeb; gansuensis, as a key regulator of symbiotic establishment and host drought adaptation in drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians). Transcriptome profiling during host colonization revealed EgSPE as a strongly induced gene encoding a secreted protein. Functional characterization facilitated by a substantially improved transformation system demonstrates that EgSPE is critical for fungal growth and efficient host colonization, as its deletion severely disrupted symbiotic establishment. Notably, EgSPE activates the host drought-responsive signaling by inducing the marker gene RD29A in a heterologous system (Nicotiana benthamiana) and upregulating stress-related genes (AiRD22, AiNAC5, and AiABA1) in its native host (A. inebrians). Consistently, only the E. gansuensis wild-type and OE-EgSPE strains enhanced host drought resistance, whereas the &#x394;egspe mutants failed to confer this benefit.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our research findings identify EgSPE as a fungal protein that plays an important role in the establishment of symbiosis and in the host's drought response, providing strong evidence for how E. gansuensis promotes abiotic stress tolerance in grasses.}, }
@article {pmid42218921, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, F and Fu, W and Topalović, O and Zhang, Q and Li, K and Li, H and Qing, X}, title = {Genomic insights into nematode microbiomes reveal novel endosymbionts Rickettsiella.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108650}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108650}, pmid = {42218921}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacterial endosymbionts are key drivers of invertebrate ecology and evolution. While the diversity and functional role of the nematode microbiome remain poorly explored.<br><br>METHODOLOGY: We reconstructed and characterized 108 metagenome-assembled genomes from 10 published and 15 newly sequenced nematode genomes.<br><br>PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We report the first evidence of Rickettsiella in nematodes and discovered novel endosymbionts Cardinium and Wolbachia in plant-parasitic nematodes. The nematode microbiome is enriched with genes for carbohydrate metabolism and the biosynthesis of essential amino acids and vitamins, indicating a potential primary role in host nutrition. Notably, mobile genetic elements like prophages and insertion sequences (IS) are widespread and carry passenger genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis, suggesting horizontal gene transfer facilitates metabolic adaptation. Genomic reduction in the nematode Rickettsiella lineage, reveals extensive gene loss, particularly in amino acid biosynthesis. Crucially, we find no evidence of purifying selection on its residual nutritional pathways, and thus cannot clearly support a mutualistic role for this association.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings expand the known host range of major endosymbiont groups and reveal a spectrum of symbiotic relationships in nematodes, from putative mutualism driven by nutritional supplementation to associations with neutral or parasitic traits, shaped by pervasive horizontal gene transfer and reductive genome evolution.}, }
@article {pmid42213785, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Zhang, A and Yu, C and Tang, X and Wang, J and Chen, F and Jiang, K and Yin, WB and Fang, W}, title = {Barceloneic acid A enables Metarhizium robertsii to establish parasitism in insects and mutualism in plants by inhibiting farnesyltransferase.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {117371}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117371}, pmid = {42213785}, issn = {2211-1247}, abstract = {Many microbial symbionts form distinct partnerships with different hosts. While the mechanisms specific to each partnership are well understood, the shared strategies that a symbiont uses to interact with disparate hosts remain understudied. Here, we report that the endophytic and entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii deploys the farnesyltransferase inhibitor barceloneic acid A (BA-A) to modulate the physiology of insects and plants to develop parasitism and mutualism, respectively. During insect infection, BA-A inhibits host Ras protein farnesylation, reducing its cell membrane localization and suppressing MAPK/ERK phosphorylation and production of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. This suppresses larval pupation and decelerates larval death by upregulating antibacterial peptides to kill gut-derived opportunistic pathogens in the hemocoel, prolonging M. robertsii's access to nutrient-rich larval hemolymph for maximal reproduction. BA-A also inhibits the plant farnesyltransferase, downregulating the defense-related protein PR2 to facilitate mutualism development. The BA-A biosynthetic gene cluster was characterized, which is activated during interactions with insects and plants.}, }
@article {pmid42203372, year = {2026}, author = {McCann, P and Megaw, J and Gobert, GN}, title = {Parasite-associated microbiomes: An unseen microenvironment.}, journal = {Advances in parasitology}, volume = {131}, number = {}, pages = {31-70}, doi = {10.1016/bs.apar.2026.03.001}, pmid = {42203372}, issn = {2163-6079}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Microbiota ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Parasites/microbiology/physiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Parasites harbor diverse microbial ecosystems that include not only bacteria but also archaea, fungi, viruses and microbial eukaryotes. These parasite-associated microbiomes, long overlooked, are now recognized as important determinants of parasite development, fitness, virulence and interactions with hosts across medical, veterinary, agricultural and ecological systems. However, current understanding of parasite-associated microbiomes remains fragmented, with most studies focusing on a narrow set of human parasites, relying heavily on bacterial surveys and rarely capturing the full multi-kingdom diversity of microbial partners. Important challenges include expanding research to encompass neglected parasite groups and their non-bacterial associates, establishing causal links between microbiome members and parasite phenotypes, and overcoming the technical barriers posed by low-biomass, host-contaminated and/or experimentally intractable systems. Progress will also depend on developing robust reference genomes and analytical tools that can resolve multi-kingdom communities and integrate parasite and symbiont biology. This chapter synthesizes current knowledge across helminths, protozoa, ectoparasites and plant-infecting parasites. We consider how microbiome manipulation may contribute to parasite control while recognizing the evolutionary and ecological complexities involved in altering host-parasite-microbiome interactions. Embracing an explicitly multi-kingdom, holobiont-focused perspective promises to illuminate fundamental aspects of parasitism. Such knowledge may contribute to new avenues for mitigating the impact of parasitic diseases on human and animal health, food security and ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid42203451, year = {2026}, author = {Ichige, R and Urabe, J}, title = {Host Genetic Constraints on the Horizontal Transmission of Daphnia-associated Microbiota.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {41}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME26003}, pmid = {42203451}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {Animals ; *Microbiota ; *Daphnia/microbiology/genetics ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Genotype ; Symbiosis ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; *Daphnia pulex/microbiology/genetics ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; }, abstract = {The taxonomic composition of Daphnia microbiota is affected not only by external environmental conditions, but also by the host's internal physiological state, which is partly governed by genetic factors. However, the extent to which host genetics constrain the composition of associated bacterial communities remains unclear. In the present study, we conducted mixed-culture experiments using obligately parthenogenetic Daphnia cf. pulex individuals from genetically distinct lineages. The results obtained showed that the taxonomic composition of host-associated microbiota significantly differed between genotypes, both within and across lineages, with certain bacterial taxa being exclusive to specific genotypes. When genetically distinct hosts were co-cultured, some bacterial taxa initially exclusive to one genotype appeared in the microbiota of another, indicating the horizontal transmission of microbiota between hosts. Nevertheless, the overall taxonomic composition of microbiota was largely unaffected by the presence of genetically different hosts. These results suggest that although the horizontal transfer of microbiota occurs between different Daphnia genotypes, it is not extensive enough to override genotype-specific microbiota compositions. Therefore, in D. cf. pulex, host genetics play a major role in shaping the composition of the associated microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid42205089, year = {2026}, author = {Duan, M and Wang, M and Wei, F and Tao, M and Yang, H and Li, S and You, R and Yang, C and Duan, X and Yang, S and Rao, MJ}, title = {Fairy Ring Fungus Rewires Rice Lipid Metabolism: A Symbiotic Strategy for Enhanced Growth and Photosynthetic Efficiency.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {3}, pages = {e70950}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70950}, pmid = {42205089}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {202305AC160057//Project for Reserve Talents of Young and Middleaged Academic and Technical Leaders/ ; 2022JJB130068//Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province/ ; 210604199008271015//Young Talent Project of Talent Support Program for the Development of Yunnan/ ; 202401BA070001-122//Local Universities of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology,/ ; 202401AU070077//Basic Research Special Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {*Oryza/microbiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Photosynthesis/physiology ; *Lipid Metabolism/physiology ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; Galactolipids/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The fairy ring fungus Leucocalocybe mongolica (strain LY9) has shown significant potential as a sustainable biofertilizer, yet its mechanisms for enhancing crop growth remain poorly understood. This study suggests that LY9 significantly improves rice growth and photosynthetic efficiency by reprogramming lipid metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. Using soil transformation experiments with varying LY9 concentrations (10%-50%), we observed dose-dependent increases in tillering (up to 122%), root length (26%), and chlorophyll content (214%). Lipidomic profiling and transcriptomic analyses revealed that LY9 upregulates lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LysoPEs) in rice roots (promoting membrane flexibility and nutrient uptake), while enhancing chloroplast lipids like monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and stress-protective oxylipins in leaves, thereby supporting photosynthetic performance and resilience. LY9 treatment reduced post-harvest soil nutrient concentrations, suggesting enhanced plant nutrient uptake and utilization by the rice plants. These findings provide novel insights into how fungal symbionts optimize plant lipid networks to boost growth, offering a sustainable strategy to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers in rice cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid42206572, year = {2026}, author = {Alamer, N and Siozios, S and Corbin, C and Hornett, EA and Jones, JE and Hurst, GDD}, title = {Spiroplasma Are Protective Heritable Symbionts With Low Physiological Impact in the Drosophilid Fly Zaprionus kolodkinae.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e70365}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70365}, pmid = {42206572}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {NE/V011979/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; //Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Spiroplasma/genetics/physiology/classification ; *Symbiosis ; *Drosophilidae/microbiology/physiology/parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Wasps/physiology ; Female ; }, abstract = {Spiroplasma bacteria are widespread associates of insects, with Drosophila serving as a key model for understanding maternally inherited symbioses. Most research has focused on the poulsonii-citri clade of Spiroplasma, leaving other lineages comparatively understudied. Here, we characterise the symbiosis between the drosophilid Zaprionus kolodkinae and its ixodetis group Spiroplasma (sZko). We assembled a complete genome for sZko, which encodes multiple candidate symbiosis factors, including ankyrin repeat domain proteins and diverse ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) toxins typically linked to protective interactions. Notably, the genome also harbours a gene with a predicted ricin B lectin-binding domain, a candidate for establishing microbe-insect interactions at the eukaryotic cell surface. Phenotypic assays confirmed maternal inheritance of sZko with no evidence of reproductive parasitic phenotypes. Infected flies were protected against attack by the generalist parasitoid wasp Leptopilina heterotoma. There was no detectable impact of sZko on its host's starvation tolerance, suggesting minimal physiological cost to the host, and this low impact was mirrored for the protective symbiont sHy1 in D. hydei but contrasted with previous results for D. melanogaster. We conclude the Z. kolodkinae-Spiroplasma association is primarily defensive, and genomic analysis raises the possibility that protection involves a novel coupling between lectin-binding domains and RIPs.}, }
@article {pmid42207621, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Jiang, J and Deng, Q and Liu, L and Hu, R and Sattar, W and Muhammad, A and Hou, Y and Shi, Z}, title = {PGRP-S1 Maintains Gut Microbiota Homeostasis of a Notorious Insect Pest by Negatively Regulating Intestine Immunity.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.6c00887}, pmid = {42207621}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is a non-native stem-boring pest in China that has established symbiotic interactions with gut microbiota. However, the molecular mechanisms by which RPW avoids aberrant immune activation to maintain gut microbiota homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, we found that RfPGRP-S1 is a secreted peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) with amidase activity, and it is present in the gut with the highest expression level. Furthermore, RfPGRP-S1 could be drastically induced to be expressed upon bacterial challenge. rRfPGRP-S1 caused significant bacterial agglutination and significantly retarded the growth of S. aureus. RfPGRP-S1 knockdown dramatically decreased the persistence of introduced E. coli in the gut and hemolymph and the load of the indigenous gut microbiota, with intensively altered bacterial compositions. However, higher expression levels of RfDefensin were detected in the gut after RfPGRP-S1 silencing. Collectively, we found that RfPGRP-S1 maintains gut bacterial homeostasis by preventing the excessive activation of intestinal immunity via its amidase activity.}, }
@article {pmid42207963, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, L and Xu, Z and Wang, J and Liu, F and Ding, Y and Gao, Y and Wang, S and Liu, J and Chan, HL and Wu, W and Wu, YH and Yu, L and Hao, X and Li, X and Edwards, DG and Sha, C and Lee, TD and Guan, N and Aguirre, S and Becerra-Dominguez, L and Hoffman, D and Chen, X and Rivas, CH and Yan, XG and Bado, IL and Zhang, W and Zhu, Q and Sreekumar, A and Satcher, RL and Zhang, XH}, title = {ICAM1high Neutrophils Sculpt Tumor Evolution and Metastasis through Symbiotic Adhesion and Reverse Migration.}, journal = {Cancer research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-25-3935}, pmid = {42207963}, issn = {1538-7445}, abstract = {Neutrophils are a prominent component of the tumor microenvironment that can have both pro- and anti-tumor functions. By analyzing neutrophils across different human cancers, we revealed an ICAM1high subset enriched in the tumor microenvironment, which were also observed in murine triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. ICAM1high neutrophils exhibited an enhanced capacity for cell-cell adhesion specifically with tumor cells retaining epithelial features, and this adhesion conferred mutual advantages to both cell types. In contrast, cancer cells with mesenchymal-like phenotypes were vulnerable to neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity due to decreased cell adhesion and elastase resistance. These opposite effects drove tumor evolution toward a dichotomy of neutrophil-enriched, epithelial-like and macrophage-enriched, mesenchymal-like ecosystems. As ICAM1high neutrophils can reverse migrate from tissue into the circulation, the adhesive and reverse migratory properties together mediated metastatic intravasation. Spatial transcriptomic and tissue microarray analyses demonstrated interactions between tumor cells, neutrophils, and endothelial cells in human TNBC, particularly in non-Hispanic European compared to African American patients. Together, this study demonstrated tumor-immune co-evolution in which neutrophils instruct phenotypes and metastatic behaviors of TNBC, which may preferentially occur in patients of certain ancestries.}, }
@article {pmid42208257, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, H and Chen, Y}, title = {Agriculture-conservation nexus in East Asian GIAHS: Paddy reclamation reshapes migratory avian communities.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {410}, number = {}, pages = {130040}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130040}, pmid = {42208257}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Existing studies suggest that land use/land cover (LULC) changes causing biodiversity loss have inadequately incorporated the sustainability paradigm of human-nature coupled systems in East Asian Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), while also lacking analysis of differential responses among specific species to cultivated landscape changes. Based on the theoretical framework of human-nature coupled systems, this study reveals the compound ecological effects of paddy field reclamation policies in East Asian agricultural heritage sites. Focusing on China's Liaohe river wetlands, one of the world's fastest-changing estuarine ecosystems in land cover, we integrated multi-source remote sensing data and avian biodiversity data from 1990 to 2023 to quantitatively assess the response patterns between paddy reclamation and bird biodiversity. Results show that paddy field coverage in the Liaohe river wetlands increased from 29.79% to 45.25%, primarily driven by rice-crab symbiotic system expansion. However, this ecological compatibility did not significantly reduce net potential biodiversity loss, but rather altered avian community structures, consequently influencing the typological and functional choices of global migratory birds. This indicates that agricultural land changes in heritage sites can enhance avian diversity and stability by creating eco-mimetic habitats and food supplies, effectively substituting natural wetland functions, while simultaneously reshaping biological chains at typological scales. These findings challenge the unidirectional ecological loss assumptions in LULC changes, provide critical empirical evidence for aligning the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework with Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems conservation goals, and establish a novel land-sharing pathway for synergistic agricultural intensification and ecological protection.}, }
@article {pmid42209929, year = {2026}, author = {Hami, A and Attar, IE and Mghazli, N and Marzouk, O and Bouzroud, S and Sbabou, L and Taha, K}, title = {Cyanobacterial biostimulants boost tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Growth and drought tolerance for climate-resilient cropping systems.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42209929}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Solanum lycopersicum/growth &amp; development/microbiology/physiology ; Drought Resistance ; *Cyanobacteria/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; Biomass ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Droughts ; Symbiosis ; Stress, Physiological ; Anthocyanins/metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Since 2.4 Giga-annum, cyanobacteria have played a pivotal role in the oxygenation of Earth, supporting nitrogen availability through symbiosis with plants such as cycads, and enhancing growth, yield, and resilience to abiotic stresses, particularly drought induced by climate change. This research explores the effects of their lyophilized and aqueous extracts on tomato growth and stress resilience. The primary goal was to identify the cyanobacterial symbionts and evaluate the effects of the two biostimulant forms on tomato growth traits, in order to select the most effective for alleviating drought stress. The results indicated that the isolated strains belong to Desmonostoc sp., with the best performance observed in lyophilized biomass extracted from Desmonostoc sp. CH3C6 and C5. The experimental setup, involving single inoculations of the best performing strains and their co-inoculation revealed that inoculation enhanced root growth and relative water content, while negatively affected photosynthetic pigments. Inoculation with Desmonostoc sp. CH3C6 increased total soluble sugar (37.32 mg) and total phenol content (20.74 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent) /g), whereas proline (31.78 mg/g), catalase activity (0.002 U mg[-1] protein), and anthocyanin (0.101 mg/mL) biosynthesis were significantly improved by co-inoculation under stress. These findings reveal strain-specific responses to the derived biostimulant forms, with lyophilized biomass particularly improving tomato tolerance under water scarcity. Nevertheless, further research is required to understand crop specificity to biostimulant form, as well as the optimal application frequency and techniques.}, }
@article {pmid42210460, year = {2026}, author = {Nie, RN and Wu, CX and Wang, R and Dong, MB and Zheng, X and Li, A and Ji, XY and Sun, LY and Su, Y and Zhang, JP}, title = {[Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on growth and physiological characteristics of walnut seedlings under NaCl stress].}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {1044-1054}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.019}, pmid = {42210460}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Juglans/growth &amp; development/physiology/microbiology ; *Seedlings/growth &amp; development/physiology/microbiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Salt Stress/physiology ; *Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Basidiomycota/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Fungi ; }, abstract = {Soil salinization is a global problem constraining agricultural and forestry development. Utilizing micro-bial symbiosis to enhance the salt tolerance of woody plants is a sustainable and effective strategy. We conducted a pot experiment to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of single and combined inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Piriformospora indica (Pi) on two-month-old 'Red Kernel Walnut' (Juglans regia) seedlings under salt stress. There were five treatments, including 1) non-stress control (CK), 2) salt stress (0.8% NaCl, S), 3) salt stress + Fm inoculation (S+Fm), 4) salt stress + Pi inoculation (S+Pi), and 5) salt stress + combined Fm and Pi inoculation (S+FmPi). We measured the growth parameters, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmotic regulatory substances, and endogenous hormone levels at 10, 20, and 30 days after the initiation of treatments. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of salt stress on plants intensified over time. Inoculation treatments effectively alleviated stress damage at all time points, with combined inoculation (FmPi) demonstrating superior efficacy compared to single inoculations. At 10, 20, and 30 days after treatment, compared to the salt stress group (S), the S+FmPi treatment increased seedling biomass by 6.6%, 18.4%, and 24.2%, respectively; leaf chlorophyll a content by 43.3%, 84.9%, and 56.5%, chlorophyll b content by 19.6%, 107.6%, and 98.6%; root superoxide dismutase activity by 40.6%, 10.8%, and 9.7%, and ascorbate peroxidase activity by 44.7%, 57.3%, and 22.6%; while decreased root malondialdehyde content by 26.0%, 28.3%, and 28.9%. Hormonally, compared with the salt stress group (S), combined inoculation (S+FmPi) resulted in 1.0% decrease, 4.0% increase, and 3.3% reduction in leaf indole-3-acetic acid content at 10 d, 20 d, and 30 d, respectively. Moreover, abscisic acid content was decreased by 15.9% at 10 d, increased by 2.0% at 20 d, and decreased by 7.9% at 30 d. Comprehensive evaluation using principal component analysis and membership function values ranked the alleviating effects of inoculation treatments as S+FmPi >S+Fm>S+Pi. Combined inoculation of Fm and Pi significantly enhanced salt tolerance of walnut seedlings through synergistic multi-pathway regulation. These findings would provide a theoretical foundation for applying mycorrhizal technology in walnut cultivation on saline soils.}, }
@article {pmid42210596, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Wang, F and Shi, F and Wei, Y and Zhou, M and Wu, F and Su, H and Liu, X}, title = {Multiomics Reveals the Mechanisms of Rhizosphere Symbiotic Fungi in Mitigating Micro(nano)plastics Transfer and Toxicity in Food Chains.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c16131}, pmid = {42210596}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Soil micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) pollution is becoming increasingly prominent, posing a serious threat to ecological security. However, few studies have examined the remediation of soil MNPs pollution. This study constructed a multidimensional coupled system of soil-microbe interface plants-animals, in order to investigate the pathways and key mechanisms underlying rhizosphere microbiome-mediated inhibition of trophic transfer and toxicity of MNPs. The findings demonstrated that the common root-associated soil microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), exhibit a mitigation effect on the food chain ecological stress of various MNPs in the environment. The mitigation was primarily manifested as a 45.57-56.52% reduction of MNPs concentration in animals and plants (due to changes in the rhizosphere environment and MNPs aging, which inhibit MNPs migration) and a decrease in MNPs binding ability to organisms. Additionally, analysis of molecular regulatory mechanisms showed that AMF mediation improved the substance synthesis and defensive pathways of plants under MNPs stress, and their palatability as food, leading to increased immune regulation and energy metabolism functions in snails consuming AMF-mediated leaves. These findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of green and efficient biological control technologies for soil MNPs pollution.}, }
@article {pmid42211484, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, SY and Liu, PF and Fu, C and Tang, SY and Zhou, XF and Lou, BG}, title = {Physiological mechanisms of Piriformospora indica- Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch symbiosis in regulating growth and medicinal compound biosynthesis under salt stress.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1802147}, pmid = {42211484}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is a medicinal plant commonly cultivated in salinized soils, where environmental stress suppresses the accumulation of pharmaceutically active components. To date, only limited studies have examined whether Piriformospora indica, a root endophytic fungus with growth-promoting and stress-alleviating properties, can improve the salt tolerance and medicinal quality of G. uralensis, particularly at the physiological and transcriptional levels.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we successfully established a symbiotic system between G. uralensis and P. indica. To evaluate responses to salt stress, P. indica-inoculated and non-inoculated plants were subjected to NaCl treatments at 0, 100, 200, 300, and 350 mM, with 18 biological replicates per treatment. Colonization by P. indica was confirmed through microscopic examination and molecular identification. Growth phenotypes, antioxidant enzyme activities, membrane lipid peroxidation levels, chlorophyll-related indices, and the accumulation of key medicinal components were systema4tically quantified in symbiotic G. uralensis across different growth stages.<br><br>RESULTS: Inoculation with P. indica significantly increased plant height, root length, and dry weight by 27.8%, 25.5%, and 52.2%, respectively. The symbiotic association enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) by 48.4% and 27.5%, respectively. Although malondialdehyde (MDA) content initially increased by 16.5% due to early fungal colonization, the canopy SPAD value simultaneously increased by 20.3%. These findings suggest that P. indica colonization is associated with differential oxidative stress responses between roots and shoots. Furthermore, under the high salt concentration of 300 mM NaCl, the contents of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid were markedly increased by 124.7% and 62.5%, respectively. P. indica enhanced the accumulation of secondary metabolites by modulating key rate-limiting enzyme genes rather than indiscriminately activating entire metabolic pathways. For example, the symbiont significantly upregulated GuHMGR in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and GuCHR in flavonoid biosynthesis. These transcriptional changes may contribute to alleviating salt-induced constraints on secondary metabolite accumulation.<br><br>DISCUSSION: In conclusion, P. indica colonization significantly improved growth performance, stress resistance, and medicinal compound accumulation in G. uralensis under salt stress. This study provides a theoretical foundation for improving the cultivation quality of G. uralensis in saline soils.}, }
@article {pmid42212565, year = {2026}, author = {Moore, ME and Curé, AE and Johnson, TW and Biddle, G and Baniszewski, JA and Ranger, CM and Milbrath, LR and Lovett, B}, title = {Ethanol tolerance of fungal strains underlies biocontrol of invasive ambrosia beetles.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toag144}, pmid = {42212565}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {#2021-51181-35863//United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Specialty Crops Research Initiative/ ; #8062-22410-007-000D//United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research/ ; }, abstract = {Entomopathogenic fungi are widely recognized as biological control agents showing potential against insect pests that are difficult to manage with chemical pesticides. Invasive ambrosia beetles threaten a wide variety of tree crops and prove challenging to manage with chemical pesticides due to their unique life history: entrenched in the xylem of tree hosts, feeding on symbiotic fungi. Many ambrosia beetle species attack trees that are flood-stressed and producing ethanol, a key component of growth for their fungal symbiont. Ethanol causes osmotic and chaotropic stress in microbes and could prevent successful biocontrol of ambrosia beetles using insect-killing microbes. To investigate the potential of entomopathogenic fungi to manage ambrosia beetles, we conducted a series of experiments using 3 species in eastern North America (Xylosandrus germanus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Anisandrus maiche). We tested the efficacy of 3 microbial-based commercially available biopesticides (Botanigard 22 WP: Beauveria bassiana; Met52: Metarhizium brunneum; and PFR-97 20% WDG: Cordyceps javanica) in a series of environments with and without ethanol. We found that B. bassiana was the most effective against all 3 beetle species, but that its pathogenicity was heavily dependent on the ethanol-tolerance of the strain used. We isolated 2 strains of B. bassiana from separate batches of Botanigard that demonstrated significant differences in ethanol tolerance, as well as pathogenicity, radial colony growth, and spore production in the presence of ethanol. Our results emphasize the importance of pest natural history in control methods, while revealing that the performance of biocontrol products varies across microbial species and exhibits strain-dependency.}, }
@article {pmid42213076, year = {2026}, author = {Gan, B and Yang, C and Jia, C and Wang, K and Chen, J and Ding, S and Zhao, J}, title = {Microbiome-mediated polyphosphate accumulation enhances the resilience of sponge holobionts to future climate scenarios.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag128}, pmid = {42213076}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Ocean warming is threatening the stability of marine ecosystems, yet the mechanisms underlying the resilience of foundational species like sponges remain poorly understood. Polyphosphate (PolyP), a key player in marine phosphorus burial, is hypothesized to play an important role in sponge stress adaptation. Here, we demonstrated that microbiome-mediated PolyP dynamics were closely associated with sponge adaptation to thermal stress. Field investigation of three sponge species (Spongia sp., Tedania sp., Haliclona simulans) revealed marked interspecific differences in PolyP accumulation, with Spongia sp. maintaining the highest PolyP levels. Strong seasonal fluctuations in sponge PolyP content, peaking in June and reaching a minimum in January, correlated with ambient temperature. We found that this variation was regulated by ppk1 gene expression levels rather than by altering the microbial composition. The ppk1-harboring microbial assemblages exhibited host specificity, and phylogenetic analysis uncovered sponge-specific clades of ppk1 genes. Laboratory warming experiments further confirmed the functional link: under acute heat stress, both the ppk1 gene of the symbiotic microorganisms and the inorganic pyrophosphatase (ppa) gene in the host were upregulated in Spongia sp. PolyP likely provide an energy source for the host, maintaining holobiont stability and leading to low mortality. Conversely, H. simulans, with limited PolyP supply, ultimately suffered 100% mortality. Our results establish a link whereby sponge-associated microbes, via ppk1 expression, modulate PolyP accumulation to support host oxidative phosphorylation and mitigate thermal stress. This microbiome-mediated physiological pathway contributes to our understanding of sponge climate resilience, offering new functional insights into holobiont persistence in a warming ocean.}, }
@article {pmid42213547, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, S and Zhang, L and Cai, X and Wang, Z and Chen, X and Huang, Y and Wen, M and Yu, T}, title = {Bio-inspired Optofluidic Molecular Communication with Photothermally Actuated Microrobot Swarms.}, journal = {IEEE transactions on nanobioscience}, volume = {PP}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1109/TNB.2026.3698265}, pmid = {42213547}, issn = {1558-2639}, abstract = {Molecular communication (MC) offers a bio-inspired paradigm for information transfer in environments inaccessible to conventional electromagnetic waves. However, translating MC concepts to the microscale has been hampered by a lack of integrated, biocompatible testbeds. Inspired by biological spectral-dependent photothermal transduction of specific light wavelengths into thermal energy, we present the first fully integrated microscopic MC platform utilizing photothermally responsive microrobot swarms. Our platform employs core-shell microrobots that exhibit a strong photothermal response, enabling precise and non-invasive navigation within microfluidic channels via near-infrared (NIR) light. This optofluidic architecture facilitates a symbiotic dual-bit encoding scheme, which concurrently modulates information onto both microrobot arrival and the optical control states. We demonstrate a complete communication workflow, from microrobot emission and laser-guided modulation to real-time optical detection and signal demodulation. The system achieves a data rate of 0.63 bits · min[-1] with a low bit error rate of 4%, validated by a multi-sampling detection algorithm and the transmission of the ASCII string "HELLO WORLD". This work provides a robust testbed for validating MC theories in biologically relevant microenvironments and serves as a step toward applications in the Internet of Bio-Nano Things.}, }
@article {pmid41935273, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, Y and Yu, L and Di, P and Zhu, X and Ma, X and Kong, W}, title = {Fungal-fungal interaction between Sanghuangporus vaninii and its endophytic Fusarium solani rewires host secondary metabolism to boost bioactive metabolite production.}, journal = {Microbial cell factories}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41935273}, issn = {1475-2859}, support = {32500047//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2026CYZC-017//Gansu Province Colleges and Universities Industry Support Program Project/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The medicinal mushroom Sanghuangporus vaninii produces valuable bioactive compounds, but yields are low in artificial culture. While co-culture with microbes can elicit production, the regulatory potential of native endophytic fungi - which share an evolutionary history with their host - remains largely unexplored. In this study, we report for the first time a co-culture system between S. vaninii and its endophytic fungus Fusarium solani MF20 to enhance the production of medicinal metabolites and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.<br><br>RESULTS: Co-culture with F. solani MF20 dramatically increased the yields of total flavonoids (9.38-fold), terpenoids (3.18-fold), and crude polysaccharides (4.87-fold) in S. vaninii. Integrated omics analyses revealed that the endophytic interaction induced global metabolic change in the host. Early signaling events, such as a controlled oxidative stress response, Ca[2+] influx, extracellular ATP accumulation, and enhanced membrane permeability, were associated with the redirection of cellular resources from primary growth toward chemical defense. Key biosynthetic pathways, such as terpenoid backbone and flavonoid synthesis, were transcriptionally up-regulated, directly corroborated by the massive accumulation of bioactive compounds including the triterpene pachymic acid and complex modified flavonoids. Central carbon metabolism was reshaped, with activation of the pentose phosphate pathway potentially supplying NADPH for biosynthesis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates that a native endophytic fungus can act as a powerful biotic elicitor to unlock the metabolic potential of its medicinal fungal host. The co-culture strategy activates a stress-mediated defense response that reprograms primary and secondary metabolism, leading to overproduction of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Beyond providing insights into fungal-fungal symbiotic interactions, this study validates endophyte-host co-culture as an effective and sustainable bioprocess technology for enhancing the production of high-value metabolites from medicinal fungal resources.<br><br>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-026-02994-z.}, }
@article {pmid42202780, year = {2026}, author = {Montoya, AP and Jensen, KT and Griffitts, JS and Porter, SS}, title = {The evolutionary genomics of novel endosymbiosis in wild rhizobia bacteria.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.04.071}, pmid = {42202780}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {The advent of endosymbiosis underlies evolutionary innovation and ecosystem function. However, whether free-living partners tend to benefit or exploit each other during the early stages of novel endosymbiosis remains a dilemma. Rhizobia soil bacteria can initiate root nodules and fix nitrogen for host plants as endosymbionts due to genes carried on mobile genetic elements such as the symbiosis island (SI). We conjugated marked SIs into the genomes of non-nodulating strains, which was sufficient to generate de novo root nodule-forming endosymbionts. Most novel endosymbionts originated as commensals that incurred no detectable costs to host plants, in contrast to predictions of exploitation. In fact, a third of novel endosymbionts originated as nitrogen-fixing mutualists. Consistent with phylogenetic limits to transfer of mobile genetic element function, novel endosymbionts derived from more closely related SI donor and recipient strains showed greater nitrogen fixation. However, consistent with selection on the SI for broad horizontal transfer, we did not detect phylogenetic limits to SI transmission, and the SI was able to displace other genomic elements residing at its characteristic tRNA gene insertion site. We thus provide genetic, genomic, and functional evidence of how mobile genetic elements can potentiate and constrain major evolutionary transitions to expand bacterial niches, with cascading impacts on the fitness of host organisms.}, }
@article {pmid42203074, year = {2026}, author = {Dial, D and Mora, JAT and Husnik, F}, title = {The spatial cell biology of host control in bacteriocyte-associated symbioses.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101540}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2026.101540}, pmid = {42203074}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Bacteriocytes are specialized eukaryotic cells that house bacterial symbionts. In insects, they are essential for host nutrition, development, and reproduction. Over the past two decades, bulk transcriptomics and genomics have built a strong molecular framework for how hosts support and control intracellular symbionts, highlighting nutrient exchange, immune modulation, and cellular homeostasis within bacteriocytes. However, these approaches provide limited insight into where these processes occur. Organs made of bacteriocytes (bacteriomes) vary widely in architecture and origin across insects, may contain multiple symbiont-bearing cell types and non-bacteriocyte support cells, and likely implement distinct host support programs for different symbionts. Inspired by recent single-cell and spatial studies in non-insect bacteriocyte systems, we argue that spatially resolved approaches are the natural next step for insect symbiosis research. We organize these recurring functions as "host-control modules," including compensation for symbiont gene loss, regulation of host-symbiont exchange, and control of symbiont abundance or localization. We show how single-cell, spatial and volumetric imaging approaches can localize these modules to specific cell states, tissue zones, membranes and organelle contact sites. Finally, we outline a practical hypothesis-driven roadmap for adopting spatial omics and 3D microscopy in insect bacteriomes.}, }
@article {pmid42191239, year = {2026}, author = {Moriyama, T and Endo, C and Isagi, Y and Tanaka, C and Ohkuma, M and Hashimoto, A}, title = {Rediscovery of "Gloeocystis-Halbflechte" after 84 years revealed an independent lineage of ascomycetes harboured in gelatinous algal biofilms.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {130}, number = {4}, pages = {101757}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2026.101757}, pmid = {42191239}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Phylogeny ; *Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Ascomycota/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Chlorophyta/microbiology/physiology ; DNA, Fungal/genetics/chemistry ; Japan ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Molecular Sequence Data ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/chemistry ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Gloeocystis-Halbflechte refers to a variant of the interactive structure between fungi and terrestrial unicellular green algae in which fungi form haustoria in algal cells within gelatinous algal colonies and occasionally form monilioid hyphal outgrowth. It was first recognized in 1941; however, the identity of the fungal and algal components of this interaction has not been clarified. In this study, the interactive structure between fungi and algae resembling Gloeocystis-Halbflechte and the adjacent pycnidia formed within terrestrial gelatinous algal biofilms were collected in Japan. Fungal isolates from monilioid pigmented hyphae around haustoria and pycnidial wall were found to be genetically homogenous. Phylogenetic analysis of the fungal isolates suggested their affinity with the order of freshwater saprobic fungi Natipusillales, and formation of chlamydospore-like body under pure culture was shared with this family. Based on the genetic, ecological, and morphological independency, a new family, Tschermakiaceae, is proposed to accommodate a new genus and species, Tschermakia inclusa. It is highly possible that the fungi-algae interaction in Tschermakia has been acquired independently from other lichenized lineages as this order is independent from any other lichenized lineage. The algal isolate from the biofilm was grouped with the ex-type strain of Radiococcus signiensis (Prasiolales incertae sedis), and the morphology of the algae associated with the fungal hyphae in natural conditions was consistent with that of R. signiensis. Furthermore, the fungal isolate formed haustoria in the algal isolate in co-cultural experimental conditions. The evolutionary background and phylogenetic diversity of algae-symbiotic fungi are probably still underestimated.}, }
@article {pmid42191244, year = {2026}, author = {Richardson, JA and Higuita-Aguirre, MI and Rose, BD and Garcia, K}, title = {Phosphorus availability influences potassium chemistries in the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius and Paxillus ammoniavirescens.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {130}, number = {4}, pages = {101776}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2026.101776}, pmid = {42191244}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Phosphorus/metabolism/analysis ; *Mycorrhizae/metabolism/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; *Potassium/metabolism/analysis/chemistry ; *Basidiomycota/metabolism/chemistry ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy ; }, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi play essential roles in tree nutrition and soil biogeochemical cycling by mediating the acquisition and storage of mineral nutrients. While phosphorus and nitrogen exchange between host plants and ECM fungi are well documented, potassium (K) dynamics remain poorly understood. Using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging and K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, we compared the spatial distribution and chemical speciation of K and P in two Boletales fungi - Pisolithus tinctorius and Paxillus ammoniavirescens - grown under P-sufficient and P-limited conditions. Both species exhibited reduced K and P abundance under low P, but P. ammoniavirescens maintained higher and more spatially variable concentrations of both elements. K XANES analyses revealed distinct species-specific chemical fingerprints: P. tinctorius displayed a reduced diversity of K species under P limitation, dominated by humic- and tartrate-bound forms, whereas P. ammoniavirescens preserved a broader suite of organic and inorganic K compounds, including persistent KH2PO4. These results indicate that ECM fungi employ divergent strategies for K and P management, reflecting their ecological specialization. P. tinctorius adopts a conservative nutrient-retention strategy, while P. ammoniavirescens exhibits greater physiological plasticity. Together, these findings provide new insight into the functional and evolutionary diversity of nutrient regulation among ECM symbionts.}, }
@article {pmid42191249, year = {2026}, author = {Klein, M and Oyarte Gálvez, L and van der Lugt, D and Bisot, C and van Staalduine, S and West, SA and Kokkoris, V and Dong, L and Bouwmeester, H and Shimizu, TS and Weedon, JT and Kiers, ET}, title = {Cytoplasmic flow dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are intrinsic and independent of plant hosts.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {130}, number = {4}, pages = {101775}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2026.101775}, pmid = {42191249}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Cytoplasm/metabolism/physiology ; Hyphae/growth &amp; development/metabolism/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Myristic Acid/metabolism ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; *Plants/microbiology ; Fungi ; }, abstract = {Despite the ecological importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, it is unclear to what extent these symbionts can act autonomously from plant hosts, especially in their ability to control internal nutrient flows. We studied flows in AM fungal networks grown without plant hosts by providing myristic acid as a carbon source. Using a custom-built imaging platform, we tracked network formation of two Rhizophagus irregularis strains with and without myristic acid. We collected 5000 cytoplasmic flow videos in hyphae, and fluorescently tagged lipids to measure their speeds. We measured ∼25,000 flow trajectories and calculated flow speeds by kymograph analysis. In the presence of myristic acid but lacking a host root, AM fungi produced networks 10-times longer, covered up to 4 times more area, and showed a 50% increase in mean flow speed. Flow speeds varied drastically over time and space, with rare bursts of fast flows between 10 and 30 μm/s. Flows of fluorescently tagged lipids averaged 3 μm/s and were unaffected by myristic acid. Even one year after application, we could detect cytoplasmic flows in asymbiotic fungal hyphae close to parental spores when grown with myristic acid. Our findings suggest that cytoplasmic flows can be decoupled from hosts and challenge our current understanding of AM fungal autonomy.}, }
@article {pmid42191788, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, Y and Liu, J and Wang, Y and Gao, F}, title = {Driving mechanisms of tourist environmentally friendly behavior in cultural heritage destinations from an embodied cognition perspective.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-50493-3}, pmid = {42191788}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {In cultural heritage tourism destinations, the tension between "protection" and "utilization" is becoming increasingly prominent, making the effective stimulation of tourists' Environmentally Friendly Behavior (EFB) a key issue. Based on Embodied Cognition Theory (ECT), this study develops an "ECT-Natural Connection (NC) and Tourism Satisfaction (TS)-EFB" theoretical model from three dimensions: Subjective Participation in Cognition (SPC), Emotional Cognition (EC), and Environmental Awareness (EA). An empirical study was conducted in Chengkan Village, Huangshan City, Anhui Province, and questionnaire data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results show that: (1) the Richness of Folk Activities (RI) and Participation in Folk Activities (PA) both have significant positive effects on NC and TS, confirming the fundamental role of SPC in activating tourists' environmentally friendly tendencies; (2) Ecological Reverence (ER), Cultural Resonance (CR), and Human-Earth Symbiosis Awareness (HES) all significantly promote the formation of NC, whereas the direct effect of HES on TS is not significant; (3) Natural Affinity (NA) and Environmental Risk Perception (ERP) both exert significant positive effects on NC and TS; and (4) NC and TS both significantly and positively influence EFB, while the direct effect of NC on TS is not significant. From the perspective of embodied cognition, this study systematically reveals the driving mechanisms of tourists' EFB in cultural heritage tourism destinations, enriches theoretical research at the intersection of cultural heritage tourism behavior and environmental psychology, and provides practical implications for heritage site managers to stimulate tourists' EFB and promote the coordinated development of heritage conservation and tourism development.}, }
@article {pmid42192285, year = {2026}, author = {Kang, W and Du, Y and Hou, W and Han, Y and Lu, B and Guan, J and Shi, S}, title = {Efficient rhizobium strains enhance nitrogen fixation and growth in alfalfa by improving photosynthetic carbon metabolism and respiratory nitrogen assimilation.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08954-4}, pmid = {42192285}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {GSAU-DKZY-2024-002//China Agricultural University Corresponding Support Research Joint Fund, China/ ; CARS-34//National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China/ ; 32101427//Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation, China/ ; KLGE-2022-01//Open project of Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem&#xff0c;Ministry of Education, China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Improved symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency between alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and rhizobia represents a green development strategy that addresses the demand for high‑quality protein, while also serving as a critical measure for safeguarding China's food security. Currently, there is limited research on how rhizobium inoculation influences alfalfa growth and development through photosynthesis and respiratory metabolism. Furthermore, studies examining the impact of rhizobium strains with differing symbiotic effectiveness on these metabolic pathways remain scarce.<br><br>RESULTS: The number of effective nodules per plant (7), nitrogenase activity (0.29 &#xb5;mol&#xb7;g[-&#x2009;1]&#xb7;h[-&#x2009;1]), and leghemoglobin content (0.76 mg&#xb7;g[-&#x2009;1]) of the LL2 inoculation group were significantly higher than those of the QL5 group. The aboveground dry weight (0.59&#xa0;g&#xb7;10 plants[-&#x2009;1]) of LL2 was also significantly greater than that of both the QL5 inoculation treatment and the uninoculated control. These results demonstrate that rhizobium strain LL2 is an efficient symbiotic match for ' Gannong No.9 ' alfalfa, whereas strain QL5 is an inefficient match. Metabolomic analysis revealed that, in leaves, seven differential metabolites were up-regulated in both photosynthetic and respiratory metabolism. Among these, Adenosine 5'-Diphosphate (ADP) was significantly higher in LL2 than in CK (Control) and QL5. In roots, nine differential metabolites were up-regulated. Among these, four metabolites-3-Phosphoglyceric acid, Uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucose, (2&#xa0;S)-2-Isopropylmalate, and L-Glutamic acid-were present at significantly higher levels in LL2 than in both CK and QL5. Compared to the QL5 group, the LL2 inoculation group resulted in significantly higher contents of ADP in leaves and elevated levels of the root metabolites such as the photosynthetic carbon fixation intermediate 3-Phosphoglyceric acid, the glycosyl donor Uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucose, the respiration and nitrogen metabolism-related compounds (2S)-2-Isopropylmalate and L-Glutamic acid. Additionally, in nodules, the key metabolites trehalose-6-phosphate and alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate (involved in sugar metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway) were also significantly elevated Among these, ADP and alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate participate simultaneously in photosynthetic, respiratory, and symbiotic metabolic pathways; 3-Phosphoglyceric acid is involved in both photosynthetic and symbiotic pathways; while (2S)-2-Isopropylmalate and L-Glutamic acid take part in respiratory and symbiotic pathways.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Following inoculation with LL2, the levels of key metabolites associated with photosynthesis and respiration underwent systematic changes in the leaves, roots, and nodules of the plants. The enhanced symbiotic nitrogen fixation and plant growth were associated with synergistic changes in the host plant's photosynthetic carbon metabolism, respiratory energy metabolism, and nitrogen assimilation pathways. The findings of this study suggest potential strategies for enhancing nitrogen accumulation, possibly through modulating the energy balance of the symbiotic system, which could improve nitrogen fixation efficiency and ultimately increase legume yield and quality.}, }
@article {pmid42195307, year = {2026}, author = {Mogoşanu, GD and Biţă, A and Scorei, IR and Pop, MI and Dinu, IR and Gheonea, DI}, title = {Boron as a Molecular Architect of Host-Microbiome Symbiosis: Implications for Dysbiosis and Aging-Related Pathologies.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life16050750}, pmid = {42195307}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {Boron (B) is increasingly recognized as more than a trace dietary element, emerging as a context-dependent organizer of molecular interactions at the host-microbiome interface. B exhibits reversible covalent chemistry driven by Lewis' acidity and selective affinity for cis-diol-rich biomolecules, enabling dynamic complexation with polyols, glycans, and phenolic ligands that dominate the intestinal mucus environment and shape microbial ecology. We synthesize evidence supporting an architecture-based framework in which B modulates biological function by conditioning the physicochemical context of microbial communication rather than acting as a single-pathway effector. Central to this model is spatial bioavailability, distinguishing plasma-accessible boron from microbiota-accessible boron (MAB), species that persist in the lumen and mucus layer long enough to influence interface-level processes. We propose that insufficient or altered MAB availability may contribute to dysbiosis (DYS) by destabilizing quorum-associated coordination, signal persistence, and mucosal microstructure, thereby promoting barrier dysfunction and inflammaging. Particular attention is given to B-mediated symbiotaxis, a hypothesis-driven concept describing how B-containing molecular assemblies may bias microbial communities toward cooperative, barrier-supportive configurations and reduce ecological volatility. We identify key knowledge gaps and experimental priorities (speciation-aware measurements, signal-centric readouts) necessary to determine when, where, and how B-mediated molecular architecture may counteract DYS and support healthspan.}, }
@article {pmid42195367, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, X and Tian, Q and Huang, Z and Ye, L and Long, W and Zhang, B and Liu, Y and Li, X}, title = {Targeted Metabolomics Resolves Amino Acid and Lipid Specialization Between Pileus and Stipe in Artificially Cultivated Termitomyces upsilocystidiatus.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life16050812}, pmid = {42195367}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {YSCX2035-009//Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; 2024YFCY0009//Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province/ ; SCCXTD-2026-07//Sichuan Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ ; }, abstract = {This study presents the first tissue-resolved targeted metabolomic analysis of artificially cultivated Termitomyces upsilocystidiatus fruiting bodies using LC-MS/MS. We identified pronounced metabolic divergence between the pileus and stipe. The pileus was enriched in a nitrogen-recycling and antioxidant module, exemplified by L-citrulline (~13.5-fold higher than stipe, p < 0.01) and urea, while the stipe accumulates sulfur-derived and oxidized metabolites such as L-homocystine (~3.5-fold higher, p < 0.01) and methionine sulfoxide. Lipid profiles further distinguished the two tissues: the pileus featured high levels of linoleic acid-derived oxylipins, including 13(S)-HODE and 12(13)-DiHOME (~9.7-fold and ~303-fold enrichment, respectively, p < 0.01), suggesting a role in signaling and redox buffering. In contrast, the stipe preferentially accumulated oxidized eicosanoids (e.g., 5-oxoETE) and thromboxane B1, indicative of a stress-responsive lipid network. Together, these metabolite-level observations support a tentative "pileus-synthesis/stipe-defense" dual-hub model. This work provides a quantitative metabolic framework for understanding tissue specialization in a symbiotic fungus and offers practical entry points for cultivation optimization and quality control of Termitomyces.}, }
@article {pmid42195385, year = {2026}, author = {Bastidas-Benalcazar, N and Calero-Apunte, JA and Almeida-Galarraga, D and Navas-Boada, P and Alvarado-Cando, O and Tirado-Espín, A and Villalba-Meneses, F and Carvajal Mora, H and Orozco Garzón, N}, title = {The Neuro-Cardiac Symbiotic Engine: A Multimodal Fusion Architecture for Cognitive State Decoding via High-Performance Computing.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life16050830}, pmid = {42195385}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {577.A.XVII.25//Universidad de Las Am&#xe9;ricas/ ; 41991//Universidad San Francisco de Quito/ ; }, abstract = {Robust decoding of latent cognitive states from non-stationary physiological time series is a challenging high-dimensional signal processing problem. Traditional unimodal frameworks based only on electroencephalography often show covariate shift and weak cross-task generalization. This study presents the Neuro-Cardiac Symbiotic Engine, a multimodal fusion architecture that combines high-frequency cortical EEG dynamics with low-frequency autonomic regulation derived from heart rate variability within a unified discriminative feature space. The pipeline integrates spectral decomposition and autonomic quadratic descriptors through a memory-optimized high-performance computing workflow on the CEDIA supercomputer. To reduce domain discrepancy between memory and piloting tasks, we design a few-shot calibration strategy based on affine manifold alignment and probabilistic ensemble inference. Validation on 29 subjects reaches a mean classification accuracy of 99.13 percent, far above the zero-shot baseline near 38 percent. Topological analysis also indicates phase-space contraction under high workload, where fused vagal and frontal-parietal biomarkers concentrate system dynamics into a low-entropy attractor. The results establish a mathematically grounded framework for passive brain-computer interfaces and show that orthogonal neuro-visceral integration is critical for reliable cognitive state estimation.}, }
@article {pmid42196286, year = {2026}, author = {Wongdee, J and Greetatorn, T and Piromyou, P and Songwattana, P and Pruksametanan, N and Teaumroong, N and Boonkerd, N and Boonchuen, P and Giraud, E and Tittabutr, P}, title = {Unveiling the Functions of Two RpoNs in Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9 During Free-Living Conditions: A Comprehensive and Comparative Analysis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27104304}, pmid = {42196286}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {204222//National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) IS/ ; B16F640113//National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources &amp; Institutional Development and Innovation/ ; }, mesh = {*Bradyrhizobium/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *RNA Polymerase Sigma 54/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In this study, we investigate two RpoN homologs in Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9-chromosomal RpoNc and megaplasmid-borne RpoNp-and their roles in free-living conditions and nitrogen fixation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RpoNc clusters with RpoN proteins from symbiotic nitrogen-fixing strains, whereas RpoNp forms a distinct clade, consistent with a function in stress responses. RpoNc proved essential for free-living conditions: ΔrpoNc mutants displayed severe growth defects that RpoNp could not compensate for. Transcriptomic comparisons between wild type and mutant RpoN identified 541 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) grouped into three clusters: 100 downregulated, 175 upregulated, and 254 moderately downregulated (with a fold change > 2, and a q-value (FDR, padj) < 0.05). Affected pathways involved nitrogen metabolism, motility, and environmental adaptation. RpoNc controlled major nitrogen fixation genes (nif and fix) along with core growth and stress response functions, while RpoNp mainly influenced stress-adaptation pathways. Genome-wide promoter motif analysis predicted 68 putative RpoNc targets, mainly associated with nitrogen fixation and metabolism, compared with only 22 predicted RpoNp targets, indicating a more restricted regulon. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) further confirmed that both RpoN proteins directly bind σ[54]-dependent promoters identified from transcriptomic data, supporting their regulatory roles under free-living conditions. Two mutants (ΔrpoNc and ΔrpoNp::ΩrpoNc) showed broad transcriptional disruption across nitrogen fixation, metabolism, and stress responses, underscoring complementary regulation. Overall, RpoNc is the dominant regulator of nitrogen fixation and core metabolism during free-living conditions, whereas RpoNp fine-tunes stress responses, revealing new regulatory insights for DOA9 adaptation. These results clarify how RpoN systems optimize survival across fluctuating conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42196462, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, D and Zhang, M and Lei, T and Hu, Q}, title = {Lactylation in Colorectal Cancer: Regulatory Networks, Functional Mechanisms, and Clinical Translational Potential.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27104480}, pmid = {42196462}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Humans ; *Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology/genetics/therapy ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Tumor Microenvironment ; Metabolic Reprogramming ; Translational Research, Biomedical ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Protein lactylation, an emerging post-translational modification (PTM) driven by the metabolite lactate, has surfaced as an important regulatory layer contributing to the crosstalk between metabolic reprogramming and cellular functional plasticity in colorectal cancer (CRC). Within the unique "host-microbiota" symbiotic microenvironment of CRC, the Warburg effect-fueled jointly by oncogene activation and microbial metabolism-provides abundant substrates for lactylation. This modification is dynamically regulated by a complex enzymatic system comprising "Writers" (e.g., p300/CREB-binding protein [p300/CBP], alanyl-tRNA synthetase 1/2 [AARS1/2]) and "Erasers" (e.g., histone deacetylases [HDACs] and Sirtuins). Through intricate crosstalk with other PTMs, such as acetylation and ubiquitination, lactylation exerts critical regulatory effects on both the histone epigenetic landscape and non-histone protein functions. Functionally, lactylation not only drives malignant proliferation, invasion, and metastasis but also systematically remodels the immunosuppressive "cold" tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, it confers broad-spectrum resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy by orchestrating a ferroptosis defense network, enhancing DNA damage repair (DDR), and activating protective autophagy. This review systematically synthesizes the regulatory networks and biological functions of lactylation in CRC, deeply elucidating the core mechanisms underlying therapy resistance. Finally, we discuss the clinical translational potential of lactylation as a novel diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target, aiming to provide new theoretical foundations and strategic directions for overcoming current bottlenecks in CRC clinical treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42196983, year = {2026}, author = {Biliński, K and Wiśniewski, K and Rafner, L and Witko, P and Gaweł-Dąbrowska, D}, title = {Travel-Induced Circadian and Microbiota Disturbances: Implications for Athlete Health and Performance: A Narrative Review.}, journal = {Nutrients}, volume = {18}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nu18101523}, pmid = {42196983}, issn = {2072-6643}, support = {Not applicable//Wroclaw Medical University/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Circadian Rhythm/physiology ; *Athletic Performance/physiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Jet Lag Syndrome/etiology/physiopathology ; *Travel ; *Athletes ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; Dysbiosis/etiology ; }, abstract = {High-performance athletes are increasingly exposed to frequent trans-meridian travel, leading to profound circadian desynchronization and gastrointestinal distress. This review examines the complex interplay between the host's central circadian system and the gut microbiota (GM), both of which exhibit synchronised daily oscillations essential for homeostasis. Rapid time-zone transitions, such as those anticipated for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, induce a state of "gut jet lag," characterised by the loss of rhythmic microbial functions and impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Circadian misalignment is associated with increased systemic inflammation and disrupted metabolic regulation, which may contribute to impairments in cognitive performance, sleep quality, and muscle recovery. Critically, travel-induced dysbiosis may reduce the production of microbial metabolites, specifically short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate, propionate, and butyrate. These SCFAs serve as energy substrates that may enhance glucose uptake, lipid oxidation, and glycogen storage in skeletal muscle. Evidence suggests that travel-related stressors-including dehydration, psychological stress, and shifts toward highly processed diets-further exacerbate the loss of beneficial taxa. To mitigate these effects, this article proposes evidence-informed strategies: timed light exposure to reset the master clock, chronobiotic meal timing to entrain peripheral tissues, and targeted symbiotic supplementation to restore SCFA-producing populations. Integrating these personalised, evidence-informed protocols may support the optimisation of physiological resilience and performance.}, }
@article {pmid42197317, year = {2026}, author = {Song, J and Xu, P and Wei, Z and Yao, H and Wang, A and Xu, C and Zhu, Y and Wang, R and Yuan, X}, title = {Synergistic Nitrogen Removal and Community Interaction Mechanism of Immobilized Bacteria Algae Symbiosis System.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {31}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/molecules31101764}, pmid = {42197317}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {252300421933//Natural Science Foundation Project of Henan Province/ ; 252102321038//Scientific and Technological Projects of Henan Province/ ; 262102320101//Scientific and Technological Projects of Henan Province/ ; 262102320075//Scientific and Technological Projects of Henan Province/ ; 24B610010//Key Scientific Research Project Plan of Henan Province's Higher Education Institutions/ ; 23KJGG245//Scientific and Technological Projects of Nanyang/ ; 24KJGG066//Scientific and Technological Projects of Nanyang City/ ; }, mesh = {*Nitrogen/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; *Symbiosis ; *Microalgae/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Denitrification ; Wastewater/chemistry/microbiology ; Cells, Immobilized/metabolism ; Nitrification ; }, abstract = {Ammonium nitrogen pollution presents a significant challenge in wastewater treatment. Traditional activated sludge processes often suffer from limitations such as low efficiency and high energy consumption when treating high-ammonium nitrogen wastewater. This study utilized previously screened high-efficiency heterotrophic nitrification aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacterial strains (Pseudomonas alcaliphila and Paracoccus versutus) synergistically with microalgae to construct an immobilized bacteria algae symbiotic system (IBAS). The nitrogen removal performance and microbial community response of the system were investigated under different nitrogen sources, carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios, and light intensities. Results demonstrated that the system achieved a removal rate of over 95% for nitrite and nitrate. Under conditions of C/N = 15 and high light intensity (335.36 μmol/(m[2] · s)), the removal rates of NH4[+]-N, TN, and COD exceeded 90% without nitrite accumulation. Microbial community analysis revealed that high C/N conditions significantly enriched HN-AD functional bacteria (such as Acinetobacter) in the Pseudomonadota phylum and Gammaproteobacteria class. High light intensity promoted the proliferation of microalgae (Chlorella and Halochlorella), enhanced algal bacterial interaction, and improved system stability. This study elucidated the nitrogen removal mechanism of the IBAS under multi-factor regulation, providing a theoretical foundation and demonstrating application potential for low-carbon and high-efficiency wastewater treatment technologies.}, }
@article {pmid42197339, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, S and Pan, F and Liang, Y and Wang, K and Liu, Z and Zhang, W}, title = {Plant-Derived Organic Acids Are Linked to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and phoD-Harboring Bacteria Associated with Improved Soil Phosphorus Availability Across Plant Functional Groups in Karst Ecosystems.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14050952}, pmid = {42197339}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Phosphorus (P) limitation is prevalent in terrestrial ecosystems. Plants can improve soil P availability through the exudation of organic acids and symbiotic interactions with microorganisms. However, associations between different plant functional groups and phosphorus cycling in P limited karst ecosystems remain poorly understood. To investigate this, the exudation rates of oxalic, citric and acetic acids from fine roots, the contents of carbon, nitrogen, and P in leaves and fine roots, and the contents of oxalic, citric and acetic acids, total P, available P (AP), and microbial biomass P in rhizosphere soils were measured across different plant functional groups in a karst ecosystem in southwestern China. Additionally, the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases were also analyzed, as well as the relative abundance, community structure, diversity, and co-occurrence network patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and alkaline phosphatase-encoding (phoD) gene-harboring bacteria. The results showed that both the exudation rates and the contents of organic acids and AP were highest in the tree group, followed by the shrub and grass groups. The AP content of the legume group was significantly higher than that of the non-legume group. The exudation rates of oxalic acid were significantly greater than those of citric and acetic acids. AMF diversities were highest in the shrub and legume groups. The diversities of phoD-harboring bacteria decreased from the tree group to the shrub group and then to the grass group, yet there were no significant differences between the legume and non-legume groups. The communities of both AMF and phoD-harboring bacteria exhibited significant differences among these plant functional groups. The prevalent genera of phoD-harboring bacteria across all groups were Pseudomonas and Halomonas, with Halomonas being particularly prevalent in the legume group. The AMF community was dominated by Glomus, which attained its highest relative abundance in the tree and legume groups. Furthermore, the increased exudation rate and content of oxalic acid were associated with higher relative abundances of Glomus in AMF and Pseudomonas and Bacillus among phoD-harboring bacteria. Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis demonstrated that plant-exuded organic acids, especially oxalic acid, were positively associated with P availability indirectly through their linkages with the diversity and abundance of AMF and phoD-harboring bacteria. The crucial role of oxalic acid was particularly prominent in the tree and legume groups. Our findings suggest that screening AMF and phoD-harboring bacteria with highly efficient P transformation activity and inoculating them into the rhizosphere of plants with high oxalic acid exudation could help improve plant resilience to P limitation and support sustainable restoration in karst ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid42197612, year = {2026}, author = {Msiza, LJ and Ngmenzuma, TY and Mohammed, M and Dakora, FD}, title = {Water-Use Efficiency and Mineral Nutrition of Diverse Legume Species Nodulated by Different Native Rhizobial Isolates: Do Rhizobia Have a Say in the Mineral Nutrition of Their Host Plants?.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15101478}, pmid = {42197612}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The benefits of legume-nitrogen-fixing bacteria symbioses are vital in agricultural systems globally. Cross-infectivity studies are important for identifying rhizobial strains with potential for use as inoculants. The native rhizobial isolates inoculated on different legume species are the first step to determining host range and ecological adaptive traits. This study reports on the water-use efficiency and mineral nutrition of diverse legume species cross-inoculated by native rhizobial isolates from Eswatini, Ghana and South Africa under glasshouse conditions. A portable infrared red gas analyzer was used for water use efficiency. Data from a gas exchange study shows that rhizobial strains can significantly influence the photosynthetic functioning of their host plants. As a result, photosynthetic rates differed depending on bacterial compatibility with the host plant, as well as its symbiotic efficacy. Isolate TUTGmGH2 induced greater accumulation of P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn in soybean and Winged bean, clearly suggesting that rhizobia do have an influence on the mineral nutrition of their host plants. Therefore, these findings further show that native rhizobial isolates can be manipulated to enhance mineral nutrient uptake, promote growth and development and also produce nutrient-dense food with a low environmental impact globally since rhizobia do have an influence on the mineral nutrition of their host plants.}, }
@article {pmid42197706, year = {2026}, author = {Niu, B and Cheng, M and Lu, X and Sun, L and Lu, S and Guo, J and Zhu, H and Wang, L}, title = {Triacontanol Boosts Soybean Nodulation via GmHSP26-Mediated Antioxidant Enhancement.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15101572}, pmid = {42197706}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2021YFD1600600//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 202101140601027, 202501140602016Z//The Major Special Science and Technology Projects in Shanxi Province/ ; No.2025xczx03//Shanxi Breeding Innovation Joint research and development projects/ ; 2021xG003, 2022xG0014//Scientific research fund for talents of Shanxi Agricultural University/ ; }, abstract = {Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a globally crucial food crop and a model plant for studying symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes. Triacontanol (TRIA) is a natural plant growth regulator that enhances photosynthetic efficiency, stress tolerance, antioxidant enzyme activities and yield in crops. However, its regulatory role in nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legumes remains unclear. In this study, soybean seedlings inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA110 were treated with different concentrations of TRIA (0, 0.33, 0.5, 1 and 2 μg/mL). Then, oxidative stress indicators and comparative transcriptomic analysis were performed to check the oxidative status and screen the candidate genes under TRIA treatment. Our results showed that the 0.5 μg/mL TRIA treatment produced the greatest nodule number. TRIA treatment significantly induced antioxidant responses in soybean roots. Comparative transcriptome identified 867 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses of DEGs revealed that a large number of genes were enriched in pathways related to oxidative activity. Combined with the expression pattern, we identified a Glutathione S-Transferase family gene, GmHSP26 (Glyma.07G139700), whose expression was induced by both TRIA and rhizobial infection, with its promoter activity was activated throughout the entire process of nodule development. Further function study using overexpression and gene editing proved that GmHSP26 was a positive regulator of soybean nodulation. Collectively, this study identifies the optimal TRIA concentration for promoting soybean nodulation, reveals the function and mechanism of GmHSP26 in response to TRIA-regulated nodulation, and provides a theoretical basis and genetic resource for enhancing nodulation and nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops through exogenous growth regulators.}, }
@article {pmid42199123, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Liu, JK and Zaikin, A and Wang, M and Chen, S}, title = {Modulation of the excitation/inhibition balance by astrocytes in a tripartite synapse model of Alzheimer's disease.}, journal = {Neural regeneration research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-00307}, pmid = {42199123}, issn = {1673-5374}, abstract = {Alzheimer's disease is a formidable health challenge due to lack of effective therapeutic modalities. The excitation/inhibition imbalance in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease can be potentially considered as a central link between structural brain pathology and cognitive dysfunction. However, the role and effects of reactive astrocytes in the neuronal excitability in early Alzheimer's disease remain unclear. Here, we present a tripartite synaptic model integrating the interactions between neurons and astrocytes than can clarify the role of astrocytes in the regulation of excitation/inhibition. Our model integrates the cation channel transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, whose activation triggers calcium influx, thereby enhancing the fidelity of astrocyte calcium dynamics. Constrained by physiological data, we demonstrate that amyloid-β can activate astrocytes to release glial neurotransmitters, thereby mediating the hyperexcitability of nearby neurons. We also investigate the astrocyte-mediated symbiosis of two neurotransmitters, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid, at the glutamatergic synapse in the context of Alzheimer's disease, to predict the inhibitory compensatory response to excitotoxicity. During excitotoxicity, astrocytes can use the coupling of the excitatory amino acid transporter and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter to control the concentration ratio of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the synaptic cleft, and may convert both through the intracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis pathway. Our findings reveal that the coding efficiency of neurons diminished as the effects of amyloid-β deepened, establishing a direct link between the pathological features of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive dysfunction. These simulations suggest that astrocytes play a critical role in regulating the neuronal excitation/inhibition balance in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease, thereby influencing the subsequent processes of information transmission, learning, and memory. The pathways characterized by our model present potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease.}, }
@article {pmid42200258, year = {2026}, author = {Stoisman, A and Ciocca, G}, title = {A possible psychogenesis of the paraphilic behavior based on an interpretation of the film "La Pianiste".}, journal = {Rivista di psichiatria}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, pages = {87-92}, doi = {10.1708/4685.47002}, pmid = {42200258}, issn = {2038-2502}, mesh = {Humans ; *Paraphilic Disorders/psychology ; *Masochism/psychology ; *Motion Pictures ; }, abstract = {This article aims to explore, through a psychological-narrative reading of the film "La Pianiste" (Haneke, 2001), specific dynamics that underpin paraphilic behavior. The focus is specifically placed on masochism and on the ambiguities surrounding the concept of consent within BDSM practices. The protagonist, Erika Kohut, is here described through the psychodynamic perspective together to the attachment theory. At the core of the analysis lies Erika's symbiotic and deeply oppressive relationship with her mother, which finds expression in self-harming rituals and submission fantasies. The erotic relationship and the sexual life of the protagonist, characterizing the film, poses a crucial question: how free is a "yes" in reality? While consent is often framed as a conscious and voluntary act, Erika's story reveals it to be a dangerously ambivalent terrain, shaped by unresolved psychic wounds. This work does not aim to stigmatize or pathologize BDSM practices, but rather to interrogate their "shadow zones": when do these practices become a space for reconstructing the Self, and when do they risk turning into a stage where unprocessed suffering is compulsively replayed?}, }
@article {pmid42200417, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, L and Gao, G and Sun, S and Wu, X and Fan, S and Wang, H and Zhou, F and Zhang, X}, title = {Host-independent metagenomics reveal gut bacteria contribution to Delia antiqua growth by vitamin B6 provision.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imb.70046}, pmid = {42200417}, issn = {1365-2583}, support = {2024KJI002//Young Innovation Team Project of Higher Education in Shandong Province/ ; 2024ZDZX10//QLU Major Innovation Projects of Education-Industry Integration Pilot/ ; SDAIT-31-04//Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology Innovation/ ; 32272530//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Insect guts host a diverse and abundant array of microorganisms. These microbes improve host fitness by extensively involving in a range of crucial physiological processes, which have mainly been revealed by high-throughput sequencing, particularly metagenomics. However, it is almost impossible to make an accurate and complete distinction between the genetic functions of microbial symbionts and insect hosts without host genome data. By comparing metagenomic data from gut germ-free and nonaxenic larvae, we accurately identified the data belonging to the gut microbiome of the onion maggot Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Besides, a correlation between bacteria of the genus Wohlfahrtiimonas (Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonadaceae) and vitamin B6 metabolism was detected through collinearity analysis. Furthermore, in vitro tests confirmed that the gut bacterium Wohlfahrtiimonas larvae contributed to the growth of D. antiqua larvae via the independent synthesis of vitamin B6. This study provides a comprehensive view of the gut bacterial diversity in D. antiqua and reveals a functional profile that is strictly specific to the gut microbiota of this species. It has preliminarily revealed the functional differentiation between insect hosts and their symbiotic microorganisms. This study also offers a technical reference for the study of microbial symbiotic functions in other insect-microbe symbioses without host genomic data.}, }
@article {pmid42200648, year = {2026}, author = {Gomez, A and Tisa, LS}, title = {A longitudinal roadside study of the New Hampshire alder root nodule microbiome.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0044626}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00446-26}, pmid = {42200648}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Actinorhizal plants are pioneer plants that colonize harsh environments and have been used for land reclamation. Their ability to thrive under these harsh conditions is due to their symbiotic association with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Frankia and forming a root nodule structure. Although the plant root nodule primarily contains the symbiont Frankia, other members of the nodule community have been identified. This study represents an investigation of the effects of different environments on the nodule microbiome of Alnus rugosa, a shrub actinorhizal tree found at different locations within New Hampshire over a 3-year period. We utilized 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing to map the seasonal bacterial and fungal communities in the A. rugosa root nodule microbiome compared to rhizosphere and bulk soil communities. The relative abundance of Frankiaceae in root nodules fluctuated seasonally and by site. Sites with lower relative abundance of Frankiaceae in nodules had higher relative abundances of fungal nodule occupants. The roadside bacterial communities were distinct from those at the rural site, with Chitinophagaceae and Nitrosomonadaceae being characteristic members of the roadside rhizospheres and bulk soils, respectively. Soil zinc significantly affected all microbial communities. Our results indicate that the A. rugosa root nodule and soil microbiomes are responsive to different environmental variables like roadways and other microorganisms, and these responses need to be further elucidated for the optimization of future in situ actinorhizal projects.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Actinorhizal plants like alders are important ecologically and economically as pioneering plants. The symbiotic association with Frankia greatly accelerates the growth of the host plant and indirectly does the same for neighboring plants. Actinorhizal trees provide an excellent mechanism to restore disrupted environmental sites and have been used to reclaim land that has been used for strip-mines, gravel pits, and soil stabilization of other landscapes disturbed by the effects of erosion and water runoff. Actinorhizal plants are found on coastal lands around the estuaries, and some are proven to be salt tolerant. Elucidating the dynamics of microbial community structure of the alder root nodules will help our understanding of the ability of these pioneering plants to reclaim degraded lands and to survive in diverse harsh environments. The role that other members of actinorhizal plant root nodule plays may be important to that survival ability. This field study reports on the influence of soil variables, habitats, and seasons on the dynamics of the actinorhizal microbiome.}, }
@article {pmid42200660, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, C and Yang, A and Zhang, X and Bai, W and Zhang, W-H}, title = {Leaf- and root-associated bacterial communities differ in their resistance and resilience to N disturbance in a temperate steppe.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0033226}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00332-26}, pmid = {42200660}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Enhanced deposition of nitrogen (N) has great impacts on grassland ecosystems. A decline in N deposition has occurred in many regions across the globe. Changes in N deposition alter the structure and functions of grassland ecosystems and bacterial community of soil and rhizosphere. However, the responses of plant microbiomes to N deposition and cessation of N input in terms of resistance and resilience have not been systematically evaluated. We examined the effects of N addition and cessation of N addition on leaf- and root-associated bacterial communities through a consecutive N addition and cessation of N addition experiment in a temperate grassland. We found that leaf-associated bacterial community exhibited lower resistance to N enrichment than root-associated bacterial community, which was mainly steered by leaf soluble sugars and leaf morphology via regulating functional taxa. In contrast, the root-associated bacterial community showed stronger resilience to cessation of N addition than leaf-associated bacterial community, which may be explained by the high N accumulation in roots and root morphology via regulating functional taxa. The greater resistance and resilience in the root-associated bacterial community may be attributed to the presence of host-related factors. Additionally, N enrichment-induced suppression of beneficial symbiotic microbes associated with the N cycle in the leaf-associated bacterial community was not readily recovered after cessation of N input. Conversely, microbes involved in carbon cycle and ecological restoration in the root-associated bacterial community showed a quick recovery after cessation of N enrichment. Our results offer valuable insights into the mechanisms by which changes in N input influence the plant microbial community.IMPORTANCEAs an integral component of ecosystems, the plant microbiome plays an important role in the response of grassland ecosystems to enhanced N deposition. Changes in N deposition influence bacterial communities of soil and rhizosphere of grassland ecosystems. However, whether and how the N deposition and cessation of N input impact microbiomes of plant species of temperate grasslands remain unexplored. Based on a long-term N-addition experiment in a temperate steppe, we discover that leaf- and root-associated bacterial communities respond differently to N addition and subsequent cessation of N addition. The leaf-associated bacterial community exhibits lower resistance to N enrichment than the root-associated bacterial community due to the unique environment of the phyllosphere, whereas the root-associated bacterial community shows stronger resilience to cessation of N addition than the leaf-associated bacterial community due mainly to the higher root N accumulation and morphology. These findings offer valuable insights into the impact and mechanism of N interference on the plant microbial community.}, }
@article {pmid42201143, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, W and Eleftherianos, I and Mohamed, A and Smagghe, G and Chakkalakkal, G and Al-Akeel, R and Toprak, U and Tettamanti, G and Keyhani, N and Renault, D}, title = {Evolution, multifunctionality, and agricultural potential of insect microbiomes and the holobiont concept.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag137}, pmid = {42201143}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Insect-associated microbiomes, as co-evolved members of the holobiont, play pivotal roles in host physiology, ecological resilience, and evolutionary innovation. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding microbial symbionts' contributions to metabolic adaptation, insecticide detoxification, and immune modulation. Framed within hologenome theory-which posits host-microbe assemblages as units of natural selection-we explore co-evolutionary dynamics driving mutualistic specialization and adaptive plasticity. Cutting-edge tools like genome editing and metagenomics reveal how gut microbiota mediate cross-kingdom interactions, insecticide resistance, and reproductive fitness. Intriguingly, microbial symbionts can enhance host resistance through detoxification while sensitizing hosts to specific toxins, highlighting context-dependent trade-offs. Targeted manipulation of microbial consortia-via detoxification disruption or symbiont engineering-offers new avenues for sustainable pest control, though ecological risks demand rigorous biosafety protocols. A paradigm shift toward holobiont-centered models promises unified strategies for sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation in the Anthropocene.}, }
@article {pmid41981603, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Chen, C and Liu, H and Wang, W and Zhou, X and Guo, M and Zhao, J and Zeng, Z and Xu, L}, title = {Decoding the gut microbiota-immune dialogue: from bidirectional axis to therapeutic applications.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41981603}, issn = {1477-3155}, support = {82160503, 82272812//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; QKHZC-2020-4Y156, QKH-JC-2018-1428, QKHJC-ZK-2022-624//Project of the Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The gut microbiota (GM), a highly complex micro-ecosystem residing within the host’s gastrointestinal tract, works in conjunction with the gut immune system to form a precise bidirectional regulatory network, that maintains symbiotic homeostasis and overall host health. Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that the critical impact of the bidirectional causal relationship between the GM and the gut immune system on host development and the dynamic progression of disease. However, many challenges remain in this research field, including the mechanism complexity, therapeutic effect differences due to individual heterogeneity, long-term safety, and clinical transformation bottlenecks) that need to be urgently broken through. Therefore, the in-depth analysis of these issues is of great theoretical and practical significance for clarifying the intrinsic connection between the GM and gut immunity, particularly in elucidating the pathogenesis of related clinical diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), tumors, and autoimmune diseases (AD). We systematically outline the interaction mechanisms between the microbiota and the immune system, including compositional structure (microbiota diversity and immune system composition), development and maturation processes (early microbiota colonization and immune system establishment), and functional regulation (immune cell differentiation and maintenance of mucosal barrier integrity), as well as their associations with clinical diseases. Finally, we discuss some key considerations for the developing of innovative treatment strategies, such as microbial-targeted interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and synergistic use of immunomodulatory drugs, with the aim of providing a new paradigm for the precise intervention of related diseases.<br><br>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]}, }
@article {pmid42184563, year = {2026}, author = {Hull, R}, title = {RNA viruses are an integral part in evolution of all organisms.}, journal = {Virology}, volume = {621}, number = {}, pages = {110950}, doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2026.110950}, pmid = {42184563}, issn = {1096-0341}, abstract = {RNA viruses are intracellular symbiotic obligate parasites, needing host factors and energy for their replication with forms of symbiosis ranging from antagonism (pathogenic, not contributing to host metabolism) to mutualism (contributing benefits to the host as well as making demands on host metabolism). As a group, they have several unusual features: a) metagenomic studies suggest that they are probably are the most common group of viruses infecting all organism species and are the most abundant biological entity on earth; b) they have existed ever since the Last Universal Common Ancestor from which all living organisms have evolved; c) a high proportion of their species have + strand RNA genomes, or are retroviruses, that replicate without proof-reading creating many variants (quasispecies); d) they replicate in organelles within the endoplasmic reticulum and other membranes which connect to other organelles and to membrane and metabolic network systems. This paper brings together these facts presenting the hypothesis that RNA viruses and retroviruses form host/mutualistic virus symbionts as an evolutionary unit with the viral responses to evolutionary stresses being rapid and linking closely with the slower host genomic responses. The hypothesis is presented with a background of evolution of organisms and viruses, drivers of evolution, and the evolutionary natural selection pathway from the sources of stresses to impact and molecular reactions to stresses entering the basic organism body, the cell.}, }
@article {pmid42184789, year = {2026}, author = {Gomes, PH and de Magalhães Neto, N and Evangelista, H and Oaquim, ABJ and Grillo, AC and YumiInagaki, K and Salvi, KP and Lacerda, CHF and Bianchini, A and Costa, PG and Mies, M and Cordeiro, RC and Vidal, TJ}, title = {Spectral response of Siderastrea sp. corals under varying Iron concentrations during a Mesocosm Experiment.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {220}, number = {}, pages = {108137}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108137}, pmid = {42184789}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse marine ecosystems, providing essential services such as coastal protection, fisheries support, and nutrient cycling. Owing to their physiological sensitivity, reef-building corals are widely recognized as bioindicators of changes in water quality and nutrient availability. Iron is an essential micronutrient that plays a central role in coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis by regulating metabolic and photosynthetic processes. However, the combined spectral and trophic responses of corals to iron enrichment remain poorly understood, particularly in Southwestern Atlantic reef systems. This study investigated the effects of increasing dissolved iron (DFe) concentrations (0, 100, 300, and 900 μg L[-1]) on the spectral and trophic responses of the coral Siderastrea sp. during a 28-day mesocosm experiment under semi-natural conditions. Physiological performance was assessed using handheld spectroradiometry targeting wavelengths associated with photosynthetic pigments, and trophic strategies were evaluated through fatty acid biomarkers, including the Photoautotrophic Trophic Marker Index (PTMI). Results revealed a dose-dependent spectral response to iron enrichment. Higher DFe concentrations (300 and 900 μg L[-1]) were associated with lower reflectance values across the visible spectrum (400-700 nm), indicating increased light absorption consistent with higher pigment density. In contrast, fatty acid profiles and PTMI values remained stable across treatments, indicating no significant shift in trophic strategy over the experimental period. These findings demonstrate that iron enrichment induced measurable dose-dependent increases in photosynthetic pigmentation without trophic displacement, and highlight the potential of combining spectroradiometry and biochemical trophic markers as non-invasive tools for monitoring subtle coral physiological responses under controlled micronutrient enrichment.}, }
@article {pmid42184816, year = {2026}, author = {Miao, J and Zhang, C and Jiang, Q and Yao, Z and Cao, K and Chen, J and Wang, H and Liu, N}, title = {Complete Genome of an Alkali-Resistant Rhizobium anhuiense Symbiont of Pea Reveals Species-Specific Plasmid Fusion and Genomic Plasticity.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e70366}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70366}, pmid = {42184816}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {//Team development funding from Xianghu Laboratory, the Xiaoshan District Government and the Zhejiang Provincial Government/ ; //2025 Special Cooperation Program between Xianghu Laboratory and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science/ ; }, mesh = {*Plasmids/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Pisum sativum/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis ; Phylogeny ; *Rhizobium/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification/physiology/drug effects ; *Alkalies/pharmacology ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; }, abstract = {The rhizosphere microbiome is crucial for plant growth and stress resilience in sustainable horticulture. Here, we report the complete genome assembly and functional characterisation of Rhizobium anhuiense Xianghu001, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont isolated from pea (Pisum sativum) root nodules. A hybrid assembly strategy combining PacBio reads and Illumina reads yielded a 7.36 Mb high-quality assembly comprising one chromosome, one megaplasmid and four accessory plasmids, encoding 6899 protein-coding genes, of which 66.64% are located on the chromosome. Phylogenomics and synteny confirmed its placement within R. anhuiense. We detected a lineage-specific plasmid fusion forming the megaplasmid, while three accessory plasmids appear to be strain-specific and potentially acquired via horizontal gene transfer. Insertion sequence profiling suggests genome rearrangement shaping plasmid structure. To explore intraspecies diversity, we sequenced six additional local R. anhuiense isolates from pea. Despite their close geographic origin, genomic comparison revealed extensive divergence. Phenotypic assays demonstrated that Xianghu001 significantly promotes pea growth under nitrogen-deficient conditions, increasing chlorophyll content and nitrogen accumulation. It synthesises high levels of IAA (~184 mg/L), tolerates mild salinity (≤ 0.15% NaCl) and grows optimally at alkaline pH (8.0-10.0). Our findings provide a comprehensive genomic and functional framework for R. anhuiense Xianghu001 and underscore its potential as a biofertiliser.}, }
@article {pmid42185292, year = {2026}, author = {Hong, W and Ma, R and Long, S and Song, R and Ren, S and Ran, X and Wan, J and Liu, Y and Li, X and Chen, Q and Ma, D and Zhang, Z and Huang, H and Ashrafizadeh, M and Conde, J and Liu, L and Duan, C}, title = {Mitochondrial flagella-like extensions (MitoFLARE) dysfunction triggers STING-mediated immune dysregulation in sepsis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-73523-0}, pmid = {42185292}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Sepsis is an immune dysregulation syndrome triggered by infection, characterized by host self-damage due to immune imbalances. This study focuses on dynamic changes of mitochondrial symbiotic function in host cells during sepsis and systematically investigates dysregulation of mitochondrial communication modes and the intrinsic link between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release and immune dysregulation. We demonstrate that during early-stage LPS treatment, mitochondria actively remodel by extruding flagella-like extensions (termed mitoFLARE). These structures, nanotubes mediating long-distance transport, form through glycosylated TRAK1 binding FHL2 to drive actin network formation, thereby shifting mitochondrial communication from direct fusion to nanotube-mediated transport. This helps maintain dynamic exchange within the inner mitochondrial membrane under LPS treatment. However, as inflammation progresses, deteriorated mitochondrial quality control disrupts the MICOS-SAM complex, abrogates inner-outer membrane anchoring, and suppresses mitoFLARE functions. All these ultimately enhance endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contacts to promote outer membrane rupture and result in mtDNA release into the cytoplasm to activate cGAS-STING signaling, further triggering immune dysregulation and inflammatory storm, culminating in programmed cell death and organ dysfunction. This study elucidates the pivotal role of dysregulated mitochondrial-host symbiosis in sepsis progression and provides important insights into the underlying mechanisms of sepsis-associated immune imbalances, laying a theoretical foundation for targeted therapy development.}, }
@article {pmid42185948, year = {2026}, author = {Michalik, A and Majewska, E and Andriienko, V and Nowak, KH and Stroiński, A and Łukasik, P}, title = {Stable nutritional endosymbiosis across cryptic diversity of a leafhopper species complex.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-026-12986-3}, pmid = {42185948}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {2021/41/B/NZ8/04526//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; 2018/31/B/NZ8/01158//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ancient nutritional symbioses underpin the ecological success of many sap-feeding insects. In 'true hoppers' - the hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha, obligate bacterial partners provide essential amino acids lacking in plant phloem diets. However, the stability and persistence of such associations across the diversity of hoppers are poorly understood, and investigations are often complicated by insufficiently resolved host identity.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we combined multitarget amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, and microscopy to assess the compositional and functional diversity of the microbiota across Polish, Swedish, and Austrian populations of leafhoppers morphologically identified as Verdanus abdominalis. Host COI data revealed pronounced cryptic genetic diversity, indicating several deeply divergent lineages within the characterized collection, but limited microbiota variation among populations. 16S rRNA amplicon data confirmed the consistent presence of the ancient bacterial endosymbionts Candidatus Sulcia muelleri and Candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola, and metagenomics showed that their reduced but complementary genomes jointly encode the complete set of essential amino acid biosynthesis pathways required by the host. Other microbes were uncommon in these symbioses. Microscopy corroborated these findings, revealing conserved bacteriome organization and spatial separation of Sulcia and Nasuia within distinct bacteriocytes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that the Sulcia-Nasuia dual symbiosis remains evolutionarily stable across cryptic Verdanus diversity, underscoring the robustness of ancient nutritional partnerships despite ongoing host diversification.}, }
@article {pmid42185977, year = {2026}, author = {Carlew, TS and Atherton Puri, AP and Shim, A and Rojas, CP and Buchanan, RA and Chang, JH and Sachs, JL and Belin, BJ}, title = {Aeschynomene americana induces terminal bacteroid differentiation in Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3516, a novel model for dalbergioid-rhizobium symbiosis.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08893-0}, pmid = {42185977}, issn = {1471-2229}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The paradigms of legume-rhizobium symbiosis are derived primarily from conserved features of Inverted-Repeat Lacking Clade (IRLC) legumes and closely related species. The Dalbergioids diverged from the IRLC early in legume evolution and possess unique symbiotic features but few genetically tractable models. The small, diploid dalbergioid Aeschynomene americana (American jointvetch) has promise as a genetic model for Dalbergioid-rhizobia symbiosis, yet only a few studies have examined its symbiotic properties.<br><br>RESULTS: We examined the symbiont range of A. americana from central Florida and characterized a native A. americana nodule isolate, Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3516. We find that A. americana forms effective symbioses with Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3516, which is closely related to Thai A. americana symbiont Bradyrhizobium sp DOA9, and with symbionts from the dalbergioids stylo and peanut. Interestingly, several strains that effectively nodulated A. americana exhibited branched bacteroid morphologies, but we found that branching was neither necessary nor sufficient for effective symbiosis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study contradicts the prevailing view that bacteroid shape is a major determinant of symbiotic efficiency and presents the A. americana-Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3516 interaction as an optimal model of A. americana symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid42185992, year = {2026}, author = {Reyes-Prieto, M and Martínez-Cano, DJ and Llabrés, M and Palmer-Rodríguez, P and Vargas-Chávez, C and Delaye, L and Gil, R and Moya, A}, title = {Evolutionary signals in metabolic networks of insect endosymbionts revealed through comparative topological modeling.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-026-12869-7}, pmid = {42185992}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {PGC2018-096956-B-C43//FEDER/MICINN/AEI/ ; PID2019-105969GB-I00//FEDER/MICINN/AEI/ ; PID2021-126114NB-C44//MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF/EU"/ ; CIPROM/2021/042//Conselleria de Cultura, Educaci&#xf3;n y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding the organization and evolution of metabolic networks is essential for uncovering how organisms adapt to changing environments. Whereas free-living bacteria typically maintain robust and redundant metabolic systems, endosymbiotic bacteria undergo extreme genome reduction during their adaptation to intracellular life. This process results in highly streamlined and interconnected metabolic networks, in some cases smaller than the theoretical minimum required for sustaining independent cellular function.<br><br>RESULTS: Using a large-scale comparative framework, we analyzed 101 genomes of insect endosymbiotic bacteria by computing two metabolic network models: metabolite- and reaction-based. We found strong correlations between genome size and key topological properties, including clustering coefficient, network diameter, and number of nodes, indicating that genome reduction directly constrains metabolic network architecture. Despite extensive gene loss, endosymbiotic metabolic networks retain scale-free organization, suggesting the preservation of essential connectivity and robustness. Furthermore, clustering analyses revealed that network topology reflects phylogenetic relationships across bacterial taxa, demonstrating that metabolic organization retains evolutionary signals even in the most reduced genomes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that the metabolic networks of insect endosymbiotic bacteria preserve clear evolutionary imprints, revealing a deep connection between genomic reduction, network structure, and phylogenetic history. The complementary use of metabolite- and reaction-based models provide a powerful framework for exploring how symbiotic evolution reshapes metabolic systems while maintaining essential biological organization.}, }
@article {pmid42186551, year = {2026}, author = {Koštířová, K and Rotterová, J and Bourland, WA and Čepička, I}, title = {Capturing the extensive diversity of marine anaerobic scuticociliates (Oligohymenophorea, Ciliophora) through cultivation.}, journal = {Marine life science &amp; technology}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {256-275}, pmid = {42186551}, issn = {2662-1746}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Marine anoxic sediments are expansive ecosystems, effectively devoid of oxygen, where eukaryotic life is predominantly represented by protists. In this study, we surveyed a range of such habitats and uncovered novel diversity within ciliated protists from the subclass Scuticociliatia (class Oligohymenophorea). We establish three new genera of marine anaerobic scuticociliates within the family Anaerocyclidiidae that were previously detected exclusively through cultivation-independent environmental surveys. Our results show that marine Anaerocyclidiidae have a global distribution and occur frequently in anoxic sediments. Notably, all studied marine Anaerocyclidiidae host prokaryotic ectosymbionts of varying sizes and shapes, potentially representing distinct prokaryotic lineages. Through broad geographic sampling and the establishment of the largest culture collection of marine anaerobic scuticociliates to date, we investigated the diversity, morphology, behavior, and symbiotic associations within this significant ciliate lineage. These findings highlight the importance of cultivation approaches to uncover novel protistan taxa and their symbiotic relationships, expanding our understanding of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in oxygen-depleted habitats.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-025-00350-5.}, }
@article {pmid42186555, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, T and Vďačný, P}, title = {Morpho-molecular characterization of Trichodina chlorophora Richards, 1948 (Protista: Ciliophora), a central component in the 'snail‒ciliate‒zoochlorellae' hyper-symbiotic system.}, journal = {Marine life science &amp; technology}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {371-386}, pmid = {42186555}, issn = {2662-1746}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: In the mantle cavity of the heterobranch snail Physella acuta, collected from a lake in Slovakia (Central Europe), we identified the peritrich ciliate Trichodina chlorophora harboring endosymbiotic green algae. To elucidate the evolutionary origins of this tripartite consortium, we determined the phylogenetic affiliations of all three partners and conducted a detailed morpho-molecular characterization of the ciliate, a central component of this hyper-symbiotic system. The European population of T. chlorophora closely matched North American populations previously described from physinine snails. The diagnostic features of T. chlorophora include: body diameter of 41-83 μm after dry silver nitrate impregnation; denticle ring 23-39 μm wide, with 23-30 denticles and 9-11 radial pins per denticle; denticles 5.7-7.8 μm long; adoral ciliary spiral performing ~ 1.13 turns (390°-409°) around peristomial disc; and a horseshoe-shaped macronucleus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that: (1) the host snails are closely related to North American conspecifics, reflecting the human-mediated introduction of this invasive gastropod to Europe; (2) trichodinids colonized aquatic snails multiple times independently from poikilothermic vertebrate hosts, with T. chlorophora clustering with freshwater congeners from frogs, snails, and planarians; and (3) the endosymbiotic green algae comprise two species: Chlorella sp., closely related to endosymbionts of heliozoans and cnidarians, and Jaagichlorella geometrica, which clusters with epiphytic congeners. While the algae exhibit low host specificity, snail-dwelling Trichodina species show high phylogenetic host specificity. The parallel emergence of green algae-bearing trichodinids in physinine and planorbid snails suggests co-evolutionary processes that independently gave rise to interdependent associations among aquatic snails, ciliates, and zoochlorellae.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-026-00359-4.}, }
@article {pmid42187701, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, Y and Yang, J and Keyhani, NO and Wang, L and Yao, Y and Wei, X and Song, F and Qiu, Z and Cai, S and Guan, X and Zhao, L and Qiu, J}, title = {Molecular Phylogeny, Divergence Time Estimation, and Biogeography of Moelleriella (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales) with Taxonomic Insights.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15100739}, pmid = {42187701}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The Clavicipitaceae family, including saprobes and insect and myco-pathogens, are widely distributed in nature across various trophic regions, and play important roles in insect population control, plant interactions, and symbiotic evolution. Members of the genus Moelleriella within this family primarily specialize in infecting scale insects and whiteflies. Using five genomic loci (SSU, LSU, tef1-α, rpb1, and rpb2), we report on the inferred divergence times among members of Clavicipitaceae using molecular dating analyses. Molecular clock estimates revealed that the ancestor of Moelleriella likely emerged in the Late Cretaceous (91.60 Mya; 95% highest posterior density of 79.29-100.13 Mya). Historical biogeographic reconstruction of Moelleriella, performed using the Bayesian Binary Markov chain Monte Carlo (BBM) method, indicates that it most likely originated in Asia. Moreover, based on taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, we describe three species within the genus Moelleriella, including one new species (Moelleriella microstroma) and two new records for China (Moelleriella chiangmaiensis and Moelleriella phukhiaoensis).}, }
@article {pmid42187767, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, Z and Chen, P and Ge, X and Zhang, W and Liu, H}, title = {Synergistic Integration of Enzyme and Microbial Platforms for Sustainable Management of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Towards a Greener Pharmaceutical Lifecycle.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15100804}, pmid = {42187767}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Purpose: This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for constructing environmentally friendly and economically feasible sustainable management systems for pharmaceutical pollution. Methods: This review discusses three synergistic mechanisms-"cascade degradation", "symbiotic protection", and "functional complementarity"-along with construction strategies including co-immobilization technology, engineered biofilms, and engineered bacteria modified via synthetic biology. Result: Synergistic platforms have achieved significant progress in treating various types of pharmaceutical pollutants, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatories and hormones, antiviral drugs and pesticides. Conclusions: The synergistic integration of enzymes and microorganisms achieves the unification of efficient catalysis and deep mineralization, opening up a new pathway for the remediation of pharmaceutical pollution. It also transforms theoretically existing concepts into operable treatment technologies.}, }
@article {pmid42187790, year = {2026}, author = {Dan, L and Liu, S and Qiang, Z and Ye, X and Zhang, J}, title = {Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Reversible Adaptive Responses in Fungi.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12050309}, pmid = {42187790}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {32400477//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The remarkable ecological success of fungi is supported by their capacity for rapid and often reversible molecular responses to fluctuating environments. While conventional evolutionary theory has largely emphasized mutation and selection as central drivers of adaptation, many environmentally responsive fungal traits are also shaped by molecular processes that generate reversible phenotypic variation on ecological or developmental timescales. This review synthesizes current knowledge on reversible genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying fungal phenotypic plasticity by integrating insights from programmed genetic rearrangements such as mating-type switching, transposable element activity, variation in tandem repeats and the behavior of accessory chromosomes, together with dynamic epigenetic processes including histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and RNA mediated regulation. Together, these mechanisms form an interconnected framework that enables rapid and, in many cases, reversible phenotypic diversification, although their consequences range from transient regulatory shifts to partially or fully irreversible sequence-level changes. We highlight the molecular machinery that governs reversibility and its evolutionary implications for fungal pathogenesis, symbiosis, and biotechnology. By uniting genetic and epigenetic perspectives, this review advances a holistic framework in which reversibility is treated as a key property of fungal phenotypic plasticity, helping fungi balance stability with flexibility under environmental challenge. Understanding these mechanisms provides new insights into fungal evolution, and opens new avenues for antifungal intervention and the rational design of industrially valuable fungal strains.}, }
@article {pmid42187814, year = {2026}, author = {Qu, Y and Li, K and Wang, Z and Dong, H and Hategekimana, A and Wang, X and Yin, J}, title = {Genomic Insights and Antifungal Efficacy of Xenorhabdus budapestensis XH-4 in Combating Soybean Root Rot.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12050332}, pmid = {42187814}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2023YFE0125800//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Soybean root rot, primarily caused by Fusarium oxysporum, leads to severe root decay and substantial yield losses in Glycine max. This study screened ten entomopathogenic nematode-associated symbiotic bacteria for antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum. Among them, Xenorhabdus budapestensis XH-4 exhibited the strongest in vitro inhibition, suppressing mycelial growth by more than 73%. Antifungal activity was primarily attributed to extracellular metabolites, as both fermentation broth and cell-free culture supernatant were effective, whereas bacterial cell suspensions showed no significant inhibition. In greenhouse experiments, 40% (v/v) XH-4 reduced the disease index by 75-80%, comparable to the chemical fungicide metalaxyl-hymexazol. Genome mining revealed 20 biosynthetic gene clusters encoding diverse secondary metabolites, including fabclavine, fabclavine pyrrolizixenamide A, and putrebactin/avaroferrin, which likely underpin the strain antifungal efficacy. Additionally, XH-4 enhanced soybean antioxidant capacity and activated the phenylpropanoid pathway, indicating a dual mechanism involving direct antagonism and induced systemic resistance. These findings support the development of XH-4 as an environmentally friendly biofungicide for sustainable management of soybean root rot.}, }
@article {pmid42187816, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Q and Yang, W and Zhang, C and Ren, L and Bai, N and Zhang, L and He, C and Gong, M}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Exogenous Calcium Synergistically Alleviate Arsenic Stress in Cotton Seedlings.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12050335}, pmid = {42187816}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {No.31870093 and No.31800096//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No.242300420144//Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province, China/ ; No.252102110192 and No.252102110148//Henan Province Science and Technology Research/ ; }, abstract = {Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a promising candidate for an Arsenic (As)-tolerant plant due to its low As accumulation in fibers. The individual arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation or exogenous calcium (Ca[2+]) application is known to enhance heavy metal tolerance in higher plants; however, their synergistic mechanisms in alleviating As stress in cotton remain poorly understood. A three-factor pot experiment was conducted, including two levels of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae C.Walker &amp; A.Schüßler) inoculation (non-inoculated/inoculated), As stress (0/100 mgAs[5+]·kg[-1]soil), and exogenous Ca[2+] (CaCl2) application (0/20 mmol·L[-1] CaCl2). AMF inoculation and Ca[2+] application were investigated for their effects on cotton growth, root morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, osmotic regulators, antioxidant enzyme activities, and ion homeostasis under As stress. Results showed As stress significantly disrupted cotton growth (decreased plant height, shoot and root dry weight) and root morphology (reduced total root length, root area, and root fork number), photosynthetic capacity (reduced Pn, Ci, Fv/Fm, and ΦPSII), osmotic adjustment (decreased proline, soluble sugar and protein), antioxidant defense (inhibited SOD, POD, CAT activities), and K[+]/Ca[2+] homeostasis (reduced concentration of K[+] and Ca[2+], and K[+]/Ca[2+] ratio). Both AMF inoculation and Ca[2+] application independently alleviated these adverse effects of As stress. At the same time, AMF symbiosis combined with exogenous Ca[2+] was better than AMF inoculation or Ca[2+] application alone in optimizing root architecture, improving stomatal function and photosynthetic efficiency, enhancing osmotic regulator accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities, and restoring ion balance under As stress. Three-way ANOVA confirmed significant As×AMF×Ca[2+] interactions on key parameters such as Pn and ΦPSII. In summary, both AMF inoculation and Ca[2+] application synergistically enhanced cotton As tolerance through regulating growth, root morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, osmotic regulators, antioxidant enzyme activities, and ion homeostasis, demonstrating its potential for sustainable cotton cultivation in As-contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid42188181, year = {2026}, author = {Bianchi, T and Mastore, M and Banfi, D and Loulou, A and Quadroni, S and Brivio, MF}, title = {When Small Meets Smaller: Immune Modulation and Virulence Strategies in Insect-Bacteria Interactions.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects17050515}, pmid = {42188181}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Insects represent powerful experimental systems for investigating host-microorganism interactions, providing valuable insights into bacterial pathogenicity, immune regulation, symbiosis, and antimicrobial discovery. This review examines the complex relationships between insects and bacteria, focusing on the mechanisms that control infection, immune activation, and microbial adaptation. Particular attention is given to the routes of pathogen entry and to the conserved innate immune pathways that coordinate host defenses, including the Toll, Imd, Duox, and Jak/Stat signaling cascades. The review illustrates how bacterial pathogens exploit toxins, immune evasion strategies, and metabolic adaptation to overcome host defenses, while insects rely on tightly regulated cellular and humoral responses, antimicrobial peptides, melanization, and microbiota-mediated homeostasis. Interactions between pathogenic and commensal bacteria in the insect gut are discussed in the context of immune tolerance, dysbiosis, and ecological adaptation. The dual role of bacterial virulence factors in both pathogenesis and symbiosis is highlighted through examples involving entomopathogenic bacteria such as Photorhabdus spp., Xenorhabdus spp., and Bacillus thuringiensis. In addition, the review summarizes the use of insect models, including Drosophila melanogaster, Galleria mellonella, Bombyx mori, and Apis mellifera, in experimental infections aimed at studying virulence mechanisms, host immune responses, and antimicrobial efficacy. Finally, multi-omic approaches, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, and single-cell technologies are discussed as transformative tools for dissecting host-microbe interactions at molecular and systems levels. Overall, insect-bacteria interactions emerge as dynamic and evolutionarily shaped systems in which immunity, metabolism, microbiota composition, and environmental factors are closely interconnected, offering important perspectives for both basic research and the development of sustainable biocontrol and antimicrobial strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42188272, year = {2026}, author = {Chick, JC and Morello, LT}, title = {Developing Talent with Artificial Intelligence: Human-AI Symbiotic Theory (HAIST) as a Framework for AI-Mediated Learning and Talent Development.}, journal = {Journal of Intelligence}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jintelligence14050086}, pmid = {42188272}, issn = {2079-3200}, abstract = {Traditional talent development models were designed before the AI revolution and do not consider artificial agents as possible sources of development. artificial intelligence is quickly infiltrating education spaces-but our thinking about learning has not caught up with how we can productively pair learners with both human and artificial intelligence. Addressing this gap, we introduce Human-AI Symbiotic Theory (HAIST), a novel theoretical framework designed for AI-facilitated environments, which posits how learners can productively leverage both humans and AI as "development partners" across the entire talent development process. We begin with a comprehensive integration of ideas and theory from the literature on talent development, AI for learning, and human-AI collaboration and use these insights to build HAIST for the specific context of talent development. HAIST comprises three mechanisms-Complementary Intelligence Activation (CIA), Dynamic Adaptive Co-Regulation (DACR), and Agency-Preserving Scaffolding (APS)-that are grounded in prior theory and research on topics like sociocultural theory, self-regulated learning, and distributed cognition. We then demonstrate how HAIST can be applied throughout all phases of talent development while highlighting implications for traditionally underserved learners like adult learners, student veterans, multilingual learners, and first-generation learners. We provide an applied example of how the three mechanisms work in tandem to support talent development and discuss points of tension that must be navigated when applying HAIST (e.g., between adaptation and optimization vs. agency). Lastly, we highlight how considerations of ethics and learner rights (algorithmic bias, learner voice, etc.) should be considered when operationalizing HAIST. Overall, HAIST can serve as a foundational theory to not only understand how talent development should occur between learners and both humans and AI, but also to consider the process of instruction design in AI-mediated learning environments.}, }
@article {pmid42189139, year = {2026}, author = {Wodowski, G and Izraeli, Y and Mozes-Daube, N and Carmi, G and Chiel, E and Zchori-Fein, E}, title = {AnvRV virus in the parasitoid wasp Anagyrus vladimiri: localization, effect on gene expression, and prevalence.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0163625}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01636-25}, pmid = {42189139}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Insect-virus associations have been studied extensively in the context of pathogenic viruses transmitted by insects, whereas research on nonpathogenic viruses remains relatively scarce. Recently, we discovered three nonpathogenic RNA viruses in the parasitoid wasp Anagyrus vladimiri: AnvRV, AnvDV, and AnvIfV. Here, using transmission electron microscopy, we detected AnvRV in the wasp oocytes and in a distinct group of cells in the ovaries, which we termed "satellite cells," but not in the venom gland or venom reservoir, indicating that AnvRV is transmitted transovarially. Next, we analyzed gene expression in AnvRV-infected and uninfected wasps and found that AnvRV modulates the immune response and alters venom composition. Notably, the NF-κB inhibitor gene was upregulated in the wasp ovaries, where AnvRV is localized, suggesting that AnvRV locally suppresses the immune response of A. vladimiri to facilitate its transmission. Next, we studied the prevalence of the three viruses in field populations of A. vladimiri and its hosts, Planococcus citri and Planococcus ficus. AnvRV was absent from both mealybug species and detected at low prevalence in A. vladimiri, whereas AnvDV and AnvIfV were consistently present in P. citri. Lastly, by datamining of public RNAseq data sets, we investigated the prevalence of these viruses in other parasitoid species and revealed only a few related viruses. Taken together, we postulate that AnvRV is an active symbiont of A. vladimiri, influencing host gene regulation. These findings provide new insights into the diversity of insect-virus interactions and their potential roles in shaping parasitoid biology.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Viruses likely represent the majority of insect symbiotic microorganisms. Yet, viral symbionts and their interactions with insect hosts were less studied, mostly due to technical difficulties stemming from their small size and lack of universal markers. Although viral symbionts are usually perceived as pathogens, there are clear instances in which they are beneficial to their hosts, providing functions that are essential in some cases and conditionally beneficial in others, shaping insect ecology and evolution. This study provides several pieces of the puzzle on the road to understanding the complex interactions within the multi-trophic system consisting of a parasitoid wasp, its mealybug host, and a double-stranded RNA virus. This system may serve as a case study of viruses' effect on insects and broaden our understanding of the possible effects of viruses on other arthropods.}, }
@article {pmid42189972, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, X and Feng, T and Yu, C and Ni, M and Zhang, Y and Ma, X and Wang, X and Chen, J and Shi, W and St Leger, RJ and Huang, J and Fang, W}, title = {Volatile signaling in plant-Metarhizium-insect interactions: Implications for nitrogen cycling.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {22}, pages = {e2603282123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2603282123}, pmid = {42189972}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {U24A20347 and 32172470//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 32325044//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Metarhizium/metabolism/physiology ; Symbiosis ; *Nitrogen Cycle/physiology ; *Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Larva/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen exchange between plants and insects is a major component of ecosystem nitrogen cycling. Endophytic insect pathogenic fungi transfer insect-derived nitrogen to plants through symbiotic associations mediated by fungal mycelia, enabling plants to thrive even after losing nitrogen to insects. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unexplored. Here, we show that the widespread endophytic entomopathogen Metarhizium robertsii degrades the common root-derived antifungal compound caulilexin C to produce the volatile 1-methoxyindole. This compound is recognized by the Or74a olfactory receptor in Drosophila melanogaster larvae and attracts multiple Dipteran species to the plant-Metarhizium consortium. The recruited insects are subsequently infected and consumed, resulting in enhanced insect-derived nitrogen transfer to the plants. This self-reinforcing mechanism strengthens the plant-fungus symbiosis and reveals a pathway contributing to ecosystem nitrogen flux.}, }
@article {pmid42176622, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, ZN and Zhang, TY and He, H and Pan, RJ and Zeng, YQ and Peng, Z and Shi, J and Fu, Q and Pan, M and Zeng, C and Xiao, Q and Hu, L and Geng, B and El-Din, MG and Xu, B}, title = {Symbiotic chlorine-resistant bacteria and fungi in urban building drinking water plumbing pipe biofilms.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {513}, number = {}, pages = {142500}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142500}, pmid = {42176622}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The importance of building-level plumbing systems in ensuring safe and reliable drinking water for end-users is increasingly recognized. However, biofilms forming on pipe walls present persistent public health risks. In particular, the dynamics of chlorine-resistant bacterial and fungal communities within these biofilms remain poorly analyzed and quantified under real-world conditions. Leveraging a large-scale building renovation campaign in a megacity in eastern China, we sampled biofilms from 24 residential buildings and assessed microbial resistance to chlorine disinfectants based on 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing. Elevated chlorine stress selected for chlorine-resistant taxa, while ammonia from monochloramine decay supported nitrifiers, deteriorating water quality. Although the number of bacterial-fungal links declined with rising chlorine (0 -0.96 mg-Cl2/L), proportions of positive associations remained stable (∼70%). Pipe materials and water supply regimes also shaped microbial communities, with polyethylene-lined steel (S-PE) pipes and dual-tank systems enriching genera such as Mycobacterium, which include potentially opportunistic species. Notably, S-PE pipes supported the highest microbial colonization reaching up to 289 CFU/cm[2] (approximately an order of magnitude higher than SS). These findings underscore the need for sustained disinfectant management and informed material selection to mitigate biofilm-associated risks in aging urban drinking water infrastructure.}, }
@article {pmid42178349, year = {2026}, author = {Genc, O and Kurt, A}, title = {Biologically inspired optimization of construction sector eco industrial park networks using food web metrics.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-54667-x}, pmid = {42178349}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Industrial symbiosis (IS) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are increasingly promoted as practical pathways to circular economy transitions in resource-intensive sectors such as construction, where diverse waste streams, quality variability, and fragmented supply chains often constrain the number and stability of feasible exchanges. Building on biomimetic design principles, this study investigates whether construction-sector EIP networks can be optimized to better resemble selected structural patterns observed in biological food webs, and how optimization choices and participation rules influence the resulting network topology. Using a construction symbiosis database and five theoretical exchange scenarios, scenario-constrained optimization models are formulated to seek proximity to detritus-inclusive biological food-web reference values. Four objective function types (OFTs), representing alternative ways of aggregating multi-metric deviation from benchmarks, were tested in two parallel model families: one excluding connectance from the objective set and one explicitly targeting connectance to assess its conditioning role. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the scenario-constrained network models and efficiently explore the large combinatorial solution space. Results show that structural proximity to the selected food-web benchmarks is configuration-dependent. Scenario rules and OFT choice systematically steer solutions toward distinct network morphologies, producing clear trade-offs across metrics rather than uniform improvement. Across best-performing configurations, the ratio of waste-providing to waste-receiving firms was comparatively close to benchmark levels in some cases but showed notable deviations in others, while link density and cyclicity exhibited persistent deficits, indicating that achieving dense, highly cycling structures is challenging under construction-specific feasibility constraints. Explicitly including connectance reduced the tendency of some OFTs to converge to extreme connectivity regimes and yielded more balanced metric profiles, highlighting connectance as a structuring constraint that limits extreme connectivity rather than as evidence of ecological realism. Reciprocity-oriented participation rules, particularly those requiring receiver firms to also provide exchanges, were associated with more benchmark-consistent solutions under certain OFT and connectance-included combinations, rather than uniformly dominating across all cases. For practice, the findings suggest that structurally informed bio-inspired EIP planning may benefit from treating connectance as a controlled design parameter and considering reciprocal participation policies where they are compatible with the selected objective formulation and feasibility constraints. Future research should integrate exchange quantities, cost and quality constraints, and uncertainty dynamics, and should report Pareto-efficient solution sets to support stakeholder selection and implementation.}, }
@article {pmid42178487, year = {2026}, author = {McPolin-Hall, E and Stephen, AS and Pardieu, C and Georgeu, G and Allaker, RP and Bhogal, RK and Pople, JE and Philpott, MP and Hannen, RF}, title = {Engineering microbial symbiosis and dysbiosis reveals a new AhR-mediated mechanism underlying dandruff pathogenesis.}, journal = {The British journal of dermatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/bjd/ljag210}, pmid = {42178487}, issn = {1365-2133}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The skin microbiome plays a pivotal role in regulating epidermal barrier integrity and immune homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms through which microbial dysbiosis drives dermatological disease and in particular, the pathways by which alterations in the scalp microbiome give rise to the pathological features of dandruff are not fully understood.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish and validate microbially colonised, full-thickness human skin equivalents (HSEs) that incorporate scalp-relevant bacterial and fungal microbiome species, to dissect the molecular pathways linking microbiome composition to epidermal morphology, barrier function and skin homeostasis.<br><br>METHODS: We engineered HSEs colonised with microbial consortia representing healthy (5M) and dandruff-associated (5MP) scalp microbiomes. Morphological and histological analyses were used to assess epidermal architecture and barrier integrity. Expression of key barrier proteins and enzymes involved in corneodesmosome hydrolysis was quantified. Bulk RNA-sequencing was performed to identify differentially regulated signalling pathways, followed by protein validation using immunofluorescence analysis. Key findings were further corroborated with human scalp biopsy specimens from individuals with and without dandruff.<br><br>RESULTS: HSEs colonised with the 5M microbiome maintained normal epidermal morphology and expression of barrier-associated proteins. In contrast, HSEs colonised with the 5MP microbiome developed hallmark dandruff-like phenotypes, including altered epidermal morphology, reduced barrier protein expression, and abnormal corneodesmosome degradation. Transcriptomic analysis and protein validation revealed significant attenuation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signalling pathway in 5MP-colonised HSEs. Consistent downregulation of AhR and associated proteins was observed in dandruff patient samples, confirming the clinical relevance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Microbial dysbiosis on the scalp can compromise AhR signalling. This study provides mechanistic evidence linking microbiome composition to pathological epidermal changes. The developed microbially colonised HSE model provides a versatile and clinically relevant tool for advancing our understanding of microbiome-driven skin pathology and translating mechanistic insights into precision interventions.}, }
@article {pmid42178569, year = {2026}, author = {Garritano, AN and J Hill, L and Ribeiro, B and Damasceno, T and Medeiros, L and Duarte, G and L S Vilela, C and Majzoub, ME and Allen, MA and Nappi, J and S Peixoto, R and Thomas, T}, title = {Ammonia oxidation and recalcitrant carbon degradation fuel mixotrophic growth in the symbiont community of a deep-sea sponge.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42178569}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {BAS/1/1095-01-01//KAUST/ ; ANP 21005-4//ANP, Brazil/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Porifera/microbiology ; *Ammonia/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Archaea/metabolism/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; *Microbiota ; *Carbon/metabolism ; *Bacteria/classification/metabolism/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Metagenomics/methods ; Autotrophic Processes ; Carbon Cycle ; Seawater/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sponges are important members of shallow-water, benthic ecosystems, where they often rely on their microbial symbionts to acquire organic or inorganic carbon. Sponges are also found in the deep sea, however, how they metabolically interact there with their symbionts remains underexplored. Here, we combined metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and stable-isotope labelling approaches to investigate the metabolic activities of the microbial community of the deep-sea sponge Calyx sp.<br><br>RESULTS: Approximately 84% of the total estimated microbial abundance was composed of nine heterotrophic phyla, whilst the remaining 16% consisted of two autotrophic ammonia-oxidising archaea. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed the high expression of genes involved in the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides of algal origin, suggesting that an undegraded fraction of marine snow plays a role in the nutrition of this deep-sea holobiont. Additionally, we detected active ammonia oxidation and carbon fixation pathways in the autotrophic community members and, through ex situ incubations with labelled carbonate show a potential to fix 13.67&#xa0;mg CO2 per g dry weight in a year.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the mixotrophic lifestyle of a deep-sea sponge microbiome, expanding our knowledge of the sponge-microbe symbiosis in the oligotrophic environment of the deep ocean. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid42178707, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, XY and Ge, ST and Chen, JQ and Zhong, YW and Shen, CC and Wu, YH and Cheng, H}, title = {Complete genome sequence of a urea-degrading Microbacterium sp. HM-570 reveals its deep-sea symbiotic lifestyle within sponge from the Western Pacific.}, journal = {Marine genomics}, volume = {86}, number = {}, pages = {101234}, doi = {10.1016/j.margen.2026.101234}, pmid = {42178707}, issn = {1876-7478}, mesh = {*Genome, Bacterial ; *Porifera/microbiology/physiology ; Animals ; *Symbiosis ; Pacific Ocean ; *Urea/metabolism ; *Microbacterium/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; }, abstract = {Microbacterium sp. HM-570 (16S rDNA sequence similarity 99.03% with the closest species Microbacterium lacus A5E-52[T]) is a sponge-associated bacterium isolated from deep-sea sponge, collected at the Hakugan seamount in Western Pacific. Here we report the complete genome sequence of strain HM-570, which consists of a single circular chromosome without no detectable plasmids. Genomic annotations revealed genetic features consistent with deep-sea stress tolerance and host-associated lifestyle, including genes putatively involved in stress responses and heavy-metal resistance, as well as multiple secondary-metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. The genome also encodes several vitamin-biosynthesis pathways (e.g., riboflavin and folate) which may support the sponge host by supplementing essential vitamins and a set of eukaryotic-like repeat proteins that may be involved in host association, such as attachment and immune modulation. In addition, HM-570 carries genes associated with urea degradation (ureABC, ureDFG, urtABCDE, uca and atzF), and growth-based experiment confirmed urea degradation in vitro. Together, these data suggest that strain HM-570 represents a genomically distinct Microbacterium lineage with potential functional roles in nutrient cycling and stress tolerance within deep-sea sponge-associated microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid42179498, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, R and Dai, B and Li, C and Wu, S and Li, Z and Li, R and Nian, F and Zhao, L and Liu, Y and Xie, Y and Dong, J and Liao, X and Deng, X and Liu, D}, title = {Integrated physiological and molecular insights into photosynthetic responses of maize following relay-cropping of tobacco.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1787851}, pmid = {42179498}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In the relay cropping system where maize growth overlaps with the tobacco harvesting period, clarifying light competition during the co-growth stage and its effects on maize photosynthesis is essential for optimizing cropping spatial configuration. This study aimed to reveal the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the photosynthetic response of silage maize (Huidan No. 4) to relay intercropping with flue-cured tobacco (K326).<br><br>METHODS: A field experiment was established with two treatments: maize relay-cropped after tobacco harvest and maize monoculture. At 15, 25, and 35 days after the formation of the intercropping competitive system, photosynthetic indices, chlorophyll content, and the activities of photosynthesis-related enzymes were determined in maize functional leaves (the third leaf from the top). Transcriptome sequencing was also performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which tobacco shading affects maize photosynthesis.<br><br>RESULTS: The solar radiation intercepted by relay-cropped maize was significantly lower than that of monoculture maize. Correspondingly, relay-cropped maize exhibited declined photosynthetic performance, with significant reductions in photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, and activities of photosynthesis-related enzymes. Transcriptome analysis of maize functional leaves during the co-growth period identified a total of 3200 differentially expressed genes. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in photosynthesis-related pathways. Key genes involved in C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways, including *PPC*, *PPDK*, *RBCL*, and *PRK*, were significantly downregulated in relay-cropped maize. Analysis of maize photosynthetic indices across tobacco-maize co-growth durations of 0-35 days indicated that the suitable symbiotic period was 0-25 days.<br><br>DISCUSSION: In the tobacco-maize relay intercropping system, the combined effects of severe shading and shading duration downregulate photosynthesis-related genes, inhibit the activities of key carbon fixation enzymes in maize, reduce carbon dioxide fixation capacity, and restrict the accumulation of organic matter in maize plants. This study systematically illustrates the regulatory mechanism of tobacco shading on maize photosynthetic characteristics at both physiological and molecular levels, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing the spatiotemporal layout of planting systems combining grain and economic crops.}, }
@article {pmid42180606, year = {2026}, author = {Park, B and Kim, J and Looney, C and Kwon, O and Choi, MB}, title = {Diversity and associations of parasites, parasitoids, and nest-associated organisms of Vespa mandarinia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in South Korea.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {e21240}, pmid = {42180606}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; Republic of Korea ; *Wasps/parasitology/physiology/classification/genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; *Biodiversity ; Nesting Behavior ; Female ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Parasites/classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {The northern giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia Smith, 1852) is a dominant eusocial wasp species in East Asia; however, knowledge of organisms associated with its colonies, including parasites and other nest-associated taxa, remains limited. To address this gap, this study investigated the diversity and ecological roles of organisms associated with V. mandarinia colonies and individuals in South Korea using a combination of morphological examination and DNA barcoding analyses. A total of seven associated species were identified: Xenos moutoni (du Buysson, 1903) (Strepsiptera: Xenidae); Volucella suzukii Matsumura, 1916 and Vo. coreana Shiraki, 1930 (Diptera: Syrphidae); Pyralis regalis (Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); Pheromermis vesparum Kaiser, 1987 (Nematoda: Mermithidae); Quedius pectinatus (Sharp, 1874) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae); and Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). These species exhibited distinct ecological associations with V. mandarinia. X. moutoni was confirmed as an obligate endoparasite that induces behavioral and reproductive alterations in its host. Vo. suzukii, Q. pectinatus, and H. illucens were primarily associated with nest-derived detritus beneath hornet nests and exhibited scavenger-like behavior, with no evidence of direct predation on host individuals, suggesting predominantly commensal associations. In contrast, Vo. coreana was consistently associated with the comb and nest cells, suggesting a more exploitative ecological strategy. P. regalis primarily consumed nest material and meconium and occupied an intermediate ecological position between a facultative predator and a nest-associated organism. Ph. vesparum, recorded for the first time in Korea and Asia, was detected in only a single V. mandarinia individual, suggesting a negligible impact on hornet populations under natural conditions. Overall, this study provides baseline taxonomic and ecological data on parasites and nest-associated organisms associated with V. mandarinia in Korea and highlights the ecological complexity of hornet nests as microhabitats that support diverse symbiotic assemblages. These findings serve as a foundation for future research on the life histories, host interactions, and potential functional roles of nest-associated organisms in hornet colony dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid42182056, year = {2026}, author = {Schurr, A}, title = {The glioma neuron symbiosis hypothesis-cellular and molecular mechanistic considerations.}, journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {1815478}, pmid = {42182056}, issn = {1662-4548}, abstract = {A recent hypothesis suggests that glioma cells and neurons engage in a symbiotic relationships, where neurons tend to use lactate, produced in abundance by the cancer cells, instead of glucose. Consequently, the glucose conserved by neurons becomes accessible to glioma cells, which have a high demand for it. The present monograph further develops this hypothesis, weighing specific cellular and molecular processes in both cell types that allow for these symbiotic relationships. The potential roles in the postulated symbiosis of the glycolytic pathway, the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, and its coupled oxidative phosphorylation, glucose and lactate transporters, the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, lactate signaling via its receptor, and lactylation, are all considered here. The aim is to provide a wider foundation with greater detail for a better understanding of the proposed symbiosis that could offer several possible experimental avenues to verify its validity.}, }
@article {pmid42182144, year = {2026}, author = {Harju, J and Guessous, G and Gitai, Z and Wingreen, N}, title = {Counting to two: how phages decide between lysis and lysogeny.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.05.14.725151}, pmid = {42182144}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Upon infecting a bacterium, temperate phages must decide between killing the cell to reproduce (lysis) or entering a symbiotic lifestyle (lysogeny). This choice is often informed by the cell's state, as well as the number of infecting phage particles (MOI). Since phage gene copy numbers scale identically with MOI, an MOI-dependent decision requires a fast-acting asymmetry between the lytic and lysogenic pathways. We introduce a minimal model suggesting that only a handful of coupling mechanisms can produce such an asymmetry; for instance via a host protease, kinase, or RNase acting on one pathway. By distilling complex regulatory networks to their essential components, our model clarifies the logic of lysis-lysogeny decision mechanisms across phage species.}, }
@article {pmid42184013, year = {2026}, author = {Tominaga, T and Hayashi, Y and Noguchi, T and Kaminaka, H}, title = {Comparative analyses of transcriptionally regulated downstream genes between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses in the single host plant Eucalyptus grandis.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42184013}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {20J21994//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/genetics ; *Eucalyptus/microbiology/genetics ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Roots/microbiology/genetics ; Transcriptome ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Basidiomycota/physiology ; }, abstract = {In nature, some tree species interact with both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Glomeromycotina fungi and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) Basidiomycota/Ascomycota fungi, and are termed dual mycorrhizal plants. Although the AM-upregulated genes and their functions have been well studied, those of ECM symbiosis remain unclear, despite their essential roles in forest ecosystems. Therefore, this study aimed to compare symbiosis-regulated downstream genes in the dual mycorrhizal model tree, Eucalyptus grandis, during fully developed AM and ECM symbioses. First, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis and found a distinct transcriptional profile between E. grandis AM and ECM roots. Notably, none of the examined AM-related downstream genes were upregulated in the ECM roots. To identify ECM-specific genes and their expression patterns, comparative genomic analysis was performed. This study identified several gene families, including NAC transcription factors, that significantly expanded across the examined ECM lineages. Interestingly, we identified some ECM-promoted NAC transcription factors in the ECM roots of E. grandis, Populus trichocarpa, and Castanea mollissima. Moreover, none of the Eucalyptus NAC genes were transcriptionally promoted during AM symbiosis. Taken together, our results indicate that the downstream pathways necessary for the establishment of AM and ECM symbioses would be distinct.}, }
@article {pmid42184070, year = {2026}, author = {Marcel, L and Simon, JT and Lawrence, JM and Menkin, S and Barbrook, AC and Nisbet, RER and Howe, CJ and Zhang, JZ}, title = {Extracellular electron transfer by the cultured coral photosymbiont Symbiodinium microadriaticum.}, journal = {Photosynthesis research}, volume = {164}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42184070}, issn = {1573-5079}, support = {2894423//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/X010503/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; URF\R1\231513//Royal Society/ ; }, mesh = {*Dinoflagellida/physiology/metabolism ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Anthozoa/physiology ; Electron Transport ; Animals ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Light ; Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; }, abstract = {Photosynthetic microorganisms may show extracellular electron transfer (EET), in which some of the electrons generated by photosynthesis or respiration are lost from the cell. Most studies have focussed on cyanobacteria, with very few on eukaryotic algae. Here we demonstrate EET from the eukaryotic dinoflagellate alga Symbiodinium microadriaticum, a species that can form symbiosis with corals and other Cnidaria. We show that the EET involves diffusible electroactive species, which may represent a previously unsuspected route for communication between symbionts and hosts. We show that EET can be used to study photosynthetic and respiratory functions in the dinoflagellate. We also show that it can provide information on the effects of environmental stresses including changes in temperature (linked to coral bleaching), pH and light intensity. The electrochemical platform outlined in this study offers a novel tool for studying dinoflagellate physiology, the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis, and the molecular mechanisms of bleaching.}, }
@article {pmid42171099, year = {2026}, author = {Petrou, K and Nielsen, DA}, title = {New biomolecular signatures of thermal stress in coral algal symbionts: a pathway to understanding coral resilience and adaptation.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71275}, pmid = {42171099}, issn = {1469-8137}, }
@article {pmid42172300, year = {2026}, author = {Furukawa, T and Iimura, T}, title = {C-N exchange model of legume-Rhizobium symbiosis incorporating ATP budget constraints and energy-mass balance between the species.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {e0349611}, pmid = {42172300}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Symbiosis/physiology ; *Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; *Carbon/metabolism ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Fabaceae/microbiology/metabolism ; *Models, Biological ; *Rhizobium/physiology/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {We present a comparative advantage model of carbon-nitrogen exchange in legume-Rhizobium symbiosis that incorporates ATP budget constraints and the energy-mass balance between the host and symbiont. In this framework, the uptake of carbon and nitrogen is limited by the ATP available to each partner, and any imbalance in trade is compensated by adjustments in symbiont biomass. Using empirical estimates of the ATP costs of carbon and nitrogen uptake, together with data on body C:N ratios, the model generates three key predictions, and we prove that they align with empirical results. (i) The condition for the establishment of symbiosis derived from the model is consistent with measured ATP costs in both host and symbiont. (ii) At equilibrium, the model predicts a relatively low carbon supply from the legume and a relatively high nitrogen supply from Rhizobium, in agreement with reported patterns of exchange. (iii) The model further predicts that the proportion of carbon supplied decreases as the host C:N ratio increases, and that the proportion of nitrogen supplied decreases as the symbiont C:N ratio decreases, which are consistent with the empirically observed decline in nodulation during host aging.}, }
@article {pmid42172331, year = {2026}, author = {Raj, K and Gaugler, V and Lu, M and Schädel, M and Gaugler, P and Grothaus, CMM and Jochimsen, UA and Makris, A and Bartsch, SM and Frentzen, AM and Liu, G and Harings, M and Fiedler, D and Jessen, HJ and Schaaf, G and Ried-Lasi, MK}, title = {Lotus japonicus VIH2 is an inositol pyrophosphate synthase that regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {12}, number = {21}, pages = {eaec5607}, pmid = {42172331}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Lotus/microbiology/enzymology/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Plant yield is often maximized by the extensive use of mineral fertilizers, which, however, has severe environmental consequences. Phosphate is particularly problematic as it represents a globally limited resource, and its runoff and soil erosion threaten open water bodies. Many crops engage in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis with nutrient-acquiring fungi, aiding in the uptake of phosphate and other mineral nutrients. However, AM colonization is strongly reduced under high soil phosphate levels. A mechanistic understanding of phosphate sensing, phosphate starvation responses, and their connection to AM remains incomplete. Here, we show that, in Lotus japonicus, low-abundant, energy-rich inositol pyrophosphates act as important regulatory signals of AM, orchestrating the cross-talk between phosphate starvation responses, nutrient acquisition, and plant root endosymbiosis. These findings hold promise for breeding nutrient-efficient crops.}, }
@article {pmid42174643, year = {2026}, author = {Srivastava, AK and Yadav, A and Chandra, V}, title = {Nature-human's celebratory ties: indigenous foodways and festive traditions of central India.}, journal = {Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13002-026-00904-6}, pmid = {42174643}, issn = {1746-4269}, abstract = {The region of central India is home to several indigenous groups, living in forested areas, who show their close affinity to their land through various cultural practices. We found that almost every activity they perform revolves around their connection to nature, exhibiting their reverence for Mother Earth and other natural entities with which their lives are interrelated. Food-centred festivals are notable among these pursuits, as they provide occasions to commemorate ancestral customs, celebrate agricultural cycles, and reinforce the community's devotion to nature. It may be observed that food plays a key role in shaping cultural settings. The present study aims to document these events and highlight the symbolic connotations of organising such festivals. Derived from the immersive fieldwork in the villages of Maikal Hills, the festivals, which frequently fall on significant agricultural events, show how the festive events are an important constituent of the region's foodways. This study examines the embedded aspects of these foodways through the lens of environmentalism and indigenous identity. We have found that such celebrations are based on a holistic worldview in which food embodies the community's symbolic reverence for nature. At the same time, it is the primary source of nutrition and shapes cultural identity.}, }
@article {pmid42176011, year = {2026}, author = {Saeed, T and Khan, TA and Yusuf, M and Bajguz, A}, title = {Microplastics in the rhizosphere: unraveling plant-microbe-soil interactions and consequences for crop resilience.}, journal = {Plant signaling &amp; behavior}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {2678701}, doi = {10.1080/15592324.2026.2678701}, pmid = {42176011}, issn = {1559-2324}, mesh = {*Microplastics/toxicity ; *Rhizosphere ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Crops, Agricultural/microbiology/drug effects ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs), plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are increasingly recognized as pervasive pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems, especially agricultural soils, which serve as long-term sinks. While early research prioritized aquatic environments, recent studies underscore the diverse pathways through which MPs infiltrate soils, via plastic mulching, wastewater irrigation, sewage sludge, compost, and atmospheric deposition. This review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging insights into MPs-plant-microbe interactions within soil systems, emphasizing both their complex ecological effects and key knowledge gaps. The main objective of this review is to consolidate current evidence on how MPs affect plant physiology and soil microbial dynamics, and to highlight methodological limitations impeding progress in this field. MPs exhibit variable but often detrimental effects on plant health, including delayed germination, inhibited growth, impaired photosynthesis, and disrupted nutrient uptake. These outcomes are largely driven by physical blockage, chemical leaching, and oxidative stress, and are influenced by MPs characteristics (polymer type, shape, concentration) and plant species traits. Interestingly, low MPs levels may occasionally improve root biomass through enhanced soil aeration and water retention, reflecting the context-dependent nature of MPs impacts. Crucially, MPs alter soil microbial communities, reducing beneficial microbes, promoting pathogens, and interfering with enzymatic functions, thereby indirectly undermining soil fertility and crop productivity. Disruption of symbiotic relationships, such as mycorrhizal associations, further compounds ecological stress. This review also identifies a pressing need for standardized MPs detection and toxicity assessment protocols. Advancing analytical tools and ecologically relevant models is essential for uncovering plant molecular responses and supporting sustainable agriculture in MPs-contaminated environments.}, }
@article {pmid42176308, year = {2026}, author = {Chu, T and Wang, Y}, title = {Tripartite warfare: decoding the cell-virus-virophage arms race.}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-18}, doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2026.2675950}, pmid = {42176308}, issn = {1549-7828}, abstract = {Giant viruses constitute a remarkable group of large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses distinguished by their exceptional structural complexity and genomic features. Their genomes can reach 2.8 Mb, encoding hundreds of proteins, and virion diameters up to 1.5 μm. They infect diverse eukaryotic hosts and establish viral factories within host cells. Virophages are small dsDNA viruses (17-34 kb; 50-75 nm) that parasitize giant viruses. These satellite viruses hijack giant virus replication machinery while suppressing giant virus progeny, benefiting the host cell and creating a parasitic-symbiotic dynamic. This review examines the tripartite relationship between host cells, giant viruses, and virophages (CVv systems), focusing on: (1) virus-host interactions in amebae, marine flagellates, and unicellular algae; (2) molecular mechanisms of these interactions; and (3) ecological and evolutionary implications. We also identify current research challenges and propose future directions, particularly the molecular basis of viral interactions in CVv systems.}, }
@article {pmid42168866, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, Y and Guo, C and Zhang, W and Wang, D and Jiang, J and Liu, A and Wang, W and Han, Q and Zhang, Q and Li, P}, title = {Long-term preservation strategy for legume root nodule phenotypes coupled with a comprehensive evaluation method.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-09042-3}, pmid = {42168866}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {JCZRQN202401143//Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Youth Program/ ; CAAS-ZDRW202416//Major Science &amp; Technolog Tasks of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; 2023BBA002//Major Project of Hubei Province Science &amp; Technology/ ; 32441047//Special Projects of National Natural Sciences Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Nodule color and morphology are key readouts of legume symbiotic performance. However, long-term preservation of post-excavation nodules with intact morphology, color, and microbial cleanliness remains a major challenge. This study developed a two-stage aqueous-phase preservation method (TAPP) that enables rapid structural fixation and long-term chemical stabilization. A comprehensive evaluation was subsequently established, incorporating composite morphological score (0-5), color difference (ΔE) and its piecewise slope over time ([Formula: see text]), and visible contamination grade (0-3). Peanut and soybean nodules from multiple regions and cultivars were tracked for 24 months under five preservation methods: TAPP, FormalinCu, TAPP-Resin, Resin, and AirDry. TAPP showed the best overall preservation, with composite morphological scores of 4.65 ± 0.14 for peanut and 4.63 ± 0.22 for soybean at 24 months, and no visible mold. Color change slowed over time: [Formula: see text] decreased from 1.83 to 1.10 ΔE·month[- 1] during 0-1 month to 0.16 ΔE·month[- 1] during 12-24 months, yielding final ΔE values of 10.53 ± 1.88 and 10.32 ± 1.93, respectively. Notably, TAPP pretreatment markedly improved resin-embedded samples, demonstrating scalability and flexible deployment. In addition, this study further proposes a stage-wise workflow that integrates on-site pre-fixation, long-distance transport, and long-term storage to enable cross-regional circulation and collaborative phenomics of oxidation-prone, dehydration-sensitive nodules. Together, this work establishes a standardized, traceable workflow to preserve and benchmark legume root nodule phenotypes, supporting cross-laboratory comparability and longitudinal cross-source analyses.}, }
@article {pmid42167161, year = {2026}, author = {Datta, RR and Papry, RI and Mashio, AS and Hasegawa, H}, title = {Arsenic dynamics in seaweed: A comprehensive analysis of environmental and biological drivers of uptake, biotransformation, and release mechanism.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {408}, number = {}, pages = {129937}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129937}, pmid = {42167161}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {The biochemistry of arsenic (As) in the marine environment is highly complex, and seaweeds play an important role in its absorption, transformation, and cycling. These macroalgae can absorb inorganic As species, convert them into less toxic forms, and regulate their intracellular accumulation. Although As toxicity is species dependent, changes in marine biogeochemistry owing to industrialization and climate change have affected its bioavailability and toxicity in coastal ecosystems. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the abiotic (e.g., salinity, temperature, ocean acidification, and nutrient levels) and biotic (e.g., algal age, growth stage, and symbiosis with microorganisms) factors influencing the behavior of As in seaweeds. The enzymatic conversion of arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) into organic arsenic compounds such as monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and arsenosugars is discussed, and the total As content and speciation across major seaweed groups (i.e., Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta) are compared. Recent studies have suggested that environmental stressors significantly influence As uptake and speciation in seaweeds. Climate change-related factors such as ocean warming and increased freshwater runoff alter the proportions of inorganic and organic As species, and interactions with microorganisms further impact As methylation, thereby complicating biogeochemical processes. Previous reviews have largely focused on arsenic concentrations, speciation, and food safety in marine macroalgae. To address the limited integration of environmental drivers, physiological uptake mechanisms, biotransformation pathways, and ecosystem-level impacts of As in marine macroalgae, this review systematically organizes the environmental controls of As uptake and integrates its biochemical transformation and environmental fate. Despite recent advances, knowledge gaps remain regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying species-specific responses and combined effects of multiple factors. Addressing these gaps is essential for accurately assessing seaweed-based bioremediation strategies and ensuring the safety of seaweed-derived foods.}, }
@article {pmid42167294, year = {2027}, author = {Zeng, S and Almeida, A and Mu, D and Wang, S}, title = {Temporal variations of the gut microbiome in human health.}, journal = {The Lancet. Microbe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101388}, doi = {10.1016/j.lanmic.2026.101388}, pmid = {42167294}, issn = {2666-5247}, abstract = {The colonisation of the human gut microbiome commences at birth and continues to evolve throughout the lifespan. A balanced symbiotic relationship between the host and gut microbiome is essential for maintaining overall health. This two-part Series presents a comprehensive overview of the gut microbiome across temporal and spatial dimensions, considering diurnal, seasonal, and lifespan variations while covering the entire gastrointestinal tract. We also discuss the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that shape the microbial ecosystem and affect host homoeostasis, health, and disease susceptibility. In this first Series paper, we summarise current knowledge on the microbial succession and evolutionary trajectory of the gut microbiome from neonates to adults aged 100 years and older, subsequently focusing on diurnal rhythms and seasonal patterns. We then discuss how these temporal variations in the gut microbiome are determined and how they contribute to beneficial or detrimental health outcomes in the host. Overall, elucidating the multiscale temporal dynamics of the human gut microbiome will open crucial opportunities to expand knowledge of host-microbiome interactions and their biological and clinical implications.}, }
@article {pmid42168469, year = {2026}, author = {Babesco, CE and Chacón-Orozco, JG and Leite, LG and Harakava, R and de Carvalho Campos, AE}, title = {Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema rarum and its Symbiotic Bacterium against Fire Ants (Solenopsis sp.) under Laboratory Conditions.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42168469}, issn = {1678-8052}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/parasitology/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Pest Control, Biological/methods ; *Rhabditida/physiology ; Larva/parasitology ; Pupa/parasitology ; Fire Ants ; }, abstract = {The genus Solenopsis comprises approximately 191 species, commonly known as fire ants. These ants are highly aggressive when the colony is disturbed and can cause accidents due to their stings. In addition, they cause economic losses in agriculture by hindering manual harvesting, feeding on crops, and establishing mutualistic relationships with sap-sucking insects. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the development of new and effective methods and products for the control of these insects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema rarum and its symbiotic bacterium against fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) under laboratory conditions. To assess nematode activity at different concentrations (5, 50, 150, and 300 IJs per insect), as well as the effects of the symbiotic bacterium of S. rarum and its secondary metabolites (SM), each treatment was applied separately to different ant developmental stages (larvae, pupae, workers, and winged forms) maintained in Petri dishes. In addition, a microcolony experiment was conducted, consisting of ten workers, five larvae, five pupae, and one winged form per dish. The results demonstrated that all treatments with nematodes, the bacterium, and its metabolites caused mortality in ants, ranging from 10 to 100% depending on the developmental stage and treatment. These findings highlight the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria for the control of fire ants. However, further studies are required to develop suitable formulations and management strategies for future field applications.}, }
@article {pmid42168656, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, W and Tian, J and Liu, H and Hu, H and Chen, H and Ma, L and Yan, Y and Fu, J and Huang, J and Wen, Y and Fang, S and Xia, Q}, title = {Genetic diversity of Haemaphysalis longicornis populations in China and their symbiotic association with Coxiella R1 strain.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology}, volume = {97}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42168656}, issn = {1572-9702}, support = {825MS092//Hainan Provincial Department of Science and Technology/ ; RZ2400001673//Hainan Medical University/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Genetic Variation ; *Symbiosis ; *Ixodidae/microbiology/genetics/physiology ; *Coxiella/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Female ; Male ; Haemaphysalis longicornis ; }, abstract = {Haemaphysalis longicornis poses severe global veterinary and public health threats. Its obligate nutritional symbiont, Coxiella R1 (CLE), critically influences reproduction and development. Understanding the interplay between tick genetic diversity and CLE abundance is essential for developing symbiont-targeted control strategies. Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks were collected from 11 locations across nine Chinese provinces. Population genetic diversity and structure were analyzed based on simple sequence repeat (SSR). Coxiella R1 relative abundance in individual ticks was quantified via qPCR. Extensive genetic diversity was detected across Chinese H. longicornis populations using three validated polymorphic SSR markers: mean Ad = 5.667, GD = 0.7052, and PIC = 0.6646. Population structure analysis (K = 2) revealed two distinct genetic clusters. Ticks from Shanghai (Chongming Island) and Jiangsu (Xuzhou City) formed a genetically distinct group, significantly separated in PCoA from populations in Liaoning, Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang. Phylogenetic analysis supported this clustering but indicated limited geographic structuring overall. Crucially, Coxiella R1 was ubiquitous in all populations, but its abundance varied significantly between regions (P < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's). CLE levels were highest in Liaoning and Shanghai ticks and significantly lower in those from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Despite the shared genetic ancestry of Shanghai and Jiangsu ticks, their CLE burdens were markedly different. This study demonstrates substantial genetic diversity within Chinese H. longicornis populations and defines a distinct genetic cluster including ticks from Jiangsu and Shanghai. This variation in CLE burden showed no association with the identified tick population genetic structure or geographic distance.}, }
@article {pmid42159309, year = {2026}, author = {Poquita-Du, RC and Ziegler, M and Schmitt, I}, title = {Convergent symbioses: morphology, life history, and niche specialization in coral and lichen mutualisms.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsre/fuag025}, pmid = {42159309}, issn = {1574-6976}, abstract = {Corals and lichens represent some of the most diverse mutualistic symbioses in the marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Their evolutionary success is partly attributed to their association with internal, photosynthetic symbionts, which provide carbon and enable colonization of a wide-range of habitats. Although corals and lichens occupy fundamentally different ecosystems and are phylogenetically unrelated-corals are animals associated with dinoflagellates, while lichens are fungi associated with green algae/cyanobacteria-they share surprisingly many morphological, ecological, and life history traits. Here, we juxtapose morphology, reproduction, dispersal, symbiont acquisition strategies, and symbiont diversity in coral and lichen mutualisms, focusing mainly on the host and associated photobiont partner. We highlight how shared traits lead to convergent mechanisms of niche specialization, including adaptation to abiotic conditions through the formation of environment-specific host-symbiont combinations. The comparison enhances our understanding of evolutionary forces shaping these symbioses and provides a framework for evaluating their adaptive potential in a changing world.}, }
@article {pmid42159807, year = {2026}, author = {Fulaneti, FS and Brasil-Neto, ES and Rumpel, VS and de Paula Ribeiro, L and Brum, LN and Cipriani, LP and Martin, TN}, title = {Microbial co-inoculation and extracellular vesicles: new frontiers for soybean productivity.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {119}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {42159807}, issn = {1572-9699}, mesh = {*Glycine max/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; Bacteria/metabolism/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; Crops, Agricultural/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Agriculture/methods ; *Agricultural Inoculants ; }, abstract = {Over the past decades, the intensive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture has shown low efficiency while causing serious environmental issues and leading to soil nutrient imbalances. These challenges are compounded by climate change, increasing incidence of diseases and pests, and soil acidification, factors that jeopardize agricultural productivity and, consequently, threaten global food security. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the world's most important crops, serving as a key source of protein and oil for both human consumption and animal feed. Its global relevance continues to grow with rising demand for food, biofuels, and industrial applications, with Brazil, the United States, and Argentina leading production. Beyond its economic value, soybean contributes to agricultural sustainability through symbiotic nitrogen fixation, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. However, maintaining high yields under changing environmental conditions requires innovative management strategies. In this context, one promising strategy to mitigate these problems is the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), which contribute to more sustainable crop yield. Although numerous studies are underway regarding the potential of PGPB, further research is still necessary due to the limited understanding of their mechanisms of action and the vast range of benefits they may offer. Currently, there is a wide variety of inoculants based on different bacterial species, which play a key role in stimulating plant growth and reducing reliance on agrochemicals. Among emerging technologies, noteworthy examples include molecular inoculants (still not widely adopted commercially), bacterial and fungal consortia formulated into a single product, and inoculants containing genetically edited microorganisms-all of which have shown great promise in enhancing the performance of beneficial microbial species. The selection and genetic editing of rhizosphere-associated PGPB-an essential component of the plant microbiome-are viable alternatives for promoting more sustainable agriculture. Thus, this review examines the main inoculant technologies aimed at obtaining efficient microorganisms capable of improving rhizosphere conditions and microbial community dynamics, representing a strategic opportunity for developing solutions that enhance soybean sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid42160091, year = {2026}, author = {Ruiz-Torres, NG and Martínez-Sánchez, S and de León-Lorenzana, A and Mercado-Juárez, RA and Salloum, PM and Poulin, R and Gaona, O and Falcón, LI and Rico-Chávez, O}, title = {Drivers of Microbiome Composition Among Helminth Parasites Sharing the Same Insectivorous Bat Host.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {10}, pages = {e70389}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70389}, pmid = {42160091}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {BV200421//PAPIIT-DGAPA, UNAM/ ; IN218020//PAPIIT-DGAPA, UNAM/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Chiroptera/parasitology/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Microbiota/genetics ; *Helminths/genetics/microbiology/classification ; Trematoda/microbiology/genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; }, abstract = {Parasitic metazoans are increasingly recognised to form close associations with microbial taxa. Under the holobiont concept, these associations are an eco-evolutionary unit under joint selection. However, for most parasitic helminth species and particularly those associated with wildlife, these interactions and their effect on parasite evolution remain unknown. Investigating the factors determining the composition of helminth microbiomes is the first step towards a better understanding of helminth holobionts. Using the insectivorous bat Peropteryx kappleri and its parasitic helminths as a model system, we characterised the microbiome of 41 helminth individuals of four trematode and one nematode species in various bat intestinal and biliary microhabitats, along with bat tissues and luminal fluids. Our results based on 16S rRNA metabarcoding revealed that the microbiome composition of the different helminth species is partly influenced by their microhabitat (bat tissue), but ultimately each helminth species exhibits a distinctive microbial signature. Microbiome composition among the four trematode species showed no phylogenetic signal (no correlation with genetic similarity). Compared to the bat host, each helminth species exhibited enriched microbial taxa with putative symbiotic potential, some of which are commonly found in arthropods (potential intermediate hosts of helminths) and may be conserved throughout the parasite's life cycle. We propose that helminth microbiomes are determined by ecologically relevant factors and provide a basis for future functional research with implications for parasite establishment, development, and transmission.}, }
@article {pmid42160337, year = {2026}, author = {Cabirol, A and Quinn, A and Schafer, J and Neuschwander, N and Kesner, L and Liberti, J and Engel, P}, title = {A defined community of core gut microbiota members promotes cognitive performance in honey bees.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {21}, pages = {e2608600123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2608600123}, pmid = {42160337}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {892574//European Commission (EC)/ ; 714804//European Commission (EC)/ ; 219829/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 180575/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/microbiology/physiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Cognition/physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Germ-Free Life ; Bacteria/classification ; }, abstract = {Gut microbiota across animals have been shown to influence host cognition and behavior. However, it remains unclear whether these cognitive effects are driven by specific bacterial species or arise from community-level interactions. Here, we leveraged the honey bee (Apis mellifera) as a model system, which harbors a simple and well-characterized gut microbiota that is experimentally tractable and has been previously shown to impact host cognition. We established a defined bacterial community-composed of core members of the honey bee gut microbiota. Gnotobiotic bee experiments with the full community, communities missing individual members, or individual members showed that only the full community enhanced honey bees' performances in odor discrimination learning and short-term memory compared to microbiota-deprived bees. Metabolomic analyses identified several metabolites associated with learning success that mapped to pathways modulated by microbial colonization, including tryptophan metabolism, nucleoside metabolism, and lysine degradation. However, many of these metabolites were not altered by removing individual members from the full microbial community. This suggests that microbiota-mediated improvements in cognition are emergent properties of the community as a whole, rather than the result of individual metabolites or specific bacterial taxa acting alone. Our findings support a systems-level view of the microbiome, suggesting that understanding and manipulating host development, particularly in relation to brain function, should prioritize microbial community function (e.g., metabolic pathways) over taxonomic composition alone.}, }
@article {pmid42161843, year = {2026}, author = {Gao, P and Li, XH and Li, CY and Chai, Y and Wang, CH and Ma, JJ and Yuan, Y and Li, XL and Zhang, J}, title = {[Response of Soil Microbial Community Composition to Topography in the Yellow River Source Basin].}, journal = {Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {2723-2735}, doi = {10.13227/j.hjkx.202503195}, pmid = {42161843}, issn = {0250-3301}, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; Rivers ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/classification/growth &amp; development ; Bacteria/classification/growth &amp; development ; Biodiversity ; Soil ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {The aim of this study was to find out the influence of different topography types on the soil microbial community and its ecological function in the Yellow River source basin unit. An alpine meadow with three types of microtopography （shady slope， sunny slope， and floodplain） was taken as the research object， and the changes of soil microbial community structure， diversity， and molecular ecological network under different microtopography types were explored by combining high-throughput sequencing technology and function prediction. The results showed that： ① There were 1 268 species of bacteria in the three types of microtopography， among which the number of bacteria endemic to the sunny slope habitat was the highest， and the main dominant bacteria at the phylum level were Actinobacteria， Proteobacteria， and Acidobacteriota. There were 316 species of fungi， among which the number of fungi endemic to shady habitats was the highest， accounting for 6.65%. The dominant fungi at the phylum level were Ascomycota， Mortierellomycota， and Basidiomycota. ② The Shannon index， Simpson index， and Pielou index of soil bacteria were significantly different in different landforms， while the Ace index and Chao1 index of soil fungi were significantly different in different landforms， and bacterial community diversity was more responsive to micro-topography than fungi. ③ The topological characteristics of the network showed that the complexity of the network of soil bacteria in the flood plain habitat was high， and the network showed mainly positive correlation， with the largest number of edges （481）. The complexity of the network of soil fungi in the river beach habitat was high， and the network showed mainly positive correlation， with the largest number of edges （393）. ④ The Mantel experiment showed that the bacterial community structure was mainly affected by the changes of plant evenness index， plant aroma index， total nitrogen， and total phosphorus， while the fungal community structure was mainly affected by the changes in biomass， SWC， and BD. ⑤ The results of redundancy analysis showed that the plant evenness index was the key factor driving the rhizosphere bacterial community of the alpine meadow in the source area of the Yellow River. BD was the main driving factor to change the rhizosphere fungal community of the alpine meadow in the source region of the Yellow River. These findings emphasized the importance of microtopography in driving the diversity， community structure， functional contour， and co-occurrence network of bacteria and fungi in the alpine meadow ecosystem. ⑥ The function prediction of soil bacteria FAPROTAX showed that chemoheterotrophy and aerobic_chemoheterotrophy had the strongest functions in three types of topographic habitats， and at the same time， their functional expression in sunny and floodplain habitats was higher than that in shady habitats （> 5 500）. Fungal FUNGuild function prediction showed that the nutritional types of fungi in the three terrain habitats were different， and compared with that in the sunny slope habitats， the floodplain habitats could increase the abundance of endophytic-litter saprophytic-soil saprophytic-undefined saprophytic fungi. To summarize， topography and habitat are the key driving factors that affect the diversity pattern， community construction， functional characteristics， and symbiotic interaction of soil bacteria and fungi in the alpine meadow ecosystem in the source region of the Yellow River.}, }
@article {pmid42161870, year = {2026}, author = {Kondorosi, E}, title = {The Power of Symbiosis in Life and Science.}, journal = {Annual review of plant biology}, volume = {77}, number = {1}, pages = {1-23}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-arplant-093025-092435}, pmid = {42161870}, issn = {1545-2123}, mesh = {*Symbiosis/physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Sinorhizobium meliloti/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Plants/microbiology ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; }, abstract = {This article traces more than four decades of Eva Kondorosi's personal life and scientific journey in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, from early insights into nitrogenase structure to the molecular mechanisms governing root nodule development and symbiotic cell differentiation in the Medicago-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. Effective symbiosis depends on precise molecular communication between the partners, beginning in the soil and continuing through a highly coordinated, progressive differentiation program. A defining feature of symbiotic cell development is endoreduplication in both host plant cells and their Rhizobium partners. Host-induced bacterial endoreduplication results in the formation of large, polyploid, noncultivable nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. This terminal differentiation is orchestrated by plant-derived effector peptides, notably nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) and nodulin glycine-rich (nodGRP) peptides, which act sequentially to reprogram bacterial physiology. Together, these findings establish symbiotic nitrogen fixation as a model for cross-kingdom cellular differentiation and highlight NCR and nodGRP peptides as a vast, largely unexplored resource with promising applications in agriculture and medicine.}, }
@article {pmid42161889, year = {2026}, author = {Dickie, IA and Selosse, MA and Öpik, M}, title = {Linked plant-fungal invasions: an introduction to a Virtual Issue.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {250}, number = {6}, pages = {3507-3510}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71186}, pmid = {42161889}, issn = {1469-8137}, }
@article {pmid42162218, year = {2026}, author = {Amao, AO and Consorti, L and Kaminski, MA and Argadestya, I and Al-Ramadan, K and Frontalini, F}, title = {Predicting the range expansion of larger benthic foraminifera under earth's changing climate.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-53866-w}, pmid = {42162218}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {SF21010 and Project ERG251-CIPR-359//King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals/ ; }, abstract = {Larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) are major carbonate producers in shallow marine ecosystems and serve as sensitive indicators of environmental change on continental shelves. We developed and tested species distribution models for four peneroplid species (Peneroplis planatus, P. pertusus, P. arietinus, and Coscinospira hemprichii) using 355 occurrence records from the Arabian Gulf and 32 environmental variables to predict their range expansion under the current climate change and future scenarios. Beyond well-established temperature controls, our models identified iron concentration (68% of explained variance), light attenuation (21%), and dissolved oxygen (10%) as the primary environmental drivers of LBF distributions. The models achieved exceptional predictive accuracy with 92% Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) for regional validation and 85% AUROC when extrapolated globally, demonstrating strong transferability across ocean basins. Climate change projections for 2100 predict significant westward range expansion, particularly into Atlantic Ocean regions previously unsuitable for these species. The projected expansion remains constrained within tropical and subtropical latitudes (50°N-50°S), indicating that temperature continues to impose fundamental limits to biogeographic dispersals. These findings reveal the importance of iron-supported symbiotic relationships in determining LBF distributions and suggest that climate-driven iron enrichment will increase LBF abundance and carbonate production in shallow marine systems worldwide, with significant implications for reef and shallow-water ecosystem structure, and global carbon cycling.}, }
@article {pmid42162563, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, YY and Zhou, YM and Lin, WK and Zhi, JR and Zou, X}, title = {The role of fungal chitinases in the tripartite interactions among insects, plants and entomopathogenic fungi.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70955}, pmid = {42162563}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No.: 32560646),/ ; //the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program (Natural Science) (Project number: QianKeHeJiChu-ZK[2024]YiBan002),/ ; //Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education (Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project) (Project number: QianJiaoJi[2024]34),/ ; //Natural Science Project of Guizhou University (Special Post) (Project number: Gui Da Te Gang He Zi (2022) 51)/ ; //National Science Foundation of China (Project number: 31860507)./ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chitinases are ubiquitous hydrolytic enzymes in fungi that specifically degrade chitin, a major structural component of insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. Increasing evidence indicates that chitinases play multifaceted roles not only in entomopathogenic fungal infection, but also in plant immune modulation and cross-kingdom interactions. However, their integrative functions within the insect-fungus-plant tripartite system remain insufficiently characterized. This review aims to systematically elucidate the molecular mechanisms and ecological functions of fungal chitinases across multitrophic interactions.<br><br>RESULTS: Accumulated studies demonstrate that: Chitinases act as critical virulence factors by facilitating fungal adhesion, cuticle degradation, and host penetration during insect infection; In plant-microbe interactions, chitinases contribute to microbial colonization while simultaneously generating chitin-derived oligomers that function as elicitors to activate plant innate immunity; Within the insect-fungus-plant tripartite system, chitinases mediate resource turnover and signal exchange, thereby shaping complex ecological networks and influencing multilevel biological interactions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Chitinases serve as pivotal molecular hubs linking pathogenicity, symbiosis and ecological regulation across kingdoms. A comprehensive understanding of their multifunctional roles provides critical insights into cross-kingdom interaction mechanisms, and offers promising avenues for advancing biological control strategies, crop resistance improvement and microbial resource exploitation. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid42163001, year = {2026}, author = {}, title = {Erratum for "Rhizobial variation, more than plant variation, mediates plant symbiotic and fitness responses to herbicide stress".}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {107}, number = {5}, pages = {e70340}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.70340}, pmid = {42163001}, issn = {1939-9170}, }
@article {pmid42163047, year = {2026}, author = {Tay, MY and Wilai, M and Chu, CC and Mai, T and Chew, SC}, title = {Enhancing the antioxidant and phenolic profiles of fermented mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) tea using symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast.}, journal = {Journal of the science of food and agriculture}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jsfa.70727}, pmid = {42163047}, issn = {1097-0010}, support = {FRGS/1/2024/WAS04/TAYLOR/03/1//Ministry of Higher Education via the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to investigate the fermentation temperature for mulberry leaf bioferment (MLB) using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and characterize its physicochemical, microbiological and antioxidant composition. MLB was prepared at 25, 30, 37 and 45 ± 2 °C, respectively, for 7 days. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed for functional group identification. Antioxidant activities were evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and total phenolic content (TPC). The phenolic profile was characterized chromatographically, and microbial loads were determined.<br><br>RESULTS: All of the MLB showed low alcohol concentration (<0.5%). The changes of functional groups revealed the broken down of carbohydrates and transformation of phenolic compounds after the fermentation. MLB at 30-37&#x2009;&#xb0;C supported high microbial activity, with 30&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2&#x2009;&#xb0;C showing the highest culturable counts for acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, and 37&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2&#x2009;&#xb0;C producing the lowest pH (3.48) and highest volatile acidity, indicating distinct community dynamics across temperatures. Antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS) and TPC increased up to two-fold at 37-45&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2&#x2009;&#xb0;C compared with unfermented controls. Ultra-HPLC quantification indicated a 131.4% increase in total quantified phenolics 37&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2&#x2009;&#xb0;C, with catechin being the most abundant identified phenolic (2.59&#x2009;mg&#x2009;L[-1]), followed by vanillic, gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and protocatechuic acids.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings show that fermentation temperature regulates microbial activity and phenolic biotransformation in SCOBY-fermented mulberry leaves. Fermentation at 37&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2&#x2009;&#xb0;C most effectively enhances phenolic content and antioxidant potential, supporting the potential of MLB as a functional nutraceutical ingredient. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid42163857, year = {2026}, author = {Brockmeier, A and Artemiadis, P and Boukari, H and Callison-Burch, C and Eaton, E and Harley, J and Powers, T and Principe, JC and Reisman, D and Wu, C}, title = {Human-AI Cooperation in Healthcare and Rehabilitation.}, journal = {Delaware journal of public health}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {20-27}, pmid = {42163857}, issn = {2639-6378}, abstract = {Rehabilitation after injury or to manage chronic health conditions requires continuous reassessment and intervention across time scales ranging from seconds to months. Advances in sensors and data collection, coupled with new technology to administer interventions, create numerous possibilities-including at-home care. The increased capabilities enable automated analysis and control using artificial intelligence (AI). In this essay, we analyze the need, the potential and the requirements for an intense and enduring physical human-AI cooperation framework, i.e., a symbiosis, where both AI and humans contribute to realize improved solutions. The focus is the development of knowledge and expertise to realize a new generation of AI-enabled therapy for the next decades. With an aging population, prevalence of stroke and chronic diseases, there is a demand for more efficient and effective rehabilitation powered by human-AI cooperation, especially in cases that enable remote participation in areas with limited access. This essay analyzes how the potential for advances in human-AI cooperation can impact rehabilitation in Delaware.}, }
@article {pmid42164491, year = {2026}, author = {Green, M and Cleary, S and Kwiecien-Delaney, B and Foster, JA}, title = {Compositional maturation of the microbiome and adaptive immunity in the postnatal period.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1772425}, pmid = {42164491}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Animals ; *Adaptive Immunity ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Recent research has highlighted the role of the gut microbiome in shaping the development and function of the mammalian immune system. Interactions between these complex networks of microbes and host cells serve not only to train major aspects of adaptive and innate immunity but also to establish commensal host-microbe relationships and symbiosis throughout the lifespan. T-cells are a critical aspect of this paradigm, acting as intermediates between the microbiome and many aspects of host health and disease. Despite a large body of literature examining these interactions, we have yet to completely understand how the ontogeny of these systems co-evolves across the lifespan and how the emergence of specific T-cell-microbe signals relates to key developmental milestones.<br><br>METHODS: To answer this question, this work conducted a compositional integrative analysis on deep immune and microbiome profiling of wild-type C57Bl/6 mice across the first two weeks of life, post-weaning, and young adulthood.<br><br>RESULTS: The results show that T-cell ontogeny follows different developmental trends in mucosal and peripheral immune compartments and that temporal trends in microbial community abundance creates a modular network of associations between specific taxa and functional T-cell subsets.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These results provide insight into the longitudinal development of microbiota-immune system interactions throughout the lifespan, as well as the mechanistic relevance of microbiota-derived signals at key developmental milestones.}, }
@article {pmid42164668, year = {2026}, author = {Moro, MS and Ludwig, TD and Scaketti, M and Francisconi, AF and Mendes, LW and Pinheiro, JB and Zucchi, MI}, title = {Host genetics and environment shape the gut microbiome of Euschistus heros and Piezodorus guildinii and potentially influencing their adaptation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1782301}, pmid = {42164668}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Euschistus heros and Piezodorus guildinii are major soybean pests across the Americas. Gut-associated bacteria influence insect nutrition, detoxification, and stress tolerance, potentially enhancing adaptation to diverse hosts and management regimes. We investigated how host genetics and environment shape gut microbiome structure and functional potential in these species.<br><br>RESULTS: We sequenced the 16S rRNA V4 region from 189 insects collected across Brazil and the United States. Microbiomes were dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, exhibiting high intra- and interpopulation variability. Diversity and community structure varied significantly among lineages and locations; while environment explained a larger share of overall variance, host genetics provided a more distinct statistical signal for group differentiation. In E. heros, genera linked to nutrient acquisition and detoxification (e.g., Pantoea, Wolbachia) were more prevalent. In P. guildinii, Candidatus Benitsuchiphilus-associated with diapause and uric-acid metabolism-predominated. Predicted functions included chemoheterotrophy, nitrogen fixation, and degradation of aromatic compounds, with distinct patterns across species and geographic lineages.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Both genetic and environmental factors shape the composition and functional capacity of stink bug gut microbiomes, potentially contributing to host adaptation across different agricultural landscapes. These insights open avenues for microbiome-informed strategies to improve the sustainability and efficacy of soybean pest management.}, }
@article {pmid42153542, year = {2026}, author = {Gautrat, P and de la Serve, JT and Frugier, F}, title = {The PXY receptor regulating root stele development promotes root growth and symbiotic nodulation in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcag065}, pmid = {42153542}, issn = {1471-9053}, }
@article {pmid42156361, year = {2026}, author = {Xiang, N and Liao, T and Xie, M and Wang, Z and Mak, CH and Tang, X and McIlroy, SE and Thibodeau, B and Voolstra, CR and Luo, H}, title = {Decoding coral resistance to eutrophication through the association of hyper‑efficient denitrifiers as key microbial allies.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42156361}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {GRF14114724//Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)/ ; }, mesh = {*Anthozoa/microbiology/physiology ; Animals ; *Denitrification ; *Eutrophication/physiology ; Coral Reefs ; Nitrates/metabolism ; Hong Kong ; Symbiosis ; Climate Change ; Ecosystem ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Coral reefs face a perilous future due to global climate change compounded by the increasing prevalence of local stressors. Prominent among these is nutrient pollution, particularly nitrate eutrophication, which disrupts the coral-algal symbiosis and escalates reef degradation. While microbial denitrification is hypothesized to mitigate nitrate stress, the mechanisms underlying coral resilience remain unknown. Studying Hong Kong's coral "reef oases" that persist under chronic hyper-eutrophication, we discovered that resilience is not mediated by diversity or abundance shifts in denitrifier genera but by the association with specific, hyper-efficient denitrifying populations within the dominant denitrifier genus Ruegeria. By integrating population genomics, subspecies-resolution metabarcoding (resolving both the entire Ruegeria community and the denitrifying sub-community), and direct isotope-based activity assays, we identified and validated putative denitrifying "specialist" populations. These specialists were significantly enriched in corals from high-nitrate waters and exhibited 10-fold higher denitrification rates in low-oxygen incubations, converting nitrate to inert N2 with superior efficiency compared to non-specialists. Our findings reveal that critical ecosystem-scale adaptations to anthropogenic change can occur through a unique association with specialized sub-genus populations, which may be missed in conventional microbiome surveys. As such, our work sheds light into why dominant denitrifying genera are ubiquitous, yet only certain corals thrive in eutrophic conditions. It also provides a framework for future studies delineating ecologically important host-associated microbes.}, }
@article {pmid42156541, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Jiang, H and Xie, N and Feng, C and Wang, C and Huang, R and Tao, Q and Tang, X and Wu, Y and Luo, Y and Li, Q and Li, B}, title = {Carbon-fixing strain-based biochar outperforms biochar alone in enhancing microbial symbiosis and soil organic carbon.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-54048-4}, pmid = {42156541}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {42377333//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023YFD1901202//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; SCYC202206//Key Program of China National Tobacco Corporation Sichuan/ ; }, abstract = {Microorganism-based biochar has been mainly used for plant growth promotion and pollution management, but its role in soil fertility has been neglected. In this study, we used biochar loaded with Bacillus cereus SR, a carbon-fixing strain, to achieve a stable inoculation and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Compared with the control group, microorganism-based biochar was more effective in increasing SOC content and reducing CO2 emissions, with SOC content increasing by 36.38% to 136.34%. Biochar treatment alone inhibited soil enzyme activities but biochar carrying Bacillus cereus SR alleviated the inhibitory effect. The 500 °C strain-containing biochar exhibits the potential to sustainably increase SOC, as its ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase enzyme activity was 53.38% and 45.77% higher than the control group on the 24th and 63rd days, respectively. This phenomenon may be attributed to the moderate available organic carbon content of 500 ℃ biochar. Microorganism-based biochar increased the abundance of Firmicutes, Bacilli, Bacillaceae, Bacillales, and Bacillus at each taxonomic level. These modifications enhanced symbiotic relationships and community stability among soil bacteria. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of microorganism-based biochar in improving SOC sequestration.}, }
@article {pmid42156656, year = {2026}, author = {Beura, S and Roy, SS and Das, AK and Ghosh, A}, title = {Constraint-Based Metabolic Modeling Approach for Microbial Communities.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {3006}, number = {}, pages = {191-220}, pmid = {42156656}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {*Microbial Consortia ; *Models, Biological ; *Microbiota ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Computer Simulation ; Metabolic Flux Analysis/methods ; Computational Biology/methods ; }, abstract = {Microorganisms grow in complex communities by fostering symbiotic relationships to uphold the integrity and functionality of the consortium. Deciphering the metabolic interactions within microbial communities and their impact on host environments is essential due to their association with major domains, including human health, bioremediation, and bioenergy production. However, unraveling their metabolic activity in laboratory conditions is challenging, as many microbes resist cultivation, and recreating their complex natural ecosystem with all its biological parameters presents additional hurdles. Therefore, modeling the microbial communities has become crucial for comprehending the intricate interactions within diverse microbial populations. In this chapter, we elucidate an in silico methodology for reconstructing a genome-scale metabolic model of a microbial consortium. This community modeling approach encompasses the reconstruction of microbial models, the integration of individual models into a community, and the optimization of the community model under different environmental conditions. Furthermore, a wide range of flux analysis techniques, like Flux Balance Analysis (FBA), Flux Variability Analysis (FVA), and Flux Sampling (FS), were described to investigate both the community-wide flux profile and intermicrobial interactions.}, }
@article {pmid42158967, year = {2026}, author = {Kim, JM and Choi, BJ and Bayburt, H and Lee, JK and Baek, JH and Jia, B and Jeon, CO}, title = {Vibrio phycocola sp. nov. and Vibrio phycohabitans sp. nov., Isolated from the Phycosphere of Marine Algae.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {36}, number = {}, pages = {e2604007}, doi = {10.4014/jmb.2604.04007}, pmid = {42158967}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Fatty Acids/analysis/chemistry ; Base Composition ; *Vibrio/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Phospholipids/analysis ; Ubiquinone/analysis ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Seawater/microbiology ; Aquatic Organisms/microbiology ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Two Gram-stain-negative, facultatively aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, motile (by means of a polar flagellum) rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated BS-M-Sm-2[T] and MA40-2[T], were isolated from marine algae. Growth was optimal at pH 7.0-8.0 and 2.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl, with temperature optima of 25°C for BS-M-Sm-2[T] and 25-30°C for MA40-2[T]. Ubiquinone-8 was the sole respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids common to both strains were C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c), while BS-M-Sm-2[T] additionally contained C12:0 and C14:0. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, with diphosphatidylglycerol also detected in strain MA40-2[T]. The DNA G+C contents of strains BS-M-Sm-2[T] and MA40-2[T] were 44.2 and 39.8 mol%, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, average nucleotide identity (ANI), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains were 93.8%, 71.4%, and 23.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses placed both strains within the genus Vibrio, forming distinct lineages. Comparisons with closely related Vibrio type strains yielded ANI and dDDH values below 91.6% and 44.3%, respectively, further supporting their classification as novel species. Genome analyses revealed genes potentially involved in algal symbiosis, including those for polysaccharide degradation and vitamin biosynthesis. Based on comprehensive genomic, phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic evidence, strains BS-M-Sm-2[T] and MA40-2[T] represent two novel species, for which the names Vibrio phycocola sp. nov. (BS-M-Sm-2[T] =KACC 24066[T] =DSM 119941[T]) and Vibrio phycohabitans sp. nov. (MA40-2[T] =KACC 24064[T] = DSM 119942[T]) are proposed.}, }
@article {pmid42151236, year = {2026}, author = {Khalifa, AM and ElBaghdady, KZ and Hamed, MM and Mohammad, AS and Khaled, MA}, title = {Integrating spectral signatures and microbial profiling to differentiate diseased and healthy corals in the Red sea.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42151236}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa/microbiology ; Indian Ocean ; Coral Reefs ; *Bacteria/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Coral reef ecosystems face increasing threats from microbial diseases, especially those induced by bacterial infections. Conventional diagnostic techniques often require invasive sampling, extended processing time and are limited in their spatial applicability. Spectral reflectance analysis offers a non-invasive means for detecting subtle physiological alterations associated with coral disease; however, its application in characterizing microbiological changes remains largely unexplored. This research aimed to differentiate healthy from diseased coral colonies by analyzing the spectral fingerprints of the disease and their associated bacterial communities, using hyperspectral data, microbial profiling, and multivariate statistical analysis. The bacterial species identified in healthy coral samples included Bacillus subtilis, Cytobacillus firmus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus sporothermodurans. In contrast, the bacteria associated with diseased coral samples were Vibrio pelagius and Vibrio fortis. Healthy corals demonstrate consistently lower reflectance across all bands in comparison to diseased corals. The reflectance of diseased Favia lacuna showed a notable increase when compared to healthy specimens, especially at wavelengths of 594 nm, 649 nm, and 702 nm. In contrast, Acropora humilis exhibited heightened peaks at wavelengths of 580 nm, 693 nm, and 702 nm. The analysis of the second derivative revealed that coral colonies affected by disease exhibited distinct negative peaks at wavelengths of 450-460 nm, 580-590 nm, and 700-800 nm. The identified peaks are likely associated with tissue thinning, skeletal exposure, or microbial biofilm accumulation rather than pigment absorption, given that this region is dominated by scattering effects. In contrast, healthy colonies exhibited stable characteristics at approximately 675 nm, indicating the presence of intact symbiotic chlorophyll and preserved physiological structure. The present study demonstrates that hyperspectral reflectance profiling of bacterially infected corals shows promising potential as a non-invasive approach for differentiating healthy and diseased coral microbiomes. The integration of spectral indicators with microbial community data provides preliminary insights into coral health assessment and may contribute to the development of improved strategies for disease detection and understanding coral-microbe interactions under environmental stress.}, }
@article {pmid42151475, year = {2026}, author = {Kobiałka, M and Świerczewski, D and Walczak, M and Pisarek-Pacek, A and Wóycicki, RK}, title = {Complementary Microscopic and Metabarcoding Studies Allow for a Better Understanding of the Symbiotic Microbiome of Leafhopper Species Iassus lanio (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae).}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02790-7}, pmid = {42151475}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {Sonata 17, project no. 2021/43/D/NZ8/02183//National Science Centre, Poland/ ; }, abstract = {Leafhoppers' microbiome patterns were shaped by deep co-evolutionary adaptation driven by dietary specialization. Their microbiome is dominated by obligate symbionts that supplement their nutrient-poor phloem-sap diet, as well as facultative symbionts, including both bacterial and fungal microorganisms. In this study, NGS metabarcoding techniques were performed, supplemented by confocal and electron microscopy, to thoroughly investigate the symbiotic system of the Auchenorrhyncha species Iassus lanio, a representative of the poorly studied leafhopper subfamily Iassinae. The obtained results include descriptions of the composition, distribution, and ultrastructure of microorganisms, as well as the phylogeny of ancient symbionts. Two obligate symbionts were found: the ancient Auchenorrhyncha symbiont Karelsulcia bacterium and the yeast-like symbiont Ophiocordyceps. Karelsulcia bacteria occur exclusively in specialized organs called bacteriomes, while fungal microorganisms inhabit mycetocytes within the fat body. Both symbionts are transmitted transovarially from mother to offspring. The presence of Wolbachia, Sodalis and Cardinium was detected. Sodalis and Cardinium were observed in the fat body. The ultrastructure of Cardinium showed a characteristic microtubule crest inside. The obtained phylogeny of Karelsulcia bacteria indicates Iassinae affinity with the Coelidiinae and Deltocephalinae subfamily symbionts. Taxonomic profiling revealed that both sequencing methods detected the same range of bacterial taxa, while ONT exhibited improved resolution for dominant species. Differential abundance analysis emphasized platform-specific biases. These studies highlight the complementary roles of different microscopy and metabarcoding techniques, demonstrating the complexity of symbiotic systems in leafhoppers and thereby improving our understanding of the host-symbiont relationship and expanding our knowledge of the structure and localization of insect microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid42151591, year = {2026}, author = {Zavarshani, N and Zarei, M and Shamloo-Dashtpagerdi, R and Dadkhodaie, A and Shirazi, SS}, title = {AMF-induced salinity tolerance in durum wheat is associated with transcriptomic modulation of the Cation/Calcium Exchanger 1 (CCX1).}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42151591}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {*Triticum/genetics/microbiology/physiology/metabolism ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Salt Tolerance/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Roots/microbiology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Salinity is a major abiotic stress that severely constrains durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) productivity. Although the beneficial effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant performance under salt stress are well established, the molecular mechanisms underlying this symbiosis remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we applied an integrated transcriptomic and network-based approach to identify regulatory components associated with AMF-mediated salt stress responses in durum wheat. Comparative RNA-Seq analysis between salinity-stressed and AMF-treated plants revealed 572 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Network topology analysis identified the Cation/Calcium Exchanger 1 (TdCCX1) as a candidate hub gene with high centrality, suggesting a potential integrative role in ion and stress signaling pathways. Promoter analysis of TdCCX1 revealed multiple stress- and symbiosis-related cis-elements, indicating dual regulatory control. Physiological and biochemical validation in a salinity-susceptible durum wheat genotype showed that AMF inoculation, particularly with Rhizophagus irregularis, significantly improved shoot and root biomass, enhanced K[+]/Na[+] homeostasis, increased phosphorus accumulation, and reduced oxidative damage under salinity. Notably, TdCCX1 expression was strongly induced by salt stress but significantly attenuated in AMF-colonized plants. These findings suggest that AMF colonization modulates ion-exchange-related transcriptional networks, potentially reducing the plant's reliance on energy-intensive internal transport processes. This study provides transcriptome-guided insights into AMF-host interactions under salinity and highlights TdCCX1 as a promising candidate for future functional studies.}, }
@article {pmid42151636, year = {2026}, author = {Khateb, AM}, title = {Review of the Microbial Spectrum of Mixed Respiratory Fungal Infections.}, journal = {Journal of epidemiology and global health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s44197-026-00583-2}, pmid = {42151636}, issn = {2210-6014}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: This review examines the increasing clinical challenge of mixed respiratory fungal infections (MRFIs), emphasizing interkingdom interactions and their impact on disease progression and patient outcomes.<br><br>MAIN BODY: We critically analyze current literature on the clinical implications, risk factors, and diagnostic complexities of MRFIs, with a primary focus on fungal-bacterial, fungal-viral, and fungal-parasitic co-infections. Fungal-bacterial co-infections, often involving Candida spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, significantly worsen disease severity. Fungal-viral co-infections, particularly in COVID-19 patients with Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, represent a major threat. While rare, fungal-parasitic co-infections pose risks for immunocompromised individuals. The review highlights diagnostic difficulties due to non-specific symptoms and the vital need to distinguish colonization from true infection. It also explores the complex symbiotic, synergistic, and antagonistic relationships between fungi and other microorganisms, alongside the immune-modulating role of commensal fungi.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Ultimately, this review seeks to enhance understanding of MRFIs to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and patient care.}, }
@article {pmid42152548, year = {2026}, author = {Costa Júnior, PSP and Melo, DS and Buttrós, VH and Magalhães-Guedes, KT and Dias, DR and Schwan, RF}, title = {Coffea arabica Infusion as a Potential Substrate for Kombucha Fermentation Modulates Microbial Populations, Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast Ultrastructure, and Functional Attributes: Insights From Machine Learning.}, journal = {Journal of food science}, volume = {91}, number = {5}, pages = {e71117}, doi = {10.1111/1750-3841.71117}, pmid = {42152548}, issn = {1750-3841}, support = {//CNPq/ ; //FAPEMIG/ ; //CAPES/ ; //FINEP/ ; }, mesh = {Fermentation ; *Coffea/chemistry ; *Kombucha Tea/analysis/microbiology ; Machine Learning ; *Yeasts/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Kombucha is traditionally produced from sweetened Camellia sinensis tea fermented by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY). However, limited information is available on the effects of replacing tea with Coffea arabica infusion on fermentation parameters, microbial ecology, and overall quality of the beverage. This study evaluated the effects of substituting green tea with C. arabica infusion (25%-100%, v/v) during kombucha fermentation on fermentation kinetics, microbial populations, SCOBY structure, and physicochemical, functional, and sensory attributes. Coffee substitution reduced sugar consumption rates without significantly affecting final pH (2.8-3.2) or titratable acidity (∼0.4). Increasing coffee proportions markedly reshaped microbial populations, reducing acetic acid bacteria and increasing lactic acid bacteria, thereby shifting metabolism toward lactic acid production. Structural analyses revealed preserved SCOBY integrity, with a more porous cellulose network in coffee-based formulations. Total phenolic content decreased after fermentation in most treatments, whereas the 100% coffee kombucha remained stable and maintained antioxidant capacity. GC-MS analysis identified 111 volatile compounds, and multivariate and machine learning approaches revealed coffee-associated biomarkers associated with lactic acid and aroma-active compounds. Overall, C. arabica infusion proved to be a suitable alternative substrate for kombucha fermentation, enabling substrate-driven modulation of microbial dynamics and metabolic profiles while maintaining product safety and functional potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Replacing green tea with C. arabica infusion in kombucha production enables the development of beverages with differentiated microbial, chemical, and sensory profiles while maintaining fermentation performance and safety. Coffee-based kombucha promotes a shift toward lactic acid-oriented fermentation, distinct aroma signatures, and functionality without requiring significant changes to conventional SCOBY-based processes. From a practical perspective, coffee infusion is a feasible strategy for product diversification, allowing manufacturers to modulate fermentation outcomes through raw material selection and to support the development of innovative, scalable, and consumer-oriented kombucha beverages.}, }
@article {pmid42153004, year = {2026}, author = {Bogatyrenko, E and Dunkai, T and Kim, A}, title = {Core Bacterial Microbiome in Wild Sea Cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) from the Sea of Japan.}, journal = {Indian journal of microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {2}, pages = {441-451}, pmid = {42153004}, issn = {0046-8991}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The taxonomic composition of gut bacterial communities in wild Japanese sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus, from coastal waters of the Russian part of the Sea of Japan was identified by high-throughput sequencing. The bacterial communities were comprised mainly of the phyla Proteobacteria (38.33-57.22%), Actinobacteriota (24.24-29.93%), Firmicutes (12.01-25.12%), and Bacteroidota (1.6-2.17%) that made up a total of 94.5% of the samples studied. As the results showed, the region and habitat have a significant effect on the bacterial structure of the gut microbiome in A. japonicus. The invertebrates from each of the water bodies under study were characterized by their unique sets of symbiotic microorganisms. However, 32 bacterial genera were found in the animals from all of the water bodies. Of these, nine bacterial genera were the dominant taxa in terms of percentage of their representation in the samples: Stappia (15.89-34.68%), Stenotrophomonas (3.45-11.44%), Bacillus (1.05-7.71%), Staphylococcus (4.64-11.76%), Rhodococcus (3.07-11.08%), Corynebacterium (2.55-7.77%), Cutibacterium (15.89-34.68%), Pseudomonas (1.2-1.7%), and Streptococcus (1.09-1.57%). The discovery of bacterial genera common across all samples indicates the existence of a core microbiome potentially essential for the host's health and functions.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01493-w.}, }
@article {pmid42141429, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, MC and Lin, HC and Kolbasov, GA and Høeg, JT and Chan, BKK}, title = {Host-driven adaptive radiation and host usage in sponge-associated barnacles.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-026-02618-3}, pmid = {42141429}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {21-54-52003 MNT_a//Russian Foundation for Basic Research/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adaptive radiation often involves ecological and morphological diversification, influenced by environmental opportunities, such as symbiotic interactions. Sponge-associated barnacles have evolved specialized traits, such as modified shells, to thrive within sponge hosts. However, the evolutionary mechanisms driving their diversification and host specificity remain unclear.<br><br>RESULTS: We integrate molecular phylogenetics (12S, 16S, 18S, COI, H3), detailed morphology, and ecological assessment to examine how host usage influences sponge-associated barnacle diversification. Our findings reveal two primary barnacle clades: Membranous-Base (M-Base) and Calcareous-Base (C-Base), each exhibiting distinct morphological adaptations. Most of the species exhibit strong host specificity being specialists within particular sponges. However, there is no significant correlation between morphology and host specificity, nor a clear co-evolutionary pattern with sponge hosts. These results challenge the assumption that host-driven specialization alone explains diversification.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that sponge-associated barnacles show a pattern of host-associated divergence, with generalist species occupying basal positions and specialization evolving from ancestrally broader host-use states. The last common ancestor of sponge barnacles appears to have been associated with Clionaida sponges, which may serve as permissive hosts due to their lower biochemical diversity.}, }
@article {pmid42141721, year = {2026}, author = {An, J and Limpens, E}, title = {Regulating Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Permissiveness.}, journal = {Molecular plant}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2026.05.009}, pmid = {42141721}, issn = {1752-9867}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have facilitated the colonization of land by plants some 470 million years ago. The vast majority of land plants have maintained a symbiotic association with these fungi to facilitate the uptake of mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus, at the cost of photosynthates delivered to the fungus in the form of lipids and sugars. Despite their importance for plant nutrient status, plants can refuse AMF if soil nutrient conditions are such that it is less costly for the plants to take up the nutrients by themselves or if environmental conditions are not appropriate. Recently, Hong et al. (2026) revealed how multiple signaling pathways in rice converge on a transcription factor complex involving the GRAS transcription factors NSP1 and NSP2 to control AM colonization. In this spotlight we highlight recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that control the permissiveness of plants to allow AMF entry into their roots (Figure 1fig1).}, }
@article {pmid42142570, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Z and Ren, M and Ji, H and Lu, H and Yang, L and Cui, D and Peng, Y}, title = {A loofah-based microalgae-bacteria symbiosis drives efficient nutrient removal from low-C/N wastewater: high biomass characterization and mechanism insights.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {303}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {124769}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124769}, pmid = {42142570}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {This study developed a biodegradable loofah-immobilized microalgae-bacteria (LMB) system to enhance nutrient removal from municipal wastewater through coupled algal assimilation, bacterial transformation, and biomass retention. Operated under a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle without aeration or external carbon addition, the LMB system achieved high removal efficiencies of 97.71 ± 1.83% for NH4[+]-N and 93.84 ± 5.32% for PO4[3-]-P, with corresponding removal rates of 27.65 ± 0.15 and 2.65 ± 0.32 g m[-3]·d[-1], respectively. The total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency reached 81.84 ± 7.38%, indicating efficient deep nitrogen removal under carbon-limited conditions. Mechanistic investigations showed that the loofah carrier continuously released bioavailable organic carbon, including proteins, polysaccharides, humus and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which supported microalgal growth and promoted the coupling of photoautotrophic nutrient assimilation with heterotrophic denitrification. Phase-specific nitrogen transformation analysis further revealed that microalgal assimilation dominated nitrogen removal during the light phase, whereas heterotrophic denitrification driven by loofah-derived organic carbon, became the major pathway for deep nitrogen removal in the dark phase. Microbial community analysis indicated that functional bacteria, including SM1A02 (4.53%), Exiguobacterium (6.95%) and Clostridium (36.98%), were enriched together with the dominant microalgal genus Tetradesmus (42.75%), forming a cooperative pollutant-degrading consortium. These results suggest that the LMB system offers a low-energy and carbon-efficient strategy for nutrient removal from wastewater while providing potential for biomass valorization.}, }
@article {pmid42142801, year = {2026}, author = {Gerlei, M and Villéger, R and Pailler, L and Lafitte, A and Linder, M and Braquart-Varnier, C}, title = {Sex and Wolbachia endosymbiont modulate lipid profiles in terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108651}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2026.108651}, pmid = {42142801}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Most eukaryotic organisms live in close association with microorganisms known as symbionts, which influence host evolution, physiology, and ecosystem functioning. Among these, Wolbachia pipientis, a vertically transmitted endosymbiont widespread in arthropods, can manipulate host reproduction, such as feminizing genetic males in isopod crustaceans, raising the possibility that it also modulates host metabolism. Here, we investigated the impact of Wolbachia infection on the lipid composition of the woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare. Lipid profiling using TLC-FID, RP-LC-RI and GC-FID was performed on asymbiotic males, asymbiotic females, and Wolbachia-symbiotic females. Our results show that both sex and symbiont infection shape the quantitative distribution of lipid classes despite a largely conserved fatty acid spectrum. Males had higher proportions of polar (44.25%) and saturated (22.42%) lipids, whereas females accumulated more neutral lipids (46.39%), a trend amplified by Wolbachia carriage (53.58%). These shifts likely reflect targeted manipulation of host lipid metabolism by Wolbachia, altering hydrocarbon abundance, optimizing energy storage, and adjusting membrane composition to promote its persistence. Overall, our findings highlight the intersecting roles of sex and symbiont carriage in shaping the lipid landscape of woodlice and suggest that lipid remodeling is a key mechanism by which Wolbachia ensures its viability and reproductive success.}, }
@article {pmid42144716, year = {2026}, author = {Shen, Y and Li, Y and Zheng, R and Xia, C and Gundel, PE and Nan, Z and Duan, T}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Dominate Over Maternally Inherited Epichloë Endophytes in Controlling Rhizosphere Processes and Pathogen Resistance.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70613}, pmid = {42144716}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {32071879//National Science Foundation of China/ ; CARS-22 Green Manure//China Modern Agriculture Research System/ ; }, abstract = {Plant-microbe symbioses form a multi-layered system integrating vertically transmitted Epichloë endophytes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and the rhizosphere microbiome, with implications for nutrient acquisition and pathogen resistance. Epichloë endophytes are maternally inherited and may exert priority effects that influence subsequent associations with AMF and root microorganisms, ultimately shaping defensive pathways. Here, we manipulated symbiosis of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with Epichloë sp. LpTG-3 strain AR37 and the AM fungus Acaulospora delicata to examine exudate metabolites and the recruited rhizosphere microbiome in relation to host responses to the pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Dual symbiosis with Epichloë and AMF increased host growth and pathogen resistance through enhanced nutrient uptake, elevated defensive enzyme activities in leaves and rhizosphere, and reduced malondialdehyde concentrations. It also recruited potentially beneficial microorganisms and enriched metabolites negatively associated with disease severity; notably, the metabolite Acetamide 1, which accumulated under dual symbiosis, strongly inhibited the pathogen in vitro. Significant correlations among metabolites, rhizosphere microbial communities, and rhizosphere soil properties revealed coordinated belowground responses under the synergistic regulation of AMF and Epichloë that reduced disease severity. Although both symbionts enhanced host performance, AMF played a stronger role than maternally inherited Epichloë in shaping the rhizosphere processes driving growth and pathogen resistance.}, }
@article {pmid42144853, year = {2026}, author = {Mbaluto, CM}, title = {Arbuscules up close: Spatiotemporal and single cell translatomics in rice and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koag146}, pmid = {42144853}, issn = {1532-298X}, }
@article {pmid42144915, year = {2026}, author = {Humza, M and Shahzadi, E and Basit, A and Khan, MUZ and Imade, FN and Iqbal, B and Shahid, M and Erkoyuncu, MT and Hakki, EE}, title = {Harnessing the Power of Phenolic Compounds for Boosted Crop Resilience and Health.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {3}, pages = {e70851}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70851}, pmid = {42144915}, issn = {1399-3054}, mesh = {*Phenols/metabolism ; *Crops, Agricultural/metabolism/physiology ; }, abstract = {Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites synthesized by plants that play crucial roles in plant defense, growth, and adaptation to environmental stresses. These compounds are primarily derived from the shikimate pathway and are classified based on their carbon skeleton into simple phenolics (C6, C6-Cn, and C6-Cn-C6) and complex phenolics, such as flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes and tannins. Phenolic compounds act as signaling molecules in plant-microbe interactions, including legume-rhizobia symbiosis and arbuscular mycorrhization. They also contribute to plant defense against biotic and abiotic stressors through direct antimicrobial activity, structural reinforcement and modulation of plant immune responses. Phenolic compounds are synthesized via the shikimate/phenylpropanoid or polyketide acetate/malonate pathways, resulting in a diverse array of compounds with distinct biological activities. Recent advances in biotechnology, including elicitation, genetic transformation, and metabolic engineering, have enabled the enhanced production of valuable phenolic compounds in plants. However, challenges remain in optimizing phenolic biosynthesis for improved crop resilience due to the complexity of the regulatory networks and potential trade-offs with plant growth and ecological interactions. Future research should focus on integrating systems biology, multi-omics approaches, and precision breeding to harness the potential of phenolic compounds for sustainable agriculture and crop improvement in the face of increasing biotic and abiotic stress.}, }
@article {pmid42146066, year = {2026}, author = {Matsushima, Y and Himi, E and Kitashima, M and Ogura, K and Kotani, S and Hino, A and Inoue, K and Hosoya, H}, title = {A defined synthetic algal medium enables lettuce-free culturing of unfed Paramecium bursaria while preserving host-associated microbiome composition.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1821058}, pmid = {42146066}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Paramecium bursaria is widely cultured using undefined plant-based infusions such as lettuce extract, yet the variable composition of these media remains a major obstacle to experimental reproducibility and microbiome research. Here, we tested whether a chemically defined synthetic algal medium (AF-6) can replace conventional lettuce infusion while maintaining host physiology and associated microbial communities. An unfed clonal strain of P. bursaria, established in 2023 and capable of growth without external nutrient supplementation, proliferated comparably in AF-6 and lettuce media. To confirm that these results were not specific to unfed conditions, we additionally examined a publicly maintained algae-fed strain (NIES-2891), which exhibited similar growth patterns across both media. Cell size, compression-induced extension, and symbiotic algal abundance showed no significant differences between culture conditions. rbcL metataxonomic analysis revealed that Chlorella variabilis was the sole algal endosymbiont detected in all samples. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that host-associated bacterial community composition remained largely conserved after replacement of lettuce infusion with AF-6 within each strain, although clear differences were observed between strains. Together, these findings establish an "unfed strain + defined algal medium" framework as a reproducible experimental platform for investigating tripartite interactions among ciliate hosts, symbiotic algae, and associated bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid42146069, year = {2026}, author = {Robinson, JD and Thorp, DT and Van Cleve, J and White, JA}, title = {Symbiont-mediated feminization imposes unavoidable host fitness costs.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1798411}, pmid = {42146069}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts such as Wolbachia are common in arthropods. Some serve as reproductive manipulators, favoring the production of infected females in host populations despite possible fitness costs to the host. One such manipulation is feminization, in which the symbiont turns genetic males into functional females. To date, all described cases of feminization occur in host systems that are either female heterogametic (ZW-female/ZZ-male) or where females are diploid and males are haploid for sex chromosomes (XX-female/X0-male). Here we test potential fitness costs associated with feminization in the spider Mermessus fradeorum (Linyphiidae), which has a type of XX/X0 sex determination. In addition to a feminizing Wolbachia, this spider can be co-infected with up to four additional maternally-inherited bacterial endosymbionts. Using a series of increasingly speciose symbiont co-infections, including three containing the feminizing Wolbachia, we measured female fecundity and the proportion of developed versus undeveloped offspring. We found that fitness costs were associated only with the feminizing Wolbachia, but not with any of the other symbionts. Eggmasses infected with this Wolbachia had 16% fewer eggs, and 20% of those eggs failed to develop, compared to only 4% failure in eggmasses from other symbiotypes. We hypothesize that the reduced egg viability results from the production of inviable 00 zygotes by feminized X0 individuals, which can provision X chromosomes to only half of their eggs. These results suggest that fitness costs may be an unavoidable consequence of feminization in hosts with an XX/X0 sex determination system, potentially limiting the distribution of this reproductive manipulation phenotype.}, }
@article {pmid42146468, year = {2026}, author = {Stoutland, IM and Walker, SA and Blackwell, HE}, title = {Domain-swapped LuxR-type quorum sensing receptors reveal divergent ligand-response mechanisms among homologs.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.04.27.721074}, pmid = {42146468}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Many common bacteria use quorum sensing to regulate cell density-dependent phenotypes, including luminescence, biofilm formation, virulence, and symbiosis. The LuxI/R system is the best-characterized quorum sensing pathway in Gram-negative bacteria and consists of a LuxI-type synthase that produces an N -acyl L-homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducer and a LuxR-type transcription factor that is regulated by AHL binding. Binding of native AHL signal promotes DNA binding and transcriptional regulation in some LuxR homologs (associative-type), while other homologs regulate transcription in the absence of ligand and are inactivated by native signal binding (dissociative-type). To better characterize what features determine ligand-response type, we generated structural mutants of two associative receptors (LasR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MrtR of Mesorhizobium tianshanense) and two dissociative receptors (EsaR of Pantoea stewartii and ExpR2 of Pectobacterium versatile). Swapping domains between these receptors revealed that the ligand-binding domain primarily determines associative vs. dissociative activity in response to native AHL agonists. Further, non-native AHL-derived antagonists maintained their activity profiles in receptors with interchanged DNA-binding domains. We also found that the extended linker between domains observed in the dissociative receptors does not determine mechanism of ligand response, and that inter-domain interactions may play an important role in activation for some receptors but not others. Notably, deletion of just one residue from the dissociative receptor EsaR produced a mutant with associative activity, the first time such mechanism switching has been reported for a LuxR-type receptor. These findings illuminate features essential for ligand response and highlight the mechanistic diversity of the LuxR family.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: LuxI/R quorum sensing regulates various cell density-dependent phenotypes in Gram-negative bacteria. Prior research has developed small molecule modulators of LuxR-type receptors, with potential applications in anti-virulence, anti-biofouling, and bioengineering. Competitive antagonists have been reported for receptors active in the presence of native ligand but not for receptors active in its absence. A lack of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of receptor response to ligand limits both our fundamental understanding of the LuxI/R quorum sensing process and the rational design of chemical modulators with superior activity profiles. We used a structural mutagenesis strategy with four LuxR-type receptors that operate via two distinct mechanisms to begin to dissect the structural features that drive differences in ligand response between receptors. These insights could aid in efforts to characterize novel LuxR homologs, understand potential interspecies communication via quorum sensing, and develop improved chemical probes to alter LuxR-type receptor activity.}, }
@article {pmid42147826, year = {2026}, author = {Taboada, S and Gracia-Sancha, C and Galià-Camps, C and Böhne, A and Monteiro, R and Marcussen, T and Oomen, RA and Struck, TH and Gut, M and Aguilera, L and Câmara Ferreira, F and Cruz, F and Gómez-Garrido, J and Alioto, TS and Martin, F and Lazar, A and Haggerty, L and Bortoluzzi, C}, title = {ERGA-BGE reference genome of Xylophaga dorsalis - a common deep-sea wood-boring bivalve with Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution.}, journal = {Open research Europe}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {33}, doi = {10.12688/openreseurope.22692.2}, pmid = {42147826}, issn = {2732-5121}, abstract = {Xylophaga dorsalis is a common Atlantic-Mediterranean mollusc that plays a crucial role in deep-sea habitats, where it digests wood that reaches the seabed through a unique symbiosis with specialised bacteria. The reference genome of X. dorsalis thus offers a crucial resource for uncovering the genetic basis of the species adaptability to wood bore in deep-water ecosystems. The entirety of the genome sequence was assembled into 18 contiguous chromosomal pseudomolecules (superscaffolds) and 1 mitochondrial genome. This chromosome-level assembly encompasses 0.451 Gb, composed of 1,259 contigs and 320 scaffolds, with contig and scaffold N50 values of 1.30 Mb and 25.4 Mb, respectively. The genome assembly encodes 19,441 protein-coding genes (34,405 transcripts) and 6,716 non-coding genes.}, }
@article {pmid42148382, year = {2025}, author = {Al-Aali, ZHA and Jawad, S}, title = {Impact of high wind speed on blooming plants-honeybees-honey production model .}, journal = {F1000Research}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1459}, doi = {10.12688/f1000research.172134.2}, pmid = {42148382}, issn = {2046-1402}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/physiology ; *Wind ; Pollination ; *Honey ; Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Symbiosis ; *Models, Theoretical ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Local ecosystems and global agriculture are contingent upon the mutualistic relationship between pollinators and floral plants. In symbiosis, pollinators increase agricultural production by improving plant cross-pollination, genetic variety, crop quality, and yield. The potential impact on plant reproduction is particularly alarming due to the decline of pollinating insects. Habitat loss, diseases, climate change, pesticides, and predation have all contributed to the decline of pollinator species. High-speed wind is a significant factor that impacts the mutualistic relationship between plants and pollinators.<br><br>METHODS: Studying the dynamics of interactions between blooming plants and honeybee populations is crucial for addressing honeybee decline and ensuring sustainable ecosystems. This work employs mathematical modeling to analyze the dynamics of a blooming plant, honeybee population, and honey production symbiosis, with a special emphasis on the effect of high-speed wind flow.<br><br>RESULTS: The stability of various ecological equilibria has been investigated using dynamical system theory. Bifurcation phenomena, such as transcritical and Hopf bifurcations, have been discovered using bifurcation theory. Furthermore, the numerical results show that high wind flow can cause the extinction of the honeybee population and honey production.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Due to the rapid depletion of flowering plants and the high rate of wind speed, the populations of honeybees and blossoming plants are at risk of becoming unsustainable. However, the combination of reduced wind flow and increased symbiotic strengths can bolster the stability and sustainability of blooming plant-honeybee-honey production ecosystems. These findings inform conservation policies targeted toward protecting honeybees and increasing biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid42148643, year = {2026}, author = {Galib, FA and Kafi, AA and Biswas, S and Hasnat, S and Sujon, MSP and Sakif, TI and Hoque, MN and Rahman, M and Rahman, MM and Alam, JM and Gupta, DR and Islam, T}, title = {Draft genome sequences of two Ralstonia mannitolilytica strains (H3G44 and H3G46) isolated from the gut of captured Tenualosa ilisha.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0031026}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00310-26}, pmid = {42148643}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {We report draft genome sequences of Ralstonia mannitolilytica strains H3G44 and H3G46 isolated from the gut of captured Tenualosa ilisha in Bangladesh. Oxford Nanopore sequencing generated 4.76 and 4.77 Mb assemblies (66% GC) in three and two contigs, revealing metabolic traits linked to possible iron acquisition, stress response, and potential symbiotic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid42149909, year = {2026}, author = {Bonacolta, AM and Kravitz, T and Mozo, R and Baker, LJ and Heuer, RM and Grosell, M and Del Campo, J}, title = {Symbiotic bacteria may support calcium carbonate precipitation in the Gulf toadfish.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {e3003764}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003764}, pmid = {42149909}, issn = {1545-7885}, abstract = {Marine fish play a significant yet understudied role in the oceanic carbon cycle through the production of magnesium-rich calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitates known as ichthyocarbonates. These deposits form in the gut of marine teleost fish in response to salinity, serving as part of their osmoregulation strategy. Through this, marine fish may contribute as much as 9.04 Pg of CaCO3 per year in global new carbonate production, being equivalent to or potentially higher than the production by coccolithophores and pelagic foraminifera. Despite their ecological relevance, the biological mechanisms driving ichthyocarbonate precipitation remain to be fully resolved. Intriguingly, bacteria are consistently found in intimate association with ichthyocarbonate precipitates. Given the widespread capacity of prokaryotes to mediate CaCO3 precipitation, this association points to a previously unexplored microbial contribution to the process. To investigate the potential role of bacteria in ichthyocarbonate production, we subjected Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) to salinity treatments common to their native range and known to elicit changes in CaCO3 precipitation. To assess the respective contributions of the host and its microbiota to ichthyocarbonate formation in the gut, we characterized the microbiome across the toadfish gut and performed meta-transcriptomic analysis. Across the toadfish gut, we identify a high abundance of vibrios associated with ichthyocarbonates with the metabolic potential for CaCO3 precipitation. Specifically, we observe the expression of the transcriptional activator of urease (ureR) by Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, which can induce the precipitation of CaCO3 via the production of bicarbonate. We demonstrate that CaCO3 precipitation in marine fish may not solely be a host-driven process, but potentially the result of a functional symbiosis with gut-associated Vibrio bacteria. We hypothesize that just as photosymbionts enable corals to build reefs, fish hosts, along with their microbial partners, may synergistically contribute to oceanic carbonate production. This discovery, if confirmed, expands the role of symbiosis in marine biomineralization and underscores its broader influence on global biogeochemical cycles.}, }
@article {pmid42150496, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, C and Hao, Q and Zhang, T and Sun, T and Hou, N and Zhao, X and Li, D}, title = {Nanobubbles alleviate iron-mediated cell death in algae-bacteria symbiotic systems under sulfamethoxazole stress: Insights into electron transfer and ferrikinetics.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {512}, number = {}, pages = {142389}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142389}, pmid = {42150496}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {In livestock wastewater, antibiotics infiltrate microbial cells through the siderophore-mediated "Trojan horse" mechanism, disrupting iron metabolic homeostasis and potentially inducing ferroptosis, thereby posing a significant threat to microbial communities. Given the close association between iron metabolism and electron transfer processes, it remains uncertain whether enhancing electron transfer under antibiotic stress can alleviate this effect and reduce the risk of ferroptosis. Here, we investigated how the addition of nanobubbles (NBs) carrying electrons enhances the iron-nitrogen cycle coupling mechanism of algae-bacteria symbiotic systems (ABSS) and improves the microbial interactions and iron metabolic functions under the stress of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The results show that NBs activate the strict response of ABSS by carrying electrons and significantly increase the content of (p)ppGpp to regulate the release of iron carriers. Concurrently, the enhanced activity of the electron transport and key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism contributes to the high-efficiency synchronous removal of NH4[+]-N (81.5% ± 10.6%) and SMX (78.2% ± 11.4%) by the ABSS. Microbial community analysis demonstrated that NBs alleviated the inhibitory impact of SMX on microbial activity and enriched functional bacterial groups, especially nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. Moreover, genome-scale metabolic models indicated that NBs triggered an increase in the metabolic exchange fluxes of (p)ppGpp and glutathione within the microbial community, implying that microbial communities may maintain iron homeostasis via interspecies cooperation and the stringent response to deal with SMX contamination. This study offers significant insights into the response mechanisms of microbial interactions to antibiotic contamination in wastewater treatment systems.}, }
@article {pmid42150636, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, F and Feng, X and Hou, W and Xu, Y and Liu, C and Li, X and Zhang, Y}, title = {The performance and microbial community characteristics of a novel multilayer high-light energy utilization rate algal-bacterial symbiotic wastewater treatment system.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134898}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134898}, pmid = {42150636}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The algal-bacterial symbiotic system is a promising sustainable technology for wastewater treatment. This study conducted a comparative analysis of a novel multilayer high-light energy utilization rate algal-bacterial symbiotic system and a conventional activated sludge system, focusing on pollutant removal efficiency, energy consumption, and microbial community structure under temperature variation. Experiments were performed over two 48-day periods at 20 °C and 30 °C. Results indicated that at 30 °C, the symbiotic system achieved removal efficiencies of 96.84 ± 1.20% for COD, 99.87 ± 0.12% for NH4[+]-N, and 93.00 ± 1.80% for PO4[3-]-P, was all significantly better than the treatment efficiency under 20 °C conditions (p < 0.05). However, total nitrogen removal was somewhat limited, likely due to elevated dissolved oxygen levels (averaging 6.7 ± 0.45 mg/L). The symbiotic system consumed 0.364 kWh per day, representing a 46% reduction in energy use compared to the activated sludge system. The aeration energy consumption of the algal-bacterial symbiotic system is only 0.096 kWh/day, which is 20% of that of the activated sludge system. At 30 °C, the microbial-algal symbiosis system supported a more diverse microbial community, and the beneficial bacterial genera and microalgae flourished, while algivorous microorganisms were suppressed. Overall, the algal-bacterial symbiotic system operated at 30 °C demonstrated superior performance in efficient pollutant removal, energy savings, and carbon emission reduction, which can be attributed to a stable and synergistic microbial ecosystem promoted by optimal temperature regulation. This study provides theoretical support for optimizing and advancing resource-oriented applications of algal-bacterial symbiotic systems.}, }
@article {pmid42150701, year = {2026}, author = {Zhu, Z and Xu, H}, title = {Distinct microbiome signatures associated with wing polyphenism in the wing-dimorphic planthopper Nilaparvata lugens.}, journal = {Journal of insect physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104994}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2026.104994}, pmid = {42150701}, issn = {1879-1611}, abstract = {Wing polyphenism is crucial for the ecological adaptation of the wing-dimorphic planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, yet its underlying association with symbiotic microbiota remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated three N. lugens strains (Field, HSD, and Lab) exhibiting stable but distinct macropterous-to-brachypterous ratios. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the composition and structure of the microbiota differed significantly not only among the diverse strains but also between distinct wing morphs within the same genetic background and living environment. Furthermore, functional predictions demonstrated that the relative abundance of aerobic bacteria and specific metabolic pathways, notably steroid hormone biosynthesis and linoleic acid metabolism, were positively correlated with the macropterous ratio. These findings suggest that wing morph determination in N. lugens is intimately associated with distinct microbiome configurations and host-microbe metabolic interactions, providing a novel microecological perspective on insect phenotypic plasticity. However, further experimental validations are required to determine whether these microbial shifts drive wing morph development or are a consequence of divergent host physiology.}, }
@article {pmid42138075, year = {2026}, author = {Basakis, P and Shih, LK and Li, J and Brat, DJ}, title = {Uncovering a feedback loop in glioblastoma that reinforces stemness and immunosuppression.}, journal = {The Journal of clinical investigation}, volume = {136}, number = {10}, pages = {}, pmid = {42138075}, issn = {1558-8238}, mesh = {*Glioblastoma/immunology/pathology/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; *Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology/immunology/metabolism ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/immunology/metabolism/genetics ; *Feedback, Physiological ; *Brain Neoplasms/immunology/pathology/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; Transcription Factor RelA/immunology/metabolism/genetics ; Tumor Microenvironment ; }, abstract = {Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a small subset of self-renewing, plastic, and multipotent neoplastic cells in glioblastoma (GBM) that sit at the apex of a cellular differentiation hierarchy. Elucidating pathways that enhance GSC properties and determine their cell-specific interactions within the immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment are critical for developing effective therapeutic approaches. The CLOCK-BMAL1 complex, which is well known for its activity as a circadian rhythm-regulating transcription factor, plays a critical role in maintaining GSC stemness, and the gene encoding CLOCK was found to be amplified in about 5% of GBM cases. Here, Zhou et al. have uncovered a "symbiotic exclusivity" relationship between CLOCK-BMAL1 and TFPI2, which is also amplified in a small proportion of GBM cases. This relationship forms a HIF-1α/NF-κB P65-mediated positive feedback loop that boosts the proliferative and tumor-enhancing capacities of GSC and immunosuppressive microglia. This self-amplifying regulatory circuit represents an opportunity for intervention to inhibit GBM growth.}, }
@article {pmid42139541, year = {2026}, author = {Hamm, JN and Dombrowski, N and Valentin-Alvarado, LE and Greening, C and Williams, TA and Spang, A}, title = {New lineages provide insights into the convergent evolution of extreme salt adaptation within symbiotic Archaea.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msag091}, pmid = {42139541}, issn = {1537-1719}, abstract = {Environmental genomics has led to the discovery of many new lineages of archaea, including "DPANN" (or Nanobdellati), comprising organisms with small genomes, reduced gene content, and potentially symbiotic or parasitic lifestyles. DPANN live in various environments, and several lineages have been identified that are adapted to extremely high salt concentrations, including the Nanohaloarchaeota. Since it was long thought that the Haloarchaea (within 'Euryarchaeota') were the only high salt-adapted archaea, the origins of these genome-reduced halophiles have been debated. Here we used phylogenetic, comparative genomic, and gene-tree/species-tree reconciliation approaches to resolve the evolution of halophily within DPANN, making use of recently-published genomes that help to inform the phylogenetic placement and genome evolution of salt-adapted lineages. Phylogenetic analysis placed Nanohaloarchaeota sister to a previously uncharacterised lineage, which we here refer to as Terrarchaeota. Terrarchaeota appear to be predominantly anaerobic thermophiles that are not adapted to high salt concentrations, indicating that adaptation to high salt evolved after their divergence from Nanohaloarchaeota. Furthermore, our analyses identified genomic hallmarks of salt adaptation in another recently discovered halophilic DPANN lineage within Aenigmatarchaeota, the Haloaenigmatarchaeaceae. We found that the Nanohaloarchaeota and Haloaenigmatarchaeaceae have distinct sets of proteins that enable life at high salt concentrations but share a common mechanism of evolutionary adaptation, in which niche-relevant genes were acquired horizontally from their halophilic hosts. This work provides the first detailed investigation into the enigmatic Terrarchaeota, and new insights into the convergent evolution of high salt adaptation within symbiotic clades of Archaea.}, }
@article {pmid42137797, year = {2026}, author = {Khan, GW and Gu, G and Lai, Y and Yang, C and Zhou, T and Lai, R and Zhang, B}, title = {Effects of symbiotic bacteria on the parasitism efficacy of Aphidius gifuensis against Myzus persicae.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1811839}, pmid = {42137797}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Aphidius gifuensis is an important parasitic wasp used to control Myzus persicae (tobacco aphid), a key pest in tobacco-producing areas. Over the past 10 years, the use of A. gifuensis has been widely promoted, and its natural population has steadily increased, playing a crucial role in aphid control and the prevention of aphid-transmitted viral diseases. However, long-term aphid protection and inbreeding of A. gifuensis populations have led to the degeneration of the species, reduced parasitism efficiency, and increased control costs. In response to these challenges, this study investigated the effects of symbiotic bacteria on the parasitism and reproductive capacity of A. gifuensis. The results show that Bacillus subtilis and Exiguobacterium gifuensis significantly promoted the parasitism rate of A. gifuensis, with the highest increases of 5.33 and 3.67%, respectively, compared to the control. Additionally, the presence of Acinetobacter radioresistens altered the activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme in A. gifuensis. At all tested concentrations, except for 0.97 × 10[10] CFU/mL[-1], SOD enzyme protein levels were inhibited, with the greatest reduction of 1.81% compared to the control. Furthermore, A. radioresistens significantly reduced the total activity of the SOD enzyme by 1.54%. Bacillus subtilis also significantly suppressed phenoloxidase activity, which was reduced by 44.78% compared to the control. These findings suggest that B. subtilis and E. gifuensis are beneficial for enhancing the parasitism efficacy of A. gifuensis in controlling M. persicae.}, }
@article {pmid42049999, year = {2026}, author = {Jelínková, B and Bellinvia, E and Schwarzerová, K}, title = {Recent insights into the plant ARP2/3 complex.}, journal = {Protoplasma}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42049999}, issn = {1615-6102}, abstract = {More than two decades have passed since the first identification of the ARP2/3 complex in plants. During this time, numerous studies have advanced our understanding of the complex's role in actin cytoskeleton regulation. However, compared with opisthokonts, the mechanisms and functional contexts of ARP2/3 activity in plants remain only partially understood. Since the last comprehensive synthesis, substantial progress has been made in elucidating plant-specific features of ARP2/3 regulation, including upstream control via the WAVE/SCAR module, emerging roles of additional nucleation-promoting factors, and evidence for subunit specialization. This review shows that plant ARP2/3 acts as a context-dependent, membrane-associated actin nucleator instead of a global organizer of the cortical actin network. We summarize current knowledge on the localized activities of ARP2/3 at distinct membrane systems-including the plasma membrane, endomembranes, and autophagy-related structures-and discuss the mechanisms that recruit ARP2/3 to these membranes and enable its functions in cell expansion, membrane trafficking, immunity, and symbiotic interactions. Despite this progress, the downstream mechanistic consequences of ARP2/3-nucleated branched actin in plants remain largely unresolved.}, }
@article {pmid42133476, year = {2026}, author = {Walker, NS and Zucco, H and Basave, E and Chen, JYD and Crow, R and Chavez-Gonzalez, E}, title = {Symbiodiniaceae community structure and thermal tolerance in soft corals from captive aquarium environments.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icag042}, pmid = {42133476}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {Corals in aquarium systems experience environmental conditions that differ substantially from those in the wild, potentially altering their microbiomes and influencing health and stress resilience. In this study, we investigated shifts in symbiotic dinoflagellates (family Symbiodiniaceae) in common soft corals sourced from aquarium stores across Southern California. Using ITS2 amplicon sequencing, we characterized symbiont communities across coral genera and store locations. We then conducted a high heat pulse assay on a subset of samples to examine relationships between thermal tolerance, symbiont community composition, coral genus, and source location. We found that Symbiodiniaceae communities were highly similar among corals within shared aquarium store environments, rather than exhibiting genus-specific symbiont profiles, and most corals had Cladocopium-dominated symbiont communities. Thermal tolerance varied strongly among coral genera, with Briareum (green star polyps) displaying the highest heat tolerance. These findings suggest that captive aquarium environments can structure coral symbiont communities across distantly related hosts although the coral host strongly influences physiological responses to heat stress. Understanding how artificial environments shape coral holobionts is relevant not only for the aquarium trade but also for coral husbandry in research and conservation, where symbiont composition can influence survival and experimental outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid42133553, year = {2026}, author = {Fahs, N and Axmanová, I and Svenning, JC and Těšitelová, T and Padullés Cubino, J and Biurrun, I and Campos, JA and Dengler, J and Garbolino, E and Těšitel, J}, title = {Ecological niches and biogeography of nitrogen-fixing plants in Europe.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/plb.70230}, pmid = {42133553}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/19_073/0016943//Operational Programme Research, Development and Education - 'Project Internal Grant Agency of Masaryk University'/ ; 24-12161S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; DNRF173//Danmarks Grundforskningsfond/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by vascular plants represents a major pathway for nitrogen input in terrestrial ecosystems, fundamentally altering nutrient cycles and plant community dynamics. Nitrogen-fixing plants comprise phylogenetically and physiologically distinct lineages whose ecological niches and responses to environmental gradients remain poorly resolved at continental scales. We investigated the geographic distribution and ecological responses of major nitrogen-fixing lineages across Europe, focusing on legumes (inverted repeat lacking clade [IRLC], characterised by high symbiont regulation ability, and non-IRLC) and actinorhizal genera. We analysed 707,673 vegetation plots (1970-2021) from the European Vegetation Archive to map lineage density at 30-km resolution, assess habitat associations, model climatic drivers and evaluate distributions along environmental gradients using ecological indicator values. Non-IRLC legumes predominated in Mediterranean scrublands and dry grasslands, whereas IRLC legumes extended into northern regions and mesic grasslands. Legumes were associated with high diurnal temperature range, high summer temperatures, low summer rainfall and low soil nitrogen and water availability-patterns pronounced in non-IRLC legumes, but less distinct or even absent in IRLC legumes. Actinorhizal lineages showed disparate habitat associations and contrasting climatic responses, with temperature seasonality as the strongest predictor-positive for Alnus and Elaeagnaceae and negative for the other lineages. Our findings demonstrate fundamentally divergent ecological niches among European nitrogen-fixing lineages, reflecting distinct evolutionary histories and physiological strategies. Enhanced symbiont regulation in IRLC legumes likely facilitates persistence where the benefits of nitrogen fixation are limited. Despite sharing a common adaptive trait, nitrogen-fixing lineages have evolved different strategies to colonise various environments under diverse climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42134451, year = {2026}, author = {Vishwakarma, M and Anitha, K and Ashique, S and Mishra, N}, title = {Advances in siRNA and synbiotic therapies for colorectal cancer: a molecular and microbiota perspective.}, journal = {Drug discovery today}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104697}, doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2026.104697}, pmid = {42134451}, issn = {1878-5832}, abstract = {Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health challenge, with rising incidence and mortality despite advances in conventional therapies, often limited by recurrence, toxicity and drug resistance. siRNA-based therapeutics offer a precision approach by selectively silencing oncogenic and chemoresistance-related genes; but their clinical application is hindered by delivery, stability and off-target effects. Concurrently, synbiotics (prebiotics and probiotics) modulate gut microbiota, immune responses and inflammatory pathways involved in CRC progression. Integrating siRNA targeting with synbiotic-mediated microbiome modulation provides a complementary strategy addressing molecular and microenvironmental drivers of CRC. This review highlights key pathways, delivery strategies, co-therapeutic approaches and translational challenges, emphasizing the potential of combined RNAi and microbiome-based therapies for improved CRC management.}, }
@article {pmid42135688, year = {2026}, author = {Metwally, RA and Shehata, RS and Abdelhameed, RE}, title = {Endophytic mycorrhizal fungi strengthen Lactuca sativa defense against Alternaria alternata as a sustainable biocontrol approach.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42135688}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {*Alternaria/physiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Lactuca/microbiology/immunology/metabolism ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Endophytes/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Disease Resistance ; Biological Control Agents ; }, abstract = {Most terrestrial plants can establish symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which increase the host plants' resilience to pathogens. The effect of pre-inoculation with AM fungi as a bio-agent on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plant resistance against Alternaria alternata RaSh3 leaf spot disease was investigated. The findings demonstrated that in A. alternata-infected plants, AM fungi could effectively colonize lettuce roots at a higher rate (100%) than in non-infected plants (91.66%). According to the disease assessment, lettuce plants pre-inoculated with AM and infected with A. alternata RaSh3 showed a 33.33 and 30.00% reduction in disease incidence and severity, respectively. During A. alternata RaSh3 infection, the primary growth responses, pigment fraction, proline, and carbohydrates of lettuce plants were reduced, accompanied by increases in oxidative stress markers [malondialdehyde (87%) and hydrogen peroxide (30.8%)]. Contrarily, AM-inoculated plants showed a significant increase in growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant enzymes either in A. alternata RaSh3-infected or non-infected ones. Overall, our results highlight the significance of AM fungi in alleviating infection symptoms by increasing proline (13%), flavonoids (28.3%), and phenolic compounds (44.7%). Moreover, a boost in the enzymatic status (phosphatases, antioxidants, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) was detected in A. alternata RaSh3-infected plants due to AM inoculation, proving the essential role of its inoculation in increasing plant resistance against A. alternata RaSh3. Finally, this experiment has proved the sustainable defense strategy of mycorrhizal symbiosis as a new bio-agent for the biological control of A. alternata in lettuce plants.}, }
@article {pmid41922553, year = {2026}, author = {Cloud, RE and Irwin, P and Muturi, EJ and Cáceres, CE}, title = {Characterizing the Microbiome and Prevalence of Wolbachia in Culex pipiens Complex and Culex restuans Mosquitoes in the Midwest United States.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41922553}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {DEB - 1754115//National Science Foundation/ ; DBI - 2022049//Genomics and Eco-evolution of Multi-scale Symbioses Institute/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Despite the ecological importance of symbiotic relationships, few studies have explored how microbial communities vary across species complexes or within hybrid zones. We characterized the spatial and temporal variation in microbial communities in Culex pipiens complex and Culex restuans mosquitoes, the most important vectors for West Nile virus in the midwestern United States. Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. restuans mosquitoes were collected monthly from May to September 2023 from three geographic regions (Champaign County, IL, Cook County, IL and Dane County, WI). DNA from individual mosquitoes was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq amplicon sequencing to identify the mosquito species and characterize their bacterial communities. Microbial composition differed between Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. restuans, driven by high relative abundance of Wolbachia in Cx. pipiens complex compared to Cx. restuans, which also contributed to greater within-species microbiome variability. Despite the limited sample sizes for some forms and hybrids, there were no detectable differences in the bacterial diversity or community composition among the five observed Cx. pipiens forms. Microbial diversity also varied regionally and over the sampling season, increasing later in the season. These findings demonstrate a microbial convergence within Cx. pipiens complex and reveal that spatiotemporal factors influence acquisition of environmentally acquired microbes highlighting the dynamic nature of mosquito-microbe interactions.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00248-026-02750-1.}, }
@article {pmid42123638, year = {2026}, author = {Jiménez-Florido, P and Planelló, R and Buckley, D and Bella, JL}, title = {Wolbachia Induces Epigenetic and Transcriptional Modifications in the Orthopteran Chorthippus parallelus (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae).}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {9}, pages = {}, pmid = {42123638}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {PID2019-104952GBI00//Ministerio de Econom&#xed;a y Competitividad (MINECO)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Wolbachia/physiology ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; DNA Methylation ; Female ; Male ; Symbiosis ; *Orthoptera/microbiology/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Gonads/metabolism/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is an obligate endosymbiotic alphaproteobacterium that is widely distributed among insects. It also infects the European orthopteran Chorthippus parallelus parallelus (Cpp). In this subspecies, Wolbachia induces a reproductive barrier through uni- and bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibilities. Recently, we found that it also modifies the expression of genes related to essential physiological pathways in Cpp. Here, we have analysed the influence of Wolbachia infection on the epigenetic profiles in Cpp gonads of infected and uninfected males and females, since they constitute Wolbachia's main target. We characterised de novo nine genes related to epigenetic mechanisms and their transcriptional activity, together with global DNA methylation levels. The results indicate that Wolbachia influences the epigenetic mechanisms in Cpp mainly in females, inducing the expression of genes related to histone deacetylation and reducing the global DNA methylation percentage. This study provides the first evidence of Wolbachia's ability to alter epigenetic processes in Cpp, increasing our understanding of this symbiotic relationship, with potential implications for the induced reproductive isolation within and between subspecies of C. parallelus. It also offers new insights into the molecular basis of host-symbiont biology in a group for which this information is rather scarce.}, }
@article {pmid42126686, year = {2026}, author = {Mis, B and Kuşcu, MC and Eltem, R}, title = {Investigation of symbiotic-like interactions between Pseudomonas chlororaphis and non-pathogenic Fusarium sp. for enhanced biopreparation potential.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42126686}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {The rhizosphere layer of the soil is a complex environment where various organisms interact with each other. Understanding this complex structure and utilising its interactions in industry can provide significant benefits in many areas, particularly in sustainable agriculture. In this study, the symbiotic effects between plant growth-promoting (PGP) Pseudomonas chlororaphis and non-pathogenic Fusarium sp. were examined, and symbiotic-like culture experiments were conducted for potential biopreparation production. Initially, the PGP properties of the interacting species were qualitatively screened, and their non-pathogenicity was confirmed in vitro. Then, symbiotic-like culture trials were performed with the selected species. Subsequently, the quantitative PGP properties of these species, both individually and in symbiotic-like culture, were determined. The symbiotic-like culture significantly enhanced phosphate solubilization and IAA production efficiency by approximately 70%. Moreover, the antifungal effects of all symbiotic-like cultures increased and remained effective for 15 days. This study demonstrates the potential of harnessing microbial interactions in the rhizosphere to develop biopreparations with enhanced plant growth-promoting and antifungal properties. Based on the results, important steps have been taken by clarifying the naturally occurring symbiosis in the rhizosphere of soil and paving the way to develop biopreparations with higher efficiency by leveraging interactions between microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid42127819, year = {2026}, author = {Velásquez, AC}, title = {Actin filaments form(in) root hairs to welcome rhizobia.}, journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe}, volume = {34}, number = {5}, pages = {814-816}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2026.04.007}, pmid = {42127819}, issn = {1934-6069}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism ; *Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Rhizobium/physiology ; Actins/metabolism ; Plant Root Nodulation ; }, abstract = {Dramatic cytoskeleton modifications are involved in establishing mutualistic bacterial and fungal associations with plants, as new specialized symbiotic structures are formed. A recent study in Science[1] explores actin remodeling during the inception of these interactions, potentially creating opportunities to increase mycorrhizal and nodulation efficiency and reduce our need for fertilizers.}, }
@article {pmid42128241, year = {2026}, author = {Kang, K and Zhang, Y and Yang, X and Liu, X and Feng, J and Xie, S and Lv, J}, title = {How the ammonium-to-nitrate ratio shaped system performance: The role of keystone taxa and network stability in microalgal-bacterial symbiotic system.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134850}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134850}, pmid = {42128241}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The microalgal-bacterial symbiotic system (MBSS) represents a promising sustainable technology for wastewater treatment, and its performance is tightly linked to operational parameters. Nevertheless, the systematic understanding of how the ammonium-to-nitrate ratio drives MBSS performance remains largely insufficient. Here MBSS was operated under a constant total nitrogen concentration with varying ammonium-to-nitrate ratios (4: 0, 3: 1, 2: 2, 1: 3, 0: 4). By integrating physicochemical analysis, amplicon sequencing, nitrogen cycling functional prediction, and multivariate statistics, it was found that the ammonium-to-nitrate ratio significantly regulated MBSS performance and bacterial community dynamics. Specifically, high-ammonium conditions (4: 0 ratio) promoted microalgal growth, total phosphorus (TP) removal, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, whereas high-nitrate conditions (0: 4 ratio) enhanced total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal. Functional prediction revealed distinct nitrogen metabolic pathways under different conditions. Under high-ammonium conditions, bacteria preferentially employed nitrogen-removal pathways (e.g., amoA → hao → narB → nirS → norB → nosZ) that operated in concert with microalgae. Conversely, under high-nitrate conditions, bacteria competed with microalgae for nitrogen, employing pathways such as napA/nasA → nirK → norB. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that high-ammonium conditions promoted a tightly connected, stable community. Furthermore, five keystone taxa (Pseudoxanthomonas, Cloacibacterium, Dyella, Paraburkholderia, and Pandoraea) were identified, collectively explaining 74.2% of system performance variation. Comprehensive assessment via microalgal-bacterial multifunctionality index, developed by combining key data on pollutant removal efficiency and bacterial community characteristics, confirmed that MBSS achieved optimal overall performance when ammonium served as the sole nitrogen source. This work clarified the regulatory mechanism of the ammonium-to-nitrate ratio in MBSS, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing nitrogen-containing wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42130170, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, Y and Hu, F and Yin, W and Fan, Z and Fan, H and He, W and Guo, C and Bao, X and Zhao, L and Wang, F and Nan, Y and Yu, A and Zhao, C and Wu, Z and Chai, Q}, title = {Gibberellin-flavonoid crosstalk intensifies symbiotic nitrogen fixation in pea during maize-pea interspecific root interactions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71259}, pmid = {42130170}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {24JRRA844//Gansu Province Joint Research Foundation of China/ ; GSAU-DKZY-2025-002//China Agricultural University Corresponding Support Research Joint Fund/ ; 23ZDNA008//Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Major Project/ ; 32360550//the Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32472247//the Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; GSCS-2023-03//the State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science of China/ ; GSCS-2023-05//the State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science of China/ ; }, abstract = {Excessive synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer use threatens sustainable agriculture, highlighting the need to optimize symbiotic N fixation (SNF) in cereal/legume intercropping systems. Although interspecific root interactions (IRIs) may enhance SNF, the associated regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. A 3-yr field experiment showed that Zea mays/Pisum sativum intercropping can promote SNF and N accumulation. Furthermore, glasshouse root barrier and rhizobial inoculation experiments revealed that IRIs can enhance N accumulation via pea-rhizobia symbiosis. Mechanistically, IRIs increase nodule number and inhibit nodule senescence, which are accompanied by transcriptional reprogramming and altered phytohormone abundance (e.g. gibberellin). Exogenous paclobutrazol and gibberellin treatments confirmed that SNF enhancement during IRIs involves gibberellin synthesis. Exogenous gibberellin did not affect SNF-related advantages due to IRIs, indicating that IRIs autonomously optimize endogenous gibberellin to fine-tune SNF. Genetic evidence (silencing of PsGA20OX8 and PsCHS1-4, which affect gibberellin and flavonoid biosynthesis, respectively) and pharmacological evidence (complementation with exogenous gibberellin and flavonoid, respectively) demonstrated that crosstalk between the gibberellin and flavonoid increases nodule number and inhibits nodule senescence, thereby enhancing SNF. These findings support improving legume SNF via IRIs to optimize intercropping systems and promote sustainable agriculture development.}, }
@article {pmid42130343, year = {2026}, author = {de Oliveira Rocha, M and Messenburger, G and Nuñez, FF and Lindenau, IB and Pieniz, S}, title = {Effect of Probiotic and Symbiotic Supplementation on Lipid Parameters in Individuals With Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70158}, doi = {10.1111/obr.70158}, pmid = {42130343}, issn = {1467-789X}, support = {//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul/ ; //Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; //Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic and symbiotic supplementation on lipid parameters in individuals with overweight and obesity to elucidate the aspects involved in this topic.<br><br>METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct electronic databases were systematically searched for RCTs up to April 2023. The risk of bias was evaluated using the updated version of the Cochrane tool for assessing bias risk in randomized trials (RoB 2). The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. The review was registered in PROSPERO under the number: CRD42023442133.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the 1363 articles identified in the search, 28 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Data analysis showed a significant effect of probiotics and symbiotics in reducing total cholesterol (MD&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.09&#x2009;mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.03), LDL (MD&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.06&#x2009;mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.12, -0.01), and triglycerides (MD&#x2009;=&#x2009;-0.05&#x2009;mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.10, -0.01) levels, but no significant effect on HDL (MD&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.01&#x2009;mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.03) levels compared to the control group. In subgroup analyses, symbiotics showed a greater reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that probiotic and symbiotic supplementation can reduce total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels in individuals with overweight or obesity, with a greater effect observed for symbiotic supplementation.}, }
@article {pmid42133089, year = {2026}, author = {Detcharoen, M and Arthofer, W and Steiner, FM and Schlick-Steiner, BC}, title = {Three decades of analyzing Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts in arthropods: Trends and gaps.}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-026-08694-2}, pmid = {42133089}, issn = {1432-1955}, abstract = {Wolbachia are the most pervasive bacterial endosymbionts yet described, infecting half of all arthropod species. These bacteria trigger outstanding phenotypes in their hosts including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which has also been used as a mechanism to control pest species. Here, we analyzed peer-reviewed articles published in the 30 years from 1995 to 2024. Our results show that most studies continue to use traditional methods such as PCR and Sanger sequencing, approaches that remain sufficient and appropriate in many cases, particularly when working with well-characterized strains or applied systems. Only a smaller proportion of studies have employed newer genome-based techniques, which are increasingly important for exploring Wolbachia diversity and uncovering novel mechanisms. Research has focused mainly on a small number of insect groups and a limited set of Wolbachia strains. In addition, most work focuses on CI, especially since the discovery of cif genes related to this trait. Although the use of Wolbachia in pest and disease control is expanding, other possible effects and interactions with different microbes remain less explored. Our analysis shows how the field has advanced through some key discoveries, while many studies continue to use established approaches and concentrate on a limited set of hosts and strains. To make further progress, we suggest using a wider range of methods and sampling a broader set of hosts, alongside integrating genetic tools with studies of natural populations. This work outlines clear areas where more research is needed and points to ways the field can develop a fuller understanding of Wolbachia and its roles in nature.}, }
@article {pmid42116760, year = {2026}, author = {Abdrabo, KAE and Wu, YT and Huang, YT}, title = {Metabolic and Elemental Stoichiometric Analyses in Ambrosia Fungi Reveal Lineage-Specific Strategies in Symbiotic Associations.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, pages = {e70323}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70323}, pmid = {42116760}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {110-2621-B-037-002-MY3//National Science and Technology Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; Animals ; Phylogeny ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Ascomycota/metabolism/genetics/classification/physiology ; Carbon/metabolism ; *Coleoptera/microbiology/physiology ; Amino Acids/biosynthesis ; Uric Acid/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The ambrosia fungus-beetle symbiosis is an obligate nutritional association, yet the specific metabolic contributions of fungal partners to beetle nutrition remain incompletely characterised. We compared several ambrosia fungal species with closely related non-ambrosia species to investigate their metabolic capabilities, carbon-nitrogen stoichiometry and uric acid catabolism. Ambrosia fungi displayed distinct but lineage-specific metabolic features that were largely influenced by phylogeny. Although both groups shared overarching metabolic similarities, ambrosia fungi such as Ambrosiella roeperi (Ceratocystidaceae) and Irpex subulatus (Irpicaceae) exhibited enriched amino acid biosynthesis pathways, especially for L-histidine and L-phenylalanine. Formaldehyde assimilation pathway was detected in ambrosia fungi, specifically A. roeperi (Ceratocystidaceae) and Harringtonia lauricola (Ophiostomataceae), reflecting strategies for coping with volatile environments of stressed host trees. Elemental stoichiometry revealed elevated C:N ratios in ambrosia fungi, particularly A. roeperi and I. subulatus, despite no significant differences in carbon or nitrogen when assessed independently. However, nitrogen content was not significantly enhanced, suggesting that nitrogen provisioning may not be conserved as an adaptive trait in ambrosia symbiosis. Similarly, fungal growth on uric acid as the sole nitrogen source did not differ between groups, indicating that nitrogen provisioning through recycling of beetle wastes may reflect lineage-specific patterns rather than a convergent trait across ambrosia fungi.}, }
@article {pmid42119384, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, Y and Tian, K and Hao, P and Gu, J and Xie, L and Zhou, D and Huo, H}, title = {Insect-mediated polystyrene (PS) degradation: Mechanisms, efficiency, ecological impacts, and application prospects.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {318}, number = {}, pages = {120243}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120243}, pmid = {42119384}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {Plastic pollution is a critical global issue. Polystyrene (PS) is highly stable and degrades slowly, causing massive accumulation in ecosystems and severe threats to soil, marine life, and human health. Recent studies have demonstrated that the synergy between insects and their gut microbiota can achieve PS biodegradation, offering a novel green remediation approach. This paper systematically reviews insect species capable of PS degradation and the core roles of gut microbiota and their enzyme systems. It elaborates the multi-stage mechanisms of physical activation, enzymatic oxidation, depolymerization-mineralization, and bioassimilation, and analyzes influencing factors such as PS properties and insect developmental stage, along with the ecotoxicological effects and application potential of this process. Evidence confirms that insects such as Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas atratus, and Galleria mellonella oxidize and metabolize PS via symbiosis with gut microbes, leading to surface damage, molecular weight reduction, and oxygen incorporation. Part of the PS carbon is mineralized to CO2 or assimilated into biomass. However, current research exhibits marked methodological heterogeneity, with studies differing in PS substrate forms, experimental designs, and detection endpoints, hindering cross‑study comparison of degradation efficiency. Furthermore, most studies lack standardized validation such as isotope tracing, undermining the reliability and comparability of results. Unified experimental and reporting standards, along with wider adoption of validated methods, are urgently needed to underpin future research and application.}, }
@article {pmid42120438, year = {2026}, author = {Hendrick, GC and Nicholson, MD and Brown, AL and Sikkel, PC}, title = {Rapid reduction in biodiversity and abundance of Caribbean coral reef fishes at cleaning stations following removal of coral-dwelling cleaner gobies.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-51656-y}, pmid = {42120438}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Understanding the dynamics of species distribution and abundance, as well as interactions with the biotic environment, is a fundamental goal of ecology. While factors such as food availability, predation, mating, and habitat use have been extensively studied, symbioses, such as parasitism and mutualism, are also crucial drivers of community structure and ecosystem function. A prominent example of this in coral reef environments is cleaning symbiosis, where small fishes or shrimps remove parasites and tissue from larger fishes (clients). In the tropical Atlantic, where Elacatinus cleaner gobies are the dominant cleaner fish, large-scale empirical data on their effects on the distribution, abundance, and diversity of clients are lacking. Thus, how Elacatinus cleaner gobies affect coral reef community structure remains unresolved. This study investigated the impact of cleaner gobies (Elacatinus evelynae) on the spatiotemporal dynamics of mobile clients. We show that biodiversity at locations where cleaner gobies had been experimentally removed was reduced by 23%. Additionally, cleaning stations with cleaner gobies had 1.85 times the number of visits by client fish than cleaning stations where the goby was removed (n = 3,673), and that this effect was apparent within only 10 days. Following cleaner goby removal, client fish visited goby-present cleaning stations more than removal stations, with visitation rates 4.04, 1.85, and 1.97 times higher in Surveys 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Furthermore, the proportion of cleaning stations visited by clients, including goby-present stations, shifted shortly after goby removals. These findings show that cleaner gobies can be important contributors to coral reef community structure by altering activity and distribution of other fishes.}, }
@article {pmid42120815, year = {2026}, author = {Rammitsu, K and Ikeyama, Y and Chamara, RMSR and Watanabe, K and Tetsuka, K and Yukawa, T and Ogiso-Tanaka, E and Ogura-Tsujita, Y}, title = {Differences in orchid mycorrhizal diversity between terrestrial and epiphytic habitats on Yakushima Island, Japan.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42120815}, issn = {1618-0860}, support = {21K06306//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24K09594//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24K17907//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 23K05914//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {Epiphytic orchids account for 68% of vascular epiphytes and 69% of orchid species, demonstrating the importance of epiphytism to the diversification of the Orchidaceae. All orchids require mycorrhizal associations with specific fungi at the earliest stages of germination and development, and these symbioses may have played crucial roles in their adaptation to, and diversification within, canopy habitats. We present the first comprehensive comparison of fungal communities, encompassing both epiphytic and terrestrial orchids as well as their habitat substrates (bark and soil) on Yakushima Island, Japan. We analyzed mycorrhizal communities associated with 29 orchid species, representing eight tribes in four subfamilies, using both Sanger and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) methods, and also characterized fungal communities in the substrates using HTS. Our results reveal that epiphytic and terrestrial orchids have differing mycorrhizal communities and the fungal composition of their habitat substrates also differs. Although overall fungal richness was lower in epiphytic than in terrestrial substrates, the diversity of fungi in the rhizoctonia, including members of Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, and Serendipitaceae, was similarly high for both habitat types. Furthermore, some rhizoctonia fungi were shared between orchid life forms and exhibited symbiotic compatibility across habitats in in vitro culture. Although rhizoctonia communities differed between habitat substrates, comparable diversity and the presence of shared taxa across habitats imply that these fungi may have reduced barriers to canopy colonization and contribute to the successful establishment and diversification of epiphytic orchids.}, }
@article {pmid42121023, year = {2026}, author = {Joseph, RA and Bansal, K and Keyhani, NO}, title = {Carrying the seeds of your crop: fungal genetic networks activated during colonization of the ambrosia beetle symbiotic organ.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-026-12931-4}, pmid = {42121023}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {IOS-2418026//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Myco-cultivation by ambrosia beetles involves unique symbiotic partnerships with select fungi. These beetles grow and tend their fungal gardens as food for larvae and adults. This close association has led to the evolution of specialized structures, termed mycangia, on or within the beetle to house fungal cells as "seeds" for establishing and maintaining their gardens. However, little is known concerning fungal gene networks involved in mediating the symbiotic colonization of the mycangia of their host beetles. Here, we report on global gene expression changes that occur in the fungus during mycangial colonization of the Xyleborus affinis ambrosia beetle mycangia by its the partner fungus, Harringtonia lauricola, which, while beneficial to the beetle, is the causative agent of the devastating laurel wilt disease in plant hosts.<br><br>RESULTS: A temporal map, ranging from 1&#xa0;h to 72&#xa0;h of H. lauricola gene expression during colonization of X. affinis mycangia was constructed and compared to fungal cells grown in vitro (PDB) and to a previous dataset of H. lauricola isolated from infected plants. These data revealed a rapid adaptation (6-12&#xa0;h) of fungal cells to the mycangial environment with high expression of genes involved in cell wall remodeling, some of which were shared with H. lauricola-plant infection. Differential expression of genes involved in metabolism, effectors, and pathogen-host interactions (PHI) were noted, providing clues to the nutritional landscape within mycangia as well as discrete mechanisms employed by the fungus to interact with its ambrosia beetle host. Consistent with a dimorphic shift, but also a general suppression of growth, genes involved in hyphal and filamentous growth, and conidiation, showed significantly lower expression in the mycangial environment as compared to in vitro media conditions. Intriguingly, GO terms involved in the RNAi pathway were enriched in upregulated datasets, suggesting a novel role for miRNAs in ambrosia symbioses.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the transition to the mycangial environment begins almost immediately post-colonization, with gene expression changes noted as early as 1&#xa0;h, adaptation by 6&#xa0;h, and maintenance thereafter. Specific metabolic gene networks were identified that suggest nutrient exchange and facilitation of fungal adaptation to the ambrosia beetle mycangia. While aspects of cell wall remodeling appear conserved between fungal colonization of the beetle mycangia and infection of plants, distinct sets of fungal genes involved in nutrient assimilation (transport and metabolism), effector production, suppression of growth, transcription factors, and PHIs are expressed during mutualism. These data open new avenues for functional analysis of genes that define symbiotic associations in context dependent host-microbe interactions that results in disparate, i.e., parasitic vs. mutualistic, outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid42121845, year = {2026}, author = {Kalyuzhny, AE}, title = {Spatial Biology Evolution: Past, Present and Future of Mapping Life in Context.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cells15090743}, pmid = {42121845}, issn = {2073-4409}, mesh = {Humans ; Proteomics/methods ; Animals ; }, abstract = {The life sciences are currently undergoing a serious transition from the reductive biochemical analysis of dissociated tissues to non-destructive "spatial forensics". In addition to discovering new molecules, we are moving towards finding out their precise tissue localization and performing in situ interrogation to uncover a biological logic within preserved cellular "neighborhoods". Our perspective is focused on exploring the spatial imperative, including the structural logic and "neighborhood effects" of the tissue microenvironment, which is a prerequisite to understanding cellular function in normal and in pathological conditions. Beginning with a historical foundation of the origins of histochemistry, dating back to the 19th century with pioneer botanist François-Vincent Raspail, we emphasize the technological metamorphosis, transitioning from classical immunohistochemistry to modern multi- and high-plex spatial multi-omics. A critical evaluation of the current operational landscape has been made, addressing the engineering strategies behind multiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF), the challenges of experimental design in spatial transcriptomics, and the functional symbiosis between targeted and unbiased spatial proteomics. There are many layers of genomic and proteomic information we have to consider in order to unravel the mechanisms underlying body function. If we learn how to combine all this information together, we will be able to better understand how cells communicate with each other and what disrupts their communication, leading to cancer and many other pathologies. It is obvious that by implementing spatial biology tools, it becomes possible to develop new medicines and treat diseases in the most efficient ways. At the same time, we realize that there is an urgent need to learn how to put data pieces together so that they blend seamlessly into a meaningful output, further transitioning spatial biology over time into a routine tool to cure for both common and rare diseases and improve our lives and health.}, }
@article {pmid42122864, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, S and Jiang, Y and Fang, J and Wang, T}, title = {Evolutionary Repurposing of Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Development and Symbiosis.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15091370}, pmid = {42122864}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {LY22C020004//Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province/ ; 32441048//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024SSYS0103//Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang/ ; }, abstract = {Cytokinin (CK) is a central regulator of plant development, yet its roles cannot be understood fully without considering how CK signaling was assembled during evolution and redeployed in different physiological contexts. In this review, we examine how prokaryotic two-component modules were elaborated into the land-plant CK system and how this system now integrates biosynthesis, transport, receptor selectivity, and feedback control to shape developmental and symbiotic outcomes. We argue that three recurring interpretive dimensions are especially useful for organizing current evidence: compartmentalized CK pools, context-dependent decoding of local CK availability, and the coupling of local CK responses to whole-plant nutrient status. These dimensions help organize current observations on why CK effects in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are often conditional and readout-dependent, whereas evidence from legume-rhizobium symbiosis supports a more direct role for CK in cortical competence, nodule organogenesis, and autoregulation of nodulation. Rather than treating CK as a generic positive regulator of symbiosis, we propose that it functions as a spatially partitioned and nutritionally gated integrator whose outputs depend on cell type, developmental stage, transport route, and resource context. We conclude by highlighting key mechanistic gaps-particularly in transporter-resolved CK partitioning and systemic integration-and by outlining experimentally testable priorities for translating CK biology into crop improvement.}, }
@article {pmid42122908, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, Q and Wu, Z and Xu, R and Zhang, J and Deng, M and Wang, T and Zhang, Q and Li, P and Yan, Z}, title = {Transcriptomic Comparison of Soybean Roots Inoculated with Different Rhizobium Strains During Early Symbiosis.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15091417}, pmid = {42122908}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {No.2023C4S02001//The Key Scientific Research Projects of Xianghu Laboratory/ ; 2024SSYS0103//"Pioneer"and"Leading Goose" R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang/ ; 2023R01009//Innovation Team Basic Research Project of Zhejiang/ ; }, abstract = {The symbiotic relationship between soybean and rhizobia facilitates nodulation and nitrogen fixation, providing a sustainable nutrient supply for increasing crop yields and reducing chemical fertilizer use. However, comparative studies on the conservation and strain-specificity of host gene expression regulated by different rhizobial strains remain limited. Here, we performed a comparative analysis between the previously isolated strain, Bradyrhizobium ottawaense Bott 59, and the model strain, Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110. Symbiotic phenotypes were evaluated after inoculation, and a root transcriptomic analysis was conducted at 3 dpi to assess early molecular responses. At 21 dpi, Bott 59-inoculated plants outperformed plants inoculated with USDA 110 in nodule number, nitrogenase activity, and biomass. Transcriptomic analysis revealed conserved host responses to both rhizobial strains, including NIN-mediated signaling, AON signaling, and the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and brassinosteroids. Further analysis revealed that Bott 59 specifically induced the expression of genes involved in isoflavonoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, including those encoding I2H, and HI4OMT. Moreover, Bott 59 triggered more pronounced transcriptional reprogramming in auxin, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways, along with differential expression of a broader set of transcription factor genes. Collectively, this study systematically unravels the conserved and strain-specific transcriptional regulatory events underlying host-rhizobium interactions. Our findings provide valuable theoretical insights and transcriptomic resources for further dissecting the molecular mechanisms of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), as well as for the targeted genetic improvement of crop nodulation and nitrogen fixation efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid42123484, year = {2026}, author = {Ahmad, A and Ahmed, MM and Akhtar, A and Liu, W and Yang, R and Sun, X and Wang, X and Bibi, S and Khan, MB and Chen, S}, title = {Unlocking Grass Stress Resistance: Fungal Endophyte-Mediated Pathogen Recognition and RNA Regulation.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27093899}, pmid = {42123484}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {32260356//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; (Outstanding Youth Project, Grant No. 2025DB003)//Corps Science and Technology Program/ ; (TDZKPY202607)//Tarim University of Agricultural Reclamation/ ; }, mesh = {*Endophytes/physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Poaceae/microbiology/genetics/physiology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Symbiosis ; *Fungi/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Disease Resistance ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Fungal endophytes are symbiotic microorganisms that establish strong relationships inside plant tissues, providing potential advantages, especially in grasses, by enhancing tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses. This review investigates the molecular mechanisms through which fungal endophytes mediate stress tolerance, targeting host-pathogen interactions. By modulating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and effector proteins, fungal endophytes may contribute to priming the plant's immune system, enhancing its resistance to pathogen invasion. Moreover, endophyte colonization regulates core processes such as osmotic regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis that enable plants to tolerate environmental stresses like drought, heat, and salinity. The review highlights the impact of endophytes on immune priming, systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and the regulation of non-coding RNAs that regulate host gene networks associated with stress tolerance. Furthermore, the integration of advanced multi-omics techniques genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and fluxomics has revealed emerging insights into the genetic and metabolic pathways driving these symbiotic associations. However, grass-specific molecular datasets remain limited, and the consistency of endophyte-mediated tolerance across host species and environmental conditions is not yet fully resolved. Fungal endophytes increase grass stress resilience through coordinated pathogen recognition, RNA regulation, and metabolic reprogramming while AI-assisted multi-omics approaches are emerging as tools for identifying candidate regulatory networks, although empirical validation in grass-endophyte systems remains limited. Together, these advances highlight the potential for climate-smart and sustainable crop improvement. Future research integrating functional genomics, field validation, and biosafety assessment will be essential for translating endophyte-based strategies into reliable agricultural applications.}, }
@article {pmid42111719, year = {2026}, author = {Devabhakthini, N and Eichler-Löbermann, B and Haghi, R and Willner, E and Dehmer, KJ and Kavka, M}, title = {Effect of phosphorus deficiency on biomass and root system architecture in diverse Medicago accessions.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1812278}, pmid = {42111719}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Phosphorus (P) is essential for legume growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, yet its low availability in many soils frequently constrains plant productivity.<br><br>METHODS: To evaluate phenotypic and genotypic variation in P efficiency, 200 genetically diverse accessions of the Medicago sativa complex were assessed under high and low P conditions in a greenhouse experiment, followed by detailed root system architecture (RSA) analysis in a subset of 20 accessions using a rhizotron system.<br><br>RESULTS: Significant intraspecific variation was observed for shoot and root dry matter, root-to-shoot ratio, shoot P content, and P utilisation efficiency (PUE). Across the full panel of 200 accessions, shoot and root dry matter decreased by 24% and 23% respectively under low P, and in the subset of 20 accessions PUE increased by 38% under low P. Genome-wide association studies identified candidate genes associated with plant height and biomass related traits under high and low P conditions including genes involved in cell-wall modification, hormonal regulation, and growth-related stress responses. Rhizotron analyses revealed RSA plasticity, with increased specific root length and specific convex hull area under low P, reflecting morphological adjustments that enhance soil exploration.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Accessions that combined stable biomass production, high PUE, and adaptive RSA features under low P represent valuable genetic resources for breeding nutrient-efficient alfalfa cultivars suitable for low-input agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid42112453, year = {2025}, author = {Usman, M and Ashebir, S and Okey-Mbata, C and Yun, Y and Kim, S}, title = {Neuroengineering Frontiers: A Selective Review of Neural Interfaces, Brain-Machine Interactions, and Artificial Intelligence in Neurodegenerative Diseases.}, journal = {Applied sciences (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {42112453}, issn = {2076-3417}, support = {SC1 NS122448/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; UG3 EB036466/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), present a growing public health challenge globally. Recent advancements in neurotechnology and neuroengineering have significantly enhanced brain-computer interfaces, artificial intelligence, and organoid technologies, making them pivotal instruments for diagnosis, monitoring, disease modeling, treatment development, and rehabilitation of various diseases. Nonetheless, the majority of neural interface platforms focus on unidirectional control paradigms, neglecting the need for co-adaptive systems where both the human user and the interface continually learn and adapt. This selected review consolidates information from neuroscience, artificial intelligence, and organoid engineering to identify the conceptual underpinnings of co-adaptive and symbiotic human-machine interaction. We emphasize significant shortcomings in the advancement of long-term AI-facilitated co-adaptation, which permits individualized diagnostics and progression tracking in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We concentrate on incorporating deep learning for adaptive decoding, reinforcement learning for bidirectional feedback, and hybrid organoid-brain-computer interface platforms to mimic disease dynamics and expedite therapy discoveries. This study outlines the trends and limitations of the topics at hand, proposing a research framework for next-generation AI-enhanced neural interfaces targeting neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders that are both technologically sophisticated and clinically viable, while adhering to ethical standards.}, }
@article {pmid42112817, year = {2026}, author = {Gil-Polo, A and Bledsoe, RB and Calvert, M and Cherry, L and Epstein, B and Fudge, R and Harris, J and Tiffin, P and Burghardt, LT}, title = {Rhizobia independently adapt to soil and legume host environments, but soil conditions influence the abundance of high-quality partners.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0379325}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.03793-25}, pmid = {42112817}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Rhizobia live as free-living microorganisms in the soil and in association with legume hosts. Both environments exert selective pressures on rhizobia, influencing the reproductive success of individual strains (e.g., fitness). The soil, a heterogeneous and fluctuating environment, is often overlooked, and little is known about whether selection in the soil influences the outcomes of the rhizobium-legume mutualism. We exposed a mixture of 68 Sinorhizobium meliloti strains to soil-mediated selection using eight different treatments (temperature, osmotic, and texture perturbations) and host-mediated selection with two Medicago species as hosts. We found that cold (4°C) and warm (32°C) temperatures, as well as salt addition, had the strongest effects on diversity, population composition, or population size. Strain relative fitness was strongly positively correlated among soil treatments, except cold, warm, and salinity, suggesting strains undergo similar selection in the soil. Genome-wide association analysis revealed a complex genetic architecture for soil fitness, characterized by numerous loci of small effect that did not show significant associations. In contrast, when comparing rhizobial fitness between soil and host environments, we found minimal strain fitness correlations, suggesting an independent genetic basis and habitat-specific adaptations. Finally, by examining the relationship between rhizobial fitness in soil and their benefits to the host plant, we found that soil selection influenced the relative abundance of high- and low-quality strains; however, whether these effects were positive or negative for the plant was host-dependent. Our results suggest that rhizobial evolution in soil and host are largely independent, but soil selection can alter mutualism benefits.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Rhizobium-legume mutualism is crucial for introducing nitrogen into agricultural and natural ecosystems, and rhizobial persistence in the soil is an important component of agroecosystems. However, we know little about how populations of rhizobia persist and adapt to this environment, especially in the context of the soil's spatial and temporal variations (temperature, moisture, and soil texture). We found that rhizobia are similarly selected across abiotic soil conditions, but their reproductive success in the soil is independent from their reproductive success in the host. Intriguingly, we found that certain soil conditions increase (or decrease) the relative abundance of more beneficial strains. Understanding how rhizobia adapt to diverse environments is crucial for developing effective bioinoculants that persist in the soil while remaining highly competitive for host colonization and beneficial to the plant.}, }
@article {pmid42113365, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, Z and Lu, R and Zhang, Q and Jing, Y and Peng, C}, title = {Colonization of three Sphagneticola species by Funneliformis mosseae under cadmium stress is beneficial to phosphatase activity and nutrient uptake in rhizosphere soil.}, journal = {Botanical studies}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42113365}, issn = {1817-406X}, support = {32501397//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202502GY008//Chaozhou Science and Technology Plan Project/ ; 2021B1212040015//Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination poses threats to ecosystems and human health, and the plant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiotic system represents a promising green remediation strategy. However, the underlying mechanisms are complex and context-dependent, and systematic comparative studies remain scarce regarding differential regulation of Cd tolerance enhancement in plants of the same genus but different ecotypes. This study used a native species (Sphagneticola calendulacea), invasive species (Sphagneticola trilobata), and their hybrid as materials. It conducted an integrated analysis of the synergistic effects of inoculating Funneliformis mosseae (FM) on the rhizosphere microenvironment and mineral element uptake of three plants under a Cd stress gradient. The objective was to elucidate the interactive mechanisms by which FM enhances plant Cd tolerance and to evaluate its remediation potential.<br><br>RESULTS: Results indicate that FM regulation of rhizosphere pH exhibits species specificity but generally alleviates Cd induced acidification. FM significantly enhances acid phosphatase activity in rhizosphere soil and substantially promotes plant phosphorus (P) uptake. FM comprehensively altered plant mineral element uptake, including promoting root accumulation of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), shoot potassium (K) allocation, and copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) absorption.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study elucidates how FM enhances P uptake and systematically optimizes elemental absorption homeostasis by regulating rhizosphere pH and phosphatase activity. These synergistic effects improve Cd tolerance in Sphagneticola species and highlight the broad potential of AMF-plant symbioses for Cd remediation. It provides crucial theoretical foundations and germplasm selection references for targeted soil restoration using ecologically distinct Sphagneticola ecotypes and their optimal FM partners.}, }
@article {pmid42115921, year = {2026}, author = {Bulfoni, M and De Martino, M and Gualandi, N and Marzinotto, S and Vesca, G and Krpan, B and Marcon, B and Bertoni, M and Tascini, C and Pipan, C and Curcio, F}, title = {Gut microbiota profiling of the population residing in Friuli-Venezia Giulia through next-generation sequencing.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-05117-1}, pmid = {42115921}, issn = {1471-2180}, abstract = {The gut microbiota is an ecological community of symbiotic and commensal microorganisms that play crucial roles in nutrient metabolism, maintaining the structural integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and pathogen protection. The composition of the gut microbiota varies with age, ethnicity, lifestyle, and dietary habits. Given the microbiota's growing role as a modulator of various physiological and pathological conditions, our study aimed to investigate the genetic profile of the microbiome individuals residing in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. We analyzed fecal swab samples from 109 individuals belonging to a general population cohort. The hypervariable V3-V4 regions of bacterial 16 S rRNA were analyzed using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) on the MiSeq system (Illumina). The relative abundance of phyla, classes, orders, families, and species was defined using the BaseSpace 16s metagenomics app (Illumina). Firmicutes was the most represented phylum (51.1%), followed by Bacteroidetes (38.3%) and Actinobacteria (3%). At the class level, Clostridia (45.2%) and Bacteroidia (37.7%) were predominant, while Clostridiales (46.9%), Bacteroidales (26.6%), and Anaeroplasmatales (12.6%) were notable orders. Lachnospiraceae (21.9%) and Ruminococcaceae (16.2%) were the most frequent families, with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (10.3%), Bacteroides vulgatus (4.6%), and Bacteroides dorei (3.5%) being prominent species. Each participant's taxa were analyzed to identify genera associated with alterations in gut microbial composition. Significant associations emerged between specific taxa of microorganisms and age, gender, anti-inflammatory drugs, tobacco consumption, and allergies. This study provides valuable insights into gut microbiota composition in a population-based cohort. The characterization of the microbiota in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia (FVG) region lays the foundation for future research into regional variations in microbiota composition and its impact on health.}, }
@article {pmid42105545, year = {2026}, author = {Shan, X and Wang, H and Liu, X and Li, P and Zhang, F and Wang, R and Xue, M and Li, F}, title = {Remodeling distinct rhizosphere interactions of plant-microbiome by legacy and alternative PFASs: A multi-omics insight and biphasic role of iron plaque.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {512}, number = {}, pages = {142313}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142313}, pmid = {42105545}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Rhizosphere microhabitat as a dominant sink for per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and hotspot for redox reactions and root iron plaque (IP) forming is largely affected by the interactions between plants and bacteria. However, whether PFOA and its substitute (HFPO-DA) modulated distinct rhizosphere symbiotic patterns and what roles IP played remain unclear. This study integrated plant physiology, metabolism and rhizosphere microbiome to systematically elucidate their differences in remodulating plant-microbiome interactions and IP roles. Results showed that PFOA preferred to accumulate in roots and induced serious oxidative stress, while HFPO-DA was more easily transported to shoots directly affecting photosynthesis. Molecular docking suggested higher proteinic affinity of HFPO-DA, inhibiting superoxide dismutase activity. PFOA and HFPO-DA increased organic acids and sugars in root exudates recruiting differential beneficial bacteria. However, HFPO-DA downregulated the glycerophospholipid metabolism, shaped a more vulnerable and simpler bacterial network. Remarkably, PFASs concentration determined the double-edged roles of IP. At environmental levels, IP promoted glycerophospholipids and small peptides release facilitating azotobacter recruitment and photosynthesis. But under high-dose stress, it induced accelerated pollutant migration especially HFPO-DA, thereby exacerbating phytotoxicity. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that PFOA indirectly influenced plant phenotypes via shaping bacterial community, while HFPO-DA not only modified that but also altered root exudates. This work unveils distinct rhizosphere symbiotic patterns and IP biphasic role remodulated by legacy and alternative PFASs, and provides a reference for their risk assessment and control through nature-based solutions.}, }
@article {pmid42105795, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, JH and Wang, XW and Shen, ZQ and Li, QS and Liu, SL and Zhou, LW}, title = {Genomic insights into the transition from saprophytic to parasitic lifestyles in Hymenochaetales.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {222}, number = {}, pages = {108632}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108632}, pmid = {42105795}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {Macrofungi play key roles in forest ecosystems by forming symbiotic, saprophytic, and parasitic associations with various plant species. Although previous genomic studies have investigated the transitions between these modes of nutrition, limited attention has been paid to the transition from saprophytic to parasitic ecological lifestyles. Hymenochaetales originated as a saprophytic species, and subsequently transitioned to parasitism on multiple occasions. In this study, we sequenced and compared 27 high-quality genomes of the Hymenochaetales. We identified differences in transposable element content and secretome composition between the saprophyte and parasite species. Specifically, the insertion of long-terminal repeat retrotransposons shortly after parasite speciation may drive the transition from saprophytic to parasitic ecological types. Additionally, the close genomic proximity of TEs to CAZymes and SSPs, along with the higher content in several CAZyme and protease families and SSPs in parasites may contribute to shaping host and substrate preferences. Notably, the Ser/Thr protein kinase was postulated to be crucial for the interaction between parasitic species and their host plants. In conclusion, we provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from saprotrophy to parasitism in Hymenochaetales.}, }
@article {pmid42108234, year = {2026}, author = {Kato, K and Kaneko, T and Hirayama, R and Tanaka, N and Nakai, H and Torigoe, H and Nakajima, M}, title = {Structural and thermodynamic analyses of a novel β-1,2-glucan binding mode in the ABC transporter solute-binding protein Chy400_4166 from Chloroflexus aurantiacus.}, journal = {The FEBS journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/febs.70576}, pmid = {42108234}, issn = {1742-4658}, abstract = {β-1,2-Glucans are glucose polymers widely distributed in nature and play various physiological roles in the interactions between organisms such as pathogenicity and symbiosis. While various β-1,2-glucan-degrading enzymes have been identified recently, transporters incorporating β-1,2-glucans are still poorly characterized. In this study, we have found a β-1,2-glucan binding protein of ABC transporter from Chloroflexus aurantiacus Y-400-fl, a filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium. The protein showed a clear affinity for linear β-1,2-glucan in the gel shift assay. Isothermal titration calorimetric analysis revealed high binding affinities for both linear and cyclic β-1,2-glucans, unlike for the barley β-glucan. The recorded binding constants were high for the binding of the ABC transporter to β-1,2-glucans. The observed unfavorable negative entropy change may have resulted from conformational restraints upon complex formation. Complex structures with linear β-1,2-glucan and cyclic β-1,2-glucans with degrees of polymerization of 17-20 were obtained using X-ray crystallography. Ten glucose units, designated A-J from the nonreducing end, were shared among the substrates in the complexes. Unit G is recognized by W74, W308, and D336, which are highly conserved residues within the phylogenetic group Chy400_4166. The substrate-binding mode of Chy400_4166 is completely different from that of the β-1,2-glucooligosaccharide-binding protein from Listeria innocua. The discovery of a new type of β-1,2-glucan-related binding protein has expanded our understanding of the metabolism of β-1,2-glucans.}, }
@article {pmid42108419, year = {2026}, author = {Chancellor, T and Ferreras Garrucho, G and Akmakjian, GZ and Montero, H and Bowden, S and Hope, MS and Wallington, E and Bhattacharya, S and Korfhage, C and Bailey-Serres, J and Paszkowski, U}, title = {Spatiotemporal regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis at cellular resolution.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koag133}, pmid = {42108419}, issn = {1532-298X}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis develops through fungal colonization of root epidermal and cortical cells, culminating in the formation of arbuscules, transient, tree-like intracellular hyphal structures for nutrient exchange. To dissect the complexity of AM establishment in rice (Oryza sativa) roots colonized by Rhizophagus irregularis, we conducted spatial transcriptomics of plant and fungal genes at single-cell resolution. This revealed differences in transcriptional activity between fungal structures and reprogramming of plant cell-identity markers upon colonisation. Furthermore, cells hosting similarly developed arbuscules showed striking transcriptional heterogeneity, suggesting hidden functional diversity at the individual cell level. For stage-resolved profiling of translation, we used AM-stage specific Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification RNA-sequencing (TRAP-seq) with promoters active at discrete stages of symbiosis or arbuscule development. This revealed extensive spatiotemporal changes in the ribosome-bound transcript population, including sets of phosphate, nitrogen, and carbon transporters and regulators with specific enrichment and depletion patterns at different stages of arbuscule development. Rice transcripts encoding cell wall biosynthesis genes and defence markers were present in low abundance at early stages but highly abundant at late stages of the arbuscule lifespan, supporting a host-driven shift toward arbuscule termination. Together, these findings highlight the nuanced dynamic regulation of AM symbiosis at the cellular level, refining our understanding of how nutrient exchange and fungal development are coordinated in space and time.}, }
@article {pmid42108639, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Feng, W and Liu, X and Feng, X and Hao, S and Lian, L and Gao, L and Shao, Y and Chen, H and Chen, Z and Yuan, J and Qin, L and Ma, Y and Li, X and Li, X and Wang, X}, title = {Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analyses characterize the regulatory landscape of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the soybean diversity panel.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jipb.70284}, pmid = {42108639}, issn = {1744-7909}, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is essential for legume productivity and sustainable agriculture, yet the genetic and regulatory bases of its natural variation remain incompletely understood. Here, we implemented an integrative multi-omics framework to dissect SNF architecture in a diversity panel of 360 soybean accessions encompassing both wild and cultivated lineages. SNF-related traits exhibited extensive variation and strong environmental sensitivity. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) detected only modest-effect loci, consistent with a polygenic and context-dependent genetic architecture. To resolve regulatory mechanisms underlying this complexity, we analyzed population-scale mature nodule transcriptomes using independent component analysis (ICA), identifying 136 expression modules, of which 15 were significantly associated with SNF traits and enriched for circadian rhythm, lipid metabolism, and defense response pathways. Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) identified 1,453,806, and 178 significant gene-trait associations for nitrogen fixation per plant (NFP), nodule weight (NW), and nitrogen fixation efficiency (NFE), respectively. Among these, 185 transcription factors were identified, 39% overlapping selective sweeps, suggesting evolutionary selection on transcriptional regulation. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping further uncovered 4,654 significant regulatory variants (1,241 cis-, 2,505 trans-, and 908 mixed), including 38 trans-regulatory hotspots collectively influencing ~2,400 genes, nearly half of which are located in domestication-diverged genome regions. Functional validation confirmed that the circadian regulator GmLHY acts as a negative modulator of nodulation, while Dt2, a developmental transcription factor, exerts pleiotropic effects on nodule biomass and fixation efficiency. To facilitate community access, we developed SoySNFdb, an open database integrating all information for SNF in soybean, featuring AI-assisted querying for interactive exploration of regulatory networks. Together, our results suggest that, within this population and experimental context, natural diversity in SNF is associated with regulatory and expression-level variation rather than major-effect coding variants. This integrative framework and accompanying resources establish a basis for system-level dissection and predictive improvement of nitrogen fixation efficiency in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid42108676, year = {2026}, author = {de la Fuente, D and Catalano, MI and Carpane, P and Toledo, AV and Brentassi, ME}, title = {Obligate endosymbionts as promising targets for planthopper pest control: Exploring their effect on probing behavior.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70897}, pmid = {42108676}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n de la Investigaci&#xf3;n, el Desarrollo Tecnol&#xf3;gico y la Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) are sap-sucking insects that have emerged as major pests of economically important agricultural crops worldwide. These insects establish an obligate mutualistic relationship with fungal endosymbionts (yeast-like symbionts, YLS) which play a key role in their nutrition and physiology. Despite this, the influence of YLS on host probing behavior remains poorly understood. In this study, we experimentally reduced YLS abundance in the maize planthopper Delphacodes kuscheli, the main vector of Mal de Río Cuarto virus in the Neotropical region, by exposing host plants to systemic fungicides. We then evaluated the effects of YLS depletion on female probing behavior using the electrical penetration graph technique.<br><br>RESULTS: Sub-symbiotic females showed longer non-probing periods (mean values, 95% CI 70.80&#x2009;min, 46.3-108) than control females (19.59&#x2009;min, 12.8-30). They also required more probes and more time to reach the phloem and allocated less time to phloem sap ingestion (113.82&#x2009;min, 84.9-153) than control females (180.96&#x2009;min, 136.4-240). Additionally, sub-symbiotic females exhibited a higher proportion of probing time spent in pathway activities (32.52%, 26.30-39.42) than control females (22.38%, 17.13-28.70).<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that nutritional symbionts may play an overlooked role in shaping probing behavior in D. kuscheli females. Our results highlight the ecological significance of YLS in these phloem-feeding insects and provide novel insights into symbiont-vector-plant interactions. The ability to alter probing behavior through reduction of obligate mutualistic symbionts in an agricultural pest opens new avenues for the development of integrated pest management strategies. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid42111288, year = {2026}, author = {Sanches, P and Mescher, MC and De Moraes, CM}, title = {Endosymbionts affect plant virus transmission by winged and wingless aphids.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag096}, pmid = {42111288}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Vector-borne pathogens frequently modify host-vector interactions, and their influence can be modulated by other microbial symbionts. We recently documented endosymbiont effects on aphid traits involved in plant virus transmission, showing that facultative endobacteria-particularly Hamiltonella defensa-enhanced transmission of pea enation mosaic virus. Here, we examine transmission steps and associated molecular signatures in winged and wingless aphid morphs. Consistent with our previous findings, we observed enhanced pea enation mosaic virus transmission, as well as elevated viral titer in wingless aphids harboring H. defensa. However, winged aphids with this endosymbiont displayed similar effects on virus titer but not transmission. Furthermore, whereas wingless aphids exhibited higher transmission than winged aphids when H. defensa was present, this pattern was reversed for aphids harboring only the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola; in parallel, we observed no differences between morphs of lines harboring other facultative endosymbionts. Subsequent experiments comparing lines harboring H. defensa versus the obligate symbiont alone revealed divergent effects on winged and wingless morphs on (i) virus inoculation efficiency (i.e., delivery of acquired virus; H. defensa), (ii) key salivary proteins (carbonic anhydrases, CAs; both lines), and (iii) plant defense-related marker transcripts (PR-1, salicylic acid pathway; LOX, jasmonic acid pathway; both lines). The correspondence of these patterns to the observed transmission effects suggests that endosymbiont-mediated effects on transmission may reflect changes in salivary secretions and related feeding traits. Our findings highlight the role of vector endosymbionts in disease transmission and provide insights into candidate processes by which they may influence virus-vector-host interactions.}, }
@article {pmid42111295, year = {2026}, author = {Nielsen, DA and Heraud, P and Haydon, TD and Petrou, K}, title = {Heat stress reproportions distinct metabolic sub-populations of coral-algal endosymbionts.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag099}, pmid = {42111295}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Increasing occurrences of mass heat-induced coral bleaching around the globe have propelled research effort into enhancing coral resilience. Yet, significant progress in this space is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the inter-cellular processes sustaining the delicate, animal-algal symbiosis that underlie coral health. To elucidate links between changes in the symbiotic algal physiology and bleaching, we measured metabolic fingerprints of >1500 endosymbiotic algal cells from four coral species exposed to control and heat-stress conditions. We detected four co-occurring endosymbiont metabolomes based on spectral features, finding strong parallels across species. Clear temporal shifts in the dominance of each metabolome helped link metabolic profiles to cellular physiological states within the coral colony endosymbiotic landscape. We found two profiles common to healthy endosymbionts and two profiles reflective of physiological stress. In the absence of heat-stress, the most prevalent metabolic profiles were differentiated by high protein, high nucleic acid content and low carbon (lipid and/or carbohydrate) content. Whereas during late-stage bleaching, the dominant metabolic profiles exhibited comparatively low protein, but high carbon content. This work has uncovered the existence of endosymbiont metabolic sub-populations within coral colonies and shown their dynamic yet predictable reproportioning during heat stress conditions across different coral species. In identifying a physiological cascade of single-cell metabolomes in response to heat stress, this research highlights promising metabolic markers for detecting the onset of heat stress and dysbiosis within individual endosymbiotic coral cells.}, }
@article {pmid41995255, year = {2026}, author = {Underwood, TJ and Poole, PS}, title = {Resource allocation to pea plant nodules impacted by nitrogen fixation potential of infecting rhizobia.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag097}, pmid = {41995255}, issn = {1751-7370}, mesh = {*Pisum sativum/microbiology ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/metabolism ; *Rhizobium leguminosarum/metabolism/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Legumes host nitrogen-fixing bacteria, called rhizobia, within specialized root structures called 'nodules', where carbon from the plant is exchanged for ammonia fixed from N2 by the bacteria. Legumes can host multiple bacterial strains at the same time, which vary in their fixation effectiveness, but legumes sanction nodules containing less effectively fixing strains by reducing the provision of nutrients. Understanding how sanctions are applied by plants and how bacteria may try to avoid them is important for understanding the stability of legume-rhizobial symbioses. Using near isogenic Rhizobium leguminosarum strains, on pea, we demonstrate that sanctions are sensitive to the proportion of nodules occupied by a less effective strain and by using split roots we show that sanctions are applied based on a global comparison of nodules across the plant's root system. By using several rhizobia with different levels of fixation, but all derived from the same parent, we show that pea plants can differentiate between bacteria with relatively small variations in fixation effectiveness. We demonstrate that peas integrate global signals to determine whether individual nodules are sanctioned. At the same time these results show that poorly fixing strains can avoid sanctions if they dominate nodulation.}, }
@article {pmid42101888, year = {2026}, author = {Gould, AL}, title = {Specificity across scales: Insights from the Siphamia-Photobacterium mandapamensis symbiosis.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icag043}, pmid = {42101888}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {Specificity, the selective partnership between a host and particular microbial taxa, is a fundamental feature of microbial symbioses, yet the mechanisms that generate and maintain specificity can be difficult to disentangle across the evolutionary, ecological and molecular scales at which they operate. Binary symbioses, in which a single host and microbial species interact, offer powerful systems for investigating these mechanisms across biological scales. Here, current knowledge of the symbiosis between siphonfish in the genus Siphamia and their bioluminescent symbiont, Photobacterium mandapamensis, is synthesized to illustrate ways in which specificity operates across multiple scales in this vertebrate-bacteria association. At the evolutionary scale, P. mandapamensis is the exclusive symbiont across all Siphamia species throughout the Indo-Pacific examined to date, indicating specificity is a conserved feature of the association. At the ecological scale, host behavior may generate local symbiont pools that reinforce specificity across host generations, promoting fine-scale genetic divergence among symbiont populations. At the molecular scale, comparative genomics between P. mandapamensis and the closely related, yet incompatible P. leiognathi reveals candidate loci unique to P. mandapamensis that encode putative systems for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, iron transport, host-specific attachment and surface recognition, and nitrogen assimilation. Together, these findings illustrate that specificity in this system is not the product of any single mechanism, but of multiple processes operating across these scales and feeding back to one another, positioning the Siphamia-P. mandapamensis symbiosis as a tractable model for investigating how partner fidelity is generated, maintained, and potentially disrupted in a changing world.}, }
@article {pmid42104021, year = {2026}, author = {De Lara-Del Rey, IA and Pérez-Fernández, M and Magadlela, A}, title = {The Interplay of Light and Microbial Symbiosis in Shaping Plant Economic Spectrum Strategies.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02777-4}, pmid = {42104021}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Legume-rhizobia symbiosis are fundamental drivers of nitrogen cycling and plant performance, yet their role in facilitating species strategies along the Plant Economic Spectrum (PES) remains insufficiently understood. We conducted a field experiment with four legume species subjected to light and shade treatments, with and without rhizobial inoculation, to assess plant survival, biomass accumulation, nodulation, nitrogen acquisition, and isotopic signatures, alongside microbial community diversity and shifts in vegetation composition. Results demonstrate that inoculation significantly enhanced survival, growth rates, nitrogen accumulation, and nodulation across species, particularly under light conditions, indicating that microbial symbiosis promotes acquisitive strategies within the PES framework. Contrary, shaded environments consistently favoured higher survival and root allocation but reduced growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation, reflecting more conservative resource-use strategies. Species-specific responses revealed differential PES positioning: Trifolium repens L. exhibited high acquisitive capacity under light, while Coronilla juncea L. showed poor survival and growth under both conditions, highlighting the interaction between phylogenetic identity and resource availability. Additionally, δ[15]N and %Ndfa values confirmed that inoculation increased nitrogen fixation efficiency, whereas microbial diversity analyses indicated strong shifts in soil bacterial communities associated with inoculated plants, suggesting feedback between symbiosis and soil microbiota. These findings support two main hypotheses: (i) rhizobial inoculation acts as a biotic driver promoting acquisitive strategies by enhancing resource acquisition and growth efficiency, and (ii) light availability serves as an abiotic axis that modulates species positions along the PES continuum. Together, our study provides novel evidence that both microbial interactions and resource availability jointly determine legume strategies within the PES.}, }
@article {pmid42104451, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, R and Huang, P and Pu, C and Zhu, F and Wang, C and Cai, C and Xiang, N and Ren, M and Ma, Q and Li, J}, title = {Azolla reshapes rhizosphere microbiomes and nutrient cycling in paddy fields.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40793-026-00903-w}, pmid = {42104451}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {1+9KJGG008//Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; NKYRCZX2024024//Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; 5+1QYGG006//Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; 2024NSFSC1229//National Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Soil quality is a critical determinant of agricultural productivity and sustainability. The symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Azolla plays a key role in enhancing soil quality. However, despite its potential as a green manure for enhancing soil quality, the role of Azolla in paddy systems remains inadequately characterized. This study aims to elucidate the effects of Azolla on soil quality by examining nutrient cycling dynamics and microbial community composition, along with their interactions.<br><br>RESULTS: We integrated soil physicochemical analyses, enzyme activity assays, bacterial community profiling, co-occurrence network analysis, and correlation assessments to evaluate the effects of Azolla on soil microbial ecology. Rice monoculture (R) and rice-Azolla co-cultivation (RA) systems were established. RA significantly increased activities of carbon- and nitrogen-cycle-related enzymes by 3-44% (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), while phosphorus-cycle-related enzyme activities decreased by 12-42%. Under high nitrogen fertilization, Azolla altered bacterial community structure and reduced alpha diversity. Notably, Azolla recruited specific functional taxa-including Haliangium, SC-I-84, Candidatus_Solibacter, Anaerolinea, and Sphingomonas-whose relative abundances were 1.03-1.33 times higher in RA than in R.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study elucidates the interactions between soil properties and microbial communities under Azolla application and uncovers the mechanisms by which Azolla enhances soil quality through nutrient cycling. Our findings demonstrate that Azolla, as a green manure, not only elevates soil nutrient content but also improves soil quality by driving microbe-mediated nutrient recycling. These results underscore the potential of Azolla as a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilization practices, offering novel insights into biofertilizer strategies for agricultural soil enhancement.}, }
@article {pmid42104558, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, X and Lei, Z and Fang, D and Chen, H and Qian, L and Jin, C and Wang, X and Liu, X and Liu, H and Wang, Y}, title = {Integrated multi-omics decipher the complex nodule microbiota and distinct Frankiaceae symbiotic traits in wild actinorhizal plants.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71234}, pmid = {42104558}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {32300265//Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Actinorhizal plants are ecologically important pioneer species in temperate regions, capable of nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis with Frankiaceae bacteria. Despite their significance within the nitrogen-fixing clades (NFC), multi-omics studies of actinorhizal symbiosis remain scarce. We profiled prokaryotic communities in the rhizosphere, root, and/or nodule compartments from five phylogenetically representative actinorhizal species, three legumes, and four nonnodulated NFC species using 16S rDNA sequencing. Transcriptomic and metagenomic analyses were performed on actinorhizal roots and nodules, respectively. Metagenome-assembled genomes revealed four novel Frankiaceae species. Frankiae relative abundance levels in nodules were generally lower than rhizobia in legumes. Actinorhizal nodules harbour diverse bacterial taxa, which exhibit predominantly positive interactions, with Frankiae forming a tightly interacting subgroup. Actinorhizal plants engage actively with soil microbiota, recruiting a specific rhizosphere community enriched with beneficial microbes, including ammonia-oxidising archaea. Many symbiotic mechanisms in nodulating host plants are conserved and derived from pre-existing molecular modules. Our analysis suggests the phosphoinositide signalling likely functions in actinorhizal symbiotic signal transduction. However, Frankiae exhibit fundamentally different symbiotic functional characteristics compared to rhizobia, reflecting less intimate symbiosis, which might favour the life-history strategies of temperate perennial actinorhizal plants.}, }
@article {pmid42105118, year = {2026}, author = {da Silva, CV}, title = {A Decolonial Lexicon for Immunology.}, journal = {Acta biotheoretica}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42105118}, issn = {1572-8358}, mesh = {Humans ; *Allergy and Immunology/history ; }, abstract = {The discipline of immunology has historically been foundationally framed by metaphors of war, portraying the body as a sovereign state defending its territory against foreign invaders. This paradigm, however, is not strictly a biological necessity but also a historical artifact of colonial logic that arguably limits our understanding of symbiosis, tolerance, and the nature of relational pathologies. This paper argues for a decolonial paradigm shift, proposing a comprehensive reframing of the immune system not as a military force but as a sophisticated system of communication, governance, and diplomacy within a multi-species community, the holobiont. We trace the colonial genealogy of war metaphors and expose its conceptual inadequacies in the face of modern biology, distinguishing between historical rhetorical resonances and causal scientific developments. Drawing inspiration from relational and ecological philosophies, we then propose a new conceptual lexicon, using the metaphor of the body as a quilombo, a diverse and resilient community. By separating canonical biological mechanisms from metaphorical interpretation, this framework reframes core immunological processes: inflammation becomes an urgent community assembly, the adaptive response a journey of information, and pathologies like autoimmunity, cancer, and immunodeficiency become crises of communication and social cohesion. Offered as a conceptual heuristic rather than a wholesale structural equivalent, this relational approach offers not only new avenues for research and therapy but also serves as a powerful pedagogical tool to foster a more holistic, integrated, and ecologically conscious view of life itself.}, }
@article {pmid41922966, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Ran, Z and Ma, S and Yao, Y and Liu, Z and Wang, R and Zhang, P and Guo, L and Fang, L and Zhou, J}, title = {Analysis of key nodes and metabolic pathways in the protein network of secondary metabolism in Panax quinquefolius L. enhanced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41922966}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {2023YFC3503802//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2060302//Key project at central government level: The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources/ ; YDZX2025015//Central-Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Program/ ; ZR2024MH253//Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) formed symbiotic relationships with roots and were capable of promoting the growth of the medicinal plant Panax quinquefolius L. as well as the accumulation of its active component, ginsenosides. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this process remained unclear. To elucidate the protein signaling pathways through which AMF regulates the secondary metabolism of P. quinquefolius and to promote the application of AMF inoculants in the cultivation of medicinal herbs, this study employed a controlled pot experiment, establishing an AMF-inoculated group along with a control group. Tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling quantitative techniques were utilized for the proteomic analysis of the roots, and these results were utilized to conduct a correlation analysis with the previous transcriptomics and metabolomics data.<br><br>RESULTS: AMF significantly regulated the growth and protein expression profile of P. quinquefolius, leading to the identification of 214 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis indicated that the DEPs were involved in oxidoreductase activity, ligase activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis showed that pathways related to nitrogen metabolism biosynthesis, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly enriched among the DEPs. Additionally, pyruvate kinase was identified as a key network node in protein interactions. Multi-omics analysis revealed that proteins such as S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism, and genes such as CYCD3, related to plant hormone signal transduction, were significantly upregulated, with their expression levels showing a significant positive correlation with ginsenoside accumulation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies critical nodes and pathways at the protein level through which AMF regulates secondary metabolism in P. quinquefolius, providing foundational data for the expansion of AMF research and application in the field of medicinal herbs.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-026-08629-0.}, }
@article {pmid42101639, year = {2026}, author = {Makkar, P and Singh, CK and V, N and Narang, PK and Sodhi, KK}, title = {Insect immunity unveiled: exploring the molecular and cellular defenses against microbial threats.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {42101639}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Insecta/immunology/microbiology ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology ; Microbiota/immunology ; Hemocytes/immunology ; Symbiosis ; Drosophila melanogaster/immunology/microbiology ; Bombyx/immunology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Insects, as diverse and ecologically dominant organisms, rely exclusively on innate immunity to defend against a wide array of microbial threats. This paper presents an integrative review of insect immune mechanisms, highlighting the molecular, cellular, and systemic components that underpin host defense. The immune response is orchestrated through physical barriers, cellular processes and humoral factors. Evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are essential to these processes. Emphasis is laid on pivotal functions of hemocytes, the significance of microbiome interactions in immune regulation, and the emerging influence of non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, the paper explores defensive symbiosis, environmental and evolutionary influences on immune dynamics, and applications in biotechnology and pest management. Model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori, serve as critical systems for unravelling innate immunity, with translational relevance to vertebrate immunology and vector control strategies. Understanding these mechanisms offers valuable insights into conserved immune pathways and holds promise for advancing strategies in human disease prevention, therapeutic innovation, and global health.}, }
@article {pmid41904374, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, H and Zhang, M and Hu, Y and Bai, A and Zhou, W}, title = {Phosphorus-driven rhizobial community assembly underpins superior nitrogen fixation efficiency in high-oil soybean.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41904374}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {2023ZD0403106//Major Project of Agricultural Biological Breeding/ ; LJGXCG2022-107//Low-carbon Green Agriculture of Grain Crops Project/ ; LBH-Q21162//Postdoctoral Scientific Research Startup Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province/ ; zd-2025-030//Guiding Science and Technology Plan Project of Daqing City/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Phosphorus (P) supply plays a critical role in regulating symbiotic nitrogen (N) acquisition in soybeans, yet the mechanisms underlying varietal differences between high-oil and non-high-oil varieties remain poorly understood. This study investigated the varietal-specific mechanisms of phosphorus supply intensity on plant nitrogen acquisition via rhizobial community restructuring using two high-oil (Kenong 18, Kenong 39) and two non-high-oil varieties (Heihe 43, Longken 310) under five phosphorus levels (0, 35, 70, 105, 140 kg·hm[− 2]). The results showed that high-oil varieties exhibited superior growth performance and nitrogen acquisition efficiency at 105 kg·hm[− 2] phosphorus supply, with increases of 20.0% in plant height, 4.1% in shoot dry weight and 18.0% in root dry weight versus controls. Nodule number, dry weight and haemoglobin content increased by 83.0%, 30.0% and 33.0%, respectively, in high-oil genotypes. Enhanced nitrogen metabolism was evidenced by significantly elevated GOGAT/GS activities (9.3–17.1%) and leaf total nitrogen content. Crucially, under optimal phosphorus conditions, high-oil varieties enriched specific nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, such as Bradyrhizobium sp. 173_3_module and Rhizobium sp., and exhibited stronger correlations between community structure and soil available phosphorus (AP), along with a predicted greater potential for nitrogen acquisition and aerobic chemoheterotrophy. This study demonstrates that optimal phosphorus supply enhances symbiotic nitrogen acquisition efficiency in high-oil soybeans by driving the assembly of more specialized rhizobial communities, providing microbial mechanistic insights for varietal-specific phosphorus management in soybean cultivation.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-026-08459-0.}, }
@article {pmid42096550, year = {2026}, author = {Xie, M and Xu, C and Xiang, N and Liao, T and Liu, X and Liu, Z and Feng, X and He, Q and Liang, Z and Wang, W and Dai, Y and Yan, L and Pogoreutz, C and Barra, L and Au, SWN and Jiang, L and Voolstra, CR and Luo, H}, title = {Trait-based signatures associated with persistence and thermal benefit in a genomically decayed coral probiotic.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag106}, pmid = {42096550}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {A key bottleneck in microbiome engineering is ensuring long-term host association of introduced microbes. Selecting probiotic candidates based on evolutionary genomic decay signatures of emerging host dependency offers a potential solution. The Ruegeria strain B4 of population MC10, identified by such signatures, showed persistent coral colonization in a companion study. Whether this persistence translates into measurable host benefit compared to other coral-associated Ruegeria strains, and which mechanisms underlie such benefit, remained unknown. Here we directly compare the probiotic efficacy of MC10-B4 against two sympatric Ruegeria strains isolated from the same coral colony and mucus compartment, controlling for host genotype and microenvironment. MC10-B4 inoculation significantly increased heat stress tolerance in the model cnidarian Aiptasia (Exaiptasia diaphana strain H2), outperforming both controls. To understand the mechanistic basis, we characterized the functional profile of MC10-B4 using integrated multi-omics. The MC10 genome is enriched in host-interaction genes, including siderophore-mediated iron acquisition and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, confirmed phenotypically by iron scavenging and enhanced biofilm formation. Following exposure to coral tissue extract, MC10-B4 underwent a coordinated "motile-to-sessile" proteomic reprogramming, downregulating flagellar motor components whereas upregulating flagellin and biofilm regulators. This response was distinct from sympatric relatives, which instead mounted broad upregulation of nutrient acquisition systems. MC10-B4's functional profile, particularly its oxidative stress sensitivity, contrasts with traits favored in conventional probiotic screens. Our results provide mechanistic insight into traits associated with long-term host association and thermal benefit, validating an evolution-guided approach that prioritizes innate colonization potential over pre-defined laboratory functionalities for rational probiotic design.}, }
@article {pmid42096980, year = {2026}, author = {Lintner, M and Golen, J and Schagerl, M and Wildner, M and Wanek, W and Cyran, N and Tyszka, J}, title = {Reversible bleaching of photobionts in marine protists to a chemical stress - A case study of Amphistegina lobifera.}, journal = {Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology}, volume = {279}, number = {}, pages = {113454}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2026.113454}, pmid = {42096980}, issn = {1873-2682}, abstract = {Bleaching in symbiont-bearing organisms has been a topic of frequent discussion for years. The most prominent example in the marine environment is coral bleaching, which is associated with the loss of symbionts due to various environmental stressors. Other symbiont-bearing organisms that can be affected by bleaching include Foraminifera (protists). We investigated controlled bleaching in the foraminifera Amphistegina lobifera under laboratory conditions using the menthol/DCMU method to inactivate their obligate photobionts. Specimens were incubated for 35 days and regularly monitored by fluorescence, isotopic uptake, transmission electron microscopy, Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation Fluorometry, and visible and near-infrared spectroscopy. Symbiont metabolic activity decreased steadily with increasing incubation time. Although symbionts were inactive towards the end of the bleaching period, they were neither expelled nor degraded at the subcellular level. Reinoculation of bleached foraminifera with other algae was not possible. Instead, the bleached foraminifera and their original photobionts fully recovered after menthol/DCMU was no longer provided to the culture medium. These results suggest that bleaching cannot be equated to loss of photobionts in A. lobifera. Under the laboratory conditions provided, it is a reversible process, providing positive feedback that bleaching is also reversible under natural conditions if the organisms are only briefly in contact with the disruptive factor.}, }
@article {pmid42098022, year = {2026}, author = {Baba, Y}, title = {[Esophageal Cancer and Gut Microbiome].}, journal = {Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer &amp; chemotherapy}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {158-161}, pmid = {42098022}, issn = {0385-0684}, mesh = {Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Esophageal Neoplasms/microbiology/therapy ; }, abstract = {The gut microbiota has recently garnered considerable attention across the medical field, as its involvement has been reported in a broad spectrum of conditions including cancer, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and even neuropsychiatric disorders. The human body is composed of approximately 30 trillion human cells and an almost equal number of bacterial cells, forming a highly integrated symbiotic relationship. While the human genome encodes only about 20,000 genes, the gut microbiota harbors several million to tens of millions of genes, offering an overwhelmingly greater genetic repertoire. The composition of the microbiota is influenced by diet, lifestyle, medications, and aging, thereby shaping unique individual - specific patterns. Regional and temporal variations are also recognized, and functional redundancy among different bacterial taxa, known as"functional mimicry,"further underscores its flexibility. Thus, the gut microbiota should be regarded as a dynamic and modifiable ecosystem rather than a fixed entity, making it a promising target for disease prevention and therapeutic intervention. In the context of esophageal cancer, emerging evidence indicates that alterations in the microbiota may affect carcinogenesis, disease progression, and therapeutic responses. These insights highlight the potential of the microbiota as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target, and suggest that integrating microbiome research into clinical oncology could open new avenues for improving patient outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid42098336, year = {2026}, author = {Ge, S and Yuan, K and Lei, M}, title = {The SPX protein family in plants: from phosphate sensors to multifunctional signaling hubs.}, journal = {Stress biology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42098336}, issn = {2731-0450}, support = {32570313//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U24A20385//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025JCXK01//Hangzhou Normal University/ ; }, abstract = {Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development, yet its limited availability in soil severely constrains crop productivity. To cope with phosphate (Pi) deficiency, plants have evolved a sophisticated signaling network centered on SPX domain proteins, which serve as central regulators of Pi homeostasis. Recent breakthrough structural studies have revolutionized our understanding of these proteins, revealing their function as cellular Pi sensors through binding of the inositol pyrophosphate InsP8. This review synthesizes current knowledge of SPX protein molecular structures, evolution, and functions within the Pi signaling network. We detail their sensing mechanism, focusing on inositol pyrophosphate binding and the subsequent control of PHR activity and phosphate starvation response (PSR) gene expression. Recent cryo-electron microscopy structures of rice SPX1-PHR2, Arabidopsis PHO1;H1, and human XPR1 have provided unprecedented insights into phosphate transport mechanisms and SPX domain regulation. We also discuss emerging functions of SPX proteins in coordinating arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, plant immunity, nitrogen-phosphorus balance, and cold stress responses, highlighting their broad significance in plant biology. Finally, we discuss key challenges and future research directions crucial for translating these mechanistic insights into innovative strategies to enhance phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in crops, including structure-guided protein engineering approaches.}, }
@article {pmid42099577, year = {2026}, author = {Penton, CR and Vadakattu, G}, title = {The root rhizosphere as a functional analog to the gut microbiome: Cases for microbial symbiosis and dysbiosis in parallel contexts.}, journal = {PNAS nexus}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {pgag132}, pmid = {42099577}, issn = {2752-6542}, abstract = {Microbiomes associated with both the human gut and plant root rhizosphere are essential for the maintenance of host health and function as holobionts where both the host and microbiome operate as an integrated unit. Though substantial differences exist in both host biology and environment, these systems share functional parallels: both are enriched by host-derived nutrients, undergo successional shifts during development, and maintain core microbiomes that are taxonomically variable yet functionally redundant. Central to both systems is the balance that is maintained where beneficial microbes regulate nutrient cycling, modulate host immune response, and suppress pathogens in the presence of biotic and abiotic influences that may serve to disrupt this equilibrium. When dysbiosis occurs, there is a disruption in the composition and/or function of the associated microbiome and a loss of beneficial functional guilds, which results in a reduction in host fitness. These shared dynamics underscore dysbiosis as a cross-kingdom pathology that may be treated with similar interventions. Probiotics and prebiotics mirror microbial inoculants and organic amendments; synbiotics incorporate both biotic and abiotic factors, while fecal and soil microbiome transplants represent parallel strategies to restore a beneficial microbiome. By framing dysbiosis within a "One Health" perspective and illustrating the connectedness between human and plant health, this review advocates for microbial stewardship as a unifying strategy to mitigate disease, enhance resilience, and ensure sustainable health across both systems.}, }
@article {pmid42099763, year = {2026}, author = {Alkan, G and Yıkmış, S and Türkol, M and Karrar, E and Aljobair, MO and Mohamed Ahmed, IA and Althawab, SA}, title = {Evaluation of the antidiabetic potential and bioaccessibility of propolis-enriched aronia kombucha: an in vitro study.}, journal = {Frontiers in nutrition}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1819568}, pmid = {42099763}, issn = {2296-861X}, abstract = {Defined as a fermented tea beverage, kombucha is obtained via the metabolic activity of a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY) in sweetened tea, and it is widely recognized for its associated functional and bioactive properties. In this study, kombucha fermented with aronia tea (AK) and aronia kombucha enriched with propolis (PAK) were examined together to evaluate bioactive components, phenolic profile, in vitro bioaccessibility, and antidiabetic potential. Response surface methodology showed that the amount of aronia tea (X1) and the concentration of propolis (X2) had significant effects on TPC, TFC, and DPPH; the optimum formulation was obtained at a level of 11.09 g/L aronia tea and 1.42% propolis. Throughout the fermentation, PAK exhibited higher values for TPC compared to AK; TPC, which was 367.32 ± 2.56 μg GAE/mL on day 0, was maintained at 345.28 ± 4.40 μg GAE/mL on day 14. Although TPC/TFC decreased in both groups during simulated digestion, PAK maintained a higher level in all phases; recovery was found to be ~34% in TPC and ~40% in TFC. In the phenolic profile, rutin (1.18 → 3.03 μg/mL) and t-ferulic acid (0.66 → 2.21 μg/mL) increased with fermentation, while the addition of propolis significantly enriched flavonoids, especially chrysin (≈17.75-19.14 μg/mL) and quercetin (day 14: 1.55 μg/mL). This phenolic potentiation is consistent with PAK enhancing α-glucosidase (42.04%) and α-amylase (44.68%) inhibition. Future studies should investigate reproducibility, colonic fermentation-microbiota interaction, and target metabolite tracking under varying sucrose levels and SCOBY profiles; clinical validation should also be supported by sensory acceptance, shelf life, and safety parameters.}, }
@article {pmid42100031, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, R and Kong, X and Hu, B and Chen, M and Wang, C and Qiu, L and Yan, Z}, title = {Multi-omics reveals metabolic reprogramming underlying differential modulation of nodulation and root development by nitrate and ammonium in soybean.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1813591}, pmid = {42100031}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Nitrogen form and concentration are key environmental regulators that mediate symbiotic nitrogen fixation and root development in legumes.<br><br>METHODS: To understand the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of distinct nitrogen sources (nitrate and ammonium) on soybean nodulation and root development, this study evaluated root and nodulation phenotypes, and their corresponding transcriptional and metabolomic responses under different concentrations of NH&#x2084;Cl or KNO&#x2083;.<br><br>RESULTS: Results showed that both high concentrations of NH&#x2084;Cl and KNO&#x2083; significantly suppressed nodulation and promoted root growth, with nitrate exerting a stronger effect than ammonium. Metabolomic analysis revealed that ammonium treatment enhanced nitrogen assimilation and primary metabolism while suppressing symbiosis-related flavonoids. Nitrate specifically activated chemical defense pathways and inhibited parts of central carbon metabolism. Integrated multi-omics analysis indicated that the nitrogen sources differentially regulated key genes and metabolites involved in nitrogen metabolism, flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis, and arginine metabolism, leading to distinct metabolic fluxes.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our results demonstrate that soybean perceives different nitrogen forms to orchestrate a metabolic trade-off between autonomous growth, defense, and symbiosis, thereby providing new insights into the mechanistic basis of nitrogen-form adaptation in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid42100037, year = {2026}, author = {Hu, Y and Sun, L and Li, X and Yang, M and Tang, X and Wang, K}, title = {The effect of endophytic bacteria on the growth, medicinal quality, and rhizosphere soil environment of Isatis indigotica Fort.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1821717}, pmid = {42100037}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Plant growth-promoting endophytes (PGPE) can form a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with host plants, analyzing the ability of endophytic bacteria of Isatis indigotica to promote growth and improve the rhizosphere environment and exploring the influence of dominant endophytic bacteria on the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the three endophytic bacteria strains by a field experiment. The single endophytic bacterial strain and combination of every two bacterial strains were used for irrigating the rhizosphere of I. indigotica four times, and related indicators and rhizosphere soil of I. indigotica were measured. We screened out the dominant treatment groups based on the total active biomass of I. indigotica and analyzed microbial diversity of rhizosphere soil in dominant treatment groups. The results showed that endophyte treatments had significant effects on growth and physiology of I. indigotica, in which T11-28 and BC00 had the most significant effect on the dry weight of the aboveground part and underground part, respectively. The endophyte treatments had different effects on the content of active ingredients, rhizosphere soil chemical properties, and enzyme activities of I. indigotica, with BC00 promoting indigo and indirubin in leaves most significantly and BV11 promoting epigoitrin in roots most effectively. Total active biomass was calculated as the product of active ingredient content and biomass per plant. Based on this parameter, BC00 was the dominant treatment group, and the analysis of the diversity of its rhizosphere soil flora revealed that BC00 was able to enrich Methylobacillus, Alternaria, and other plant-growth-friendly flora. In the comprehensive analysis, the treatments of three endophytic bacterial strains of I. indigotica had significant promotion effects on its growth physiology and active ingredients and had obvious improvement effects on the rhizosphere environment, among which BC00 had the best comprehensive effect, which was associated with alterations in the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure.}, }
@article {pmid42100413, year = {2026}, author = {Ba, C and Tong, S and Wang, Z and Zhu, H and Qian, S}, title = {Metabolic symbiosis and competition: the dual nature of TAM-tumor cell cross-talk in tumor progression.}, journal = {Frontiers in oncology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1821192}, pmid = {42100413}, issn = {2234-943X}, abstract = {Cancer cells and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) engage in a sophisticated metabolic symbiosis within the tumor microenvironment (TME), where reciprocal metabolite exchange drives immune evasion and malignant progression. This review posits that TAMs functional plasticity is not merely a consequence but a driver of tumor fitness, governed by extensive metabolic rewiring. We dissect the mechanistic underpinnings of this "metabolic dialogue," focusing on the convergence of glycolytic flux, the lactate shuttle, amino acid catabolism, lipid reprogramming, hypoxia-induced adaptations, and TCA cycle anaplerosis. Beyond delineating these pathways, we critically evaluate emerging therapeutic paradigms that target these metabolic nodes, advocating for precision interventions capable of disrupting this pro-tumorigenic alliance while restoring immune surveillance.}, }
@article {pmid42100676, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, A and Zhang, C and Xu, T and Savic, D and Jiang, J and Xiao, P and He, C and Tao, Y and Daigger, G and Ren, N}, title = {Global data-water symbiosis reduces AI infrastructure's carbon and water footprint.}, journal = {Environmental science and ecotechnology}, volume = {31}, number = {}, pages = {100702}, pmid = {42100676}, issn = {2666-4984}, abstract = {Data centres support artificial intelligence (AI) development but place rapidly increasing demands on electricity and freshwater resources, with cooling representing a significant portion of their total energy consumption. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharge large volumes of treated effluent with substantial cooling potential; however, their integration with data centre infrastructure has not been evaluated. Here we construct a global geodatabase of over 4775 data centres and 57,547 municipal WWTPs across 98 countries, integrating spatial analysis, engineering systems modelling, optimisation, and life-cycle assessment to quantify the benefits of combining treated water reuse with bidirectional thermal recovery. The analysis reveals a strong global spatial co-occurrence between data centres and WWTPs, enabling optimized national-scale pairings in which treated effluent is used for data centre cooling and the return heat is recovered to support sludge drying and anaerobic digestion. This symbiotic approach reduces greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 84 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent annually, conserves approximately 1300 million m[3] of freshwater, and provides net annual cost savings of approximately US$95.4 billion. The greatest mitigation and water-saving potential lies in the United States, Japan, China, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. These findings establish data-water symbiosis as a readily scalable infrastructure solution that decouples AI from its carbon and water footprints. WWTPs are poised to evolve from disposal facilities into critical energy-coupling hubs, enabling efficient thermal and water exchange across urban systems and accelerating progress towards multiple Sustainable Development Goals.}, }
@article {pmid42101166, year = {2026}, author = {Huo, L and Wang, Y and Zhai, R and Ji, Q and Qiao, C and Yang, F and Li, F and Pan, L}, title = {Research Progress in the Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Alcoholic Liver Disease.}, journal = {Molecular nutrition &amp; food research}, volume = {70}, number = {9}, pages = {e70489}, doi = {10.1002/mnfr.70489}, pmid = {42101166}, issn = {1613-4133}, support = {NYG2024042//Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Ningxia Autonomous Region/ ; 2024AAC05047//Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Province/ ; 2023BCF01028//Science and Technology Department of Ningxia Province/ ; 2022BBF02007//Science and Technology Department of Ningxia Province/ ; 2023BCF01029//Science and Technology Department of Ningxia Province/ ; 2022BBF01003//Science and Technology Department of Ningxia Province/ ; 2025CXTD002//Ningxia hui autonomous region technology innovation team for high-quality development of characteristic agricultural products/ ; }, mesh = {*Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use ; *Lactobacillales/physiology ; Animals ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Oxidative Stress ; Lipid Metabolism ; }, abstract = {Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the main probiotic microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract, and their safety in food is recognized globally. Exploring the mechanisms by which LAB mitigate liver injury is crucial for their appropriate application. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) can be alleviated by improving intestinal epithelial barrier function, controlling lipid metabolism, downregulating inflammatory mediators, and reducing oxidative stress. These mechanisms play important roles in the positive effects of LAB in alleviating liver injury, providing a systematic theoretical basis and practical basis for the clinical application of these bacteria. Future research should focus on transitioning LAB-based interventions for ALD from mechanistic exploration to precision applications. This transition will require a concerted effort in screening functional strains with well-defined molecular targets, developing characterized postbiotic formulations, and rationally designing synergistic symbiotic systems. Nevertheless, the strain-specific effects, potential safety concerns in advanced liver disease, and the need for validation in large-scale, endpoint-driven clinical trials remain significant challenges. To address these challenges, the application of intelligent delivery platforms and multidisciplinary strategies will be critical to achieving the ultimate goal of efficient translation into clinical-grade functional foods.}, }
@article {pmid42101191, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, Y and Tian, P}, title = {Effects and Mechanisms of Sodium Nitroprusside, Spermidine, and Coumarin Addition In Vitro on Epichloë sinensis.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {PHYTO09250312R}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-09-25-0312-R}, pmid = {42101191}, issn = {0031-949X}, abstract = {Epichloë sinensis forms mutualistic symbiosis with the Chinese native grass Festuca sinensis. However, the mechanisms by which E. sinensis responds to host-derived defense signals remain unclear. To explore these responses, three compounds, sodium nitroprusside, spermidine, and coumarin, were added to a potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium to mimic host defense-related signals. Their effects on the growth, antioxidant capacity, and gene expression of three E. sinensis strains (1, 2, and 84F) isolated from different ecotypes of F. sinensis were identified. The results showed that in PDB, certain concentrations of sodium nitroprusside, spermidine, and coumarin treatments significantly promoted the growth of the three E. sinensis strains (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide anion scavenging ability, and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of culture filtrate (P < 0.05). Most of the sodium nitroprusside and spermidine treatments significantly increased the nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the mycelia of these three E. sinensis strains (P < 0.05), except for the 1.0 mM spermidine treatment, which significantly reduced the NO concentration of strain 84F (P < 0.05). Three coumarin treatments significantly increased the NO concentration in the mycelia of strain 2 (P < 0.05) but significantly reduced the NO concentration of strain 84F (P < 0.05), and 0.68 mM coumarin treatment significantly reduced the NO concentration of strain 1 (P < 0.05). Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesis that exogenous additives affect mycelial biomass through the superoxide anion radical scavenging ability and provided moderate support for additives affecting growth through hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. These three compounds also affected the gene expression of E. sinensis strain 84F, with 135 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected in all of the comparisons. Functional annotation revealed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in "amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism," "biosynthesis of antibiotics," "biosynthesis of amino acids," "sulfur metabolism," and "cellular iron ion homeostasis." In addition, these three compounds regulated the expression of 59 antioxidant-related genes and 31 NO synthesis-related genes of E. sinensis. These results suggest that E. sinensis is sensitive to host defense-related signals and can adjust its antioxidant capacity and key metabolic pathways in response, reflecting its physiological adaptability under in vitro conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42101618, year = {2026}, author = {Nguyen, PN and Rehan, SM}, title = {Microbial Communities Across Social Roles in Small Carpenter Bee Nests.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02787-2}, pmid = {42101618}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Bee microbiota form important symbiotic relationships with their hosts, but microbial communities vary across bee species, sociality, and environment. Comparing the microbiome of bees with different social roles and foraging behaviours may uncover the ways in which microbiota are environmentally acquired and subsequently introduced and spread into the nest environment. Here, we performed metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA, ITS, and ribulose biphosphate carboxylase large (rbcL) regions on mothers, dwarf eldest daughters, and regular daughters in nests of the facultatively social, small carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata, contrasting bacteria, fungi, and plant associates. We also performed two different sampling types by characterizing the microbiome using whole-guts and whole-bodies. Social role in nest impacted the microbial community composition and mothers were found to demonstrate increased plant diversity compared to their daughters, more specifically in whole-bodies, highlighting the ability to determine plants that bees are visiting during foraging through DNA metabarcoding. We also found that metabarcoding of the whole-body recovered increased fungal and plant diversity compared to whole-guts, suggesting that including microbiota from beyond the gut offers an opportunity to characterize uncommon associates that bees encounter, particularly through plant-pollinator relationships. As the transmission of beneficial symbionts and pathogens between individuals are studied for its impact on bee health, microbial analyses of bees across different environments and levels of sociality provides unique biomonitoring that can indicate the health of the larger bee community.}, }
@article {pmid42089607, year = {2026}, author = {Rey, C and Toscani, AM and Nilsson, JF and Castellani, LG and Rocco Welsh, RE and Luchetti, A and Busche, T and Kalinowski, J and Torres Tejerizo, G and Pistorio, M}, title = {Comparative genomic analysis of Sinorhizobium meliloti LPU88: plasmid diversity and conjugative mechanisms.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0199625}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01996-25}, pmid = {42089607}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: In this study, we present a comprehensive genomic and comparative analysis of Sinorhizobium meliloti strain LPU88, highlighting the structure, function, and evolutionary dynamics of its plasmids. The complete genome sequencing revealed five replicons: a chromosome, two megaplasmids (pSymA-like pSmeLPU88c and pSymB-like pSmeLPU88d), and two accessory plasmids (pSmeLPU88a and pSmeLPU88b). Furthermore, the genome of LPU88 harbored a rich repertoire of mobile genetic elements, diverse replication modules, and unique gene clusters, reflecting its dynamic architecture. Strain LPU88 contained diverse conjugation systems distributed across its plasmids. Comparative analyses with other S. meliloti and Sinorhizobium medicae strains demonstrated the heterogeneous distribution of conjugative and regulatory elements, indicating variable evolutionary pressures among these plasmids. Besides, the mobilization of the pSymA-like plasmid pSmeLPU88c was mediated by a mating pair formation system encoded on the accessory plasmid pSmeLPU88a, reflecting the intricate mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of horizontal gene transfer mediated by plasmids in Sinorhizobium. By integrating genomic sequencing, functional annotation, and comparative approaches, this work establishes LPU88 as a valuable model strain for understanding plasmid diversity, horizontal gene transfer, and symbiotic efficiency in rhizobia.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Rhizobia are soil bacteria that establish symbiotic associations with legumes, converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through biological nitrogen fixation, while the host provides nutrients. Among them, Sinorhizobium meliloti is one of the best-studied species. In this work, we compared the complete genomes of S. meliloti strains, including the laboratory model strain LPU88, with a particular focus on pSymA plasmids. Previous studies proposed that the pSymA plasmid could have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Analysis of their conjugation machinery revealed that all pSymA plasmids harbor a type II conjugation system, although in many cases the regulatory circuit required for activation was absent. In LPU88, we identified and characterized multiple conjugation systems, offering new insights into horizontal gene transfer in S. meliloti. Understanding these processes is essential for clarifying rhizobial evolutionary dynamics, improving the stability and efficiency of symbiotic interactions, and promoting their use as bioinoculants in sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid42089950, year = {2026}, author = {Robinson, JM and Robinson, K and Barrable, A}, title = {Viewing ourselves as nature: Holobiont literacy influences nature connectedness.}, journal = {Ambio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42089950}, issn = {1654-7209}, abstract = {The human holobiont concept-humans as symbiotic assemblages of a host and trillions of microbes-offers a compelling lens for understanding human-nature relationships. This study examined whether: (a) prior holobiont knowledge correlates with nature connectedness, (b) exposure to holobiont information influences nature connectedness and (c) people feel more or less connected to microbes than to other natural entities. Using a randomised, blinded online survey (n = 190), participants were assigned to a holobiont treatment group (n = 91) receiving multimedia information or a control group (n = 99) receiving neutral content. Nature connectedness was measured before and after exposure. Results showed that prior holobiont knowledge was associated with higher nature connectedness, and, strikingly, that exposure to holobiont information significantly increased nature connectedness scores. No differences were found across nature types. These findings suggest that framing humans as holobionts may strengthen psychological connections to nature, with implications for environmental psychology, education and well-being.}, }
@article {pmid42090359, year = {2026}, author = {Cui, S and Zhou, L and Zhu, N and Hu, K and Wang, F and Huang, X and Kong, F and Jin, D and Xiao, H and Liu, Y}, title = {Grass-Livestock-Fruit System Enhances Grape Health and Productivity by Regulating Leaf and Fruit Microbiota.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17775}, pmid = {42090359}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {The crop-livestock system is a sustainable agricultural model. Plant microbiomes play essential roles in host fitness and functionality. Here, the responses and functional roles of microorganisms in leaves and fruits were systematically investigated. Endophytic communities remained stable and predominantly beneficial, while epiphytic microorganisms responded more strongly to grass planting and sheep grazing. Grass planting increased the alpha diversity of epiphytic bacteria on leaves, while grazing enhanced the alpha diversity of epiphytic fungi, though both treatments reduced epiphytic bacterial richness on fruits. Grazing enriched potentially beneficial taxa, suppressed potential pathogens, and enhanced the bacterial metabolic potential and symbiotic fungal guilds. Correlations between microbial community variation and grape growth, health, and yield were stronger in leaves than in fruits, more pronounced for epiphytic than endophytic, and greater for bacteria than for fungi. Management simplified fruit and endophytic networks while increasing leaf epiphytic complexity. These findings reveal that microbiome-mediated mechanisms underpin the ecological benefits of integrated management.}, }
@article {pmid42091750, year = {2026}, author = {Eroğlu, V and Eren Eroğlu, AE and Yaşa, &#x130;}, title = {Genomic insights into Rhizobium anhuiense IY2 isolated from Trifolium caudatum root nodules.}, journal = {Functional &amp; integrative genomics}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42091750}, issn = {1438-7948}, mesh = {*Trifolium/microbiology ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; *Rhizobium/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen fixing Rhizobia play an important role in legume growth and sustainable agriculture, and genome based analyses have become essential for understanding the genetic basis of their symbiotic traits and functional potential. Here, Rhizobium anhuiense strain IY2 was isolated from the root nodules of the endemic legume Trifolium caudatum and characterized using 16 S rRNA and whole-genome sequencing. The genome, sequenced via the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, spans 6,917,460 bp with approximately 6,900 predicted coding sequences (CDSs). Genomic analysis suggested the presence of various genetic determinants potentially linked to plant growth promotion, including those involved in iron acquisition, nitrogen metabolism, stress response, and auxin biosynthesis. While no CRISPR arrays were detected, two prophage regions were identified. Bioinformatic screening via the CARD database identified 47 AMR-related sequences, primarily comprising putative efflux systems and antibiotic targets rather than confirmed resistance determinants. The genome also harbors nod, nif, and fix gene clusters, indicating the genomic potential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Phylogenetic analysis of the nodC amino acid sequence supports a host-specific symbiotic relationship with Trifolium species. Notably, the presence of two distinct copies of the nodD gene suggests a potential for broad host range and strong symbiotic adaptability. This study provides the first genomic insights into the symbiotic association between a rhizobial species and T. caudatum, a legume endemic to Turkey.}, }
@article {pmid42093056, year = {2026}, author = {Itoh, H and Shimoji, H and Nakane, D and Jang, S and Kikuchi, Y}, title = {Soil pH as an external filter shaping stink bug-Burkholderia gut symbiosis.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42093056}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {19K15724//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 22H05065//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Burkholderia/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/classification ; *Soil/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Heteroptera/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many animals and plants establish intimate symbiotic relationships with specific microorganisms acquired from the environment. Given the immense diversity of environmental microbiomes, selecting appropriate partners from such a vast microbial pool poses a critical challenge for host organisms. To meet this challenge, hosts have evolved sophisticated internal partner-choice mechanisms that ensure stable associations with beneficial microbes. However, because these symbionts primarily inhabit external environments, environmental conditions themselves are also expected to influence the establishment of symbiosis. Despite this expectation, the mechanistic role of external environmental filters in shaping the intended symbiosis remains largely unexplored. Focusing on stink bugs, which acquire their symbiotic bacteria from soil each generation, we investigated how soil properties influence the establishment of gut symbiosis in terrestrial insects.<br><br>RESULTS: Microbiome analyses confirmed that Burkholderia sensu lato overwhelmingly dominates a specific gut organ in six stink bug species from the superfamilies Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea, including serious agricultural pests (relative abundance ranging from 74.5 to 100%). Rearing experiments with isolated Burkholderia revealed that insects were strictly dependent on this symbiont; failure to acquire it from soil severely reduced host growth and reproduction, indicating that the availability of symbionts from soil can represent an ecological constraint. Field surveys identified patches of exceptionally high stink bug density in weedy fields with soil pH&#x2009;<&#x2009;7.0, whereas such aggregations were absent in fields with pH&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;7.0. Laboratory experiments with collected field soils showed that the abundance of Burkholderia in soils was negatively correlated with soil pH, and stink bugs readily acquired their symbionts from soils with pH&#x2009;<&#x2009;7.0 but rarely from soils with pH&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;7.0. Experimental manipulations of soil pH followed by rearing experiments confirmed that increasing soil pH to 7-8 markedly suppressed symbiont acquisition by the host, likely by impairing symbiont growth and motility.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that, beyond host-intrinsic mechanisms, a soil chemical property can act as an externally filter that constrains symbiont acquisition prior to colonization inside the host in a stink bug-Burkholderia symbiosis. This finding highlights how local environmental conditions can shape the assembly of environmentally acquired insect-microbe symbioses. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid42093691, year = {2026}, author = {Shivashakarappa, K and Ghimire, N and Wang, L and Dumenyo, K and Pariyar, S and Busch, W and Taheri, A}, title = {YOLO-based high-throughput phenotyping pipeline for soybean nodulation traits in genomic research.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1816132}, pmid = {42093691}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The symbiotic interaction between soybean (Glycine max) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum results in the formation of root nodules, specialized organs that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria converting atmospheric N2 into plant-accessible ammonia (NH3). Accurate quantification of nodule traits is essential for understanding host-microbe interactions and genetic determinants of nodulation. However, traditional manual or semi-quantitative approaches are labor-intensive, subjective, and unsuitable for large-scale studies. Here, we present a high-throughput phenotyping pipeline based on the YOLO deep learning architecture for the automated detection and extraction of soybean root traits. The pipeline quantifies nodule count, dimensions, and spatial distribution, enabling measurement of 24 distinct nodulation-related traits. Using root images from 21-day-old hydroponically grown soybean plants, the model achieved a precision of 0.94, a recall of 0.95, and an F1 score of 0.94 for nodule detection, maintaining accuracy across count ranges. It processes 50 root images in 37 seconds on a single GPU (45 GB memory), representing a ~227-fold improvement in efficiency compared to manual scoring (~2 h 20 min). As proof of concept, we applied this pipeline in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the FarmCPU approach and identified 50 significant SNPs associated with multiple nodulation traits, including novel ones. Several candidate genes linked to these loci suggest potential new regulators of nodulation. This YOLO-based phenotyping framework provides a robust, scalable, and reproducible tool for trait discovery and genetic analysis, advancing research in legume genomics and crop improvement. To promote the adoption of this user-friendly nodulation phenotyping pipeline and to support its further development, we have made all essential resources publicly available at: https://github.com/Salk-Harnessing-Plants-Initiative/soybean-nodule-detection.}, }
@article {pmid42094709, year = {2026}, author = {Mallick, S and Pavloudi, C and Chakkalakkal, GJ and Lažetić, V and Saw, J and Eleftherianos, I}, title = {A dataset on microbiome alterations in Drosophila melanogaster infected by entomopathogenic nematodes.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {66}, number = {}, pages = {112794}, pmid = {42094709}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model for dissecting the molecular processes that regulate host-microbe interactions and the role of the microbiome in host homeostasis. More recently, the fly has also been used as a model for understanding entomopathogenic nematode infection and host response against these parasites. To gain insights into the effect of entomopathogenic nematode infection on the insect microbiome, D. melanogaster larvae were exposed to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora containing their symbiotic bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens (symbiotic worms) and nematodes lacking their bacterial symbionts (axenic worms). Microbiome changes were examined through 16S rRNA sequencing. Data were collected at 24- and 48-hours following infection of D. melanogaster larvae with either type of nematode. The complete set of raw sequencing data generated in this study has been deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB85826.}, }
@article {pmid42094744, year = {2026}, author = {Ohashi, H and Shigaki, S and Fujii, S and Shimizu, M and Hosoda, K}, title = {Evaluation of material effects on three-dimensional cultured skeletal muscle cells for biohybrid robots.}, journal = {Frontiers in robotics and AI}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1778864}, pmid = {42094744}, issn = {2296-9144}, abstract = {Robots are traditionally confined to controlled environments such as factories, where human interactions are limited. However, the demand for robots that are capable of collaborating with humans is increasing. To achieve symbiosis, integrating the physical flexibility and environmental adaptability of living organisms into robotic systems is crucial. An example of such a robot is a biohybrid robot driven by three-dimensional (3D) cultured skeletal muscle cells. These muscle cells, which are composed of myoblasts and an extracellular matrix (ECM), contract and generate force in response to external stimuli. The standardization of such 3D-cultured skeletal muscle cells is essential for practical applications. However, their complete standardization has not yet been achieved. The contractile force of 3D-cultured skeletal muscle cells produced via 3D printing is still insufficient for practical applications as actuators in biohybrid robots. In a previous study, we developed a simple fabrication method for 3D-cultured skeletal muscle cells. These bio-cultured artificial muscle (BiCAM) cells can control the shape and cell alignment of tissues. Differences in the composition of an ECM have been suggested to affect the contractile force of 3D skeletal muscle tissues; however, their impact on the response characteristics remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how the ECM composition influences the contractile force of 3D skeletal muscle cells in biohybrid robots as a step toward their eventual standardization. Compared with tissues cultured under MF conditions, in which electrically induced contraction was previously confirmed, tissues cultured under CM conditions exhibited an approximately two-fold greater contractile force at voltage amplitudes of 10 and 30 V. Furthermore, the fabrication success rate was 100 % under CM conditions but only 62.5-70 % under other ECM conditions. In contrast, although CM tissues generated larger forces, tissues cultured under MgF and CMg conditions exhibited higher-frequency response. These findings demonstrated that the BiCAM is a viable actuator and offers new possibilities for the design of biohybrid robots.}, }
@article {pmid42094764, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, RZ and Zhao, XY and Zhao, XY and Zhao, WS and Hu, SP and Li, RP and Yu, XF and Gao, JL and Borjigin, Q}, title = {From the 3rd to the 7th year after straw return, different straw-returning practices drive shifts in soil fungal community composition, functional differentiation, and the reconfiguration of community assembly processes.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1808010}, pmid = {42094764}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: In long-term straw-returning systems, a year-scale understanding of how contrasting tillage practices shape soil fungal succession and community assembly remains limited.<br><br>METHODS: Based on a long-term field experiment, we investigated soil fungal communities using ITS sequencing during years 3-7 after straw return (2020-2024) under farmer shallow rotary tillage (CK) and three treatments: deep ploughing return (DPR), subsoiling straw return (SSR), and no-tillage mulching return (NTR). Fungal diversity, community composition, functional guilds, and assembly pathways were evaluated by integrating functional guild assignment, co-occurrence network analysis, and null-model metrics (&#x3b2;NTI) with a neutral community model.<br><br>RESULTS: Fungal &#x3b1;-diversity showed a pronounced mid-term increase (years 4-5; +18-40% in Shannon index) and stabilized thereafter (variation <15%), indicating a transition toward community equilibrium. Community composition exhibited directional turnover, with Ascomycota decreasing (~31-44%) and Basidiomycota increasing (up to ~226-228%). By year 7, clear treatment-specific differences emerged: Ascomycota was higher in DPR than in SSR (+62.96%), whereas Blastocladiomycota increased markedly in NTR (4.49-31.40-fold). At the genus level, DPR enriched Trichosporiella (up to 29.74-fold higher than NTR), while Solicoccozyma was more abundant in SSR and NTR (2.94-3.00-fold higher than DPR). Functionally, DPR increased symbiotic guilds (+90.81%), whereas SSR and NTR showed higher pathogen-associated guilds (e.g., SSR 1.63-fold higher than DPR). Network analysis revealed that NTR formed the largest network but with stronger pathogen-associated signals, whereas DPR showed higher cooperativity (93.61% positive edges) and stability. Assembly analyses indicated overall stochastic dominance, with increased deterministic processes in NTR in year 5 (&#x3b2;NTI > 2). The neutral model showed moderate fit (R[2] =&#x202f;0.5132), with greater deviation under NTR. Soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities, soil organic matter, and moisture were key drivers of community shifts.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These results demonstrate that contrasting straw-returning practices regulate fungal succession through compositional turnover, functional differentiation, and assembly reconfiguration, providing insights for optimizing straw-return management and promoting sustainable cropland systems.}, }
@article {pmid42095092, year = {2026}, author = {Gavrieli, N and Amit, T and Gross, M and Kramer, N and Loya, Y}, title = {Persistent phenological synchrony in a coral-bivalve symbiosis across five decades.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {29}, number = {5}, pages = {115527}, pmid = {42095092}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Long-term species interactions are often sensitive to environmental change, yet some symbioses maintain coordinated phenological patterns over extended timescales. We examined a five-decade record of reproductive timing in the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata and its boring bivalve symbiont Leiosolenus lessepsianus at 30 m depth in the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba. Historical data (1970s-80s) were compared with monthly observations from 2021-22 of coral and bivalve reproductive development. Both species exhibited clear shifts in seasonal phenology, yet their temporal synchrony remained intact. S. pistillata displayed a 3-month extension of its planula-release season, whereas L. lessepsianus now begins and ends reproduction approximately 1 month later than historically observed. Despite these shifts, larval settlement continues to coincide with the coral's reproductive period. These findings demonstrate sustained phenological coordination within a tightly integrated symbiosis and underscore the importance of multi-decadal datasets in resolving ecological stability under environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid42095891, year = {2026}, author = {Moukarzel, R and Ridgway, HJ and Waller, L and Guerin-Laguette, A and Cripps-Guazzone, N and Jones, EE}, title = {Root-derived AMF communities modulate growth and nutrient dynamics in grapevine rootstocks.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42095891}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/classification ; *Vitis/microbiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Plant Roots/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Soil Microbiology ; *Nutrients/metabolism ; Rhizosphere ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play vital roles in sustainable agriculture, yet evidence linking AMF community composition to plant benefits remains limited. To address this gap, we inoculated two commercial rootstocks (Schwarzmann and 5 C) with AMF communities recovered from different rootstocks from one site to determine effects on plant growth parameters and physiological responses. A glasshouse experiment using a 'home' and 'away' approach was designed to examine the interaction between rootstock variety and different AMF communities, including those from their own ('home') and other rootstocks' rhizosphere soils ('away'). Our results showed that rootstocks grown in their 'home' AMF communities exhibited greater above and below ground biomass compared to 'away' AMF communities, highlighting rootstock specificity in selecting AMF communities. AMF communities increased chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake (copper, boron) in grapevine leaves, where AMF communities dominated by Funneliformis sp., Ambispora sp. followed by Glomus spp. were associated with enhanced grapevine growth. This study enhances our understanding of community-level AMF-grapevine interactions and highlight the ecosystem services these fungi provide. Future research is needed using grafted plants to evaluate their response with different scions following AMF inoculation and to assess the effects of these AMF communities on berry biochemical composition.}, }
@article {pmid42095931, year = {2026}, author = {da Cruz, MO and Montoya, QV and de Sousa, RL and Pennachioni, GGP and Rodrigues, A}, title = {Unraveling Culturable Microfungal Communities Associated with Colonies of the Fungus-Farming Ant Mycetomoellerius urichii (Forel, 1893).}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02776-5}, pmid = {42095931}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {2022/16087-7//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2021/04706-1//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2019/03746-0//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 126804/2024-9//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, abstract = {Microfungal communities inhabit the fungus gardens of fungus-growing ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini: Attina, the "attines") and may play cryptic yet important ecological roles within this symbiosis. While the diversity and composition of these microorganisms are relatively well characterized in leaf-cutting ant colonies, they remain poorly understood in non-leaf-cutting attine species, including Mycetomoellerius urichii. To address this gap, we investigated the microfungal communities in colonies of M. urichii using culture-dependent methods. Based on analyses of four independent molecular loci, we identified 94 microfungal species, with Trichoderma spirale, Syncephalastrum sp., and Cladosporium sp. as the most abundant taxa. Several of the microfungi found in this study have also been reported from leaf-cutting ant colonies. The microfungal communities were dominated by fungi exhibiting a multitrophic lifestyle (pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph). Community composition showed considerable variation among colonies, with no consistent species co-occurrence patterns detected. Together, these findings provide the first community-level characterization of culturable microfungi inhabiting the fungus gardens of M. urichii and offer new insights into the microbial communities associated with the fungus-farming ant symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid42095936, year = {2026}, author = {Andreu-Ardil, L and Guarnizo, &#xc1;L and Navarro-Ródenas, A and Arenas, F and Pérez-Gilabert, M and Marqués-Gálvez, JE and Paolocci, F and Morte, A}, title = {Terfezia claveryi MAT locus characterization uncovers evolutionary insights about sexual reproduction of Pezizomycetes and reveals mating type dynamics in mycorrhizal plants.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42095936}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/genetics/physiology ; *Genes, Mating Type, Fungal/genetics ; *Ascomycota/genetics/physiology ; Reproduction ; Phylogeny ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Cistaceae/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Terfezia claveryi is a hypogeous fungus that forms desert truffles through ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis with Cistaceae plants in arid and semiarid environments. The study presented herein elucidates the organization and structure of the mating type (MAT) locus in this species and the spatio-temporal dynamics of T. claveryi strains in Helianthemum almeriense mycorrhizal plants and soil from nursery to field. MAT genes are the master loci controlling sexual reproduction and development in fungi. Our findings demonstrate that T. claveryi is a haploid and heterothallic species as its strains harbor and express either TcMAT1-1-1 or TcMAT1-2-1 genes as revealed by genome sequencing and RNAseq analyses. DNA-binding motifs located in their respective promoter regions appear to play a major role in the regulation of reproductive processes. The α-box and HMG-box domains are highly conserved along the Pezizomycetes and their strong structural similarity despite its poor sequence similarity supports a common evolutionary origin. Moreover, we set out a PCR-based approach to monitor the dynamics of T. claveryi strains of opposite mating type on mycorrhizal plants and soil. T. claveryi mycorrhizal plants at the nursery stage presented strains of both mating types, whereas a notable dominance of strains with the TcMAT1-1-1 gene was observed in field stage. Altogether, this research provides insights about genetic regulation and evolution of the MAT locus within the Pezizomycetes, and the reproductive biology of this important desert truffle, along with reliable markers to track the spatio-temporal distribution of strains of opposite mating types.}, }
@article {pmid42096271, year = {2026}, author = {Shivaiah, KK and Rosset, SL and Quinn, RA}, title = {Microbe Profile: Durusdinium trenchii: a thermotolerant coral symbiont.}, journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)}, volume = {172}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/mic.0.001679}, pmid = {42096271}, issn = {1465-2080}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Anthozoa/physiology/microbiology/parasitology ; *Dinoflagellida/physiology/genetics/classification ; Coral Reefs ; *Thermotolerance ; Climate Change ; }, abstract = {Durusdinium trenchii is a unicellular dinoflagellate in the family Symbiodiniaceae, a diverse group of photosynthetic microalgae known for forming symbiotic relationships with cnidarians and other reef organisms. Notably, this species displays exceptional tolerance to heat stress, enabling it to persist within the coral gastrodermis and often dominate symbiont communities under elevated temperatures. D. trenchii can confer increased thermal tolerance and reduced bleaching susceptibility to corals, though frequently with trade-offs in host growth and calcification. Its resilience has been linked to genome duplication, photoprotective mechanisms and characteristic lipid profiles. Its unique molecular traits, host generalist nature, ecological flexibility and increasing prevalence in warming oceans underscore the importance of this microbe in coral reef responses to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid42096418, year = {2026}, author = {Santini, AT and Cerqueira, AES and Moran, NA and Resende, HC and Santana, WC and de Paula, SO and da Silva, CC}, title = {Gut microbiota of Brazilian Melipona stingless bees: Dominant members and their localization in different gut regions.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {e0326546}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0326546}, pmid = {42096418}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Brazil ; Symbiosis ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The gut microbiome of eusocial corbiculate bees, which include honeybees, bumblebees, and stingless bees, consists of anciently associated, host-specific bacteria that play crucial role in nutrition, pathogen defense and host fitness. While the core microbiota of honeybees and bumblebees is well characterized, the composition, spatial organization, and evolutionary dynamics of the microbiota of stingless bees remain poorly understood. This gap is particularly evident in the diverse genus Melipona, where Snodgrassella and Gilliamella, ubiquitous symbionts of honeybees and bumblebees, appear rare or absent, indicating a shift in microbiota composition in these stingless bees. Here, we address this gap by characterizing the microbiota of multiple Melipona species using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of newly collected and previously published data from field-collected samples. We also mapped the spatial localization of the dominant microbiota members within the gut regions of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides through targeted dissection. The Melipona microbiota is dominated by members of the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Apilactobacillus, Floricoccus, and Bombella, with striking regional structure. Apilactobacillus and Bombella dominate in the crop, whereas Apilactobacillus and other members of the Lactobacillaceae are most abundant in the ventriculus. The ileum lacks Snodgrassella and Gilliamella but contains a putative new symbiont closely related to Floricoccus, as well as strains of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillaceae (including Apilactobacillus), and Bombella. The rectum is dominated by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. These findings reveal a distinct microbiota architecture in Melipona that differs from other corniculate bees yet retains compartment-specific specialization, suggesting an alternative symbiotic strategy that may reflect unique dietary ecology and evolutionary history. Understanding these patterns advances our knowledge of host-microbe symbiosis and provides a baseline for microbiome conservation in declining stingless bee populations.}, }
@article {pmid42082875, year = {2026}, author = {Bürgi, L and Golaz, D and Pessi, G and Bigler, L}, title = {Siderophore-metal complexes in Paraburkholderia phymatum: structure elucidation of phymabactin.}, journal = {Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42082875}, issn = {1572-8773}, support = {310030_215282//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; }, abstract = {The symbiotic interaction between rhizobia and host plants takes place inside root nodules. Besides reducing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, which is then used by the plant to grow in nitrogen-deficient soils, certain rhizobia produce siderophores which enable iron uptake from the soil. Siderophores are strong iron chelators due to their hydroxamate, catecholate or carboxylate functional groups. In this work, the siderophores of the beta-rhizobial genus Paraburkholderia were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). In particular, the production of the novel siderophore phymabactin by Paraburkholderia phymatum was confirmed and the structures of eleven derivatives were elucidated by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Phymabactins, consisting of a linear tetrapeptide backbone with hydroxamate and hydroxy-carboxylate groups, are structurally closely related to an already described family of siderophores called ornibactins. The acyl chain found in phymabactin derivatives is made up of eight, ten or twelve carbon atoms, contrarily to the more hydrophilic ornibactin derivatives with shorter acyl chains. Interestingly, spontaneous metal complexation of phymabactin derivatives with aluminum was observed. To explore this complexation in more detail, the collision cross sections (CCS) of phymabactins, ornibactins and corresponding metal complexes were determined by trapped ion mobility spectrometry. The CCS values of aluminum-phymabactin complexes were smaller than those of iron-phymabactin complexes, while an inverse relationship was observed for ornibactin complexes. In summary, this study discloses the molecular structures of phymabactins and investigates their metal complex formation.}, }
@article {pmid42083199, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, C and Zhang, Z and Bai, Y}, title = {Interpreting the asymmetric interaction between yeast and acetic acid bacteria in kefir grains from a metabolic perspective.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {235}, number = {}, pages = {119142}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119142}, pmid = {42083199}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Kefir/microbiology ; *Kluyveromyces/metabolism ; *Acetic Acid/metabolism ; *Microbial Interactions ; *Acetobacter/metabolism ; Coculture Techniques ; Metabolomics ; Biofilms ; Food Microbiology ; Fermentation ; }, abstract = {As a naturally complex mixed microbial system, the intricate microbial interactions within kefir grains remain poorly understood, particularly regarding the relationships between yeasts and acetic acid bacteria. To elucidate the strain interaction mechanisms in kefir grains, this study systematically investigated the interactions between kefir-derived yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus Y7) and acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter fabarum A26) by integrating species-specific primer-based qPCR quantification, growth status analysis, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) measurement, and non-targeted metabolomics. The results demonstrated that co-culture established an asymmetric interaction pattern dominated by A26, with Y7 continuously adapting. Metabolomics and pathway enrichment analyses (KEGG) revealed that the interactions specifically activated core pathways such as ABC transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein digestion and absorption. Dynamic changes in key metabolites elucidated their functional roles in the interaction: Y7 upregulated phenyllactic acid (as an antagonistic and signaling molecule) and hexylglutathione (antioxidant) in response to stress; the riboflavin secreted by Y7 may provide metabolic assistance to A26; the accumulation of (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate suggested energy metabolism remodeling in Y7; while the upregulation of 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid was associated with biofilm formation. This study is the first to discover a unique EPS metabolic cycle during co- culture: early synthesis followed by degradation, accompanied by the re-accumulation of sucrose, which constitutes a key internal carbon resource recycling strategy. In summary, from the perspective of metabolites and pathways, this research reveals that the two strains establish an efficient symbiotic metabolic system by defining functional roles, driving metabolic division of labor, and achieving resource cycling.}, }
@article {pmid42083270, year = {2026}, author = {Kelly, KH and Coleine, C and Coshland, C and Stajich, JE}, title = {Novel Glomeromycotina-moss associations identified in California dryland biocrusts.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71211}, pmid = {42083270}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {CA-R-PPA-211-5062-H//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; DBI-1429826//Division of Biological Infrastructure/ ; DBI-2215705//Division of Biological Infrastructure/ ; S10-OD016290/RI/ORIP NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Drylands, which comprise c. 45% of Earth's land area, host biological soil crusts (biocrusts): symbiotic communities of cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, lichen, and bryophytes that stabilize soil and support key ecosystem functions. Moss-dominated biocrusts are particularly interesting due to their potential to illuminate ancient bryophyte-fungal interactions. To test the hypothesis that mosses in biocrusts host endophytic Mucoromycota fungi and that local climate influences the composition of these fungal communities, we conducted amplicon metabarcoding and microscopic surveys employing fungal staining across sites with varying aridity. We identified novel associations between mosses and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), with phylogenetic analyses revealing distinct fungal communities in moss biocrusts compared with adjacent bare soil. Intracellular branching by fungi resembling Glomeromycotina was observed within healthy Trichostomopsis australasiae (Bryophyta) cells. Moreover, shifts in AMF community composition across different aridity levels within the same moss species highlight the variation in moss-associated Glomeromycotina diversity, composition, and relative abundance. These findings provide critical insights into ancient bryophyte-fungal symbioses, potentially analogous to those enabling early land plant colonization during the Ordovician (c. 470 million years ago). They also underscore the need to understand and protect biocrust microbial communities as aridity intensifies under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid42087236, year = {2026}, author = {Dokpomiwa, H and Bilgo, E and Failloux, AB}, title = {Unlocking new frontiers in vector control strategies using Aedes aegypti microbiota.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-026-07304-5}, pmid = {42087236}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {ARISE-PP-143//African Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Controlling Aedes aegypti, the key vector involved in the transmission of numerous arboviruses, is a major concern, particularly in Africa, where transmission is increasing overall punctuated by annual fluctuations. Traditionally focused on reducing their populations or eliminating their suitable habitats, innovative strategies such as those exploiting microbiota to reinforce existing tools are needed. The microbiota of Ae. aegypti, which is composed of diverse symbiotic microorganisms, is involved in their physiology, reproduction, and ability to transmit pathogens, indicating considerable potential for vector control.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we seek to review the current knowledge on the microbiota of Ae.&#xa0;aegypti and its relevance in vector control, with a particular focus on African populations of Ae.&#xa0;aegypti.<br><br>RESULTS: First, we provide an overview of two major Aedes vectors and Aedes-borne virus distribution in Africa, their microbiota structure, and some factors likely to influence it, showing that ambient environment is one of the determining factors. Second, we have outlined studies that have explored microbial components involved in the enhancement and attenuation of the vectorial competence of Ae.&#xa0;aegypti worldwide, followed by an overview on African Aedes mosquito populations. We then examined the impact of global changes on the vector&#x2012;microbiota complex, and by extension, on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in Africa. Finally, we analyzed the added value of strategies exploiting the mosquito microbiota and the obstacles limiting their large-scale implementation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this review highlights the promising use of microbiota for the control of Ae.&#xa0;aegypti while identifying future research directions for its large-scale deployment in Africa.}, }
@article {pmid42088931, year = {2026}, author = {Miranda-Rius, J and Àlvarez, G and Blanc, V and León, R and Ramírez-Rámiz, A and Brunet-Llobet, L}, title = {Teaching Patients to Self-Care for Active, Recurrent Periodontal or Peri-Implant Pockets Guided by the TIME Wound-Healing Model: A Pilot Feasibility Study Based on Clinical and Microbiological Outcomes.}, journal = {Patient preference and adherence}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {596403}, pmid = {42088931}, issn = {1177-889X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The TIME therapeutic model is used for the management of chronic wounds: Tissue (non-viable); Infection/Inflammation; Moisture (imbalance); Edges (non-advancing). These four components will determine the persistence or the healing of any chronic ulcer on the skin's surface and, by analogy, also those of the ulcerated epithelium at the subgingival level. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological changes recorded after implementation of this personalized subgingival model.<br><br>METHODS: Twelve patients with active periodontal or peri-implant pockets were recruited for a feasibility study. Patients were instructed to deeply clean these lesions subgingivally using an angulated interdental brush in a vertical position, twice per day for 15 days. On the first and last days, L&#xf6;e &amp; Silness gingival index and bleeding on probing (BoP) were recorded and samples were collected using the brush head for the quantitative PCR analysis of 8 bacterial species (commensal and pathogenic).<br><br>RESULTS: Severe gingival inflammation with profuse bleeding was present at baseline in ten patients. Eight of them complied and adhered with 100% of the treatment. Following self-treatment at home, ten patients exhibited normal or mildly inflamed gums. Seven patients no longer had bleeding, four had slight bleeding and only one moderate bleeding. Microbiologically, the total bacterial load significantly decreased from 7E07 to 9.39E06 cfu/head.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This proposed conservative cost-effective subgingival model could significantly improve the inflammatory activity of certain recurrent periodontal or peri-implant pockets, stabilize them and thus minimize their progression. The preliminary findings reflected a reduction or absence of bleeding, a relative decrease in pathogenic species, and the restoration of a microbial community in symbiosis with the host.}, }
@article {pmid42089410, year = {2026}, author = {Liao, W and Li, J and Guo, R and Xu, J and Whelan, J and Shou, H}, title = {Fatty Acid Desaturases GmROD1s Are Involved in Nodulation by Regulating the Flux of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70575}, pmid = {42089410}, issn = {1365-3040}, abstract = {Legume-rhizobia symbiosis requires induction of fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as essential lipid and membrane components for nodulation. However, the regulation of PUFA homoeostasis remains poorly understood. Direct molecular and genetic evidence linking specific FA desaturation enzymes to this process is limited. Here, we investigated two soybean FA desaturation genes, GmROD1a/b, and provided their previously unrecognised roles in nodulation. Both were strongly induced during early rhizobial infection and remained highly expressed throughout nodule development. Overexpression significantly enhanced nodulation and plant growth, whereas disruption reduced nodule numbers. Transcriptomic analyses further revealed that GmROD1s promote PUFA accumulation and regulate genes associated with nodulation and nodule function, energy metabolism, membrane biogenesis, etc. We also identified two members of the WRINKLED family of transcription factors that are co-expressed with GmROD1 in rhizobia-infected roots and nodules. Further, promoter binding and transcription activation assays confirmed that GmWRI1 and the newly identified nodulation-associated factor, GmWRI3, directly promote GmROD1a/b expression, and overexpression of either transcription factor in soybean hairy roots significantly promoted nodulation. Together, our study uncovers a previously unappreciated role of ROD1 in nodulation, extending the functional role beyond FA desaturation. More importantly, we provide new molecular evidence linking nodulation to PUFA biosynthesis mediated by a previously unappreciated GmWRI1/3-GmROD1a/b regulatory module. Notably, the biological function of GmWRI3 in soybean has not been experimentally characterised. These findings establish a mechanistic connection between fatty acid metabolism and nodulation, offering potential targets for improving legume crop yields.}, }
@article {pmid42081472, year = {2026}, author = {Lertkulvanich, F and Warrit, N and Nipitwattanaphon, M}, title = {Evolutionary adaptation and mitogenomic diversity of spiders associated with Nepenthes smilesii Pitcher Plants in Thailand.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {e0348143}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0348143}, pmid = {42081472}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Spiders/genetics/physiology/classification ; Thailand ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {Symbiosis is a close physical interaction between organisms, shaped by species-specific traits and environmental factors. The tropical pitcher plant, Nepenthes, exemplifies a predator-prey relationship; however, certain small invertebrates benefit from the pitcher plant without being subjected to predation. For example, spiders from the Thomisidae family inhabit the digestive fluid of the plant without being digested, preying on the organisms captured by the plant. These spiders offer a valuable model for investigating evolution driven by specialized niches compared to free-living relatives. This study characterized the mitogenomes of four spiders residing within the pitchers of Nepenthes smilesii in the Phu Kradueng National Park, Thailand: Thomisus sp., Henriksenia sp., Epidius sp. (Thomisidae), and Pseudopoda sp. (Sparassidae). The mitochondrial genomes measured 14,731 bp, 15,888 bp, 14,289 bp, and 14,533 bp, respectively, each consisting of 37 genes, characteristic of metazoan mitogenomes. Higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution were observed in the ND2, ND5, and ND6, genes of these pitcher-associated spiders compared to free-living species of the same families, indicating the evolutionary drivers linked to the pitcher plant environment. Distinct gene rearrangements were identified in the three Thomisids, including the duplication of two control region-like sequences in Henriksenia sp., while Pseudopoda sp. exhibited a typical mitogenome structure. The phylogenetic tree constructed using all 13 protein-coding genes provided significantly stronger bootstrap support compared to the tree based on 600 bp COI sequences. It also revealed that Thomisus sp. and Henriksenia sp. are clustered within a single monophyletic clade, while Epidius sp. was more diverse and formed a paraphyletic group relative to the rest of Thomisidae family. These results provide essential data for systematic studies and illuminate the co-evolutionary genomic signatures of pitcher plant-spider associations.}, }
@article {pmid42082045, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Wang, Y and Yang, Q and Yang, L and Yang, X and Zhao, X and Zhao, S}, title = {Unveiling the interactions of 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTSA) with the earthworm-microbe symbiosis in soil.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {128247}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128247}, pmid = {42082045}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTSA), an important per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) found in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs), is frequently detected in soil. However, the interactions of 8:2 FTSA with soil-terrestrial invertebrate systems are poorly understood. This study investigated the biotransformation, toxicity, microbiome shifts, and microbial degradation of 8:2 FTSA in a soil-earthworm system through in vivo, in vitro, and multi-omics analyses. Earthworms efficiently accumulated 8:2 FTSA and biotransformed it into 11 distinct PFAS via α/β-oxidation mediated by metabolic enzymes, with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the predominant metabolite. 8:2 FTSA induced significant oxidative stress, activated metabolic detoxification, and caused potential neurotoxic effects in earthworms. Furthermore, 8:2 FTSA exposure disrupted the microbial communities in the earthworm-soil system, with greater sensitivity observed in communities on the earthworm skin and in the soil compared to those in the gut. Predicted functional profiling further suggested that the gut microbiota may have greater potential for xenobiotic transformation, whereas the skin microbiota exhibited a host-dependent and low-activity phenotype. Raoultella ornithinolytica, isolated from earthworm gut and skin, transformed over 68% of 8:2 FTSA in 6 days via α/β-oxidation. Our findings advance the understanding of 8:2 FTSA interactions with the soil-earthworm system and provide a critical foundation for assessing its ecological risk in terrestrial environments.}, }
@article {pmid42082585, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, G and Huang, Y and Muckli, L and Faccio, D}, title = {Symbiotic brain-machine drawing via visual brain-computer interfaces.}, journal = {npj biomedical innovations}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42082585}, issn = {3005-1444}, support = {EP/T00097X/1, EP/Y029097/1, EP/ Z533166/1//UK Research and Innovation/ ; }, abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are evolving from research prototypes into clinical, assistive, and performance enhancement technologies. Despite the rapid rise and promise of implantable technologies, there is a need for better and more capable wearable and non-invasive approaches whilst also minimising hardware requirements. We present a non-invasive BCI for iterative selection-based mind-drawing that infers a subject's internal visual intent through iterative selection of adaptive visual probes presented on a screen encoded at different flicker-frequencies and analyses the steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs). Gabor-inspired or machine-learned policies dynamically update the spatial placement of the visual probes on the screen to explore the image space and reconstruct simple imagined shapes within approximately two minutes or less using just single-channel EEG data. Additionally, by leveraging stable diffusion models, reconstructed mental images can be transformed into realistic and detailed visual representations. Whilst we expect that similar results might be achievable with e.g. eye-tracking techniques, our work shows that symbiotic human-AI interaction can increase BCI bit-rates by more than a factor 5x, providing a platform for future development of AI-augmented BCI.}, }
@article {pmid42068598, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, M and Cheng, K and Cai, Z and Chen, G and Zhou, J}, title = {Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic insights into Ruegeria profundi-driven protective responses in coral holobionts against Vibrio coralliilyticus infection.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {309}, number = {}, pages = {128530}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2026.128530}, pmid = {42068598}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {In the context of climate-driven coral reef degradation, opportunistic pathogens such as Vibrio coralliilyticus are emerging as significant secondary threats, acting in synergy with thermal stress to accelerate coral bleaching and mortality. In this study, we investigated the role of Ruegeria profundi in mitigating V. coralliilyticus-induced bleaching. Specifically, the responses of coral holobiont members to pathogenic and probiotic influences were evaluated using metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. We found that the presence of V. coralliilyticus enhanced the metabolic potential of the coral-associated bacterial community, particularly regarding carbohydrate utilization and virulence. Conversely, R. profundi reduced the relative abundance of pathogenic Vibrio species by over 50% and broadly suppressed the expression of virulence genes within the coral-associated bacterial community, including a > 2-fold downregulation of genes involved in quorum sensing and flagellar assembly. Transcriptomic data indicated that immune-related genes in the host were upregulated, whereas photosynthesis-related genes in photosymbiotic microalgae were downregulated in response to V. coralliilyticus infection. R. profundi significantly promoted apoptosis resistance and antimicrobial peptide activity in the host and enhanced photosynthesis in photosymbiotic microalgae (p < 0.05). Furthermore, R. profundi significantly suppressed virulence gene expression in the coral-associated bacterial community (p < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicated that R. profundi orchestrates a tripartite defense mechanism involving the coral host, its associated bacterial community, and symbiotic microalgae, effectively mitigating pathogen-induced dysbiosis and bleaching. These findings have promising implications for microbiome-based strategies in coral reef restoration.}, }
@article {pmid42069946, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, R and Guo, Y and Shu, R and Qian, J and Wang, J and Li, R and Qin, T and Wang, Z and Tian, H and Wu, M and Zhou, L and Guo, X and Zhang, S}, title = {STREMI: a dual-function upstream ORF-encoded regulator of mitochondrial cristae architecture.}, journal = {EMBO reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42069946}, issn = {1469-3178}, support = {32470723//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 32300645//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 32541029//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 82170331//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 32371253//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; U21A20337//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; N/A//ZJU | Startup Foundation for Hundred-Talent Program of Zhejiang University/ ; N/A//ZJU | Startup Foundation for Hundred-Talent Program of Zhejiang University/ ; N/A//National Special Support Program for High-Level Talents of China, Young Top-Notch Talents Program/ ; 2020C03017//Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (Key R&amp;D plan of Zhejiang Province)/ ; }, abstract = {Eukaryotic mRNAs typically encode a single functional polypeptide, a principle challenged by the discovery of widespread non-canonical peptide-coding ORFs within 5'UTRs. However, their functional significance at the protein level remains underexplored. Using a four-layered pipeline, we identify 14 human transcripts predominantly transcribed in polycistronic forms, each encoding two conserved proteins. Focusing on the SLC35A4 transcript, we show that its 5'UTR encodes a mitochondrial inner membrane-localized microprotein that we name STREMI (SLC35A4 stress response regulating MICOS interactor). Sharing topology and motifs with the MICOS core subunit MIC10, STREMI regulates mitochondrial cristae morphogenesis in mice and human cells. Additionally, the STREMI-encoding uORF mediates stress-responsive translation of SLC35A4-a Golgi nucleotide sugar transporter-upregulating its translation during the integrated stress response. Evolutionary analyses indicate that these bicistronic transcripts likely arose through transcriptional readthrough following retroposition. We propose a mechanism of "gene symbiosis" that enables functional partitioning and coordinated translation of protein pairs from bicistronic transcripts.}, }
@article {pmid42070045, year = {2026}, author = {Protasov, E and Mies, US and Spröer, C and Bunk, B and Treitli, SC and Platt, K and Brune, A}, title = {Convergent evolution of intestinal lineages in the phylum Methanobacteriota.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42070045}, issn = {2049-2618}, mesh = {Phylogeny ; Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Intestines/microbiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Representatives of the phylum Methanobacteriota occur in various anoxic environments, but only members of the genera Methanosphaera and Methanobrevibacter exclusively colonize the digestive tract of animals. Recent phylogenomic analyses revealed that the genus Methanobrevibacter, which harbors the majority of the intestinal species, is severely underclassified and represents a family-level taxon, "Methanobrevibacteraceae", that evolved entirely in the digestive tract of animals.<br><br>RESULTS: Comparative genome analysis of 158 species of Methanobacteriota, including uncultured representatives in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB), demonstrated that the intestinal lineages are clearly separated from the remaining members of the phylum. They differ from the non-intestinal lineages in genome size, GC content, coding density, an increased number of pseudogenes and adhesin-like proteins, and show numerous adaptations to the copiotrophic gut environment. A decreased biosynthetic potential led to a dependence on other community members and limits the dispersal of intestinal species into other habitats, which is reflected in coevolutionary patterns with their major host groups among arthropods, ungulates, and primates. Certain lineages even engaged in symbiotic associations with intestinal protists, presumably benefiting from the H2 produced by the hydrogenosomes of their anaerobic hosts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal that the transition of free-living Methanobacteriota to a host-associated lifestyle involves the same genomic changes that were previously recognized in gut bacteria and bacterial endosymbionts of protists, reflecting resemblances between the two prokaryotic domains that are caused by evolutionary convergence in similar environments.}, }
@article {pmid42070477, year = {2026}, author = {Perfeito, FG and Cerqueira, A and Frankenbach, S and Veloso, T and Vidal, T and Pereira, JL and Serôdio, J and Oliveira, MB and Mano, JF}, title = {Unraveling the potential and challenges of photosynthetic microalgae for oxygenating engineered tissues.}, journal = {Biomaterials advances}, volume = {186}, number = {}, pages = {214911}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214911}, pmid = {42070477}, issn = {2772-9508}, abstract = {Hypoxia remains a major barrier to the viability and function of engineered large tissue constructs. Conventional strategies such as oxygen-releasing biomaterials and pre-vascularization have shown partial success, often constrained by scalability and long-term sustainability. Co-culturing photosynthetic microalgae and animal cells offers an alternative by establishing living oxygen factories that locally convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and thus mitigate hypoxia. Despite the promise of this symbiotic approach, inherent challenges remain, including physiological incompatibilities between microalgae and animal cells, susceptibility to prolonged exposure to light by animal cells, and nutrient competition. In this perspective, we first highlight the potential and challenges of co-cultures between microalgae and animal cells. The discussion is then followed by showcasing experimental strategies for optimizing photosynthetic oxygen delivery in a continuous millimetric three-dimensional extracellular matrix-mimicking environment. Using alginate hydrogel beads containing Chlorella vulgaris and L929 cells, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept in which light-driven oxygenation significantly enhanced animal cell viability and functionality up to 7 days of culture. Relevant setbacks in the replication of results were met between independent experiments, revealing that the proposed hybrid cultures still face difficult-to-control aspects. While emphasizing the need for standardized methodologies and reliable optimal predictors of co-culture performance, our findings strengthen the compatibility of Chlorella vulgaris with animal cells in culture, as well as the potential of microalgae as a sustainable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly oxygen source for the next generation of advanced engineered tissues, in vitro models, and future food systems. Importantly, this study does not aim to achieve sustained oxygen-autonomous constructs, but instead defines the compatibility window, transient benefits, and reproducibility limits of direct microalgae-animal cell co-culture under standard animal culture conditions.}, }
@article {pmid42073058, year = {2026}, author = {Benninga, MA and Schäfer, KH and Piloquet, H and Stanton, C}, title = {The Gut in Early Life-Postnatal Challenges.}, journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/children13040480}, pmid = {42073058}, issn = {2227-9067}, abstract = {The neonatal development period from the time of birth can be considered the period of greatest physiological changes throughout the human lifespan. These changes are partly due to dietary or environmental factors and are also modulated by genetic, neuronal, and humoral influences. The focus of research is increasingly on the microbial colonization of the neonatal intestine, since the establishment of a healthy, symbiotic newborn microbiota not only corresponds closely with nutrient metabolism, immune functions, and growth, but also with the brain as part of the so-called "gut-brain axis". At the same time, a critical time window of opportunity opens up for the early infant microbiota, which is accessible to modulating approaches in favor of normal infant development. Although the definition of "normal" microbiota in infants still remains challenging, the microbiota of infants delivered at term can be discussed as the gold standard-provided they were exclusively breastfed and have not been exposed to antibiotics. Advances in sequencing technologies now also allow us to identify and characterize the microbiota at the strain level and to provide the scientific rationale for new approaches to modulate the early-life microbiome in a more targeted and personalized way-applicable also for formula-fed children who cannot be supplied with human milk. This review addresses the challenges associated with the "healthy" development of a newborn during the first weeks and months of life and discusses potentially modifiable external factors in light of the requirements for the establishment of a functional gut microbiota, gastrointestinal system, and gut-brain axis.}, }
@article {pmid42074052, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, Y and Li, Y and Zhang, Y and Jin, J and Cao, Y and Wang, Y and Sun, Z}, title = {Characterization of Six Complete Mitochondrial Genomes and ITS Sequences from Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm.: A Phylogenetic Study and Comparative Analysis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27083407}, pmid = {42074052}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {CARS-21//China Agriculture Research System/ ; KJ2019-001//Research of development of rejuvenation technology of Gastrodia elata Ningqiang in Shaanxi Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Phylogeny ; *Armillaria/genetics/classification ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Codon Usage ; }, abstract = {Armillaria species hold significant ecological and economic importance and they play a vital role in the growth of traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata (G. elata). In this study, we assembled and compared the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of six Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. (A. mellea) strains isolated from the main G. elata-producing region of Hanzhong, China. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing confirmed that all six strains form a monophyletic clade. Their mitogenomes (120,775 to 120,839 bp) exhibit a highly conserved architecture, each containing 16 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 23 open reading frames (ORFs), 27 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. Codon usage and amino acid frequency were strikingly similar among the six strains, with a strong AT bias. In contrast, comparisons with other Armillaria species revealed marked differences in gene order, repeat structures, and selection pressures. Phylogenetic analyses based on PCGs further resolved the close relationship among the six strains while highlighting distinct molecular variation across species. On the whole, these findings demonstrate that A. mellea strains co-evolving with G. elata maintain a highly uniform mitochondrial genome architecture, suggesting strong purifying selection or recent divergence within this symbiotic population. The pronounced differences from other Armillaria species at the levels of gene arrangement and selection pressure imply that mitochondrial gene rearrangement may have accompanied species diversification in the genus. By providing the first complete mitogenomes of A. mellea from a major G. elata cultivation area, this study not only expands the genomic resources for Armillaria but also establishes a foundation for understanding how mitochondrial variation might influence fungal growth, adaptation, and symbiotic efficiency with G. elata.}, }
@article {pmid42074121, year = {2026}, author = {Daskalova, E and Lee, JS and Zahmanova, G and Minkov, I}, title = {Integrated Symbiotic Pleiotropy: Long Non-Coding RNAs and Disordered Proteins Interweaving the Functional Layers of the Eukaryotic Cell.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27083478}, pmid = {42074121}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {BG16RFPR002-1.014-0003-C01//the European Regional Development Fund through Programme Research Innovation and Digitalisation for Smart Transformation/ ; MUPD25-BF-004//Plovdiv University/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; *Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics/metabolism ; *Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Humans ; Animals ; *Genetic Pleiotropy ; Evolution, Molecular ; }, abstract = {Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and RNA-protein complexes (RNPs) are increasingly recognized as central to the regulatory complexity of modern eukaryotes. This review proposes that the remarkable diversity of eukaryotic systems arises from the long-term integration of ancient RNA/RNP mechanisms, layered with innovations introduced by successive symbioses. We outline four interconnected levels of symbiosis contributing to this process: (1) molecular symbiosis, involving dynamic assemblies of RNAs, proteins, and membraneless organelles (MLOs); (2) genome symbiosis, driven by the expansion of non-coding and repetitive DNA; (3) intracellular symbiosis, initiated by mitochondria acquisition; and (4) intercellular symbiosis, rooted in the cellular cooperation that enables multicellularity. We highlight lncRNAs and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) as versatile mediators that interweave interactions across scales, predominantly within phase-separated condensates. Building upon these multi-level processes, we propose the framework of integrated symbiotic pleiotropy-a concept where molecular components acquire layered functional roles as a direct consequence of successive symbiotic acquisitions. This paradigm unites information layering, functional moonlighting, molecular tinkering, and exaptation into a coherent trajectory for eukaryotic evolution.}, }
@article {pmid42075132, year = {2026}, author = {Rodero, MDR and Drazdienė, L and Muñoz, R}, title = {Photosynthetic Biogas Upgrading Using Microalgal-Bacterial Consortia: Fundamentals, Process Optimization and Challenges.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14040735}, pmid = {42075132}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {CLU-2025-2-06, UIC320 and UIC379//This work was supported by the Department of Education of the Regional Government of Castilla y Le&#xf3;n and co-financed by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)/ ; }, abstract = {Biogas is a key renewable energy vector that can support the transition toward a net-zero carbon economy. Its direct use as a natural gas substitute is limited because it must be upgraded to meet CH4 purity specifications required for injection into the gas grid or for use as a vehicle fuel. This review summarizes current progress in photosynthetic biogas upgrading, an emerging biotechnology based on the symbiotic action of microalgal-bacterial consortia capable of supporting gas purification with nutrient recovery in a single integrated process. This biotechnology relies on two stages: an absorption unit that enables gas-liquid mass transfer of the biogas pollutants, and a photobioreactor in which CO2 and other contaminants are removed. Optimal system performance is strongly influenced by the liquid to gas (L/G) ratio, with values between 0.5 and 1.0, typically balancing effective CO2 removal and limited CH4 dilution. High-alkalinity nutrient media (1.5-2.5 gIC L[-1]) and pH > 9 remain essential to sustain the chemical gradients driving CO2 mass transfer. Robust microalgae/cyanobacteria such as Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudanabaena sp. frequently dominate these systems. Recent efforts in the biostimulation of photosynthesis are presented based on their potential to enhance biomass productivity and CO2 removal, which could decrease the footprint of the process and facilitate its large-scale adoption for biomethane production.}, }
@article {pmid42075205, year = {2026}, author = {Xin, Y and Chen, L and Ijaz, M and Chen, R and Manzoor, N and Alrafaie, A and Wang, X and Luo, J and Li, B and Shou, L}, title = {Symbiotic Bacterial Diversity, Functional Profiling and Antibiotic Susceptibility of the Red Imported Fire Ant.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14040808}, pmid = {42075205}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2024-02-08-00-12-F00045//Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project/ ; PSAU/2026/R/1447//Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University/ ; }, abstract = {The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta, is a globally invasive pest that causes substantial ecological, agricultural, and public health challenges. Conventional control strategies primarily depend on chemical insecticides, which present environmental risks and limited long-term efficacy. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the bacterial microbiota of S. invicta and compared it with a sympatric non-target ant species (Pheidole nodus) to explore the ecological significance and biocontrol potential of symbiotic bacteria. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the symbiotic bacterial community of S. invicta exhibited markedly higher richness and diversity. A total of 1651 amplified sequence variants (ASVs) were identified, of which 1089 ASVs are unique to the RIFAs, and 460 are unique to non-target ants. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) highlighted 33 biomarker taxa (score > 6.5), with strong enrichment of Stenotrophomonas, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Luteibacter, Bradyrhizobium, Brucella, Smaragdicoccus, Gordonia, and Aeromonas. Functional predictions and enzymatic assays in vitro demonstrated that dominant cultivable genera, particularly Stenotrophomonas (SI-7, SI-17), Serratia (SI-1, SI-3, SI-6, SI-18), and Pseudomonas (SI-2, SI-8, SI-9, SI-11, SI-19), exhibit substantial proteolytic and lipolytic activity, suggesting key roles in nutrient metabolism and host ecological adaptability. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling further revealed that florfenicol shows broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against these dominant symbionts. These findings indicate that disrupting dominant symbiotic bacteria may impair host physiology and thus serve as a targeted control strategy. Overall, the study elucidates the diversity, functional potential, and biocontrol applicability of the S. invicta microbiome, providing a foundation for developing sustainable, microbiome-based pest management approaches.}, }
@article {pmid42075233, year = {2026}, author = {Mousa, WK and AlShami, R and Ghemrawi, R}, title = {Shared Microbial Blueprints Underlying Symbiotic Plasticity in Desert Plant Endophytes.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14040836}, pmid = {42075233}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {SWARD-F23-020.//Sandooq Al Watan/ ; }, abstract = {The desert ecosystem harbors a resilient microbial community that sustains plant life under extreme stress. Understanding the endophytic microbiota of desert flora provides key insights into how these microorganisms enable plant survival and maintain ecological balance in arid landscapes. To date, the endophytic bacterial communities of dominant desert plants in the Arabian Peninsula have not been comprehensively characterized. Here, we investigated the endophytic microbiota of five co-adapted desert species, namely, Schweinfurthia papilionacea, Sesuvium verrucosum, Ochtocloa compressa, Helianthemum nummularium, and Convolvulus arvensis. These plants coexist in hyper-arid habitats and exhibit exceptional tolerance to drought, salinity, and nutrient scarcity. We hypothesized that, despite their phylogenetic divergence, these plants host functionally convergent microbial communities shaped by desert selection pressures. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we obtained 3.4 million high-quality reads from 25 samples. Clustering at 97% similarity revealed 35 phyla and 17 dominant genera, highlighting notable microbial richness and ecological complexity. Alpha-diversity indices showed comparable species richness across hosts, while beta-diversity indicated community differentiation driven by environmental filtering. The dominant phyla included Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Cyanobacteriota, and Bacillota, reflecting microbial adaptation to extreme desert conditions. Functional pathway prediction revealed enrichment of genes associated with DNA repair and protein turnover, suggesting metabolic flexibility and enhanced survival under stress. Overall, this study provides a comparative metagenomic insight into the endophytic bacterial communities of five desert plant species, uncovering a consistent pattern of functional convergence across diverse hosts. The findings suggest the presence of shared functional traits among the endophytic microbiota examined here, offering preliminary evidence for microbial contributions to plant resilience in arid environments.}, }
@article {pmid42075297, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Qin, Z and Wang, H and Tao, X and Xia, J and Zhao, Y and Yi, P and Ma, Y and Wang, X and Ma, X and Li, N and Zhong, Q and Yao, G}, title = {Seasonal Dynamics of Skin Microbiota and Metabolites in Transhumant-Grazed Altay Sheep.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14040901}, pmid = {42075297}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2022TSYCJC0026//the "Tianshan Talent" Youth Science and Technology Top Talent Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; }, abstract = {To explore the seasonal variation patterns of the skin microecology of Altay sheep under transhumant grazing conditions, skin swabs were collected from 60 free-grazing Altay sheep at seasonal transition nodes in the Altay region. Metagenomic sequencing combined with untargeted metabolomics was used to characterize their bacterial community structure, functional pathways, and metabolite profiles. The results showed that the skin microecology of Altay sheep presented obvious seasonal variation patterns. In spring, 35 of the 39 highly abundant bacteria were environmentally derived, five proliferation-related pathways were significantly enriched, and the levels of five metabolites associated with microbial community regulation and skin barrier defense were elevated. In summer, the abundance of three skin symbiotic bacteria increased, the activities of eight pathways mainly related to biofilm formation were significantly enhanced, and the contents of five metabolites primarily associated with membrane lipid homeostasis and selective bacteriostasis increased. In autumn, the abundances of nine radiation-resistant and cold-tolerant strains increased, together with the elevated abundance of two opportunistic pathogens; five repair-related pathways were active, and the levels of four anti-inflammatory and repair-associated metabolites were synchronously increased. In winter, the abundance of two cold-tolerant strains increased, the activities of pathways related to nitrogen metabolism and energy synthesis were enhanced, and one lignan compound was identified as the key metabolite. These findings elucidate the seasonal dynamic patterns of the skin microecology of Altay sheep and provide a theoretical basis for research on the adaptive mechanisms and seasonal health management of Altay sheep and other sheep in alpine regions.}, }
@article {pmid42075315, year = {2026}, author = {Guimarães, MB and Helbourn, CCBR and Gonçalves, GO and Gonçalves, MBM and Silviera, D and Bazzo, YMF and Reis, PEDD and Magalhães, PO}, title = {Endophytic Fungi as a Promising Source of Bioactive Compounds for Wound Healing: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14040918}, pmid = {42075315}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {88887.964924/2024-00 / 23038.003820/2024-15//Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/ ; 00193-00002383/2023-07.//Federal District Research Support Foundation (FAPDF)/ ; }, abstract = {Endophytic fungi (EF) inhabit internal plant tissue in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with their host plant. EF synthesizes metabolites that are structurally similar or identical to those found in their host plants, which include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and organic acids. These molecules have promising therapeutic effects, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. Wound healing has earned attention in recent years because of its relation to chronic pathological diseases. This systematic review scanned the available scientific literature database about the wound-healing properties of EF biomolecules. Amongst 994 works, 24 were screened after abstract and full-text reading. The studies were published between 2014 and 2026, in twelve countries. In total, 16 studies presented in vivo assays, 11 studies presented in vitro assays, and 3 studies presented both assays. Most studies identified molecules, which include melanin, benzoic acid, terpenes, sesquiterpenes (purpurolide), extracellular polysaccharides, exopolysaccharides, carotenoids, fatty acids, proteins, pyrones, quinones, and hydrocarbon acids, among others. A meta-analysis was not conducted due to high heterogeneity across extracts, methodologies, and outcomes. All studies showed wound-healing properties from EF extracts. The findings suggest a positive effect of EF extracts on wound-healing properties and the need for standardized in vitro and in vivo protocols.}, }
@article {pmid42075458, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, T and Wang, F and Su, S and Yan, L and Hao, Z and Xu, J and Han, H and Wu, Y and Li, D and Zhang, S}, title = {Engineering Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation for Agriculture: Predominant Role of Host Plants and Fine-Tuning Regulation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15081256}, pmid = {42075458}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32472204//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 1090124002//Scientific Startup Foundation for Doctors of Northwest A&amp;F University/ ; 2452024100//Scientific Startup Foundation for Doctors of Northwest A&amp;F University/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) can provide a sustainable and self-sufficient nitrogen (N) source for plants. Since its discovery, SNF has remained a central focus of both breeders and fundamental researchers. For decades, extending the utility of SNF to broader agricultural systems has been considered a promising strategy to reduce reliance on synthetic N fertilizers, thereby lowering production costs and mitigating environmental pollution caused by N overuse. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the molecular and regulatory mechanisms governing SNF in legume plants and highlights emerging strategies to optimize and extend its application in agricultural systems. Particular emphasis is placed on approaches that aim to achieve dominant, fine-tuned, and controllable regulation of N fixation to support sustainable crop production.}, }
@article {pmid42076831, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, M and Cui, J and Zhang, H and Tian, H}, title = {Decoding TaSPX-7A's governance of wheat-mycorrhizal dependence from genome-wide association to molecular mechanism.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71229}, pmid = {42076831}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {31972497//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021YFD1900700//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) establishes symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to improve mineral nutrient acquisition. Mycorrhizal dependence (MD) reflects the growth response to the symbiosis, but the biological mechanisms underlying wheat MD are still unclear. We used genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptome analyses, and performed gene overexpression and dual luciferase assays to investigate the regulation of wheat MD. We identified 182 significant MD-associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and focused on TaSPX-7A in QTL173 as the key candidate gene. Overexpressing TaSPX-7A increased wheat MD, and TaMADS-5D repressed TaSPX-7A expression. The deletion of the TaMADS-5D binding site in the TaSPX-7A promoter was associated with higher TaSPX-7A expression in positive MD wheat. Promoter polymorphism-mediated differential expression of TaSPX-7A likely underlies natural MD variation in wheat. Our study reveals TaSPX-7A as a key regulator of MD and advances the mechanistic understanding of wheat AM symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid42077790, year = {2026}, author = {Fan, X and Zhou, X and Wang, L and Zhang, X and Shen, Y and Xiao, Y and Wang, H and Deng, L and Xie, Y}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiomes in Parasitic Roundworms Reveals Phylogeny-Associated Community Structure and Functional Adaptation.}, journal = {Transboundary and emerging diseases}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {2764696}, pmid = {42077790}, issn = {1865-1682}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Toxocara/microbiology ; Female ; Male ; *Ascaris/microbiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Roundworm nematodes are globally distributed zoonotic parasites that inhabit the intestinal tract of various mammals. Although these parasites reside in the host's guts, their own intestinal ecosystems remain poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that helminths may harbor distinct gut microbiomes that contribute to their physiology and host interactions, yet cross-species comparisons are lacking. Here, we performed full-length 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize and compare the gut microbiomes of four major roundworm species-Ascaris suum (As), Baylisascaris schroederi (Bs), Toxocara cati (Tc), and Toxocara vitulorum (Tv). Across 38 individual worms, we identified 359 bacterial taxa dominated by Enterobacteriaceae, with Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae forming a conserved core community. Despite this compositional similarity, beta-diversity and hierarchical clustering analyses revealed that microbial community structure was primarily determined by parasite phylogeny and roundworm sex, not host diet. Functional prediction using PICRUSt2 indicated clear species-specific enrichment in metabolic pathways, such as carbohydrate metabolism in Bs and xenobiotic metabolism in As, reflecting adaptive divergence of microbial functions. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that roundworm gut microbiomes exhibited taxonomic conservation but functional specialization, shaped by the evolutionary history of the parasites themselves. This study established a conceptual framework viewing the parasite as the primary host of its microbiome and provided new insights into the co-evolutionary relationships between helminths and their symbiotic bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid42078675, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, X and Dong, LL and Jin, XX and Liu, XJ and Gao, M and Fang, J}, title = {Composition and Diversity Characteristics of Gut Microbiota during the Development of Telchinia issoria (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {e73596}, pmid = {42078675}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) was a traditional economic crop of high commercial value, whose cultivation was threatened by the leaf-feeding pest Telchinia issoria. This study investigated how the gut microbiota of T. issoria shifted across its larval, pupal, and adult stages using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We found that Pseudomonadota and Bacillota dominated across all stages, with stage-specific enrichments of key genera: Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia in early larvae, Acinetobacter and Culicoidibacter in mid-instars, Serratia in late larvae, Enterococcus in pupae, and Pseudomonas in adults. Alpha diversity exhibited a U-shaped pattern during larval development, decreasing initially before rising again, with the lowest overall diversity observed in the pupal stage. Beta diversity confirmed distinct community structures in pupae and adults. Functionally, as predicted by PICRUSt2 based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, carbohydrate metabolism was enriched in pupae, whereas pathways associated with amino acid, cofactor, and vitamin metabolism were significantly decreased relative to other developmental stages. Correlation analysis suggested that elevated temperature may contribute to the decreased diversity observed in this study, which warranted further verification under controlled temperature gradients. This work establishes a foundational understanding of stage-specific microbial symbiosis in T. issoria and offers insights for future research into lepidopteran gut microbial ecology and potential biocontrol applications.}, }
@article {pmid42080277, year = {2026}, author = {Uyeno, D and Tosuji, H and Ohtaka, A}, title = {A New Species of Branchiobdellidan Symbiotic on Freshwater Crabs from Southern Japan, with a Supplemental Re-Description of Cirrodrilus kawamurai.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {43}, number = {2}, pages = {180-188}, doi = {10.2108/zs250083}, pmid = {42080277}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Japan ; *Brachyura/physiology/parasitology ; *Symbiosis ; Animal Distribution ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Female ; Male ; Fresh Water ; }, abstract = {Cirrodrilus osumi sp. nov. (Clitellata: Branchiobdellida: Branchiobdellidae) is described based on the specimens on the freshwater crab Geothelphusa exigua Suzuki and Tsuda, 1994 (Decapoda: Potamidae) collected from headwater areas in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, southern Japan. Although the new branchiobdellidan resembles the continental East Asian Cirrodrilus kawamurai (Yamaguchi, 1934) in having four membranous large dorsal lobes on the peristomium, it differs by having shorter dorsal lobes and four pairs of small teeth in the jaws. Additionally, Ci. kawamurai is partially redescribed based on Yamaguchi's original slide collection. The Bayesian inference tree using partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences supported that the new species is genetically more closely related to a congener from the Korean Peninsula than to the endemic congeners from northern Japan. The finding of the new species in this study represents the record of the 12th species of the genus Cirrodrilus Pierantoni, 1905 from Japan, as well as the first record of a branchiobdellidan associated with freshwater crabs in East Asia.}, }
@article {pmid42063193, year = {2026}, author = {Martín-Vivaldi, M and Martínez-García, &#xc1; and Peralta-Sánchez, JM and Schaub, M and Arlettaz, R and Martín-Platero, AM and Martínez-Renau, E and Barón, MD and Ruiz-Rodríguez, M and López-Hernández, E and Martínez-Bueno, M and Valdivia, E and Soler, JJ}, title = {The uropygial gland of the European hoopoe as a symbiotic organ.}, journal = {Animal microbiome}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {42063193}, issn = {2524-4671}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Animals rely on symbiotic bacteria living within/on their tissues for multiple functions, while simultaneously needing to protect themselves via immune functions or other defenses from potentially pathogenic microorganisms that could invade those tissues. As a result, interactions with complex assemblages of bacteria have driven the evolution of host strategies to control established symbioses. One such strategy involves the development of organs specialized in maintaining associations with beneficial members of the microbial community — so-called symbiotic organs. These organs are characterized by compartmentalizing spaces where favorable conditions for the beneficial bacteria are promoted, while preventing colonization of other tissues. Although several model systems of symbiotic organs have been studied in animals, none have been recognized in non-aquatic vertebrates except for the intestinal crypts of mammals. Here, we propose that bird´s uropygial glands may be specialized symbiotic organs.<br><br>RESULTS: We tested this hypothesis using the uropygial gland of the hoopoe (Upupa epops) as a model, which hosts a complex bacterial community that includes antimicrobial-producing symbionts. First, we examined whether the uropygial gland supports a specific symbiotic community, by comparing the microbiome composition of the uropygial secretions and eggshell surfaces in two European hoopoe populations. Additionally, using histological staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we looked for structural specializations for compartmentalization and bacterial targeting in the glands of nesting hoopoes in comparison to non-breeding individuals lacking the symbiosis. Results show that, in comparison with bacterial communities of the eggshells, those of the uropygial gland were more conserved between both populations. Moreover, uropygial glands of nesting hoopoes were strictly compartmentalized by a special tissue, properties that are absent in the non-breeding individuals lacking the symbiosis. Finally, bacteria were organized within the organ, suggesting the existence of special physical niches to promote specialized mutualistic symbionts.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: All evidence supports that the hoopoe uropygial gland is a specialized symbiotic organ for bacterial cultivation, paving the way for new insights into vertebrates&#x2019; exocrine glands&#x2019; role in microbial symbiosis.<br><br>CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-026-00543-y.}, }
@article {pmid42064303, year = {2026}, author = {Kirolinko, C and Yacullo, M and Blanco, F and Zanetti, ME}, title = {Hormone-modulated transcription factors orchestrating the root nodule symbiosis.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1811506}, pmid = {42064303}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Transcription factors play essential roles modulating gene expression during plant development and the adaptation to environmental cues through the control of morphogenetic programs. In the root nodule symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia, two coordinated morphogenetic programs are activated by the perception of bacterial signals: the organogenesis of the nodule, a lateral root organ specialized in nitrogen fixation, and the infection process that allows the bacteria to colonize the nodule. These programs are influenced by the action of phytohormones, mainly auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, and brassinosteroid, which act modulating the activity of different families of transcription factors. In the past years, significant advancements have been made in understanding how transcription factors of the NIN (Nodule Inception), GRAS (GIBBERELLIN-ACID INSENSITIVE (GAI), REPRESSOR of GA1 (RGA), and SCARECROW (SCR)), ERF (Ethylene Response Factor), ARF (Auxin Response Factor), LBD (Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain), and SHI/STY (SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH) families function at different developmental stages of bacterial infection and nodule formation and differentiation. Here, we review recent advances of this hormonal-mediated modulation of transcription factors with key roles in the root nodule symbiosis and their evolutionary origin from other developmental programs, as well as their post-transcriptional regulation by small RNAs. We also provide a perspective on how epigenomic approaches can shed light on how these transcription factors influence chromatin remodeling at loci containing key symbiotic genes.}, }
@article {pmid42064316, year = {2026}, author = {Sidek, NB and Itoh, S and Aramaki, T and Yamasaki, Y and Tsujimoto, H and Shirai, K and Hanada, K}, title = {Salicylic acid signaling controls the colonization behavior of Colletotrichum tofieldiae in Arabidopsis thaliana.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1770854}, pmid = {42064316}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Plant-microbe interactions strongly influence plant growth and nutrient acquisition, and their outcomes depend on nutrient availability. The root endophyte Colletotrichum tofieldiae (Ct) promotes growth in Arabidopsis thaliana under inorganic phosphate (Pi) limitation, but its effects under Pi sufficiency and the role of salicylic acid (SA) signaling remain unclear. Here, we examined Pi-dependent growth responses, nutrient accumulation, and SA signaling in wild-type (WT) and SA-deficient ics1 mutant plants co-cultivated with Ct under low, moderate, and high Pi conditions (25, 150, and 625 µM). Under low Pi, Ct significantly enhanced WT growth, increasing leaf number and root length by 41.8% and 50.5%, respectively, and promoting biomass accumulation, with fresh and dry weight increases of 104% and 232% relative to uninoculated controls. Growth promotion was reduced at moderate Pi and shifted toward growth suppression under high Pi. Elemental profiling using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed pronounced Ct-mediated nutrient accumulation under Pi limitation. At low Pi, phosphorus content increased by 281%, accompanied by significant increases in K (70.1%), S (84.5%), and Ca (73.2%). In contrast, at moderate and high Pi, Ct consistently enhanced P accumulation, while changes in K, S, and Ca were not significant. Ct colonization induced expression of the SA-responsive marker gene PR1, particularly under low Pi. In contrast, ics1 mutants failed to exhibit Ct-induced growth promotion and instead displayed growth suppression across all Pi conditions. Together, these findings demonstrate that Pi availability and ICS1-mediated SA biosynthesis jointly determine the outcome of the Arabidopsis-Ct interaction.}, }
@article {pmid42065704, year = {2026}, author = {Beraldo, CS and Franco, DC and van Nouhuys, S and Duplouy, A}, title = {Temperature at parental generation affects bacterial communities associated with offspring for both host and parasitoid.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiag046}, pmid = {42065704}, issn = {1574-6941}, abstract = {The thermal conditions experienced during development can affect host-associated microbial communities. We still know little about whether such effects similarly persist across life stages between different species. In particular, it is unclear if the bacterial communities of closely interacting species, such as hosts and their endoparasitoids, exhibit similar responses to thermal conditions. We reared two generations of the Melitaea cinxia butterfly and its specialized parasitoid wasp, Hyposoter horticola, at three temperatures in the laboratory (26, 28, and 31°C). We found that the two species harbour different bacterial communities as adults, with the parasitoid exhibiting higher bacterial richness than its host butterfly. When the parental generation of the butterfly was exposed to high temperatures, the F1 generation exhibited increased bacterial richness but a reduced diversity (Shannon index). The opposite effect was observed for its parasitoid, but only for the wasps infected with Wolbachia, which appears sensitive to thermal conditions. Collectively, these results highlight that the bacterial communities of insect hosts and their parasitoids are distinct units, differently susceptible to environmental thermal conditions, particularly to temperatures experienced at the parental generation.}, }
@article {pmid41851245, year = {2026}, author = {Azmi, SZK and Kurnia, D and Nurpalah, R and Virgianti, DP and Padilah, R and Nafisah Ruswadi, LF and Subroto, T}, title = {Characterization of anticariogenic mycosymbiotic fungi associated with the medicinal plant Piper crocatum.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41851245}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The escalating antibiotic resistance in oral pathogens, particularly Streptococcus mutans, necessitates the discovery of alternative bioactive scaffolds. While Piper crocatum (red betel) is an ethnobotanically significant plant, its symbiotic mycobiota remains a negligible niche compared to heavily mined species like P. nigrum or P. betle. This study explored the diversity of fungal syimbiont from P. crocatum as potential anticariogenic agents. Fungal samples were isolated from leaves collected across 13 locations in Tasikmalaya, Indonesia. Purification for each fungi was conducted using the hyphal tip transfer technique, yielding 66 axenic isolates. Phenetic characterization was employed as a dereplication strategy to select ten representative based on 33 morphotypes for screening. Similarity analysis was conducted using the Jaccard coefficient via the UPGMA, then visualized in RStudio using the ape and ggtree packages to generate a phenetic dendrogram. One representative isolate from each major cluster was selected for bioactivity screening, with priority given to isolates producing visible extracellular exudates. Results indicated a positive correlation between colony pigmentation and bioactivity, with isolate t5-059 exhibiting the strongest inhibition against S. mutans (21.5 mm). Molecular identification via ITS rDNA resolved the bioactive strains as Colletotrichum truncatum (t5-059), Colletotrichum cliviae (t-9052), Torula canangae (t10-062), and Aspergillus clavatonanicus (t1-007). The recurrence of these specific taxa across geographically heterogeneous sites supports the hypothesis of host filtering, where P. crocatum selects for a core microbiome. These findings highlight P. crocatum as a reservoir of unique fungal associates capable of producing potent metabolites for oral health applications.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-41703-z.}, }
@article {pmid42059669, year = {2026}, author = {Schwarzhans, A and Boutry, J and Tökölyi, J and Cyran, N and Kunert, M and Horn, M and Collingro, A}, title = {Stable association of a chlamydial symbiont with the freshwater predator Hydra suggests broad host potential.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag104}, pmid = {42059669}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Symbiotic associations between microorganisms often involve eukaryotes partnering with microbes for nutrient exchange, protection, and resource acquisition. Bacterial lineages like the Chlamydiota have evolved entirely symbiotic lifestyles, exploiting their eukaryotic hosts for energy, diverse metabolites, and shelter. The study of environmental chlamydiae - outside the well-studied vertebrate host range - has revealed diverging interactions on the mutualism-parasitism spectrum. This highlights their potentially important roles in host-microbe interactions underscoring the relevance of obtaining isolates from diverse environments and hosts. Here, we describe an isolate of a chlamydial symbiont of the freshwater cnidarian Hydra. The symbiont could be isolated and stably maintained in insect cell lines and represents a member of the recently described family-level lineage Chlamydiae Clade III for which we propose the name Endochlamydiaceae. Fluorescence and electron microscopy reveal the symbiont morphology and its endodermal location. Comparative genomics shows the isolate, named Endochlamydia hydrae, encodes a conserved set of genes involved in host invasion, communication, and pathogenicity. Instead of displaying unique genomic adaptations to its animal host, E. hydrae shows signs consistent with ongoing genome reorganisation and streamlining, suggesting a more recent host shift. Screening for closely related 16S rRNA gene sequences in public environmental microbiomes also indicates a broader host range. Moreover, exploration of environmental Hydra oligactis populations revealed they might serve as host for a wider spectrum of chlamydial species. This study highlights the evolutionary success of chlamydiae and their genomic toolkit to infect a wide range of hosts and their ecological significance by interacting with diverse organisms.}, }
@article {pmid42060930, year = {2026}, author = {Hewezi, T and Krishnan, HB and Garcia, K and Ohtsu, M}, title = {Symbiotic and Pathogenic Interactions in the Rhizosphere.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {39}, number = {2}, pages = {154-157}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-04-26-0033-FI}, pmid = {42060930}, issn = {0894-0282}, mesh = {*Rhizosphere ; *Symbiosis ; Plant Roots/microbiology/parasitology ; *Plants/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; }, abstract = {The rhizosphere is one of the most dynamic biological environments on Earth. Within this narrow zone surrounding plant roots, plants interact constantly with diverse communities of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes. These interactions range from mutually beneficial associations that enhance nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance to detrimental relationships that compromise plant health and agricultural productivity. Understanding the molecular and ecological processes governing these interactions is therefore central to plant biology and sustainable agriculture. This Focus Issue of Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions brings together 14 research and review articles that explore the complex system of relationships that shape plant health in the rhizosphere. The studies span beneficial associations such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and symbiotic microbes, as well as pathogenic interactions involving bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and plant-parasitic nematodes. Collectively, these contributions highlight emerging concepts in microbial recognition, immune regulation, microbial community assembly, and effector-mediated host manipulation. By integrating perspectives from molecular genetics, functional genomics, microbiology, and ecology, this special issue highlights recent advances in our understanding of rhizosphere interactions and illustrates how these findings may inform new strategies for improving crop resilience and sustainable agricultural production. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.}, }
@article {pmid42062035, year = {2026}, author = {Xie, D and Li, P and Zhang, L and Shang, R and Li, J and Liu, K and Lin, H and Wang, S and Jiao, W}, title = {Penicipenoids A-G, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory cadinane sesquiterpenoids with rearranged carbon skeletons from the marine sponge symbiotic Penicillium sp. 5975.}, journal = {Chinese journal of natural medicines}, volume = {24}, number = {5}, pages = {632-640}, doi = {10.1016/S1875-5364(26)61181-8}, pmid = {42062035}, issn = {1875-5364}, mesh = {Animals ; *Penicillium/chemistry ; *Porifera/microbiology ; Zebrafish ; *Antioxidants/chemistry/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes/chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; *Sesquiterpenes/chemistry/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Seven new sesquiterpenes, named penicipenoids A-G (1-7), were isolated from rice-based fermentation cultures of the marine sponge-derived fungus Penicillium sp. 5975, together with ten known analogues (8-17). Their structures were elucidated using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, supported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Penicipenoid A (1) features an unprecedented sesquiterpene scaffold characterized by a tricyclo[4.4.1[1,6]0[2,7]]hendecane core. Penicipenoid D (4) contains an unusual furan substructure within the cadinane-type sesquiterpenoid class, while penicipenoid F (6) represents a rare norsesquiterpene derivative lacking the carbon atom at the C-7 position. The in vivo anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds were evaluated using transgenic fluorescent zebrafish models. Penicipenoids A-C (1-3) exhibited anti-oxidant activity in metronidazole (MTZ)-treated transgenic zebrafish embryos, whereas penicipenoid E (5) demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity in CuSO4-induced transgenic fluorescent zebrafish embryos.}, }
@article {pmid42062242, year = {2026}, author = {Prioux, C and Carrasco-Acosta, M and Prigione, V and Venice, F and Tignat-Perrier, R and Allemand, D and Ferrier-Pagès, C and Varese, GC}, title = {Hidden Fungal Diversity of the Precious Mediterranean Red Coral Corallium rubrum.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {e70353}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70353}, pmid = {42062242}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {//Government of the Principality of Monaco/ ; //Catalina Ruiz Programme-ULPGC contract, co-funded by the European Social Fund/ ; //Gobierno de Canarias-Consejer&#xed;a de Universidades, Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n y Cultura/ ; IR0000005//European Commission-NextGenerationEU, Project SUS-MIRRI.IT 'Strengthening the MIRRI Italian Research Infrastructure for Sustainable Bioscience and Bioeconomy'/ ; }, mesh = {*Anthozoa/microbiology ; Animals ; *Fungi/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Mediterranean Sea ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Corals maintain complex symbiotic relationships with diverse microorganisms, including fungi, which are often overlooked but represent a critical component of the coral holobiont. This study explores the fungal diversity associated with the tissue and skeleton of the red coral Corallium rubrum, a key species in Mediterranean Marine Animal Forests (MAFs). Using a culture-based approach, we recovered a broad spectrum of fungal diversity, dominated by Ascomycota such as Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus. The discovery of numerous taxa with known bioactive properties underscores the potential ecological and biotechnological relevance of coral-associated fungi. At the same time, the presence of species such as Aspergillus sydowii, which is considered pathogenic under elevated temperatures, raises concerns about coral vulnerability during increasingly frequent Mediterranean marine heatwaves. These taxa should be further investigated to evaluate their pathogenic potential. Overall, our results expand current knowledge of coral-fungal associations, providing a foundation for future work on their ecological significance, role in coral resilience and potential applications in biotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid42062822, year = {2026}, author = {Hung, SW and Yu, MY and Liu, CH and Huang, TC and Peng, JH and Jang, NY and Kuo, CH and Yang, YL and Ho, YN and Chiang, EI and Hwang, HH and Huang, CC}, title = {Endophytic Biostimulant Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Enhances Banana Growth and Primes Immunity Against Fusarium Wilt.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {3}, pages = {e70913}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70913}, pmid = {42062822}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {MOST 107-2321-B-005-009//National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan/ ; MOST 108-2321-B-005-004//National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan/ ; MOST 109-2321-B-005-025//National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan/ ; MOST 110-2321-B-005-008//National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan/ ; 110AS-1.6.1-BQ-B3//Ministry of Agriculture of Taiwan/ ; //Ministry of Education of Taiwan (the Higher Education Sprout Project)/ ; }, mesh = {*Fusarium/physiology ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology/immunology ; *Musa/microbiology/growth &amp; development/immunology/drug effects ; *PQQ Cofactor/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Endophytes/physiology/metabolism ; Burkholderia ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; Disease Resistance ; }, abstract = {Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a redox cofactor derived from prokaryotes that participates in various biological processes involving dehydrogenase enzymes. Previous field trials identified a PQQ-producing endophyte, Burkholderia seminalis 869T2, which enhances banana growth and reduces Fusarium wilt incidence from 24.5% to 3.4%. While more recent studies have confirmed its agricultural benefits across multiple plant species, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, integrated omics and imaging mass spectrometry were employed to investigate the role of PQQ in planta. Our results indicate that PQQ achieves these outcomes by modulating key aspects of plant energy metabolism, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and NAD/NADP pathways. In addition, PQQ appears to influence phytohormone signalling pathways and trigger systemic plant resistance. Consistent with these molecular responses, exogenous PQQ enhanced root and shoot development and improved resistance to Fusarium infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that the endophyte functions as a biostimulant through PQQ production, coordinating plant metabolism and defence to counter pathogen invasion. This study provides mechanistic insight into plant-endophyte mutualism and highlights the potential of both PQQ and PQQ-producing endophytes as biostimulants for sustainable agricultural applications.}, }
@article {pmid42052549, year = {2026}, author = {Nassif, N and El-Khoury, JR}, title = {Understanding media's leverage in the national elite sport ecosystems.}, journal = {Frontiers in sports and active living}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1788596}, pmid = {42052549}, issn = {2624-9367}, abstract = {Media's role in elite sport has grown exponentially from the second part of the 20th to the first part of the 21st century. It encompasses many aspects such as visibility, revenue generation, fan engagement, athlete branding, event promotion, policy decisions, international benchmarking, national pride, and cultural influence. A strong and symbiotic relationship between elite sports and the media is essential for sustained success and growth in the modern sports industry. The objective of this paper is to highlight the leverage that media has in a country's national elite sport ecosystem. This evaluation will consist of two frameworks of analysis, one that explains media's structural role in nations' success in international competitions, and another which explains its capacity to elevate sport into an instrument of power in international relations. This research identifies the unique position that media has in a country's national elite sport ecosystem and is recommended for theoretical advancement and practical application.}, }
@article {pmid42053873, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, P and Zou, Z and Wu, Z and Feng, Y}, title = {Ubiquitination as a multi-layer regulatory network in legume-rhizobium symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant cell reports}, volume = {45}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {42053873}, issn = {1432-203X}, support = {AMLKF202510//the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/ ; 24KJB180002//Natural Science Foundation of The Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/physiology ; *Ubiquitination/physiology ; *Fabaceae/microbiology/metabolism/physiology ; *Rhizobium/physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Plant Root Nodulation ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) by legumes is essential for sustainable agriculture, providing plant-available nitrogen while reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. The establishment of legume-rhizobium symbiosis requires tightly regulated host signaling to coordinate rhizobia infection, nodule development, and nitrogen fixation, while preventing excessive colonization or immune activation. Accumulating evidence indicates that ubiquitination, mediated by E1, E2, E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes, plays a central role in controlling multiple stages of this process. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on ubiquitination-mediated regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, with a focus on early symbiotic signaling and nodule development. We highlight key E3 ligases that modulate Nod factor receptor homeostasis, receptor-associated kinases, transcription factors, and infection thread growth, and discuss how ubiquitination interfaces with nutrient and stress signaling pathways. Finally, we outline key knowledge gaps and discuss the potential of manipulating ubiquitination pathways to improve nodulation efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in crops.}, }
@article {pmid42054996, year = {2026}, author = {Cornwallis, CK and Van Nuland, ME and Wegmann, A and Manley, BF and Elhance, J and Stewart, JD and Daws, C and Venturini, AM and Hynson, NA and Peay, KG and Kiers, ET and West, SA}, title = {Symbiotic fungi underlie the regeneration potential of island rainforests.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.03.087}, pmid = {42054996}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Symbioses can be vital on islands, where low species diversity leaves few alternative partners and the failure of associations can cascade into broader community collapse. Key to the functioning of many island ecosystems is the rainforest tree, Pisonia grandis (pisonia). Pisonia attracts nesting seabirds whose guano delivers intense nutrient pulses that fuel coral reef ecosystems. Symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi have been hypothesized to be crucial for capturing and distributing these nutrients to pisonia trees. However, little is known about the factors that influence the distribution of mycorrhizal fungi on islands. Here, we map the diversity and distribution of mycorrhizal fungi in relation to pisonia and other tree species across Palmyra Atoll, the most remote island on Earth that is a US territory in the Northern Line Islands. We found that pisonia is obligately associated with specific Tomentella fungi that are able to survive in the extreme nutrient environments created by seabird feces (guano). Tomentella was widespread in soils across different habitats, and its abundance was predicted by distance to pisonia. In addition, burrowing by crabs, the dominant group of land animals on Palmyra Atoll, was associated with increased fungal diversity, including new or globally rare fungal species. These findings support the hypothesized critical role of mycorrhizal fungi for key atoll tree species, indicating that fungal distributions may affect the success of restoration projects. More broadly, this work highlights the importance of specific interactions between species in isolated island ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid42056285, year = {2026}, author = {de Souza, RF and Dutra E Silva, S and Teixeira, MF and Silva Neto, CME and Sousa, CM and de Moura, JB}, title = {Underground Baristas: ecology of mycorrhizal fungi in Cerrado coffee cultivation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-49789-1}, pmid = {42056285}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and coffee plants can improve nutrient use and crop resilience in low-fertility tropical soils. In this study, the activity and diversity of AMF in the rhizosphere of 35 Coffea arabica genotypes grown under Brazilian Cerrado conditions were characterized. Spore density, root colonization, and community composition were assessed by morphological characterization of field-collected spores and by multivariate analyses (CCA, PCA, and hierarchical clustering). No significant differences in spore density or root colonization were detected among the genotypes, which suggests a predominantly generalist symbiotic pattern under the uniform edaphoclimatic and management conditions of the experiment. Even so, 13 AMF genera were recorded, indicating substantial community diversity, with Glomus, Claroideoglomus, and Racocetra occurring most frequently. Ordination and clustering analyses revealed only subtle differences in community composition and no clear genotype-based grouping. These findings support the ecological relevance of AMF in Cerrado coffee systems and indicate that mycorrhizal monitoring may assist in integrated soil management and the future design of locally adapted fungal consortia.}, }
@article {pmid42058216, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, H and Yang, Y}, title = {Abnormal characteristics of intestinal microenvironment in HIV immunological non-responders.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1796163}, pmid = {42058216}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; *Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/pathology/microbiology ; *HIV Infections/immunology/drug therapy/virology ; Dysbiosis/immunology ; *Cellular Microenvironment/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Th17 Cells/immunology ; }, abstract = {Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most dangerous diseases threatening global public health. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is currently the primary treatment for people living with HIV (PLWH). However, some patients are classified as immunological non-responders (INRs), defined by the failure to achieve adequate CD4[+] T cells reconstitution despite continuous viral suppression, and are associated with inferior clinical outcomes. This behavior may be linked to the ongoing dysfunction of the intestinal microenvironment. Although PLWH exhibit similar clinical changes such as intestinal mucosal injury, barrier failure, and microbial community problems, intestinal microenvironment abnormalities in INRs are more severe. The specific manifestations include persistently low levels of intestinal CD4[+] T cells with limited reconstitution, along with a significant reduction in the proportion of Th17 cells, leading to severe impairment of mucosal anti-infective capacity and immune regulatory function. Additionally, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory mediators drive chronic inflammation, thereby exacerbating tissue damage. Furthermore, microbial dysbiosis is more pronounced, characterized by a marked decrease in beneficial symbiotic bacteria and an expansion of opportunistic pathogens. In contrast, immunological responders showed some degree of recovery in these indicators. These pathological features are not only associated with a higher risk of disease progression and complications in INRs but also provide a theoretical basis for developing adjuvant treatment strategies targeting intestinal immune reconstitution. In addition, we summarize the current mainstream definitions of INRs and propose a more robust definition. This review systematically elaborates the pathogenic mechanisms and potential intervention strategies underlying intestinal microenvironment abnormalities in INRs and holds important clinical value for improving the long-term prognosis of patients and advancing individualized treatment.}, }
@article {pmid42058539, year = {2026}, author = {Li, N and Buil, J and Li, QR and Chowdhary, A and Zhou, SQ and Kang, YQ and de Hoog, S}, title = {Lineage-specific endosymbiosis in Mucorales: restriction of Mycetohabitans to the genus Rhizopus.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100595}, pmid = {42058539}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Endosymbiotic bacteria have been reported in mucoralean fungi, yet their taxonomic distribution, range of ecological niches, and host specificity remain incompletely understood. Clarifying the occurrence of these bacterial partners across clinical and environmental Mucorales is essential for understanding their evolutionary and biological significance. In this study, we screened 578 isolates of Mucorales from both clinical and fermented food sources, including 360 from mucormycosis patients in The Netherlands, 40 from COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) patients in India, and 178 foodborne isolates from fermented soybean foods in China. Although 16S rRNA gene amplification revealed the presence of bacteria in sixteen mucoralean isolates, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated intracellular localization in only five of them. In all five cases, the endobacteria were identified as Mycetohabitans, and all corresponding fungal hosts belonged to Rhizopus species, suggesting that bacterial endosymbiosis within Mucorales is primarily restricted to this genus. Notably, a Rhizopus homothallicus isolate was found to harbor Mycetohabitans sp., with 98.37% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type of M. rhizoxinica, forming a separate phylogenetic clade and potentially representing a novel lineage. Endosymbionts were not detected in foodborne Mucorales from China, consistent with the predominance of Mucor species in these samples. Together, these results demonstrate a lineage-specific association between Mycetohabitans and Rhizopus species and highlight a lineage-dependent pattern across ecological niches. This study provides a systematic approach to evaluating fungal-bacterial symbiosis and offers a basis for future investigations into the functional and ecological roles of endosymbiotic bacteria in Mucorales.}, }
@article {pmid42059617, year = {2026}, author = {Jacobs, J and Lum, A and Mina, E and Morey, CN and Lee, DD and Gutierrez, E and Dionisio, J and Mirchandani, C and Sylvester, L and Nakamoto, A and Loucks, H and Wanket, C and Cisneros, A and Calicchio, A and Enstrom, AN and Headrick, C and Okamoto, F and Heath, HD and Malukhina, K and Russell, P and Nag, S and Gillespie, T and Sobolewski, W and Truong, Z and Russell, SL}, title = {Complete de novo assembly of Wolbachia endosymbiont of contemporary Drosophila simulans using long-read genome sequencing.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0099225}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00992-25}, pmid = {42059617}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {We present a contemporary high-quality, complete de novo assembly of Wolbachia pipientis (wRi Merrill 23, OZ411647), an alphaproteobacterial endosymbiont of Drosophila simulans (D. simulans). This assembly was generated using long-read sequencing of wRi-infected D. simulans embryos collected from Merrill College at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in October 2023.}, }
@article {pmid42047849, year = {2026}, author = {Pires, TG and de Oliveira Filho, LCI and de Liz Ronsani, A and Klauberg-Filho, O}, title = {Ecotoxicological effect of imidacloprid on spore germination of phylogenetically distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42047849}, issn = {1432-1890}, }
@article {pmid42048341, year = {2026}, author = {Xuefeng, X and Xiu, T and Gang, H and Lu, X and Rui, H and Yue, Z}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve drought toleration in Cinnamomum migao H.W.Li seedlings by increasing plant growth, nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {e0347670}, pmid = {42048341}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Seedlings/growth &amp; development/microbiology/metabolism ; *Droughts ; Biomass ; *Cinnamomum/microbiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Plant Roots/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis ; China ; Nutrients/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; Stress, Physiological ; Soil Microbiology ; Fungi ; }, abstract = {Drought stress is a primary factor reducing field crop productivity, and its impact is predicted to intensify and occur more often because of human-influenced environmental and climate changes. Which exerts a critical influence on plant growth and distribution, especially in semi-arid Karst regions including southwest China. Cinnamomum migao H.W.Li (C. migao), a tree in the Cinnamomum genus of Lauraceae family, is a medicinally important tree species endemic to southwest China. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis mitigates drought stress in plants, yet the inoculation method affects the establishment and function of this symbiosis remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted an experiment examining the influence of different AMF (Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae) and Claroideoglomus etunicatum (C. etunicatum) their combination (Mixed)) on C. migao seedlings. AMF colonization rates, root vigor, seedling growth and biomass, soil physicochemical properties, and enzyme activities were measured. The results showed that all three AMF treatments significantly enhanced the growth, plant biomass, and soil enzyme activity of C. migao seedlings. Among them, C. etunicatum demonstrated the most effective overall promotion. Therefore, the application of AMF, particularly C. etunicatum, can enhance the drought resistance of C. migao, which supports its large-scale cultivation and offers insights for ecological restoration in semi-arid regions.}, }
@article {pmid42048464, year = {2026}, author = {Ishigami, K and Jang, S and Yoshioka, A and Morimura, H and Yokota, A and Moulin, L and Lirette, AO and Takeshita, K and Nakane, D and Mergaert, P and Kikuchi, Y}, title = {A Trojan horse pathogen breaking through partner-choice barriers in the insect gut.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {18}, pages = {e2533244123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2533244123}, pmid = {42048464}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {22KJ0057//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 22H05066//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 22H05068//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 22H05068//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 18KK0211//JSPS-CNRS Bilateral Open Partnership Joint Research Project/ ; 18KK0211//JSPS-CNRS Bilateral Open Partnership Joint Research Project/ ; RS-2024-00336247//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0007//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0007//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Burkholderia/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; *Heteroptera/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Mutualistic symbioses are potentially vulnerable to exploitation, particularly in hosts that acquire symbionts from the environment, where harmful exploiters inhabit. The independent evolution and persistence of intricate partner-choice mechanisms in many symbioses testify the threat by specialized exploiters of mutualisms, although only few have been documented in nature. We report here a lethal "Trojan horse" pathogen, Burkholderia sp. SJ1, exploiting the stinkbug-Caballeronia gut symbiosis. This bacterium resembles symbionts by using wrapping motility to traverse the host's sorting organ, inducing symbiotic organ morphogenesis and colonizing it. Unlike mutualists, however, it resists host digestion for nutrient acquisition, breaches the gut epithelium, and causes sepsis, rapidly killing the host. Colonization of the symbiotic organ is essential for its lethality. This case shows how pathogens can exploit mutualisms, highlighting the evolutionary pressures shaping partner-choice mechanisms and the fragility of even highly specialized mutualisms.}, }
@article {pmid42048646, year = {2026}, author = {Mooney, BC}, title = {Symbiosis saboteur: Ribonuclease PR10 executes nodule cell death.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {126}, number = {2}, pages = {e70906}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.70906}, pmid = {42048646}, issn = {1365-313X}, }
@article {pmid42051102, year = {2026}, author = {T, M and Gowda, J and M, R and Goudanavar, P and Akondi, BR}, title = {Mobilising Computational Strategies in Enzyme Inhibition: Reconciling Therapeutic Innovation and Environmental Integrity from Molecular Targets to Ecosystem Disruptors.}, journal = {Current drug metabolism}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0113892002420090251206171649}, pmid = {42051102}, issn = {1875-5453}, abstract = {Enzyme inhibition has become a cornerstone of modern therapeutics, targeting key molecular pathways implicated in cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. This review explores diverse strategies of enzyme inhibition from classical active site-directed inhibitors to innovative biofilm-targeting enzymatic cocktails, emphasising their clinical utility. Beyond medicine, enzyme inhibitors are routinely employed to modulate nitrogen fixation, methanogenesis, and microbial dynamics in industrial and environmental settings. However, this dual-edged sword reveals its paradox: the very agent that heals can also harm. Their ecological persistence and bioaccumulation risks disrupt microbial ecosystems, foster antibiotic resistance, and affect non-target organisms. This review navigates the fine line between pharmaco-logical promise and environmental peril, evaluating risk assessment frameworks, mitigation strategies, and forward-looking approaches such as high-throughput screening, machine learning, and enzyme engineering. Ultimately, it advocates for a symbiotic integration of pharmaceutical innovation and environmental stewardship to create eco-friendly strategies that can enhance therapeutic efficacy without compromising ecological balance.}, }
@article {pmid42042409, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Ye, Z and Wu, S and Lv, Y and Ren, Y and Luo, Q and Yang, H}, title = {Insect Gut Microbiota-Research Strategies and Perspectives.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {42042409}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2024YFA0917000//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Insects are widely distributed across the globe and exhibit strong adaptability in diverse living environments, a capability closely linked to the diversity of their gut microbiota. The composition of insect gut bacteria varies with species, living environment, diet, and development stage. In recent years, the widespread application of culture-independent strategies based on molecular biology techniques has provided substantial information for studies on the interaction mechanisms between insects and their gut microbiota. However, culture-dependent strategies aimed at isolating pure cultures remain indispensable. Only by integrating multi-techniques such as bacterial isolation and pure culture, axenic insect technology, and molecular biology can in-depth research be conducted on key gut bacteria of insects. This review summarizes culture-dependent and -independent strategies used for the analysis of the diversity and functions of insect gut microbiota, focusing on the traditional methods and new strategies for microbial cultivation, multi-omics techniques, and axenic insect technology. Recent studies showed that the application of integrated techniques is powerful for illustrating the microbial function and evolution of gut microbiota, and the interactions between intestinal bacteria and their hosts. Studies have shown that the insect gut microbiota plays important roles in the promotion of host growth and development by regulating host metabolic pathways, contributing to host nutrition, and supporting the host in defending against pathogens or degrading toxic compounds. Future research directions and strategies are also proposed, providing insights into further exploration of the interaction mechanisms between symbiotic insect gut bacteria and their hosts, as well as future applications in various fields.}, }
@article {pmid42042479, year = {2026}, author = {Kan, Y and Wang, R and Zhang, B and Liu, Y and Liu, R and Zhang, Z and Zhang, Z and Ayra-Pardo, C and Li, D}, title = {Contrasting Toxicity Classes Differentially Affect Gut Microbiota Composition in Honey Bees.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {42042479}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {251111113200 and 231111111000//Key Research Project of Henan Province/ ; 2024.10667.CEECIND//Portuguese FCT - Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the Scientific Employment Stimulus program/ ; }, abstract = {Honey bees rely on a specialized gut microbiota for nutrition, detoxification, and immune function, yet the effects of emerging insecticides on this symbiotic system remain poorly understood. We compared the acute toxicity and short-term gut microbiota responses of Apis mellifera ligustica workers exposed to two insecticides with contrasting toxicity classes: the highly toxic emamectin benzoate-lufenuron (EB-LFR) and the low-toxicity ecdysone agonist RH-5849. EB-LFR was associated with observed reductions in core gut symbionts (Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, Lactobacillus), a transient increase in Bifidobacterium, and the detection of opportunistic taxa such as Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter hormaechei. In contrast, RH-5849 was associated with broad reductions in beneficial bacteria without detectable pathogen emergence, suggesting a more moderate alteration of microbiota composition. Because microbiota analyses were based on single pooled samples per treatment, these results represent exploratory, qualitative insights into early microbial responses. Together with acute toxicity data, the findings suggest that insecticides with contrasting toxicity classes may differentially affect gut microbiota composition in honey bees and highlight the value of incorporating gut microbiota endpoints into pesticide risk-assessment frameworks to better anticipate sublethal effects on pollinator health.}, }
@article {pmid42042783, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Huang, S and Lai, Y and Wang, P and Wang, F and Pan, D and Zhao, F and Gong, H}, title = {Effects of Aeromonas veronii and Its Vaccine on Immune-Related Gene, Liver Transcriptomics, and Gill Microbiota in Crucian Carp.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {42042783}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {2023YFD2400702-2//National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell/ ; CARS-45//China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA/ ; 0202020023//Guangdong Province Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Aeromonas veronii is an important bacterial pathogen in crucian carp and can cause serious disease outbreaks and substantial economic losses in aquaculture. Objectives: To evaluate how A. veronii infection and its inactivated vaccine modulate immune responses in Carassius auratus. Methods: 270 juveniles were allocated into three groups: a saline-injected control group (Ctrl), a vaccination group receiving an inactivated A. veronii vaccine (Vac), and an artificial infection group (AIG) subjected to stimulation. Liver, spleen, head kidney, gill, and intestine samples were collected from fish after anesthesia. The relative transcript levels of IgM, IgD, BAFF, MHCII, CD4, BCL6, MyD88, and NF-κB were quantified. For liver transcriptome analysis, the effective library concentration was determined. And the 16S rRNA gene resulting reads of fish gill symbiotic microbiota were processed for downstream bioinformatic analysis. Results: The results showed that the Vac achieved an RPS of 73.33%, and vaccination significantly upregulated multiple immune-related genes in different fish organs. With BAFF transcription across organs emerging as a robust sentinel readout. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of BAFF between other genes were all ≥0.8. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that AIG had more DEGs than Vac (5885 vs. 4008) and Ctrl (6910 vs. 6178), respectively. Some genes in AIG revealed significant over-representation of immune pathways, such as BCL6, MyD88, and NF-κB. The fish gill microbiota comprised a diverse set of low-abundance taxa, the phylum level was dominated by Proteobacteria and Fusobacteriota across all groups; whereas, the Vac group remained broadly closer to the Ctrl group in overall composition. Conclusions: These results indicated marked post-challenge immune-metabolic coupling in the liver, and suggested coordinated immunophysiological interplay between the liver and the spleen. Gill microecology of symbiotic bacteria was affected by vaccination or challenge reactions, which in turn affects the health of the gills or the organism itself.}, }
@article {pmid42045908, year = {2026}, author = {Sousa, B and Chiavassa, A and Delgado, L and Gomes, R and Mendes, C and Serpa, J}, title = {Metabolic reprogramming and molecular crosstalk at the cancer-endothelial interface in ovarian carcinoma.}, journal = {Molecular cancer}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12943-026-02673-y}, pmid = {42045908}, issn = {1476-4598}, support = {2025.00998.BDANA//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDB/04462/2020, UIDP/04462/2020 and LA/P/0087/2020//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42046096, year = {2026}, author = {Li, T and Zhang, B and Liang, H and Huang, J and Sun, Y and Wei, Z and Manullang, C and Huang, H and Lin, S}, title = {Dual urea utilization enzyme systems in Symbiodiniaceae coral symbionts under warming.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-026-02610-x}, pmid = {42046096}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {42206116//Natural Science Foundation of China grants/ ; 2024A1515011467//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; LTMB202302//Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province open fund/ ; MELRS2325//MEL Visiting Fellowship of the State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/ ; FJHY-YYKJ-2024-1-18-6//Fujian Province Marine Service and Fishery High-Quality Development Special Fund Project/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Urea has been shown to be important as a nitrogen (N) nutrient for coral holobionts, but the mechanism underpinning urea utilization by symbiotic algae is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the molecular pathways underlying urea utilization in the Symbiodiniaceae family and the responses of these pathways to different N-nutrient conditions and heat stress through comprehensive genomic screening, multi-omics analysis and stable isotope pulse-chase experiments.<br><br>RESULTS: Genome screening revealed that two urea hydrolysis systems, urease (URE) and urea amidolyase (UAL), were present in Symbiodiniaceae, positioning this lineage as one of the few non-green algae that possess UAL. Furthermore, our data reveal an interesting evolutionary trajectory of UAL. While subunit DUR2 occurs in most symbiodiniacean genomes sequenced to date, only two species (Cladocopium goreaui and Cladopium c92) possess the complete UAL system (DUR1 with DUR2). In the phylogenetic tree of UAL sequences, Symbiodiniaceae clustered more closely with coral symbiotic bacteria than with other eukaryotes, but show clear distinct genetic features such as GC content and codon usage, suggesting evolutionary horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. Furthermore, ex-hospite C. goreaui exhibited better growth and achieved higher maximum specific growth rates when urea was provided as the sole nitrogen source, compared to ammonium. Notably, when experimenting on the Cladocopium-dominating Pocillopora damicornis holobiont using [15]N isotope tracer, we found that under heat stress (HS) conditions, the in-hospite Symbiodiniaceae significantly increased urea uptake but decreased NO3[-] and NH4[+] uptake. Omics analyses suggest that responses to different nitrogen, light, and temperature conditions were more likely mediated by UAL.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals two distinct urea utilization systems in the coral ecosystem and their differential responses to warming, highlighting the importance of urea as N-nutrient when facing global warming.}, }
@article {pmid42047250, year = {2026}, author = {Miller, BW and Lim, AL and Bailey, J and Cleofas, MJB and Lacerna, N and Altamia, MA and Seale, JT and Robes, JMD and Naka, H and Manoil, C and Haygood, MG and Schmidt, EW and Concepcion, GP}, title = {Butuanimides, Fatty Acid Synthesis-Inhibiting Antibiotics from Symbiotic Bacteria.}, journal = {ACS chemical biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acschembio.6c00130}, pmid = {42047250}, issn = {1554-8937}, abstract = {With the ongoing antibiotic drug resistance crisis, new molecules with new mechanisms of action are essential. Here, we characterized quorum sensing-regulated butuanimides from symbiotic γ-proteobacteria, Teredinibacter sp. 2052S, which kill Gram-positive bacterial and human cells with micromolar and submicromolar potencies, respectively. Butuanimides share a peptide-imide moiety with andrimid-class antibiotics that target bacterial acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the rate-limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Similarly, site-directed mutagenesis in Acinetobacter baylyi identified the ACC carboxyl transferase (CT) subunit as responsible for butuanimide antibacterial activity. The andrimid-like peptide-imide moiety is attached to a longer, halogenated polyene chain that initiates with an unusual starter unit likely derived from phenylalanine. The resulting epoxyquinone is unstable in solution over a period of hours to days, enabling redox control of antibiotic action. Comparison of the hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) biosynthetic gene clusters of butuanimides and andrimid suggests the repurposing of a key phenylalanine-derived motif. The butuanimide structures link the thailandamide- and andrimid-class ACC inhibitors, which should aid ongoing efforts in the development of ACC inhibitors to treat multidrug-resistant infections.}, }
@article {pmid42035497, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Z and Yu, H and Gang, D and Lu, Q and Ji, H and Mu, J and Zheng, X and Qi, J and Hu, C and Qu, J}, title = {Alterations in the ecological amplitude of summer-dormant submerged macrophyte serve as sensitive indicators for the ecological risk of PFAS in water.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {511}, number = {}, pages = {142184}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142184}, pmid = {42035497}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The gaps in aquatic biological monitoring during cold seasons compromise the accuracy of year-round water quality and contaminant risk assessments. To address this challenge, this study surveyed over 350 aquatic plant species worldwide and selected a summer-dormant submerged macrophyte (Potamogeton crispus) for research. Through a mesocosm experiment, the exposure responses of P. crispus to typical emerging contaminants (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS) were investigated, demonstrating that the ecological amplitude of P. crispus can be used as an indicator of PFAS risk during low-temperature seasons. Results revealed significant PFAS accumulation in plant tissues, particularly in leaves, with bioaccumulation factors for PFOA reaching 412.71 L/kg in leaves, which is 4-17 times higher than those of short-chain PFAS. Under PFAS exposure, P. crispus maintains physiological stability and reduces oxidative damage through adaptive phenotypic plasticity involving multi-level antioxidant defense and photosynthetic regulation. Metabolomic analysis identified significant perturbations in nucleotide metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and ascorbate metabolism pathways. The assembly and dispersion strategies of symbiotic microbial communities shift from stochastic-dominated to deterministic-dominated processes as PFAS concentrations increase. A partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) confirmed the effects of traits and ecological functions of P. crispus through both direct accumulation and indirect interference. This study proposes the feasibility of using P. crispus as a sensitive bio-indicator for PFAS risk assessment during low-temperature seasons and supports future ecological monitoring and restoration strategies.}, }
@article {pmid42035689, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Yang, X and Liu, X and Feng, J and Xie, S and Lv, J}, title = {Calcium-mediated cross-kingdom carbon-iron metabolism coordination boots microalgal activity in high-sludge microalgal-bacterial symbiosis system.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {405}, number = {}, pages = {129729}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129729}, pmid = {42035689}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Robust microalgal activity is critical for the microalgal-bacterial symbiosis system (MBSS) to enable wastewater resource recovery, but microalgal performance can be affected by high concentrations of sludge. Ca[2+] may regulate microalgal performance. Nevertheless, the mechanism of Ca[2+]-mediated regulation, particularly under high concentrations of sludge, remains unclear. This study integrated physiological and genomic analyses to investigate microalgal responses to sludge (100-800 mg/L) and Ca[2+] supplementation (10-50 mM). Results showed that high-concentration sludge (400-800 mg/L) reduced microalgal growth, pigment synthesis, and photosynthetic efficiency by 65.6%-86.6%, 20.1%-39.2%, and 1.6%-7.0%, respectively, while Ca[2+] restored these parameters by up to 39.9%, 39.7%, and 8.5%. At the genetic level, Ca[2+] activated microalgal Ca[2+] signaling pathways (43.9%-226.4% increase in CaM, CDPK, and CBL). It upregulated antioxidant enzyme genes (76.1%-373.0% increase in SOD, CAT, and POD) to mitigate cell damage and photosynthetic genes (e.g. 95.0%-260.9% increase in psbA and rbcL) to restore chloroplast function. Concurrently, Ca[2+] promoted bacterial central carbon metabolism genes (e.g., 1.6%-26.2% increase in CS, IDH and OGDH) to increase CO2 release for microalgal carbon fixation and recruited siderophore-producing bacteria (e.g., 120.6%-154.3% increase in Sphingopyxis) to improve iron bioavailability for microalgal photosynthesis. Therefore, a positive feedback loop was formed through the supplementation of Ca[2+]. Microalgal photosynthesis supplied organic carbon/O2 for bacteria, while bacterial metabolism provided CO2 and iron for microalgae. Collectively, Ca[2+] optimized microalgal activity via cross-kingdom coordination of carbon-iron metabolism, offering a mechanistic basis for optimizing MBSS applications in wastewater treatment and biological resource recovery by using Ca[2+] as an effective regulator.}, }
@article {pmid42035947, year = {2026}, author = {Painenao, CA and Taladriz, JG and Neculpán, MN and Vargas-Straube, MJ and Bojko, J and Ceballos, R and Fernandez, N and Navarro, PD}, title = {From blueprint to biocontrol: Integrating complete genome, metabolic profiling and in vivo evaluation of Xenorhabdus magdalenensis IMI397775 for insect pest control.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108640}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2026.108640}, pmid = {42035947}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {The symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus magdalenensis has a complex life cycle that alternates between a mutualistic relationship with the native entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema australe and a pathogenic stage with the insect host. Although several nematode-bacteria are well studied, the S. australe-X. Magdalenensis complex, originally isolated from southern Chile, remains poorly understood. In this study, we provide the first complete circular 4.086 Mb genome of the Xenorhabdus magdalenensis IMI397775 strain and genomically and chemically describe the bacteria at their ecological stages: in the IJs' receptacle as symbionts and in the insect's hemolymph as pathogens. We conduct a genomic analysis of X. magdalenensis IMI397775 using genmarks and Prokka for functional annotation and comparative tools to assess the evolutionary history of the most related Xenorhabdus spp. Genomic data were integrated with biochemical metabolic profiling using the API 50 CG test to validate the genotype-phenotype relationship. Our results showed an architecture of IMI397775 strain characterized by 20 rearrangements relative to X. doucetiae, its closest relative, suggesting a rapid evolutionary diversification. The identification of 25 BCGs with low similarity to known databases, and over 60% of which may encode novel molecule positions, makes this strain an important reservoir for natural product discovery. Our in vivo evaluation of CFS confirms that the genomic potential of this strain may be a potent biological tool with high efficacy and a potential candidate for the development of new-generation biopesticides.}, }
@article {pmid42036711, year = {2026}, author = {Gao, Y and Wang, H and Dai, X and Gao, D and Zeng, W and Lambers, H and Hu, M and Meng, S and Yang, F and Kou, L and Fu, X}, title = {Mycorrhizal type shifts the controls on tree root exudation from soil-driven to carbohydrate-driven mechanisms.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71216}, pmid = {42036711}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {31971634//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32330071//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32471848//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZR2023QC300//Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; XBS2456//the Annual New Talent Research Project of Jinan University/ ; }, abstract = {Exudation is crucial for carbon and nutrient cycling in forests. However, the underlying mechanism controlling exudation in mature trees, especially its dependence on mycorrhizal type, remains unknown. Based on the control of carbon acquisition by roots, we propose an updated 'push-trade-off-pull' framework for exudation. We investigated three controlling categories, that is, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in branches and roots, root functional traits, and soil nutrients, as proxies for 'push', 'trade-off', and 'pull', respectively, over exudation for trees colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in subtropical forests of China. The NSCs, root traits, and soil nutrients together controlled exudation of trees, particularly distinguishing AM from ECM species. Soil nutrients dominantly impacted the exudation of AM species (47%), that is, increased exudation linked with decreased soil nutrients, supporting the 'pull' effect. However, the NSCs mainly mediated that of ECM species (56%), that is, enhanced exudation associated with declined NSCs, which rejects the 'push' effect. For the 'trade-off', greater exudation was correlated with greater root branching for AM and with lower root tissue density for ECM species. Our findings highlight the mycorrhizal symbiosis-dependent mechanism of exuded carbon that provides a new perspective for understanding exudate-mediated belowground carbon cycling in forests.}, }
@article {pmid42036782, year = {2026}, author = {Song, B and Zeb, J}, title = {The mosquito midgut harbors stable bacteria that enhance host hemolymph immunity.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70720}, pmid = {42036782}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//City University of Hong Kong and the University of Hong Kong./ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mosquito symbionts have the potential to control mosquito-borne diseases by reducing vector competence through direct or indirect interactions with pathogens. However, the microbiome of field-collected mosquitoes is often unstable, and it remains unclear whether certain symbiont species can both colonize their hosts stably and modulate host immunity. In this study, we collected second-instar Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens larvae from field water sources in Hong Kong and reared them to fourth-instar larvae and adults under laboratory conditions. We investigated microbiome changes from water to mosquito midguts and identified stable bacterial species (≥ 0.01% relative abundance) across mosquito stages using 16S rRNA-based bacteriome analysis. We further isolated symbiotic bacteria on culture plates, screened stable species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and evaluated their functional potential.<br><br>RESULTS: Mosquito microbiomes were influenced by water source, developmental stage, and host species. Taxonomically, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated mosquito midguts. Each mosquito species maintained four stable bacterial species (&#x2265;&#x2009;0.01% relative abundance) throughout development. We confirmed culturable Comamonas thiooxydans as a stable symbiont of Culex pipiens and Vibrionimonas magnilacihabitans in Aedes albopictus. Genomic predictions suggested their involvement in antimicrobial peptide synthesis. Functionally, these bacteria enhanced host survival and increased hemolymph antimicrobial activity against Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora 15 (ECC15), but not across mosquito species.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that mosquitoes harbor generally unstable bacterial communities with only a few species-specific stable symbionts, which may contribute to host survival and immune function. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid42036985, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, Y and Kramer, N and Melarkey, MK and Altera, AK and Tresguerres, M and Wangpraseurt, D and Chen, S}, title = {A 3D-Bioprinted Artificial Coral Platform for Investigating Structural Effects on Microalgal Photophysiology.}, journal = {ACS biomaterials science &amp; engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00243}, pmid = {42036985}, issn = {2373-9878}, abstract = {Coral skeletal morphology and optical properties play critical roles in regulating light distribution to symbiotic dinoflagellates and shaping their growth and photosynthetic performance. However, existing experimental approaches lack precise control over skeletal microgeometry and optical scattering, limiting comprehensive studies of coral photophysiology. Here, we present a 3D bioprinted artificial coral platform integrating engineered hydrogel-based tissue with tunable skeletal structures to investigate coral-algal light interactions. Diffusion-optimized hyaluronic acid glycidyl methacrylate (HAGM) hydrogels supported robust growth and photosynthesis of encapsulated dinoflagellates. Using natural coral skeletons from shallow and mesophotic environments, we demonstrate that algal growth within the HAGM tissue layer is regulated by the underlying skeletal morphology. We further fabricated artificial coral skeletons with fine-scale corallite geometries by incorporating cellulose nanocrystals to enhance light scattering. Evaluation under varying light intensities revealed photosynthetic performance trends consistent with those observed under natural conditions. This platform provides a controllable in vitro model for studying coral-algal photophysiology.}, }
@article {pmid42037241, year = {2026}, author = {Thieme, MW and Nishiguchi, MK}, title = {Lighting the way: how the squid-Vibrio model can inform thermal impacts on symbiotic dynamics.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {229}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.251773}, pmid = {42037241}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {DBI-2214028//National Science Foundation/ ; 80NSSC18K1053//NASA Astrobiology Institute/ ; //University of California, Merced/ ; //University of California, Merced/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; Animals ; *Decapodiformes/microbiology/physiology ; *Vibrio/physiology ; Temperature ; Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {As global temperatures are shifting, so too is the landscape of organismal fitness and, by extension, the role of the symbiotic microbes they house. As these host-microbe partnerships grapple with changing environments, current research struggles to keep pace with the complexity of microbial symbioses acclimating, adapting and evolving as environmental conditions change around them. Wild-caught organisms have been used to test adaptation to extreme environments, but extrapolating and interpreting data on how separate partners within a symbiosis respond to detrimental conditions is difficult. The beneficial association between bobtail squids and bioluminescent Vibrio bacteria is a model that has been used for over three decades to uncover evolutionary and ecological mechanisms of symbiogenesis. The system is highly amenable to a broad range of physiological and molecular techniques and has been used to study many dimensions of symbiotic interactions. This beneficial association has demonstrated that host selection of environmentally available Vibrio symbionts can be influenced by various abiotic conditions, such as temperature. Complex biochemical communication has been charted extensively between host and symbiont, revealing universally conserved traits that are temperature sensitive. Additionally, temperature can influence co-evolution of the partners, and this system can be used to predict symbiotic cooperation over evolutionary time scales. While one model system cannot provide exhaustive insight, the bobtail squid-Vibrio mutualism has laid extensive, pioneering groundwork that can be used to develop targeted questions about symbioses under changing climates.}, }
@article {pmid42037529, year = {2026}, author = {Underwood, TJ and Jorrin, B and Turnbull, LA and Poole, PS}, title = {Pea plants conditionally sanction less effectively fixing rhizobia at the level of whole nodules rather than single cells.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erag191}, pmid = {42037529}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Legumes sanction root nodules containing rhizobial strains with low nitrogen fixation rates (less effectively fixing). Pea (Pisum sativum) nodules contain both undifferentiated bacteria and terminally differentiated nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. It is critical to understand how sanctions act on both bacteria and bacteroids, and how they differ. In addition, less effective strains could potentially evade sanctioning by entering the same nodule as an effective strain i.e., piggybacking. P. sativum was co-inoculated with pairwise combinations of three strains of rhizobia with different effectiveness, to test whether ineffective strains can evade sanctions in this way. We assessed the effect of sanctions on nodule populations of bacteria and bacteroids using flow cytometry and the effects on nodule internal structure using confocal microscopy. We show that sanctioning lowered bacteroid populations and caused a reduction in the size of bacteria. Sanctions also precipitated an early change in nodule cell morphology. In nodules containing two strains that differed in their nitrogen-fixation ability, both were treated equally. Thus, peas sanction whole nodules based on their nitrogen output, but do not sanction at the cellular level. Our results demonstrate peas conditionally sanction at the whole nodule level, providing stability to the symbiosis by reducing the fitness of ineffective strains, but cannot target individual strains in a mixed nodule.}, }
@article {pmid42037654, year = {2026}, author = {Peng, X and Liu, Q and Li, Q and Huang, X}, title = {Geographical Divergence and Environmental Drivers of the Symbiotic Bacterial Community Structure in a Koelreuteria-Feeding Aphid Species Complex.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {e73580}, pmid = {42037654}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Symbiotic bacteria play a crucial role in the life history of insects. Aphids and their diverse symbiotic bacteria serve as an excellent model for studying the bacterial-insect symbiotic relationship. Our recent study revealed that the aphid Periphyllus koelreuteriae, an important ornamental pest specifically feeding on Koelreuteria plants and widely distributed in the temperate and subtropical regions of China, is actually a species complex that includes three species (P. koelreuteriae, P. blackmani, and P. guangxuei). To characterize the composition and abundance of the symbiotic bacterial communities within this species complex, we employed Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencing to assess symbiotic bacterial diversity and further investigated the associations between symbiont community profiles and aphid species, geographic populations, and host plants. The results show that two dominant symbiotic bacteria were detected, namely Buchnera and Serratia. The mean relative abundance of Buchnera exhibited the trend: P. guangxuei (88.41%) < P. blackmani (95.36%) < P. koelreuteriae (98.51%), which are distributed in subtropical highland, subtropical humid, and temperate regions, respectively, whereas Serratia showed the opposite pattern. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that latitude (LAT) and the minimum temperature of the coldest month (BIO6) are critical environmental factors affecting the composition of symbiotic bacteria in the P. koelreuteriae species complex. The relative abundance of Buchnera significantly decreased with decreasing latitude and increasing minimum temperature of the coldest month, whereas the relative abundance of Serratia exhibited the opposite. These results indicate that the composition and abundance of symbiotic bacteria in this species complex are influenced by both aphid species and geographic-climatic conditions, with latitude (LAT) and the minimum temperature of the coldest month (BIO6) identified as key environmental factors shaping the community structure. This study elucidates the distribution patterns of symbiotic bacteria across closely allied aphid species and along environmental gradients, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the ecological adaptation mechanisms of this aphid species complex and laying a scientific basis for developing targeted integrated management strategies in the future.}, }
@article {pmid42039907, year = {2026}, author = {Ganimet, &#x15e; and Yıkmış, S and Karrar, E and Aljobair, MO and Mohamed Ahmed, IA and Althawab, SA}, title = {Bioactive potential of green tea kombucha with propolis: in vitro bioavailability investigation.}, journal = {Frontiers in nutrition}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1811711}, pmid = {42039907}, issn = {2296-861X}, abstract = {Kombucha tea, which is frequently preferred among functional drinks, is prepared by fermenting sweetened tea with a symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). Kombucha has various therapeutic potentials thanks to its rich bioactive components and high antioxidant capacity. Propolis, which has health benefits like antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-tumor, can be added to improve the nutritional content of kombucha tea. The effectiveness of bioactive compounds in a beverage is linked to how well these compounds are absorbed by the body. Bioavailability refers to the portion of a dietary nutrient or bioactive compound that is usable for physiological processes and can be stored in the body. In this study, the in vitro bioavailability of green tea kombucha with propolis was investigated by adding propolis to improve kombucha tea's nutritional content. The study used the response surface methodology to obtain optimized green tea kombucha with propolis (GTK-P). Bioactive compound contents, bioavailability levels, and sensory analysis parameters of GTK-P samples and propolis-free kombucha (GTK) samples at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days were investigated comparatively. According to the results, bioactive compound content increased in both GTK and GTK-P samples as the storage period progressed. However, GTK-P had significantly higher bioactive compound concentrations and intestinal recovery rates (% recovery) relative to the GTK control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, GTK-P increases its therapeutic potential as a functional beverage with higher bioactive compound content and bioavailability. These findings reveal that kombucha with propolis could be a favorable functional food in terms of health-promoting effects.}, }
@article {pmid42040280, year = {2026}, author = {Ledger, T and Renlund, A and Cantillo-González, &#xc1; and Poupin, MJ and González, B}, title = {Aluminum stress responses and beneficial bacterial traits in Medicago legumes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1801139}, pmid = {42040280}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Legumes of the genus Medicago are agronomically important forage crops that also enhance soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. Beyond their agricultural value, Medicago species show promise for the ecological restoration of degraded soils, particularly through their symbiotic associations with soil microbial communities (rhizobacteria). However, in acidic soils-common in degraded environments-the presence of toxic metals such as aluminum (Al) poses a major constraint to plant establishment and microbial functioning. However, the specific impacts of Al stress on each symbiotic partner-and on the dynamics of their interaction-remain poorly understood. This review systematizes and describes recent advances in the effects of Al on Medicago legumes, which underlie increased tolerance to metal phytotoxicity, and aims to identify synergistic functions among plant and microbial partners. Al produces morphological and functional changes in Medicago species. Key strategies for metal tolerance involve detoxification mechanisms, such as organic acids production, that effectively mitigate the stress caused by metallic ions. Diverse plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) contribute significantly to each of these strategies, either by the direct production of metal-chelating compounds or by the induction of metal sequestration and/or transport functions in the host. These microorganisms, alone or in combination, display traits that can influence Al mobilization and removal for phytoremediation applications. Mechanisms underlying the effect of PGPR on Medicago gene expression during metal exposure have begun to be elucidated, as has the role of symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizae. Additional studies employing transcriptomics, metabolomics, and genetic engineering are also necessary to fully understand their impact on common metal stress responses and tolerance mechanisms in the genus Medicago.}, }
@article {pmid42042025, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, C and Shen, Y and Qi, L and Sun, X}, title = {From "Omics" to Field: Deciphering the Stress Adaptation Networks and Breeding Potential of Medicago ruthenica L.}, journal = {Current issues in molecular biology}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cimb48040365}, pmid = {42042025}, issn = {1467-3045}, support = {2025-ZJ-717//the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province/ ; 2023QHSKXRCTJ28//Qinghai Province Kunlun Talent "Young and Middle-aged Scientific and Technological Talent" Support Project/ ; 2023-SF-A5//Major Science and Technology Project of Qinghai Province/ ; 54M2025006//2025 Graduate Student Innovation Project of Qinghai Minzu University/ ; }, abstract = {Medicago ruthenica L., a superior forage crop within the genus Medicago (Fabaceae), is endowed with remarkable stress tolerance and an abundance of bioactive compounds, conferring significant ecological and forage value. Existing reviews primarily focus on a single research direction, and the most recent findings are dated, failing to cover breakthroughs at the molecular level. This paper systematically synthesizes the latest research progress in five key areas: genetic diversity and genomic studies, biotic stress responses, abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms (drought, salinity, and low temperature, etc.), utilization (including genetic breeding, ecological restoration, and forage development), and future research prospects. This review addresses critical gaps in existing literature, particularly regarding advances in genomic sequencing, biotic stresses, and research on stress-associated microorganisms. Research indicates that M. ruthenica exhibits extensive genetic diversity, and its genome contains numerous positive selection signals associated with stress resistance. It can tolerate multiple abiotic and biotic stresses through morphoplasticity, physiological metabolic regulation, and transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, its symbiosis with microorganisms such as rhizobia significantly enhances its stress tolerance. M. ruthenica demonstrates outstanding application potential in degraded grassland restoration and high-quality forage production. Future research should focus on mining stress-resistant genes, optimizing molecular breeding techniques, and integrating artificial intelligence into breeding practices. That will facilitate its transformation from a regional endemic resource to a commercially viable functional species, thereby providing robust support for ecological security and the sustainable development of grassland-based livestock husbandry in cold and arid regions.}, }
@article {pmid42042367, year = {2026}, author = {Lai, Y and Fan, C and Zhang, Z and Yan, R and Zhu, D and Yang, H}, title = {Transposable Element-Driven Genomic Plasticity: Unveiling the Evolutionary Mechanisms of Lifestyle Transition and Ecological Adaptation in Endophytic Fungi.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12040273}, pmid = {42042367}, issn = {2309-608X}, abstract = {The genomic basis underlying the remarkable ecological flexibility of endophytic fungi (EF), particularly their potential to transition between symbiotic, saprophytic, and pathogenic lifestyles, remains poorly understood. Through comparative genomics of 75 Ascomycota and a validation set of 36 Fusarium genomes, we uncovered a distinct pattern of genome evolution in EF, contrasting with the well-known "gene loss" model in obligate symbionts. Our analysis reveals that EF genomes are significantly expanded, primarily driven by the accumulation of DNA transposable elements (TEs). Crucially, this TE-mediated genomic plasticity is coupled with the retention and significant expansion of gene families for both saprotrophy and potential pathogenesis. We propose a novel "dual-trophic potential" model: TE-driven genomic expansion and plasticity provide the genetic raw material for EF to maintain a versatile repertoire of ecological tools, facilitating adaptive shifts across the endophytic-saprophytic-pathogenic continuum. This study reframes our understanding of fungal endophytism from a static symbiotic state to a dynamic, genetically enabled ecological strategy.}, }
@article {pmid41845220, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, W and Li, J and Zhao, X and Hu, X and Wang, G and Zhang, Q and Zheng, H and Bai, P and Miao, L and Wang, X}, title = {Comprehensive genome-wide identification of the NPF gene family and functional characterization of GmNPF6.8 regulating root development in soybean.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41845220}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {2208085MC61//the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province/ ; U24A20394//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) plays a key role in nitrate uptake, transport, and nitrogen use efficiency in plants. Although NPF genes have been widely studied in many species, their genomic organization, evolutionary patterns, and functional roles in soybean remain unclear. Soybean is an important legume with high nitrogen demand and the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, 126 GmNPF genes were identified in the Wm82.a4.v1 genome. These genes were classified into 8 subfamilies and were unevenly distributed across 19 chromosomes. Family expansion was mainly driven by segmental duplication. Ka/Ks analysis indicated strong purifying selection. Promoter analysis revealed cis-regulatory elements associated with light response, phytohormone signaling, and abiotic stress. Expression profiling across tissues showed clear spatial and temporal patterns for 112 GmNPF genes. GmNPF6.8 was predominantly expressed in roots. Under low-nitrogen conditions, many GmNPF genes were differentially expressed. GmNPF5.13, GmNPF5.5, GmNPF7.13, GmNPF7.12, GmNPF7.14, and GmNPF2.11 were significantly upregulated, whereas GmNPF6.8 and GmNPF6.9 were significantly downregulated in soybean roots. Genetic diversity analysis of GmNPF6.8 in 4,068 soybean accessions identified 3 coding-region haplotypes. GmNPF6.8[Hap1] showed clear evidence of strong artificial selection. Subcellular localization assays confirmed that GmNPF6.8 is localized to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of GmNPF6.8 in Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots significantly reduced root length and root density. It also altered the expression of key genes involved in root development. Further analysis showed that GmARF11 directly binds to the promoter of GmNPF6.8 and represses its transcription.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study clarified the genomic and evolutionary features of the GmNPF family and identified GmNPF6.8 as a negative regulator of root development. These findings provide a potential target for improving nitrogen use efficiency in soybean breeding.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-026-08559-x.}, }
@article {pmid42029765, year = {2026}, author = {Boyno, G and Tatar, NA and Usta, M and Teniz, N and Demir, S}, title = {Integration of whey and mycorrhizal symbiosis: a sustainable biocontrol strategy against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in squash.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {42029765}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Zucchini yellow mosaic virus [Potyvirus cucurbita flavitesselati, (ZYMV-Z)] is a major pathogen causing severe yield losses in global Squash (Cucurbita pepo L). production, with limited sustainable control strategies available. This study aimed to elucidate the biocontrol potential of whey, a by-product of the dairy industry with recognized biofertilizer and biostimulant properties, in integration with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF-M) symbiosis, and to uncover the underlying multilayered defense mechanisms in ZYMV-infected squash plants. ZYMV-infected and non-infected plants were treated with whey (applied-foliar-Wf or via the rhizosphere-Wr) and M, either individually or in combination (WfMZ, WrMZ). Plant growth traits, physiological indicators, biochemical defense responses, soil properties, and mycorrhizal colonization parameters were comprehensively evaluated. ZYMV infection markedly suppressed plant growth, while the integration of whey and AMF significantly mitigated these adverse effects. Notably, the WfMZ combination maintained chlorophyll content and substantially reduced disease severity even under viral stress. This synergistic interaction was associated with a multifaceted activation of the plant’s defense machinery: WfMZ and WrMZ treatments induced the highest total antioxidant activity, phenolic content, proline accumulation, and PAL/CAT enzyme activities. whey acted as a microbial biostimulant by enhancing AMF spore density and root colonization, whereas AMF improved plant-phosphorus uptake and buffered ZYMV-induced rhizosphere acidification. Overall, the integration of whey and AMF represents an effective and sustainable biocontrol strategy against ZYMV. This efficacy stems from the synergy of multiple mechanisms, including direct biostimulation, physiological buffering, rhizosphere engineering, and systemic defense induction along the root–shoot axis. The findings highlight a promising approach for converting agricultural by-products into high-value biocontrol agents for managing viral diseases in plants.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00572-026-01262-7.}, }
@article {pmid42031051, year = {2026}, author = {Wan, K and Xu, H and Cao, B and Wang, G and Chi, R and Xiao, C}, title = {Synergistic effects of phosphorus and fluorine on the structural and metabolic strategies of microbial communities in phosphogypsum stockpiles.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124578}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124578}, pmid = {42031051}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {The continuous leaching of phosphorus (P) and fluorine (F) from phosphogypsum (PG) stockpiles poses an increasing threat to surrounding soil environments. Microorganisms play a crucial role in soil nutrient cycling; however, the effects of P and F on their community structure and function remain unclear. Therefore, this study analyzed the form and content of P and F at five elevation-gradient sampling locations within a PG stockpile and investigated their effects on microbial community structure and metabolic function. Results showed that P and F in the PG stockpile, influenced by pH as well as Fe, Al, and Ca levels, existed primarily as Fe/Al-P (4.36 ± 0.94 - 12.27 ± 0.79%), Ca-P (11.93 ± 0.87% - 47.51 ± 9.21%), Res-P (38.94 ± 11.06 - 81.67 ± 1.38%), and Res-F (77.63 ± 1.66 - 90.15 ± 0.26%). In the central locations of the PG stockpile (L1 - L3), the dominant microbes were the tolerant bacteria Sphingomonas and Occallatibacter and the plant-symbiotic fungi Rhizophagus and Glomus. They accounted for 10.47 ± 2.87 - 11.43 ± 6.20% and 5.16 ± 3.34 - 5.63 ± 1.46% of the bacterial communities, and 30.31 ± 6.61 - 62.78 ± 3.87% and 5.37 ± 3.60 - 11.59±0.74% of the fungal communities, respectively, showing positive correlations with P and F levels. Piecewise structural equation modeling indicated that pH indirectly regulates microbial metabolism by influencing P, F, nutrient, and metal ion levels. Consequently, both pH and the multifunctionality index of microbial C, N, P metabolism increased with distance from the stockpile. This study provides a foundation for the management and ecologically remediating PG stockpiles.}, }
@article {pmid42031854, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, Y and Wu, L and Zhang, J and Chen, C and Zhou, Q and Chen, Y}, title = {Mechanisms underlying rhizosheath dynamics in Kengyilia hirsuta in response to alternating drought and rewatering.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-49036-7}, pmid = {42031854}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {31802123//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Under increasing frequency of extreme climate events, plant adaptation to alternating drought-rewatering stress is critical. Kengyilia hirsuta, a pioneer forage grass in alpine desert ecosystems, relies on rhizosheath formation for drought resistance. This study conducted indoor pot experiments with six water treatments: three drought-rewatering cycles (W1-W3, re‑watered to 10%, 25%, and 40% of field capacity, FC) and three sustained drought levels (W4-W6, maintained at 10%, 25%, and 40% FC). Root architecture, biomass allocation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, and rhizosheath formation were examined over three successive 7‑day periods (T1-T3). Results revealed dynamic responses of rhizosheath accumulation to water regimes: maintained 25% FC (W5) significantly promoted rhizosheath biomass, maintained 40% FC (W6) enhanced early‑stage development, and re‑watering to 10% FC (W1) boosted later‑stage formation. AMF colonization increased progressively, with total colonization rising from 41.51% at T1 (day 7) to 61.40% at T3 (day 21). The W5 treatment consistently exhibited the highest vesicle, arbuscule, and hyphal colonization, along with increased soil spore density and hyphal density by T3. Root morphological traits-including tip number, volume, hair length, and hair density-also peaked under W5. Structural equation modelling identified AMF colonization (total effect: -0.90) and root hair traits (total effect: +0.80) as pivotal regulators of rhizosheath formation. This negative total effect of AMF colonization does not indicate overall inhibition, but rather reflects the feedback regulation intensity mediated by microbial competition and the carbon allocation trade-off within the plant-fungal symbiosis under resource-limited conditions. These factors interact through biomass allocation, root architecture, and soil microenvironment, forming a multidimensional adaptive network. These findings elucidate the ecophysiological mechanisms of plant-AMF collaboration in rhizosheath formation under water fluctuation, supporting the selection of stress‑tolerant grasses for restoring desertified grasslands.}, }
@article {pmid42033197, year = {2026}, author = {Haldar, I and Arif, W and Devaraju, P and Sihag, KK and Srirama, S and Balakrishnan, V and Srinivasan, P and Ramasamy, A and Rahi, M}, title = {First report of Culex flavivirus and its association with Wolbachia in Culex quinquefasciatus from Puducherry, India.}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/trstmh/trag047}, pmid = {42033197}, issn = {1878-3503}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symbiotic insect-specific viruses, such as Culex flavivirus (CxFV), are increasingly recognized for their ability to modulate arboviral replication in mosquitoes. However, the prevalence of CxFV in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from Puducherry, India-a region previously endemic for filariasis-and its interaction with the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis, remain unexplored.<br><br>METHODS: Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected from villages in and around Puducherry. A total of 150 pools were screened for CxFV by PCR targeting the NS-5 gene and the amplicons were sequenced. Further, 100 individual mosquitoes were tested for both CxFV and the relative density of Wolbachia.<br><br>RESULTS: The study identified a CxFV prevalence of 3.73% (95% CI 2.27-5.46) among the mosquito pools by Bayesian estimation approach. Phylogenetic analysis classified the circulating strain as genotype 2 of CxFV. The median relative density of Wolbachia was observed to be 0.170 (IQR 0.009-0.683) in CxFV-positive mosquitoes and 0.132 (IQR 0.021-0.570) in CxFV-negative mosquitoes, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Thus, with the first report on the circulation of CxFV-infected mosquitoes in Puducherry, the study highlights a probable lack of association between the relative density of Wolbachia and CxFV.<br><br>ACCESSION NUMBERS: The raw sequence reads have been deposited in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/) with the following accession numbers: PQ586414, PQ586415, PQ586416, PQ586417, PQ586418, PQ586419, PQ586420, PQ586421, PQ586422, PQ586423.}, }
@article {pmid42033317, year = {2026}, author = {Perez-Etayo, L and Salvador-Bescós, M and Aragón-Aranda, B and Alonso-Urmeneta, B and Moriyón, I and Conde-Álvarez, R}, title = {Isolation of luminescent symbiont bacteria from marine cephalopods: a practical activity for the study of bacterial quorum sensing.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnag050}, pmid = {42033317}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {This work describes a laboratory activity designed to illustrate the phenomenon of bacterial Quorum Sensing (QS), a communication mechanism in bacterial communities. The activity focuses on the bioluminescence production regulated by QS of bacteria that live in symbiosis with cephalopods. This activity targets undergraduate students in biology, biochemistry, or other sciences and aims to promote their interest in microbiology and to help students to understand the role and mechanism of QS in microorganisms by means of a visual example of symbiotic interactions between bacteria and animals. At the same time, students are expected to develop lab skills in bacterial isolation, pure culture obtention and interpretation of microbiological results. The work also provides references and resources to help students understand the subject and teachers assess student learning.}, }
@article {pmid42033327, year = {2026}, author = {Williams, CE and Tacoaman, YFL and Fontaine, SS and Logan, ML}, title = {The lizard microbiome: patterns, drivers, and functional implications.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnag049}, pmid = {42033327}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {The lizard microbiome is a dynamic community that plays a crucial role in the health and survival of these animals. As global change poses significant threats to lizard populations around the world, understanding the interactions between lizards and their microbial communities is increasingly important. Here, we synthesize a rapidly growing body of research on the composition, diversity, transmission, and functional roles of lizard microbiomes. We discuss the implications of microbiome variation for lizard physiology, as well as the potential for microbiomes to inform conservation strategies for threatened species. Finally, we highlight priorities for future research, which include the need to quantify microbiome diversity and function across additional taxa, as lizards remain underrepresented in the microbiome literature. We also stress the importance of experimental and field research that can reveal the adaptive significance of lizard microbiomes in the face of environmental change. Our synthesis highlights the contributions of lizard microbiome science to the fields of ecology, evolution, and conservation biology and demonstrates how the microbial communities that live in and on lizards enhance our understanding of their biodiversity and inform efforts to protect vulnerable populations.}, }
@article {pmid42033968, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Xi, Y and Fang, K and Li, C and Li, Y and Wang, S and Bi, R and Chi, Z and Tian, J and Zeng, X}, title = {Influence of suspended particulate matter input on phytoplankton community structure in estuarine environments.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {219}, number = {}, pages = {108069}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108069}, pmid = {42033968}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Riverine suspended particulate matter (SPM) inputs play a crucial role in regulating phytoplankton sedimentation and stability in estuarine ecosystems, thereby mediating organic matter cycling. However, our understanding of how the physicochemical properties of SPM influence the short-term response mechanisms of phytoplankton remains insufficient. This study focuses on the sedimentation phase following SPM input and employs a controlled microcosm experimental system. Through short-term sedimentation experiments, it thoroughly investigates the effects of SPM particle size and surface charge on the sedimentation behavior and community composition of marine phytoplankton. The results show that SPM sedimentation substantially decreased phytoplankton biomass in seawater, with sedimentation rates increasing significantly as SPM particle size decreased. Surface charge also strongly enhanced phytoplankton sedimentation. In terms of community composition, SPM markedly altered phytoplankton structure by significantly reducing the relative abundance of Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta while increasing that of Heterokontophyta. Among the examined factors, SPM particle size emerged as a primary driver of these changes. Additionally, SPM inputs increased the relative abundance of microalgae-associated symbiotic bacteria, and combined with the changes in community composition and the results of co-occurrence network analysis, it is hypothesized that the enriched microalgae-associated bacteria may form potential ecological associations with phytoplankton under SPM disturbance conditions. Overall, this study provides new insights into the short-term responses of marine phytoplankton to riverine SPM input during the initial sedimentation phase, and offers preliminary mechanistic references for understanding particulate matter-driven plankton dynamics in estuarine systems.}, }
@article {pmid42034058, year = {2026}, author = {Uchida, T and Yamashita, H and Shimada, G and Kawamitsu, M and Shoguchi, E and Shinzato, C}, title = {Genomic insights into photosymbiosis in giant clams and comparisons with coral strategies.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.03.075}, pmid = {42034058}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Giant clams are representative bivalves in coral reef ecosystems that host photosynthetic dinoflagellates extracellularly and rely on their photosynthates, functioning as "solar-powered animals." Unlike corals, which harbor intracellular dinoflagellates, the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary history underlying this symbiosis remain largely unknown. In the present study, we integrated chromosome-scale genome assembly, transcriptome profiling, and bleaching experiments involving giant clams, Tridacna crocea, to explore the genetic basis of extracellular symbiosis. Signals associated with sterol transport by Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) proteins and carbon-concentrating mechanisms suggest that giant clams share some nutrient exchange strategies with corals. Strikingly, the nitrate transporter NRT2, a "plant-like" gene previously thought to be absent in animals, represents an unexpected evolutionary retention that enables nitrate-based nutrient supply, highlighting a fundamental difference from coral symbiosis. Our findings reveal both conserved and distinct molecular strategies of photosymbiosis in reef-dwelling marine invertebrates and provide insights into evolution and ecological resilience of coral reef ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid42034993, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Zhu, W and Zhong, Y and Li, Y and Wen, T and Chen, J and Wang, P}, title = {Medicago phosphate exporter PHO1.3 regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08850-x}, pmid = {42034993}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {32300251//National Natural Sciences Foundation of China/ ; 2024JJ4029//Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province/ ; 2025T180746//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42028466, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, C and Sun, S and Wang, Y and Liu, L and Pearson, S and Wang, Y and Dorjee, T and Mace, E and Jordan, D and Yang, Y and Tao, Y}, title = {Complete telomere-to-telomere genomes of cowpea reveal insights into centromere evolution in Phaseoleae.}, journal = {Horticulture research}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {uhaf359}, pmid = {42028466}, issn = {2662-6810}, abstract = {Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a versatile legume crop providing a critical source of grain, vegetable and forage globally. Cultivated cowpea is classified into two main subspecies, subsp. sesquipedalis for fresh-pod vegetable and subsp. unguiculata for grain production. Here, we present two complete telomere-to-telomere (T2T) assemblies for the grain-type inbred lines HJD and vegetable-type FC6 through integrating PacBio HiFi reads, Oxford Nanopore ultralong reads, and Hi-C data. The T2T genomes demonstrated improved contiguity, completeness, and accuracy compared to existing genomes, revealing clear telomeric and centromeric features. Comparative analysis of the T2T genomes highlighted inversions underlying subspecies divergence in cowpea. Evolutionary analysis uncovered contraction of gene families related to symbiosis in HJD, consist with its reduced root nodules compared to FC6. Distribution and composition of tandem repeat arrays and transposable elements in centromeric regions were largely conserved in cowpea, but displayed pronounced variation among Phaseoleae. Furthermore, frequent shifts of centromeric locations coincided with inversions found in Phaseoleae. Overall, this study provides a set of fundamental resources for cowpea improvement and enhances our understanding of cowpea subspecies divergence and genome evolution in Phaseoleae.}, }
@article {pmid42023664, year = {2026}, author = {Li, HH and Chen, XW and Xing, MG and Zhao, YX and Zhang, MM and Cai, QY and Li, H}, title = {Nanoplastics interfere with plant-mycorrhizal communication and limit plant growth.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag101}, pmid = {42023664}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {More than 80% of land plants form symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for nutrient uptake. As emerging soil pollutants, nanoplastics (NPs) accumulate in both crop and AM fungal tissue, posing non-negligible toxicity and health risks. However, whether and how NPs can impact plant-AM fungal partnership throughout the symbiotic process remains poorly understood. Here, using axenic root-fungal culture, fluorescence NP tracking, and real-time symbiotic signal monitoring, we show that during pre-colonization phase, NPs reduced spore germination rates (-48%) due to the NP accumulation on spore surface, hindering symbiotic signal perception. During the colonization phase, NPs entered fungal cells, disrupted organelles, and accelerated hyphal senescence, consequently reducing hyphal branching length (-22%) and secondary spore production (-32%). In real-world soil, inoculation of secondary spores (reproduced under NPs) formed fewer arbuscule structures (-46%) within maize roots with reduced carbon allocation to AM fungus, leading to lower hyphal length density (HLD) (-24%). During the post-colonization phase, lower HLD impaired the well-known function of phosphorus (P) mineralization by hyphae-enriched bacteria, reduced soil available P (-5.7%) and maize shoot P (-20%), eventually resulting in compromised plant performance. Our findings reveal an integrated yet largely underexplored mechanism of how NPs hinder plant performance by disrupting the dynamic relationship between plants and their symbiotic partners. In a broader context, understanding the alteration of plant-microbial interaction (rather than separately) under emerging stress can provide ecologically relevant implications for sustaining agricultural and terrestrial ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid42023686, year = {2026}, author = {Virjamo, V and Repo, T and Lehto, T}, title = {Freezing tolerance and recovery of arbuscular-mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Thuja occidentalis.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpag048}, pmid = {42023686}, issn = {1758-4469}, abstract = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases nutrient uptake of the host plant, and it can also improve their stress tolerance. Roots are considered as the most frost sensitive plant parts. However, the freezing tolerance of mycorrhizas, and especially arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) is poorly understood. Here, we studied the freezing tolerance and recovery of AM and non-mycorrhizal (NM) Thuja occidentalis (L.). After a simulated summer and autumn, whole-plant freezing tests were done using seven exposure temperatures from 5°C to -45°C. Then freezing damage of needles was assessed by relative electrolyte leakage (REL). The seedlings were kept for two weeks in long-day recovery conditions with day temperature either 10°C or 22°C, and then visual damage, shoot and root mass, nutrient concentrations and mycorrhizal colonization were analyzed. Before the frost exposure, AM plants had higher P concentrations and similar growth as NM plants. Needle freezing tolerance was -23°C (corresponding to lethal temperature for 50% of specimens) and was not affected by AM. Visual investigation after the recovery period showed a similar result. Lower foliar N concentration and root mass in seedlings exposed to -18°C in both AM and NM plants suggests that fine-root damage had taken place already before -18°C. Recovery in 22°C increased nutrient uptake and growth only in seedlings exposed to +5°C and -5°C, but specific root length increased also after -18°C. AM plant shoots grew less than NM ones during the recovery period. AM increased foliar N during recovery in all non-lethally exposed seedlings, and P concentrations in seedlings exposed to +5°C and -5°C. This was due to a concentration effect by the lower dry mass increment. These results suggest that the functioning of AM fungi can be limited by short growing seasons or in cold soil conditions, which may affect their distribution in cold regions.}, }
@article {pmid42024426, year = {2026}, author = {Kabir, AH and Thapa, A and Pant, B and Khan, M and Saiful, SA and Talukder, SK}, title = {Trichoderma afroharzianum behaves differently in interaction with pea plants under varying iron availability.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag107}, pmid = {42024426}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {AIMS: Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 is widely recognized for enhancing plant stress resilience, yet its effects in pea plants may vary depending on iron (Fe) availability.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed the impact of T22 on pea grown under differential Fe status through integrated physiological and omics analyses. We found that the benefits of T22 are highly context dependent, demonstrating improvements in photosynthesis and Fe/N accumulation under Fe deficiency but minimal effects under sufficiency. RNA-seq identified 262 DEGs under Fe deficiency and 555 DEGs under Fe sufficiency following T22 inoculation, with the latter primarily associated with basal metabolic functions, indicating potential colonization costs rather than adaptive responses. Particularly, T22 inoculation upregulated symbiosis-related genes (Nodule-specific GRPs, Major facilitator, sugar transporter-like), Fe transporters (NRAMPs, HMAs), and redox-associated genes (Glutathione S-transferase, Glutathione peroxidase) in the roots under Fe shortage, reflecting a coordinated response to enhance nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance. Microbiome profiling revealed that T22 reshaped the root community by enriching several bacterial taxa such as Comamonadaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Mitsuaria under Fe deficiency. These enriched bacterial taxa may act as potential 'helpers' to T22 by providing complementary beneficial effects under Fe deficiency. In contrast, under Fe-sufficient conditions, microbial restructuring was largely limited to the enrichment of Rhizobiaceae and Pararhizobium. Fungal taxa showed minimal changes, except for the enrichment of Paecilomyces in response to T22 under Fe-deficient conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that T22 acts in a context-dependent manner, with bacterial enrichment varying with Fe availability, while fungal taxa were largely unaffected.}, }
@article {pmid42026456, year = {2026}, author = {Pandharikar, G and Mathe-Hubert, H and Gatti, JL and Simon, JC and Poirié, M and Frendo, P}, title = {Plant and aphid genotypes modulate legume rhizobium-induced defense against aphids.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08737-x}, pmid = {42026456}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {ANR-11-LABX-0028//LABEX SIGNALIFE/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42027002, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, A and Mir, NR and Sharma, R and Singh, AD and Sharma, M and Ohri, P and Bhardwaj, R and Kapoor, N}, title = {Unveiling the Power of Strigolactones in Abiotic Stress Management: A Comprehensive Review.}, journal = {Biotechnology and applied biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/bab.70175}, pmid = {42027002}, issn = {1470-8744}, support = {221610017140//University Grants Commission/ ; }, abstract = {In the face of continuous climate change, environmental stress has become a major threat to agricultural productivity. To address these challenges, one key strategy is the application of phytohormones like abscisic acid, ethylene, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, salicylic acid, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, and strigolactones (SLs). These hormones are important for supporting overall plant growth under stress, as they activate the key signaling pathways that help plants adapt to adverse conditions and mitigate productivity losses. Among these crucial phytohormones, SLs have gained attention for their unique act in plant adaptation to stress. Strigolactones are a newly identified class of phytohormones synthesized from carotenoids and were first identified as ecological signals involved in triggering the germination of parasitic seeds and facilitating symbiotic interactions between plants and beneficial microbes. Further studies have revealed their involvement in diverse developmental processes, such as root growth, shoot branching, reproductive development, and leaf senescence. Hence, the present review focuses on the roles of SLs in plant development and stress responses, covering their discovery, biosynthesis, and signaling pathways. It emphasizes the significance of SLs in mitigating abiotic stresses, including heavy metal toxicity, thermal stress, nutrient deficiencies, and oxidative stress. Finally, it outlines the future research directions and the potential of SLs to enhance plant resilience and productivity in changing environments.}, }
@article {pmid42027295, year = {2026}, author = {Sangodkar, N and Gonsalves, MJ and Nazareth, DR}, title = {Methanotrophy dominated symbiosis in novel species Gigantidas niobengalensis from the cold seeps of Krishna-Godavari basin.}, journal = {FEMS microbes}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {xtag014}, pmid = {42027295}, issn = {2633-6685}, abstract = {Bathymodiolus mussels, which are prominent invertebrates at cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, are known for hosting symbiotic microbes within their gills. In this study, the microbial communities associated with the gills of novel bathymodioline mussel Gigantidas niobengalensis from an active cold seep site of Krishna-Godavari (K-G) basin was investigated by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The average abundance of culturable methanotrophs in the gill tissues was 3.4 ± 0.9 × 10[4] CFU g[-1] with average methane oxidation rates of 1.71 ± 0.04 to 1.89 ± 0.02 µM g[-1] d[-1] under aerobic and 1.86 ± 0.001 to 1.98 ± 0.005 µM g[-1] d[-1] under anaerobic conditions. Metagenomic analysis revealed dominance of methanotrophs within the microbial communities comprising of >55% bacterial and >28% archaeal methanotrophs; with phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Euryarchaeota, and Crenarcheaota being prevalent. Functional classification highlighted methane metabolism (20%) and carbon fixation (22%) as major energy metabolism pathways. This study represents the first metagenomic characterization of gill-associated symbionts in the novel cold seep mussel G. niobengalensis from the Indian Ocean. The findings fill a knowledge gap on chemosynthetic symbioses in Indian cold seep ecosystems and provide insights into metabolic adaptation of G. niobengalensis in the cold seep ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid42027459, year = {2026}, author = {Li, F and Wang, Z and Hu, Y and Wu, X and Liu, L and Yang, H and Zhang, Y and Wang, Y and Hong, G}, title = {Mechanisms by stand density regulates soil multifunctionality via soil environment and microbial network topology in a Pinus sylvestris plantation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1796389}, pmid = {42027459}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {In arid sandy plantations, stand density critically regulates belowground ecosystems, yet its effects on microbial network complexity, stability, and function are not fully understood. This study examined Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica plantations along a density gradient (Very high density (VHD): 2,450 trees ha[-1], High density (HD): 1,633 trees ha[-1], Moderate density (MD): 1,067 trees ha[-1], Low density (LD): 583 trees ha[-1]) at two soil depths (0-20, 20-40 cm) in the Otingdag Sandy Land, integrating soil physicochemical, enzymatic, and microbial network analyses. Key findings were: (1) Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, key enzyme activities [urease (URE), acid phosphatase (PHO), and nitrate reductase (NR)], and ecosystem multifunctionality showed a unimodal response, peaking at medium densities. (2) Microbial responses diverged: bacterial α-diversity changed but composition remained stable, whereas fungal composition was highly density-sensitive. Mid- to low densities promoted more complex, modular, and stable microbial networks. Mantel tests identified pH, URE, and Ammonium nitrogen (NH4[+]-N, AN) as key drivers for bacterial phyla, and pH, Soil organic carbon (SOC), Total nitrogen (TN), PHO, and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) for differentiating Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. (3) Random Forest regression identified microbial network stability as the top predictor of multifunctionality, surpassing diversity. Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) analysis revealed that stand density enhances multifunctionality primarily by improving the soil environment, with microbial networks acting as environment-dependent regulators. This study demonstrates that moderate stand densities optimize microbial network resilience and ecosystem multifunctionality in sandy plantations, providing a novel perspective from microbial network stability.}, }
@article {pmid42016957, year = {2026}, author = {Neff, EE and Gould, AL}, title = {Geographic Structure Without Co-Divergence: Genomic Insights Into a Highly Specific Symbiosis Between Siphamia Cardinalfish and Their Bioluminescent Symbiont.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e73200}, pmid = {42016957}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Symbiotic relationships with microorganisms are fundamental to life on Earth, yet relatively little is known about how these interactions persist through time, how they co-diverge, and to which degree they are genetically constrained. In this study, three cardinalfish species in the genus Siphamia, S. tubifer, S. mossambica, and S. fuscolineata, from locations throughout the hosts' broad Indo-Pacific distribution were analyzed for patterns of genetic divergence along with their luminous bacterial symbionts. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the fish light organs, we investigated whether the specificity of the association is maintained across host species and over a broad geographic range and whether there are patterns of symbiont divergence associated with either host or geography. The results indicated that the light organ symbionts of all three Siphamia species examined were Photobacterium mandapamensis, suggesting high specificity of the symbiosis is conserved. There was evidence of biogeographic structure in the symbiont between the three sampling regions, but no co-diversification between the hosts and their symbionts (p = 0.92). However, an analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between two S. tubifer populations from Japan and the Philippines indicated moderate genetic differentiation in the host (F ST = 0.043) with phylogenetically distinct clades of symbionts. Overall, these findings indicate that the association between Siphamia hosts and P. mandapamensis is highly conserved, yet there is significant genetic diversity within the symbionts driven by geography and possibly host ecology.}, }
@article {pmid42016983, year = {2026}, author = {Nandi, S and Stephens, TG and Chille, EE and Goyen, S and Bay, LK and Bhattacharya, D}, title = {Metaproteome Analysis of Short-Term Thermal Stress in Three Sympatric Coral Species Reveals Divergent Host Responses.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e73275}, pmid = {42016983}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change has contributed to the accelerating loss of coral reefs worldwide. This crisis has led to a myriad of studies aimed at understanding the basis of coral resilience to support reef conservation. Here, we compare physiological, proteomic, and metabolomic responses to acute thermal stress to identify both diverged and conserved stress response strategies and molecular markers of bleaching susceptibility in three different coral species. We find species-specific responses with the thermally sensitive Acropora hyacinthus exhibiting a rapid decline in endosymbiont physiology (~19% decline in photosynthetic efficiency and a -1.88 fold change in abundance), coupled with one-third of proteins showing a reduction in abundance. In contrast, Porites lobata displayed a delayed physiological and proteomic (~5% initial; ~14% prolonged) response to stress, suggesting greater resilience. Stylophora pistillata initially showed shifts in the proteome (~11%) followed by colony "bail-out", that is, rapid tissue loss. Overall, we observed markedly different responses in most biochemical pathways in the three coral species. Nonetheless, some known biomarkers of stress, including heat-shock proteins, showed conserved, cross-species responses to thermal stress with differences in temporal abundance reflecting bleaching resistance. Metabolomic profiling revealed an increase in stress-associated dipeptides and free amino acids in all three species, although species-specific and temporally variable responses occurred. Our results underscore the species-specific nature of coral responses to thermal stress and highlight proteomic signatures associated with symbiosis breakdown, offering mechanistic insights into coral bleaching susceptibility and resilience. Overall, these findings enhance our ability to identify early-warning indicators of bleaching and underscore the challenges associated with the development of universal coral stress biomarkers.}, }
@article {pmid42019001, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, J and Wang, W and Guan, Y and Dong, R and Duan, Y and Xiao, A and Li, H and Guo, B and Guo, X and Zhu, H and Cao, Y}, title = {Nodulin cleavage by the cysteine protease CYP35 promotes soybean root nodule senescence.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koag123}, pmid = {42019001}, issn = {1532-298X}, abstract = {In legumes, symbiotic root nodules undergo senescence in response to developmental or environmental cues. This process determines the maintenance and nitrogen-fixing capacity of the root nodules, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its initiation are poorly understood. The cysteine protease CYP35 is a positive regulator of nodule senescence in soybean (Glycine max), but its substrates remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CYP35 promotes nodule senescence by cleaving a subset of Nodule-Enriched Nodulin proteins (NENs). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicate that CYP35 is a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease, with Cys149 as a key catalytic residue. CYP35 physically interacts with a distinct subfamily of eight NENs, NEN1-8. Soybean quadruple and quintuple nen mutants obtained by multiplex gene editing develop nodules with accelerated senescence and reduced nitrogenase activity, whereas over-expression of NEN2 or NEN5 delays senescence and enhances nodule function. CYP35 proteolyzes NEN2, NEN5, NEN6, and NEN7 in vitro and cleaves NEN2 in vivo in a Cys149-dependent manner. Our findings establish a direct molecular link between cysteine protease-mediated Nodulin cleavage and the onset of nodule senescence in soybean, providing insights into the regulation of nodule lifespan and nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid42020388, year = {2026}, author = {McGaley, J and Orvošová, M and Schneider, B and Chiu, CH and Roth, R and Bowden, S and Hope, MS and Davis, JL and Khalif, W and Wallington, EJ and Paszkowski, U}, title = {Symbiotic phosphate transporter dynamics in rice expose functional plasticity of the arbuscules.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-71496-8}, pmid = {42020388}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Mutualism in the symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants is based upon the exchange of carbon for soil minerals, with phosphate being of central importance. The exchange of nutrients occurs when the fungus transiently colonises root cells, producing hyphal structures called arbuscules. The movement of phosphate from fungus to plant is well established, however its coordination and regulation at the ephemeral arbuscules remains elusive. Here, non-invasive imaging captures the complete growth and collapse of the arbuscules in unprecedented resolution, revealing heterogeneity in arbuscule development. Tracking the dynamics of rice PHosphate Transporter 1;11 (OsPHT1;11/ PT11) as a proxy for symbiotic phosphate transport shows consistent localisation across diverse arbuscules. However, we uncover phosphate-responsive variability in PT11 abundance, representing an essential, cellular-level layer of nutrient regulation. Such plasticity in arbuscule phosphate uptake capacity evidences uncoupling of arbuscule presence and arbuscule function, thereby demonstrating that arbuscules are not identical units of nutrient exchange.}, }
@article {pmid42020953, year = {2026}, author = {Flatau, R and Bickley, CD and Altamia, MA and Gasser, MT and Distel, DL}, title = {Metabolic potential structures gill symbiont communities in two common shipworm species.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag089}, pmid = {42020953}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Shipworms (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) are the most prolific wood consumers in marine environments. These wormlike marine bivalves digest wood using carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) produced by intracellular bacterial endosymbionts housed within their gills. Although several shipworm species are known to host multiple co-occurring symbiont species, the factors that influence symbiont community assembly, including the phylogenetic identity and metabolic capabilities of the symbionts, remain poorly understood. We sequenced gill symbiont metagenomes from multiple specimens of two shipworm species, Teredo bartschi (22 specimens) and Lyrodus pedicellatus (14 specimens), which have sympatric distribution in the wild, and which were reared together in laboratory co-culture. From these metagenomes, we assembled 90 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing seven distinct symbiont species. The metagenome of each host specimen contained between 1 and 5 symbiont species, with each including at least one nitrogen-fixing symbiont. Six of the seven identified symbiont species were found in both host species, demonstrating a lack of host species specificity in these symbioses. We identified patterns of symbiont occurrence and co-occurrence in these two hosts and used these patterns to constrain the core set of CAZyme and nitrogen-fixation gene classes necessary to support host survival. Our results indicate that, in these two host species, symbiont community composition reflects the symbionts' capabilities for carbohydrate degradation and nitrogen fixation, rather than strict species-specific mechanisms of host and symbiont sorting.}, }
@article {pmid42022125, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, S and Xie, L and Yan, Z and Ma, J and Zhao, R}, title = {Hybrid expert system for robust detection of rare sequence signals: a computational proof-of-concept in host-dominated backgrounds.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1821073}, pmid = {42022125}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Deciphering microbial symbiosis in robust environmental and host-associated systems increasingly depends on the reliable recovery of weak biological signals from sequencing data dominated by non-target background. In practice, low-abundance symbiont-derived signatures are often obscured by background DNA, recurrent technical artifacts, and context-dependent false-positive calls, limiting the accuracy of downstream ecological and functional inference. Here, we present SymbioFilter, a hybrid expert system designed to improve the specificity and stability of rare-signal detection in host-associated microbiome sequencing data with substantial background noise. (i.e., overwhelming host-derived DNA, recurrent alignment errors, and sequencing artifacts). Specifically, this framework is intended for specialized usage cases where standard host-depletion strategies fail, such as capturing minor microbe-induced host somatic mutations or rare microbial homologs, which reflect subtle and intimate interactions between microbes and the host. SymbioFilter integrates three coordinated layers: (i)ensemble-based candidate detection, (ii)machine-learned background/noise discrimination using an XGBoost classifier, and (iii) rule-guided suppression of artifact-prone genomic regions using curated repetitive and blacklist annotations. Rather than relying on a single decision rule, the framework combines probabilistic classification with expert-defined constraints to preserve weak true signals while reducing recurrent false positives. This design specifically targets analytical failure modes common to host-dominated and low-input datasets, where precision is frequently compromised by rare-event noise. As a stringent proof-of-concept benchmark, we evaluated SymbioFilter in synthetic gradient spike-in datasets. Crucially, to ensure rigorous computational evaluation with an absolute ground truth-a standard that is currently unattainable in complex, real-world microbiome samples at ultra-low abundances-we utilized plasma cfDNA-like low-frequency conditions as a highly controlled, demanding proxy. Across gradient abundance levels, the framework consistently reduced false-positive inflation, improved agreement with the known ground truth, and maintained stable classification performance. Compared with a baseline pipeline and a widely used variant-calling workflow, SymbioFilter achieved lower mean squared error, stronger true-positive/true-negative balance, and consistently high precision-recall behavior, particularly under the most challenging low-abundance settings. Although validated here in a proxy benchmark environment, the computational principles of SymbioFilter address a broader class of sequencing problems central to microbial symbiosis research: identifying rare, functionally relevant biological signals in complex, noise-prone backgrounds. By providing a transferable, modular, and open computational strategy for robust signal recovery, SymbioFilter offers a useful methodological foundation for future studies of host-microbe interactions, resilient community assembly, and symbiosis-associated ecosystem stability. The code is freely available for academic use at https://github.com/hello-json/SymbioFilter.}, }
@article {pmid42011849, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, J and Cao, S and Ma, W and Yang, Z and Han, Y and Yu, X and Xue, J and Lu, H and Ma, H and Wu, C}, title = {Biomimetic Symbiotic Engineering: Mycelial Bioceramics to Activate Energy Metabolism for Enhanced Osteogenesis.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e16328}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202516328}, pmid = {42011849}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {32225028//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32130062//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52572309//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 121631ZYLH20240014//Joint Research Unit Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 23SW0200Y//Jiangsu Research Institute of Advanced Inorganic Materials Industrialization Fund Project of the Biomedical Materials Innovation Center/ ; 2023YFB3813000//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2021249//Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 24520750100//Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality/ ; }, abstract = {The repair of bone defects remains a considerable challenge, primarily due to the lack of biomimetic hierarchical structures and the insufficient supply of bioenergy in implants. Inspired by the symbiotic structural relationship between mycelium and plants, we developed a biomimetic engineering strategy to construct mycelial bioceramics. This strategy enabled directing the growth of mycelium within bioceramic scaffolds, resulting in the spontaneous generation of a hierarchical structure. Such a hierarchical structure was attributed to the spontaneously microscale porous network of mycelium and the channel structure of the three-dimensional (3D) printed bioceramic scaffold. In addition, the mycelial bioceramics could release a variety of bioactive components, including glucose, calcium ions, and other ions. Hierarchical structure and bioactive components synergistically promoted cellular energy metabolism and osteogenic differentiation by enhancing glycolysis and the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process. Furthermore, the mycelial bioceramics effectively activated the YAP/Piezo pathway, driving key mitochondrial biogenesis processes. The siYAP experiment combined with mRNA sequencing demonstrated that the elevated energy metabolism subsequently regulated osteogenic differentiation via PI3K-AKT signaling. In vivo studies using a rabbit femoral defect model demonstrated that mycelial bioceramics could improve cellular energy metabolism and ultimately enhance osteogenesis. In conclusion, the mycelial symbiotic strategy presents a novel approach in designing functional bioceramics for accelerating bone regeneration. Moreover, it may shed light on harnessing microorganisms for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.}, }
@article {pmid42013452, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, W and Zhang, CL and Yang, YL and Gao, L and Zeng, Y and Luo, Z and Dong, X and Zhang, X and Chen, X}, title = {A Bone Marrow-Targeted Nanomodulator as a Histone Lactylation Inhibitor for Reversing Immune Tolerance in Multiple Myeloma.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c21396}, pmid = {42013452}, issn = {1936-086X}, abstract = {The metabolic-epigenetic symbiosis between tumor cells and macrophages in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) plays a crucial role in immune evasion and therapeutic resistance in multiple myeloma. Here, we present a copper-based nanomodulator, NanoCURE (Cu-activated Reprogramming Eraser), that targets the glycolysis-lactate-lactylation axis to reprogram metabolism and epigenetics in the BMM. To construct NanoCURE, lactate oxidase (LOx) and bortezomib (BTZ) are coencapsulated within a tumor-activated Cu[2+] nanoassembly, facilitating bone marrow (BM)-specific delivery via an in vivo hijacking monocyte/macrophage pathway. Mechanistically, NanoCURE acts as a multifunctional modulator that disrupts the metabolic-epigenetic positive feedback loop by directly blocking histone lactylation through site-specific binding while simultaneously suppressing the upstream Akt/mTOR/c-Myc signaling axis. Moreover, NanoCURE can trigger the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction that amplify epigenetic interference. Consequently, these synergistic effects effectively disrupt the metabolic and epigenetic support of MM and reverse immunosuppressive M2 macrophage polarization to enhance the therapeutic effect of proteasome inhibitors in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, NanoCURE achieves precise bone marrow enrichment via monocyte hijacking while maintaining low systemic copper levels, thereby ensuring high biosafety, preserving hematopoietic integrity, and exhibiting no observable organ toxicity. In summary, this work introduces a carrier-as-drug platform that targets the glycolysis-lactate-lactylation axis to enable in situ metabolic-epigenetic-immune reprogramming, offering a promising strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance in multiple myeloma.}, }
@article {pmid42014089, year = {2026}, author = {Cesar, CS and Miranda, VH and Silveira, ER and de Oliveira, TA and Cogni, R}, title = {Virus infection significantly decreases insect fitness: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {293}, number = {2069}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2025.3143}, pmid = {42014089}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecta/virology/physiology ; *Genetic Fitness ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; }, abstract = {Organisms are constantly at risk of being infected by pathogens such as viruses, which can impose substantial fitness costs on hosts. In insects, viral infections are widespread, yet the magnitude of their effects on host fitness and the factors shaping this variation remain poorly quantified. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the degree to which viral infection affects the fitness (survival and fecundity) and fitness-related traits (development time and body size) of insect hosts, and which factors may influence the impact of viral infection on hosts, such as whether the insect host is a disease vector and whether the insect is new or the natural host of the virus. We gathered 953 effect sizes from 145 studies. Overall, viruses significantly reduce host fitness, especially their survival. The reduction in fitness was higher in non-vector than in vector insects, and no difference was observed between infections in new and natural hosts. These findings show that viruses exert severe harmful effects on hosts by decreasing their fitness. More broadly, our findings highlight the potential for viral infection in wild insect populations to influence the occurrence and persistence of symbiotic bacteria, such as Wolbachia.}, }
@article {pmid42014410, year = {2026}, author = {Lei, Y and Wang, Y and Bao, H and Sun, Y and Yuan, J and Liu, H and Ye, Y and Xin, D and Zhu, H and Cao, Y}, title = {Phosphorylation of rhizobial effector NopZ by soybean NORK promotes association with NENA and enhances nodulation.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-72277-z}, pmid = {42014410}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {32090063//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Legume-rhizobial symbiosis, involving the intracellular accommodation of rhizobia within host cells for nitrogen fixation, represents a unique model among plant-microbe interactions. While this symbiosis requires sophisticated regulatory networks, direct host control over symbiont proteins remains largely elusive. Here, we demonstrate that soybean Nodulation Receptor Kinase (GmNORK) interacts with and directly phosphorylates the Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 effector NopZ. This host-mediated phosphorylation promotes NopZ nuclear/perinuclear enrichment and is associated with enhanced NopZ interaction with the nucleoporin GmNENA at the nuclear envelope/nuclear pore complex, establishing a key signaling step that links membrane-proximal symbiotic signaling to the nuclear pore. Expression of phosphomimetic NopZ variants enhances soybean nodulation, whereas GmNENA-silencing in soybean roots reduces nodule numbers. Our findings reveal a previously unknown model for plant-microbe interactions, where the direct phosphorylation of a bacterial effector by a host receptor kinase provides an essential regulatory mechanism to direct effector localization and promote the symbiotic program.}, }
@article {pmid42015150, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Li, Y and Zhan, Z and Liu, X and Shi, M and Xu, K}, title = {Gene loss and vesicular transport remodeling underpin heterotrophic adaptations of scleractinian corals.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-026-02582-y}, pmid = {42015150}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {41930533//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; KEXUE2019GZ04; KEXUE2020GZ02//the Senior User Project of R/V KEXUE of the Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Azooxanthellate scleractinian corals, which lack symbiotic dinoflagellates, occur from shallow waters to deep-sea environments. In deep-sea benthic ecosystems, they serve as foundation species and are considered highly vulnerable to environmental disturbances. However, their genomic diversities and the genetic basis of their fully heterotrophic lifestyles remain poorly understood.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, the genome of a deep-sea solitary coral, Polymyces sp., was sequenced. Integrated with the published genomes of the deep-sea colonial coral Desmophyllum pertusum and two shallow-water azooxanthellate corals Dendrophyllia cribrosa and Catalaphyllia jardinei, the adaptive mechanisms of fully heterotrophic lifestyles were investigated. For genomic diversity comparisons, Illumina short-read data for deep-sea (Polymyces sp., D. pertusum, and Madrepora oculata) and zooxanthellate corals (Porites australiensis) were generated. The results indicated that reduced genomic diversity was found in azooxanthellate scleractinians compared with zooxanthellate relatives. Signatures of recent inbreeding were detected in Polymyces sp. and D. cribrosa, potentially contributing to their low recent effective population sizes and the endangered status of D. cribrosa. Lineage-specific gene losses affecting circadian rhythm, immunity, and autophagy were also detected in the above two species, suggesting overly streamlined energy-saving trade-offs that may impair functional flexibility. Interestingly, the cosmopolitan deep-sea D. pertusum retained complete light-sensing and circadian clock complements, whereas deep-sea Polymyces sp. with evidence of recent inbreeding showed substantial reductions, suggesting that photosensitivity and biological clocks may remain important for ecological success even in the deep-sea environment. Convergent adaptations were supported by concordant patterns of gene-family contraction and positive selection shared among the four azooxanthellate scleractinians. The contractions were concentrated in functions related to photosensitivity, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial processes, consistent with life in dark and oligotrophic habitats, whereas significant signatures of positive selection were detected on vesicle transport-related genes, highlighting the key roles of vesicle-mediated endosomal pathways in a photosymbiosis-free lifestyle.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a genomic perspective on the evolution of heterotrophic strategies in scleractinian corals and highlights conservation concerns for nonsymbiotic corals under accelerating global stressors.}, }
@article {pmid42015498, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, Y and Yu, G and Lu, D}, title = {The ubiquitin code of receptor kinases in plants.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jipb.70267}, pmid = {42015498}, issn = {1744-7909}, support = {2023M742277//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 32400262//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Ubiquitination is a central mechanism that regulates receptor kinases (RKs) in plants, where the ubiquitin code controls RK stability, endocytosis, and kinase activity, ensuring precise signaling during development and immunity. As transmembrane signaling hubs, RKs are dynamically controlled by E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose activity is itself regulated by RK phosphorylation, forming intricate feedback loops. Ubiquitination directs RKs toward degradation via either the endocytic-vacuolar or 26S proteasome pathways, with emerging evidence suggesting functional interplay between these routes. Beyond proteolysis, ubiquitination can also directly suppress RK activity. Phosphorylation of E3 ligases by activated RKs or their co-receptors modulates ligase activity, substrate binding, and ubiquitin chain linkage, enabling dynamic signal regulation. This reciprocal control establishes a sophisticated network that maintains receptor homeostasis and signaling fidelity. Despite significant progress, key questions remain about degradation pathway integration, structural mechanisms of E3-substrate-E2 complexes, and crosstalk with other post-translational modifications. Elucidating these regulatory circuits will deepen our understanding of RK-mediated cellular signaling and provide strategies to enhance crop resilience and symbiotic efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid42016316, year = {2026}, author = {Pröts, P and Ott, JA}, title = {From muscle to gland: The reorganization of the terminal bulb within the symbiotic Stilbonematinae (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea).}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {1-17}, pmid = {42016316}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {The Stilbonematinae live in symbiosis with ectosymbiotic bacteria covering their cuticle, which evidently constitute their food. In different Stilbonematinae genera, two pharynx types are found, depending on the arrangement of the bacterial coat. Species descriptions show that most Stilbonematinae species with a thick multilayer of symbionts have a two-part pharynx with a predominantly muscular posterior bulb. In contrast, in cases of a thin monolayer of bacteria, the nematodes predominantly show a three-part pharynx with a distinctly swollen muscular corpus at their anterior end. This indicates a shift of the main pumping structure from the terminal bulb to the anterior corpus. Consequently, the amount of contractile filaments in the terminal bulb should decrease. Using phalloidin staining in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, we measured and compared the filamentous actin (F-actin) volume in the posterior bulb in several Stilbonematinae species representing both pharynx types. Two-part pharynges had a larger relative F-actin volume in the terminal bulb than three-part pharynges. In the latter, prominent gland tissue occupied most of the space between the reduced muscles. This supports our hypothesis of two distinct feeding modes: ingestion of large amounts of food in species with a two-part pharynx ("gourmands") requiring a muscular terminal bulb vs discriminant grazing on a thin bacterial coat in species with a three-part pharynx ("gourmets").}, }
@article {pmid42016819, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Shi, J and Li, X and Wang, W and Zhong, Y}, title = {Coordination of PTI and ETI in legume-rhizobium mutualism.}, journal = {aBIOTECH}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {100042}, pmid = {42016819}, issn = {2662-1738}, abstract = {The plant immune system plays crucial roles in interactions with microbes- both pathogenic and beneficial. During the past few decades, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant immune responses, including during legume-rhizobium mutualism. Here, we summarize recent progress uncovering the roles of the two layers of plant immunity, pathogen-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), in the association between legumes and rhizobia. We propose that crosstalk occurs between PTI and ETI in legumes to regulate symbiotic interactions with rhizobia. This concept enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationships between plant immunity and legume-rhizobium mutualism.}, }
@article {pmid42016948, year = {2026}, author = {Dong, M and Li, X and Hu, X and Sun, S}, title = {Leaf Fungal Endophyte Differs Among Plant Functional Groups in an Alpine Meadow.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e73239}, pmid = {42016948}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Although numerous studies have documented the differences in leaf fungal endophyte (LFE) communities among various plant species inhabiting the same environments, the disparities in LFE among distinct species groups have rarely been examined at the community level. The composition and structure of the LFE community are known to be influenced by the abundance of host plants and the leaf functional traits at the species level. Given that various plant functional groups exhibit differences in relative abundance and leaf functional traits, we hypothesize that these distinct plant functional groups may support unique LFE communities, which are likely correlated with their specific functional demands. In this study, we investigated LFE community across 45 plant species, which were categorized into four functional groups: grasses, legumes, dicot forbs, and monocot forbs from an alpine meadow, utilizing high-throughput sequencing techniques. We assessed the differences in LFE among the plant functional groups and analyzed these differences in relation to plant abundance and leaf functional traits. The LFE community exhibited significant differences among plant functional groups. The dicot forbs demonstrated a higher richness of LFE compared to the other three functional groups. Ascomycota was found to be the dominant phylum across all plant functional groups. Additionally, marker operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with a symbiotic lifestyle were more prevalent in legumes than in the other three functional groups. Leaf mass per area is identified as the primary determinant of variation in LFE community across different plant functional groups, with water content and leaf nitrogen concentration serving as secondary factors. Furthermore, species abundance also plays a significant role in explaining the variation observed in LFE. Our research enhances the understanding of microbial-plant interactions and indicates a potential role of LFEs in shaping community structure and dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid41959305, year = {2026}, author = {Bagchi, B and Van Vlaenderen, L and Wheeler, T and Provencal, E and Conner, WR and McGuire, K and Cooper, BS and Shropshire, JD}, title = {Temperature-sensitive cytoplasmic incompatibility across divergent Wolbachia partly reflects cifB transcription, not endosymbiont density.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41959305}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {P20 GM103474/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM124701/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Maternally transmitted Wolbachia bacteria are common in insects, with many strains altering host reproduction through cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI kills embryos fertilized by Wolbachia-bearing males unless those embryos also carry Wolbachia, which favors females with Wolbachia and drives the endosymbiont to higher frequencies in host populations. Strong CI now underpins successful applications that rely on maintaining pathogen-blocking Wolbachia transinfections in vector populations to reduce arboviral disease transmission. Temperature modulates CI strength (the proportion of embryos killed), with consequences for Wolbachia prevalence in natural and transinfected populations. Yet the mechanisms regulating temperature-sensitive CI-strength variation are poorly understood. We quantified CI strength across eight divergent Drosophila-associated Wolbachia strains at four temperatures (18°C-26°C), while characterizing development time, Wolbachia and Wovirus densities, and transcription of the CI-inducing gene cifB. Four of eight Wolbachia strains exhibited temperature-sensitive CI, three of which induced CI at multiple temperatures. Of these three, two expressed significantly more cifB at the temperature yielding stronger CI, whereas testes Wolbachia density did not predict CI strength. Notably, cifB-transcript levels were consistently decoupled from Wolbachia and Wovirus densities, suggesting that cifB transcription is not regulated solely by symbiont abundance. We also report temperature-sensitive rescue of CI, Wolbachia-associated developmental acceleration, and strain-specific Wovirus-Wolbachia covariance. Our findings reveal temperature as a pervasive modulator of Wolbachia-host interactions at multiple levels and extend evidence that cifB transcription partly predicts variable CI strength across strain identities, male ages, and now temperatures. CI variation unaccounted for by cifB transcription points toward additional regulatory or post-transcriptional mechanisms that we discuss.}, }
@article {pmid42004141, year = {2010}, author = {, }, title = {Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 plus yoghurt symbiosis (Actimel®), and reduction of Clostridium difficile toxins in the gut of patients receiving antibiotics and reduced risk of acute diarrhoea in patients receiving antibiotics pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.}, journal = {EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority}, volume = {8}, number = {12}, pages = {1903}, pmid = {42004141}, issn = {1831-4732}, abstract = {Following an application from Danone Produits Frais France submitted pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of France, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to a fermented milk drink Actimel® containing Lactobacillus casei (Lc) DN-114 001 and reduction of the presence of Clostridium difficile toxins in the gut which reduces the incidence of acute diarrhoea. The Panel considers that the food constituent, Actimel®, which is the subject of the health claim, is sufficiently characterised. The Panel considers that reducing the risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhoea by reducing the presence of C. difficile toxins is a beneficial physiological effect. In total the applicant indicated seven publications on human studies, three unpublished human studies, eight published and one unpublished non-human studies to be pertinent for the claimed effect. In weighing the evidence, the Panel took into account that human and animal studies showed partial survival of Lc DN-114 001 during its gastrointestinal passage, that one human intervention study with Actimel® which showed a statistically significant risk reduction for CDAD had considerable limitations, that there were only limited data on the effect of Actimel® on the reduction C. difficile toxins (the risk factor) in humans, that one study which showed an inhibitory effect of Lc DN-114 001 on the growth of C. difficile in vitro does not predict the occurrence of an effect against C. difficile in humans, that five further human studies do not support the proposed mechanisms by which Actimel® could exert the claimed effect, and that the evidence provided from a further two animal and three in vitro studies does not establish that effects of Actimel® or Lc DN-114 001 in these model systems related to immune function and infection can predict the occurrence of such effects in humans. The Panel concludes that the evidence provided is insufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of Actimel® and a reduction of the risk of C. difficile diarrhoea by reducing the presence of C. difficile toxins.}, }
@article {pmid42004950, year = {2026}, author = {Suarez, LJ and Vargas-Sanchez, PK and Angelov, N and Mylonakis, E and Arce, RM}, title = {Host-pathogen interactions in periodontitis: an integrative interkingdom perspective.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1797726}, pmid = {42004950}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; *Periodontitis/microbiology/immunology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Microbiota/immunology ; Dysbiosis/microbiology/immunology ; Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; Bacteria/immunology ; }, abstract = {Periodontitis is an infectious, inflammatory, non-communicable disease characterized by tissue destruction driven by host responses to dysbiotic shifts in oral microbial communities. The subgingival microbiome constitutes a complex ecosystem in which bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea interact via interkingdom communication to modulate the inflammatory response through molecular mechanisms that remain largely unknown. This narrative review aims to understand how functional imbalances within the microbiome alter the microenvironment and promote uncontrolled inflammation responsible for periodontal tissue damage, with implications for systemic disease. The search strategy was conducted according to the PRISM-S extension, to include studies evaluating interkingdom host-pathogen interactions at the gingiva interphase leading to microbial and immune dysbiosis. The discovery of fungi acting as opportunistic pathogens highlights their role in enhancing biofilm virulence and exacerbating host responses, contributing to the total inflammatory burden. Similarly, viruses and archaea influence bacterial metabolism through mechanisms including lysis, nutrient recycling, horizontal gene transfer, and interspecies hydrogen transfer. This interkingdom crosstalk disrupts symbiosis, facilitating enhanced biofilm formation, increased production of virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance. A better understanding of the interkingdom perspective necessitates a comprehensive polymicrobial approach to diagnosis and treatment that extends beyond simply controlling bacteria to include the modulation of interkingdom communication systems. Developing new therapeutic alternatives that address these complex interactions is essential for improving outcomes achieved with mechanical therapy and managing the interrelationships between periodontitis and other systemic diseases.}, }
@article {pmid42007585, year = {2026}, author = {De Santiago, A and Barnes, S and Pereira, TJ and Marcellino-Barros, M and Durden, L and Han, MK and Thrash, JC and Bik, HM}, title = {Pseudoalteromonas is a symbiont of marine invertebrates that exhibits broad patterns of phylosymbiosis.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag091}, pmid = {42007585}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Despite growing insights into the composition of marine invertebrate microbiomes, our understanding of their ecological and evolutionary patterns remains poor, owing to limited sampling depth and low-resolution datasets. Previous studies have provided conflicting results that both confirm and deny the existence of phylosymbiosis between marine invertebrates and marine bacteria. Here, we investigated potential animal-microbe symbioses in Pseudoalteromonas, a bacterial genus consistently identified as a core microbiome taxon in diverse invertebrates. Using a pangenomic analysis of 236 free-living and invertebrate-associated bacterial strains (including two new nematode-associated isolates generated in this study), we confirm that Pseudoalteromonas is a symbiont with substantial evidence of phylosymbiosis across at least three marine invertebrate phyla (e.g., Nematoda, Mollusca, and Cnidaria). Patterns of symbiosis were consistent irrespective of geography (including in Antarctica), with FISH images from nematodes indicating that bacterial symbionts form biofilms in the mouth and esophagus and are sometimes present in female nematode ovaries exhibiting stunted development. The evolutionary history of Pseudoalteromonas is marked by substantial host-switching and lifestyle transitions, and host-associated genomes suggest that these bacteria are facultative symbionts involved in nutritional symbioses. In marine environments, we hypothesize that horizontally acquired symbionts may have co-evolved with invertebrates, using host mucus as a physical niche and food source, while providing their animal hosts with Vitamin B, amino acids, and bioavailable carbon compounds in return.}, }
@article {pmid42007760, year = {2026}, author = {Brignoli, D and Colla, D and Frickel-Critto, E and Castells, CB and Pérez-Giménez, J and Lodeiro, AR}, title = {A synthetic microbial community for soybean biofertilization designed via chlorophyll-based iterative selection.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0254825}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02548-25}, pmid = {42007760}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Improving the effectiveness of microbial inoculants for soybean is essential to enhance biological nitrogen fixation and reduce fertilizer dependence; however, inoculated Bradyrhizobium strains frequently display inconsistent field performance. Inoculation is usually carried out with single-strain formulations, overlooking the possible influence of the native soil microbiota on nodulation success. This limitation may be addressed by formulating inoculants with consortia that include selected members of the soil microbiota. To this end, a synthetic microbial community (SynCom) was developed through a host-mediated microbiome engineering approach guided by leaf chlorophyll content as a rapid, non-destructive plant trait. The experiment was initiated by inoculating soybean plants with a consortium of 9 Bradyrhizobium spp. and 14 non-rhizobial soil isolates. Across eight consecutive selection rounds under gnotobiotic conditions, rhizosphere communities associated with superior plant performance were pooled and propagated. Recurrent selection induced significant shifts in community composition, consistently favoring Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens as the dominant nodulating member and enriching taxa from Pseudomonadales, Burkholderiales, and Sphingomonadales. Sequencing-based profiling and network analysis suggested the emergence of a cohesive and functionally enriched community, with increased potential for nitrogen transformations and organic matter turnover. When evaluated in non-sterile soil, the SynCom derived from the sixth selection round increased nodule number and biomass relative to an uninoculated control and a commercial inoculant strain. These results suggest that plant-guided selection can steer rhizosphere community assembly toward beneficial configurations and support the development of improved soybean bioinoculants.IMPORTANCESoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a major global crop characterized by high seed protein content, which demands elevated nitrogen assimilation. To meet this demand, the crop can utilize atmospheric nitrogen through the process of biological nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium bacteria, thus mitigating soil nitrogen depletion. Although Bradyrhizobium-based inoculants are applied at sowing, their interplay with other members of the rhizosphere microbiota remains poorly understood. It is well documented that plants and rhizosphere microbiota interact to shape plant growth and soil productivity. Therefore, this work evaluated the inoculation of soybean with a synthetic microbial consortium as a strategy to develop new-generation inoculants. These bioinputs are designed to harness plant-soil-microbe interactions to improve soybean productivity while preserving soil properties.}, }
@article {pmid42008187, year = {2026}, author = {Bai, X and Kong, K and Liu, M and Wang, Y and Li, W and Zhou, J and Wu, H and Yin, C and Zhang, Y}, title = {Diversity, antibacterial and phytotoxic activities of culturable gut fungi from the insect Anax parthenope.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag099}, pmid = {42008187}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {AIMS: Insect gut fungi, as specialized symbiotic microorganisms, represent a valuable source for the discovery of novel bioactive metabolites. This study aims to explore the diversity and bioactivity of culturable gut fungal communities in Anax parthenope.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 53 fungal strains from the gut of A. parthenope were distributed across three classes in 22 genera. Antibacterial tests showed that 10 strains exhibited antibacterial activity against at least one pathogenic bacterium. Phytotoxic tests indicated that 16 strains showed significant phytotoxic activity against Echinochloa crusgalli with inhibition rates exceeding 80%, and 11 strains showed potent phytotoxic activity against Abutilon theophrasti with inhibition rate exceeding 70%. Furthermore, four metabolites were isolated from the Alternaria sp. QZB-4. Compound 2 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 17.0 and 11.7&#xa0;mm respectively, which were comparable to those of the positive gentamicin sulfate. Compound 3 also showed moderate antibacterial activity against Xoo and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) with the IZD of 12.2 and 12.3&#xa0;mm, respectively, which were less effective than those of positive control. In addition, at a concentration of 100 &#x3bc;g&#xb7;mL-1, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited strong phytotoxic activity against E. crusgalli and A. theophrasti, with inhibition rates of 90% and 93%, respectively, which were slightly lower than those of the positive 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with the inhibition rate of 100%.}, }
@article {pmid42010874, year = {2026}, author = {Johnston, BG and Garing, MR and Klein, AR and Chan, WY and Nitschke, MR and van Oppen, MJH}, title = {Heat-evolved coral photosymbionts exhibit dampened stress responses across distinct physiological contexts.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71177}, pmid = {42010874}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Australian Research Council/ ; //Paul G. Allen Family Foundation/ ; //Australian Government's Reef Trust and the Great Barrier Reef Foundation, which support RRAP/ ; AS233/IRM/20458//Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation/ ; }, abstract = {Experimental evolution under elevated temperatures has generated heat-evolved (HE) strains of Symbiodiniaceae that enhance coral bleaching tolerance. However, the biomolecular mechanisms underlying this resilience remain poorly understood. We conducted a laboratory heat-stress experiment and applied synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy to examine physiological and biomolecular responses of HE (strain: SS8) and wild-type (strain: WT10) Cladocopium proliferum to thermal stress across three physiological contexts: in hospite, expelled, and cultured. In hospite, both strains exhibited heat-induced increases in free amino acids, phosphorylated compounds, and lipids, coupled with reduced protein content - hallmarks of cellular stress. SS8, however, showed a dampened response overall, in line with an improved thermotolerance based on holobiont phenotypes. Expelled and in hospite cells shared broadly similar biomolecular profiles, though expelled cells of both strains responded less strongly - indicating expulsion may relieve host-imposed stress. Cultured cells differed from in hospite and expelled cells but showed similar strain-specific trends. WT10 responded strongly to heat stress - displaying depleted amino acids, phosphorylated metabolites, and disrupted lipid balance - whereas SS8 mounted a relatively muted metabolic response. These findings support the potential of HE symbionts for reef restoration, highlight the importance of physiological context in assessing Symbiodiniaceae thermotolerance, and the utility of single-cell FTIR microspectroscopy.}, }
@article {pmid42000306, year = {2026}, author = {Campos-López, A and Valdez-Cruz, NA and Garibay-Orijel, R and Trujillo-Roldán, MA}, title = {Mannitol concentration is a determinant of the mycorrhizal infectivity of the Laccaria trichodermophora mycelium produced in liquid culture.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {130}, number = {3}, pages = {101738}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2026.101738}, pmid = {42000306}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Mannitol/metabolism/analysis ; *Mycorrhizae/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity/metabolism ; *Mycelium/growth &amp; development/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Culture Media/chemistry ; *Laccaria/growth &amp; development/pathogenicity/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Trehalose/metabolism ; Pinus/microbiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play a crucial role in temperate forest ecosystems, facilitating enhanced nutrient uptake and increased plant resilience. Laccaria trichodermophora, an EMF commonly associated with juvenile pine species, has recently emerged as a model organism for studying fungal development and symbiotic interactions. Submerged liquid culture of this species has shown promise for producing high volumes of vegetative EMF inoculum. In this context, the carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio in culture media is a crucial factor that affects fungal metabolism, particularly the production of storage carbohydrates such as trehalose and mannitol. These storage molecules are linked to the infectivity of pathogenic fungi and symbionts. However, it remains unclear how the storage metabolic status influences the infectivity of the EMF inoculum and whether these storage molecules can serve as indicators of infectivity. Here, we show that while trehalose accumulation does not affect infectivity, intracellular mannitol concentration, modulated by the C:N ratio, positively correlates with inoculum infectivity. Our findings indicate that intracellular mannitol plays a pivotal role in enhancing the infective ability of EMF inoculum, aiding effective colonization of host roots during the early stages of symbiosis establishment. Considering the above, liquid cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi under conditions that favor intracellular mannitol concentration produce a high-quality inoculant with higher mycorrhizal infectivity. These findings have significant implications for biotechnological production of mycorrhizal inoculants intended for reforestation and sustainable forestry.}, }
@article {pmid42000316, year = {2026}, author = {Luna-Fontalvo, JA and Riquelme, M and Martínez, O and Balocchi, O}, title = {Artificial inoculation of native endophytic fungi and Epichloë in Bromus valdivianus Phil.: successful establishment and growth promotion.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {130}, number = {3}, pages = {101756}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2026.101756}, pmid = {42000316}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Epichloe/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Endophytes/growth &amp; development/physiology ; *Bromus/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Penicillium/growth &amp; development ; Chile ; }, abstract = {This study reports the first successful artificial inoculation of Bromus valdivianus with Epichloë uncinata and five native non-Clavicipitaceae fungi, thereby revealing new avenues for bioinoculant development in southern Chilean forage grasses. Using seedling slit and foliar spray methods, we assessed colonization success, fungal metabolite production, and effects on key agronomic traits under controlled conditions. All inoculated plants showed high survival rates and successful tissue colonization, confirmed by re-isolation, ergosterol quantification, and microscopy. Notably, Penicillium sanguifluum 012BV and Epichloë uncinata achieved the highest colonization frequencies (84%). Chromatographic analysis revealed substantial production of auxins and alkaloids, including 133 μg/mL of loline-type alkaloids in E. uncinata. Inoculated plants exhibited significant increases in height, tillering, leaf development, and dry biomass compared to controls, with isolate-specific effects. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and agronomic potential of artificial endophyte inoculation in native grasses. The superior performance of P. sanguifluum and E. uncinata highlights their utility as bioinoculants for sustainable forage production, with implications for grassland resilience under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid42000555, year = {2026}, author = {Guedes-García, SK and García-Tomsig, NI and Matos, RG and Saramago, M and Arraiano, CM and Jiménez Zurdo, JI}, title = {RNase III influences microaerobic symbiotic pathways and RNA regulation in Sinorhizobium meliloti.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {309}, number = {}, pages = {128526}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2026.128526}, pmid = {42000555}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {Bacterial ribonucleases (RNases) are central components of post-transcriptional networks underlying environmental adaptation. However, their contribution to the ecological specialization of bacteria with complex lifestyles, such as nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts, remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of the double-stranded RNase III ortholog (SmRNase III) in Sinorhizobium meliloti, the symbiotic partner of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Loss of SmRNase III function affected the expression of nearly 30% of protein-coding genes and 12% of annotated non-coding RNAs (sRNAs). Remarkably, more than 70% of these changes occurred under the microaerobic conditions typical of symbiotic nodules. Many SmRNase III-dependent transcripts encode pathways supporting microaerobic metabolism and nitrogen fixation in endosymbiotic bacteroids. Analysis of sequencing read coverage identified putative consensus cleavage signatures enriched in mRNA 5' untranslated regions, suggesting preferential processing at these sites. Altered expression of sRNAs and/or their predicted mRNA targets further supports a role for SmRNase III in sRNA-mediated silencing. Consistently, in vitro assays showed that base‑pairing between nifK (encoding the β‑subunit of the nitrogenase MoFe protein) and the antisense RNA asNifK promotes SmRNase III-mediated cleavage. In vivo assays further supported that silencing of nifK and dctA (encoding a major dicarboxylate transporter) requires SmRNase III, with dctA regulation involving a base‑pairing interaction between the trans‑sRNA AbcR1 and a predicted SmRNase III cleavage site within the mRNA. Our findings reveal a major impact of SmRNase III on shaping the symbiotic transcriptome of S. meliloti and provide a foundation for deeper investigation into RNase III-mediated regulation in rhizobia.}, }
@article {pmid42001003, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Wang, Z and Xu, T and Chen, H and Hu, W and Tang, M}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances the cadmium stress tolerance of Medicago sativa in association with regulation of the aminolevulinic acid pathway.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08798-y}, pmid = {42001003}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {3257141073//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32071639//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; NZ2021025//Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project/ ; }, }
@article {pmid42002664, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, X and Geng, X and Zhou, J and Chen, J and Cheng, B and Li, X}, title = {A semi-hydroponic cultivation system designed for collecting root exudates from maize in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {42002664}, issn = {1618-0860}, support = {2023YFD1901002//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {The collection of root exudates, particularly those from plants symbiotically associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is notably challenging. A semi-hydroponic cultivation system (SHCS) was designed to collect rhizosphere exudates from maize in symbiosis with AMF. This system utilizes perlite as a solid support to simulate soil barriers, combined with drip irrigation to facilitate symbiosis and the collection of maize root exudates. SHCS consists of a culture bottle, a solution bottle providing nutrients, a peristaltic pump for powering the system, silicone tubes connecting all components, a flat-jaw pinchcock for operation, and a device shelf for placing all items. Then it was used to collect root exudates from maize-wild type B73 and AMF-inoculated B73, followed by metabolomics analysis using LC-MS/MS. Through comparative analysis, we identified significant differences in metabolite levels between B73 and RiB73. Briefly, a total of 54 metabolites exhibited AMF-related characteristics, and these metabolites were enriched in 15 metabolic pathways. Key metabolites include lumichrome, riboflavin, indolelactic acid, abscisic acid, gibberellin a116, and l-histidinol phosphate. Among them, l-histidinol phosphate significantly decreased after AMF inoculation, while the other metabolites showed a notable increase in content.}, }
@article {pmid42003247, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, LX and Li, CC and Wang, X and Luo, YQ and Lv, N and Fu, NN and Tang, JY}, title = {The relationship between the wood-boring pest Anoplophora glabripennis and pathogen Fusarium solani in the native range.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.70286}, pmid = {42003247}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {Gaufx-04Y08//Gansu Agricultural University/ ; 32501666//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32160379//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Wood-feeding insects often rely on microbial symbionts to thrive on nutrient-poor xylem. Anoplophora glabripennis is a wood-boring pest that inhabits a wide range of healthy deciduous hosts. The fungus Fusarium solani is associated with A. glabripennis. This study investigated their relationship in the native range of A. glabripennis, and evaluated how F. solani is carried and transmitted, as well as the phylogenetic relationship of F. solani species complex (FSSC) populations from different countries. Fungal communities differed among eggs carried by adult, oviposition secretions, healthy phloem adjacent to the oviposition pit, and soft rot phloem consumed by newly hatched larvae; but were similar in eggs and secretions. F. solani was highly enriched in eggs (93.07%), oviposition secretions (86.39%), and soft rot phloem (63.44%), but was absent in healthy phloem. The F. solani isolation rate from oviposition pits was 100% across different hosts and locations, and it was found in larval guts and frass at all life stages. In addition, GFP-labeled F. solani was only detected in larval guts (10, 40, 60 days post-feeding), but not in the fat body or epidermal tissue. Newly hatched larvae had the highest FSSC-specific copy numbers in their guts than those at other life stages. FSSC isolated from the gut of A. glabripennis in China forms a separate clade, with a relatively distant genetic relationship to the United States larval isolates. These results support the symbiotic relationship between A. glabripennis and F. solani, and demonstrate that F. solani is transmitted via female adult oviposition and carried in the guts by larval feeding.}, }
@article {pmid42003643, year = {2026}, author = {Galib, FA and Kafi, AA and Biswas, S and Hasnat, S and Gupta, DR and Hoque, MN and Rahman, MM and Rahman, MM and Islam, T}, title = {Genome sequence of Escherichia coli H1G2: a B1 lineage isolated from the gut of Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) of Bangladesh.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0013826}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00138-26}, pmid = {42003643}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {We characterized the 4.8 Mbp genome of Escherichia coli H1G2, a B1 lineage isolated from the gut of Bangladesh's national fish, Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha). The complete assembly reveals specialized genes for sugar metabolism and adhesion, facilitating niche-specific colonization, thereby providing insights into the microbial ecology of this commercially significant species' gastrointestinal tract.}, }
@article {pmid41997958, year = {2026}, author = {Duan, S and Dong, J and Chen, Y and Yu, L and Liu, S and Yu, R and Du, Z and Shen, Y and Lu, X and Fu, J and Yang, R and Fang, C}, title = {Kombucha inoculated fermentation reshapes microbial ecology and flavour metabolism in Yunnan Arabica coffee.}, journal = {NPJ science of food}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41538-026-00852-1}, pmid = {41997958}, issn = {2396-8370}, support = {Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Green Health Food (China &amp; Thailand) (grant no.202203AP140011)//Chongye Fang/ ; }, abstract = {This study evaluates the flavor-enhancing effects of kombucha-inoculated fermentation on Coffea arabica L. and uncovers regulatory mechanisms across microbial succession, physicochemical shifts, amino acid remodeling, and volatile formation. Controlled fermentations using kombucha symbiotic consortium for 144 h was comparedwith spontaneous fermentation. At endpoint, bacterial richness in the KT group was 34% higher compared to the CK group. The KT group exhibited a significantly lower pH (4.21) than the CK group (4.95). Komagataeibacter and Zygosaccharomyces were enriched 2-6 fold, while Enterobacter and Aspergillus were suppressed. Kombucha coffee showed lower pH, titratable acidity increased by 64%, and reducing sugars decreased by 43%. Sweet-taste FAAs increased and bitter FAAs decreased, correlating with floral-fruity esters (r ≥ 0.74). Volatiles such as phenylethyl alcohol (42%), phenethyl acetate (200%), and ethyl isovalerate (89%), while off-flavor acids and smoky phenols decreased. Sensory scores improved in floral, fruity, and sweet attributes. Multi-omics linked dominant taxa to upregulated pathways (ester biosynthesis, aromatic amino acid degradation, Maillard products) and key functional genes. These results establish kombucha Inoculated Fermentation as a reproducible, mechanism-based strategy for targeted flavor optimization in speciality coffee and other high-value agricultural products.}, }
@article {pmid41998093, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, YY and Shen, XY and Xiong, XH and Zhao, DS and Hong, XY}, title = {Wolbachia-driven host miRNAs mediate arthropod reproduction in a Wolbachia density-dependent manner.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-026-10077-3}, pmid = {41998093}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {32020103011, 32202290//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is a widespread endosymbiont and a promising tool for pest control due to its ability to manipulate arthropod reproduction. However, how Wolbachia shapes host microRNA regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we profile the Wolbachia-driven host miRNAs using small RNA-seq in spider mite Tetranychus truncatus to uncover their roles in reproduction and symbiosis. Enrichment analyses of predicted miRNA targets suggest that Wolbachia-driven miRNAs may be involved in Wolbachia-host interactions. Functional assays show that several Wolbachia-driven miRNAs influence host fecundity, with some also affecting Wolbachia density. Inhibition of novel-33 or novel-40 reduces host fecundity and is accompanied by reduced Wolbachia density, whereas inhibition of novel-65 reduces fecundity without altering density. These findings indicate that specific miRNAs contribute to the regulation of reproduction and Wolbachia density in T. truncatus, highlighting host miRNAs regulated by Wolbachia as a mechanism of host manipulation and offering opportunities for Wolbachia-based pest management.}, }
@article {pmid41999050, year = {2026}, author = {Brands, M and Ramírez, V and Armbruster, L and Eichfeld, R and Bidru Endeshaw, A and Nassr, T and Saake, P and Pauly, M and Zuccaro, A}, title = {Host-adapted enzymatic deconstruction of acetylated xylan limits immune activation and facilitates mutualistic colonization of monocot roots.}, journal = {Molecular plant}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2026.04.006}, pmid = {41999050}, issn = {1752-9867}, abstract = {Intracellular accommodation of beneficial fungi requires host cell wall remodeling that avoids excessive immune activation. The root endophyte Serendipita indica, a generalist mutualist capable of colonizing both monocot and dicot plants, employs a monocot-specific enzymatic module to deconstruct acetyl-xylan, the dominant hemicellulose of grasses. Central to this module are the glycoside hydrolase SiGH11, which releases acetylated xylooligosaccharides, and SiAXE, a previously uncharacterized SGNH-like acetyl-xylan esterase that sequentially removes acetyl groups from soluble XOS. Both enzymes are co-expressed within a monocot-enriched transcriptional program that also includes sugar transporters and metabolic regulators. Their coordinated activity, together with co-expressed exo-enzymes, promotes efficient xylan hydrolysis while limiting the prolonged accumulation of immunogenic damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Functional genetics demonstrated that SiAXE is required for sustained intracellular growth in monocot roots: its deletion impaired colonization, whereas overexpression transiently accelerated entry but provoked immune responses, underscoring the importance of temporal regulation and enzyme coordination for immune-compatible colonization. These findings provide mechanistic insight into an immune-compatible fungal strategy for host cell wall remodeling and reveal how a broadly colonizing mutualist has repurposed ancestral saprotrophic enzymes into specialized host-adapted modules that balance nutrient acquisition with immune modulation.}, }
@article {pmid41999166, year = {2026}, author = {Hernández-Hernández, EJ and Dautt-Castro, M and Jijón-Moreno, S and Padrón-Rodríguez, F and García-Ortega, LF and González-López, MDC and Estrada-Rivera, M and Casas-Flores, S}, title = {Cross-kingdom sRNA Ta_sRNA1 silences PRIM2 to fine-tune Arabidopsis immunity during symbiosis with Trichoderma atroviride.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71187}, pmid = {41999166}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {IFC-2016-1538//Secretar&#xed;a de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n (SECIHTI)/ ; }, abstract = {Beneficial root-colonizing fungi such as Trichoderma promote plant growth and immunity, yet the contribution of fungal small RNAs (sRNAs) to these interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we identified Ta_sRNA1, a highly abundant Trichoderma atroviride sRNA that accumulates in Arabidopsis root cells and associates with ARGONAUTE 1 and 2 (AGO1/2) complexes to modulate host gene expression. Using stem-loop reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, AGO immunoprecipitation, transgenic lines and a fungal overexpression strain, we examined the function of Ta_sRNA1 and identified PRIM2, encoding the large subunit of DNA primase, as a host target associated with Ta_sRNA1 activity. Ta_sRNA1-mediated repression of PRIM2 restricts fungal overcolonization and enhances resistance to Botrytis cinerea. This regulation is associated with systemic immune priming, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and maintenance of plant growth. By contrast, PRIM2 overexpression suppresses ROS and increases pathogen susceptibility. These findings indicate that a Trichoderma-derived cross-kingdom sRNA modulates plant immunity by targeting the susceptibility-associated gene PRIM2. This mechanism fine-tunes the balance between beneficial colonization and defense responses, highlighting fungal sRNAs as regulators of plant immune homeostasis during beneficial plant-microbe interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41989608, year = {2026}, author = {Adhikari, B and Khadka, J and Owen, KJ and Gough, EC and Zwart, RS}, title = {Variable suppression by mycorrhiza of root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei reproduction among mung bean genotypes has implications for phenotyping.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41989608}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Mung bean (Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo) is susceptible to the endoparasitic root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei (Pt), which limits crop productivity. Mung bean roots host symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which improve nutrient uptake and plant growth. The interaction of these organisms was previously reported in a single mung bean cultivar to increase P. thornei reproduction, suggesting potential consequences for phenotyping. Therefore, twelve diverse mung bean genotypes were evaluated to investigate the effect of AMF on P. thornei reproduction. A factorial design of genotypes, P. thornei and the AMF species Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) was evaluated in two glasshouse experiments. At 16 weeks after sowing, in mung bean inoculated with F. mosseae, there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in P. thornei population densities in nine genotypes whereas no significant effect on P. thornei population densities was observed in the remaining three genotypes. Root colonisation by F. mosseae was not affected by the presence or absence of P. thornei, with consistent root colonisation of ~ 26% across all genotypes. The widest range of P. thornei reproduction between genotypes, and hence the best discrimination of responses, occurred without F. mosseae inoculation. Consequently, it is recommended that mung bean germplasm should be screened for P. thornei resistance in the glasshouse in the absence of AMF for maximal differentiation between genotypes.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00572-026-01261-8.}, }
@article {pmid41997356, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, J and Li, S and Xu, K and Fei, Q and Qiao, Y and Shao, Y and Tian, S}, title = {Serendipita indica improves phytoextraction efficiency of cadmium and lead by Sedum alfredii via stress alleviation and enhanced metal translocation.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {128137}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128137}, pmid = {41997356}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {Heavy metal co-contamination, particularly by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), poses a severe environmental challenge, threatening ecosystem and human health. This study investigated the symbiotic role of the endophytic fungus Serendipita indica (S. indica) in enhancing the phytoremediation efficiency of Cd and Pb by the hyperaccumulator plant Sedum alfredii (S. alfredii). Inoculation with S. indica significantly promoted plant growth, increasing root and shoot dry weights by 16.22% and 20.45%, respectively, and improved root system architecture with total root length and root tips increasing by up to 106.28% and 121.34%. The fungus enhanced metal uptake and accumulation, elevating Cd and Pb concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves, and raising translocation factors by 34.03% for Cd and 15.17% for Pb. Mechanistically, S. indica alleviated oxidative stress by reducing superoxide anion accumulation and modulating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione (GSH) levels, while maintaining photosynthetic function. These findings demonstrate that S. indica enhances phytoremediation through synergistic growth promotion, improved stress tolerance, and optimized metal translocation, providing a promising strategy for the remediation of Cd-Pb co-contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid41997461, year = {2026}, author = {Gu, Q and Yu, J and Liu, Y and Wang, Y and Li, C and Zhuang, Y}, title = {Harnessing bioreactor heterogeneity: From gradient understanding to autonomous control via multiscale modeling and intelligent optimization.}, journal = {Biotechnology advances}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108899}, doi = {10.1016/j.biotechadv.2026.108899}, pmid = {41997461}, issn = {1873-1899}, abstract = {The industrialization of biomanufacturing is constrained by the "scale-up effect", a phenomenon which is rooted in spatiotemporal heterogeneities that arise from multiscale interactions between hydrodynamics and cellular physiology in large-scale bioreactors. This review proposes a framework for a paradigm shift from passive observation to active, intelligent control. We first analyze how environmental gradients create distinct "cellular lifelines", which drive diverse physiological responses ranging from metabolic oscillations to population heterogeneity. We then demonstrate how multiscale modeling (which integrates computational fluid dynamics with physiological models) enables a strategic transition in scale-up strategy, shifting the focus from the futile elimination of gradients to their deliberate exploitation, with the ultimate aim of replicating a cell's critical environmental history. In addition, we explore the formation of a "mechanism-data symbiotic" hybrid modeling paradigm, wherein artificial intelligence enhances mechanistic foundations to facilitate real-time, adaptive optimization. Finally, we propose the digital twin as the ultimate embodiment of this evolution: a closed-loop autonomous system that transforms bioreactors from static vessels into cognitive entities capable of perception, learning, and self-optimization. While challenges in model generalizability and data integration remain, this roadmap points the way toward autonomous, efficient, and sustainable biomanufacturing.}, }
@article {pmid41989168, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, Z and Xue, C and Ang, Y and Wu, Z and Liu, X and Liu, Y and Liu, F and Pan, Q}, title = {Diversity of the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis gut bacterial community and its contribution to reproduction.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0387825}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03878-25}, pmid = {41989168}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The pest Cnaphalocrocis medinalis has a high reproductive rate and causes significant damage in rice. Previous research demonstrated the effect of larval gut microbiota on the fecundity of C. medinalis, but the role of adult gut bacteria in reproduction remains unclear. Here, we characterized the gut microbiota of field and laboratory adult populations using 16S rRNA sequencing and examined their effects on female reproduction. Enterococcus, Asaia, Enterobacter, and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae constituted 55%-85% of the microbiota in laboratory adults, while Asaia, Acinetobacter, Apibacter, unclassified Orbaceae, and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae comprised ~50% of the microbiota in field adults. Several genera, including Enterobacter, were shared between the two populations. The abundance of Enterobacter increased gradually during ovarian development in laboratory females and was enriched in field female guts, showing a positive correlation with reproductive activity. Antibiotic-mediated microbiota depletion significantly reduced ovariole length, ovarian size, and egg deposition in females fed with a 2.5% honey solution (HS) diet but not with 5% or 10% HS. A total of 17 and 14 bacterial species were isolated from laboratory and field adults, respectively. Monoassociation with Enterobacter bugandensis (from laboratory females) or Enterobacter roggenkampii (from field females) increased egg production by 1.73- and 1.94-fold as compared to antibiotic-treated females supplied with 2.5% HS, respectively. Monoassociation with Providencia rettgeri from laboratory females reduced egg production by 51.17% as compared to the conventionally reared females supplied with 10% HS. These results indicate that gut microbiota regulate reproduction in C. medinalis and present a potential target for sustainable pest management.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, is a notorious migratory rice pest whose high reproductive rate drives population growth. However, the role of its gut microbiota in regulating reproduction remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that gut bacteria are essential for the fecundity of C. medinalis under nutrient stress. Depleting gut bacteria severely impaired reproduction, while reintroducing two key symbionts, Enterobacter bugandensis and Enterobacter roggenkampii (isolated from laboratory and field C. medinalis adult populations, respectively), significantly restored reproductive capacity under low-nutrient conditions. These bacteria were predominantly located in the female adult gut. In contrast, monoassociation with Providencia rettgeri substantially reduced fecundity even under normal nutrient conditions. Our work highlights the contribution of gut bacteria in lepidopteran insect reproduction and provides novel insights into gut microbe-host symbiosis as well as host nutritional adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid41990463, year = {2026}, author = {Jiao, Y and Hu, Y and Chen, Q and Li, S and Wang, Y and Li, W and Zhou, Y}, title = {Aspergillus terreus DZ-Q1-1 enhances maize salt tolerance and growth via transcriptional reprogramming of hormone signaling, sphingolipid metabolism, and ion homeostasis.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {309}, number = {}, pages = {128527}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2026.128527}, pmid = {41990463}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {Salt stress is widely recognized as a major abiotic factor constraining global crop growth and productivity, while soil salinization continues to pose substantial challenges to agricultural sustainability and food security. Salt-tolerant endophytic fungi, serving as key functional components within plant-microbe symbiotic systems, exhibit considerable capacity to improve plant resilience under adverse conditions. In this study, the salt-tolerant fungal strain Aspergillus terreus DZ-Q1-1, originally isolated as an endophyte from the roots of the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum, was selected as the experimental strain. By means of co-cultivation with maize seedlings, its regulatory roles and the associated molecular mechanisms involved in maize growth modulation and salt tolerance enhancement were systematically examined. The results demonstrated that inoculation with strain DZ-Q1-1 exerted a dual regulatory effect by simultaneously stimulating growth and strengthening salt tolerance in maize seedlings. Under non-stress conditions, the tryptophan metabolic pathway and plant hormone signal transduction pathway were activated, accompanied by upregulated expression of auxin synthesis-related genes (IAA24, ARFTF27, and saur48) and tryptophan biosynthesis-related genes (cl10273_1a, LOC103630607, and IDP2427a). Consequently, seedling fresh weight, plant height, and root length were increased by 12.58%, 9.18%, and 18.92%, respectively. When co-cultivated with maize seedlings under 250 mM NaCl stress, DZ-Q1-1 inoculation significantly alleviated salt-induced growth inhibition, leading to increases of 25.28%, 44.59%, and 15.81% in fresh weight, plant height, and root length, respectively, compared to the salt-stressed control. Under salt stress conditions, DZ-Q1-1 induced extensive transcriptional reprogramming in maize leaves. Specifically, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities were markedly enhanced, thereby mitigating oxidative damage linked to reactive oxygen species accumulation, decreasing leaf relative electrical conductivity, and facilitating the recovery of chlorophyll synthesis. Similarly, cellular membrane structural integrity was maintained via enhanced expression of key genes in the sphingolipid metabolism and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathways (IDD18, ONM22238, and LOC100191284). Moreover, ionic homeostasis was effectively regulated, leading to increases of 44.65% and 67.86% in the K[+]/Na[+] ratio in maize shoots and roots, respectively, which substantially alleviated Na[+] toxicity. Collectively, these findings confirm that DZ-Q1-1 enhances maize salt tolerance and promotes growth via coordinated physiological regulation and molecular reprogramming, thereby providing valuable microbial resources for saline-alkali soil improvement and offering a theoretical basis for elucidating stress-resistant symbiotic mechanisms between plants and endophytic fungi.}, }
@article {pmid41990910, year = {2026}, author = {Irudayarajan, L and Ravindran, C}, title = {Characterization of pink pigmented lesions and its associated inflammatory-like responses that influence resilience in a scleractinian coral.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108630}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2026.108630}, pmid = {41990910}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {The reef-building Scleractinian coral Porites lutea is widely affected by abnormal pink inflammations including Pink line syndrome (PLS) and Pink spot (PS). However, the immune responses of these non-normal pink pigmented tissue lesions in P. lutea are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological changes, innate immune responses, and microbial community shifts associated with pink-pigmented lesions in P. lutea in order to better understand disease severity and recovery. Healthy and pigmented tissues were analyzed using comparative histopathology, microscopy, enzymatic assays, protease profiling, and genome-level screening of microbial communities and functional response genes. Histopathology revealed fragmentation, degradation, and disintegration of the polyp gastrodermal architecture and mesoglea in pigmented tissues. Bacterial colonizers occurred in both healthy and pigmented tissues, whereas ciliates were detected only in the lesions. Pigmented tissues also showed reduced numbers and surface area of symbiotic algae, ova, and mesenterial filaments, indicating compromised survival and fecundity. Increased melanin deposition and mucus secretion, together with elevated phenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and protease activities, indicated strong innate immune and oxidative stress responses in inflamed tissues. Genome-level screening further revealed shifts in microbial communities and stress-related functions between healthy and pigmented tissues. These findings show that pink inflammatory lesions in P. lutea are associated with major tissue damage, immune activation, and microbial reorganization, and provide insight into the resilience of this massive coral under biotic and abiotic stress.}, }
@article {pmid41991721, year = {2026}, author = {Calheiros de Carvalho, A and Hurtado-Lopez, N and Cano Prieto, C and von Bargen, M and Damas-Ramos, LC and Undabarrena, A and Rago, D and Chen, L and Gadar Lopez, AE and Jayachandran, S and Trejo Alarcon, LM and Li, X and Arsovska, D and Ahonen, L and Kandasamy, V and Sondt-Marcussenv, L and Arango Saavedra, M and Karyofyllis, I and Exley, KP and de Bekker, C and Brogaard, JS and Keasling, JD and Cruz-Morales, P}, title = {A biosynthetic survey of hypocrealean biocontrol fungi.}, journal = {Nature chemical biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41991721}, issn = {1552-4469}, support = {NNF20CC0035580//Novo Nordisk Fonden (Novo Nordisk Foundation)/ ; NNF24SA0100980//Novo Nordisk Fonden (Novo Nordisk Foundation)/ ; NNF17SA0031362//Novo Nordisk Fonden (Novo Nordisk Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Pests cause up to 40% of global crops losses. Pesticide overuse drives resistance and poses notable risks to public health and the environment. Many hypocrealean fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants while antagonizing pests, making them valuable sources of biocontrol agents and biopesticides. However, little is known about their biosynthetic capabilities. Here we use phylogenomics, metabolomics and heterologous expression to catalog the biosynthetic repertoire of 82 plant-associated and insect-associated Hypocreales species. Annotation of 5,221 biosynthetic gene clusters reveals that ~80% of them encode unknown products. By linking biosynthetic gene clusters to molecules, we investigate the biosynthesis of several natural products, including pyridones, dethiosecoemestrin and efrapeptin. Additionally, by combining our metabologenomics workflow with synthetic biology, we characterize four nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like synthetases involved in the biosynthesis of hitherto unknown products. We believe that this work lays the groundwork for future efforts toward sustainable pest control in agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41993064, year = {2026}, author = {Karnkowska, A and García-Cunchillos, I and Sałek, M}, title = {Living together: evolutionary and ecological dimensions of protist endosymbiosis.}, journal = {microLife}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {uqag013}, pmid = {41993064}, issn = {2633-6693}, abstract = {Protists, which comprise the majority of eukaryotic diversity, frequently engage in endosymbiotic relationships with other unicellular eukaryotes or prokaryotes. These interactions have profoundly shaped eukaryotic evolution, not only through the origin of endosymbiotic organelles and the subsequent diversification of eukaryotes, but also via less studied endosymbioses that have influenced the evolution of diverse eukaryotic lineages. Endosymbioses often alter host metabolic capabilities, enabling the colonisation of new ecological niches and significantly contributing to ecosystem functioning. In recent years, interest in these interactions has increased, driven by methodological innovations and new discoveries that reveal the diversity, mechanisms, and ecological roles of protist endosymbioses. Despite these advances, key questions remain: How widespread and ecologically impactful are protist endosymbioses? What functions do symbionts provide, and how do associations form, persist, or break down? Addressing these questions requires systematic studies of protists in their natural environments, combining microscopy and sequencing using both high-throughput and single-cell approaches, along with experimental manipulations of host-symbiont interactions. Here, we review current knowledge, highlight recent breakthroughs, and discuss ongoing challenges in the study of protist endosymbioses.}, }
@article {pmid41995266, year = {2026}, author = {Patel, V and Kucuk, RA and Haines-Eitzen, BR and Russell, JA and Oliver, KM}, title = {Emergent symbiont strains provide thermally robust protection against co-evolved and novel parasitoids of introduced pea aphids.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag098}, pmid = {41995266}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Climate change and biological invasions pose synergistic threats; however, organisms may rapidly adapt through microbial symbiosis. We investigated how defensive symbionts in invasive pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, respond to emerging threats. Previously rare strains of the protective symbiont Hamiltonella defensa increased from <0.5% to 58% in aphid populations over just a few years. Bioassays revealed that these strains confer reciprocal, enemy-specific defences. One strain (C11) protected against Praon pequodorum, a native parasitoid that only began attacking pea aphids post-introduction, but provided no defence against the co-evolved parasitoid Aphidius ervi. Conversely, a closely related strain (C9) protected strongly against A. ervi but not P. pequodorum. When the APSE bacteriophage was spontaneously lost from H. defensa C11 during cultivation, protection against P. pequodorum was completely eliminated, experimentally confirming the essential role of phage-encoded defences. Cultivation-assisted genomic analyses implicate divergent phage virulence cassettes in enemy-targeted defence, creating complementary protection portfolios within populations. The modular architecture of APSE phages enables rapid acquisition of novel capabilities through horizontal gene transfer. Critically, both strains maintained robust anti-parasitoid defence under simulated heatwave conditions, in contrast to previous findings in which modest temperature increases disabled protection in other H. defensa strains. Our findings demonstrate the potential for heritable symbionts to provide rapid adaptive responses to anthropogenic stressors within ecological timescales, representing a widespread mechanism for host persistence under accelerating global change and having important implications for biological control and ecosystem management.}, }
@article {pmid41996342, year = {2026}, author = {Rajan, FV and Bucking, C}, title = {Effects of salinity and broad-range antibiotics on oxalate production, transport, and degradation in Poecilia latipinna.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {e0347147}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0347147}, pmid = {41996342}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Salinity ; *Oxalates/metabolism ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Poecilia/metabolism/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Seawater ; Biological Transport/drug effects ; Kidney/metabolism/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Oxalate is an anion that readily binds calcium and is thought to contribute to osmoregulation. This study investigated how environmental salinity influences oxalate homeostasis in euryhaline sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna), with a focus on the interplay between microbial symbiosis and host transport processes. Gut microbiome profiling demonstrated regional specialization, with the posterior intestine enriched in oxalate-degrading bacterial families. Community shifts across salinities suggests functional redundancy and resilience, ensuring maintenance of oxalate-catabolizing capacity. Antibiotic treatment disrupted this system, impairing microbial degradation and causing systemic oxalate stress. Oxalate concentrations were also measured in the liver, intestine, and kidney, organs central to oxalate metabolism, under freshwater and seawater conditions. Salinity induced a redistribution of oxalate among these organs, with the gut assuming an auxiliary excretory role in seawater. This functional shift parallels mammalian colon physiology and highlights the gut's role in balancing ion and oxalate flux. Expression analyses of the oxalate transporters SLC26A3 (solute carrier family 26, member 3) and SLC26A6 (solute carrier family 26, member 6) revealed organ-specific and salinity-dependent regulation. Both transporters displayed distinct responses to seawater exposure, indicating specialized roles in oxalate handling. These patterns suggest coordinated but nonredundant mechanisms that govern absorption and secretion, linking salt transport with oxalate clearance. These findings underscore the microbial contribution to oxalate balance and reveal that osmoregulatory challenges shape gut microbial composition and function. Collectively, this study presents the first comprehensive analysis of oxalate metabolism in a euryhaline teleost and demonstrates a coordinated host-microbe system that mitigates oxalate accumulation across salinities. By integrating metabolic and osmoregulatory demands, P. latipinna reallocates excretory function from kidney to gut and leverages microbial symbiosis to preserve homeostasis. These findings expand our understanding of teleost physiology and highlight oxalate metabolism as a critical axis of environmental adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid41985349, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Wang, H and Kong, Z and Wang, Y}, title = {Enhanced bioelectrochemical anaerobic membrane bioreactor utilizing IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti bioanode for municipal wastewater treatment: Synchronizing organic carbon recovery and membrane fouling mitigation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {299}, number = {}, pages = {125922}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125922}, pmid = {41985349}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {While anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) demonstrate significant potential for carbon energy recovery from municipal wastewater (MWW), their practical application is still hindered by the relatively low bioenergy recovery efficiency and membrane fouling issues. To address these challenges, a novel microbial electrolysis cell integrated with AnMBR (MEC‑AnMBR) was developed equipped with a tailored IrO2‑Ta2O5/Ti anode. Electrochemical tests confirmed that the IrO2‑Ta2O5/Ti anode offers a lower energy barrier and amino acid residue binding sites for electrode-microbe interface redox reactions. Even with the real MWW (chemical oxygen demand (COD) being low at 125 mg/L), the MEC-AnMBR achieved a methane production up to 0.25 L-CH4/g COD, being 39% (p < 0.01) higher than the conventional AnMBR; also, the fouling rate was reduced by 64% (p < 0.01) and a long‑term stable operation was maintained through the cake layer regulation. The bioelectrochemical interface fostered a spatially heterogeneous microbiota, where exoelectrogens (e.g., Geobacter) and methanogenic archaea (e.g., Methanosaeta) were selectively enriched at separate electrodes. This spatial separation facilitated metabolic pathway partitioning and robust microbial symbiosis, ultimately promoting bioenergy output to offset the electrical input. High activity of electrode-microbe interface contributed to the enhanced extracellular electron transfer by upregulated metabolism-related redox proteins (e.g., isodisulfide compound reductase, hydrogenase complex) on the surface of the cell membrane, driving the superior organics‑to‑methane conversion. This work demonstrates a viable MEC‑AnMBR configuration that simultaneously mitigates membrane fouling and enhances bioenergy recovery from low‑strength wastewater, advancing the paradigm of energy‑positive wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41985766, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Z and Wang, J and Zeng, T and Wang, Z and Wei, J and Zhang, H and Miao, L and Peng, Y}, title = {Mechanistic insights into light-driven self-regulation of microbial interactions and metabolic shifts in autotrophic algal-bacterial systems.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134628}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134628}, pmid = {41985766}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Light intensity regulates energy input and ecological balance in algal-bacterial symbiotic systems; however, underlying light-driven mechanisms remain unclear. This study explored microbial community succession, functional shifts, and metabolic regulation under light gradients in an algal-bacterial symbiotic system comprising microalgae, partial-nitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Light intensity exhibited a dual effect. Optimal total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) reached 91% at a light intensity of 280 ± 10 μmol/(m[2]·s), reflecting balanced algal-bacterial interactions. Higher light (380 ± 10 μmol/(m[2]·s)) induced excessive oxygen production and nitrite accumulation, thereby reducing TNRE to 76%. Ultra-high light (480 ± 10 μmol/(m[2]·s)) triggered algal photoinhibition, decreasing oxygen production and restoring TNRE to 88%. Microbial network stability declined with increasing light intensity but recovered under ultra-high light. Meanwhile, metabolism shifted significantly from purine and nucleotide metabolism to tryptophan metabolism (p < 0.05), reflecting a metabolic transition from proliferative growth to stress resistance. These findings demonstrate the intrinsic light-driven self-regulatory mechanism in autotrophic algal-bacterial systems.}, }
@article {pmid41986076, year = {2026}, author = {Stewart, ECD and Jimi, N and Moreau, C and Wiklund, H and Dahlgren, TG and Glover, AG}, title = {Novel deep-sea commensalism: a new genus and two new species of Myzostomida from the abyssal Pacific Ocean.}, journal = {Invertebrate systematics}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1071/IS25078}, pmid = {41986076}, issn = {1447-2600}, mesh = {Pacific Ocean ; *Phylogeny ; Animals ; *Symbiosis ; Species Specificity ; *Annelida/classification/physiology/genetics ; Starfish/parasitology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic relationships are ubiquitous across nature and play key roles in the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. The Myzostomida are an enigmatic clade of marine annelids that live as obligate symbionts on or inside their predominantly echinoderm hosts. Species of myzostomid have diverse morphologies and lifestyles, ranging from cyst and gall forming, to parasitic host eating, and free-living ectocommensalism. Largely described from shallow tropical waters, there is currently limited information on myzostomids from the deep sea. Here we describe, using integrated morphological and molecular data, the first genus and two species of myzostomid from the abyssal seafloor, found living ectocommensally on porcellanasterid starfish from 3490 to 4362 m deep in the central and North Pacific Ocean. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using both nuclear (18S rRNA, H3) and mitochondrial (COI, 16S rRNA) markers recovered Myrmekimyzostomumgen. nov. as monophyletic, and the sole commensal genus in a clade of parasitic species associated with asteroids and ophiuroids. Trait-mapping across the phylogeny suggests the ancestral myzostomid form likely lived ectocommensally on stalked crinoids, with parasitism emerging multiple times in their evolutionary history. These new taxa underline the substantial ecological and evolutionary novelty that can be found in the deep sea. Zoobank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:332B8B95-F390-4D9F-B1FE-E9E4D433E24C.}, }
@article {pmid41986833, year = {2026}, author = {Aguirre-Noyola, JL and García-Iglesias, V and Chávez-González, JD}, title = {Short-Term Conservation and Exploitation of Sweet Acacia (Vachellia farnesiana L. Wight &amp; Arn.) Through an Efficient Scarification-Based Germination Protocol.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {3011}, number = {}, pages = {81-90}, pmid = {41986833}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {*Germination ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; *Acacia/growth &amp; development ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; }, abstract = {Vachellia farnesiana (L. Wight &amp; Arn.), known as "huizache" or sweet acacia, is a nitrogen-fixing legume with a wide distribution in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico and America. Its potential in ecological restoration, phytoremediation and improvement of degraded soils has generated a growing interest in establishing reliable protocols for its conservation and short-term exploitation. This is an efficient germination protocol based on mechanical scarification and subsequent in vitro culture. Seeds were obtained from mature fruits, manually scarified, disinfected, germinated under sterile conditions and sown on Fahraeus medium, which does not contain nitrogen and is commonly used to evaluate symbiosis with rhizobia. Optimal incubation conditions favoring root emergence were determined over a 96-h period. Subsequently, seedlings were grown in vitro for initial development and morphological and physiological analysis. This standardized protocol allows rapid, controlled and reproducible germination, which facilitates the production of plants for conservation programs, sustainable management and agricultural use. The proposed methodology also constitutes a useful tool for symbiosis and genetic improvement studies in native legumes.}, }
@article {pmid41988208, year = {2026}, author = {He, J and Li, N and Li, DW and Guo, Y and Chen, SS and Sun, F and Wang, JW and Huang, L}, title = {Two new species and four new host records of Fusarium species (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales) associated with Semanotus bifasciatus causing Taxodium hybrid 'Zhongshanshan' dieback.}, journal = {MycoKeys}, volume = {130}, number = {}, pages = {355-391}, pmid = {41988208}, issn = {1314-4049}, abstract = {Semanotus bifasciatus (Motschulsky) (Cerambycidae, Coleoptera) is a quarantine wood-boring pest that severely damages cypress trees in China and poses a significant threat to forest ecological security. However, the knowledge of Fusarium species associated with this beetle is inadequate in China. In this study, 16 strains of Fusarium were isolated from beetle galleries in infected Taxodium hybrid 'Zhongshanshan' samples. Morphological and molecular multi-locus analyses, based on internal transcribed spacer region of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α), RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1) and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) genes, identified four new host records species (F. annulatum, F. fujikuroi, F. ipomoeae and F. oblongum) and two new species (F. semanoti sp. nov. and F. taxodii sp. nov.) are introduced in the present study, with pathogenicity tests confirming all six species could cause T. hybrid 'Zhongshanshan' dieback. This study provides the first documentation of Fusarium diversity associated with S. bifasciatus in China, offering new perspectives for understanding the beetle-fungus symbiotic system and their synergistic pathogenicity to T. hybrid 'Zhongshanshan'.}, }
@article {pmid41787302, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Liu, L and Long, M and Guan, D and Deng, W}, title = {Habitat-driven variation in gut microbiome composition and function of the pygmy grasshopper (Tetrix japonica) across diverse ecosystems in China.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41787302}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {2023GXNSFDA026037//Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province,China/ ; 32360124//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The gut microbiome plays an important role in insect adaptation, yet how habitat variation shapes microbial communities in pygmy grasshoppers remains unclear. We investigated this question using Tetrix japonica, which inhabits diverse ecosystems across China and provides an ideal model to study microbiome-environment interactions. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on gut samples from six populations representing coniferous forest, broadleaf forests in Shandong and Shaanxi, grassland, shrubland, and laboratory-reared populations.<br><br>RESULTS: Microbial diversity and community composition varied significantly among habitats, with field populations exhibiting higher diversity than laboratory-reared ones. Despite environmental differences, a core microbiome comprising 1,162 shared species was consistently detected, suggesting stable symbiotic relationships. Habitat-specific microbial signatures were most evident between forest and grassland populations, with lignocellulose-degrading taxa enriched in forest habitats. Moreover, geographic separation between Shandong and Shaanxi broadleaf forests led to distinct microbial profiles despite similar vegetation. Functional analysis revealed differential enrichment of genes related to plant polymer degradation, nitrogen cycling, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis across habitats.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that both habitat conditions and geography influence gut microbiome assembly in T. japonica, with microbiome plasticity facilitating adaptation. The reduced diversity observed in laboratory populations highlights the importance of natural habitats for maintaining functional microbiome integrity.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-026-12725-8.}, }
@article {pmid41973129, year = {2026}, author = {Delaeter, M and Ndour, PMS and Tisserant, B and Randoux, B and Abdellatif, L and Stefani, F and Magnin-Robert, M and Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui, A}, title = {Co-occurrence networks reveal candidate AMF-microbe assemblages for generalist and crop-specific inocula.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41973129}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread root symbionts increasingly used as bioinoculants. Because symbiotic efficiency depends on interactions with other plant-beneficial microbes, identifying compatible taxa and positive interaction patterns across hosts and niches could improve the design of crop-specific AMF-based inocula. Using amplicon sequencing and co-occurrence network analyses, microbial communities (AMF, fungi and bacteria) from the rhizosphere and roots of wheat were characterized and compared with those of two highly mycotrophic plant species: leek (monocotyledon) and clover (dicotyledon). Results showed that AMF diversity associated with wheat roots was 1.37- and 1.24-fold lower than that observed in leek and clover, respectively. Across all plant species, Glomus and Rhizophagus taxa dominated root-associated communities, whereas Diversispora prevailed in the rhizosphere. In contrast, wheat harboured the highest bacterial and fungal richness compared with leek and clover, whereas leek and clover roots were enriched in several functional bacterial groups, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria, denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria and plant growth promoting bacteria. Co-occurrence network analyses revealed niche partitioning with bacterial interactions predominant in roots and fungal interactions in the rhizosphere, but with fewer and less-positive connections in wheat than in leek and clover. AMF showed positive associations with beneficial bacterial taxa (e.g. Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces) and fungal taxa (e.g. Serendipita), with interaction patterns varying among plant species. Together, these results demonstrate that plant identity and niche jointly shape the diversity and interaction patterns of root and rhizosphere-associated microbial communities, and they highlight specific AMF-microbe assemblages as promising candidates for the development of generalist or crop-specific AMF-based inocula.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00572-026-01257-4.}, }
@article {pmid41980223, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, C and Zhao, H and Feng, H and Dong, X and Chen, L and Yang, M and Chen, R and Lei, C and Liu, C and Chen, Q and Xin, D and Wang, J}, title = {Natural Variation of NAR5 Determines Nitrogenase Activity and the Yield in Soybean.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e21100}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202521100}, pmid = {41980223}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {32372106//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32272072//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32201809//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32572433//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) serves as a vital process through which legumes acquire atmospheric nitrogen, directly influencing plant growth, yield, and soil fertility. Nitrogenase activity represents a key determinant of SNF efficiency, yet only a limited number of genes regulating this process have been identified in soybean nodules. In this study, a genome-wide association analysis uncovered a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 5, named NAR5 (Nitrogenase Activity Related Gene 5), which governs variation in nitrogenase activity among natural soybean populations under controlled greenhouse conditions. NAR5 encodes a subtilisin-like serine protease. Functional characterization demonstrated that NAR5 overexpression downregulates the transcription of senescence-associated genes in nodules, thereby sustaining nitrogenase function. Moreover, plants overexpressing NAR5 exhibited enhanced field performance, with increased yield and improved adaptation to low-nitrogen conditions. Population analysis revealed that NAR5 is subject to selection pressure during domestication, and that the elite haplotype NAR5[HapI-1] linked to superior nitrogenase activity and greater seed weight has been preferentially incorporated into modern breeding germplasm. In summary, these findings identify NAR5 as a candidate genetic regulator of SNF efficiency in soybean, providing a promising molecular target for breeding high-yield, nitrogen-efficient cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid41980650, year = {2026}, author = {Xia, J and Liu, J and Li, J and Lin, Y and Ge, S and Qiu, S}, title = {Effect of high ammonium stress on microalgae cultivation: An integrated analysis of research trends, mechanistic insights, and mitigation strategies.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134611}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134611}, pmid = {41980650}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Ammonium inhibition remains a major bottleneck in microalgae-based wastewater treatment and resource recovery. This study provides a comprehensive analysis through an integrated bibliometric analysis with a systematic review. Based on 342 screened publications, bibliometric findings reveal a marked increase in research output over the past decade, with contributions concentrated in policy-supportive regions such as China, Europe and North America. Research hotspots have shifted from fundamental cultivation and nutrient removal toward in-depth directions such as free ammonia inhibition mechanisms, lipid synthesis regulation, and microalgae-bacteria symbiotic systems, reflecting an overall evolution from process optimization to mechanistic investigation and integrated resource recovery. The mechanistic analysis establishes that ammonium inhibition operates through multiple interconnected pathways, including photosystem II dysfunction and photoinhibition aggravation, uncoupling of photophosphorylation via photon gradient dissipation, disruption of ammonium assimilation, induction of DNA damage and oxidative stress, and suppression of respiratory metabolism. In response, this review also evaluates a range of mitigation strategies including physicochemical control (e.g., potential of hydrogen (pH) regulation, precipitation), biological augmentation (e.g., acclimated strains, genetic engineering), and process optimization (e.g., two‑phase cultivation, real‑time monitoring). This work delineates the knowledge architecture and physiological-molecular foundations of ammonium stress, clarifying its systemic impact on microalgal physiology. The resulting multi-pathway inhibitory framework integrates these mechanistic insights and directly informs the design of targeted mitigation strategies, offering a scientific basis for enhancing the performance and resilience of microalgae-based wastewater treatment and resource recovery systems.}, }
@article {pmid41981175, year = {2026}, author = {Panahi-Moghaddam, S and Heidari, P and Asghari, HR and Abdullah, }, title = {The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in maintaining potassium uptake in bean under drought and ABA stress.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-48871-y}, pmid = {41981175}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41981578, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, Y and Wang, Q and Deng, C and Xiao, B and Zheng, X}, title = {Evaluating the role of coral trophic strategies in driving community shifts in response to heat stress via stable isotopes-based modeling.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-026-02594-8}, pmid = {41981578}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {2020YFA0607602//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; KCXFZ20211020165547011//Sustainable Development Project of Shenzhen/ ; No. 42376110//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023J06043//Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Fujian Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Corals are increasingly threatened by global climate change, which may lead to shifts in their community on geographic scales. Reef-building corals are mixotrophic and may increase heterotrophy to bolster their resilience to environmental stress. However, many studies only focus on trophic strategies at the species or genus level, overlooking whether the change in these strategies may cause community shifts.<br><br>RESULTS: Prior to potential summer thermal events, we collected coral samples and classified them into different groups based on the shortest distance from the inner edge of the corallite wall (SDI), life history strategy (competitive vs. non-competitive), and evolutionary trajectory (complex vs. robust). Physiological measurements showed that the corals with small polyps, a competitive life history strategy, and membership in the complex clade had higher symbiotic density and greater chlorophyll content, indicating enhanced photosynthetic capacity. By integrating stable isotope analysis (&#x3b4;[13]C and &#x3b4;[15]N), Bayesian mixing models, and a kernel utilization density niche approach, we found that during summer, corals with larger SDI, non-competitive life history strategies, and robust evolutionary trajectory relied more on heterotrophy, a pattern suggesting greater resilience to thermal stress. These results are consistent with field observations, where coral groups with greater reliance on heterotrophy maintained their relative abundance after a local bleaching event.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that trophic strategies, inferred from summer states, may play a role in coral resilience and provide new insights into how coral reefs may respond to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41982106, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, W and Zhou, J and Wang, J and Jiang, Y and Lu, Z and Lian, P and Li, Z and Yuan, F and Liu, X and Wei, C}, title = {Bacterial endosymbionts initiate morphogenesis of symbiotic organs at specific locations in auchenorrhynchan insects of Hemiptera.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.70281}, pmid = {41982106}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {32270496//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32400366//Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Plant sap-feeding insects (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) with rich species diversity generally harbor obligate endosymbionts within their specialized symbiotic organs (i.e., bacteriomes) to supplement them with essential amino acids (EAAs) and B vitamins that are unavailable in their nutritionally unbalanced diet, representing a typical model of insect-microbe symbioses. However, the processes of symbiont translocation and morphogenesis of bacteriomes during embryonic development remain unclear in Auchenorrhyncha. Here, we assessed symbiont replacement events in representative species across the five auchenorrhynchan superfamilies, and investigated the symbiont communities of eggs and morphogenesis of symbiotic organs during embryonic development as well as nutritional roles that related obligate symbionts play using multiple approaches. We revealed differences in the provision of EAAs by the same obligate symbiont across various auchenorrhynchan lineages, and demonstrated that the morphogenesis of symbiotic organs is closely associated with the symbiont community: (i) hosts acquiring only obligate symbiotic bacteria form bacteriomes to harbor them; (ii) hosts having only a yeast-like fungal symbiont (YLS) form fat bodies to harbor the YLS cells, but no bacteriomes evolved; and (iii) hosts harboring both obligate symbiotic bacteria and YLS form bacteriomes to harbor bacteria, and YLS gradually migrate to the fat bodies with the development of the host insects, although they initially co-colonized the bacteriomes. The results indicate that only the obligate bacterial symbiont(s) initiate the morphogenesis and formation of the bacteriomes. It highlights adaptive mechanisms underlying the origin and evolution of symbiotic organs in plant sap-feeding insects and provides new insights into their co-evolution with microbial partners.}, }
@article {pmid41982299, year = {2026}, author = {Jose, JK and K R L, S}, title = {Humboldtia Vahl - An under-utilised, under-researched, and vulnerable tree genus endemic to the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot.}, journal = {Plant diversity}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {433-437}, pmid = {41982299}, issn = {2468-2659}, abstract = {•Humboldtia, is a scientifically valuable yet underexplored endemic genus from the Western Ghats - Sri Lanka Biodiversity hotspot.•Comprising just eight species, all of which are under threat of extinction, the genus is one of the evolutionarily unique plant lineages within the region's flora.•The genus shows ecological adaptations, such as domatia-mediated ant-plant symbiosis and cauliflorous flowering, which are important in its natural habitat.•Humboldtia is an exceptional model for investigating speciation dynamics, biogeographical diversification, and ecological specialisation in tropical forest ecosystems.•However, the genus remains poorly studied and inadequately protected, calling for increased attention in both research and conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid41982351, year = {2026}, author = {Xue, Y}, title = {The spiral symbiosis of skill and interest: the psychological mechanism of their synergistic development in PE classes.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1791070}, pmid = {41982351}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A longstanding contradiction has persisted in the field of physical education (PE). On the one hand, teaching oriented toward "fun PE" can overemphasize immediate enjoyment; yet because it often lacks substantive skill improvement, students' interest becomes surface-level and difficult to sustain. On the other hand, traditional skill-centered teaching emphasizes technical proficiency, but its dull, repetitive process frequently extinguishes learners' enthusiasm. This coexistence of two outcomes-students either have fun but do not really learn, or learn but do not enjoy it-has become a bottleneck hindering PE from developing toward higher quality.<br><br>PURPOSE: To address this problem, the present study attempts to move beyond either-or thinking and clarify how skill and interest are connected. Based on foundational theories in contemporary motivational psychology-especially interpretations of the needs for competence and autonomy within Self-Determination Theory (SDT), and complementing this with other frameworks like Achievement Goal Theory-and combined with stage models of interest development, we propose and test a new theoretical framework: the Skill-Interest Spiral Symbiosis (SISS) Model. We aim to clarify how skill mastery is associated with learning interest through an indirect psychological pathway, and how interest in turn may feed back into further skill refinement, forming a potential feedback cycle.<br><br>METHODS: To verify the generalizability of the SISS Model, we conducted an anonymous cross-sectional survey among adult participants enrolled in sport-related courses using the Wenjuanxing platform. A total of 620 valid responses were collected (valid response rate: 88.6%), covering a wide range of sport programs such as basketball, yoga, swimming, and more. Key measures included: skill self-appraisal, perceived competence, perceived teacher autonomy support, situational interest, and long-term participation intention. Data were preliminarily processed with SPSS, and a structural equation model (SEM) was constructed in AMOS to empirically test the hypothesized paths. Bootstrap methods were further used to examine mediation and moderation effects.<br><br>RESULTS: Model fit indices for the SEM (&#x3c7; [2] /df&#x202f;=&#x202f;2.41, CFI&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.95, RMSEA&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.050), together with mediation and moderation tests, jointly validated a potentia feedback cycle of "skill&#x202f;&#x2192;&#x202f;competence&#x202f;&#x2192;&#x202f;interest&#x202f;&#x2192;&#x202f;engagement." The SEM showed that: (1) skill self-appraisal was an important positive predictor of perceived competence; (2) perceived competence played a key "bridge" role between skill self-appraisal and interest (partial mediation); (3) teacher autonomy support significantly "catalyzed" the conversion from competence to interest-under high autonomy-supportive environments, competence more readily was associated with interest; and (4) situational interest strongly and positively predicted behavioral engagement and long-term persistence, forming a complete pathway from psychological processes to behavior.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The central argument is that skill and interest are not mutually exclusive choices; rather, they can form a symbiotic relationship that can mutually nourish and spiral upward. Skill improvement is the "fuel" that is associated with ignited interest, while interest is the "engine" that drives skill refinement. In this symbiotic cycle, perceived competence is the crucial psychological converter, and autonomy support in the teaching environment is the key "catalyst" determining conversion efficiency. While acknowledging the limitations of our cross-sectional data, establishing the SISS Model provides new ideas and practical leverage points for resolving the longstanding "learning vs. fun" dilemma in physical activity education, and offers guidance for designing more effective and attractive learning experiences.}, }
@article {pmid41982394, year = {2026}, author = {Stepanskyy, N and Meliani, J and Tökölyi, J and Nedelcu, AM and Ujvari, B and Thomas, F and Dujon, AM}, title = {Symbiont Reintroduction Alters Tumor Progression and Life-History Traits in the Tumor-Bearing Freshwater Cnidarian Hydra oligactis.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e73458}, pmid = {41982394}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Environmental changes can disrupt long-standing host-symbiont associations and influence tumor dynamics; however, how these two aspects interact remains poorly understood, particularly when previously co-evolved symbionts are reintroduced into tumor-prone hosts. We experimentally reintroduced a native commensal ciliate symbiont (Kerona pediculus) into two long-term cultured symbiont-free lines of the freshwater cnidarian, Hydra oligactis, differing in tumor affliction: one harbors a transmissible tumor, and one has historically low spontaneous tumor incidence. Unexpectedly, spontaneous tumors emerged at high frequency in the latter, independently of ciliate acquisition, fundamentally reshaping the experimental framework and enabling comparisons of how symbiont reintroduction affects hosts with either transmissible or de novo tumors. While ciliate infection did not alter tumor incidence, it slightly accelerated tumor onset, increased the likelihood of supernumerary tentacle formation, and reduced asexual reproduction (particularly at high symbiont densities) across tumor contexts. Spontaneous tumors appeared later than transmissible tumors, were less often associated with supernumerary tentacles, and induced an earlier reproductive burst. Our findings show that symbiont reintroduction and tumor context shape tumor dynamics and life-history traits in tumor-bearing hosts, emphasizing the potential role of symbiotic history and tumor evolutionary context when assessing the outcomes of such pressures in vulnerable host populations.}, }
@article {pmid41982398, year = {2026}, author = {Moffett, MW}, title = {The First Cleaner Ant? A Novel Partnership in the Arizona Desert.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e73308}, pmid = {41982398}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {I give an account of the first known example of an ant (i.e., an undescribed Dorymyrmex) that licks and nips the much larger workers of a different ant species (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) in a manner remarkably parallel to the actions of cleaner fish that clean other species of fish. Specifically, the potentially aggressive individuals being tended encourage these attentions by stationing themselves in a distinctive, rigid posture at particular locations (in the case of the ant, near the nest of the cleaner species) and even permit a cleaner to inspect between their open mandibles. The payoffs of this activity for both the cleaners and the tended workers have yet to be worked out.}, }
@article {pmid41982879, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, R and Wang, X and Meng, Q and Liu, X and Yan, H and Zhang, Z and Fu, Y and Liang, A}, title = {Detection and functional analysis of horizontal gene transfer events in the ciliate Euplotes.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1782463}, pmid = {41982879}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the movement of heritable materials between distantly related organisms, is a key evolutionary force shaping eukaryotic genomes. Euplotes are free-living unicellular eukaryotes belonging to the phylum Ciliophora, and are tended to establish endosymbiotic relationships with different bacteria. However, the scale of HGT in Euplotes, and its possible roles in driving their diversification and adaptation remains unexplored.<br><br>METHODS: A large-scale phylogeny-based bacterial HGT detection was performed across five genome sequenced Euplotes. Gene structure and expression of the HGT-acquired genes were analyzed based on the transcriptome data. Putative functions of these genes were annotated based on BLAST search in the protein family (Pfam), the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and RNA interference (RNAi) were performed to validate the function of the prevalent HGT-acquired genes encoding mannan endo-1,4-&#x3b2;-mannosidase (Man) from E. amieti.<br><br>RESULTS: We systematically examined HGT in five Euplotes genomes and found that they acquired a total of 342 genes exhibiting diverse functions, including enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and the cell signaling. HGT-acquired genes displayed similar genomic features with the native genes, including GC content, the proportion of intron-contained gene, and coding sequences (CDS) length, implying ancient acquisition events. Five putative endosymbiont-derived genes encoding glycoside hydrolases from E. vannus were identified. Furthermore, among the 342 HGT candidates, only seven HGT families were putatively transferred into the last common ancestor of all five Euplotes. Further qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA levels of mannan endo-1,4-&#x3b2;-mannosidase A (Ea-ManA) and mannan endo-1,4-&#x3b2;-mannosidase B (Ea-ManB) increased after feeding with Chlorogonium elongatum in E. amieti. Knockdown of Ea-Man genes by RNAi increased mortality which suggested that Ea-Man genes are essential for E. amieti.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, we suggest that the endosymbionts of Euplotes are potential donor organisms for HGT-acquired genes, and HGT is a prevalent mechanism that is actively used in Euplotes to expand their adaptive capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid41983303, year = {2026}, author = {Fiedor, TM and Messinides, SN and Gustafson, KD}, title = {Uncoiling Host-Parasite Interrelationships: Bounded Snail-Host Flexibility Amid Conserved Trematode Morphology.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, pages = {e70347}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70347}, pmid = {41983303}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {2151820//National Science Foundation/ ; 2334053//National Science Foundation/ ; P20 GM103429/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Trematoda/genetics/classification/anatomy &amp; histology ; Animals ; *Snails/parasitology/genetics ; *Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Biological Evolution ; Cercaria/genetics ; }, abstract = {Host-parasite communities are shaped by the tension between evolutionary constraints and ecological opportunity. Digenetic trematodes, which rely on snail hosts to produce diverse larval stages, offer a powerful system to test hypotheses about evolutionary conservatism and ecological flexibility with implications for community structure. Across 120 sites spanning three ecoregions, 6.5% of 14,623 snails were infected by trematodes. Sequencing (18S and 28S) from 104 cercariae among 12 morphotypes revealed 22 trematode families concentrated in a few keystone host taxa. Model-based analyses showed that cercaria morphotypes exhibited nearly perfect phylogenetic signal. In contrast, host use, defined by the snail lineages each trematode infects, evolves under an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of stabilizing selection. This asymmetry indicates that cercaria morphotypes are evolutionarily stable relative to host use, which remains flexible but bounded within an adaptive landscape. Our data elucidate complex life cycles, uncovers parasite diversity maintained by keystone host taxa and reveals recurrent 'evolutionary reunions', in which distantly related trematodes revisit ancestral snail associations through ecological fitting and adaptations toward common host lineages. Evolutionary reunions help resolve the long-standing parasite paradox-how parasites remain specialized yet occasionally capture or shift hosts-by demonstrating that host-parasite evolution is not a linear process of continual novelty but a dynamic interplay of constraint, contingency and opportunity. Together, these findings provide a molecular framework linking evolutionary and ecological processes to identify general rules of symbiotic interrelationships, with implications for predicting the origins of emerging diseases, the persistence of coevolutionary networks and biodiversity responses to environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid41983569, year = {2026}, author = {Vogel, MA and Machairas, F and Ferchiou, S and Osvatic, J and Alzubaidy, H and Séneca, J and Hausmann, B and Klun, K and Petersen, JM}, title = {Symbiont diversity within Loripes orbiculatus and the case for multiple hosts.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag094}, pmid = {41983569}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Seagrasses support immense biodiversity and are critical for maintaining coastal ecosystem health. These foundation species benefit from a 'three-way' facultative relationship with one of the common inhabitants of seagrass meadows, lucinid bivalves, which host specific bacterial Ca. Thiodiazotropha symbionts. Relatives of the bivalve symbionts have been detected on seagrass roots raising the possibility that these symbionts may colonize both animals and plants; however, no study has yet compared bivalve- and seagrass-associated symbionts at the same site and time. Our combination of 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenome sequencing revealed a greater diversity than was previously observed within both lucinid bivalves and on seagrass roots from the Adriatic Sea and resulted in the closed genome of one prominent symbiont species. We show that two of the Ca. Thiodiazotropha ASVs found on seagrass roots are identical to those found in bivalve hosts at the same site. This suggests that symbiont sharing may occur in the seagrass habitat between these two host species, which has important evolutionary and ecological implications for both hosts and symbionts.}, }
@article {pmid41984345, year = {2026}, author = {Brienza, M and Peña-Herrera, JM and Trotta, V and Chiron, S and Sauvêtre, A}, title = {Trichoderma harzianum enhances lettuce biomass and modulates plant-soil emerging contaminant dynamics under reclaimed wastewater irrigation.}, journal = {Biodegradation}, volume = {37}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41984345}, issn = {1572-9729}, mesh = {*Lactuca/growth &amp; development/metabolism/microbiology ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Agricultural Irrigation ; Biomass ; *Soil Pollutants/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; *Hypocreales ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Carbamazepine/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The use of wastewater for irrigation in agricultural soils offers a sustainable means to reduce freshwater consumption and recycle nutrients, but also poses contamination risks associated with emerging pollutants. Furthermore, potentially toxic transformation products may form in soil and rhizosphere, and could subsequently be taken up by plants. Several products containing spores of symbiotic fungi are available and could serve as effective solutions to enhance the biodegradation of micropollutants in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater. In this study, the effect of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum on the distribution of two emerging contaminants, carbamazepine and climbazole, and their main transformation products among soil and lettuce tissues was investigated under controlled conditions. Physiological effects were also investigated by quantifying phytohormones in roots and leaves. Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum did not significantly affect the uptake of the parent compounds but increased the concentration of their transformation products in soil and reduced their levels in plant leaves after three weeks. The fungus enhanced plant biomass and altered certain phytohormones involved in defense mechanisms such as salicylic acid and microbiome recruitment in roots and soils. Findings of this study provide valuable insights that can be effectively applied to crop cultivation using reclaimed wastewater, leveraging readily available biological products for improved sustainable practices.}, }
@article {pmid41984802, year = {2026}, author = {Suleiman, MK and Quoreshi, AM and Manuvel, AJ and Sivadasan, MT and Jacob, S}, title = {Inoculation with indigenous nitrogen-fixers enhances seedling growth and nutrient uptake in a greenhouse bioassay.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {e0339012}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0339012}, pmid = {41984802}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Seedlings/growth &amp; development/microbiology/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Kuwait ; Symbiosis ; *Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria/physiology/metabolism ; *Nutrients/metabolism ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Biological Assay ; }, abstract = {Desert ecosystems in Kuwait are increasingly affected by land degradation, resulting in nutrient-limited soils that constrain native plant establishment. Harnessing indigenous diazotrophic bacteria adapted to arid environments may provide a sustainable strategy to improve plant growth and nutrient acquisition. Free-living and root-associated nitrogen-fixing bacteria contribute substantially to nitrogen inputs in arid ecosystems and may enhance plant growth, performance and nutrient acquisition under nutrient-poor conditions. This study evaluated the growth performance and nutrient uptake ability of four native plant species of Kuwait following inoculation with a consortium of selected indigenous putative diazotrophs isolated from the Kuwait desert soils. The seedlings of Vachellia pachyceras were inoculated with both indigenous root-nodule bacteria isolated from Kuwait desert and a commercial inoculum to evaluate their symbiotic efficiency. The seedlings were cultivated under greenhouse conditions using either native desert soils or a potting mix substrate to assess the influence of growth medium or inoculation response. Across species, inoculation significantly enhanced plant dry mass and nutrient uptake compared to the non-inoculated controls. The magnitude of improvement varied among bacterial density, host plants, and growth substrate. These findings support the potential use of indigenous diazotrophs as biofertilizers to enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake of native plant species, and for restoration and revegetation efforts in arid environments. However, direct measurements of nitrogen fixation were not conducted and should be addressed in future field-based studies. This study represents the first evaluation of Kuwait's native seedlings inoculated with indigenous diazotrophs, highlighting their potential for sustainable ecosystem restoration.}, }
@article {pmid41972709, year = {2026}, author = {E, T and Xia, J and Xu, C and Fan, X and Zhang, B and Bao, N and Zhao, Y and Qin, G and Ji, Y and Zhang, S and Ahmed, S and Elken, EM and Eldawy, MH and Pan, L and Farouk, MH and Wu, Z}, title = {Novel Perspectives on the Relationship Between the Gastrointestinal Mucus Barrier and Soybean Agglutinin.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {41972709}, issn = {2073-4409}, support = {32072763//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No.20240101205JC//Jilin Province Science and Technology Department Project/ ; No. SJ2025004//Sanjiang Laboratory Science and Technology Innovation Project/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; Mucins/metabolism ; *Plant Lectins/metabolism/chemistry ; *Mucus/metabolism ; *Soybean Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; *Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; *Glycine max/metabolism/chemistry ; *Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism ; Phytohemagglutinins ; }, abstract = {The gastrointestinal mucus barrier (GIMB) is a gelatinous structure consisting primarily of mucins, water, and cathelicidin. Such a structure is the first line of defense against pathogens in the intestinal cavity and acts an important environment for the survival and reproduction of symbiotic flora. Mucin is mainly synthesized and secreted by intestinal goblet cells, forming a slime layer with different structures throughout the intestinal tract. The process of mucin synthesis and secretion is regulated by many factors, and there are some differences in the physical and chemical properties of the GIMB among animal species. Furthermore, recent studies have shown a close relationship among the mucus barrier, gastrointestinal diseases, and tumors. Soybean agglutinin (SBA) is a major glycoprotein in soybean that is closely related with the detection, prevention, and treatment of disease and cancer. Current studies indicate a close relationship between SBA and the GIMB, particularly at the molecular level and through species-specific differences in mucin glycan structures. Existing evidence shows that these differences affect the binding affinity and antinutritional effects of SBA. The novel relations between SBA and GIMB may become new targets for disease treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41973975, year = {2026}, author = {Polo, PG and Galián, J}, title = {Insect Laccase Like Multi Copper Oxidases: Enzymatic Functions and Applications.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {121}, number = {4}, pages = {e70155}, doi = {10.1002/arch.70155}, pmid = {41973975}, issn = {1520-6327}, support = {FSRM/10.13039/100007801(23058/GERM/25;BioRespond);PTQ2024-013864//Fundaci&#xf3;n S&#xe9;neca/ ; }, mesh = {*Laccase/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; *Insecta/enzymology/genetics ; *Oxidoreductases/metabolism/genetics ; *Insect Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Laccases are multicopper oxidases (MCOs) widely distributed across plants, fungi, bacteria, and animals, where they catalyze the oxidation of aromatic and non-aromatic substrates coupled to the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Although microbial laccases have been extensively exploited for bioremediation and industrial catalysis, insect laccases represent a comparatively understudied but functionally diverse group with key roles in physiology, development, and ecological adaptation. Insects typically encode at least two highly conserved laccases, laccase 1 (MCO1) and laccase 2 (MCO2), along with additional paralogs in specific lineages. These enzymes participate in the detoxification of plant allelochemicals, cuticle sclerotization and pigmentation, immune responses, iron homeostasis, reproductive processes, and interactions with symbiotic microorganisms. Here, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the molecular diversity, evolutionary implications, and physiological functions of insect laccases. We also highlight emerging biotechnological applications, including their contributions to lignocellulose processing, the degradation of xenobiotics, and the oxidative priming of synthetic polymers within insect microbiota. Finally, we outline future research directions aimed at harnessing insect laccases and their microbial counterparts as alternative oxidative biocatalysts for sustainable biotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid41974859, year = {2026}, author = {Bedgood, SA and Plichon, K and Weis, VM}, title = {Symbiosis collapses during development of asexual offspring in the absence of heterotrophic feeding in a model cnidarian-algal symbiosis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-46562-2}, pmid = {41974859}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {NSF Grant No. IOS2124119//National Science Foundation/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41975106, year = {2026}, author = {Primieri, S and Costa, MD and Rech, TD and Ciotta, MN and Stürmer, SL}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi change root morphology and nutrient use efficiency in the tree legume Mimosa scabrella.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41975106}, issn = {1432-1890}, }
@article {pmid41976519, year = {2026}, author = {Salinas-Ruiz, JP and Guevara García, J and Rios Tovar, D and Cruz Cabrera, RP and Torrico, DD}, title = {Effects of Fermentation Time and Temperature on the Physicochemical Quality of Kombucha.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {41976519}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {ILLU-698-305//United States Department of Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage produced through the metabolic activity of a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY). Although consumer demand for kombucha has increased substantially, the influence of fermentation conditions on product quality remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluated the effects of fermentation temperature and time on the physicochemical properties of kombucha. A total of 20 L of kombucha was prepared using black tea (10 g/L) and sucrose (70 g/L). After filtration, the mixture was adjusted to pH 4.14 and inoculated with SCOBY. Fermentations were conducted at three temperatures (23, 25, and 28 °C) and at three time points (7, 11, 15 days). Following fermentation, pH, viscosity, soluble solids (°Brix), titratable acidity, color, and concentrations of lactic and acetic acids were quantified. The main results showed that pH decreased progressively with increasing fermentation temperature and time (from 3.47 at 23 °C/7 days to 2.96 at 28 °C/15 days). Concentrations of lactic and acetic acids increased with fermentation time, consistent with fermentation progression. Response surface modeling (RSM) indicated nonlinear interactions between time and temperature for pH and viscosity. Overall, the results identified fermentation parameters that enhanced desirable kombucha attributes, providing a scientific basis for formulation and process optimization in commercial production.}, }
@article {pmid41976552, year = {2026}, author = {Budimac, T and Ranitović, A and Šovljanski, O and Vulić, J and Vitas, J and Gligorijević, N and Vučetić, A and Tomić, A and Malbaša, R and Cvetković, D}, title = {Modulation of Kombucha Functionality by Whey Protein-Encapsulated Lactobacillus: Effects on Bioactive Properties.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {41976552}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {Kombucha is a fermented beverage produced using a symbiotic consortium of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts, often marketed for its health-promoting properties. However, probiotic bacteria in kombucha are typically present at inconsistent levels and may not remain viable during fermentation. In this study, three Lactobacillus strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 (L. rhamnosus), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum ATCC 14917 (L. plantarum) and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii (L. hilgardii) isolate) were encapsulated in whey protein using the lyophilization method and added individually at the start of kombucha fermentation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-enriched kombucha samples were evaluated for chemical composition (polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin C and organic acids) and functional properties (antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities) and compared to a traditionally obtained control kombucha, primarily demonstrating in vitro and experimental assessment. Encapsulation maintained LAB viability above 6-7 log CFU/mL throughout fermentation, producing kombucha with enhanced microbial stability. LAB-enriched samples exhibited increased L-lactic acid and antimicrobial activity. L. rhamnosus and L. hilgardii-enriched samples exhibited increased antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities, which may be associated with strain-dependent production of organic acids, polyphenol modulation and LAB-derived bioactive metabolites. Antioxidant activity varied depending on assay, and L. rhamnosus-enriched kombucha showed higher anti-inflammatory activity. These findings demonstrate that whey protein encapsulation can preserve LAB during fermentation, enhance specific bioactive properties and provide a platform for developing functional kombucha beverages with potential applications in the food industry.}, }
@article {pmid41977571, year = {2026}, author = {Ufuk, Z and Balcı, F and Altay, F}, title = {Navigating the Bio-Composite Landscape: A Strategic Reconstruction of Electrospun Starch-Zein Nanofibers.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {18}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {41977571}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {MF.YLT.25.13//Gaziantep University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAP)/ ; }, abstract = {The transition from petrochemical plastics to sustainable biopolymers has created a critical demand for functional materials that do not compromise on performance. Starch and zein, due to their abundance and complementary nature, represent not just a chemical pair, but a techno-economic symbiosis: zein provides the hydrophobic shield, while starch offers the cost-effective structural volume. This review adopts a "Puzzle Theory" framework to synthesize over 80 peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2025, categorizing the literature into established structural knowledge and unresolved functional limitations. Our analysis reveals that while fabrication protocols and molecular synergy are well-defined in approximately 65% of the surveyed literature, critical functional data remain largely absent. Specifically, fewer than 15% of studies investigate hydro-stability in high-humidity environments or bio-interface behavior, creating a disconnect between laboratory success and industrial application. We identify that current research disproportionately prioritizes dry-state morphology over wet-state mechanical integrity. To bridge the gap between academic prototypes and industrial reality, this article moves beyond general recommendations to propose concrete experimental benchmarks, including specific targets for wet mechanical integrity (>1 MPa), regulatory solvent compliance (<50 ppm), and scalable throughput. This article concludes by providing a strategic roadmap to bridge these gaps, arguing that future research must pivot from simple morphological characterization to developing "smart response" mechanisms and "green manufacturing" protocols to ensure commercial viability.}, }
@article {pmid41977747, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, S and Wei, H and Duo, L}, title = {Effects of Graphene Oxide on Phosphorus Uptake in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis of Medicago sativa L.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {41977747}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {31870484//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42277395//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The majority of terrestrial plant species establish below-ground interconnections via arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) mycelium, thereby forming extensive common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). CMNs serve as critical infrastructure for nutrient acquisition, mediating soil nutrient capture and distribution. In nitrogen-fixing plants, phosphorus (P) transport is particularly dependent on functional CMNs. The rapid expansion in graphene oxide (GO) production and its broad application have raised significant ecological concerns, particularly regarding its potential impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Despite these concerns, the impact of GO on P transport dynamics within legume-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbioses remains critically scarce. This study established a symbiotic system using the model nitrogen-fixing legume Medicago sativa L. and AMF. This experimental system enabled a comprehensive assessment of GO effects on rhizosphere P mobilization, plant P acquisition, CMNs architecture, fungal community composition, and expression of key P transporter genes. Our results demonstrated that high GO concentrations significantly altered rhizosphere properties, increasing pH while reducing organic acid content and alkaline phosphatase activity. Furthermore, GO exposure significantly inhibited root growth, mycorrhizal colonization rates, and plant P acquisition efficiency. Additionally, GO exposure altered AMF community composition, reduced rhizosphere microbial diversity, and suppressed P metabolism gene expression. Specifically, 0.6% GO induced significant downregulation of MsCS and GigmPT by 83.5% and 62.3%, respectively. This indicates that GO impairs plant P uptake by disrupting the core pathway involving GigmPT and MsCS, triggering P stress in M. sativa. Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence that GO exposure disrupts legume-AMF symbiotic integrity, ultimately impairing P transport efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid41978875, year = {2025}, author = {Schnyder, M and Huo, J and Hellweg, S}, title = {Assessing decarbonization strategies and industrial symbiosis in the chemical and waste-to-energy sector.}, journal = {Journal of industrial ecology}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {486-502}, pmid = {41978875}, issn = {1088-1980}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Swiss waste-to-energy (WtE) plants are required to capture their CO2 emissions by 2050 to meet the net-zero climate target, with options for underground storage (carbon capture and storage [CCS]) or utilization (carbon capture and utilization [CCU]). This opens up a synergistic opportunity for the petrochemical industry to utilize the captured CO2 as a feedstock, potentially helping both sectors reduce their carbon footprints. We conducted a prospective carbon footprint analysis on various net-zero strategies within the Swiss WtE plants (CCU and CCS) and German ethylene production (CO2-based ethylene, bio-ethylene, and fossil ethylene with CCS), including scenarios of industrial symbiosis. While focusing on these two countries, the findings offer valuable insights applicable to similar sectors in other regions. All assessed pathways reduce the carbon footprint by at least 60% relative to the reference scenario (no carbon capture in WtE plants and fossil ethylene production). Bio-ethylene and direct air capture-based ethylene combined with CCS in WtE exhibit the lowest climate change impacts, achieving net negative emissions when powered by renewable electricity. However, these pathways all come with trade-offs: The availability of sustainable biomass and low-carbon electricity is limited, and future resource competition may delimit the penetration of these technology combinations. CCS in ethylene production plants could reduce emissions while utilizing existing infrastructure but does not eliminate emissions from fossil fuel extraction. Ethylene produced with CO2 from WtE plants could be a viable interim solution until CCS barriers are overcome.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1111/jiec.13616) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.}, }
@article {pmid41978878, year = {2026}, author = {Telnova, TY and Morgunova, MM and Shashkina, SS and Dmitrieva, ME and Shelkovnikova, VN and Lipatova, OE and Malygina, EV and Imidoeva, NA and Belyshenko, AY and Vavilina, TN and Matveev, AN and Misharina, EA and Axenov-Gribanov, DV}, title = {Accumulation of ibuprofen in endemic amphipods of Lake Baikal.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {e21008}, pmid = {41978878}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Amphipoda/metabolism/chemistry ; *Ibuprofen/analysis/metabolism ; *Lakes/chemistry ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Siberia ; Mass Spectrometry ; Seasons ; Environmental Monitoring ; }, abstract = {Pharmaceutical pollutants, including ibuprofen, are now ubiquitously detected in global aquatic ecosystems, exerting significant negative ecological impacts. Lake Baikal organisms have been documented to accumulate ibuprofen and related contaminants. This study quantified ibuprofen concentrations within Lake Baikal's endemic amphipod fauna using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We analyzed specimens representing key ecological groups across the genera Eulimnogammarus, Brandtia, Ommatogammarus, and Pallasea. Ibuprofen concentrations ranged from 4.19 ng/g to 1,151.32 ng/g (wet weight), confirming consistent contamination in both littoral and deep-water endemic amphipod populations. Crucially, our data provide the first evidence suggesting amphipods, or their associated symbiotic microbiota, may metabolize ibuprofen. Interspecific accumulation patterns were identified, with Eulimnogammarus sp. and Brandtia sp. exhibiting distinct profiles. Furthermore, accumulation was significantly higher during spring compared to autumn samples. A negative correlation emerged between ibuprofen concentration and amphipod body mass within species. Several populations contained non-detectable levels. These findings demonstrate that endemic amphipods within Lake Baikal's natural environment are exposed to and bioaccumulate the pharmaceutical pollutant ibuprofen, exhibiting species-specific, seasonal, and allometric variation in uptake.}, }
@article {pmid41979219, year = {2026}, author = {Yamada, Y and Yokoyama, H and Leopold-Messer, S and Matsuda, K and Piel, J and Wakimoto, T}, title = {A Pseudokinase Catalyzes Nitrile Formation in the Biosynthesis of a Potent Marine Toxin.}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e3054919}, doi = {10.1002/anie.3054919}, pmid = {41979219}, issn = {1521-3773}, support = {//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; ACT-X JPMJAX201F//Grants-in-Aid from MEXT, the Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; FOREST JPMJFR233U//Grants-in-Aid from MEXT, the Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; A-STEP JPMJTR24U6//Grants-in-Aid from MEXT, the Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; SPRING JPMJSP2119//Grants-in-Aid from MEXT, the Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; JP21H02635//JSPS/ ; JP22K15302//JSPS/ ; JP22H05128//JSPS/ ; JP23K17410//JSPS/ ; JP24K01659//JSPS/ ; JP25H00907//JSPS/ ; 205320_219638/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 9204//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; JP25ak0101256//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; JP25gm1610007//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; JP25ama121039//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; }, abstract = {Several pseudokinases, previously regarded as dead enzymes due to the lack of catalytic residues, catalyze nucleotidylation. While they often utilize macromolecular substrates such as proteins and RNAs in primary metabolism, those acting on non-macromolecules in specialized metabolisms are limited. Calyculin A, a cytotoxic natural product produced by an uncultured sponge symbiont, possesses a unique nitrile group at the end of its tetraene tail. Even though its biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) has been identified, the enzyme responsible for nitrile formation remains unknown. Herein, through a comparative analysis of the BGCs for calyculin derivatives in symbiotic bacteria from distinct sources, we identified a novel nitrile-forming enzyme, CalN. While CalN lacks sequence homology with other known nitrile-forming enzymes, it is structurally similar to pseudokinases. In vitro enzymatic reactions demonstrated that CalN specifically catalyzes nitrile formation through the adenylation of an amide substrate, calyculinamide A. In silico analyses and mutational experiments showed that CalN's structure features a unique insertion that plays critical roles in ATP recognition and the spatial coordination of catalytic residues. This study not only identifies a new family of nitrile-forming enzymes but also expands the variety of chemical reactions mediated by pseudokinases in nature.}, }
@article {pmid41967007, year = {2026}, author = {Chiodo, T and De Jode, A and Quattrini, AM and Gibson, MK and Froehlich, CYM and Huang, D and Fujii, T and Yanagi, K and Reimer, JD and Scott, A and Rodríguez, E and Titus, BM}, title = {Nemo knows: clownfishes differentiate cryptic host species across fine and broad geographic scales and reveal a diverse species complex in the clownfish-hosting sea anemones.}, journal = {Systematic biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/sysbio/syag033}, pmid = {41967007}, issn = {1076-836X}, abstract = {The symbiosis between clownfishes (or anemonefishes) and their host sea anemones ranks among the most recognizable animal interactions on the planet. Found on coral reef habitats across the Indian and Pacific Oceans, 28 recognized species of clownfishes adaptively radiated from a common ancestor to live obligately with only 10 nominal species of host sea anemones. Are the host sea anemones truly less diverse than clownfishes? Did the symbiosis with clownfishes trigger a reciprocal co-evolutionary response to the mutualism? To address these questions, we combined fine- and broad-scale biogeographic sampling with multiple independent genomic datasets for the bubble-tip sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor-the most common clownfish host anemone throughout the Indo-West Pacific. Fine-scale sampling and restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) throughout the Japanese Archipelago revealed three highly divergent cryptic species: two of which co-occur throughout the Ryukyu Islands and can be differentiated by the clownfish species they host. Remarkably, broader biogeographic sampling and bait-capture sequencing reveals that this pattern is not simply the result of local ecological processes unique to Japan, but part of a deeper evolutionary signal where some species of E. quadricolor serve as host to the generalist clownfish species Amphiprion clarkii and others serve as host to the specialist clownfish A. frenatus. In total, we delimit six cryptic species in E. quadricolor that have diversified within the last five million years. The rapid speciation of E. quadricolor combined with functional ecological and phenotypic differentiation supports the hypothesis that this diversification is an evolutionary response to mutualism with clownfishes. Clownfishes are not merely settling in locally available hosts but recruiting to specialized host lineages with which they have co-evolved. These findings have important implications for understanding how the clownfish-sea anemone symbiosis has evolved and will shape future research agendas on this iconic model system.}, }
@article {pmid41967141, year = {2026}, author = {Vasiliki, G and Konstantina, F and Olga, B and Georgios, T and Helen, G and Chistina, V}, title = {GC-MS method development and validation for the determination of Short Chain Fatty Acids in human feces.}, journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis}, volume = {277}, number = {}, pages = {117488}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2026.117488}, pmid = {41967141}, issn = {1873-264X}, abstract = {Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), the end products of microbial fermentation of dietary fibers, appear to be key mediators of the beneficial effects elicited by the gut microbiome and have been shown to exert multiple effects on metabolism. In this study, we developed and validated a sensitive, accurate, and reproducible GC-MS method for the simultaneous quantification of SCFAs (Acetic acid (C2), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid) in human feces. Sample preparation was simplified while maintaining robustness, following systematic evaluation of homogenization, extraction solvents, and acidification conditions. The optimized method demonstrated high analytical performance, with limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 0.52 μmol/g and good precision and accuracy in accordance with FDA and EMA bioanalytical guidelines Stability studies revealed that SCFAs remain stable in acidified fecal samples for up to 10 days without cold-chain requirements, while -80 °C storage was optimal for long-term preservation and 4 °C suitable for short-term handling. The applicability of the method was confirmed through analysis of samples collected from healthy volunteers. Overall, the developed approach provides a practical, high-throughput, and scalable tool for SCFA analysis, supporting applications in clinical research, metabolomics, and large-scale microbiome studies.}, }
@article {pmid41967413, year = {2026}, author = {Chandran, AK and Stach, M and Łyczko, J and Lazar, Z and Kawa-Rygielska, J and Moreira, H and Szyjka, A and Barg, E and Kolniak-Ostek, J}, title = {Matrix-dependent modulation of chemical composition, volatile profile, and biological activity of kombucha beverages from different tea types.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {514}, number = {}, pages = {149160}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149160}, pmid = {41967413}, issn = {1873-7072}, abstract = {Kombucha is a fermented beverage obtained from sweetened tea through the activity of a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). While fermentation-induced transformations are well described, the role of the tea matrix in modulating these changes remains unclear. This study evaluated the influence of five tea types (green, black, Pu-Erh, white, and Oolong) on the chemical composition, volatile profile, microbiological characteristics, and biological activity of kombucha under controlled fermentation. Fermentation followed similar biochemical trajectories across all samples; however, the magnitude and final composition of changes differed significantly between tea types. The initial tea matrix strongly influenced polyphenol transformations, volatile compound profiles, and biological activities. A conserved microbial consortium dominated by Komagataeibacter and Zygosaccharomyces was observed in all variants. These findings demonstrate that kombucha fermentation is a conserved process, while the tea matrix governs the final compositional and functional properties.}, }
@article {pmid41968067, year = {2026}, author = {Prakash, V}, title = {Orchestrating symbiosis: how bacterial auxin programs soybean nodulation.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koag110}, pmid = {41968067}, issn = {1532-298X}, }
@article {pmid41968750, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Pan, H and Wang, X and Ren, Y and Huang, Y and Liu, Y and Lai, H and Fei, Z and Pu, N and Wang, Y}, title = {Circadian-driven transcriptional programs govern metastatic progression.}, journal = {Cancer biology &amp; medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0491}, pmid = {41968750}, issn = {2095-3941}, support = {82405067//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019SY017//Shanghai Municipal Health Commission/ ; 20254Y0181//Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Scientific Research Project/ ; YQ2025-007//Youth Development Program, Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center/ ; }, abstract = {Circadian rhythms orchestrate 24-h oscillations in gene expression to govern diverse physiologic functions. Mounting evidence suggests that circadian disruption, resulting from aberrant light exposure, shift work, or genetic mutations in core clock genes (e.g., BMAL1 and PER2), promotes tumorigenesis and progression by dysregulating proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, metabolic reprogramming, and senescence. Critically, the circadian clock exerts spatiotemporal control over the tumor microenvironment, a dynamic ecosystem central to metastatic efficiency. This review synthesizes emerging mechanisms underlying circadian regulation of tumor microenvironment (TME) components during the metastatic cascade: 1) extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics. Circadian oscillation of matrix metalloproteinases remodels collagen alignment at invasive edges. 2) Stromal crosstalk. Rhythmic secretion of cytokine by cancer-associated fibroblasts or macrophages gates intravasation efficiency on circulating tumor cells. 3) Immune-extravasation axis. Diurnal variations in endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1/VCAM-1) regulate CTC extravasation, synchronized with neutrophil infiltration peaks. In this review how circadian perturbations (e.g., jet lag-induced cortisol spikes or CRY1 knockout) alter cytokine networks (TGF-β/IL-6), hypoxia responses, and metabolic symbiosis within the TME were dissected. This work unveiled chronotherapeutic targets to disrupt metastasis timing by integrating recent single-cell RNA-seq and intravital imaging data. However, details regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying TME have not been established. We anticipate that upcoming research will deepen our comprehension of these complex interactions, facilitating the creation of novel strategies for cancer therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41969495, year = {2026}, author = {Li, N and He, Q and Huang, Q and Zhu, Y}, title = {Targeting LRPPRC lactylation disrupts metabolic-immune crosstalk and restores antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma.}, journal = {Translational cancer research}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {148}, pmid = {41969495}, issn = {2219-6803}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Warburg effect drives lactate accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it functions as a signaling molecule. Lactate-derived lysine lactylation (Kla) is a novel post-translational modification (PTM) implicated in regulating immune cell function. Leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (LRPPRC) is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and plays key roles in mitochondrial metabolism and immune evasion. However, whether and how LRPPRC is regulated by lactylation to coordinate metabolic-immune crosstalk in HCC remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of LRPPRC lactylation in linking tumor glycolysis to macrophage polarization in HCC.<br><br>METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis identified lactate metabolism-related genes and hub nodes in HCC datasets. LRPPRC lactylation was detected via immunoprecipitation and western blot using pan-Kla antibody. The specific lactylation site was mapped by prediction database and validated by site-directed mutagenesis (K326R). Functional impacts of LRPPRC-Kla[326] on HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and glycolysis were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, wound-healing, and Seahorse assays. The role of LRPPRC-Kla[326] in macrophage polarization was examined in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from LRPPRC[WT] and LRPPRC[K326R] knock-in mice using flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and cytokine measurement. An in vivo tumor admix model co-injecting Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells with polarized BMDMs was used to evaluate tumor growth and immune cell infiltration.<br><br>RESULTS: LRPPRC was identified as a hub gene among lactate metabolism-related genes in HCC and was upregulated in tumor tissues, correlating with poor prognosis. LRPPRC undergoes lactylation in a lactate-dependent manner, with K326 being the major modification site. The LRPPRC[K326R] mutation impaired HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and glycolytic flux. In macrophages, lactylation at LRPPRCK326was required for lactate-induced M2 polarization and glycolytic reprogramming; the K326R mutation skewed polarization towards an M1 phenotype with reduced glycolysis. In the tumor admix model, co-injection of LRPPRC[K326R] M2 macrophages significantly suppressed tumor growth compared to LRPPRC[WT] M2 macrophages, which was associated with increased infiltration of activated IFN-&#x3b3;[+] CD8[+] and CD4[+] T cells.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Lactate-induced lactylation of LRPPRC at K326 serves as a critical metabolic-immune switch in HCC. It enhances tumor glycolysis and simultaneously drives M2-like macrophage polarization, fostering an immunosuppressive TME conducive to tumor progression. Targeting the LRPPRC-Kla[326] axis may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to disrupt the metabolic symbiosis between tumor cells and immune cells in HCC.}, }
@article {pmid41969545, year = {2025}, author = {Obase, K and Yamanaka, S}, title = {Effects of different mycorrhizal types of dispersedly retained trees on the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in neighboring Abies sachalinensis seedlings.}, journal = {Mycoscience}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {195-200}, pmid = {41969545}, issn = {1618-2545}, abstract = {Retention forestry conserves biodiversity by retaining forest structures in logged areas. It has been demonstrated that dispersedly retained broad-leaved ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees can mitigate the effect of logging on the diversity of EcM fungi in the surrounding Abies sachalinensis seedlings. However, it remains unclear how retained trees of different mycorrhizal types affect the diversity of EcM fungi in Abies seedlings. We investigated the neighborhood effect of different mycorrhizal types of retained trees on the diversity of EcM fungi symbiotic with surrounding Abies seedlings. At dispersed retention sites, the roots of Abies seedlings were collected near mature EcM trees (ET) or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees (AT), or in open areas where no retained trees existed within ten meters (NT). EcM fungi were identified based on ITS barcoding of the EcM roots. The diversity measures of EcM fungi under AT and NT were comparable and lower, respectively than those under ET. The community composition of the EcM fungi was similar between AT and NT, and both were significantly different from that of ET. These results indicate that AM trees do not have significant impact on EcM fungul community in the surrounding EcM seedlings.}, }
@article {pmid41969546, year = {2025}, author = {Ri, T and Degawa, Y}, title = {Unguispora grylli, a new species of amphibious fungi associated with crickets (Gryllidae), transforms attachment structures of sporangiola in the host gut.}, journal = {Mycoscience}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {162-170}, pmid = {41969546}, issn = {1618-2545}, abstract = {Amphibious fungi exhibit both saprophytic and arthropod gut symbiotic lifestyles and are ideal materials for investigating how these two different lifestyles have evolved in Kickxellomycotina. We herein added a new species of amphibious fungi, Unguispora grylli, to a monotypic genus Unguispora. This species was found in the proventriculus (foregut) of several genera of Gryllidae and on their feces. It is distinguished from U. rhaphidophoridarum in that it has a different host, and the number and morphology of the claws of sporangiola also differ. After the host ingested sporangiola, we observed that the upper half of the sporangiola disappeared in the gut and that the claws of the sporangiola, which function as attachment structures in the proventriculus, underwent morphological changes. The claws transformed to bottle opener-like structures arranged in chains vertically with hollowed-out centers. Fine hairs on the inner surface of the proventriculus became entangled with these structures and were stuck in the gaps between the denticles of the claws, leading to attachment to the host gut. In this article, zygospores were reported for the first time in Unguispora, which represents the fourth zygospore-confirmed genus in Kickxellales.}, }
@article {pmid41970954, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, J and Chu, S and Wang, S and Wang, S and Yu, Z and Yan, Z and Ji, G and Zhou, H and Wang, J and Zhu, C}, title = {Spatiotemporal and metabolic heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma: from single-cell insights to therapeutic targeting.}, journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1774215}, pmid = {41970954}, issn = {2296-634X}, abstract = {The immunosuppressive and therapy-resistant nature of glioblastoma (GBM) is fundamentally driven by the profound spatiotemporal and metabolic heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). This review proposes a spatiotemporal-metabolic axis as an integrative framework to decipher the functional plasticity of TAMs and its therapeutic implications. Drawing on the latest single-cell and spatial multi-omics data, we first delineate the lineage competition landscape of TAMs. Within this landscape, brain-resident microglia, border-associated macrophages (BAMs), and peripherally recruited bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) engage in dynamic interplay during tumor evolution, culminating in a shifted ecosystem dominated by BMDMs at recurrence. These subsets are not randomly distributed but are spatially organized through niche-instructive signals-such as hypoxia, perivascular cues, and tumor-derived metabolites-leading to context-dependent enrichment: immunosuppressive TAMs accumulate in the tumor core, BAMs localize to perivascular zones and express pro-angiogenic factors, while hypoxic necrotic regions are populated by metabolically reprogrammed HMOX1[+] TAMs. Metabolically, TAMs engage in symbiotic nutrient exchange with glioma cells via enhanced glycolysis, amino acid catabolism, and lipid accumulation, collectively reinforcing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Building on this multidimensional understanding, we highlight emerging therapeutic strategies that move beyond broad depletion: metabolic-epigenetic interference (e.g., targeting lactate-driven histone lactylation), phagocytosis checkpoint blockade (e.g., CD47-SIRPα axis), and niche-precise targeting of hypoxic or perivascular TAM subsets. This review provides an integrative roadmap for developing next-generation immunotherapies that leverage the spatiotemporal and metabolic logic of TAMs to reprogram the GBM microenvironment.}, }
@article {pmid41971305, year = {2025}, author = {Yugeta, C and Nagamune, K and Kitahara, M and Sotome, K and Ogura-Tsujita, Y}, title = {Five Mycena species that induce seed germination in the mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia.}, journal = {Mycoscience}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, pages = {282-289}, pmid = {41971305}, issn = {1618-2545}, abstract = {The fungus genus Mycena is saprotrophic, but several lineages form orchid mycorrhizae or associate closely with plant roots. To elucidate which Mycena species form mycorrhizal associations with orchids, fungal isolates of five Mycena species (M. epipterygia, M. haematopus, M. polygramma, M. pura, and Mycena sp.) from four sections (Calodontes, Fragilipedes, Hygrocyboideae, and Lactipedes) were cultured with the seeds of mycoheterotrophic orchids, including Gastrodia confusa, G. elata, G. nipponica, and G. pubilabiata. All five Mycena species stimulated seed germination in all four Gastrodia species. Mycena haematopus and M. polygramma had a high affinity for Gastrodia and induced protocorm formation in all of them and tuberization in seedlings of two of them. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that Mycena species that associate with Gastrodia are dispersed throughout the genus and do not form a monophyletic group. Gastrodia species differ in fungal specificity, with G. confusa having a narrow specificity for specific Mycena species, whereas G. pubilabiata and G. nipponica have a broader specificity with multiple Mycena lineages and non-Mycena species, Cyanotrama gypsea and Collybiopsis dichroa. Our results imply that phylogenetically diverse Mycena taxa associate with Gastrodia species as orchid mycorrhizal fungi.}, }
@article {pmid41971440, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Z and Yuan, H and Liu, M and Yuan, J and Chen, D}, title = {The symbiotic axis between the acidic tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells: a driver of malignancy and therapeutic resistance.}, journal = {Frontiers in oncology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1804379}, pmid = {41971440}, issn = {2234-943X}, abstract = {The physicochemical conditions of tumors-such as acidosis, stiffness, and hypoxia-actively drive cancer progression yet have been insufficiently incorporated into the current hallmarks of cancer model. This review focuses on one such dominant condition, the acidic tumor microenvironment (ATME), and its dynamic interplay with cancer stem cells (CSCs), proposing their cooperative interaction as a central driver of tumor aggressiveness. We present evidence that acidosis, driven by glycolytic metabolism and proton extrusion, epigenetically reprograms tumor cells toward a stem-like state through mechanisms including histone lactylation. In turn, CSCs reinforce acidity through metabolic remodeling and stromal reprogramming, forming a self-sustaining feedback loop. This ATME-CSC axis underpins key cancer hallmarks: uncontrolled self-renewal, metabolic adaptability, immune evasion, and metastasis. Disrupting this axis requires multi-target strategies that concurrently neutralize niche acidity, target CSC metabolism, and reset associated epigenetic programs. Future advances will depend on spatial mapping of this axis in vivo, development of microenvironment-responsive agents, and functional validation using patient-derived organoids. Targeting the symbiotic interface between tumor acidity and stemness offers a transformative pathway to durable therapeutic control.}, }
@article {pmid41971550, year = {2026}, author = {Suarez-Fernandez, M and García-Fernández, C and Ferreira, JJ and Campa, A}, title = {Farming system shapes rhizosphere microbiota and root gene expression in common bean.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1749874}, pmid = {41971550}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The rhizosphere is a dynamic interface where plant roots and microorganisms interact through the exchange of metabolites and signaling molecules. This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming on the rhizosphere microbiota and root gene expression in common bean by integrating metabarcoding (16S rRNA and ITS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approaches. Bacterial alpha diversity was higher in the rhizosphere of plants grown under conventional than under the organic system (2961 vs. 1532 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) observed), whereas fungal alpha diversity was greater in the organic system (372 vs. 321 ASVs observed). The fungi-to-prokaryote ratio was approximately twofold higher in organic systems. Organic farming promoted Funneliformis, Metarhizium, Chitinophaga, and Rhizobium, while conventional farming favored Pirellula, Terrimonas, and Mortierella. Transcriptomic analysis identified 5511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 1085 showed |log2FC| ≥ 2, mainly upregulated under organic conditions. These genes were enriched in functions related to secondary metabolism, redox homeostasis, hormone signaling, nodulation, and nutrient transport. DEGs involved in the synthesis of root exudate metabolites, including fatty acids, indolic compounds, and organic acids, were also identified, highlighting their potential role in microbial recruitment. Downregulated genes were associated with cell cycle and kinase activity. Correlation analyses linked beneficial fungal taxa with the induction of genes related to plant growth, defense, and symbiosis. This work provides a basis for future studies aimed at identifying key genes involved in root development and plant-microbe interactions, potentially improving breeding programs for cultivar resilience and efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid41971557, year = {2026}, author = {Bonfante, P}, title = {Symbiosis is woman: the pioneering role of women scientists.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1730069}, pmid = {41971557}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Symbiosis is a concept that has been profoundly shaped by the contributions of women scientists, among whom Lynn Margulis stands as a leading figure. Through her vision and determination, Margulis drew scholarly attention to symbiosis, offering a transformative interpretation of the evolution of living organisms. This mini-review highlights the essential contributions of women researchers to the study of symbioses, tracing the shift from naturalistic and descriptive studies to molecular, genetic, and omics-based approaches.}, }
@article {pmid41962675, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, X and Chen, Y and Che, J and Zhang, X and Huang, L and Ran, T and Wu, B and Zhou, Y}, title = {Performance and mechanism of phosphorus transformation in the microalgal-bacteria symbiotic system under varying light intensities.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {452}, number = {}, pages = {134589}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134589}, pmid = {41962675}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Light intensity (LI) critically regulates phosphorus (P) uptake and fixation during microalgae photosynthesis, but how LI impacts P transformation and key microbial taxa succession in the microalgal-bacteria symbiotic system (MBSS) remains unclear. This study demonstrates that optimal P removal (>92.5% phosphate elimination) occurs at 80-120 μmol photons m[-2] s[-1], with the dominant particulate phosphate fraction and significantly reduced dissolved P fractions. At low LI (<20 μmol photons m[-2] s[-1]), polyphosphate accumulation was primarily mediated by microalgae, as weak light suppressed polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). In contrast, high LI shifted the dominance to PAOs (relative abundance > 11%), which collaborated with microalgae that provided photosynthetic energy and oxygen, while PAOs facilitated P uptake, polyphosphate accumulation, and organic P mineralization. High LI further promoted recalcitrant organophosphates accumulation, potentially reducing dissolved organic P bioavailability and eutrophication risk, thereby improving long-term P removal stability. These findings reveal that LI regulates P removal by steering microbial community assembly, functional gene expression, and molecular P speciation, offering theoretical insights for advanced wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41963037, year = {2026}, author = {Li, S and Hu, S and Zhen, Y and Chu, L and Wang, X and Yuan, Y and Yue, T and Cai, R and Wang, Z}, title = {Constructing synthetic microbial communities containing Komagataeibacter spp. for kombucha production: Impacts on bioactive compounds, functionality and sensory profiles.}, journal = {Food microbiology}, volume = {138}, number = {}, pages = {105062}, doi = {10.1016/j.fm.2026.105062}, pmid = {41963037}, issn = {1095-9998}, mesh = {Fermentation ; *Kombucha Tea/microbiology/analysis ; *Acetobacteraceae/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; *Microbiota ; Humans ; Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Taste ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Kombucha is traditional fermented beverage characterized by a symbiotic microbial community (MC), but achieving consistent quality remains a major challenge. This study aims to construct optimized synthetic MCs to enhance bioactivity, functionality and sensorial profiles of tailor-made kombucha. Five recombinational MCs were designed by combining different Komagataeibacter species (K. intermedius (Ki), K. oboediens (Ko), K. rhaeticus (Kr), K. xylinus (Kx), K. saccharivorans (Ks)) with G. potus (Gp), S. davenportii (Sd) and Z. bailii (Zb). The key MCs were screened based on critical sugar-acid metabolism, biofilm formation, growth kinetics and antimicrobial activities. Customized Kx-Gp-Sd-Zb exhibited the highest D-glucuronic acid content (18.5 mg/mL), significantly surpassing spontaneous fermentation (TK, 3.4 mg/mL). Antioxidant assays indicated comparable radical scavenging activity between most MCs and TK. K. intermedius in recombination exhibited superior digestive enzyme inhibitory activity (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), while Ks-Gp-Sd-Zb showed the highest adsorption capacity (46.9 mg/g). Bioaccessibility under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was highest for Kx-Gp-Sd-Zb (80.9%). Kr-Gp-Sd-Zb produced the highest biofilm yield. Safety assessment confirmed no toxicity (100% larval survival) based on Galleria mellonella model. Volatile profiling identified 56 compounds, with Ki-Gp-Sd-Zb exhibiting the highest total content (3421.8 μg/L). Kx-Gp-Sd-Zb contained elevated proportions of phenols, esters, ketones and aldehydes, while 17 key volatiles (rOAV ≥0.1) defined distinct flavor profiles. Electronic and sensory evaluations revealed that three recombinant MCs outperformed TK in acceptability. Sensory evaluation showed tailor-made kombucha with superior aroma scores corresponded precisely with results from flavor and electronic sensory analysis.}, }
@article {pmid41963563, year = {2026}, author = {Tsiouri, O and Argyri, A and Skiada, V and Avramidou, M and Dadami, E and Vasileiadis, S and Papadopoulou, KK}, title = {Comparative analysis towards the identification of genome wide characteristics of a beneficial fungal endophyte.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-47792-0}, pmid = {41963563}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {6236//Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation/ ; 101084163//HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {Fusarium solani strain K (FsK) is an endophytic fungus with a wide host range that protects its host plants against pathogens and environmental stresses. In this study, we performed de novo genome sequencing and annotation, while a phylogenomic analysis confirmed the placement of FsK within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). A comprehensive comparative genomics analysis was conducted with the closely-related pathogenic Fusarium vanettenii 77-13-4 species as well as two beneficial fungal species, the basidiomycete Serendipita indica and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, both model symbiotic organisms in their respective fungal division. All fungal strains can colonize tomato as a common host. To identify mechanisms of early-stage FsK-plant interaction and fungal adaptation, comparative analysis of secreted effectors, carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolite clusters, was performed. FsK specific genes implicated in DNA repair and iron acquisition via ferrirhodin synthesis were identified, highlighting adaptation to stress conditions and possible mutualistic functions with plant hosts. These findings provide insights into the genomic determinants of lifestyles of root colonizing fungi and establish a foundation for future functional studies on fungal-plant interactions in agricultural contexts.}, }
@article {pmid41964025, year = {2026}, author = {Yoshioka, H and Debeljak, P and Prado, S and Fuji, Y and Ichihashi, Y and Iwata, H}, title = {Interpretable multi-omics machine learning reveals drought-driven shifts in plant-microbe interactions.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40793-026-00883-x}, pmid = {41964025}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {JP23KJ0506//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JPMJCR16O2//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere are central to plant growth, nutrient acquisition, and stress resilience. Although multi-omics approaches enable comprehensive profiling of different biological layers, integrating these data to understand the mechanisms underlying plant-microbe symbiosis, particularly under drought stress, remains a challenge.<br><br>RESULTS: Genomic, metabolomic, and microbiome data from 198 soybean accessions grown under both control and drought conditions were integrated to identify environment-specific predictive features of the plant phenotypes. We compared best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), genome-wide association study (GWAS), and a nonlinear machine learning model to evaluate their ability to detect informative features. The machine learning models provided flexible variable selection and outperformed linear models in capturing nonlinear dependencies. Model interpretation using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) indicated that the isoflavone derivative, daidzin, and the drought-tolerant Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus, were major contributors to phenotypic variation, specifically under drought stress. SHAP-based interaction networks indicated cross-omics links, including connections between daidzin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and Paenibacillus.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The proposed interpretable machine learning approach for plant phenotype prediction identified multi-omics biomarkers and interactions, providing insights into plant adaptation to drought stress through environment-dependent rhizosphere networks and symbiotic associations.}, }
@article {pmid41964710, year = {2026}, author = {Miao, K and Meng, M and Liu, L and Li, M and Bai, Y and Guo, Y and Zhang, G and Kong, J and Mu, J}, title = {Metabolic Symbiosis and Vulnerability in the CNS Axon-Myelin Unit.}, journal = {Cellular and molecular neurobiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s10571-026-01729-3}, pmid = {41964710}, issn = {1573-6830}, support = {C2024405023//the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province/ ; BSJJ202512//Hebei North University Doctoral Start-up Funding Project/ ; }, abstract = {Axonal degeneration and demyelination are common pathological phenotypes in central nervous system (CNS) injury and degenerative diseases. Axonal and myelin diseases have generally been considered distinct phenomena, although our knowledge of why the axon-myelin unit (AMU), as a highly interconnected structure, serves as a common point of vulnerability to damage remains inadequate. In this review, we first reaffirm that the tight biological interconnections between axons and myelin should be recognized as a "symbiotic" unit across development, metabolism, and disease progression. Second, we systematically delineate the fundamental structural architecture and metabolic coupling of AMU. Third, we analyze how the impairment of one component of AMU influences the survival and functional integrity of others. In conclusion, we present a unique conceptual framework indicating that therapeutic methods targeting bioenergetic support in the CNS should concentrate on the energy coupling pathways and damage-crossover mechanisms of the AMU.}, }
@article {pmid41953772, year = {2026}, author = {Moeller, C and Henke, SE and Rideout-Hanzak, S and Eversole, CB}, title = {Behavioral Selection of Coprophagy in an Arid-Adapted Herbivore: Does a Compatibility-Risk Gradient Shape Selective Coprophagy?.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e73444}, pmid = {41953772}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Coprophagy is widespread among herbivores but remains poorly understood in reptiles, where its ecological function has rarely been tested. We conducted controlled choice experiments with 25 adult Texas tortoises (Gopherus berlandieri), an arid-adapted hindgut fermenter, to determine whether feces consumption represents incidental ingestion or a selective behavioral strategy. Each tortoise was presented with six feces types representing self, conspecific, and heterospecific sources (feral hog (Sus scrofa), raccoon (Procyon lotor), coyote (Canis latrans), and nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)). Coprophagy occurred in 96% of individuals, and both the probability and relative amount of consumption differed significantly among feces types. Tortoises showed a consistent preference hierarchy (e.g., self, conspecific, feral hog, raccoon, coyote, nilgai), providing evidence for a compatibility-risk gradient in which individuals favored feces most similar in dietary composition and microbial origin while avoiding those likely to pose digestive or pathogenic risk. These patterns suggest that coprophagy serves as a behavioral mechanism of nutrient recapture and microbial maintenance, sustaining fermentation efficiency in environments where microbial reservoirs are ephemeral. By selectively regulating microbial exposure, tortoises mitigate ecological constraints imposed by aridity and low nutrient availability. Our findings identify selective coprophagy as an adaptive behavior that links individual physiology with nutrient and microbial cycling in arid ecosystems, illustrating how behavioral flexibility promotes persistence in long-lived vertebrates inhabiting resource-limited environments.}, }
@article {pmid41954158, year = {2026}, author = {Glass, BH and Aichelman, HE and Grupstra, CGB and Valadez-Ingersoll, M and Swank, A and Guerra, V and Gondola, P and Nagree, A and Schipfer, J and Gilmore, TD and Davies, SW}, title = {Legacy Effects of an Extreme Marine Heatwave on a Stress-Tolerant Coral.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {e70853}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.70853}, pmid = {41954158}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Boston University/ ; 1937650//National Science Foundation/ ; 2506815//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa/physiology/microbiology ; Coral Reefs ; Panama ; *Extreme Heat/adverse effects ; *Coral Bleaching ; Symbiosis ; *Hot Temperature ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {During the 4th Global Coral Bleaching Event (GCBE4; January 2023-September 2025), an extreme marine heatwave occurred on the Bocas del Toro Reef Complex (BTRC) in Panama. We characterized how this heatwave impacted the health and holobiont communities of the stress-tolerant coral Siderastrea siderea at four sites across the BTRC. Tagged colonies at each site (N = 30-53 colonies per site) were visited before, during, and after the heatwave (early May 2022, mid-August 2023, and late April 2024, respectively), and images and DNA samples were collected at each time point. In situ temperature logger data showed that sites reached maxima of 32.1°C-33.9°C in October 2023, resulting in the accumulation of ~12-20 maximum degree-heating weeks (DHWs). Consequently, S. siderea colonies displayed widespread bleaching (i.e., the loss of algal endosymbionts), with an increase from 8.6% to 33% of colonies bleached per site in May 2022 to 33%-70% in August 2023, followed by a decline to 15%-63% by April 2024. Colony-level partial mortality increased significantly between 2022 and 2024 at three of the four sites, and was observed even in colonies that were not bleached in August 2023. Further, many corals hosting Cladocopium spp. algal symbionts in 2022 shifted towards less diverse communities dominated by heat-tolerant Breviolum and Durusdinium spp., and most of these corals continued to host modified symbiont communities for months. The heatwave also reshaped corals' bacterial microbiomes, including increases in α-diversity and abundances of potentially pathogenic taxa (e.g., Vibrionaceae), and these shifts were persistent following the heatwave. Together, these findings demonstrate that GCBE4 had lasting impacts on S. siderea holobiont health across the BTRC, underscoring that extreme heat events can compromise even stress-tolerant coral species and induce legacy effects that will likely affect their future resilience. Rapid action to minimize further ocean warming is thus necessary to safeguard reef ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41955745, year = {2026}, author = {Etesami, H and Schaller, J}, title = {The soil silicon filter: A conceptual model of how mycorrhizal fungi and their microbiome may govern biosilicification and plant-silicon availability.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {233}, number = {}, pages = {111235}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111235}, pmid = {41955745}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Silicon (Si) plays an important role in plant health and ecosystem function, yet the biological pathways controlling its cycling are often too simplified and underlying mechanisms are not clear. While the plant-centric model of Si uptake and phytolith formation is mostly used, it underestimates the complex role of the soil microbiome. This review synthesizes growing evidence on the importance of the mycorrhizosphere-the zone of interaction between roots, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacteria-as a central processing unit in the terrestrial Si cycle. We develop and evaluate the concept of a "microbial silicon filter" as a working hypothesis, where symbiotic partnerships, particularly between mycorrhizal fungi and their associated bacteria, may collectively influence the Si flux. We line out the mechanisms of mycorrhizal-mediated Si transport and review evidence for bacterial biosilicification alongside the more speculative evidence and open questions regarding fungal (particularly mycorrhizal) biosilicification. Furthermore, we examine potential synergistic microbial weathering of minerals that mobilizes Si and how biofilm matrices may enhance its retention within the hyphosphere. By integrating these processes, we present a more integrated, microbiome-inclusive model of the Si cycle that emphasizes the potential interdependencies between plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacteria. This perspective has profound implications, potentially influencing plant stress resilience modulated by Si supply and suggesting a possible, though not yet quantified, role in enhancing long-term carbon sequestration through phytolith formation. Finally, we outline future research directions to unravel the underlying mechanisms of this partnership of plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacteria and to harness it for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration. A central focus of these recommendations is the critical need for advanced methodologies-particularly stable isotope tracing and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS)-to move from correlative evidence to quantitative, mechanistic understanding of the microbial Si filter.}, }
@article {pmid41956336, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, S and Ou, Y and Zhuang, W and Huang, J and Wang, B and Li, Z and Huang, H}, title = {Mapping the immune landscape of PCa: From tumor microenvironment to therapeutics.}, journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {189586}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbcan.2026.189586}, pmid = {41956336}, issn = {1879-2561}, abstract = {Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men, yet its response to immunotherapy is notably limited compared to other solid tumors. This resistance stems primarily from a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), characterized by "cold" tumor features such as low mutational burden, scarce cytotoxic T cell infiltration and extensive regulatory cell populations. Building upon the "tumor ecosystem" concept, we integrate emerging insights from single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to decode the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the PCa ecosystem. We specifically highlight the underappreciated "neural-immune-microbiome" axis-a triangular regulatory network wherein sympathetic nerves suppress T cell motility, intratumoral microbiota drive chronic inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming creates lipid-mediated immune paralysis. We further dissect how cell-type specific remodeling mechanisms, particularly TREM2+ macrophage-mediated metabolic symbiosis, drive the transition from hormone-sensitive to castration-resistant disease. Furthermore, we critically assess how standard of care (ADT, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) and emerging agents (PARPi, HDACi) reprogram the immune landscape with time-dependent, often paradoxical effects. Finally, we propose a roadmap for precision oncology, emphasizing that future success lies in "ecological editing"-biomarker-driven patient stratification and rational combination strategies to overcome the physical and biological barriers of the TME.}, }
@article {pmid41957864, year = {2026}, author = {Mawarda, PC and Speksnijder, A and Krijger, D and Berkhout, J and Hoogenboom, A and Duijker, DA and Khoiri, AN and Kraaijeveld, K and Stech, M and Wittink, F}, title = {Functional redundancy and stability support the resilience of the Evernia prunastri holobiont under urbanization.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40793-026-00886-8}, pmid = {41957864}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {NWA.1389.20.111//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; NWA.1389.20.111//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; NWA.1389.20.111//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Lichens are now recognized as holobionts comprising a mycobiont, photobiont, and diverse microbiomes, yet the functional roles of these additional microbial partners remain poorly characterized, especially under urbanization. Here, we used the epiphytic lichen Evernia prunastri from urban and natural areas to test the hypothesis that its resilience to urbanization is underpinned by functional stability and redundancy within its multi-kingdom consortium.<br><br>RESULTS: Using an integrated approach of amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we found that the bacterial community structure and the functional potential of the mycobiont, bacteria, and fungi remained stable despite urbanization, highlighting stability and resistance to urban environmental stress. Furthermore, by focusing on symbiosis-related functions, we found that each partner shows tendencies toward certain roles, yet we discovered broad functional overlap, suggesting microbial contributions that buffer the symbiosis. Finally, we found that E. prunastri and its microbiome harbors diverse biosynthetic gene clusters with predicted ecological functions relevant for the symbiosis, spanning photoprotection, oxidative stress mitigation, nutrient acquisition, defense, and chemical communication.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides unprecedented genomic evidence that lichen resilience is an emergent property of the integrated holobiont, where functional complementarity and redundancy among diverse symbiotic partners maintain stability under urban environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41958093, year = {2026}, author = {Gorgia, P and Lagos, S and Nikolaou, CN and Basdeki, N and Papadopoulos, C and Karpouzas, DG and Tsikou, D}, title = {Benzimidazole Anthelmintic Compounds Albendazole and Fenbendazole Show Distinct Toxicity on the Nitrogen Fixing Bacterium Mesorhizobium loti and Its Symbiosis With Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {Environmental toxicology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/tox.70101}, pmid = {41958093}, issn = {1522-7278}, support = {101000407//European Commission Horizon 2020/ ; 3255//Hellenic Foundation of Research and Innovation/ ; }, abstract = {Veterinary medicines, which reach the soil mostly through the application of contaminated manures, can affect beneficial soil microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria, which engage in important symbiotic associations with plants. The anthelmintic compounds albendazole and fenbendazole were tested for toxicity against the nitrogen-fixing rhizobium Mesorhizobium loti and its symbiotic relationship with the model legume Lotus japonicus. The effects of anthelmintics on rhizobial growth were tested in vitro in bacterial cultures, while their effects on the establishment of the symbiotic relationship were tested by phenotypic and molecular analyses of inoculated plants. None of the two compounds showed phytotoxicity. Albendazole and fenbendazole inhibited the growth of rhizobia at concentrations often (0.75 mg kg[-1]) or rarely (2.25 mg kg[-1]) found in agricultural soils. Albendazole reduced the number of infection threads formed in roots and downregulated key symbiosis-related genes, indicating inhibition of symbiosis at early stages, unlike fenbendazole, which showed no effects. However, nodulation and nitrogenase activity were not significantly affected by albendazole at advanced stages of the symbiosis, suggesting a recovery possibly associated with the progressive dissipation of albendazole. Our results suggest different toxicity of albendazole and fenbendazole to the symbiotic nitrogen fixation system that may have serious implications for soil health.}, }
@article {pmid41959571, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, Y and Dang, M and Xie, W and Chen, X and Zhang, E and Wang, Z}, title = {Spatial heterogeneity of the microbiota in Cypripedium franchetii and Its correlation with organ-specific metabolomes.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1751651}, pmid = {41959571}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Cypripedium franchetii, a plant of ornamental and medicinal value, is designated as a Grade II Protected Species in China. The C. franchetii population inhabiting the fragile ecosystem at Galongla Pass exhibits unclear patterns in microbial composition across rhizosphere soil, root, stem, and leaf tissues, as well as metabolite distribution and plant tissue-specific microbe-metabolite relationships.<br><br>METHODS: This study focused on C. franchetii, a plant growing in the fragile ecosystem of Galongla Pass in Tibet. We employed an integrated approach combining high-throughput amplicon sequencing (targeting bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS regions) and untargeted metabolomics (LC-MS/MS) to systematically analyze the microbial community structure and metabolite distribution in its rhizosphere soil and root, stem, and leaf tissues. We further explored the associations between endophytic microorganisms and metabolites within plant tissues.<br><br>RESULTS: The results revealed significant differences in microbial composition across plant compartments: distinct variations were observed between rhizosphere soil and plant tissues, while stem and leaf microbial communities exhibited greater similarity. At the phylum level, Pseudomonadota dominated among bacteria, while Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the predominant fungal phyla. At the genus level, dominant taxa showed tissue specificity: Cronobacter and Lactobacillus were dominant bacterial genera in roots, whereas Acinetobacter dominated in stems, and Acinetobacter and Agrobacterium were prominent in leaves. For fungi, Tulasnella was the dominant genus in rhizosphere soil and roots, while Dioszegia prevailed in stems and leaves. Metabolite analysis indicated significant differences in metabolic profiles among tissues, with stem and leaf metabolite compositions being relatively similar. Correlation analysis further revealed statistically significant correlations between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites in roots and stems, identifying 31 microbial genera significantly correlated with 48 high-abundance metabolites.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This study systematically unveils the tissue-specific microecological and metabolic characteristics of C. franchetii during its post-flowering nutrient accumulation phase. Key findings include: microbial community assembly involves cooperative mechanisms between core conserved taxa (e.g., Tulasnella) and habitat-specific taxa; microbial diversity exhibits a gradient decline from the rhizosphere into plant tissues accompanied by functional group succession; and extensive yet specific potential interaction networks (based on statistical covariation) exist between microorganisms and host metabolites, indicating potential microbial involvement in regulating plant secondary metabolism. These findings not only provide guidance for the conservation of C. franchetii (requiring consideration of both core symbiotic and habitat-specific taxa) and constructing synthetic microbial communities during artificial propagation, but also offer a new theoretical basis for the targeted regulation of medicinal active ingredient synthesis through the microbiome.}, }
@article {pmid41962250, year = {2026}, author = {Qin, J and Nie, X and Liu, M and Wang, H and Hou, K and Hou, Y and Duan, Y}, title = {Fe3O4@PVA-regulated electron transfer and microbial communication intensify denitrification in algae-bacteria symbiotic systems under low C/N conditions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {404}, number = {}, pages = {129626}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129626}, pmid = {41962250}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) wastewater constraints biological nitrogen removal due to limited electron transfer and unstable redox microenvironments, particularly in algae-bacteria symbiotic systems (ABSS) where photosynthetically generated oxygen suppresses anaerobic pathways. Here, a Fe3O4@PVA composite was employed to regulate electron transfer and microbial communication, thereby intensifying denitrification under carbon-limited conditions. Five sequencing batch reactors were operated for 40 days with varying Fe3O4@PVA dosages to systematically evaluate nitrogen transformation performance, microbial community assembly, and functional gene expression. At an optimal dosage of 20 g L[-1] Fe3O4@PVA, the system achieved a total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of 98.4 ± 0.6% during stable operation, alongside a simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) efficiency of 99.32%. However, excessive loading led to microbial inhibition and subsequent performance deterioration. Mechanistic analyses revealed that Fe3O4@PVA acted as a sustained electron mediator and redox regulator, promoting Fe[2+] release, reshaping extracellular polymeric substance composition, and has the potential to enhance quorum sensing-mediated microbial interconnectivity. These effects collectively facilitated the formation of localized hypoxic niches, strengthened denitrification, thereby establishing an appropriate microenvironment for anammox bacteria. This study provides mechanistic insights into material-assisted regulation of electron transfer and microbial interactions, offering an effective process intensification pathway for nitrogen removal in electron-transfer-limited biological systems.}, }
@article {pmid41962296, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Yu, K and Meng, L and Gong, S and Yu, X and Huang, X and Huang, W}, title = {Host proteins and symbiotic bacteria mediate the thermal response differences of the two color phenotypes of Porites lutea to extreme marine heatwaves in Weizhou Island.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {119723}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119723}, pmid = {41962296}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Extreme marine heatwaves driven by global warming are the major threat to coral reefs, causing mass coral bleaching and mortality. Color polymorphism is a key coral phenotypic trait, but the mechanisms underlying thermal adaptability differences among color phenotypes remain unclear. This study investigated two Porites lutea phenotypes (green and brown) from Weizhou Island, integrating field surveys, proteomics, and symbiotic microbial community analyses to explore their thermal response differences and molecular mechanisms. Field monitoring during the 2020 marine heatwave revealed a 46% bleaching rate in brown P. lutea, whereas green P. lutea exhibited no bleaching, demonstrating the latter's superior thermal tolerance. Proteomics revealed that green coral hosts maintained thermal adaptability by regulating proteins related to heat shock response, antioxidant defense, and green fluorescent protein (GFP), with GFP expression significantly upregulated by 7.2-fold compared to the brown phenotype. Additionally, the two phenotypes differed in symbiotic bacterial relative abundance: the green P. lutea was dominated by Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi (aiding nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis), while the brown P. lutea was enriched with Thermus and Prosthecochloris (enhancing antioxidant capacity and thermal resistance). No significant differences were found in the community structure or density of Symbiodiniaceae. In conclusion, differential host protein expression and functional complementarity of symbiotic bacteria jointly mediate thermal adaptation differentiation between the two P. lutea phenotypes. This study reveals color phenotypic differentiation as an effective coral survival strategy against environmental stresses, enhancing adaptive potential under future climate change and providing theoretical and technical support for coral reef ecological early warning and restoration under global warming.}, }
@article {pmid41962538, year = {2026}, author = {Nobs, SJ and Johnson, MD and Williams, TJ and Meltzer, J and Vázquez-Campos, X and MacLeod, FI and Rowell, K and Pitt, M and Paul, B and Shepherd, DC and Michie, KA and Duggin, IG and Ghosal, D and Burns, BP}, title = {An Asgard archaeon from a modern analog of ancient microbial mats.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.03.041}, pmid = {41962538}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {One of the most significant events in the evolution of life is the origin of the eukaryotic cell. Despite recent advances, the driving forces behind the emergence of complex eukaryotic attributes remain a gap in our knowledge. One model proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved via symbiosis between sulfate-reducing bacteria and hydrogen-producing archaea in ancient microbial mats. Here, we describe a highly enriched (89%) culture of a novel Asgard archaeon, Nerearchaeum marumarumayae, along with a bacterium Stromatodesulfovibrio nilemahensis from a modern microbial mat. The N. marumarumayae genome indicates that it has the capacity to produce H2, acetate, formate, and sulfite, while S. nilemahensis synthesizes amino acids and vitamins that could be exchanged in a syntrophic partnership. Electron cryotomography revealed that N. marumarumayae cells produce chains of budded envelope vesicles attached to the coccoid cell body by extracellular fibers, as well as intracellular tube- and cage-like structures. Furthermore, the two species were observed directly interacting via intercellular tubular fibers assembled by the bacterium. These characteristics and interactions may reflect an early step in the symbiotic evolution of eukaryotic cells.}, }
@article {pmid41947767, year = {2026}, author = {Galimand, L and Lamy, M and Valat, L and Laloue, H and Leva, Y and Deglène-Benbrahim, L and Yung, L and Chong, J}, title = {Symbiosis With Rhizophagus irregularis Improves Grapevine Rootstock Performances Under Water Deficit Conditions.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {2}, pages = {e70864}, pmid = {41947767}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {//Vinop&#xf4;le Alsace/ ; //Universit&#xe9; de Haute-Alsace/ ; //Minist&#xe8;re de l'Education Nationale, de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche/ ; }, mesh = {*Vitis/microbiology/physiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Plant Roots/microbiology/physiology ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Water/metabolism ; Droughts ; *Glomeromycota/physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/physiology/microbiology ; Aquaporins/metabolism/genetics ; Fungi ; }, abstract = {Grapevine is a major crop of crucial socio-economic importance; however, its culture is threatened by climate change, particularly drought. Indeed, water deficit has a negative impact on grapevine growth and yield, but also affects fruit and wine quality. To improve grapevine resilience to drought, developing strategies such as symbiosis with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi could be promising. We focused on the benefits of using Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198 in improving performances in controlled conditions with two widely used rootstocks (41B and SO4) under moderate to severe water deficit. At a field capacity of 14%-40%, SO4 was more affected compared to 41B. Successful functional symbiosis was obtained for the two rootstocks, both in well-watered and water-deficient conditions. Interestingly, colonization with R. irregularis improved growth and photosynthetic parameters in both 41B and SO4, especially under water stress, restoring them to the levels of non-stressed plants. Further analysis of mineral nutrition and aquaporin expression revealed contrasting responses between the two rootstocks. Whereas mycorrhization strongly enhanced phosphorus concentration in both 41B and SO4 roots and leaves, the overall beneficial effects of the symbiosis on mineral nutrition were more pronounced in SO4. In contrast, the expression of VvPIP2.1, a highly water-permeable aquaporin involved in root hydraulic conductivity, was increased in mycorrhized roots of 41B but repressed in SO4. This study emphasizes that interaction between AMF and grapevine induces contrasting effects on plant nutrition depending on the rootstock genotype, and that mycorrhizal inoculation could be of interest in the case of drought-sensitive rootstocks.}, }
@article {pmid41948214, year = {2026}, author = {de Carvalho-Souza, GF and González-Ortegón, E and Cuesta, JA}, title = {Hitchhikers on an Invader: The Parasitic Leech Myzobdella lugubris and the Epibiotic Barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus on the Atlantic Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in Southwestern Europe.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {e73410}, pmid = {41948214}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {This study reports for the first time the co-invasion of two Western Atlantic native species, the parasitic leech Myzobdella lugubris and the commensal barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus on the invasive Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus in southwestern Europe. Two individuals of M. lugubris parasitizing two male crabs were collected from the Guadalquivir River estuary (SW Spain) in August 2024 and September 2025, while A. improvisus was found on the carapace of an ovigerous female in April 2025. This is the first worldwide record of M. lugubris parasitizing C. sapidus in the host's non-native range and the third European record for the leech, the first two having been documented on fish and turtles. Also, it is the first documentation of both associations with a crustacean host in European waters. Molecular analyses confirmed the identity of both non-native species, with the M. lugubris COI sequence showing the highest similarity (99.85%) to a non-native Hawaiian specimen, and 100% similarity for A. improvisus. Given the blood-feeding nature of M. lugubris and its role as a recognized pathogen vector, the establishment of this parasitic association poses an unquantified but substantial risk for the translocation and emergence of novel infectious diseases in native European fish and crustacean populations. Furthermore, this finding highlights the need for comprehensive health surveillance of commercially exploited C. sapidus populations across the non-native range.}, }
@article {pmid41948302, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Q and Fan, X and Zhang, J and Yang, X and Liu, J and Li, K and Chen, Z}, title = {Genome-wide characterisation and expression analysis of PLATZ gene family of Eucalyptus grandis under arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1727363}, pmid = {41948302}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affect plant performance and ecosystem functioning. The Plant AT-rich protein and zinc-binding protein (PLATZ) transcription factor family plays a pivotal role in the plant growth and meristem activity. However, the potential role of PLATZ genes in regulating arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis remains experimentally uncharacterized.<br><br>METHODS: This study aimed to identify the PLATZ genes in Eucalyptus grandis and to preliminarily characterize their dual involvement in both growth regulation and AM symbiosis. A genome-wide identification and expression analysis of EgPLATZ genes was conducted through bioinformatics approaches and transcriptomic data.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty EgPLATZ members were identified and classified into 4 distinct clades, which is consistent with conserved domain architectures observed in other plant species. EgPLATZs are enriched in cis-regulatory motifs associated with cell expansion, phytohormone signaling, meristem activity, and mycorrhizal symbiosis, especially NODCON2GM (100%), PIBS (50%) and AW-box (75%). The protein predictions suggest that EgPLATZ proteins interact with Dof proteins and transcription initiation factors, indicating a conserved transcriptional mechanism analogous to that observed in other species. EgPLATZs exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns, and EgPLATZ14 and EgPLATZ15 were highly expressed in roots and leaves, respectively. Six EgPLATZs were generally down-regulated under AM symbiosis, with EgPLATZ15 and EgPLATZ2 showing significant downregulation.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These results suggest that certain EgPLATZs may function at the interface of developmental signaling and mycorrhizal colonization. This study provides the genome-wide characterization of PLATZs in E. grandis, establishing a functional framework for future investigations into their roles in growth and symbiosis, and suggestion potential candidate genes involved in AMF-responsive in E. grandis.}, }
@article {pmid41951679, year = {2026}, author = {Pu, B and Wang, R and Wang, J and Li, L and Li, J and Cai, M and Zhong, Y and Yan, B and Lv, L and Zhang, Y and Dong, K and Luo, J and Li, H and Chen, X and Zhou, Q and Liu, C and Tang, R and Ma, X and Guo, X and Zhao, W and Qin, J}, title = {Phage therapy targeting DNA-encapsulated membrane vesicle-producing intestinal symbiotic Klebsiella pneumoniae ameliorates autoimmune disease.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-00981-1}, pmid = {41951679}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {2025YFC3408400//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 202240193//Shanghai Municipal Health Commission/ ; }, abstract = {Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a progressive and currently incurable inflammatory liver disorder. Accumulating evidence suggests that intestinal Klebsiella pneumoniae may contribute to AIH. However, the specific bacterial features underlying its role remain unclear. We isolated 32 strains of K. pneumoniae from both healthy and AIH patients. Genomic and phenotypic analyses identified a unique strain, KpA4-1 from an AIH patient, distinguished by its production of membrane vesicles (MVs) encapsulating plasmid DNA (p2). Administration of p2-containing MVs in mice elevated serum liver enzymes and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), indicating liver injury and autoimmune activation. Oral administration of KpA4-1 in AIH mice exacerbated AIH pathology, evidenced by elevated liver enzymes, increased ANA titers, and enhanced hepatic CD8[ +] T cell infiltration. Mechanistically, KpA4-1 activated the cGAS-STING signaling pathway that potentiated hepatic inflammation in AIH mice. The pivotal role of the p2 was further validated by attenuated AIH pathology in mice treated with KpA4-1Δp2 or bacteriophage therapy targeting KpA4-1. Collectively, these findings uncover a novel mechanism by which the intestinal K. pneumoniae exacerbates AIH via DNA-encapsulated MVs, highlighting their potential as diagnostic or therapeutic targets.}, }
@article {pmid41952131, year = {2026}, author = {Alizadeh, Z and Heidari, P and Asghari, HR}, title = {The impact of symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and beans on potassium absorption and transporters in response to salt stress.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08584-w}, pmid = {41952131}, issn = {1471-2229}, }
@article {pmid41952277, year = {2026}, author = {Ganotra, J and Pandey, M and Pandey, BK and Giri, J}, title = {Unearthing Root Response Mechanisms to Soil Compaction in Legumes.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70523}, pmid = {41952277}, issn = {1365-3040}, abstract = {Roots are essential for the survival and functioning of plants, serving as anchors in the soil and drawing in vital nutrients and water. Roots also engage in diverse microbial interactions, including pathogenic interactions that cause plant disease and non-pathogenic interactions, such as symbiotic and commensal relationships. Mechanical resistance in compacted soil is one of the biggest challenges for root exploration. Soil compaction hampers plant growth by restricting root elongation, reducing root proliferation, and limiting access to water, nutrients, and oxygen. These restrictions interfere with root-microbe interactions and also impair aboveground growth, leading to decreased shoot biomass, stunted development, and lower overall productivity. Legume roots form symbiotic relationships with soil-dwelling Rhizobium, resulting in root nodules that convert atmospheric nitrogen (N) into ammonia, thereby promoting plant growth. However, the impact of soil compaction on legume roots remains poorly studied. In this review, we examine key adaptive strategies used by legume roots to counteract soil compaction, focusing on the underlying molecular pathways. A complex signalling network regulates molecular processes that control root development and nodulation in legumes. We also explore the genetic and environmental factors that influence morphological, anatomical, and biochemical traits under mechanical stress, providing insights for improving stress resilience in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid41952516, year = {2026}, author = {Castillo Franco, D and Parmentier, T and Van de Walle, T and Van Reempts, E and Dekoninck, W and Romiguier, J and Wybouw, N}, title = {Spiroplasma Display an Intricate Continuum of Infection Heterogeneity and Persistence in Myrmica Ants.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {7}, pages = {e70341}, pmid = {41952516}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {101078288/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 202302/011//Special Research Fund of Ghent University/ ; }, mesh = {*Spiroplasma/genetics ; Animals ; *Ants/microbiology/genetics ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Genotype ; }, abstract = {Many bacterial taxa evolved facultative symbiotic associations with insects and spread through host populations by horizontal and maternal transmission. Co-infection at the individual host level may facilitate or constrain the spread of facultative symbionts. Due to insufficiently detailed genotyping, co-infections of maternally transmitted symbionts often remain hidden, limiting our understanding of (co-)infection dynamics. Spiroplasma bacteria exhibit multiple independent origins of symbiosis with insects and have poorly understood patterns of transmission and co-infection. Here, we examined these traits of Spiroplasma symbiosis using Myrmica ants, a system known for high frequencies of single Spiroplasma infections. Through exhaustive genotyping of 75 colonies across seven Myrmica species, we uncovered multiple cryptic co-infections involving two distinct Spiroplasma clades that display significantly different infection frequencies in workers. Within Myrmica ruginodis, infection heterogeneity was contingent on ant caste and was lower in workers. Remarkably, the sMyr Spiroplasma variant infected four Myrmica species and was widespread in queens and workers. We provide phylogenomic and functional genomic support for an exceptionally stable symbiosis with maternally acquired sMyr, with a predicted infection persistence of seven million years in the Myrmica scabrinodis species group. Our findings reveal that Spiroplasma can display complex infection heterogeneity and evolve an evolutionary stable maternally acquired infection within insect hosts.}, }
@article {pmid41953295, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, D and Tabassum, S and Li, J and Li, G and Altundag, H and Zhang, N and Khan, I}, title = {Landfill leachate treatment by the symbiotic system of bacteria and microalgae: high-efficiency and low-consumption green biological treatment system.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {16}, number = {19}, pages = {17627-17647}, pmid = {41953295}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {This study uses domestic sewage to dilute landfill leachate, conserve freshwater resources, and supplement phosphorus. The proportion of landfill leachate is increased, and the microalgae photosynthesis is coupled with the SBR system to process the diluted leachate. A bacterial and algal symbiotic photobioreactor (PBR) was constructed to improve the efficiency of sewage treatment by optimizing parameters (aeration rate, light) for investigating the synergy of microalgae and bacteria, and the effect of treating Landfill leachate. The long-term operational impact of the reactor under two different inoculation conditions was investigated: one group was inoculated only with activated sludge and controlled light to promote the spontaneous growth of microalgae (Rc), and the other group was inoculated with activated sludge and Chlorella (Rs). The highest pollutant removal efficiencies were observed in 4 : 1 (microalgae/sludge) cultures, with COD at 96.5%, NH4 [+]-N at 97.4%, and PO4 [3-]-P at 92.3%. Synergistic growth of bacteria and microalgae was observed, with a total biomass concentration of 2.32 g L[-1]. Pollutant removal effect was best at an aeration rate of 0.6 L min[-1], with removal efficiencies of 72.7% for COD, 78.3% for NH4 [+]-N, and 62.5% for PO4 [3-]-P. A low-aeration method, mechanical aeration and microalgae photosynthesis cooperated to reduce operating costs. When light intensity was 108 µmol m[-2] s[-1], pollutant removal efficiencies of COD 82.6%, NH4 [+]-N 84.9% and PO4 [3-]-P 75.9% were achieved. Treatment effect of the Rs system: average volume load of 36.22 mg per L per h COD, 8.53 mg per L per h NH4 [+]-N, 0.44 mg per L per h PO4 [3-]-P. This provides new ideas for achieving high-efficiency, low-consumption green biological treatment of landfill leachate.}, }
@article {pmid41942810, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Li, C and Yang, Z and Matsushita, N and Lian, C}, title = {CCR4-associated factor CAF1I promotes plant growth and ectomycorrhizal formation in Populus tomentosa.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41942810}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi preferentially form symbiotic associations with many woody plants. However, the genes regulating ECM formation and their functions in host plants remain poorly understood. In this study, PtoCAF1I gene from Populus tomentosa was isolated and functionally characterized. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PtoCAF1I contains a conserved RNase D structural domain. Tissue expression analysis showed that PtoCAF1I was more highly expressed in roots than other tissues (leaves and stems). Overexpression of PtoCAF1I in P. tomentosa resulted in significantly greater shoot height, number of branches, and biomass in potted seedlings compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Inoculation experiments revealed that overexpression of PtoCAF1I significantly increased the total ECM rate compared with WT poplar inoculated with Cenococcum geophilum, whereas PtoCAF1I RNA interference (RNAi) lines presented an opposite trend. These results suggest that PtoCAF1I not only promotes poplar growth and branch development but also enhances the formation of ECM roots upon inoculation with C. geophilum.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00572-026-01258-3.}, }
@article {pmid41943440, year = {2026}, author = {Shi, H and Lu, Z and Polle, A}, title = {Physiology and Transcriptomics Reveal Divergent Strategies of Mycorrhiza-Mediated Drought Adaptation in Poplar.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70511}, pmid = {41943440}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst/ ; //Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC, P.R. China)/ ; }, abstract = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis shapes plant growth and stress resilience. Here, we compared physiological and molecular responses of poplars (P. x canescens) colonised by Paxillus involutus (Pi) or Cenococcum geophilum (Cg) under control conditions, drought stress and recovery. Both fungal isolates primed distinct local (root) and systemic (leaf) defences compared to non-inoculated (Ni) plants. Cg-colonised poplars exhibited constitutively elevated transcripts of heat shock proteins, galactinol synthase and aquaporins in roots and leaves, irrespective of drought. Pi colonisation enhanced growth and nitrogen-use-efficiency, along with transcriptional increases of the TOR/RAPTOR complex in leaves. Under severe soil moisture decline, Pi and Ni poplars showed reduced water potential, photosynthesis, growth and leaf shedding, whereas Cg-colonised plants maintained water status, sustained photosynthesis and retained foliage. These results reveal two contrasting mycorrhiza-mediated drought strategies in poplar: Pi fosters stress acclimation via drought-induced leaf abscission, enabling acclimation and recovery; Cg confers constitutive tolerance and suppresses growth. Ectomycorrhizal fungi thus occupy different positions on the growth-defence trade-off spectrum. Such genotypic effects have important ecological and applied implications, enabling targeted use of EM fungi in forestry and agriculture, depending on whether maximising productivity or enhancing stress resilience is the primary goal.}, }
@article {pmid41946042, year = {2026}, author = {Liang, J and Yang, Y and Niu, T and Li, Z and Liang, Z and Lu, M and Zhang, L and Feng, Y and Gong, S and Yu, K}, title = {Unraveling the size-dependent toxicity mechanisms of polystyrene microplastics on coral symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae: Integrated physiological and transcriptomic perspectives.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {229}, number = {}, pages = {119697}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119697}, pmid = {41946042}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Microplastic (MP) pollution poses a growing threat to coral reef ecosystems, yet its direct effects on symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated the size-dependent toxicity and underlying mechanisms of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs; 0.1, 1, and 10 μm) on three Symbiodiniaceae species-Cladocopium goreaui, Durusdinium trenchii, and Symbiodinium natans-representing distinct ecological niches. Among the tested sizes, 10 μm PS-MPs induced the most pronounced toxicity, significantly reducing algal growth rate, photosynthetic efficiency, and Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) content. These effects were accompanied by increased cell volume and enhanced accumulation of carbohydrates and lipids. Notably, S. natans exhibited partial recovery at later stages, whereas C. goreaui showed persistent inhibition. Exposure to 10 μm PS-MPs also elicited marked oxidative stress in all species, as evidenced by elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, along with enhanced production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble proteins. Morphological analyses revealed PS-MP adhesion to algal surfaces, leading to membrane disruption, chloroplast damage, and stimulated EPS secretion. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated size- and species-specific responses: under 0.1 μm PS-MPs, D. trenchii upregulated oxidative phosphorylation and the TCA cycle, whereas S. natans responded to 1 μm PS-MPs by activating purine metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. In contrast, 10 μm PS-MPs downregulated ribosomal and photosynthetic genes, while upregulating fatty acid biosynthesis and antioxidant defense pathways. Collectively, these findings reveal that PS-MP toxicity is both size- and species-dependent, providing mechanistic insights into how MPs disrupt coral-algal symbiosis and undermine reef ecosystem resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41946897, year = {2026}, author = {Nuzzo, G and Quaini, G and Albiani, F and Gallo, C and Landi, S and Carbone, D and Pescitelli, G and Castiglia, D and Manzo, E and d'Ippolito, G and Fontana, A}, title = {Jorumycidine, a hexacyclic bis-tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid from marine symbiosis reveals new biosynthetic logic for anticancer design.}, journal = {Communications chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s42004-026-01988-7}, pmid = {41946897}, issn = {2399-3669}, abstract = {Marine opisthobranch mollusks are a valuable source of structurally diverse bioactive metabolites arising from de novo biosynthesis or dietary origins. Jorumycidine (4) is a novel bis-tetrahydroisoquinoline (bis-THIQ) alkaloid with an unprecedented hexacyclic skeleton, isolated together with jorumycin (2), renieramycin E (3), and new 21-deoxy analogues (5, 6) from the nudibranch Jorunna funebris and its dietary sponge Haliclona sp. The structure of jorumycidine, featuring a unique oxazolidine ring, was elucidated by spectroscopic, spectrometric, and chiroptical analyses. LC-MS/MS diagnostic fragmentation filtering (DFF), combined with re-annotation of the ren biosynthetic gene cluster recently identified in a Haliclona endosymbiont, supported a hybrid NRPS-PKS origin and revealed enzymatic conversion of sponge-derived renieramycins into jorumycins by the nudibranch. Jorumycidine exhibited potent nanomolar cytotoxicity (IC50 = 13.8 nM) against multiple myeloma cells, outperforming its congeners. These findings expand bis-THIQ chemical diversity and demonstrate how interspecies metabolic interplay can generate bioactive scaffolds with therapeutic potential.}, }
@article {pmid41947017, year = {2026}, author = {Kirangwa, J and King, E and Collins, J and Bates, A and Blaxter, M and Holovachov, O}, title = {The genome of an enigmatic sea urchin parasite Echinomermella matsi Jones &amp; Hagen, 1987 resolves its place among other invertebrate parasitic nematodes.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/g3journal/jkag084}, pmid = {41947017}, issn = {2160-1836}, abstract = {We present a genome of Echinomermella matsi (Nematoda: Plectida: Benthimermithidae), a body cavity parasite of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus spp. commonly found along the coast of Central and Northern Norway. Three assemblies were generated, one from multiple individuals using Oxford Nanopore long read data and two from two individuals using PacBio long read data. The genome of Echinomermella matsi is 65 Mb long consisting of 7 chromosomes, with nematode Benchmarking Using Single Copy Orthologue (BUSCO odb12) completeness reaching 96%. The E. matsi chromosome complement corresponds to the proposed Rhabditida ancestral linkage groups. Phylogenetic analyses using newly generated 18S rRNA genes and a multigene dataset consisting of BUSCO protein coding genes, supported by morphological observations of juveniles, firmly place Echinomermella within the nematode order Plectida, alongside nematode parasitoids of marine invertebrates, Trophomera or Neocamacolaimus. As a result, the generally free-living order Plectida includes at least three independently evolved lineages of nematodes symbiotic with various groups of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and with unicellular organisms. This, and the fact that Plectida is the closest sister lineage to Rhabditida as a whole, and one node away from the exclusively animal parasitic Spirurina, makes this lineage a valuable model for study of evolution of animal parasitism in the aquatic environment.}, }
@article {pmid41947478, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, X and Zhu, C and Liu, B and Yang, P and Cao, Z and Liang, J and Hu, J and Yu, Q and Zhong, Y and Du, W and Chow, J and Yan, S and Liu, H and Li, L and Wang, T and Gu, Y and Ma, G}, title = {Astragaloside IV Exhibited Antidiabetic Effects by Improving Glucose Metabolism, Repairing Damaged Gut Barrier and Regulating Intestinal Microbiota.}, journal = {Phytotherapy research : PTR}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ptr.70205}, pmid = {41947478}, issn = {1099-1573}, support = {81374051//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81873078//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82074109//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82374133//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a main active ingredient derived from Astragali Radix, displays a favorable effect in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was aimed to figure out its antidiabetic mechanisms. The db/db mice were treated with AS-IV, and the metabolism phenotype and epithelial barrier permeability were tested. Trans-epithelial resistance assay was performed in Caco-2 cells. Metagenomic sequencing was used to determine the gut microbiota composition and function. The content of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in feces was determined using Agilent 8890-5977B GC-MS. Despite increasing mice body weight, AS-IV significantly reduced hyperglycemia in the db/db mice, decreased the ratio of liver weight/body weight, alleviated hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. AS-IV reduced inflammation through suppressing pro-inflammatory genes (Il1b, Tnf, Ccl2) and elevating anti-inflammatory genes (Il10, Il4, Il13, Il33) in the colonic epithelium. AS-IV also reversed the increased intestinal permeability and decreased expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins Claudin-1, ZO-1 in the db/db mice and Claudin-1, Occludin in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, metagenomic sequencing showed AS-IV altered composition and function of gut microbiota. The 80 species of gut microbiota were markedly changed, e.g., boosting of Alistipes spp. and Prevotella copri, decreasing of relative abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus and Enterocloster bolteae. AS-IV upregulated the SCFA related pathway, increased the content of SCFA, upregulated the transcription levels of SCFA receptors (i.e., GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109a), thereby improved glucose metabolism in the db/db mice. These findings demonstrate that AS-IV exhibited favorable antidiabetic effects by improving glucose metabolism and altering intestinal microbiota symbiosis via repairing the damaged gut barrier. This study will provide valuable reference for the development of new antidiabetic drugs and medication of T2DM.}, }
@article {pmid41947604, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, C and Wu, S and Zhang, Y and Xu, H and Zhang, J and Gong, X and Qiu, H and Hu, B and Chen, J and Liang, Z and Liu, Q and Tu, T and Gao, Z and Huang, L and Wang, F and Xin, D and Chen, X}, title = {Rhizobial auxin activates transcription factors to orchestrate YUC2-dependent auxin biosynthesis for soybean nodule development.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koag104}, pmid = {41947604}, issn = {1532-298X}, abstract = {Establishing the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia requires the precise modulation of auxin levels. However, our understanding of auxin's regulatory roles, particularly rhizobia-derived auxins, remains limited. Our study reveals that the auxin biosynthesis gene YUC2a is essential for the spatiotemporal control of nodule development in soybean (Glycine max). This process is orchestrated by three transcription factors: Nuclear Factor-YA9 (NF-YA9), Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain 41 (LBD41), and Nodule Inception 1a (NIN1a). In the early stages of nodulation, rhizobial auxin stimulates NF-YA9 expression, NF-YA9 then activates YUC2a expression in the cortical cell layer, establishing optimal auxin levels for nodule initiation. In the middle stages, rhizobial auxin elevates LBD41 expression, and LBD41 suppresses YUC2a to control auxin levels, ensuring proper rhizobia colonization. In the late stages, rhizobial auxin inhibits NIN1a expression, which increases YUC2a expression in nitrogen-fixing symbiosomes, fine-tuning optimal auxin levels for nodule maturation. Disruption of YUC2a and its homologs impairs cell division in nodule primordia, reducing nodule density and nitrogen fixation capacity. Conversely, cortex-specific overexpression of YUC2a promotes nodule formation but inhibits rhizobia colonization. This dynamic auxin regulation optimizes nodule development in soybean, revealing rhizobia-derived auxin's critical role in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41941327, year = {2026}, author = {Strope, TA and Easson, CG and Fiore, CL}, title = {Low Abundance Taxa Show Diverse Microbial Symbiotic Interactions With the Freshwater Sponge, Radiospongilla crateriformis, Pre and Post Gemmulation.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {e70331}, pmid = {41941327}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {//Appalachian State University/ ; 1924540//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Porifera/microbiology/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Animals ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; Flavobacterium/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Freshwater sponges, most of which have a dormant stage with gemmules, are well poised for microbiome focused experiments. Here, we leveraged field collections of freshwater sponges pre-gemmule (Pre) and post-gemmule (Post) formation to compare the microbial symbiont metatranscriptome at the two developmental stages. There were no broad changes to the microbiome in composition between the two stages; however, there were significant differences in the abundance of several bacterial taxa and functional genes between Pre and Post sponge samples. For example, many Polynucleobacter spp. increased from Pre to Post samples, but no putative symbiosis factors were associated with Polynucleobacter and these may be loosely associated with the sponges. In contrast, we hypothesise that Flavobacterium spp. are facultative symbionts of freshwater sponges that begin to leave when the sponge tissue degrades, or they may decrease their metabolic activity. Functions attributed to Flavobacterium spp. such as type IX secretion system (T9SS) component and ankyrin repeat domains, all decreased in the Post samples and suggests that this group can interact with the sponge host or be free-living. These results provide a foundation for future hypothesis testing and experimental work with the microbiomes of freshwater sponges.}, }
@article {pmid41942423, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, J and Yan, S and Li, M and Shen, D and Tichá, M and Bærentsen, R and Andersen, KR and Verbeek, F and Kulikova, O and Geurts, R and Bisseling, T and Huisman, R}, title = {Ancestral functionality and symbiotic refinement of NIN in root nodule symbiosis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-71330-1}, pmid = {41942423}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {VI.Veni.212.132//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research)/ ; 201506300062//China Scholarship Council (CSC)/ ; 201906170085//China Scholarship Council (CSC)/ ; 202008150090//China Scholarship Council (CSC)/ ; INV- 57461//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen-fixing nodule symbiosis is an ecologically and economically important trait in legumes and some related species. A critical step in the evolution of nodulation is the recruitment of NODULE INCEPTION (NIN); a homolog of the nitrate-sensing NIN-LIKE PROTEIN (NLP) transcription factors. However, whether adaptations have occurred in the NIN protein upon its recruitment in symbiosis remains elusive. Here we show that non-symbiotic NIN orthologs can function in intracellular infection and even nodule initiation, indicating that these properties of NIN predate the evolution of nodulation. Concurrent with the evolution of nodulation, symbiotic NIN proteins were optimized for their role in symbiosis by acquiring nitrate independent functionality, including constitutive nuclear localization. A single amino acid substitution in the non-symbiotic Arabidopsis AtNLP2 enhances its nuclear localization under low nitrate conditions, making it functionally comparable to the symbiotic Parasponia PanNIN. Our study provides insight in the evolutionary trajectory and molecular adaptation that allowed NIN to function as the central regulator of nitrogen-fixing nodule symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41942566, year = {2026}, author = {Botana, MT and Lewis, RE and Quaranta, A and Salamin, O and Revol-Cavalier, J and Oakley, CA and Feussner, I and Hamberg, M and Grossman, AR and Suggett, DJ and Weis, VM and Wheelock, CE and Davy, SK}, title = {Author Correction: Octadecanoids as emerging lipid mediators in cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-026-09970-8}, pmid = {41942566}, issn = {2399-3642}, }
@article {pmid41943061, year = {2026}, author = {Treitli, SC and Mies, US and Radek, R and Zinnhardt, PA and Silva, JMK and Reuter, L and Röhr, NA and Platt, K and Hervé, V and Plarre, R and Marini, M and Brune, A}, title = {Metabolic capacities of large "pillotinaceous" spirochetes from termite guts and their placement among Breznakiellaceae.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-026-02591-x}, pmid = {41943061}, issn = {1741-7007}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spirochetes are the most abundant bacterial group in the hindgut of termites. The largest species, with cell lengths of up to 100 µm, have been provisionally classified in the family "Pillotinaceae" based exclusively on morphological traits. However, in the absence of cultured representatives, their phylogenetic position and metabolism remain entirely unknown.<br><br>RESULTS: We investigated phylogeny and metabolic capacities of "pillotinaceous" spirochetes using single-cell techniques, electron microscopy, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. All sequences of large spirochetes obtained from various termites fell into four distinct, well-supported clusters within the family Breznakiellaceae. Based on ultrastructural features, three of the clusters were assigned to the genera Pillotina, Hollandina, and the newly established genus Hollandinoides; a fourth cluster was tentatively assigned to the genus Clevelandina. Functional analysis of the single-cell genomes of Pillotina corrugata sp. nov., Hollandina grandis sp. nov., and Hollandinoides gharagozlouae gen. nov. sp. nov., combined with comparative genomics of other uncultured relatives, demonstrated differences in the capacity to degrade cellulose, hemicelluloses, and dextrins. While members of the genus Pillotina have a fermentative metabolism, members of the other genera encode a Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and, in the case of Hollandina, a group-III nitrogenase, suggesting roles in reductive acetogenesis and nitrogen fixation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide the first molecular data on pillotinaceous spirochetes. We show that the three genera covered in our study belong to the family Breznakiellaceae, which harbors the majority of termite-gut spirochetes. Comparative genome analysis indicated that the large spirochetes in termite guts have distinct roles in symbiotic digestion.}, }
@article {pmid41934261, year = {2026}, author = {Leach, H and Wilson, JK}, title = {Spatial and temporal distribution of Xylosandrus germanus and Anisandrus maiche (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Michigan apple.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvag029}, pmid = {41934261}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {240000003455//Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Farm Innovation/ ; //Michigan Apple Committee/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Malus/growth &amp; development ; *Weevils/physiology ; Michigan ; *Animal Distribution ; Seasons ; Introduced Species ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are significant pests of stressed trees within apple orchards, boring into trees and introduce symbiotic fungi that cause continued stress, potential yield loss, and dieback. The invasive Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) has become increasingly problematic, while Anisandrus maiche (Kurentzov) is newly documented in this system. To optimize monitoring and understand beetle activity, we conducted trapping studies over 3 growing seasons in Michigan apple orchards. Bottle traps captured significantly more X. germanus and A. maiche than sticky v-traps and delta traps, and had the lowest proportion of non-target beetles (6.6%). Monitoring conducted from 2023 to 2025 showed X. germanus activity peaked between 102.4 and 273.3 (DD10ºC), while A. maiche peaked later between 961.2 and 1,102.9 DD10ºC. We found that trees with 6 or more boring holes from previous growing seasons were significantly more likely to experience continued infestation. Beetle captures were higher at orchard edges than in orchard interiors, and a similar pattern was observed for tree infestation intensity relative to distance from the nearest woodlot. These findings provide insight into the spatial and temporal dynamics of X. germanus and A. maiche in apple orchards and inform monitoring and management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41936383, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, V and Marken, JP and Murray, RM and Cao, M}, title = {Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Occupies Previously Undocumented Host Niches in the Insect-Parasitic Nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {e70326}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70326}, pmid = {41936383}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {//Resnick Sustainability Institute for Science, Energy and Sustainability, California Institute of Technology/ ; W911NF-19-D-0001//Army Research Office/ ; //Carnegie Institution for Science/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Escherichia coli/physiology/genetics ; *Rhabditida/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Xenorhabdus/physiology ; Insecta/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; }, abstract = {Steinernema species are soil-dwelling, insect-parasitic nematodes that maintain species-specific associations with Xenorhabdus symbiotic bacteria, which are packaged within anterior intestinal pockets during the infective juvenile (IJ) stage. While these nematodes can persist in soil for months while seeking insect hosts, their interactions with environmental microbes beyond their native symbionts remain poorly understood. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized interaction between Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and Steinernema hermaphroditum. EcN cells are enclosed and lysed within multiple pairs of putative coelomocytes, suggesting microbial endocytosis by host cells. During the IJ stage, EcN localizes to posterior intestinal compartments and the inter-cuticular space, where cells proliferate, aggregate and subsequently lyse. Bacterially expressed proteins persist within the nematode cuticle for over 8 weeks in non-sterile soil. These findings reveal sequential stages of environmental bacterial colonization associated with host immune responses distinct from mutualistic symbiosis. This work establishes a model for understanding nematode and environmental microbe interactions and highlights opportunities to deliver bacterially expressed molecules for environmental biosensing and biocontrol applications.}, }
@article {pmid41936824, year = {2026}, author = {Pantidi, G and Livadaras, I and Skoufa, E and Spanoudakis, E and Kaforou, S and Andronis, C and Vontas, J and Siden-Kiamos, I}, title = {New insights into the interaction of the symbiotic bacterium Candidatus Erwinia dacicola with the adult olive fly Bactrocera oleae combining microscopy and proteomics analyses.}, journal = {Insect biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104552}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2026.104552}, pmid = {41936824}, issn = {1879-0240}, abstract = {The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is the major pest of olive production. The fly depends on the symbiotic bacterium Candidatus Erwinia dacicola for the survival of the larvae in unripe olives, and in the adult stage it enhances fecundity. Here, we provide a detailed description of the three organs in the adult where the bacterium resides: the esophageal bulb (EB), the midgut and the ovipositor. Microscopy analysis of the EB reveals that the bacteria were located in the lumen which is contained by a single layer of epithelial cells. In the ovipositor the symbionts were present in blind diverticula, each consisting of one cup-shaped cell. In all three organs the bacteria were tightly associated to each other. In the EB dividing bacteria were commonly seen. Proteomic analyses were carried out to further understand these organs revealing that the EB when compared to the midgut overexpresses proteins involved in transport. Proteomic analyses of the three different populations of bacteria revealed that each had distinct properties. In the EB the symbiont expressed enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation consistent with the notion that the bacterium in the adult contributes to its nutrition. DNA replication was restricted to the EB, while cell division may take place also in the midgut. The symbiont was metabolically active in these two organs while in the ovipositor it was less metabolically active, and protein synthesis was reduced. Our study provides new insights into the symbiont life cycle within the olive fly and its interaction with the insect.}, }
@article {pmid41936969, year = {2026}, author = {Han, Q and Wang, N and Feng, T and Li, YY and Zhu, Z and Xu, TL and Quan, KJ and Zhang, GF}, title = {Characteristics of reproductive tract microbiota in health and disease.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108471}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108471}, pmid = {41936969}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {The symbiotic relationship between the microbiota and the host is crucial to host health. The reproductive tract microbiota in health and disease was examined by next-generation sequencing for the first time in this study. A total of 10 healthy and 30 diseased samples were collected for microbiota analysis. Species distributions, alpha diversity, beta diversity, and functional gene prediction were analyzed. Riemerella anatipestifer, Escherichia coli, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Enterococcus faecalis, and Acinetobacter baumannii were identified as pathogenic bacteria at higher abundance in the reproductive tract of the laying hens. The diseased group exhibited dysbacteriosis and a different species-abundance cluster compared with the healthy control. Alpha-diversity analysis showed that the ACE index in the control group was significantly higher than in the diseased group. Beta diversity analysis indicates that samples from the healthy group had a more similar composition than those from the diseased group. Moreover, functional gene prediction analysis indicated that diseased groups were enriched for gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, and potentially pathogenic bacteria. The pathogenic bacteria identified in this study are helpful for vaccine development and disease treatment. In conclusion, next-generation sequencing is an effective method for analyzing bacterial communities to support health assessment and disease diagnosis.}, }
@article {pmid41937273, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, C and Liu, K and Shi, S and Wang, X and Zhang, Q and Gao, Y and Lyu, X and Ma, C}, title = {Spatial Variation in Nodule Flavonoids of Soybean by Exogenous Nitrogen.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70518}, pmid = {41937273}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {32401967//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Exogenous nitrogen (N) strongly affects soybean nodulation and N fixation; the regulatory mechanisms by which it modulates the flavonoid metabolic network remain largely unclear. In this study, we used a unilateral nodulation system in dual-rooted soybean plants and combined physiological measurements, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to examine how exogenous N affects flavonoid metabolism, nodule development and N fixation activity. Exogenous N significantly decreased nodule number, dry weight and nitrogenase activity. MALDI-MSI revealed distinct tissue-specific flavonoid distribution patterns: naringenin and its downstream metabolites were enriched in the nitrogen fixation zone (NFZ), whereas isoflavonoids such as daidzein and calycosin primarily accumulated in the cortex (Ctx). Exogenous N disrupted these spatial distributions and caused a progressive reduction in metabolite abundance. qPCR analysis showed that sustained exogenous N suppressed the expression of GmCHI1A, GmCHI1B1, GmIFS1 and GmIFS2, while markedly inducing GmCHS7, GmCHS8 and GmC4H, suggesting a reallocation of metabolic flux within the flavonoid pathway. Collectively, these findings indicate that exogenous N reshapes the flavonoid metabolic network, weakens symbiotic signalling and ultimately compromises nodule development and N fixation efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid41937795, year = {2026}, author = {Jarratt-Barnham, E and Oldroyd, GED}, title = {Gibberellin biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus regulates arbuscule distribution, but not overall colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1772317}, pmid = {41937795}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Gibberellins have been reported to play both positive and negative roles in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses. Despite extensive characterisation of the role of DELLAs in AM colonisation, studies of gibberellin function have largely been restricted to chemical interventions. Few studies have examined how disruption to gibberellin biosynthesis affects AM symbioses. To explore this further, we obtained Lotus japonicus LORE1 transposon insertion mutants in four key gibberellin biosynthetic genes: CPS, KS, KO, and KAO. Through a characterisation of their developmental phenotypes, we determined that for each gene there is a single homolog which has a major role in gibberellin biosynthesis. We name these genes CPS1, KS1, KO1, and KAO1. Mutations in these genes affect AM colonisation in the overall distribution of arbuscules, but not in total colonisation levels. These results are consistent with previous studies indicating that DELLAs control the number of cortical cell layers, and therefore regulate the number of cells able to accommodate arbuscules.}, }
@article {pmid41938076, year = {2026}, author = {Campos-Parra, D and Blanco-Picado, A and Herrera-Quesada, J and Mendoza-Guido, B and Rojas-Jimenez, K}, title = {Draft genome sequences of four Rhizobium spp. isolates, including one potential new species, from tropical legume plants in Costa Rica.}, journal = {Access microbiology}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41938076}, issn = {2516-8290}, abstract = {We present the draft genomes of four strains of Rhizobium isolated from root nodules of Cojoba arborea, Lonchocarpus felipei, Mimosa pigra and Calliandra haematocephala in Costa Rica. Through comparative genomics, including the estimation of the average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and phylogenomic analysis, we determined that Rhizobium sp. LEGMi-135b represents a potentially novel species near Rhizobium hainanense (ANI: 94%; dDDH: 53.2%). The strain LEGMi-12c was associated with R. hainanense (ANI: 98%; dDDH: 87%), strain LEGMi-166a to Rhizobium altiplani (ANI: 100%; dDDH: 99.3%) and strain LEGMi-198b was related to Rhizobium cerradonense (ANI: 98%; dDDH: 81.4%). Using functional annotation tools, we also determined in silico the presence of genes related to nodulation and nitrogen fixation, such as fix, nif, nod, nol and ntr, in each strain. With this work, we provide valuable genomic resources of the genus Rhizobium that will be useful for future studies on rhizobial taxonomy, symbiosis and ecology in tropical ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41939144, year = {2026}, author = {Kou, W and Lu, X and Zhang, Z and Liu, K and Liu, Z and Jiang, B and Wang, H and Li, J and Lu, H and Guo, C and Cao, L and Zhang, X}, title = {Targeting innate immunity to modulate bone metabolism: a novel strategy for osteoporosis treatment.}, journal = {Frontiers in aging}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1750450}, pmid = {41939144}, issn = {2673-6217}, abstract = {Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and impaired microarchitecture, with its core pathological mechanism being an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. Traditional therapies targeting osteoblast/osteoclast function have limited efficacy and safety concerns. Recent osteoimmunology advances reveal that the innate immune system regulates bone homeostasis via intercellular interactions, cytokine networks, and metabolic reprogramming. This systematic review examines the roles of innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, DCs), complement system, and emerging pathways (trained immunity, mitochondrial symbiosis disruption) in osteoporosis. It summarizes therapeutic strategies (immunometabolic modulators, complement antagonists, cytokine-targeted drugs, TCM components) and outlines challenges (target specificity, clinical translation) and future directions, providing theoretical foundations for novel OP treatments.}, }
@article {pmid41939702, year = {2026}, author = {Shi, Y and Chu, H and He, R and Ma, W and Liang, Q and Li, Z and Gao, Y and Luo, C}, title = {Harnessing rhizosphere microbes: the synergistic roles of PGPR and AMF in sustainable tomato production under stress.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1746930}, pmid = {41939702}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is among the most economically important vegetable crops worldwide, yet its production is severely constrained by multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, including pathogens, pests, drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. Amid intensifying climate change and increasing demands for sustainable agriculture, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have emerged as key beneficial rhizospheric microorganisms with significant potential for enhancing plant stress tolerance and promoting growth. PGPR directly promote the growth of tomato plants through biological nitrogen fixation, solubilization of phosphate and potassium, siderophore-mediated iron uptake, and the production of phytohormones. Indirectly, PGPR suppress pathogens, activate induced systemic resistance (ISR), reinforce cell walls, enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and regulate the accumulation of osmolytes. AMF form symbiotic associations with the roots of tomato plants, enhancing nutrient and water absorption via extraradical mycelial networks, improving phosphorus and nitrogen uptake, modulating abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and strigolactone signaling pathways, activating mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR), and enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and water-use efficiency under stress. The co-inoculation of PGPR and AMF yields synergistic effects by facilitating mutual colonization, optimizing nutrient bioavailability, coordinately strengthening antioxidant and osmotic regulation systems, and reinforcing systemic defense responses, thereby conferring more robust and efficient stress tolerance than single inoculations. Despite significant advances, key challenges persist in elucidating tripartite molecular crosstalk, maintaining stability during field applications, and developing tailored microbial consortia. This review synthesizes the individual and synergistic mechanisms through which PGPR and AMF enhance the resilience of tomato plants to biotic and abiotic stresses, offering valuable insights for engineering microbial communities to enhance stress resistance in crops.}, }
@article {pmid41939734, year = {2026}, author = {Puppo, F and Carbone, RG}, title = {Microbiome in connective tissue diseases associated interstitial lung disease.}, journal = {Frontiers in medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1738689}, pmid = {41939734}, issn = {2296-858X}, abstract = {Microbiome consists of a large community of bacteria, yeast, protozoa, and viruses that co-exist in symbiosis with human hosts. Changes in microbiome, named "dysbiosis," alter the interplay between microbiome and immune system triggering inflammation and contributing to the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases (CTD). Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a group of pulmonary disorders characterized by lung tissue fibrosis and impaired lung function. The existence of a gut-lung axis is well demonstrated; however, it is not established whether gastrointestinal dysbiosis contributes to ILD development. ILD represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CTD patients. Lung microbiome changes and high microbial load are associated with worse prognosis and acute exacerbations in patients with CTD-ILD and especially in those affected by rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis. Probiotics are active microorganisms that normalize the intestinal flora and their use has been proposed as potential supportive treatment of CTD-ILD. Present knowledge of the relationships between dysbiosis and CTD-ILD development is largely incomplete and further studies are needed to validate this issue. Aim of this concise review is to report current knowledge on microbiome in CTD-ILD focusing on clinical lung aspects and therapeutic options.}, }
@article {pmid41940335, year = {2026}, author = {Buysse, M and Ballinger, MJ and Bruley, M and Amoros, J and Grillet, J and Farassat, N and Serr, A and Lagrèze, WA and Wennerås, C and Grankvist, A and Schön, T and Berglund, J and Bell-Sakyi, L and Sprong, H and Duron, O}, title = {A human-associated Spiroplasma ixodetis lineage responsible for infantile cataracts and adult febrile illness.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, pages = {115233}, pmid = {41940335}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Bacteria of the Spiroplasma ixodetis clade are well characterized as reproductive parasites and defensive endosymbionts of arthropods. Nevertheless, clinical evidence indicates that they can also infect humans, causing neonatal ocular disease and acute febrile illness in adults. Using metagenomic assembly and phylogenomic analyses of Spiroplasma ixodetis-related human infections (SiRHIs), combined with a systematic meta-analysis of public datasets, we identified 25 human cases across ten European countries. Despite the frequent detection of multiple S. ixodetis strains in ticks, our data provide no evidence implicating tick-associated strains in human infections. Instead, SiRHI constitute a distinct monophyletic lineage within the S. ixodetis clade, consistent with a shared evolutionary origin with arthropod-associated relatives. Notably, SiRHI genomes harbor horizontally acquired chaperone genes absent from most arthropod-associated Spiroplasma, while retaining conserved effector genes typical of endosymbionts, suggesting the preservation of ancestral symbiotic traits alongside newly acquired molecular adaptations.}, }
@article {pmid41931977, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Q and Pai, J and Luo, Z and Yang, F and Wang, H and Li, X and Tang, X and Zhang, Y and Li, B and Wang, C and Wu, Y}, title = {Two plant growth-promoting bacteria assist rice in promoting growth and reducing cadmium through different mechanisms.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {233}, number = {}, pages = {111255}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111255}, pmid = {41931977}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) pollution threatens crop safety and human health. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can help plants maintain yield and cope with Cd toxicity under harmful conditions. However, the mechanisms of co-inoculation with two PGPB strains on rice under Cd stress were not well studied. This study performed flask-shaking, hydroponic and pot experiments using Pseudomonas sp. and Acinetobacter sp. It showed that inoculation reduced Cd content in rice and improved plant growth and grain yield, with co-inoculation having a greater effect than mono-inoculation. The two PGPB strains produced similar plant phenotypes through different mechanisms. Pseudomonas achieved these effects by upregulating phenylpropanoid and glutathione pathways, while Acinetobacter did so by upregulating calcium-binding proteins and WRKY transcription factors. The mechanism of co-inoculation resembled that of the strain with stronger adaptability in their symbiotic system. Additionally, the expression levels of key genes (e.g., OsPOX, OsGST), activities of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., POX, APX), and contents of related metabolites (e.g., GSH, MDA) revealed that the antioxidant capacity of rice increased after inoculation. This study confirmed that co-inoculation with two PGPB strains produced better results through the integration of their different Cd-tolerance mechanisms, which lays a foundation for future microbe-assisted rice yield improvement and low-Cd rice production.}, }
@article {pmid41933710, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, S and Zhang, S and Chen, Y and Su, X and Lu, X and Song, X and Li, W and Guo, Z and Ji, L and Shen, Q and Yang, S and Liu, Y and Wang, X and Wu, P and Wang, X and Shan, T and Zhang, W}, title = {Viral metagenomic analysis of CRESS-DNA viruses in six wild herbivorous mammal species from the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105932}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2026.105932}, pmid = {41933710}, issn = {1567-7257}, abstract = {As natural reservoirs for diverse viruses, mammals harbor complex and highly diverse viral communities. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, recognized as the "Third Pole" of Earth, exerts substantial evolutionary pressure on virions through its extreme environmental conditions characterized by high altitude, hypoxia, intense ultraviolet radiation, and dramatic diurnal temperature variation. Circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses represent a ubiquitous group of small viruses that play crucial roles in maintaining global ecological equilibrium. Through viral metagenomic analysis of 741 fresh fecal samples collected from six wild herbivorous mammal species across three geographical regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we systematically characterized their virome composition, revealing distinct interspecies variations in viral community structure. Focusing on CRESS-DNA viruses, we identified 180 complete viral sequences containing intact replication-associated protein (Rep) genes, including: Circoviridae (2 sequences, 1 novel), Genomoviridae (48 sequences, 38 novel), Smacoviridae (106 sequences, 103 novel), and Unclassified CRESS-DNA viruses (24 sequences, 20 novel), collectively representing an 86% discovery rate of novel viral virus. These viral sequences exhibited remarkable genetic divergence, with the majority (73%) failing to cluster within established taxonomic units, suggesting the plateau may constitute an evolutionary hotspot for novel CRESS-DNA viruses. Our findings not only expand current understanding of CRESS-DNA viral diversity but also indicate potential long-term symbiotic virus-host relationships rather than purely pathogenic interactions in this extreme ecosystem. Notably, high viral detection rates in species such as the Pseudois nayaur suggest their potential role as key transmission vectors. These discoveries provide novel insights into virus-host coevolution mechanisms under extreme environmental conditions and establish a scientific foundation for early warning systems of viral transmission risks in high-altitude ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41933888, year = {2026}, author = {Novák, LVF and Muñoz-Gómez, SA and Ciobanu, M and van Beveren, F and Eme, L and López-García, P and Moreira, D}, title = {Nucleomorph phylogenomics suggests a deep and ancient origin of cryptophyte plastids within Rhodophyta.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71116}, pmid = {41933888}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {80NSSC24K1875/NASA/NASA/United States ; 322669/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 787904/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 803151/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, abstract = {The evolutionary origin of red algae-derived complex plastids remains obscure. Cryptophyta, one of four eukaryotic lineages harboring these plastids, still contains nucleomorphs, which are highly reduced remnants of red algal nuclei. The genes present on nucleomorph genomes can be used for phylogenomic reconstruction in order to unravel the evolutionary origin of red complex plastids and provide data independent from previously analyzed plastid-encoded proteins. Here, we leverage these genes in a first phylogenomic attempt at pinpointing the position of cryptophyte nucleomorphs within a comprehensive diversity of Rhodophyta, including new sequence representatives from seven deep-branching red algae. Our analysis, supported by a series of rigorous topology tests, places cryptophyte nucleomorphs as sister to the extremophilic, freshwater subphylum Cyanidiophytina. This conflicts with previously published analyses based on plastidial genes that placed red complex plastids closer to the mesophilic Rhodophytina. While the precise sister group remains debated, our results robustly reject a nucleomorph origin from within any currently recognized class of Rhodophyta, instead suggesting an ancient origin of complex red plastids among the deepest branches of the red algal tree of life.}, }
@article {pmid41934187, year = {2026}, author = {Goto, T and Andersen, KR and Bamba, M and Sato, S and Sugawara, M and Minamisawa, K and Kawaguchi, M and Stougaard, J and Kawaharada, Y}, title = {Cyclophilin A-mediated cis/trans isomerization modulates RIN4 to control intracellular rhizobial infection in legumes.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71147}, pmid = {41934187}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (23K19376)//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {In most legume-rhizobium symbioses, rhizobial colonization occurs through host-derived intracellular infection threads, which enable rhizobial recruitment while presumably modulating the host immune system to prevent rejection. To investigate post-translational regulation of immune responses during rhizobial infection, we focused on Cyclophilin A (CyPA), a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase. The model legume Lotus japonicus encodes three canonical CyPA genes. Using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, structural modeling, and phylogenomics, we characterized LjCyPA1 as essential for normal intracellular infection by compatible rhizobia. A gain-of-function LjCyPA1 variant in a soybean cultivar promoted symbiosis with both compatible and incompatible rhizobia. Functional association between LjCyPA1 and the immune hub protein LjRIN4 is essential for symbiosis. The putative cis-LjRIN4 promoted intracellular rhizobial infection, while the putative trans-LjRIN4 suppressed it. LjCyPA1 and LjRIN4 acted in concert with the rhizobial type III secretion system (T3SS), highlighting a cooperative role between host and symbiont in facilitating infection. Our results contribute to the understanding of how legumes accept symbiotic partners while balancing immune responses.}, }
@article {pmid41927937, year = {2026}, author = {Zhuravlev, IY and Lyakhovets, AA and Matveenko, AG and Lebedeva, MA and Zhernakov, AI and Simonova, VY and Sulima, AS and Tikhonovich, IA and Zhukov, VA}, title = {CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of PsLykX gene of pea (Pisum sativum L.) leads to loss of symbiotic nodules.}, journal = {Transgenic research}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41927937}, issn = {1573-9368}, mesh = {*Pisum sativum/genetics/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; *Root Nodules, Plant/genetics/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Plant Roots/genetics/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Rhizobium/genetics ; }, abstract = {Pea (Pisum sativum L.) symbiosis with nodule bacteria supplying plants with additional nitrogen is a very specific plant-microbial interaction. Mutual recognition of the partners occurs through perception of bacterial signal molecules (Nod factors) by plant receptors, enabling bacterial entry via root hairs and formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. The pea gene Sym2, described but not yet cloned, exists in different allelic forms defining the symbiotic specificity, and is therefore thought to encode a Nod factor receptor. The PsLykX gene is a strong candidate for the Sym2, since its alleles coincide with high or low symbiotic specificity; however, to date, no genetic evidence has been obtained for a role of PsLykX in symbiosis. Here, we knocked-out the PsLykX in European pea cultivar Caméor using Agrobacterium-mediated hairy root transformation and CRISPR-Cas9 editing. The roots with editing events confirmed by sequencing lost the ability to form nodules, providing direct functional evidence that PsLykX is essential, at least, for the symbiosis between pea cultivar Caméor and Rhizobium ruizarguesonis RCAM1026.}, }
@article {pmid41929549, year = {2026}, author = {Kamijo, K and Miyamoto, T and Ando, H and Kobara, H and Satoh, Y and Kobayashi, Y and Shiozawa, T}, title = {Unique pattern of endometrial invasion in gastric-type adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a report of two cases.}, journal = {International cancer conference journal}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {284-294}, pmid = {41929549}, issn = {2192-3183}, abstract = {Gastric-type cervical adenocarcinoma (GAS), the most prevalent subtype of human papillomavirus (HPV)-independent cervical adenocarcinoma, is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. We herein present two cases of GAS with a unique endometrial infiltration pattern. Both cases were 37-year-old nulligravid women presenting with advanced GAS. A pathological examination revealed HPV-independent GAS that was positive for claudin 18 and negative for p16, with extensive invasion, including the myometrium and endometrium. Endometrial infiltration was characterized by a distinctive "symbiotic" pattern of invasion. In these areas, GAS glands intermingled with normal endometrial glands without disrupting the native architecture, and there was no distinct tumor border or stromal reaction. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed fewer CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) around invasive GAS glands in the endometrium than in the normal endometrium and both the tumor center and invasive margin of the primary cervical lesion. These results are consistent with relative T-cell exclusion at the tumor-endometrium interface. This "symbiotic" invasion pattern differs from typical cervical adenocarcinoma, which forms distinct boundaries with desmoplastic stromal reactions. The observed pattern may contribute to the unexpectedly extensive spread of GAS frequently discovered only after surgical resection. The reduction in CD8-positive TILs density around invasive GAS glands indicates an immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironment that may contribute to treatment resistance. The present results provide novel insights into the pathology of GAS that may inform more effective diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies for this aggressive malignancy.}, }
@article {pmid41930373, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, X and Feng, Z and Zhang, W and Wang, N and Yao, Q and Zhu, H}, title = {Low Dosage of ABA Enhances Arbuscule Formation and Recovers the Inhibitory Effect of Low pH on This Process.}, journal = {Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e70124}, pmid = {41930373}, issn = {2575-6265}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can form symbiotic associations with plants and play a significant role in enhancing plant tolerance to acidic stress, wherein arbuscules serve as key structures in this process. However, the response patterns of arbuscule development and function under low pH conditions remain poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that abscisic acid (ABA) can regulate arbuscule development, but whether ABA regulates arbuscule development and function under low pH conditions is unknown. In this study, the model plant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used as the host plant, inoculated with AM fungi to investigate the regulatory effects of low pH and exogenous ABA on arbuscule development and function. The results showed that (1) as time progressed, the mycorrhizal colonization increased, and arbuscules gradually developed from the main trunk to mature and senescent stages; however, low pH values inhibited arbuscule development. (2) High concentrations of ABA inhibited root growth and mycorrhizal colonization, whereas low concentrations promoted mycorrhizal colonization, with 10[-7] M identified as the optimal concentration for maximizing mycorrhizal colonization. (3) Both low pH and ABA-deficient mutants significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the expression of genes related to arbuscular development. However, exogenous ABA did not significantly affect the expression of genes associated with arbuscular function. Low concentrations of ABA could restore the inhibition of arbuscule development and function caused by low pH and ABA-deficient mutants. Additionally, low pH significantly inhibited the ABA content in mycorrhizae, while exogenous ABA treatment significantly increased the ABA content in mycorrhizae. Our research results indicate that low dosage of ABA enhances arbuscule formation and function, and recovers the inhibitory effect of low pH on this process. Low pH may regulate arbuscule development and function by modulating ABA in roots, and ABA may regulate mycorrhizal development by affecting lipid synthesis and transport.}, }
@article {pmid41926136, year = {2026}, author = {Khaki, MA and Vicente, J and Hill, RT and Lavrov, DV}, title = {Hidden in Plain Sight: A Novel Symbiotic Haplosclerid Sponge Species Revealed by its Mitochondrial Genome.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jeb/voag023}, pmid = {41926136}, issn = {1420-9101}, abstract = {Sponges (phylum Porifera) are known to form symbiotic relationships with a variety of organisms, including other sponges. Recently, such symbiosis has been described between two homoscleromorph species (Plakortis symbiotica and P. deweerdtaephila) and two representatives of the demosponge order Haplosclerida (Xestospongia deweerdtae and Haliclona plakophila). While studying genomic data from the H. plakophila - P. symbiotica association, we discovered an unusual third mitochondrial genome (mitogenome). Additional sampling conducted for this study revealed that this genome belongs to a new species of Haplosclerida, which we name Metilla boricua gen. nov., sp. nov. Here we describe this new species along with its mitogenome. While M. boricua is superficially similar to H. plakophila, it can be distinguished from it both by skeletal organization and spicule composition. Its mitogenome is also highly unusual, featuring an elevated GC content and missing the cox2 gene. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear 18S and 28S gene sequences place M. boricua into a poorly sampled clade F within the order Haplosclerida. We also report the mitogenome of symbiotic haplosclerid X. deweerdtae, which we sequenced before the new species was identified. Our results support three independent origins of Haplosclerida-Plakortis symbiosis, a finding that redefines the context for future investigation of these relationships.}, }
@article {pmid41927659, year = {2026}, author = {Qin, H and Shi, H and Zhang, H and Luo, D}, title = {Research on industrial internet platforms empowering carbon emission efficiency improvement in manufacturing: based on digital technology availability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-45672-1}, pmid = {41927659}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {LJ112510142004//Research on the Mechanism and Path of Enabling Data Elements to Improve the Quality and Efficiency of Green Finance in Liaoning Province/ ; }, abstract = {Against the background of carbon neutrality and sustainable manufacturing, manufacturing faces multiple challenges in improving carbon emission efficiency, with the integration of digital technology and industrial internet platforms as a key solution. Given the digital technology availability, this study focuses on the internal mechanism and dynamic decision-making issues of how the industrial internet platform can enhance the manufacturing carbon emission efficiency. This study has constructed a differential game model involving manufacturing enterprises, the government, and industrial internet platforms. This study incorporates random interfering factors. This method addresses the limitations of neglected external uncertainties and overly loose assumptions. The innovation enables the capture of stochastic disturbances in carbon emission systems, such as market fluctuations and policy adjustments. The realism of matching equilibrium strategies to the enhancement of manufacturing carbon emission efficiency is improved. The findings are as follows: (1) Carbon emission system benefit coefficient, operational cost coefficient, and compliance cost coefficient negatively impact game strategies, while digital technology maturity coefficient has a positive effect; (2) Government subsidies under intermediate dependence enhance the effort of enterprises and platforms, and advanced symbiosis achieves optimal effort of the three subjects and system efficiency through in-depth digital technology availability empowerment; (3) The advanced symbiotic decision-making mechanism model is regarded as the optimal embodiment and practical application of the digital technology availability theory. Reasonable benefit distribution can fully unleash the potential value of digital technology availability.}, }
@article {pmid41927674, year = {2026}, author = {Obst, CG and Vetter, P and Gunn, RL}, title = {Marine cleaning stations as hotspots for cryptobenthic reef fish.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41927674}, issn = {2045-2322}, }
@article {pmid41921590, year = {2026}, author = {Lucini, F and Lebreton, A and Seifollahi, E and Barry, KW and Haridas, S and Ahrendt, S and Hayes, RD and LaButti, K and Pangilinan, J and Riley, R and Wang, J and Lipzen, A and He, G and Eichenberger, J and Kuo, A and Mondo, SJ and Andreopoulos, W and Drula, E and Bonito, G and Vilgalys, R and Albuquerque, MP and Grigoriev, IV and Batista, TM and Miyauchi, S and Martin, FM and Victoria, FC}, title = {Comparative genomics provides insights into the cold adaptation of endophytic fungi associated with Deschampsia antarctica.}, journal = {Fungal genetics and biology : FG &amp; B}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104077}, doi = {10.1016/j.fgb.2026.104077}, pmid = {41921590}, issn = {1096-0937}, abstract = {Endophytic fungi from Deschampsia antarctica, the southernmost flowering plant, provide insights into the cold adaptation mechanisms of plant-associated fungi in extreme environments. This study presents the genome sequences and comparative analysis of eight fungal isolates from D. antarctica leaves. These Antarctic fungal isolates were analyzed alongside 121 plant-associated fungal genomes to uncover signatures of adaptation and endophytic specialization. Antarctic endophytes show striking patterns, including reduced genome size (~26.3 Mb on average), streamlined gene content (~8844 genes), and notably small secretomes (~288 proteins). Despite this reduced gene repertoire, they maintain a robust set of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) but lack those for lignin and bacterial cell wall degradation, indicating a symbiotic lifestyle that avoids host damage and predation. One isolate, Alternaria sp. UNIPAMPA017 stood out, with 26% of its genome occupied by transposable elements. Lifestyle, rather than phylogeny, was the main driver of CAZyme and secretome profiles, underscoring ecological convergence. Compared to endophytes from Arabidopsis and Populus, D. antarctica endophytes harbor fewer pectin-degrading enzymes, reflecting their adaptation to the cell wall structure of their monocot host. Together, these fungi reveal a pattern of genomic reduction and functional fine-tuning, hallmarks of life adapted to persist in cold, nutrient-scarce niches.}, }
@article {pmid41922149, year = {2026}, author = {Gaudet, L}, title = {Repulsive and precious: thinking with the tick in Canadian Lyme disease discourse.}, journal = {Medical humanities}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/medhum-2025-013545}, pmid = {41922149}, issn = {1473-4265}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to take seriously the role of the tick in Canadian Lyme disease discourse. I analyse Public Health Agency of Canada Lyme disease awareness materials alongside patient narratives from the 2016 Canadian Conference to Develop a Federal Framework on Lyme Disease to show that the tick has a more complex, symbiotic relationship to the Lyme disease sufferer. The tick, therefore, is not just a threat, but also is essential in the making of sufferers. This analysis draws on animal studies and new materialisms to understand public health messaging about Lyme disease in terms of preserving distance and separation between humans and ticks. I argue that public health messaging that emphasises the need for excluding the tick makes space for one kind of Lyme disease experience-the acute sufferer-and simultaneously renders impossible other forms of illness experience-the chronic sufferer. In contrast to Public Health messaging that emphasises exclusion, chronic Lyme disease sufferers embrace a human/tick entanglement as a way of claiming reality of their existence. The tick, then, is not just the vector for Lyme disease, but this creature plays a central role in determining the ontological possibilities of patients and sufferers and offers certification of an identity that is often characterised as not possible in mainstream medicine.}, }
@article {pmid41922329, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, YT and Han, W and Perez, M and Ip, JC and Xu, T and Leung, KS and Lu, Y and Bao, L and Sun, J and Wang, S and Bao, Z and Qiu, JW}, title = {Glass scallop genome reveals key adaptations to deep-sea environments and ectosymbiosis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-71169-6}, pmid = {41922329}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Chemosynthetic symbioses enable many deep-sea animals to flourish, yet the genomic basis of ectosymbiosis in deep-sea bivalves is poorly understood. We present a chromosome-level genome for the glass scallop Catillopecten margaritatus, the only scallop known to host sulphur-oxidising bacteria on its gills. The genome comprises a conserved set of 19 chromosomes shared with common scallops, and evolutionary analyses place the lineage split in the Early Devonian, predating the establishment of ectosymbiosis. Integrating genome, gene-expression, and shell chemistry data, we identify adaptations to deep-sea life and symbiosis: loss of vision, enhanced mantle sensing, reduced shell calcification, immune mechanisms that recognise and accommodate symbionts, robust sulphide detoxification, and host provisioning of metabolites to the bacteria. The species also retains predatory feeding, indicating mixotrophy. These results clarify how this species colonised chemosynthetic habitats, broaden the spectrum of symbiotic strategies in bivalves, and provide a genomic framework for testing transitions from asymbiosis to symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41922716, year = {2026}, author = {Guillen Matus, DG and Koch, EJ and Vijayan, N and Good, HJ and Samples, RM and Rinaldi-Ramos, CM and Arnold, DP and Nyholm, SV and Balunas, MJ and Foster, JS}, title = {Using magnetic nanoparticles to explore symbiotic interactions.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-46489-8}, pmid = {41922716}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {9349//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; 9349//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; 9349//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; 9349//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; 9349//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {All plants and animals form symbiotic associations with microbes, yet many of the underlying mechanisms associated with these interactions remain uncharacterized. There are inherent challenges to studying the cellular and metabolic interactions between eukaryotes and their microbial symbionts, thus new methodologies that enable the discovery of symbiotic processes are continually needed. Here, we explored the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a tool to track aspects of the host innate immune response to symbionts under both ex vivo and in vivo conditions. The symbiotic association between the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and its bioluminescent partner Vibrio fischeri was used as a model to explore the potential of MNPs as non-toxic, manipulable agents to investigate aquatic symbiotic associations. Results suggest that host cells can be effectively labeled with MNPs under ex vivo conditions and that the particles can be visualized and tracked within the host animal in vivo using magnetic particle imaging. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses also revealed minimal changes to the host innate immune cells after uptake of MNPs in the presence and absence of V. fischeri. Together, these results suggest that MNPs have minimal biochemical impact on the host cells and can serve as an effective tool to explore aquatic symbiotic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41923606, year = {2026}, author = {Zachar, I and Máté, J and Oszoli, I}, title = {The cell nucleus as a barrier against horizontal gene transfer in microbial endosymbioses.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {1947}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2025.0096}, pmid = {41923606}, issn = {1471-2970}, support = {//MTA Bolyai J&#xe1;nos Research Scholarship/ ; //John Templeton Foundation/ ; 152615//NKFI Hivatal/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Cell Nucleus/physiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; }, abstract = {The origin of eukaryotic cells remains a highly contested problem. While eukaryotes arose from the merger of a bacterial and an archaeal partner giving rise to mitochondria and the cell proper, the order of steps is not known, nor is it understood why it was a singular event. Prokaryotes engage in various cooperative interactions everywhere, yet there is no evidence that they could establish stable endosymbiotic relationships on their own. Many assume that mitochondria came first, and their critical presence and features enabled the complex cellular architecture, including the nucleus. Here we find support for the alternative, claiming that a nuclear compartment was a prerequisite for successful stable endosymbiosis. We review independent lines of evidence suggesting that the pre-existence of a nuclear membrane or equivalent mechanism to separate translation from transcription may have been essential to limit genetic inference owing to extensive horizontal gene transfer in the wake of pre-mitochondrial (endo)symbionts and to stabilize the host genome against foreign DNA, especially from (endo)symbiotic partners. We claim that an asymmetry in control potential between partners is required for successful integration of an endosymbiont. This would explain why there are no further prokaryotic endosymbioses known to us (extant or extinct). We propose predictions that can be tested to support the hypothesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary genetics of mitochondria: on diverse and common evolutionary constraints across eukarya'.}, }
@article {pmid41923608, year = {2026}, author = {Lavrov, DV and Gettle, N}, title = {Extreme mitochondrial genome complexity in the calcaronean sponge Sycon ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780): fragmentation, gene duplication and mRNA editing.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {381}, number = {1947}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rstb.2025.0082}, pmid = {41923608}, issn = {1471-2970}, support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; //Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Porifera/genetics ; *RNA Editing ; *Gene Duplication ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; }, abstract = {Mitochondrial genomes (mt-genomes) of calcaronean sponges are among the most unusual in Metazoa. They are fragmented into multiple linear chromosomes (mt-chromosomes) and often rely on insertional mRNA editing to generate functional transcripts. These unusual features have precluded complete characterization of calcaronean mt-genomes using short-read sequencing technologies. Here, we assembled and analyzed the mt-genome of Sycon ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) using HiFi PacBio data generated by the Aquatic Symbiosis Genomics Project. The mt-genome comprised several megabases of sequence distributed across thousands of chromosomes. While most protein-coding genes were preset in multiple copies, three typical animal mitochondrial protein-coding genes (atp8, nad4L and nad6) and multiple tRNA isotypes were not detected, and only short fragments of mt-rRNA genes were identified. We confirmed that mitochondrial mRNA editing in S. ciliatum occurred through single or double uridine insertions at 200+ sites, and that editing patterns were largely predictable from primary sequence motifs. Unexpectedly, editing sites varied among gene copies and were frequently disrupted by point mutations, leading to substantial changes in encoded amino acid sequences. Most mt-chromosomes were associated with repetitive elements that may function in genome maintenance and recombination. Together, our results reveal a distinctive mode of mt-genome evolution and function, shaped by extreme genome fragmentation, extensive gene duplication and pervasive RNA editing. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary genetics of mitochondria: on diverse and common evolutionary constraints across eukarya'.}, }
@article {pmid41924124, year = {2026}, author = {Tufail, A and Bo, T and Zhao, N and Duan, J and Jin, J and Khan, BN and Qu, Y and Gang, S and Fumin, L}, title = {Migration-driven microbial adaptation and ecological spillover in birds.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag042}, pmid = {41924124}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Migratory birds perform one of the most physiologically demanding feats in the animal kingdom, rapidly accumulating fat reserves and enduring extreme environmental and immunological stress. Central to their survival is the gut microbiota, a diverse assemblage of microorganisms that contributes to energy harvesting, immune modulation, and host adaptation. As birds traverse varied landscapes and feed on diverse diets, their gut microbial communities undergo marked compositional and functional shifts. These changes can optimize nutrient absorption and immune preparedness, but they may also lead to dysbiosis under conditions of stress or pathogen exposure, potentially impairing migratory performance. Importantly, migratory birds also act as mobile reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes. Stopover sites, critical refueling points along migratory routes, serve as hubs for microbial exchange between wild birds, domestic animals, and human-altered environments, thereby amplifying spillover risks. We highlight current gaps in understanding the forces that remodel the gut microbiota and mechanistic links between microbiota dynamics and migratory performance, and propose integrative research strategies involving longitudinal sampling, meta-omics, and controlled experiments. Ultimately, bird migration offers a powerful model for exploring host-microbe co-adaptation under extreme ecological pressures. Addressing these dynamics through a One Health framework is essential for biodiversity conservation, disease mitigation, and global health security.}, }
@article {pmid41924563, year = {2026}, author = {Santoyo, G and Kumar, A and Orozco-Mosqueda, MDC and de Oliveira Mendes, G}, title = {Editorial: Role of endophytic/symbiotic fungi in plant growth promotion and disease suppression.}, journal = {Frontiers in fungal biology}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {1820241}, pmid = {41924563}, issn = {2673-6128}, }
@article {pmid41925224, year = {2026}, author = {Li, J and Gao, Y and Zhao, X and Zhu, J and Zheng, S and Guo, Q and Zhao, L and Shu, G and Gong, Y and Xu, W and Chen, T}, title = {Unique microbial communities and phylosymbiosis signals in herpetofauna.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag076}, pmid = {41925224}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Microbial symbionts are closely related to the internal and external factors of their host. However, the prevalence of phylosymbiosis (the presence of host phylogenetic signal in microbial community composition) remains controversial, especially in animals collectively referred to as herpetofauna. To expand our understanding of host-microbiota interactions, we analyzed 11,697 symbiotic microbiota samples from of 337 herpetofaunal species, covering skin, oral cavity, gut, cloaca, feces, and other body sites. The composition of the microbial communities gradually changes along the digestive tract, and is host-specific in each region. Overall, herpetofauna's dominant microbial taxa (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota) are more similar to mammals than fish (which are dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteriota). However, phylosymbiosis in herpetofauna is weaker than in mammals and tends to occur at higher host taxonomic levels. The strength of the phylosymbiosis signal is influenced by body site, host genetic distance, and analytical method. It indicates that phylosymbiosis exists but is not universal. The intensity and significance of this signal are influenced by host taxonomic scale, the location of the microbial communities, and the the assessment methods. These results advance our knowledge of host-microbe interactions across the Tree of Life.}, }
@article {pmid41724944, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, L and Luo, S and Wang, D and Liu, X and Wang, X and Tan, M and He, B and Zhao, Z and Huang, M}, title = {Genome-wide identification, evolutionary analysis, and expression profiling of pathogen recognition genes in Gastrodia elata.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41724944}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {GZCYTX-02//Construction Project of Modern Industry Technology System for Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gastrodia elata Bl., commonly known as Tianma, is a perennial non-photosynthetic plant of the Orchidaceae family. Its growth and development rely on the symbiosis with at least two specific fungi. However, during artificial cultivation, it is prone to pathogen infection, which limits its industrial development. Currently, there is a lack of systematic research on the genomic composition, evolutionary characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms of the disease-resistant genes in Tianma.<br><br>METHOD: The study focused on the genome of G. elata with a dark red phenotype. Pathogen recognition genes (PRGs) were systematically identified by integrating plant resistance gene databases, sequence homology searches, and domain verification. Phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distribution, gene structure, conserved motifs, and repetitive events were analyzed. Additionally, the evolutionary conservation was evaluated through inter-species synteny analysis. Furthermore, cis-acting elements (CAEs) within the 2,000 bp promoter region were predicted, and expression patterns at different developmental stages and in different genotypes were analyzed based on transcriptomic data.<br><br>RESULT: A total of 67 PRGs in G. elata (GePRGs) were identified, belonging to multiple gene families and exhibiting significant structural and evolutionary diversity. Tandem and fragment repeats both contributed to the expansion of this gene family, with six tandem repeat events detected. A total of 54 GePRGs showed significant syntenic relationships with homologous genes in other plants. The promoter region was found to contain 101 CAEs, which were enriched in MYB binding sites, dehydration-responsive elements, and low-temperature-responsive elements, suggesting their potential involvement in abiotic stress and pathogen defense responses. Expression analysis revealed that GeLRR-RLK12, GeLec-RLK15, and GeLRR-RLK28 were highly expressed during early developmental stages, while GeLRR-RLK24, GeLec-RLK2, GeLec-RLK3, and GeLec-RLK8 were continuously upregulated throughout development. The G. elata with light green stem (GELG) exhibited the highest overall expression levels of GePRGs, with GeLRR-RLK17, GeLRR-RLK36, GeLYK1, and GeLec-RLK13 showing particularly prominent expression.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study systematically analyzed the characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns of GePRGs, which provide valuable genetic resources for disease-resistant breeding and the selection of superior germplasm in G. elata.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-026-08343-x.}, }
@article {pmid41914849, year = {2026}, author = {Deng, T and Wang, H and Zhang, S-F and Wu, X-Y and Yang, Z-S and Wang, D-Z and Zheng, Y}, title = {Functional determinism amid taxonomic stochasticity: insights into rules governing the assembly of algal-microbial symbioses.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0035926}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00359-26}, pmid = {41914849}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Marine algal-microbial symbioses constitute essential functional units that drive ocean biogeochemical cycles and trigger harmful algal blooms. Yet, a long-standing controversy persists regarding the mechanisms of algal-microbial symbiose assembly, specifically whether phycosphere microbiota are predominantly shaped by deterministic algal-driven selection or by stochastic environmental processes, with no definitive resolution to date. Here, we examined phycosphere communities associated with a series of Skeletonema strains, tracking their taxonomic and functional dynamics across successive growth stages. Despite pronounced taxonomic diversity, reflected in distinct community compositions, successional trajectories, and microbial networks, shotgun metagenomic analyses revealed highly conserved functional repertoires across samples, with consistently abundant core pathways, including amino acid biosynthesis, secondary metabolite and antibiotic production, and ABC transport systems. Statistical analyses further revealed a marked decoupling of taxonomy and function, with functional redundancy enabling taxonomically distinct lineages to perform equivalent metabolic roles. Based on these findings, we propose a dual assembly model in which deterministic algal host-driven selection constrains functional composition, while stochastic processes govern species-level membership. This "function-first, taxonomy-stochastic" paradigm reconciles opposing assembly theories, underscores functional resilience in the face of taxonomic turnover, and provides a conceptual foundation for the rational design of synthetic algal-microbial consortia in marine biotechnological applications.IMPORTANCEMarine algae live in close association with diverse microorganisms that influence nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability. Yet, how these algal-microbial partnerships assemble and maintain functional integrity remains unresolved. Using Skeletonema as a model, this study demonstrates that while the microbial species surrounding different algal strains vary greatly, their metabolic functions remain remarkably consistent. This finding reveals that algal hosts deterministically shape the functional needs of their microbiome, whereas the specific bacterial members fulfilling those roles are interchangeable. Such a "function-first" organization explains how algal-microbial symbioses persist despite environmental fluctuations. Understanding these assembly rules not only advances our knowledge of marine microbial ecology but also provides a conceptual foundation for engineering stable and resilient algal-microbial consortia for sustainable ocean biotechnologies.}, }
@article {pmid41915377, year = {2026}, author = {Chae, HJ and Shin, MJ and Koo, MH and Seo, JB and Youn, UJ and Suh, SS}, title = {Anticancer activity of himantormione B: a new depsidone from the Antarctic lichen Himantormia lugubris, in colorectal cancer.}, journal = {Genes &amp; genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41915377}, issn = {2092-9293}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent studies have highlighted the pharmaceutical potential of lichen extracts, particularly with respect to their anticancer properties. Lichens, symbiotic organisms composed of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, have long been utilized in traditional medicine. Accumulating evidence from recent investigations further supports the potential therapeutic applications of lichen-derived compounds in a variety of diseases, including cancer.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of himantormione B, a newly identified secondary metabolite isolated from the Antarctic lichen Himantormia lugubris, in the human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT-29.<br><br>METHODS: Cell viability was assessed using an MTS assay in MRC-5, HCT116, and HT-29 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblot analyses were performed to evaluate the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes, including BAX, BCL2, PUMA, and CASP3. To further investigate the apoptotic effects of himantormione B in HCT116 and HT-29 cells, cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI), followed by flow cytometric analysis (FACS). In addition, in silico ADMET analyses were conducted to determine whether himantormione B exhibits favorable drug-like properties and promising pharmacological potential.<br><br>RESULTS: Based on our results, himantormione B exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on colorectal cancer cells compared with MRC-5 normal fibroblasts. Moreover, himantormione B induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes, including BAX, BCL-2, PUMA, and CASP3. Specifically, treatment with himantormione B significantly downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2, while concomitantly upregulating the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes BAX and PUMA. In agreement with the flow cytometric analysis demonstrating himantormione B-induced apoptosis, we further observed a dose-dependent increase in cleaved caspase-3 levels. Given that caspase-3 is a key executioner caspase that promotes apoptotic progression and suppresses cell survival, these findings collectively indicate that himantormione B induces apoptosis via activation of the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Taken together, the present study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the anticancer activity of himantormione B in colorectal cancer, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for targeted treatment strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41915473, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, Y and Li, J and Han, K and Chen, L and Zhuang, Q and Li, S and Hua, M and Li, N and Yue, J and Gu, C and Rong, C and Yang, D and Deng, Z and Huang, J and He, L and Zeng, H and Yu, Z and Chen, C}, title = {Phage-related symbiosis and antagonism shape gut ecosystem dynamics in Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {117166}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117166}, pmid = {41915473}, issn = {2211-1247}, abstract = {The human gut microbiota is shaped by intricate, yet poorly resolved interactions among bacteria, as well as their relationship to bacteriophages. However, resolving this complex interaction and dynamics has been limited by the challenges in genome recovery and functional characterization. We develop culture-enriched metagenomic co-barcoding sequencing (cMECOS), obtain 5,006 high- or medium-quality (HMQ) metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and reconstruct bacteria-phage interaction networks via CRISPR spacer mapping. This framework uncovers two ecologically distinct, inter-specific bacterial networks: a Lachnospiraceae-dominated community associates with temperate phages and is characterized by metabolic cross-feeding and a Bacteroidaceae-dominated community linked to virulent phages and marked by resource competition. Both network architectures are disrupted in both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and obesity (OB), underscoring their role in ecosystem stability. Our work establishes cMECOS as a powerful platform for deciphering complex microbiome interactions and identifies phage-related bacterial networks as critical regulators of gut homeostasis, providing a foundation for phage-informed therapeutic development.}, }
@article {pmid41917200, year = {2026}, author = {Lee, YH and Lin, WJ and Tsai, MT and Lan, B and Chu, YL and Yang, JI and Sun, SJ}, title = {Context-dependent indirect effects mediate ecological transitions between parasitism and mutualism.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-026-09945-9}, pmid = {41917200}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {Academic Research-Career Development Project (Sprout Research Projects; 114L7869)//National Taiwan University (NTU)/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic interactions frequently shift along a mutualism-parasitism continuum, altering host fitness, population dynamics, and microbial community structure with ecological context. Here, we integrate field surveys, reciprocal breeding experiments, feeding assays, and microbiome profiling to dissect interactions between phoretic mite (Poecilochirus carabi), nematode (Rhomborhabditis regina), and their burying beetle host (Nicrophorus nepalensis) during reproduction. We show that high nematode densities reduce beetle offspring survival during metamorphosis, but co-occurring mites mitigate these costs by preying on nematodes and suppressing vertical transmission, thereby enhancing beetle fitness. Both mites and nematodes are equally effective at suppressing bacterial loads on carrion, but mites drive greater shifts in carcass microbiome composition. Carcasses exposed to both symbionts display the most pronounced shifts in bacterial communities, suggesting that inter-symbiont interactions have cascading effects on host-associated microbiota. Intriguingly, in the absence of nematodes, mites impose fitness costs on their beetle hosts. These results demonstrate that the net effects of mites on beetle fitness emerge largely through indirect, density-dependent interactions with nematodes and microbial competitors. By integrating macro-symbiont and microbiome perspectives, our study highlights how phoresy extends beyond passive dispersal to actively restructure host-symbiont networks, highlighting the overlooked potential of indirect effects in driving context-dependent mutualism within multisymbiotic systems.}, }
@article {pmid41918873, year = {2026}, author = {Duan, Y and Yang, M and Li, M and Sun, Y and Liu, S}, title = {Microbiome and metabolite signatures for cirrhosis to HCC risk stratification: progress, controversies, and gaps.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1793213}, pmid = {41918873}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Humans ; *Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/microbiology/metabolism/pathology/etiology ; *Liver Cirrhosis/microbiology/metabolism/complications/pathology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Liver Neoplasms/microbiology/metabolism/pathology/etiology ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; Risk Assessment ; Disease Progression ; Dysbiosis ; Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The progression from cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a key outcome in the management of chronic liver disease. This process has a long incubation period and significant individual differences, making early warning still difficult. Clinical follow-up mainly relies on imaging examinations and alpha fetoprotein, but the ability to identify high risk precancerous states is limited. The imbalance of gut microbiota and its metabolites may occur earlier than the visible stage of tumors. They can affect barrier integrity, chronic inflammation, immune surveillance, and metabolic homeostasis through the gut liver axis, and participate in the formation of a pro tumor microenvironment. Therefore, such changes may provide more upstream risk stratification clues for the population with cirrhosis. This article summarizes previous research evidence and summarizes the common microbiome and metabolite characteristics of cirrhosis and high-risk populations, including a decrease in short chain fatty acid (SCFA) related symbiotic bacteria, an increase in inflammation related bacteria, bile acid spectrum shift, and other intestinal derived metabolite abnormalities. This article also outlines the key mechanisms that these features may correspond to, such as barrier damage and microbial translocation, immune suppression, etc. There are still significant uncertainties at present. The effect of SCFA is context dependent. Different etiologies, diets, medications, and complications can lead to significant confounding and affect cross cohort consistency. Subsequent research requires longitudinal cohort validation and the promotion of multi omics integration and the construction of interpretable predictive models to support clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid41919046, year = {2026}, author = {Velandia, K and Correa-Lozano, A and Tomkinson, A and Boivin, S and François, T and Dalmais, M and Klein, A and Le Signor, C and Bendahmane, A and Frugier, F and Reid, JB and Foo, E}, title = {The cytokinin histidine kinase receptors regulate nodulation, shoot and root development in Pisum sativum.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1750990}, pmid = {41919046}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {In this study, we expanded the understanding of cytokinin (CK) perception in legumes by generating and characterizing novel pea cytokinin receptor mutants carrying mutations for the four cytokinin histidine kinase CHK genes in pea, CHK1, CHK2, CHK3 and CHK4. We constructed single, double, triple and quadruple mutants and analyzed their shoot, root, and nodulation phenotypes. We evaluated their contributions to the activation of CK-responsive genes, TCSn promoter activity, and used RNAi knockdowns of CHK1 to explore its role in nodulation. We found key roles for CHK1 in promoting nodulation, CHK3 in delaying leaf senescence and CHK4 in promoting leaf size and axillary shoot branching. Traits such as stem elongation and width as well as shoot and root size were regulated redundantly by the CHK receptors. Overall, this work provides a genetic dissection of cytokinin receptor function in pea, advancing our understanding of hormone signaling in a crop legume and offering genetic insights with potential applications for improving both shoot architecture and symbiotic efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid41921586, year = {2026}, author = {Gao, S and Xin, J and Sun, L and Xie, J and Dong, W and Gao, T}, title = {The applications and challenges of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) as ketobiotics in food science.}, journal = {Biotechnology advances}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108881}, doi = {10.1016/j.biotechadv.2026.108881}, pmid = {41921586}, issn = {1873-1899}, abstract = {Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), as a representative member of the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) family, has traditionally been regarded as an eco-friendly biomaterial due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. In recent years, studies on gut microbiota have revealed its unique "ketone donor" property - by slowly releasing 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) in the gut, it achieves precise regulation of the symbiotic interaction between the microbiota and the host, enabling it to break away from the traditional category of prebiotics and becoming the core carrier of "ketone-donor prebiotics" (i.e., "ketobiotics"). This paper systematically reviews the microbial synthesis, green extraction and purification processes, physical and chemical properties, and modification techniques of PHB. Then, it focuses on deepening the probiotic mechanism mediated by ketone donor - the collaborative regulation of "microbiota-immune-metabolism." This paper also summarizes the latest research progress of PHB in the food-related field, its potential application and current challenges as a ketobiotic in functional foods. Finally, future directions such as "ketobiotic precise intervention scheme" and "construction of human gut ketone donor - microbiota interaction map" are discussed. Hopefully, this paper will provide insights for the transformation of PHB from laboratory to food industry, and promote ketone-donor prebiotics as a strategic bridge between biomanufacturing and human health.}, }
@article {pmid41909886, year = {2025}, author = {Munyeshyaka, E and Nakayama-Imaohji, H and Yamasaki, H and Tada, A and Tabassum, N and Kuwahara, T}, title = {Role of phase-variable Mfa1 fimbriae of Phocaeicola vulgatus in its adhesion and proinflammatory activity toward gut epithelial cells.}, journal = {Gut microbes reports}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {2468456}, pmid = {41909886}, issn = {2993-3935}, abstract = {Bacteroidaceae is a prominent family in the human gut microbiota. The bacteria within this family are characterized by phase variable regulation of diverse surface structures, such as capsular polysaccharides and outer membrane proteins. We identified a genetic loci of Phocaeicola vulgatus ATCC8482 predicted to be involved in synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharides and fimbriae (type V pili). Promoter inversion (ON/OFF switch) mediated by two tyrosine recombinases (Tsr) controlled the expression of these genetic loci. Deletion of either tsr gene had no effect on inversion of either promoter. However, deletion of both tsr genes abolished promoter inversion in both regions, indicating the activity of these Tsr proteins with the distantly located promoters. Immunostaining of the major shaft protein of Mfa1 fimbriae in the tsr mutants showed that the expression of the fimbriae was controlled by the promoter inversions. P. vulgatus tsr mutant strain expressing the fimbrial proteins promoted aggregative adhesion and induced a proinflammatory response in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line, while P. vulgatus suppressed IL-8 production in human colonic epithelial cells regardless of the promoter orientation. These results indicate that the phase variable expression of these loci might be associated with the site-specific symbiotic/dysbiotic phenotype of P. vulgatus.}, }
@article {pmid41910208, year = {2026}, author = {Abe, H and Sasaki, H and Nara, K}, title = {Phylogeny and diversity of Rhizopogon species in Japan.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-30}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2026.2620129}, pmid = {41910208}, issn = {1557-2536}, abstract = {Rhizopogon (Boletales) is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal genus that forms specific symbiotic associations with host trees within the family Pinaceae, playing a crucial role in seedling growth and establishment. Despite its ecological importance, the species diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Rhizopogon in East Asia remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the diversity, phylogeny, and host specificity of Japanese Rhizopogon species. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of 106 basidiomata and three ECM root tip samples collected across Japan using three loci: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU), and RNA polymerase II subunit B (RPB2). Phylogenetic analyses revealed at least 16 distinct lineages, including one only detected from a single root tip collected in Japan. Among the lineages with basidiomata, five corresponded to previously described species (R. alpinus, R. boninensis, R. lucidus, R. togasawarius, and R. yakushimensis). Seven other lineages, which did not cluster with any previously recognized species, are described here as new species and detailed morphological characteristics are provided: R. citrinus, R. filivolubilis, R. flavoroseolus, R. japonicus, R. melliodorus, R. margaritaceus, and R. politus. Two other lineages are new to Japan: R. pseudoroseolus and R. evadens. Another lineage, previously regarded as the Japanese "Shouro," was reidentified as R. graveolens based on morphological and molecular evidence. This study is the first comprehensive taxonomic assessment of Rhizopogon in East Asia.}, }
@article {pmid41911577, year = {2026}, author = {Kaplunova, V and Alioui, H and Griguschies, T and Müller, L and Joisten-Rosenthal, V and Lautwein, T and Metzger, S and Durán, P and Loo, E}, title = {Artificial soil (ArtSoil): Recreating soil conditions in synthetic plant growth media.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {126}, number = {1}, pages = {e70833}, pmid = {41911577}, issn = {1365-313X}, support = {390686111//Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences/ ; Wolf Frommer//Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung/ ; 391465903/GRK 2466//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 458090666//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, mesh = {*Soil/chemistry ; *Arabidopsis/growth &amp; development ; *Culture Media/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Sucrose/metabolism ; Microbiota ; Plant Development ; }, abstract = {Controlled plant growth in laboratories can be achieved by cultivating plants under sterile or axenic conditions on predefined synthetic growth media, typically supplemented with sugar. In nature, plants do not receive exogenous sugar supplies, form symbiosis with microbes, and plant growth is influenced by soil edaphic factors. Thus, physiological and multi-omic analyses of plants grown on synthetic media will differ from those of soil-grown plants due to the influence of sucrose, and the absence of microbiota and soil edaphic factors on plant growth. The rapid advances in spatial omics call for accurate characterization of plants grown under conditions similar to soil. To address the issue, we developed Artificial Soil (ArtSoil), a growth medium containing essential nutrients for plant growth, and aqueous soil extract (ASE) to maintain soil microbiomes and edaphic factors, simultaneously eliminating the need for sugar supplementation in the medium. We compared Arabidopsis thaliana grown on conventional media and on ArtSoil under various growth conditions. We showed that complex soil microbiota in ArtSoil promote plant growth without physiological side effects induced by sucrose. We demonstrate an application for ArtSoil in single-cell transcriptomics and report microbiota-induced cell-type-specificity in immune and nitrogen signaling. We tested ArtSoil with six types of ASEs to demonstrate its potential to decouple nutrient effects from microbiota in plant growth. We conclude that ArtSoil offers a more physiologically relevant alternative to conventional media for studying plant growth within a soil-like context.}, }
@article {pmid41912904, year = {2026}, author = {Sarkar, S and Hazra, A and Dhara, B and Tarafder, E and Mitra, AK}, title = {Exploring the roles of fungal extracellular vesicles in fungal pathogenesis and symbiosis: Current understandings and future perspectives.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41912904}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism ; Humans ; *Symbiosis ; *Fungi/pathogenicity/metabolism ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; Animals ; Cryptococcus neoformans/pathogenicity ; }, abstract = {Fungal extracellular vesicles (FEVs) have emerged as sophisticated emissaries in cross-kingdom communication, redefining our understanding of fungal secretome in pathogens like Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida species. Rather than mere cellular debris, these bilayered structures are actively exported across the fungal cell wall via complex biogenesis mechanisms, carrying a potent cargo of virulence factors, genetic material, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides. In human hosts, FEVs facilitate myco-pathogenesis by interacting directly with immune cells to modulate the immune response, either triggering inflammation via recognition of their molecular signatures, or enabling immune evasion, thereby aiding fungal survival and dissemination. This biological activity presents dual clinical opportunities. FEVs can serve as specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections, such as invasive aspergillosis, even in asymptomatic individuals, and they hold immense potential as novel vaccine candidates or engineered vehicles for targeted drug delivery. Beyond human pathology, this review highlights that these vesicles act as fundamental mediators of fungal symbiosis, driving processes like lichenization and arbuscular mycorrhization, which opens promising new avenues for research into sustainable agriculture and plant survival.}, }
@article {pmid41905048, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, G and Yang, Y and Zhao, Y and Zhu, X and Lei, W and Yang, Q and Li, H and Cheng, W and Mao, N and Sun, Y and Wang, S}, title = {Division of labor in a synthetic consortium enables high-efficiency waxy oil biodegradation: Interfacial access provided by Bacillus unlocks deep degradation by Pseudomonas.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {508}, number = {}, pages = {141828}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141828}, pmid = {41905048}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The highly ordered paraffin crystalline structure and poor wettability of waxy crude oil severely restrict microbial accessibility and hydrocarbon conversion efficiency. In this study, a synergistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA12-Bacillus subtilis G1 consortium was applied to biodegrade waxy crude oil (2% w/v), achieving 85.5% wax removal within 12 d. In contrast, monocultures showed lower degradation efficiencies, reaching 52.5% for PA12 and 42.0% for G1. Multi-omics revealed that this synergy is driven not by simple division of labor but by a multilayer cooperative mechanism integrating interfacial remodeling, metabolic cross-feeding, signal exchange, and redox-energy homeostasis. G1 remodels the oil-water interface via lipopeptides and small-molecule metabolites, enhancing substrate accessibility and supplying precursors to PA12. PA12 assimilates these intermediates, activating its alkB-fad-ben/cat metabolic axis for deep oxidation of long-chain alkanes and aromatics. Molecular docking validated the aforementioned mechanism of action: L-tryptophan-L-proline exhibits strong binding to the SrfA protein in G1 strain (-8.6 kcal/mol), whilst 5-hydroxyindole interacts with the BenA protein in PA12 strain (-6.2 kcal/mol). Concurrently, both strains maintain a dynamic symbiotic network via aromatic intermediates, fatty acids, and quorum-sensing signals. These findings provide a mechanistic understanding of microbial synergy in wax removal and establish a sustainable, low‑carbon strategy for extending the economic life of high‑wax reservoirs.}, }
@article {pmid41905140, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, M and Wang, X and Cao, X and Zhang, Z and Liang, S and Liu, J}, title = {Unlocking circular potential in under-prioritized industries: Plant-by-plant industrial symbiosis plan in the light and stone processing industries.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {404}, number = {}, pages = {129497}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129497}, pmid = {41905140}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Global sustainability efforts have long focused on the heavy industries, overlooking the light and stone processing industries-despite their substantial solid waste generation and low value-added waste disposal methods. This study aims to develop a light-stone industrial symbiosis plan to unlock the circular potential of these under-prioritized industries. While industrial clustering offers potential for synergistic waste reutilization in the light and stone processing industries, practical implementation remains hindered by a long-standing data deficit. This study compiles a refined database covering 304 enterprises and eight key waste types (polyester waste, blended fabrics, bovine hair, trimming scraps, leather waste, footwear waste, crushed stone, and stone processing waste), and designs a plant-by-plant light-stone industrial symbiosis plan. By integrating high-resolution data with Material Flow Analysis, Life Cycle Assessment, and transport modeling, the proposed plan is validated, yielding three key findings: (1) The ten recycled products exhibit varying environmental contributions (0.7%-27.9%). This enables policymakers to prioritize key recycled products to formulate targeted symbiosis pathways based on local industrial structures, waste profiles, and key environmental concerns; (2) Inter-industry symbiosis drives 81.9% of waste reutilization gains, while intra-industry symbiosis delivers 92.3% of economic benefits. The greater environmental benefits of inter-industry symbiosis remain under-realized as firms favor high-profit intra-industry symbiosis, necessitating targeted policy interventions; (3) Light-stone symbiosis increases Fujian Province's solid waste reutilization rate by 16.9% with significant spatial disparities, requiring careful consideration of uneven potential gains and inter-city waste transport risks. This study provides a scalable template for advancing circular economy in similar under-prioritized industrial clusters worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid41905672, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, T and Si, X and Wang, Y and Ma, Y and Yang, C and Xiao, X and Yang, Y}, title = {Adaptive acoustic streaming microbial system for oxytetracycline removal.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134507}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134507}, pmid = {41905672}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Microalgae-bacteria symbiosis has been demonstrated to possess the ability to remove antibiotics from water. Appropriate granulation strategies enhance the performance of microbial systems. Herein, we propose an adaptive acoustic streaming microbial system (AMS) to achieve rapid quantitative granulation. This strategy achieves closed-loop modulation of acoustic streaming via granular phase detection feedback, enabling dynamic monitoring and control of granulation. Convolutional neural networks are employed for the recognition of granular processes, with the recognition results enabling feedback control through the acoustic streaming's response to acoustic parameters (amplitude, frequency). The channel-excited acoustic streaming exhibits strong shear stresses near the boundary layer, contributing to microbial adhesion. Vortex potential wells under coupled acoustic streaming fields can capture and immobilize aggregated microbial systems. Periodic array structures enable parallelized fabrication of microbial consortia. The results demonstrate that the system can generate a shear stress of 1500 s[-1] and complete the assembly of the microbial system within five minutes. AMS achieves an 84% removal efficiency in oxytetracycline wastewater. This strategy highlights the potential of customized and automated acoustic vortex methods for granulation in microbial systems.}, }
@article {pmid41905875, year = {2026}, author = {Gamba, AG and Oakley, CA and Ashley, IA and Grossman, AR and Weis, VM and Suggett, DJ and Davy, SK}, title = {Thermal Stress-Induced Alterations to Oxylipin Signal Receptors in the Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {4}, pages = {e70269}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70269}, pmid = {41905875}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {19-VUW-086//Marsden Fund of the Royal Society Te Ap&#x101;rangi/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Sea Anemones/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; *Dinoflagellida/physiology ; *Oxylipins/metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; }, abstract = {The continuous exchange of molecular signals between partners in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis is fundamental for maintaining a healthy relationship. This homeostasis is affected by rising seawater temperatures resulting from climate change (i.e., coral bleaching), though little is known about how these molecular signals are altered. Here, we investigated the localisation and abundance of four receptors in the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana ('Aiptasia') exposed to thermal stress. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined Transient Receptor Potential channel A1 (TRPA1), Prostaglandin E2 receptors 2 (EP2) and 4 (EP4) and Glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 2 (GRIK2). TRPA1, EP2 and EP4 are involved in oxylipin-mediated signalling via hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), while GRIK2, part of the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family, has been linked to chemosensory perception in invertebrates. All four receptors were detected in both gastrodermis and epidermis across treatments. While EP4 abundance was unaffected, EP2 increased significantly at 31°C and 34°C in both tissue layers. TRPA1 abundance increased at 34°C in both layers, and GRIK2 increased at 31°C in the gastrodermis and at 34°C in both layers. These results suggest that lipid signalling pathways are thermally modulated, potentially contributing to symbiosis dysfunction and bleaching.}, }
@article {pmid41907166, year = {2026}, author = {Qingyang, J and Qiming, L and Ruixia, G}, title = {How are kefir microbial communities and product characteristics maintained in industrial production?.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100579}, pmid = {41907166}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Kefir, a millennia-old symbiotic fermented dairy product, has emerged as a focal point of research in the global functional foods sector owing to its distinctive organoleptic properties and extensive health-promoting effects. Kefir grains, serving as the natural starter culture for traditional kefir, constitute a complex symbiotic consortium comprising lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and yeasts, whose stratified spatial distribution and metabolic synergistic interactions determine the characteristic flavor profile and probiotic functionality of kefir. Nevertheless, contemporary kefir production faces fundamental challenges stemming from the incompatibility between traditional fermentation methodologies and modern industrial manufacturing processes, resulting in commercial kefir products exhibiting deficiencies in core functional microbial populations, flavor homogenization, and suboptimal functional efficacy claims. This review analyzes the current research landscape concerning kefir grains and kefir microbial communities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the organoleptic characteristics, nutritional composition, and functional properties of kefir. Through a systematic examination of three distinct fermentation production methodologies and principal challenges confronting commercial development, this study proposes synthetic microbial communities and kefir grain-like starter cultures as innovative production strategies for advancing kefir manufacturing.}, }
@article {pmid41907460, year = {2026}, author = {Jacry, C and Bertoni Mann, M and Abadie, M and Borges-Martins, M and Frazzon, J and Kothe, CI and Guedes Frazzon, AP}, title = {The oral eukaryotic microbiome of Melanophryniscus admirabilis, a microendemic and critically endangered toad.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {e20831}, pmid = {41907460}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Microbiota ; *Endangered Species ; Brazil ; *Mouth/microbiology ; *Bufonidae/microbiology ; *Anura/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The oral eukaryotic microbiome of amphibians remains largely unexplored, despite its potential importance for host health and resistance to fungal pathogens such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Melanophryniscus admirabilis, a critically endangered red-belly toad species endemic to Brazil and restricted to a 700-m stretch of the Forqueta River, offers unique insights into host-microbiome interactions within highly specialized and threatened neotropical environments. While its narrow distribution limits broader applications, the genus Melanophryniscus is widely distributed across South America, potentially serving as a broader model for comparative microbiome research across varied ecological contexts.<br><br>METHODS: We analyzed the oral eukaryotic microbiota of ten wild M. admirabilis using 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Taxonomic assignments were performed at the phylum, class, and genus levels. Microbial community structure was assessed via hierarchical clustering and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) method based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. In addition, functional profiles were inferred from taxonomic data using PICRUSt2 to explore the potential ecological roles of the detected taxa.<br><br>RESULTS: Excluding host-derived reads, the predominant fungal phyla identified were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Among them, the genus Malassezia was present across all samples, suggesting a potentially host-adapted association. Given its known adaptation to mucosal environments and consistent abundance in our dataset, we hypothesize that Malassezia may compete with the fungal pathogen Bd, potentially acting as a natural microbial protector. Other fungal genera, including Phlebia, Microdochium, Fusarium, and Rhodotorula, were detected at lower abundance and may reflect a mixture of commensal, environmental, or opportunistic fungi. Functional prediction analyses revealed signatures of saprotrophic activity and suggested potential metabolic contributions to host-associated niches. The high proportion of unclassified and multi-affiliated sequences highlights the current limitations of reference databases for amphibian-associated eukaryotes, and underscores the value of this study in providing a novel community-level description of oral fungi in a neotropical anuran species.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study provides the first characterization of the oral eukaryotic microbiome of M. admirabilis, revealing a diverse and structured fungal community dominated by Malassezia, with predicted functions related to environmental adaptation and fungal competition. These findings suggest that the oral cavity of amphibians harbors functionally active microbial communities that may play a role in pathogen resistance and host-microbe symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41907718, year = {2024}, author = {Tannock, GW}, title = {Scoring Microbiota Function: A Proposal to Use Features of Evolutionary, Symbiotic Innovation to Recognize a "Healthy" Human Gut Microbiota.}, journal = {Gut microbes reports}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {2376543}, pmid = {41907718}, issn = {2993-3935}, abstract = {Research concerning the significance of the bacterial community of the human colon (gut microbiota or microbiome) in the etiology of diseases has depended in large part on molecular and bioinformatic tools to assemble catalogs of bacterial diversity. This article proposes that the gut microbiotas of humans are collectively a metacommunity whose functions are characteristic and consistent across all healthy humans. The pathway of evolutionary innovation in the development of the symbiosis between humans and gut microbiotas is known. Therefore, it is suggested that functional scoring of these long-lasting symbiotic innovations will reap greater benefits in delineating health or disease than can comparative taxonomic analysis. Adoption of a function-scoring approach would offer opportunities for emerging researchers, worldwide, to form multidisciplinary teams to develop essential methodologies to advance this gut microbiota research.}, }
@article {pmid41908066, year = {2026}, author = {Charles Labo, J and Lavin, P and Fan, HY and Abu Bakar, MF and Yusof, NA}, title = {Complete genome dataset of Flavobacterium sp. strain PL002 isolated from Antarctic Porphyra algae.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {66}, number = {}, pages = {112684}, pmid = {41908066}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {Flavobacterium sp. strain PL002 is a psychrotolerant marine bacterium isolated from Antarctic Porphyra algae. This article reports the complete genome dataset of strain PL002 generated using long-read sequencing technology to improve a previously published Illumina-based draft genome, which consisted of 170 contigs. High-molecular-weight genomic DNA was extracted from pure culture and subjected to single-molecule real-time sequencing. The resulting long-read sequences were assembled de novo to produce a single circular chromosome of 4475,065 bp with a GC content of 33 %. Genome closure recovered an additional 175,100 bp relative to the draft assembly and resolved repetitive regions, including complete ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons. Structural annotation and gene prediction identified a total of 3916 genes, including 3795 protein-coding sequences, 24 rRNA genes, and 65 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The complete genome sequence and raw long-read data are publicly available in the NCBI database under BioProject PRJNA1337565 and SRA accession SRR35731852. The dataset is suitable for reuse in comparative genomics, phylogenomic analysis, functional annotation, and studies of microbial adaptation in cold marine environments.}, }
@article {pmid41908328, year = {2026}, author = {da Cruz, MO and Montoya, QV and Gerardo, NM and Rodrigues, A}, title = {More diverse than previously thought: a novel Hypocreaceae symbiont from Apterostigma fungus-farming ants.}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {e182573}, pmid = {41908328}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {Fungi in the family Hypocreaceae colonize a wide range of habitats, including the nests of fungus-farming ants (Attini, the "attines"). Although several Hypocreaceae genera are known from attine ant nests, recent studies indicate an even greater, previously unrecognized diversity. In this study, we describe a new genus and five new species associated with Apterostigma ants. A total of 11 isolates from Brazil, Ecuador, and Panama were examined based on macro- and micromorphological characteristics, combined with a family-wide phylogenetic analysis using five molecular loci. This polyphasic approach supports the recognition of Manidigitorum gen. nov. and five new species: M. attinorum, M. cervicornutus, M. minutus, M. sessilis, and M. ramosus. Manidigitorum species are distinguished from related Hypocreaceae by their phialidic conidiogenesis arising from an irregular-shaped basal cell resembling a hand supporting fingers. These findings broaden the known diversity of Hypocreaceae and provide new insights into the symbiotic relationships between fungi of this family and attine ants.}, }
@article {pmid41901319, year = {2026}, author = {Du, Q and Diao, Y and Meng, Y and Wang, Z and Zhang, J and Wu, T and Huang, Q and Huang, X and Yang, M}, title = {Overview of Research on Essential Oils of Zanthoxylum bungeanum: Composition, Activity, Applications, and Challenges.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41901319}, issn = {1424-8247}, support = {82260695//the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20232ACB206062//the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology/ ; 53525815//the construction Service Project of State Key Laboratory for the Modernization of Classical and Famous Prescriptions of Chinese Medicine/ ; 2152502504//provincial-level project of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship training program/ ; 53525661//Horizontal Research Project/ ; 2152501676//University-level Teaching Reform Project/ ; }, abstract = {As the main active component of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, its volatile oil (ZEO) exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including insecticidal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. These properties support its traditional functions, such as "expelling worms" and "warming the Middle Jiao to alleviate pain and relieve itching." However, modern research mainly validates individual components or effects, leaving notable gaps in understanding this complex system. This review integrates research on ZEO, summarizing its composition, influencing factors, and mechanisms of action. By framing the "composition-activity-mechanism-application" continuum, this review analyzes the basis for the holistic, multi-component, multi-target therapeutic model of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It clarifies the core TCM principles of pharmacological symbiosis and synergy through formula compatibility. These insights form a theoretical basis for further development and wider application of ZEO in fields such as medicine, food, and daily chemical products.}, }
@article {pmid41901433, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, Y and Wu, Z and Zheng, Y and Yang, J and Zhang, J and Wang, H and Yu, T and Wu, J and Li, S}, title = {Polyethylene Microplastics Inhibit Peanut Nodulation via Metabolic and Transcriptional Pathways.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {41901433}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32401963//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32201446//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Polyethylene (PE) microplastics (MPs) from residual mulch films are prevalent in peanut-cultivated soils, yet their specific effects on peanut nodulation remain unclear. This study investigated the impacts of PE-MPs at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.6%, and 1.0% on peanut nodulation. Results indicated that PE-MPs significantly reduced peanut nodule number. Transcriptome analysis revealed that all three concentrations of PE-MPs down-regulated nodulation-related flavonoids, promoted lignin deposition in cell walls, disrupted antioxidant system, and enhanced the accumulation of antimicrobial substances, collectively impairing peanut nodulation efficiency. These findings indicate that PE-MPs substantially compromise the symbiosis between peanut and rhizobia, and provide insights into their interference with plant-beneficial microbe interactions in contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid41901895, year = {2026}, author = {Hartono, A and Palupi, KS and Putranto, RA and Santini, A and Nurkolis, F}, title = {Kombucha SCOBY as a Fermentation-Derived Biofilm Matrix: Species-Resolved Microbial Communities and Multidimensional In Vitro Bioactivities.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {41901895}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {Kombucha fermentation is driven by a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), a cellulose-rich biofilm that hosts a complex microbial consortium. While most kombucha studies focus on the liquid beverage, the SCOBY pellicle itself remains underexplored, particularly with respect to species-level microbial resolution and its intrinsic biological activities. In this study, a commercial kombucha SCOBY was characterized using full-length 16S rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing based on Oxford Nanopore Technology, enabling species-level taxonomic resolution. In parallel, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of dried SCOBY biomass were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays), antidiabetic-related enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4, DPP4), and anti-aging-related enzyme inhibition (tyrosinase and elastase). The SCOBY bacterial community was strongly dominated by acetic acid bacteria, with Komagataeibacter saccharivorans and Acetobacter tropicalis accounting for more than 60% of total reads, reflecting a biofilm structure optimized for cellulose production and oxidative metabolism. The yeast community showed marked unevenness, with Brettanomyces bruxellensis representing over 80% of reads, consistent with its known role in ethanol production and stress tolerance within kombucha systems. In vitro assays revealed that hydroalcoholic SCOBY extracts consistently exhibited higher biological activity than aqueous extracts across all tested assays. However, both extracts showed substantially lower potency than purified reference compounds, indicating moderate but measurable bioactivity typical of complex fermented matrices. These findings support the potential valorization of SCOBY as a fermentation-derived biomaterial and functional ingredient while underscoring the need for further chemical characterization, mechanistic studies, and biological validation beyond enzyme-based assays.}, }
@article {pmid41902208, year = {2026}, author = {Velasquez Serra, GC and Molleda, PE}, title = {Mycoviruses: Environmental Variables, Vector-Mediated Transmission and Use as a Biocontrol.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41902208}, issn = {1999-4915}, mesh = {*Fungal Viruses/physiology/genetics ; Animals ; *Fungi/virology ; *Insect Vectors/virology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Environment ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Mycoviruses, or fungal viruses, are widespread throughout the fungal kingdom. This study aimed to identify environmental factors associated with mycoviruses, explore their transmission mechanisms, including vector-mediated transmission, and assess their potential practical applications. A systematic, retrospective, and cross-sectional bibliographic review was conducted. These viruses are closely linked to their fungal hosts, thus developing a symbiotic relationship. Among environmental variables, temperature appears to play a more significant role in limiting fungal virulence than other factors, such as relative humidity or ultraviolet radiation. Most mycoviruses are generally asymptomatic RNA viruses, rarely affecting the host's phenotype, and are transmitted intracellularly, primarily through vertical transmission via spores or horizontally through hyphal anastomosis; therefore, their life cycle typically lacks an extracellular phase. Mycoviruses remain understudied, particularly their role in vector-borne transmission and their influence on pathogen structure and behavior. Transmission can be persistent, where the virus replicates in insect vectors and is passed to offspring via infected eggs or feces, or non-persistent and indirect, facilitated by vectors without replication. Understanding the biology and ecology of mycoviruses is essential for advancing their potential use in the biocontrol of pathogens, including phytopathogens, representing a promising area of applied research.}, }
@article {pmid41903573, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, FL and Shi, JL and Liu, Z and Zou, YN and Hashem, A and Allah, EFA and Wu, QS}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis establishes a 14-3-3-centric regulatory hub for integrative drought adaptation in trifoliate orange.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {113119}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2026.113119}, pmid = {41903573}, issn = {1873-2259}, abstract = {The 14-3-3 (GRF) protein family, a class of highly conserved regulatory proteins, plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses. However, whether and how arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi mediate the entire 14-3-3 gene family to enhance drought tolerance in woody fruit crops remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae on growth, photosynthesis, leaf relative water content, soluble sugars, hormones, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the expression of all 15 PtGRF family members in leaves of potted trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) under drought stress. Inoculation with F. mosseae significantly alleviated drought-induced growth inhibition in trifoliate orange. Under drought stress, AM fungal colonization enhanced plant biomass, leaf relative water content, and photosynthetic efficiency, and promoted the accumulation of sucrose, fructose, and glucose. Concurrently, AM fungi boosted the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, and increased abscisic acid (ABA), trans-zeatin, isopentenyladenine, and indole-3-butyric acid levels, while reducing malondialdehyde and indole-3-acetic acid levels, thereby strengthening antioxidant defense and reprogramming hormonal balance. Drought stress generally suppressed the expression of most PtGRF family members. In contrast, AM inoculation reversed this trend and induced a condition-dependent expression pattern: under well-watered conditions, it up-regulated PtGRF1/2/6/10/12/13/15; under drought stress, it specifically induced PtGRF1/2/6/7/8/12/13/14. Crucially, correlation and principal component analyses further revealed a functional divergence among PtGRF members. PtGRF1/6/13 were closely linked to growth maintenance and antioxidant capacity, while PtGRF2/7/12/14 were strongly associated with sugar metabolism and stress signaling (positively correlated with sugars and ABA). In conclusion, the functional specialization of PtGRF members under mycorrhization serves as a regulatory hub, coordinating growth adaptation and metabolic reorganization, thereby synergistically improving host drought tolerance. Our findings establish a framework for understanding how a symbiotic microbe reprograms a host's gene family to create a multi-functional regulatory network for stress adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid41904642, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, Y and Liu, Q and He, F and Wang, S and Ding, Y and Kang, J and Liang, P and Yang, Q and Wang, X}, title = {Identification of symbiotic nitrogen fixation-modulating factors in alfalfa and mechanism elucidation of MsHHO3.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {126}, number = {1}, pages = {e70831}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.70831}, pmid = {41904642}, issn = {1365-313X}, support = {2025-YWF-ZYSQ-01//Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund/ ; 32301476//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; SKLPERKF2603//State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/ ; }, mesh = {*Medicago sativa/genetics/metabolism/microbiology/physiology ; *Nitrogen Fixation/physiology/genetics ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism/genetics ; Nitrogenase/metabolism ; Plant Root Nodulation ; Nitrates/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), a unique nitrogen acquisition mechanism formed through the interaction between leguminous plants and rhizobia, plays a critical role in reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. However, in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the mechanisms underlying nitrate-responsive SNF remain poorly understood. In this study, we elucidate a nitrate-responsive regulatory network governing SNF in alfalfa and identify MsHHO3 as a key regulator. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MsHHO3 expression is significantly higher in the LAPIOSZELEI (LA) variety, which exhibits fewer nodules and lower nitrogenase activity, than in the TING SI (TS) variety, which shows a greater number of nodules and higher nitrogenase activity. Morphological characterization demonstrated that MsHHO3-overexpressing lines exhibited significantly reduced nodule number, nodule fresh weight, and nitrogenase activity, whereas suppression of MsHHO3 by RNA interference (RNAi) in alfalfa resulted in an opposite phenotype. The CRISPR/Cas9 mutant of MtHHO3, a Medicago truncatula homolog of MsHHO3, displayed the similar phenotype as MsHHO3-Ri. RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and qRT-PCR analysis showed that a set of nodulation-associated genes were altered in MsHHO3-overexpressing plants, as well as in MsHHO3-Ri and mthho3 mutants. Among these genes, several hormone-related TF-encoding genes were directly regulated, including the JA signaling pathway master gene MsMYC2. EMSA and dual-luciferase reporter assay further demonstrated that MsHHO3 can directly bind to the MsMYC2 promoter. We propose that MsHHO3 regulates SNF by modulating MsMYC2 and other intermediate TFs, orchestrating a transcriptional cascade that ensures precise fine-tuning of the nodulation process. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into nitrate-responsive regulation of SNF in alfalfa.}, }
@article {pmid41904877, year = {2026}, author = {Johnson, JM and Radanielson, AM and Saito, K}, title = {Climate change mitigation in rice fields: A global synthesis of agronomic interventions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {404}, number = {}, pages = {129365}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129365}, pmid = {41904877}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Rice sustains half the global population, yet its cultivation is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Meeting rising demand calls for agronomic interventions that increase yields while curbing GHG emissions. Here, for the first time, we present a meta-synthesis of 91 meta-analyses, quantifying the effects of 54 rice agronomic interventions, grouped into 14 categories, on yield, CH4 and N2O emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and GHG emission intensity (GHGI). Biochar consistently delivered co-benefits, increasing yield by 12%, and reducing CH4, N2O, and GHGI by 15-18%. In contrast, residue incorporation and organic amendment raised yields (5% and 19%), but sharply increased CH4 emissions (144% and 76%) and GWP (96% and 65%). No-till or reduced tillage lowered GWP by 15% without a yield penalty. Water-saving technologies cut CH4 emissions by 50% and GHGI by 39%, with a slight yield decline (-3%). Within this category, intermittent irrigation offered the best balance, while non-flooded systems achieved greater emission reductions but incurred larger yield losses (-9%). Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer increased yields by 31% but raised N2O emissions by 130%. Innovations, including deep placement and enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, reduced N2O emissions by up to 38% and improved yields by 6%-19%. Symbiotic systems (e.g., rice-duck) reduced CH4, though effects on N2O were variable. While several agronomic interventions show promise, evidence remains limited for others (e.g., liming, crop establishment, weed management). Assessment of integrated approaches is needed to elucidate synergies and trade-offs, enabling the design of scalable, sustainable rice systems tailored to diverse contexts.}, }
@article {pmid41886119, year = {2026}, author = {Košnar, J and Šmilauerová, M and Pecková, T and Šmilauer, P}, title = {Phosphorus availability modifies the responses of Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina to nitrogen addition.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41886119}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Grassland fertilisation modifies the relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and their plant hosts. The composition and diversity of the fungal community depend on the background nutrient availability and changes in nutrient availability caused by fertilisation. We determined the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus addition at 12 sites with different background nutrient availabilities using 5 species of bait seedlings planted in the field. We studied two groups of mycorrhizal fungi – arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycotina, G-AMF) and fine root endophytes (Mucoromycotina, M-FRE) – using molecular methods and light microscopy. Both fungal communities showed large differences among forb and grass host species and among individual sites. G-AMF community composition varied more along background nutrient availability gradients than with short-term fertilisation. Phosphorus availability affected the composition of both fungal communities, but nitrogen availability only affected G-AMF community composition. Nitrogen fertilisation affected both fungal communities more than phosphorus fertilisation, and the effects of nitrogen addition varied with the local phosphorus availability. Our study provides an understanding of the long-term adaptation of mycorrhizal symbiosis to nutrient availability and how it interacts with nutrient addition.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00572-026-01256-5.}, }
@article {pmid41895322, year = {2026}, author = {Sykes, BE and Lutzoni, F and Renwick, A and Oita, S and Skarha, SM and Arnold, AE}, title = {Fungal endophytes of an endangered tree vary with stress and microenvironment in an ex situ conservation nursery.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70181}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.70181}, pmid = {41895322}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {DEB-1541496//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: Plants in ex situ conservation nurseries acquire diverse fungal associates that may be moved among nurseries or into the wild during outplanting, including fungal endophytes that contribute to a broad range of functions and occur in leaves, sometimes alongside pathogens. To improve understanding of fungal symbionts in a plant of high conservation concern, we characterized foliar fungal endophytes of Torreya taxifolia, one of the world's most threatened conifers, in an ex situ conservation nursery.<br><br>METHODS: We used culture-based and culture-free approaches to characterize fungal endophytes in leaves of T. taxifolia over 2 years and evaluated how endophytes varied spatially and as a function of environmental, plant-specific, and edaphic factors. We also contrasted them with fungi in other plants (local species and species cultivated at a regional scale) and with soil fungi.<br><br>RESULTS: Culture-free methods revealed species-rich and phylogenetically diverse foliar fungal endophytes of T. taxifolia that vary spatially, reflecting symbiont acquisition from nearby plants, environmental factors, and plant stress. Endophyte community composition is subject to both stochasticity and temporal turnover and differs markedly from fungal communities in soils and other plants in the area.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides novel insights into factors that can shape fungal endophyte communities for a critically endangered tree species. In addition to identifying local determinants of endophytic symbioses, our work illustrates that plants in conservation nurseries host rich foliar fungal communities of potential importance in plant germplasm protection.}, }
@article {pmid41895522, year = {2026}, author = {Cassidy, ST and Avilés, L}, title = {Social and colonial spiders as model systems for host-symbiont interactions at different levels of organization.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101521}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2026.101521}, pmid = {41895522}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Symbiotic interactions, which run the gamut from microbial assemblages to synergistic or antagonistic interactions with macro-organisms, can shape ecological communities across levels of biological organization, from solitary hosts to large social groups. Web-building spiders have given rise to two types of social systems: outbred colonial orb weavers, which form web complexes with a modular structure and no cooperation, and inbred social species with tightly knit societies displaying cooperation within shared communal webs. We synthesize recent findings on the macro- or micro-organisms that colonize individual spiders or their living quarters in social and colonial species, highlighting their potential contributions to population stability and vulnerability as a function of the hosts' social and breeding system. The tightly knit societies of social spiders facilitate microbial homogenization and prolonged associations with potential macro-symbionts, whereas colonial spiders likely maintain more transient relationships with heterospecific inquilines. Individual spiders and colonies must navigate relationships with diverse inquilines, ranging from mutualistic fungi that attract prey to their webs to behavior-manipulating parasitoid wasps. Macro-symbionts exploit colony resources, including nest materials for living quarters, spider-caught prey for food, or feed on spiders or their eggs. Micro-symbionts seem to colonize all tissues or materials, except eggs, with some having greater affinity for specific host substrates. These systems offer insights into broader ecological and evolutionary questions, including the role of symbiosis for host population stability, adaptation, and ecosystem function. Understanding how host-symbiont dynamics scale from individuals to communities provides critical perspectives on the mechanisms that structure cooperative and antagonistic interactions in nature.}, }
@article {pmid41895982, year = {2026}, author = {Xing, Z and Li, Y and Huang, H and Yuan, H and Zhang, X and Liu, X and Shan, C and Fu, X and Du, Y}, title = {Analysis of different fermentation processes of jujube-hawthorn fermented beverage based on untargeted metabolomics and GC-MS.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {118919}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118919}, pmid = {41895982}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Fermentation ; *Metabolomics/methods ; *Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods ; *Crataegus/microbiology/chemistry ; *Ziziphus/microbiology/chemistry/metabolism ; Lactobacillus/metabolism ; *Fermented Foods/analysis ; Antioxidants/analysis ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Phenols/analysis ; *Fruit and Vegetable Juices/analysis/microbiology ; Metabolome ; }, abstract = {In this study, we compared two processes: "Lactobacillus single fermentation 36 h→ inactivation→yeast re-fermentation (InLA)" and "Lactobacillus-yeast simultaneous co-fermentation (LSA)," using jujube and hawthorn composite juice as the substrate. We applied non-targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis to evaluate how sterilization affects quality. The results showed that in LSA, the total acid continued to increase, and levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, SOD activity, and DPPH/ABTS antioxidant capacity were significantly higher than in InLA. The metabolome principal component analysis (PCA) / orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) clearly differentiated the four processes, with the greatest difference observed between LSA and InLA. InLA showed significant decreases in lactic acid, phenolic acid, and functional lipids. LSA enriched pathways such as phenylalanine-phenylpropanoid-pentose phosphate-lipid metabolism and significantly enhanced key floral-fruity aromas, including benzeneacetaldehyde, octanal, 1-octen-3-ol, eugenol, and 2-heptanone (relative aroma activity value, ROAV>1). Conversely, InLA only increased β-damascenone and reduced overall aromatic complexity. Lactobacillus inactivation resulted in the absence of galactose and tyrosine metabolism, with only niacin metabolism being upregulated. Lactobacillus-yeast co-fermentation proved to be synergistic without sterilization, combining high nutritional, functional, and organoleptic qualities. High-temperature inactivation may weaken microbial interactions and is not a preferred strategy. The non-sterilization symbiotic fermentation strategy proposed in this study provides a directly replicable process template for the high-value, industrial production of composite fruit and vegetable juices such as jujube and hawthorn. Combining nutritional, functional, and flavor benefits, it holds promise for advancing traditional fermented beverage production techniques.}, }
@article {pmid41895994, year = {2026}, author = {Çelik, MN and Dazıroğlu, ME&#xc7; and Pınar, BA and Nanì, MF and Romano, B and Ağagündüz, D and Capasso, R}, title = {Microbiome crosstalk and nutrition: the interplay between gut microbiota-organ axis and dietary factors.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {118945}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118945}, pmid = {41895994}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Diet ; Probiotics ; Animals ; Prebiotics ; *Nutritional Status ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; }, abstract = {The gut microbiota (GM) is referred to as the central organ due to its dynamic and adaptable contact network with other organs through humoral, immunological, metabolic, endocrine, and neurological pathways. Recent studies have emphasized the concept of the "gut-organ axis", which shows that the effects of GM go beyond the gastrointestinal system (GIS) and encompass the reciprocal interactions between other organs. Communication along these axis occurs mainly through mediators such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial metabolites, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and hormonal signals. Therefore, imbalances in GM may surpass gut problems and be linked to diseases affecting the brain, liver, lungs, heart, mouth, skin, and many other organs. Understanding these reciprocal interactions can inform strategies for disease prevention and treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that interactions between the GM and other organ-specific metabolites it secretes are dynamic and influenced by various environmental and lifestyle factors, particularly diet. The gut and other organ microbiomes are maintained in balance with the help of nutritional supplements like probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotic, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and dietary fiber. Consuming processed or red meat, high-fat, high-sugar, high-glycemic index foods, and excessive salt can upset this balance and raise the risk of systemic inflammation and disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the interactions between various organ-specific microbiomes in the human body, to elucidate the effects of these interactions on health, and to highlight how microbiome-targeted nutritional interventions can modulate these interactions, potentially affecting disease risk and overall metabolic homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid41897763, year = {2026}, author = {Núñez-Pérez, J and Burbano-García, JL and Espín-Valladares, R and Lara-Fiallos, MV and DelaVega-Quintero, JC and Cevallos-Vallejos, M and Pais-Chanfrau, JM}, title = {Cascade Valorisation of Lemon Processing Residues (Part II): Integrated Biorefinery Design, Circular Economy, and Techno-Economic Feasibility.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods15061041}, pmid = {41897763}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {This review examines the implementation dimensions of integrated lemon biorefinery systems, including cascade valorisation design, circular-economy integration, life-cycle assessment, techno-economic feasibility, and regulatory frameworks. Bibliometric analysis of Web of Science data (2015-2025) reveals exponential growth in citrus-biorefinery research, with lemon representing a burgeoning subset. Techno-economic assessments indicate that cascade biorefineries recovering essential oils, pectin, polyphenols, nanocellulose, and bioenergy can achieve cumulative revenues of USD 400-650 per tonne of dry peel. Whilst small-scale units (<500 tonnes per year) struggle to achieve viability, industrial simulations demonstrate Internal Rates of Return exceeding 18% at processing scales above 100,000 tonnes annually (2025 basis). Life-cycle assessments confirm environmental benefits, with greenhouse gas reductions of 60-85% relative to conventional disposal. Critical success factors include adopting green extraction technologies to preserve bioactive integrity and mitigating D-limonene inhibition in downstream anaerobic digestion. These findings establish essential oil extraction and pectin recovery as commercially mature technologies, whilst integrated multi-product lemon biorefineries remain economically promising based on techno-economic modelling and pilot-scale demonstrations, provided regulatory hurdles are effectively navigated.}, }
@article {pmid41898585, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, L and Tang, M and Chen, H}, title = {Functional Analysis of Adipokinetic Hormone and Its Receptor Genes in Regulating Energy Metabolism Under Stress Conditions in Dendroctonus armandi.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27062724}, pmid = {41898585}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {31870636//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; Animals ; *Energy Metabolism/genetics ; *Insect Hormones/genetics/metabolism ; *Oligopeptides/metabolism/genetics ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Male ; *Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; *Weevils/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Dendroctonus armandi is a major primary pest of Chinese white pine in the Qinling-Bashan forest region. By feeding on the phloem and vectoring symbiotic fungi that cause blue stain in the sapwood, it drives rapid decline and mortality of host trees. As a key wood-boring forest insect, its outbreaks are closely linked to adaptive strategies in energy metabolism. Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is a highly conserved insect neuropeptide and plays a major role in regulating energy metabolism. This study aimed to determine how the AKH gene regulates energy use in D. armandi under different stress conditions. We cloned the DaAKH gene and its receptor gene, DaAKHR, from D. armandi. DaAKH and DaAKHR showed the highest expression in emerged adults and the lowest levels in pupae. In larvae and in adult males and females, DaAKH transcripts were predominantly expressed in the head, whereas DaAKHR was enriched in the fat body. Under starvation and cold stress, DaAKH and DaAKHR expression were significantly upregulated; under heat stress, expression first increased and then decreased. Across stress treatments, RNAi significantly downregulated DaAKH and DaAKHR expression in D. armandi. Under starvation, RNAi reduced mortality, lowered lipid metabolism, and led to lipid accumulation, thereby mitigating premature energy depletion and starvation-induced death. By contrast, under heat and cold stress, RNAi significantly increased mortality, significantly reduced triglyceride and glycogen consumption, and suppressed metabolism. These results indicate that DaAKH and DaAKHR regulate energy allocation under starvation stress and help maintain adaptive capacity under temperature stress in D. armandi. By tuning energy metabolism, DaAKH and DaAKHR help resist environmental stress and maintain reproduction and population size. This study advances understanding of the physiological responses and molecular mechanisms of D. armandi under stress conditions and provides a new avenue for metabolism-targeted control.}, }
@article {pmid41898599, year = {2026}, author = {Pereira, AG}, title = {Kombucha as a Bioactive Functional Beverage: Current Evidence, Production Challenges, and Future Perspectives.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27062739}, pmid = {41898599}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {IN606B-2024/011//Xunta de Galicia/ ; CISUG//Universidade de Vigo/ ; }, mesh = {*Kombucha Tea/analysis ; Fermentation ; Humans ; Antioxidants/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Functional Food ; }, abstract = {Kombucha is a beverage obtained through the fermentation of tea leaves by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast called SCOBY. This beverage is popularly known for the potential health benefits associated with its consumption, which is the main reason for its commercial expansion over the last century. These potential benefits are linked to the presence of a wide variety of bioactive compounds, notably phenolic compounds and organic acids. This composition varies significantly depending on the fermentation conditions, which in turn modifies the beverage's bioactive properties (i.e., antioxidant capacity or antimicrobial properties, among others). For this reason, the most recent advances in kombucha production are geared towards achieving standardized production, including strategies for enhancing bioactive content and fortification with functional ingredients. All these advances should satisfy quality control and regulatory compliance. However, despite the growing scientific and commercial interest in kombucha, current knowledge remains fragmented across different disciplines, highlighting the need for an updated and integrative overview of its composition, bioactivity, production variables, and safety aspects. In this review, nutritional, microbiological, and technological perspectives are integrated to provide an updated framework for understanding kombucha as a functional beverage, while also outlining key directions for future research and industrial application.}, }
@article {pmid41898829, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Tang, H and Wang, F and Lv, C and Zhang, B and Li, H}, title = {Condition-Specific Transcriptional and Metabolic Divergence in the Dual-Fungal Symbiosis of JinEr Mushroom Under Postharvest Low-Temperature Stress.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/genes17030296}, pmid = {41898829}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; *Cold-Shock Response/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; *Agaricales/genetics/metabolism ; Cold Temperature ; Transcriptome ; *Basidiomycota/genetics/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; Metabolomics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The JinEr mushroom results from the heterogeneous symbiosis of Naematelia aurantialba and Stereum hirsutum, with low-temperature storage being key for postharvest quality preservation. However, the species-specific low-temperature response patterns remain unclear.<br><br>METHODS: An integrated approach combining metabolomics, transcriptomics (dual-genome alignment), and spatially resolved enzyme assays was used to dissect responses at 0 &#xb0;C and 4 &#xb0;C.<br><br>RESULTS: The two fungi displayed distinct stress response tendencies under the studied conditions. N. aurantialba showed enhanced stress defense (DNA repair, antioxidant pathways) with defense-related enzyme activities concentrated in its apical/middle enrichment regions. S. hirsutum was observed to maintain overall metabolic activity at the pathway level, and its metabolic enzyme activities were predominant in the basal region. The symbiotic system exhibited temperature-dependent plasticity stress responses. Storage at 0 &#xb0;C induced a survival-oriented response with slower crude polysaccharide degradation. In contrast, storage at 4 &#xb0;C supported active metabolic defense coordination but more pronounced polysaccharide loss.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These observed defense- and metabolism-biased differential responses suggest a cold stress-specific coordination working model within the symbiotic system under postharvest cold stress. A temperature of 0 &#xb0;C is more suitable for enabling JinEr mushroom postharvest storage to retain polysaccharides. This study advances our understanding of heterogeneous symbiotic fungi's postharvest biology and provides a temperature-targeted theoretical basis for storage optimization.}, }
@article {pmid41898988, year = {2026}, author = {Gao, R and Zeng, Q and Zhu, M and Ren, Z and Xue, K}, title = {A Review of Artificial Diets for Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects17030326}, pmid = {41898988}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {202501AT070282//the Yunnan Provincial Basic Research Program General Project/ ; 32500327//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20250281//the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu/ ; }, abstract = {Aphids are among the most significant agricultural pests worldwide. Artificial diets are a critical foundation for aphid physiological and biochemical research and the development of pest control technology. However, their phloem sap-feeding habits, extraoral digestion characteristics, and host specificities pose numerous challenges to the development of artificial diets for aphids, including population degradation, reduced fecundity during long-term rearing, and a lack of methodological diversity in dietary formulation research. In this review, we summarize the research on artificial diets for aphids, encompassing the history of artificial rearing, rearing methods, and nutritional composition analysis of these diets. Furthermore, we discuss the optimization of diet formulations based on aphid digestive enzymes and symbiotic bacteria. We aim to synthesize successful developments of artificial diets for aphids and extend their application to diverse aphid species. Future development of artificial aphid diets should focus on matching the types and contents of nutritional elements with the digestive enzymes and gut microbes of aphids. It is necessary to develop specific artificial diets for targeted aphid populations rather than merely adopting successful formulations and experience with Myzus persicae or Acyrthosiphon pisum. In addition, automated and large-scale aphid rearing devices should be developed, and further research on population degradation during long-term aphid rearing is required to explore multifaceted solutions involving nutritional and environmental aspects.}, }
@article {pmid41900229, year = {2026}, author = {Shang, L and Liu, J and Lv, S and Jiang, L and Liu, Y and Hua, S and Luo, J and Cai, X}, title = {From Physical Replacement to Biological Symbiosis: Evolutionary Paradigms and Future Prospects of Auditory Reconstruction Brain-Computer Interfaces.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi17030343}, pmid = {41900229}, issn = {2072-666X}, support = {62121003, T2293730, T2293731, 62333020, 62171434, and 62471291//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; F252069//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing/ ; 2022YFC2402501, 2022YFB3205602//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; No.PTYQ2024BJ0009//Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2021ZD0201600//Major Program of Scientific and Technical Innovation 2030/ ; }, abstract = {Auditory Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) constitute the vital intervention for profound sensorineural hearing loss where the auditory nerve is compromised, yet their clinical efficacy remains restricted by substantial biological bottlenecks and limited spectral resolution. This review critically examines the evolutionary paradigm of auditory restoration, tracing the transition from static physical replacement to dynamic biological symbiosis. We systematically analyze physiological barriers across cochlear, brainstem, and cortical levels, elucidating how rigid interfaces provoke chronic tissue responses and why linear encoding protocols fail in distorted central tonotopy. The article synthesizes emerging methodologies in material science, demonstrating how soft, bio-integrated electronics and biomimetic topologies effectively address mechanical impedance mismatches. Furthermore, the trajectory of neural encoding is evaluated, highlighting the paradigm shift from traditional envelope extraction to deep learning-driven non-linear mapping and adaptive closed-loop neuromodulation. Finally, the potential of high-resolution modulation techniques, including optogenetics and sonogenetics, alongside AI-facilitated intent perception for active listening, is assessed. It is concluded that future neuroprostheses must evolve into symbiotic systems capable of seamlessly integrating with neural plasticity to enable high-fidelity cognitive reconstruction.}, }
@article {pmid41900331, year = {2026}, author = {Guan, J and Li, W and Li, J and Lu, B and Han, Y and Du, YY and Xu, X and Zhao, B and Xie, X and Kang, WJ and Shi, SL}, title = {Dual-Transcriptome Dissection of the Mechanisms Underlying Alfalfa Phenotypic Differences Induced by Two Rhizobial Isolates.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14030571}, pmid = {41900331}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {CARS-34//the National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China/ ; }, abstract = {Different rhizobial strains can lead to distinct symbiotic phenotypes in alfalfa, yet molecular differences at the mature nodule stage remain unclear. Here, we analyzed 21-day post-inoculation (dpi) nodules induced by strains WE2 and WWL2. We measured nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay, ARA) and performed dual RNA-seq to compare gene expression in both the alfalfa host and the rhizobia. On the host side, WE2-induced nodules showed higher expression of mature nodule marker genes (ENOD93 and leghemoglobin (Lb) genes) and higher expression of genes encoding SWEET transporters and amino acid and peptide transporters. Host differentially expressed genes were enriched in pathways related to transmembrane transport, redox and heme-related functions, and processes linked to maintaining microaerobic conditions. On the rhizobial side, WE2 nodules showed higher expression of genes involved in microaerobic respiration and nitrogen fixation (e.g., nif/fix and key respiratory chain genes), whereas WWL2 nodules showed higher expression of genes linked to transport, chemotaxis/motility, and environmental information processing. Together, these host and rhizobia expression patterns suggest coordinated differences between host pathways related to resource supply and microaerobic conditions and rhizobial expression programs for respiration and nitrogen fixation. Based on these associations, we propose a working model and provide candidate genes and pathways for functional validation and inoculant screening.}, }
@article {pmid41900408, year = {2026}, author = {Dessauvages, K and Noël, G and Verdin, A and Carpentier, J and Delvigne, F and Eppe, G and Francis, F}, title = {Assessing the Impact of Nutritional Stress on the Identification of Plastic-Associated Bacteria in Insect Gut Microbiota.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14030649}, pmid = {41900408}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {Not applicable//University of Li&#xe8;ge/ ; }, abstract = {The plastic-degrading capacity of some insects has been investigated over the past decade, with the aim of identifying gut microorganisms potentially involved in plastic degradation. However, plastic-only diets impose severe nutritional constraints, potentially driving microbial selection independently of plastic exposure. Here, we examined how nutritional stress influences gut bacterial community and the identification of plastic-associated bacteria in two plastivorous insects, Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor, using polyurethane (PU) as a representative polymer. Bacterial communities were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing under contrasted dietary conditions, including starvation, and complemented by a culture-dependent isolation approach using PU as the sole carbon source. In both species, gut bacterial communities under plastic-only feeding closely resembled those observed under starvation, whereas they differed from nutritionally balanced conditions. Differential abundance analyses reflected this pattern, as taxa enriched under plastic feeding were also enriched under starvation. This convergence was strong and structured in T. molitor, but weaker and more variable in G. mellonella. In addition, bacterial strains were isolated from the gut of T. molitor under both PU-amended and carbon-free conditions. Overall, our results demonstrate that nutritional stress is a driver of gut bacterial community restructuring under plastic-based diets and can bias the identification of candidate plastic-associated bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41900443, year = {2026}, author = {Sidorin, AS and Burygin, GL and Fedorov, AV and Katyshev, AD and Krasnov, YM and Tkachenko, OV}, title = {Bacterial Strains from Soybean Nodules in the Lower Volga Region Belong to a New Subspecies Bradyrhizobium japonicum subsp. saratovii subsp. nov.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14030684}, pmid = {41900443}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {The isolation of locally adapted rhizobial strains with high symbiotic activity represents an effective strategy for increasing soybean yield under extreme environmental conditions. In this study, seven novel strains were isolated from nodules of soybeans grown in a greenhouse using field soil from the Lower Volga region. Five genomes were assembled into complete circular chromosomes, whereas two strains yielded near-complete chromosomes containing single repeat-mediated junctions. All strains had putative plasmids that were independently validated as circular by long-read mapping and confirmed by the presence of characteristic replication and conjugation-associated genes. Genome sequences of strains were about 11 Mb, and GC contents were 63.1-63.3%. Comparative genome analyses demonstrated that all strains had average nucleotide identity values of 95.4% with Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 6[T] and 96.3% with Bradyrhizobium barranii 144S4[T], forming a distinct cluster in phylogenetic trees. No significant differences were detected between B. japonicum and B. barranii that would explain the species boundary. Therefore, it is proposed to unite all novel strains into the subspecies Bradyrhizobium japonicum subsp. saratovii subsp. nov., and all other strains of B. japonicum and B. barranii we suggest dividing into four subspecies: Bradyrhizobium japonicum subsp. japonicum subsp. nov., Bradyrhizobium japonicum subsp. barranii comb. nov., Bradyrhizobium japonicum subsp. apii comb. nov., and Bradyrhizobium japonicum subsp. saratovii subsp. nov. The proposed taxonomic framework expands current knowledge of the biodiversity of soybean symbiotic bacteria and contributes to a better understanding of the distribution and the evolution of bacteria Bradyrhizobium spp. in previously unexplored regions.}, }
@article {pmid41887099, year = {2026}, author = {Versola, JJN and Rodriguez, IB}, title = {Physiological effects of zinc availability in the coral endosymbiont Cladocopium goreaui in a continuous culture system.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {228}, number = {}, pages = {119631}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119631}, pmid = {41887099}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {The health and resilience of reefs largely depend on the capacity of coral holobionts to withstand environmental stressors and adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Central to this resilience is the symbiotic relationship between hosts and their photosynthetic symbionts from the family Symbiodiniaceae, and this can be disrupted by factors such as nutrient limitation, increases in sea temperatures, and other stressors. The impact of macronutrients on algal symbiont health and fitness has been widely studied. However, studies on the role of micronutrients including trace metals remain limited. Zinc (Zn) serves as a crucial cofactor for enzymes involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism and thus important in the growth of photosynthetic organisms. In this study, a thermo-tolerant Symbiodiniaceae strain, Cladocopium goreaui RT 152, was studied in a continuous culture to gain insights into how Zn influences its physiology. Zinc availability influenced its growth, as reflected by reduced cell density under limited (0.1 nM Zn) supply and subsequent recovery when conditions were enriched. Decreases in cell density coincided with lower chlorophyll a and carbohydrate levels, both of which improved once high Zn supply (10 nM Zn) was restored. Decrease in Zn triggered an increase in intracellular Fe and Mn, possibly as a compensatory response. In contrast, Co content remained unchanged, suggesting that it cannot substitute Zn in key metalloenzymes of the dinoflagellate. These findings shed light on the adaptative responses of C. goreaui to changing trace metal availability and contribute to a clearer understanding of its functional resilience as an algal symbiont.}, }
@article {pmid41887842, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, Y and Li, M and Zheng, X and Liu, S and Feng, X and Guan, Y}, title = {Pyrite-based mixotrophic denitrification promoted nitrogen removal from actual secondary effluent in natural aerobic environments: Particle-size optimization and microbial synergism.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {221-230}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.06.039}, pmid = {41887842}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Denitrification ; *Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Sulfides/chemistry ; Wastewater/chemistry/microbiology ; *Iron/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Aerobiosis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Implementing advanced nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants has emerged as a critical strategy to comply with tightening global nitrogen discharge mandates. To achieve advanced nitrogen removal under low-carbon treatment conditions, pyrite-based mixotrophic denitrification (PMD) demonstrates promising application prospects. However, existing research predominantly focuses on synthetic wastewater in laboratory settings, with insufficient attention to practical applications using complex real wastewater. This study investigated PMD treating actual secondary effluent (TN: 16-25 mg/L) from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant under natural aerobic conditions. Through optimized pyrite particle size (1.2-2.4 mm) and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N = 3:1), PMD achieved 90.8 % TN removal efficiency with effluent TN < 2 mg/L, meeting stringent discharge standards. Under optimized conditions, oxygen boosted S[2-]/Fe[2+] release from pyrite. The 1.2-2.4 mm particles created micro-aerobic and micro-anaerobic niches, which facilitated synergistic symbiosis between autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrifiers. This microbial collaboration endowed the system with enhanced denitrification performance and improved filtration characteristics. The dominant bacterial genera in optimal conditions were unclassified_f_Rhodocyclaceae (22.4 %), unclassified_f_Comamonadaceae (16.3 %), and Thauera (5.9 %), while nirK-type denitrifying bacteria dominated the denitrification in this system. This research offers valuable recommendations for developing an energy-efficient and low-carbon advanced nitrogen removal process in wastewater treatment facilities.}, }
@article {pmid41887861, year = {2026}, author = {Duan, Y and Luo, J and Wang, M and Li, D and Feng, H and Lin, L and An, Q and Xu, S and Zhu, Z}, title = {Boosting multi-heavy metal sequestration in king grass: Unveiling the role of Serendipita indica symbiosis and the key root exudate GABA.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {431-443}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.07.045}, pmid = {41887861}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Soil Pollutants/metabolism ; *gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Metals, Heavy/metabolism ; Cadmium/metabolism ; *Chrysopogon/physiology/metabolism ; Rhizosphere ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the symbiosis between Serendipita indica and king grass to optimize cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) phytoextraction from contaminated soils, focusing on root exudate dynamics and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling in rhizoremediation. We examined mechanisms linking heavy metals (HMs), microbial symbiosis, and root exudates in the rhizosphere during remediation. S. indica promoted plant growth, increasing biomass by 10.2 %-17.7 %, and enhanced root vigor and development. It also boosted antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, GR) by 11.5 %, 27.7 %, and 15.0 %, respectively, while reducing MDA and H2O2, thereby alleviating HM stress. Root uptake of Cd and Cr increased by 23.2 %-30.0 % and 20.8 %-30.0 %, while soil Cd and Cr removal increased by 27.5 % and 28.7 %. Under Cd/Cr stress, S. indica increased root vigor and regulated exudates by king grass, upregulating indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), betaine, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and notably GABA, which increased 4.0-14.0 fold, reaching 19.2 mmol/mL at the tillering stage. These exudates correlated with Cr levels and growth promotion. S. indica upregulated the Alanine-Aspartate-Glutamate and Arginine-Proline pathways, closely associated with thetricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Exogenous GABA further enhanced antioxidant responses, increased biomass by 34.1 %-41.6 %, and boosted Cr uptake and sequestration by 21.1 %-25.1 %, while inhibiting Cr translocation to aerial parts. This study highlights S. indica's growth-promoting effects, the role of GABA in root sequestration of HMs, and their potential in phytoremediation, thereby offering new opportunities for improving phytoremediation technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41887889, year = {2026}, author = {Alhajeri, NS and Tawfik, A and Nasr, M}, title = {Algal/bacterial membrane bioreactor for bioremediation of hazardous landfill leachate containing 1,4-dioxane: An artificial neural network modeling.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {163}, number = {}, pages = {708-720}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.08.004}, pmid = {41887889}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Dioxanes/metabolism/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; }, abstract = {This study developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the 1,4-dioxane removal efficiency from hazardous landfill leachate treated by an algal/bacterial symbiosis system. Three algal/bacterial membrane bioreactors were operated in parallel at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) range of 6-24 h, addressing the contribution of enzymatic activities and microbial communities in 1,4-dioxane detoxification. The achieved 1,4-dioxane removal efficiency of 82.8 % ± 3.2 % was supported by secreting extracellular polymeric substances (55.4 ± 2.9 mg/g), alcohol dehydrogenase (1.3 ± 0.03 U/mg), aldehyde dehydrogenase (0.9 ± 0.01 U/mg), and dehydrogenase (2.2 ± 0.04 U/mg) at 12 h-HRT. The genera Thioclava, Afipia, and Mycobacterium showed relative abundances of 7.4 %-7.9 %, 2.9 %-6.5 %, and 4.5 %-9.8 %, respectively, producing specific enzymes required for the aerobic metabolic and co-metabolic degradation of 1,4-dioxane into 2‑hydroxy‑1,4-dioxane and other intermediates. Additional batch experiments and kinetic studies were conducted to reveal the removal mechanisms of 1,4-dioxane in algal/bacterial biosystems and the uptake, biosorption, and assimilation of the generated metabolites in algal biosystems. An ANN model explained > 50 % of the 1,4-dioxane data variability and justified the effect of organic load variation on algal/bacterial activities. Future studies should improve the ANN prediction accuracy by including more inputs (e.g., pH, temperature, and membrane fouling) and optimizing the hidden layer number.}, }
@article {pmid41888554, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, P and Kou, Q and Komai, T and Wang, L and Zhang, D}, title = {Integrative taxonomic study reveals three new species of Lebbeus White, 1847 (Decapoda: Caridea: Thoridae) from deep water in the Philippine Sea and provides insights into the phylogeny of this genus.}, journal = {Invertebrate systematics}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1071/IS25084}, pmid = {41888554}, issn = {1447-2600}, mesh = {Animals ; *Phylogeny ; Philippines ; Species Specificity ; *Decapoda/classification/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; }, abstract = {Lebbeus White, 1847 is the most diverse and widespread genus in the caridean family Thoridae Kingsley, 1879. Species of the genus have adapted to various habitats, inhabiting from shallow to deep water (>3000 m), low latitudinal to polar regions, and with free-living to symbiotic lifestyles. In spite of recent studies, the phylogenetic position of Lebbeus within Thoridae and its internal phylogenetic relationships remain to be explored. In this study, three new species of Lebbeus recently collected from deep water in the Philippine Sea are described using an integrative taxonomic approach. The new species are formally named Lebbeus chunshengisp. nov., Lebbeus lizheisp. nov., and Lebbeus xinzhengisp. nov. herein. The molecular phylogenetic analyses led the authors to revise the internal grouping of Lebbeus, which has long been relied on the development of the pereopodal epipods. It has been clarified that characters derived from the rostrum and carapace better reflect the phylogeny, and this finding prompted us to propose four informal species groups within Lebbeus. Additionally, we tentatively uncovered the phylogenetic position of Lebbeus by reconstructing a backbone phylogeny of Thoridae based on genome-skimming sequencing data. Our phylogeny supports the recent divergence of Lebbeus and its sister-group relationship with Spirontocaris Spence Bate, 1888. However, more extensive taxon sampling is needed to elucidate the monophyly of each thorid genus. This work provides critical baseline data for the conservation and restoration of habitats in the region, and advances our understanding of the diversity of sponge-associated shrimps in deep-sea ecosystems of the Western Pacific. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F6B8185D-CCD5-45AE-850E-24A40B0B20AD.}, }
@article {pmid41889114, year = {2026}, author = {Vlk, L and Odriozola, I and Pergl, J and Větrovský, T and Kvasničková, J and Krüger, C and Petružálková, M and Baldrian, P and Vojík, M and Sádlo, J and Petřík, P and Pyšek, P and Kohout, P}, title = {From pathogens to partners: temporal and biogeographical patterns in fungal associations of alien trees.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71094}, pmid = {41889114}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {DG16P02M041//Ministerstvo Kultury/ ; EXPRO 19-28807X//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; 21-20802M//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004597//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/ ; }, abstract = {Alien trees reshape belowground fungal communities, but the factors governing the balance between mutualists and pathogens remain unclear. We tested whether residence time, mycorrhizal type, and biogeographical origin shape this balance, and whether alien stands differ from native vegetation. We sampled soils beneath 73 alien tree species in 48 chateau parks and native stands. Using ITS2 metabarcoding with guild assignment, we quantified ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and pathogen fungi and analysed predictors with multivariate models and binomial GLMMs, accounting for spatial structure and covariates. Symbiotic fungal community composition varied with origin, phylogenetic group and mycorrhizal type. With increasing residence time, ECM alien trees showed higher ECM fungal richness and relative abundance; whereas, contrary to enemy accumulation expectations, pathogen richness and relative abundance declined. Alien arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees harboured more pathogens than ECM trees. Alien tree assemblages had a lower ECM fungal share, twice the pathogen relative richness, and threefold higher pathogen relative abundance than native assemblages. Residence time and mycorrhizal type are primary filters shaping belowground trajectories of alien trees, with biogeographical origin patterning community composition. Elevated pathogen loads in alien stands highlight spillover risks to neighbouring vegetation, informing risk assessment and monitoring of alien tree plantings.}, }
@article {pmid41890634, year = {2026}, author = {Fujita, M}, title = {Research on the molecular mechanisms and applications of plant immune priming.}, journal = {Journal of pesticide science}, volume = {51}, number = {1}, pages = {78-83}, pmid = {41890634}, issn = {1348-589X}, abstract = {Plants that live a life fixed to the ground cannot escape from various pathogens and must deal with them. To effectively defend against pathogen infection, plants have various resistance mechanisms, which are in a trade-off relationship with growth. In addition to these disease resistance mechanisms, plants have a system called priming that enhances resistance mechanisms but does not affect growth. Analysis of immune priming induced by mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato revealed that priming is effective against multiple defense signals mediated by salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid signals and against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. In Arabidopsis, strigolactone signaling-induced priming was shown to enhance ethylene signaling and camalexin synthesis in addition to SA signaling. These findings are expected to lead to more effective use of priming to protect plants in the future.}, }
@article {pmid41890710, year = {2026}, author = {Xue, J and Liao, K and Zhang, M}, title = {Tumor-immune spatiotemporal co-evolution as a paradigm for overcoming therapy resistance in advanced prostate cancer.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1797299}, pmid = {41890710}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Tumor Microenvironment/immunology ; *Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology ; *Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/immunology/pathology/therapy ; *Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology/pathology ; Animals ; Immunotherapy ; Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/immunology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Therapeutic resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is orchestrated not only by tumor-intrinsic genomic alterations but also by dynamic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review introduces the tumor-immune spatiotemporal co-evolution paradigm, which reframes mCRPC resistance as an ecosystem-level adaptation unfolding across temporal (disease stage) and spatial (niche architecture) dimensions. We synthesize clinical and multi-omics data to map a probabilistic evolutionary trajectory from an immune-permissive state, through suppressive niche consolidation, to a terminal immune desert phenotype. In this review, we systematically apply the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 criteria to this field, grading all mechanistic claims to explicitly distinguish peer-reviewed, validated findings (Level 1-2b) from speculative hypotheses (Level 3-4), and delineate 5 evidence-graded core conclusions of the tumor-immune co-evolution paradigm. We delineate how spatially organized cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subsets architect immunosuppressive niches and engage in reciprocal metabolic symbiosis with tumor cells, and redefine therapeutics as dominant selective pressures that drive clonal-stromal co-selection to explain cross-resistance across treatment modalities. To translate this paradigm, we propose an integrative closed-loop "Dynamic Monitoring-Mechanistic Parsing-Synergistic Intervention" framework, with concrete, clinically actionable strategies grounded in 2024-2025 peer-reviewed prostate cancer research. This framework advocates for longitudinal ecological auditing of the TME to rationally guide mechanistically orthogonal combination therapies. Our objective is to provide a rigorously evidence-based roadmap for transforming mCRPC into a chronically manageable condition through precision ecological intervention, offering a novel, actionable perspective to advance prostate cancer immunotherapy and overcome immune evasion for researchers and clinicians in the field of cancer immunology.}, }
@article {pmid41891189, year = {2026}, author = {Jiménez-Padilla, Y and Sinclair, BJ}, title = {Gut yeasts accelerate chill coma recovery in Drosophila melanogaster.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.251533}, pmid = {41891189}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {//Queen Elizabeth Scholars/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {The role of microbial symbionts in host stress tolerance remains underexplored. Gut microbiome studies in Drosophila melanogaster have largely focused on bacteria, whereas yeasts have been assumed to provide nutrition rather than engage in true symbiosis. We explored the effect of gut yeasts on chill coma recovery time (CCRT, a proxy for cold tolerance) and its yeast species-specificity and dependence on live yeast cells. We generated flies with distinct gut microbiota conditions: axenic (microbe-free), with their native microbiota (derived from the microbes associated with flies conventionally reared in our colony), or gnotobiotic flies mono-associated with either live or heat-killed yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae - not normally associated with Drosophila guts, and three species previously isolated from wild flies - Lachancea kluyveri, Pichia kluyveri, or P. nakasei). We quantified yeast abundance, sex differences in yeast ingestion, and measured CCRT after exposure to 0 °C for 8 hours. Female axenic flies recovered 42% more slowly than those with their native microbiota, but this delay was fully rescued by live L. kluyveri, P. kluyveri, or P. nakasei, not by S. cerevisiae or dead yeasts. The effect was rapid (occurs within 48 h), sex-specific (restricted to females), and appeared to be dose-dependent. We also confirmed that yeasts in the gut are alive, facilitating a true (albeit transient) symbiotic interaction. Our findings show that yeast symbionts may contribute to natural variation in thermal tolerance and may broadly impact host phenotypes. Excluding yeasts or assuming a solely nutritional role risks overlooking key symbiotic interactions that have profound functional consequences.}, }
@article {pmid41891714, year = {2026}, author = {Grundmann, CO and Melo, WGP and Caraballo Rodríguez, AM and Guardia, NUdA and Migliorini, ILF and Da Silva, RR and Dorrestein, PC and Lopes, NP and Currie, CR and Clardy, J and Pupo, MT}, title = {Ecological interactions drive metabolomic diversification in Amazonian Pseudonocardia symbionts.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0181025}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01810-25}, pmid = {41891714}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Fungus-growing ants engage in a multipartite symbiosis, including Pseudonocardia bacteria that produce antifungal metabolites to protect their fungal cultivar from the specialized pathogen Escovopsis. While different bioactive metabolites have been reported from ant-associated Pseudonocardia, most studies have focused on a limited number of strains, leaving the extent of chemical diversity across broader ecological contexts less resolved. Here, we investigated the antagonistic potential and metabolomic repertoires of 36 Pseudonocardia strains isolated from Amazonian Paratrachymyrmex ants. Pairwise bioactivity assays against two Escovopsis isolates revealed striking variability, with inhibition generally stronger and more diverse against the pathogenic fungus originating from the same ant genus. Untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics coupled with 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses showed that closely related strains harbored highly divergent chemical profiles, underscoring a decoupling between taxonomy and metabolite output. Detailed analyses of selected isolates revealed the production of structurally diverse metabolites, including dentigerumycin analogs, provipeptide A, β-carbolines, and tetracycline-related compounds. Co-culture analysis uncovered metabolites absent in monocultures, including lichenysins, pepstatins, and hallobacillins, as well as conserved attinimicin, whose production was enhanced under pathogen challenge. These results highlight that both strain-specific metabolic repertoires and interaction-induced chemistry contribute to the defensive arsenal of Pseudonocardia. Together, our findings likely demonstrate that ecological pressures and local adaptation, rather than phylogeny alone, drive metabolomic diversification in this defensive symbiosis. Beyond their potential for novel bioactive compound discovery, these results provide understanding into the chemical basis of multipartite symbioses, the dynamics of defensive mutualisms, and the ecological forces shaping microbial diversity in underexplored environments such as the Amazon.IMPORTANCEMicrobial symbionts are central to host defense and natural product discovery, yet the factors driving their chemical diversification remain unclear. The fungus-growing ant-Pseudonocardia-Escovopsis system offers a powerful model to study how ecological context shapes microbial metabolism. By systematically characterizing multiple Amazonian Pseudonocardia strains, we show that antagonistic capacity and metabolomic repertoires vary widely, even among strains with highly similar 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealing a pronounced discordance between 16S-based phylogenetic relatedness and specialized metabolite production. These findings suggest the likely importance of ecological pressures and local adaptation in shaping metabolomic output, emphasizing symbiotic actinobacteria as both key ecological players and promising sources of antifungal natural products.}, }
@article {pmid41892238, year = {2026}, author = {Beng Fung, MB and Paukov, AG and Yuan, JW and Wang, HX and Cui, BY and Liu, HJ and Ren, Q}, title = {Ecological Roles of Lichens as Monitors of a Changing Global Environment.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15060478}, pmid = {41892238}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {32261133520//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 23-44-00070//the Russian scientific fund/ ; 32070011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Lichens represent a fundamental symbiotic association between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, such as algae or cyanobacteria, and are widely regarded as sensitive indicators of environmental change. Lichens' capacity to colonize a wide range of ecological niches is attributed to their distinctive physiological characteristics, notably, their lack of protective cuticles and ability to uptake water and nutrients directly from the atmosphere. Concurrently, lichens are highly vulnerable to airborne contaminants, making them critical bioindicators of air quality. However, the survival of lichens is increasingly influenced by intensifying global change via agriculture, industrial activities, and vehicular emissions. Organic and inorganic pollutants can adversely affect lichen physiology by inducing pigment degradation, disrupting membranes, and altering lichen diversity. The synergistic stressors associated with global change, such as increasing temperatures and shifts in precipitation regimes, exacerbate the effects of atmospheric deposition and oxidative stress on lichens. Here, we present existing knowledge on lichens' ecological functions, elucidate the mechanisms underlying their sensitivity to air pollution, and assess their utility for environmental monitoring amid accelerating global change. By recognizing lichens as dynamic ecological indicators, we underscore their dual role in sustaining ecosystem processes amidst rapid global change.}, }
@article {pmid41893098, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, J and Sun, J and Zhao, Y and Li, Z and Zhang, M and Cui, L and Shen, J and Luo, Y and Gao, Y and Zhou, W and Chen, T and Wang, T and Du, M and Liu, W and Xia, C and Hu, T and Tian, P}, title = {Morphological Diversity of Epichloë sinensis from Festuca sinensis Germplasm on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12030166}, pmid = {41893098}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2023-NK-147-2//The research was funded by the Leading Scientist Project of Qinghai Province/ ; }, abstract = {Epichloë sinensis engages in mutualistic symbiosis with Festuca sinensis on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The influence of variation within the Epichloë genus on morphology in this context is poorly understood, as is the influence of environmental factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and altitude). Accordingly, a total of 122 fungal endophyte strains were isolated from 270 F. sinensis seeds collected from different locations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and their morphological characteristics were observed. The colonies were white on the front, dark brown in the center on the back, and light brown or yellow around the PDA medium, exhibiting typical characteristics of E. sinensis. Morphological diversity was categorized into (1) colony features (six types based on texture, shape, and cracks), (2) growth rates (51 strains that produce spores: 0.23-0.78 mm/d; 71 strains that do not produce spores: 0.11-0.93 mm/d), and (3) hyphal width (51 strains that produce spores: 0.60-2.57 μm; 71 strains that do not produce spores: 0.95-2.10 μm). Correlation analyses revealed that temperature and altitude had significant effects on these traits. Phylogenetic relationships showed that 17 strains probably were E. sinensis, and only 4 strains probably were the endophyte E. poae. One strain was haploid and may have originated from E. festucae. All 22 tested strains lacked genes associated with toxic alkaloid biosynthesis (ergot alkaloid) but harbored regulatory genes for the insect-resistant alkaloid peramine, demonstrating potential for use in developing new germplasm in Festuca species.}, }
@article {pmid41893315, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, Z and Jiang, S}, title = {Chemical Signaling and Metabolomic Crosstalk in Endophytic Fungi-Medicinal Plant Symbioses for Natural Product Discovery and Sustainable Bioproduction.}, journal = {Metabolites}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/metabo16030164}, pmid = {41893315}, issn = {2218-1989}, support = {K2025-001//Guiyang Kangyang University/ ; }, abstract = {Background: Medicinal plants function as complex holobionts, with their therapeutic potential significantly shaped by the associated microbiome, particularly endophytic fungi. These symbionts engage in a sophisticated "chemical signaling" with their hosts, acting as biotic elicitors that modulate plant secondary metabolism while simultaneously responding to host cues to activate their own cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). This review aims to critically summarize the multi-layered mechanisms driving this metabolic crosstalk and evaluate strategies to harness this symbiotic intelligence for natural product discovery. Methods: A systematic literature survey spanning the last decade was conducted across major databases. The search specifically targeted studies investigating endophytic fungi in medicinal plants, focusing on experimental designs for BGC activation, applications of spatial metabolomics (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging, MALDI-MSI), and the structural elucidation of novel bioactive natural products through co-culture or in planta models. Results: Our analysis reveals that host-derived chemical cues, such as specific root exudates and oxylipins, act as primary triggers to awaken silent fungal BGCs. We collated numerous recently discovered bioactive metabolites-including novel polyketides, highly rearranged terpenoids, and unique alkaloids-demonstrating their potent antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Furthermore, a critical evaluation of spatial metabolomics studies demonstrates that metabolic exchange is highly localized at the plant-fungus interface, providing contextual insights that traditional bulk tissue extraction fails to capture. Conclusions: This review bridges the gap between ecological understanding and synthetic biology applications. We conclude that translating the mechanisms of this "chemical signaling" into biotechnological strategies offers a sustainable pathway for the bioproduction of high-value pharmaceuticals, thereby reducing reliance on the wild harvesting of medicinal plants.}, }
@article {pmid41893356, year = {2026}, author = {Qadeer, A and Ullah, A and Khan, MZ and Alsharif, KF and Alzahrani, FM and Alzahrani, KJ and Abuderman, AA}, title = {Extracellular Vesicles Associated Metabolites as Intercellular Signalling Mediators in Disease and Therapy.}, journal = {Metabolites}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/metabo16030207}, pmid = {41893356}, issn = {2218-1989}, support = {GDWZ202401//Liaocheng Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology, High-talented Foreign Expert Introduction Program/ ; }, abstract = {Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication, yet the metabolite fraction of their cargo remains substantially underexplored relative to proteins and nucleic acids. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the exosomal metabolome as a functionally distinct intercellular signaling system with unique biophysical properties. We review the mechanisms proposed to govern metabolite encapsulation into exosomes, encompassing membrane transporter involvement, lipid raft partitioning, and binding to luminal proteins, and discuss the unresolved question of whether metabolite loading is selective or stochastic. Critically, we present a quantitative framework evaluating whether delivered metabolite quantities are sufficient to alter recipient cell metabolic pools, distinguishing receptor-mediated signaling from bulk substrate delivery. We also address methodological considerations including contamination artifacts and isolation-method biases that complicate interpretation of EV metabolomics data. Exosomal metabolites are reviewed across four functional categories: energy substrates (ATP, lactate, amino acids), signaling molecules (TCA cycle intermediates, eicosanoids, nucleotides), redox cofactors and antioxidants (NADH, glutathione), and oncometabolites. For each category, available evidence is critically appraised, distinguishing metabolites with direct mass spectrometric detection from those whose roles are inferred from parent-cell biology. The review examines the roles of exosomal metabolites in tumor-stroma metabolic symbiosis, immunometabolic regulation, inter-organ crosstalk in metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer metastasis, viral infections, and immune evasion. A quantitative framework is discussed to evaluate whether delivered metabolite quantities are sufficient to alter recipient cell metabolic pools, distinguishing receptor-mediated signaling from bulk substrate delivery. Technical challenges in exosomal metabolomics are reviewed, including the impact of isolation method on data quality, contamination artifacts, and current standardization gaps. Therapeutic implications of exosomal metabolite signaling are discussed, encompassing metabolite-loaded exosomes as therapeutic vehicles and exosomal metabolite loading as a pharmacological target. Integration of single-vesicle technologies with systems biology approaches is highlighted as a promising direction for advancing this field toward precision medicine applications in oncological and metabolic disorders.}, }
@article {pmid41893547, year = {2026}, author = {Mwangi, NG and Gillanders, TJ and Stevens, M and Wright, AJD and Edwards, SG and Hare, MC and Back, MA}, title = {Influence of Plant Age and Endophyte Status on the Nematotoxicity of Festulolium loliaceum to Trichodorus primitivus and Quantification of Active Phytochemicals.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/toxins18030125}, pmid = {41893547}, issn = {2072-6651}, support = {N/A//British Beet Research Organisation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Endophytes ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; *Phytochemicals/analysis/pharmacology ; Plant Shoots/chemistry ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; *Poaceae/microbiology/chemistry ; *Antinematodal Agents/pharmacology ; Flavonoids/analysis ; Phenols/analysis ; Epichloe ; Nematoda/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Festulolium hybrids are cool-season forage grasses that form symbiotic relationships with the fungus Epichloë uncinata, which produces loline alkaloids that protect the host from herbivores. This study evaluated the nematotoxicity of shoot and root extracts of Festulolium loliaceum against the stubby root nematode Trichodorus primitivus. Methanolic root and shoot extracts from plants aged 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks were tested in vitro at five concentrations (312.5-5000 µg mL[-1]) over 24, 48, and 72 h. Nematode immobility, mortality, and phytochemical profiles, including flavonoids, loline alkaloids, and phenols, were quantified. Extracts from shoots caused significant concentration and time-dependent immobility of T. primitivus (p = 0.001), reaching ≥90% at 5000 µg mL[-1] after 72 h in 8-12-week-old plants. Endophyte presence enhanced nematotoxicity, where LD50 values for E+ roots were two-fold lower at 12 weeks and fifty-fold lower at 20 weeks compared with E- root extracts. Shoot extracts of E+ grass had the highest nematicidal activity at 8 weeks, with a significantly lower LD50 value than E- (p < 0.05). Loline alkaloid concentrations increased with plant age, while flavonoids and phenols declined. Nematotoxicity of F. loliaceum extracts was strongly influenced by plant age and endophyte presence. Younger E+ shoots produced the most potent shoot extracts, whereas older plants produced the most potent root extracts. Flavonoid content was negatively correlated with shoot biomass (R = -0.94, p < 0.001). Similarly, phenol content was negatively correlated to both root biomass (R = -0.79, p < 0.001) and shoot biomass (R = -0.67, p < 0.005).}, }
@article {pmid41893895, year = {2026}, author = {Virolainen, P and Pankova, V and Nerezenko, A and Chekunova, E}, title = {Structural Features of Algal and Fungal GATA Transcription Factors may Play a Role in Symbiosis.}, journal = {Journal of molecular evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41893895}, issn = {1432-1432}, support = {The authors acknowledge Saint-Petersburg State University for a research project 124032000041-1.//Saint Petersburg State University/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41893960, year = {2026}, author = {Chirumbolo, S and Vella, A}, title = {The origin and development of life in an informational dissipative perspective.}, journal = {Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften}, volume = {145}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41893960}, issn = {1611-7530}, mesh = {Water/chemistry ; *Origin of Life ; Thermodynamics ; Entropy ; Models, Biological ; Symbiosis ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {This paper re-examines the definition of life, critiquing and building upon Plante's recently proposed symbiotic, holistic, and gradualist framework. Plante's model integrates symbiosis across biological scales, holism to unify hierarchical complexity, and gradualism to address the continuum between non-living and living entities. While innovative, the model omits two critical factors underpinning life: information and water. These elements form the foundation for a novel approach based on informational dissipative dynamics and Prigogine-like structures. Water is posited as a dynamic, topological medium capable of encoding and transferring information via transient hydrogen-bond networks. This phenomenon creates "informational topologies" that guide the organization of molecules, bridging the gap between physical randomness and biological order. The proposed framework explores how water properties drive the emergence of autopoietic systems through the interplay of thermodynamic, informational, and quantum dynamics. The model introduces the concept of informational entropy gradients within water-molecule interactions, facilitating the iterative development of structured, dissipative systems. These gradients sustain the system far from equilibrium, enabling life complexity and persistence. As these systems evolve, the interplay of entropic gradients, dissipative energy, and information processing leads to increased order, self-replication, and, ultimately, the emergence of life. By re-framing life as an informational dissipative process, the paper bridges gaps in Plante's approach and proposes a broader, foundational understanding of biological systems. This perspective offers a unifying framework for exploring life origins, evolution, and complexity while highlighting water's indispensable role in shaping living systems.}, }
@article {pmid41895221, year = {2026}, author = {Yoneyama, K and Mine, A}, title = {Spatially distinct regulation of strigolactone exudation by phosphate and phytohormones in rice.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {233}, number = {}, pages = {111229}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111229}, pmid = {41895221}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived phytohormones that shape plant architecture and function as rhizosphere signals promoting arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. In rice, SL exudation is strongly induced by phosphate (Pi) deficiency and suppressed when Pi is sufficient, yet how local and systemic cues coordinate this output remains unclear. Using a split-root system, we show that Pi acts as a systemic suppressor of SL exudation: local Pi supply repressed SL release from both treated and untreated root halves. By contrast, cytokinin, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and the ethylene precursor ACC suppressed SL exudation mainly in the treated compartment, indicating predominantly local control. Transcriptome profiling revealed a coordinated systemic Pi response in roots and a distinct Pi-specific shoot program, including repression of Pi starvation responses and activation of translation- and chloroplast-related functions, which was not reproduced by hormone treatments. We further identified a small set of commonly regulated root genes across SL-suppressing conditions, including OsPDR family members whose expression patterns track changes in SL exudation. Our findings define Pi as a long-distance regulator of SL exudation and highlight local hormonal pathways that converge on downstream processes controlling SL production and/or export.}, }
@article {pmid41876966, year = {2026}, author = {Eshetu, FB and Barnes, I and Nahrung, HF and Fitza, KNE and Slippers, B}, title = {A Century of Invasion: How Biosecurity Influenced Populations of Sirex noctilio and Its Fungal Symbiont in Australasia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {e70311}, pmid = {41876966}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Australian National Sirex Co-ordinate Committee/ ; //Tree Protection Co-operative Programme/ ; //University of Pretoria/ ; //University of Tasmania/ ; //Forest Research Institute/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Animals ; *Introduced Species ; Australasia ; *Genetics, Population ; Genetic Variation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Australia ; *Basidiomycota/genetics ; New Zealand ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {The woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, and its mutualistic fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, are native to Eurasia and northern Africa. Sirex noctilio was first reported outside its native range in New Zealand in 1900, Tasmania in 1952 and mainland Australia in 1961. In this study, we consider the invasion history of these organisms across Australasia through population genetic analysis using mitochondrial sequence data and microsatellite markers and compared them with a previously published dataset from global collections. The study included contemporary (n = 461) and historical (n = 41) samples of S. noctilio dating back to 1952 and fungal (n = 176) samples from across the range. No population structure was found in Australian and New Zealand populations of S. noctilio or the fungal symbiont A. areolatum, reflecting both the natural (within the countries) and human-assisted (between the countries) spread of these symbionts. The S. noctilio populations in these countries had lower genetic diversity than other populations sampled globally. Amylostereum areolatum populations from Australia and New Zealand clustered separately from all other countries and were highly clonal. While the results suggested multiple early introductions in these two countries, it also reflected an efficient recent quarantine system that isolated these populations and reduced their complexity compared to other parts of the world. The findings also have relevance to the application of biological control for the pest complex.}, }
@article {pmid41877353, year = {2026}, author = {Buzzoni, D and Van Nynatten, A and Cunning, R and Baum, JK}, title = {Persistent Legacy Effects of Marine Heatwaves on Coral Symbioses.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, pages = {e70818}, pmid = {41877353}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {SAS-2021-047//The Leverhulme Trust, Study Abroad Studentship/ ; OCE-1446402//National Science Foundation (NSF) RAPID/ ; //Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; //Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) Leaders Opportunity Fund/ ; //University of Victoria/ ; NFRFT-2020-00073//Government of Canada's New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRF), BIOSCAN/ ; NGS-146R-18//National Geographic Society, Committee for Research and Exploration/ ; NGS-63112R-19//National Geographic Society, Committee for Research and Exploration/ ; //The Pew Charitable Trusts, Pew Fellowship in Marine Conservation/ ; //David and Lucile Packard Foundation/ ; //British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; Animals ; *Anthozoa/physiology ; *Climate Change ; Coral Reefs ; *Hot Temperature ; *Dinoflagellida/physiology ; }, abstract = {Obligate endosymbioses between eukaryotes and their single-celled inhabitants form the basis of many ecosystems, yet little is known about the long-term impacts of climate change on them. On coral reefs, extensive studies have shown that climate change-driven heatwaves and other environmental stressors can disrupt the obligate symbiosis between reef-building corals and Symbiodiniaceae, with consequences for coral fitness and survival. However, despite coral symbioses playing a fundamental role in reef resilience to climate change, whether, and at what rate, they recover following heatwave disruption is largely unknown. We used ITS2 DNA metabarcoding to characterise symbiont assemblages in colonies (n = 237; 598 samples) of the brain coral Platygyra ryukyuensis over a decade (2014-2023), spanning from before to long after the 2015-2016 El Niño at its epicentre, Kiritimati, in the central equatorial Pacific. Although before the heatwave only P. ryukyuensis colonies exposed to high levels of chronic local disturbance were dominated by stress-tolerant Durusdinium symbionts, surviving colonies around the atoll transitioned during the heatwave from Cladocopium dominance to Durusdinium dominance. Here, we show that nearly eight years after this transition, these symbiotic partnerships had not recovered, but rather Durusdinium remained entrenched in virtually all (92%) Platygyra colonies. Recovery of symbionts in the genus Cladocopium was severely limited and restricted to taxa distinct from their 'C3' and 'C50a' pre-heatwave congenerics. Moreover, in the three immediate post-heatwave years, many tracked corals, and especially those at low local disturbance, high in-water visibility sites, hosted transient symbiont assemblages codominated by Durusdinium and the previously rare genus Symbiodinium. Our results demonstrate that heatwave-driven symbiont transitions can persist for longer than the average heatwave return time, potentially impairing coral resilience to future extreme weather events.}, }
@article {pmid41878743, year = {2026}, author = {Cui, S and Wang, F and Wu, H and Li, L and Huang, X and Jin, D and Xiao, H and Li, W and Liu, Y}, title = {The impact of dinotefuran application at different concentrations on soil microbial communities in vineyards.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1784722}, pmid = {41878743}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Soil microbiomes are essential for grapevine health and vineyard sustainability. Grape phylloxera poses a serious threat to the grape industry, although dinotefuran effectively controls this pest, the concentration-dependent effects of this insecticide on vineyard soil microbial communities remain unclear. Using high-throughput sequencing, this study examined the structural and functional responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities to varying concentrations of dinotefuran. Our results revealed that both 10 and 20% dinotefuran treatments significantly altered bacterial community structure without affecting bacterial alpha diversity. Fungal communities were more sensitive, showing significant structural changes, and significantly reduced alpha diversity (particularly richness) under the 20% treatment. In bacterial communities, high-concentration treatment reduced key soil health and nutrient cycling (e.g., Kaistobacter, Solibacter), and biocontrol (e.g., Streptomyces) group. The 10% treatment retained bacteria with potential ecological remediation (e.g., Nocardioides), whereas the relative abundance of potential stress-adapted bacteria (e.g., Arthrobacter) significantly increased. For fungi, high-concentration treatment reduced beneficial phosphate-solubilizing (e.g., Mortierella) and biocontrol (e.g., Trichoderma) fungi, while potential pathogenic fungal groups exhibited significantly higher relative abundances. Functionally, high-concentration insecticide treatment suppressed beneficial bacterial functions, including secondary metabolite synthesis, lipid metabolism, and microbial group behavior, while also reducing fundamental metabolic and genetic information processing activities. This treatment additionally increased the abundance of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi, and decreased symbiotic fungi, with the relative abundances of plant pathogens showing a significant increasing under high doses. In contrast, low-concentration treatment enhanced bacterial detoxification pathways, whereas high-concentration treatment activated stress-response functions. These findings elucidate the dose-dependent responses of microorganisms to insecticides, and underscore the critical importance of rational pesticide application in maintaining soil ecological balance and vineyard sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid41880019, year = {2026}, author = {Ghosh, S and Sharma, B}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Mediated Phytoremediation: Harnessing a Sustainable Approach in Environmental Cleanup of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41880019}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {24D/03/00569//University Grants Commission-India/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/metabolism/genetics/physiology ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Metals, Heavy/metabolism ; *Soil Pollutants/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; *Plants/microbiology/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Wastelands, often defined as unutilized lands or areas where the current biomass seldom exceeds 20% of its total potential, pose ecological and socio-economic challenges. Restoring wastelands can help bridge the gap between food availability and population growth. Previous studies have demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be a sustainable yet effective amelioration strategy for restoring wastelands. Yet, limited knowledge exists on the genetic foundation and role of nutrient availability in AMF-plant symbiosis. This review paper addresses the role of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in pollutant degradation while highlighting the importance of AMF specificity. Additionally, it addresses the genetic basis of the interaction and environmental influence in the symbiosis. By focusing on recent advances, the review underscores the prospective role of AMF as a bio-tool in ecological restoration and addresses critical knowledge gaps to guide future directions.}, }
@article {pmid41882393, year = {2026}, author = {Pehlivan-Günaydın, &#xd6; and Koman, E and Ergün, D and Tartar, G and Yazgan-Karataş, A}, title = {Diversity of Bacteria.}, journal = {Progress in molecular and subcellular biology}, volume = {62}, number = {}, pages = {47-91}, pmid = {41882393}, issn = {0079-6484}, mesh = {*Bacteria/classification/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; Symbiosis ; *Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Bacteria exhibit extraordinary evolutionary and ecological diversity. They range from dominant, well-characterized phyla to rare lineages that are known only through environmental sequencing. This chapter reviews four key bacterial phyla, including Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, Actinomycetota, and Bacteroidota. These phyla are widely distributed, metabolically versatile, and play a central role in ecosystem functioning and human health. We discuss unique phyla within the PVC superphylum (Planctomycetota, Verrucomicrobiota, Chlamydiota) for their unusual cell biology, compartmentalization, and host associations. We also highlight hyperthermophilic phyla, such as Thermotogota, Aquificota, and Thermodesulfobacteriota, that thrive in geothermal ecosystems and drive sulfur and carbon cycling. We consider less-cultivated lineages, including Deinococcota, Acidobacteriota, Nitrospirota, Fusobacteriota, Fibrobacterota, Synergistota, Deferribacterota, and Chrysiogenota, in terms of their ecological niches, metabolic specializations, and roles in biogeochemical cycles, symbiosis, and disease. Collectively, these examples demonstrate the remarkable metabolic flexibility and ecological impact of bacteria, ranging from host-associated commensals and pathogens to free-living autotrophs in extreme environments. Despite advances in genomics and cultivation-independent methods, vast portions of bacterial diversity remain uncultured and poorly understood. Continued exploration of both dominant phyla and rare lineages promises to refine bacterial taxonomy, expand our understanding of microbial evolution, and reveal novel metabolic pathways with implications for ecology, medicine, and biotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid41884244, year = {2026}, author = {Salvadori, M and Rosso, G}, title = {Gut-kidney axis: Dysbiosis and renal disease.}, journal = {World journal of nephrology}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {115357}, pmid = {41884244}, issn = {2220-6124}, abstract = {According United States renal data system the morbidity rate for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is 2.5 times than patients not affected by CKD and the mortality rate is 144.9 per 1000 persons-years. The gut microbiota is involved in uremic toxins (UTs) production. This fact was demonstrated by experiments in rats, which revealed better survival in CKD rats that were deprived of the gut microbiota. In men, UT levels are low in CKD patients without a colon. Diet may affect the gut microbiota through food additives such as prebiotics, probiotics and post biotics. Conservation processes and food processing may also affect the gut microbiota. Other factors are food quantity and composition. The gut microbiota may be the cause of UTs production and accumulation in the blood. Additionally, there is interplay among different organs such as liver, kidney and gut. Several theories have been formulated to justify the interplay between the metabolic dysfunctions. In particular, the increase of species such as Eggerthelia lenta, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Alistipes shahii leads to an increase of the aromatic amino acids degradation, and secondary bile acids and trimethyamine oxide biosynthesis in the intestine. This fact determines an increase of the levels of UT precursors such as indole, p-cresol, phenol, phenylacetaleyde, benzoic acid and trimethylamine. Recent studies document the following. The human microbiome project revealed that the gut microbiota may play an important role in both human health and diseases, including kidney disease. Recently, several studies have shown a strict correlation between the gut microbiota and CKD. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are possible therapies. Probiotics are living microorganisms that, consumed in adequate quantities, are beneficial for the patient, and act on the intestinal microbiome equilibrium. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are common examples of probiotics. Prebiotics are generally fibers not absorbed by the gut, representing a selective nutrient for the microbiome already present in the gut, which favors their growth and activity. Inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides and other fibers are examples of prebiotics. The association and synergism between probiotics and prebiotics is symbiotic.}, }
@article {pmid41885241, year = {2026}, author = {Xie, Z and Zeng, G and Zheng, M and Zhang, H and Pan, X and Li, W and Lei, B}, title = {A diazotroph-lettuce symbiosis platform based on a carbon dot-microalgal hybrid system.}, journal = {Nanoscale}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5nr05171a}, pmid = {41885241}, issn = {2040-3372}, abstract = {A diazotroph-plant symbiosis model system has been developed, but the nitrogen-fixation efficiency of the engineered system remains suboptimal compared with those of their wild-type counterparts. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) with benzoquinone and phenazine structures, prepared from o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) and catechol (CAT), were selected as an electron donor and an electron relay to construct a CD/microalgal hybrid nitrogen-fixation system. The photocurrent response confirmed the photoelectron-donor capability of the CDs. Nostoc commune Vauch was chosen as the diazotroph. The hybrid system produced 1.32-fold more ethylene than pure microalgae. When integrated with a lettuce hydroponic platform, the system enabled lettuce to utilize atmospheric nitrogen as an ammonia fertilizer. The net photosynthetic rate, total fresh weight, total chlorophyll content, and total soluble protein content of lettuce grown in the established platform increased by 1.20-, 1.12-, 1.14-, and 1.32-fold, respectively, contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41886872, year = {2026}, author = {Roger, M and Le Monier, P and Bruzac, S and Noël, C and Akcha, F and Bertucci, A}, title = {Tissue differences and changes in the resident bacteriome composition of the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas in relation to trace metal contamination.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {314}, number = {}, pages = {120064}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120064}, pmid = {41886872}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {Symbiotic microbial communities associated with marine organisms may contribute to the biology and the local adaptation of their host, playing a crucial role in the health of the holobiont. The role of the microbiome of bivalves remains poorly understood despite their high economic value and use as sentinel species to biomonitor water quality. In this study, we used 16S (V3-V4) rRNA amplicon sequencing to investigate the resident bacterial communities associated with the digestive gland, the mantle and the gills of Pacific oysters. We analysed oysters collected from six sites along the French coastline to investigate whether chemical stressors can shape the oyster bacteriome in natural conditions. The resident bacteriome of oysters was dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Spirochaetota, Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota with some differences between organs. Chemical analysis revealed differences in trace metal concentration among sites and organs. Statistical analysis showed strong positive or negative correlations between the concentration in some metals and bacterial diversity (ASVs abundance). We identified 316 ASVs associated with As, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations in digestive glands, 99 ASVs associated with Ni concentrations in gills, and 116 ASVs associated with Cu concentrations in the mantle. Metal contamination mostly affected members of the core microbiota of oysters such as genera Colwellia and Psychrobacter, evidencing the crucial role of marine pollutants, particularly trace metals, as key parameters of the interactions between hosts and their bacterial partners.}, }
@article {pmid41735336, year = {2026}, author = {Stabbins, A and Goffredi, S and Gasbarro, R and Dawson, K and Magyar, J and Glazier, A and Meinert, K and Orphan, V and Cordes, E}, title = {Microbially mediated carbon utilization by a cold-water coral inhabiting methane seeps.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41735336}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Deep-sea methane seeps fuel biodiverse habitats sustained by the release of hydrocarbon-rich fluids and associated microbial activity. Here, we describe the ecology of a seep-associated cold-water coral and provide evidence of its associations with chemosynthetic bacteria. High-resolution seafloor surveys revealed that the distribution of this coral was predominantly confined to actively seeping zones, and habitat suitability models confirmed that proximity to active seepage was an important factor influencing the coral’s distribution. Stable carbon-isotope values were consistent with a nutritional strategy incorporating chemosynthetically derived carbon, likely as a supplement to suspension feeding on photosynthetically derived material. Microbial metabarcoding confirmed the presence of both thiotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria, including SUP05 and MMG-2 groups. Incubations with [13]C-labelled methane further revealed this species may also be capable of assimilating methane-derived carbon into its biomass. These findings provide new evidence of a previously underrecognized facultative symbiosis between cold-water corals and chemosymbiotic bacteria and suggest that these corals are not restricted to the periphery of seep habitats. Instead, they may exploit microbial associations, including contributions from both thiotrophic and potentially methanotrophic taxa, to persist in actively seeping areas.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-32153-0.}, }
@article {pmid41874402, year = {2026}, author = {Bongrand, C and Lami, R and Suzuki, MT and Koch, EJ}, title = {Two Vibrio species co-colonize a morphologically complex symbiotic light organ.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag063}, pmid = {41874402}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {The squid-vibrio symbiosis has illuminated fundamental mechanisms of beneficial animal-microbe associations, yet the interactions within sepiolid squid of the Mediterranean Sea remain underexplored. Here we characterize the Sepiola affinis squid-vibrio symbiosis by combining whole-genome sequencing of light-organ isolates, confocal microscopy, and temperature-dependent growth assays. Comparative genomic analyses (ANI, phylogenomics, and functional analyses) revealed two previously undescribed Vibrio species to be symbionts of the S. affinis light organ. One of the species clusters more distantly from other Vibrio species, whereas the second is closer to established Vibrio clades and exhibits an expanded repertoire of mobile elements and Type VI secretion components, suggesting heightened capacity for genetic exchange and interbacterial interaction. Furthermore, confocal microscopy of juvenile squid established that the S. affinis light organ comprises twelve crypts connected by pores and ducts, expanding the number of symbiotic niches relative to other sepiolid squid. In addition, fluorescently labeled isolates from the two Vibrio species colonized juveniles in both mono- and co-colonization patterns within crypts. Finally, growth assays across 16-24°C identified species-specific temperature differences, indicating temperature preferences that may align with seasonal variability in the Mediterranean Sea. Together, these findings position S. affinis to be a tractable model for studying how symbiont diversity, organ architecture, and interbacterial interactions contribute to the stability of a mutualistic symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41874404, year = {2026}, author = {Kück, AC and Leibrecht, L and Morel-Letelier, I and Gros, O and Wilkins, LGE and Yuen-Simović, B and Petersen, JM}, title = {Host species-specific gene expression by a widespread and flexible chemosynthetic symbiont.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag065}, pmid = {41874404}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Associations with microbial symbionts shape the ecology and evolution of almost all eukaryotes. One of their defining features is their specificity, but despite this, many symbioses show a degree of flexibility, with some symbiont species capable of colonizing multiple (often closely related) host species. Although widespread, the functional and evolutionary consequences of flexibility in host-symbiont pairings is poorly understood. Bivalves from the diverse, globally distributed, and ecologically important family Lucinidae are ideal for investigating this, as multiple host species can associate with the same symbiont species, often at the same location. We used metatranscriptomics to investigate the molecular responses of one symbiont species, Candidatus Thiodiazotropha endolucinida, in association with three different host species that co-occur in seagrass meadows in the Caribbean Sea. In replicated experiments, we identified host species-specific patterns of symbiont gene expression including those for key functions such as carbon fixation, cell division, and sulfide oxidation. Our work shows that the symbiont consistently responds in different ways to association with different host species. Because all samples were collected at the same site on the same day, and were thus exposed to the same environmental conditions, these differences are likely driven by host rather than environmental factors. In addition, host species had significantly different carbon isotope signatures, which were consistent with distinct modes of host-microbe interaction indicated by transcriptomics. Our results show that not only symbiont genotype, but also symbiont phenotype may enable coexistence of closely related host species, demonstrating the power of symbiosis in promoting and maintaining biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid41874807, year = {2026}, author = {Shichinohe, S and Izumiyama, S and Takaki, Y and Hirai, M and Urayama, SI and Nunoura, T and Kazama, M}, title = {Identification of a novel toti-like virus symbiotic with Giardia duodenalis.}, journal = {Archives of virology}, volume = {171}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41874807}, issn = {1432-8798}, support = {16H06429, 16K21723, 17H05809//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 2021-Ippan-35, 2022-Ippan-32, 2024-Ippan-28//The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41875802, year = {2026}, author = {Balakrishnan, D and Magudeeswari, P and Surapaneni, M and Kumar, AP and Anantha, MS and Saiprasad, SV and Neelamraju, S and Sundaram, RM}, title = {Genotyping by sequencing of wild interspecific mapping population detected novel genetic locus harbouring OsPT11 for rice yield under nutrient stress conditions.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {233}, number = {}, pages = {111231}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111231}, pmid = {41875802}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Nutrient deficiency is a major constraint to crop production, severely impairing crop establishment and yield. The development of high-yielding cultivars with enhanced tolerance to limited nutrient availability is therefore essential for sustainable crop production. Wild introgression lines, which have evolved to grow and reproduce under adverse environmental conditions, represent valuable genetic resources and potential donors of traits and genes that confer adaptation to nutrient-limited environments. In this study, wild introgression lines derived from Oryza rufipogon were evaluated across six environments, comprising four environments under the recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) and two environments under low-phosphorus (low P) conditions. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) enabled the identification of 113 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with key agronomic traits. Of these, 41 major QTLs were detected under RDP, while 21 major QTLs were identified under low P stress, explaining up to 28.06% and 30.23% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Notably, two major QTLs governing grain yield were consistently detected under low-phosphorus conditions, with favourable alleles enhancing yield derived from O. rufipogon. QTLs for days to 50% flowering, number of tillers per plant, and number of productive tillers per plant were consistently identified across both environments. Furthermore, a QTL hotspot region was detected on chromosome 1, harbouring eight QTLs associated with biomass, total tiller number, productive tiller number, total dry matter, and thousand-grain weight. Candidate gene analysis within this hotspot region identified the Pi transporter gene OsPT11, which is involved in phosphorus acquisition and translocation and plays a key role in activating mycorrhizal symbiosis. These findings suggest that this QTL region represents a promising target for improving grain yield under low-nutrient conditions and may enhance root-microbiome interactions, facilitating more efficient nutrient uptake under stress.}, }
@article {pmid41870392, year = {2026}, author = {de Campos Costa, MA and Macedo Fraiz, G and Rezende Cardoso, R and da Silva, A and da Silva Duarte, V and Soares Gazzinelli Cruz, CE and Rodrigues, EG and Shaikh, MW and Keshavarzian, A and Hamaker, BR and Corich, V and Giacomini, A and Stampini Duarte Martino, H and Bressan, J and Ribeiro de Barros, FA}, title = {Regular black tea kombucha consumption is associated with improved insulin resistance and increased ADIPOQ expression in adults with obesity: a pre-post clinical trial.}, journal = {Food &amp; function}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5fo02226f}, pmid = {41870392}, issn = {2042-650X}, abstract = {Kombucha is a fermented beverage obtained by a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY). Although in vitro and animal studies suggest that kombucha has anti-inflammatory and anti-obesogenic properties, no clinical trials have confirmed that. In this pre-post clinical intervention study, we aimed to evaluate whether regular black tea kombucha consumption would impact metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers; body weight and composition; and obesity-associated genes in individuals with and without obesity. This study follows the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) guidelines. Individuals with normal weight (Group 1; n = 20) and with obesity (Group 2; n = 16) received 200 mL of black tea kombucha for 8 consecutive weeks. Blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were collected at the baseline (T0) and after 8 weeks of intervention (T8). Most inflammatory (hs-CRP, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70) and oxidative stress markers (FRAP, MDA, and NO) showed significant changes over time following the intervention. However, interaction analyses revealed that responses to kombucha consumption differed between groups for only a limited number of variables: body weight, conicity index, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP. An upregulation of the gene ADIPOQ in the SAT (p = 0.0481) was also observed, alongside a positive correlation between the BMI and PPARγ (r = 0.58; p = 0.030), and between HOMA-IR and both NFκB (r = 0.73; p = 0.002) and SREBF1 (r = 0.66; p = 0.010). In conclusion, metabolic and inflammatory pathways may respond differently to kombucha consumption depending on the obesity status. The results are mainly attributed to the high number and diversity of phenolic compounds identified in the black tea kombucha, which confer a high antioxidant capacity to the beverage.}, }
@article {pmid41871362, year = {2026}, author = {Soto, C and Almendras, K and Orlando, J}, title = {Functional hierarchy and redundancy organize phosphorus cycling potential in Peltigera lichen microbiomes.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnag029}, pmid = {41871362}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {Lichen symbioses host complex microbial communities whose functional organization remains poorly understood. In Peltigera lichens, bacterial partners mediate key nutrient transformations, but it is unclear whether the spatial distribution of phosphorus-cycling functions follows the hierarchical control previously observed for community composition. We hypothesized that Peltigera microbiomes follow a thallus-to-soil gradient of control, in which host-driven specialization within thalli transitions toward environmentally driven reconfiguration in the substrate and soil. To test this, we quantified five bacterial genes involved in phosphorus turnover (gcd, phoD, phoN, phnX, and appA) across thalli, underlying substrates, and adjacent soils of several Peltigera species collected along contrasting Patagonian bioclimates. Absolute and relative gene abundances, together with diversity and variance partitioning analyses, were used to evaluate the influence of host identity, edaphic properties, and climate. Gene profiles revealed a shift from host-associated specialization to environmentally filtered assemblages, indicating that symbiotic and abiotic factors jointly structure phosphorus-cycling potential. The coexistence of functional specialization and redundancy provides a plausible mechanism for sustaining phosphorus turnover under changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41871796, year = {2026}, author = {Beigel, K and Bringhurst, B and Greenwold, M and Kellner, K and Seal, JN}, title = {Non-reciprocal coevolution in a fungus-gardening ant.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108608}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108608}, pmid = {41871796}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {Symbioses are often characterized by nonrandom associations between hosts and symbionts. Hosts may obtain symbionts horizontally from the environment or vertically from a parent or sometimes use both methods. Macroevolutionary examinations of fungus-gardening ants and their fungi have shown either a 1:1 coevolution model or a 'diffuse' model between ant host and fungal symbionts. However, some of these conclusions may have been based on using relatively conservative molecular markers, which could obscure cryptic variation. The use of whole genome approaches potentially offer more power in elucidating coevolutionary history. In this study, we examined patterns of coevolution in a single species (Trachymyrmex septentrionalis) using genomic and experimental approaches. We tested whether ant-fungal specificity patterns reflected either 1:1 or diffuse models of coevolution. While we report significant co-phylogenetic signal among intraspecific ant host and fungal symbiont lineages, we found evidence of 1:1 coevolution in some lineages and diffuse in others. These conclusions were supported by the results of experiments where newly mated T. septentrionalis queens were forced to grow novel fungi that suggested that not all fungi are equivalent symbionts and would require specialized hosts. Thus, within a single ant species, there is a mixed support for both models.}, }
@article {pmid41871993, year = {2026}, author = {Dallaire, A and Kameoka, H}, title = {Status of mycorrhiza research in 2026.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71119}, pmid = {41871993}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {W2432020//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis improves the nutrition of most land plants and plays key roles in nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. To understand and leverage the biology of mycorrhizal symbioses for sustainable agriculture and silviculture and the preservation of terrestrial ecosystems, molecular mechanisms enabling its establishment, function, and regulation are being investigated. Technological and conceptual advances are transforming the field and provide a detailed understanding of the mycorrhizal symbiosis on both the fungal and plant sides. In this viewpoint, we summarize recent advances that move the field toward a mechanistic understanding of mycorrhizal symbiosis, with a particular focus on studies presented at the 7[th] International Molecular Mycorrhiza Meeting (iMMM) held in Munich in September 2025.}, }
@article {pmid41872234, year = {2026}, author = {Li, X and Long, Q and Jiang, M and Tan, W and Ding, N and Sun, H and Liu, X and Hu, X and Liu, H and Li, X and Liu, J and Zhou, J and Du, X}, title = {Engineered microbial hydrogels with confined architecture and binary microbes for efficient hydrogen production.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-70988-x}, pmid = {41872234}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {52173260//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 22408243//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Renewable energy sources, particularly hydrogen, offer a promising solution to address global energy crisis and carbon emissions. Microalgae-driven hydrogen production has attracted immense interest in both scientific and industrial fields. However, challenges such as high oxygen sensitivity, substantial water demand, and low hydrogen production efficiency limit their potential. Here, we develop a core-shell symbiotic hydrogel system for enhanced hydrogen production via leveraging coaxial 3D bioprinting to spatially separate microalgae (i.e., core component) and bacteria (i.e., shell component). These networks optimize light and nutrient utilization while providing a localized anaerobic microenvironment to facilitate hydrogen production from microalgal photosynthesis. The symbiotic system enables a high hydrogen yield (1763 ± 98 mL L[-][1]). The system not only provides a highly efficient, liquid-free strategy for biohydrogen generation, but also advances the understanding of symbiotic relationships and microorganism-material interactions for creating advanced living material systems.}, }
@article {pmid41872829, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, M and Zhu, Z and Zhang, K and Jiang, L and Zeng, T and Cheng, J}, title = {Couples' symbiotic experience in perinatal vulnerability: a phenomenological qualitative study.}, journal = {BMC pregnancy and childbirth}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12884-026-08964-y}, pmid = {41872829}, issn = {1471-2393}, support = {No. 72304105//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. 2024D26//2024 Scientific Research Fund Proiect of Tongii Hospital/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41873149, year = {2026}, author = {Panossian, B and McLean, AHC and Patel, V and Wu, T and Haider, MB and Oliver, KM and Henry, LM}, title = {Phage toxin variants are linked to protection specificity in a defensive symbiont.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msag079}, pmid = {41873149}, issn = {1537-1719}, abstract = {Insects often depend on symbiotic bacteria for protection, yet the mechanisms by which these microbes target specific natural enemies remain poorly understood. In aphids, different strains of the facultative symbiont Hamiltonella defensa provide highly specific protection against particular species of parasitoid wasps. To uncover the genetic basis of this specificity, we analyzed 26 Hamiltonella genomes and their toxin-encoding APSE bacteriophages with distinct protective phenotypes. Our analyses revealed that Hamiltonella strains share a conserved core genome but differ significantly in accessory gene content, reflecting their distinct evolutionary origins. Strikingly, we show that variation in toxin types is the key distinguishing feature of APSE phages in Hamiltonella strains that protect against different parasitoid species. These toxin repertoires include several novel candidates, such as variants with MAC/perforin domains and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins previously unreported in insect defensive symbionts. We also reveal cases of multiple co-integrated APSE phages carrying different toxins within a single genomic locus. These findings suggest phage-borne toxins are important determinants of enemy-specific defense and point to phage-driven toxin diversification as a major force shaping the functional evolution of this symbiosis. This work highlights how mobile genetic elements influence the ecological roles and diversification of protective symbionts.}, }
@article {pmid41873576, year = {2026}, author = {Rosa-Téllez, S and García-Calderón, M and Medeiros, DB and Márquez, AJ and Fernie, AR and Betti, M}, title = {Disruption of Asparagine Synthetase Is Associated to Increased Biomass in Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pbi.70637}, pmid = {41873576}, issn = {1467-7652}, support = {PID2021-122353OB-I00//MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER, UE/ ; RTI-2018-093571-B100//MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER, UE/ ; }, abstract = {Asparagine (Asn) constitutes the major form of nitrogen translocated within Lotus japonicus plants. In this work we use knock-out (KO) LORE1 mutants-deficient in the asparagine synthetase gene (LjASN1), which is the most highly expressed ASN gene in plants grown under non-symbiotic (NS) conditions, but much less expressed under symbiotic (S) conditions. The analysis of two different Ljasn1 homozygous mutant lines grown under NS or S conditions indicated that a much higher biomass was produced in Ljasn1 mutants grown under NS conditions compared to the WT (wild-type), whereas little difference with the WT was observed in mutant plants under S conditions. Metabolomic analysis revealed that Ljasn1 mutant plants are quite distinct to WT plants when grown under NS conditions, but not under S conditions. Asn levels were considerably reduced in Ljasn1 mutant plants compared to the WT when plants were grown under NS but not under S conditions. A general decrease in amino acids and an increase in carbon compounds, such as sugars and oxo-acids, was detected in NS roots and shoots, respectively, which may explain the growth phenotypes observed. RNAseq analysis showed changes related to oxidative metabolism under NS conditions, and C/N metabolism under S conditions. The data indicate that the LjASN1 deficiency produces important changes in the C/N balance and metabolite allocation of L. japonicus plants resulting in higher biomass content and lower Asn levels, two interesting traits for biotechnological crops engineering.}, }
@article {pmid41864978, year = {2026}, author = {Vandenberghe, M and Marques, GM and Andersen, AC and Decker, C and Olu, K and Duperron, S and Gaudron, SM}, title = {A novel bioenergetic model outlines the metabolism of a deep-sea clam and that of its sulfur-oxidizing symbionts.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-41176-0}, pmid = {41864978}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {For the first time, two Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models were developed for a chemosymbiotic deep-sea vesicomyid clam. A classical DEB model was applied and then an innovative DEB model was developed (named "farming"). The models were parameterized using data on host and symbionts, including original unpublished data. In the farming model the digestion of the sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts for host nutrition was explicitly modeled. Unexpected results were obtained regarding the dynamics of host and symbionts with this model: the host appears to forgo a maximal ingestion for a lower and stable ingestion, revealing a new kind of homeostasis. Moreover, when the clam is adult, most of the oxygen consumed by the chemosynthetic symbiosis was predicted to be by the symbionts. A high host energy maintenance flux was predicted and consistent with the likely high energy demand of host ion homeostasis mechanisms to cope with symbiont protons and sulfates release.}, }
@article {pmid41865437, year = {2026}, author = {Qian, Y and Shi, J and Ren, M and Chen, H and Zhang, K and Liu, Z}, title = {The influence of static magnetic field on the removal of microplastics by bacterial-algal symbiotic system in simulated seawater.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {228}, number = {}, pages = {119593}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119593}, pmid = {41865437}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Plastic pollution, particularly microplastics (MPs), has emerged as a serious environmental issue, threatening ecological security and human health, especially in seawater where contamination levels are alarming. This study explores the feasibility of removing MPs from seawater using a bacterial-algal symbiotic system (BASS) under static magnetic field (SMF), while investigating the underlying mechanisms and the impact of MPs on the system. Results show that SMF of 150 mT significantly improves nutrient salts removal efficiency in BASS, with increases of 5%-10% for ammonia nitrogen, 10% for total phosphorus, and 5% for total carbon compared to non-magnetic conditions. The SMF also stimulates bacterial and algal growth. However, the accumulation of MPs exerted adverse effects on the system, with polyethylene (PE) exhibiting greater toxicity than polypropylene (PP). This accumulation significantly inhibited biomass growth and the simultaneous nitrification-denitrification process, leading to a relatively low total nitrogen removal efficiency of approximately 40%. High-throughput sequencing reveals Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota as dominant bacterial phyla, but MPs accumulation significantly reduces Bacteroidota abundance, impacting denitrification. Notably, the SMF enhances the abundance of nitrogen-removing genera like Xanthomarina and Marinobacter. The adsorption efficiency of the BASS toward MPs correlates positively with the secretion levels of extracellular polymeric substances. Experimental findings indicate that MPs removal involves both adsorption and fragmentation, with adsorption rates ranging from 7.5% to 40.7% and fragmentation rates from 3.8% to 16.9%. Elevated cumulative concentrations of MPs (exceeding 1.5 g/L) can lead to destabilization of the BASS system.}, }
@article {pmid41865823, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, ZY and Cui, YW and Mi, YN and Gu, XY and Yang, RC and Su, MX and Li, JY}, title = {Salinity decrease leads to recovery of filamentous bacterial bulking in moderately halophilic aerobic granules: Unraveling the role of fungi.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134443}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134443}, pmid = {41865823}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Moderately halophilic aerobic granular sludge (M-HAGS) is an effective solution for treating ultra-high-salinity wastewater (≥ 50 g/L). In this study, filamentous bacterial bulking was observed for the first time. When influent salinity was reduced from 100 to 30 g/L, filamentous bacterial bulking in M-HAGS was recovered. The stable M-HAGS structure was maintained even after salinity was restored to 150 g/L. This study revealed the mechanism of granule bulking and recovery. The results indicated that at high salinity (≥ 100 g/L) a symbiotic relationship existed between filamentous bacteria and Halolactibacillus sp. within the bulking granules. Filamentous bacteria could feed on lactate and consume dissolved oxygen of granule surface, enabling in an anaerobic environment in the core of M-HAGS. When salinity was decreased from 100 to 30 g/L, the fungal population increased by 350-fold due to its low-salinity adaptation. Fungal hyphae penetrated the granules and formed oxygen-transport channels into the granule core, which disrupted the anaerobic habitat of Halolactibacillus sp. In addition, low salinity promoted the growth of Paracoccus sp., which secreted polysaccharide to promote granule adhesion. When salinity increased to 150 g/L, fungal overgrowth was limited by salinity inhibition, avoiding occurrence of fungal bulking. This study advances fundamental understanding of filamentous bacterial bulking and provides a feasible strategy for recovering disintegrated M-HAGS.}, }
@article {pmid41866241, year = {2026}, author = {Chauhan, S and Kumari, P and Deepa, N and Chanotiya, J and Trivedi, PK and Singh, A}, title = {Proteomic insights into plant-endophyte interactions: advancing understanding of mutualistic symbiosis and plant resilience.}, journal = {Critical reviews in biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-20}, doi = {10.1080/07388551.2026.2618190}, pmid = {41866241}, issn = {1549-7801}, abstract = {Endophytic microorganisms are a vital part of the plant microbiome, contributing significantly to the plant's growth, development, and stress tolerance. Proteomics investigations have significantly enhanced our comprehension of the interactions between plants and endophytes, illuminating the complex molecular mechanisms that govern these mutually beneficial relationships. The review aims to integrate the latest developments in proteomic research concerning endophyte-plant interactions, emphasizing on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie the benefit imparted to the host plant by the symbionts. The special focus of the review is to discuss the proteome level changes happening at the early recognition events, primary and secondary metabolism, signaling pathways, and defense mechanisms. By underscoring critical proteomic signatures, the review aspires to offer insights into how these interactions enhance plant health, increase stress resilience, and promote overall growth. The article discusses the potential applications of proteomics in agriculture and environmental sciences, emphasizing its role in crop resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses, optimizing biocontrol strategies, and improving nutrient use efficiency. The article also highlights that despite the advancements, critical gaps persist including the necessity for a deeper understanding of the temporal dynamics of proteomic responses, the specificity of protein-protein interactions, and the influence of environmental factors on the proteome induced by the endophytes. The review concludes by proposing future directions for proteomics research in plant-endophyte interactions for developing a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate molecular dialogues for developing a more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid41866923, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, LJ and Xu, T and Zhang, M and Ling, YX and Wang, W and Feng, L and Zhao, Q and Han, BX and Yi, SY}, title = {Coprinellus sp. DJL-31 Promotes Both Seed Germination and Pseudobulb Growth in Cremastra appendiculata.}, journal = {Journal of basic microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {e70164}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.70164}, pmid = {41866923}, issn = {1521-4028}, support = {2023YFC3503804//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2060302//Key Project at central government level, Chinese Medicine Resources/ ; YQZD2024037//Key Project of Excellent Young Teachers Training in Anhui Province/ ; 2025AHGXZK20167//Major Research Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Education/ ; XDGJ202503//The West Anhui University Campus Collaborative Research and Innovation Team Project/ ; CI2021B013//Science and Technology Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences/ ; TCMADM-2024-04//Open Project of Anhui Dabieshan Chinese Medicine Research Institute/ ; WXZR202427//Open Project of Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; }, mesh = {*Germination ; *Orchidaceae/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Seeds/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis ; Triticum/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Endophytes/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; Mycorrhizae/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Sorghum/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Cremastra appendiculata is an endangered medicinal orchid with limited propagation, as its seeds depend on specific symbiotic fungi for germination, and its pseudobulbs have poor propagation efficiency. Pseudobulb-associated endophytes render ex situ cultivation of C. appendiculata more feasible than seed-associated mycorrhizal fungi, as the former are easier to culture under controlled conditions and thus better support the orchid's ex situ propagation. In this study, 35 fungal strains representing 15 genera from 12 families were isolated from C. appendiculata pseudobulbs. Six of these strains were evaluated for growth-promoting capacity, and assays on wheat and sorghum indicated five isolates demonstrated growth-promoting effects on model plants. When their specific symbiotic roles in C. appendiculata were examined, only Coprinellus sp. DJL-31 enhanced seed germination and pseudobulb development. With DJL-31, seed germination was ~85%, and protocorms formed within 45 days. DJL-31 advanced pseudobulb sprouting by 7-10 days and increased sprout number. Microscopy verified that DJL-31 colonized epidermal and cortical cells in protocorm, forming hyphal aggregates. The other four strains that promoted the growth of model crops had no significant effects on C. appendiculata. This is the first to reveal the growth-promoting potential of Coprinellus sp. DJL-31 during the "seed germination-pseudobulb growth" phase of C. appendiculata. These results provide a novel pseudobulb-based screening framework to support the ex situ propagation and conservation of C. appendiculata.}, }
@article {pmid41868351, year = {2026}, author = {Gou, L and Miao, X and Liu, Y and Zhang, M and Guo, M}, title = {Construction of a Cu/Fe/S multi-active-site synergistic Fenton-like system via mechanically activated natural copper sulfide ore for efficient tetracycline degradation.}, journal = {RSC advances}, volume = {16}, number = {17}, pages = {15736-15748}, pmid = {41868351}, issn = {2046-2069}, abstract = {Addressing the underexplored catalytic potential of natural polymetallic sulfide minerals and the unclear structure-activity relationship between symbiotic structures and catalytic performance, this study explores the use of mechanically activated natural copper sulfide ore to construct a bimetallic synergistic Fenton-like system for tetracycline degradation, with a focus on the synergistic role of Cu/Fe/S multi-active sites. By optimizing ball milling parameters (ball-to-powder ratio of 3 : 1, duration of 24 h), the catalyst achieved a remarkable 90.11% tetracycline degradation within 10 minutes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that mechanical activation refined particle size, increased specific surface area, and exposed more Cu/Fe/S active sites, establishing a "homogeneous (66.36%) - heterogeneous (33.64%)" synergistic catalytic mechanism. In the homogeneous phase, dissolved Cu[2+]/Fe[2+] accelerated H2O2 decomposition. In the heterogeneous phase, the Cu[+]/Fe[3+] redox couple (0.16 V/0.77 V) created an energy level difference. Coupled with reductive sulfur species (S[2-], S2 [2-])-mediated electron transfer, this facilitated the Fe[3+] → Fe[2+] and Cu[2+] → Cu[+] cycles, thereby enhancing radical generation efficiency. Two distinct degradation pathways for tetracycline by the copper sulfide concentrate were identified, with intermediates undergoing deep oxidation and ring-opening reactions to mineralize into H2O, CO2, and NO3 [-]. This study overcomes the limitations of traditional single iron-based sulfide catalysts, revealing the catalytic enhancement mechanism of natural mineral symbiotic structures under mechanical activation. It offers a cost-effective and efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like solution for antibiotic wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41868368, year = {2026}, author = {Dou, W and Li, T}, title = {Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility triggers intergenerational dysregulation of the small RNA regulatory network in offspring.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1764569}, pmid = {41868368}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The intracellular symbiont Wolbachia, which is widespread among insects, may induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) between hosts with different infection statuses. Increasing evidence indicates that symbiotic bacteria can influence host reproduction, metabolism, and other biological processes by modulating non-coding small RNAs. However, it is still unclear how Wolbachia-induced CI affects the offspring reproduction. In this study, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, small RNA and transcriptome sequencing were conducted on the reproductive systems of the offspring resulting from crosses between Wolbachia-infected males and uninfected females. By comparing F1 males and females to their respective paternal or maternal lines, we identified distinct intergenerational discrepancies. The male offspring of the CI cross showed a significant upregulation of immune-related genes and a notable downregulation of reproductive-related genes. Moreover, the microRNA regulatory network in the testes of the offspring was significantly disrupted, with the target genes directly involved in embryonic development, energy metabolism, immune regulation, and reproductive behavior. Additionally, increased transposable element (TE) expression and piRNA dysregulation were observed in the testes of male offspring. Overall, this study offered new insights into the intergenerational regulatory effects of Wolbachia-induced CI and its potential mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid41868371, year = {2026}, author = {Bel Mokhtar, N and Stathopoulou, P and Asimakis, E and Augustinos, A and Salgueiro, J and Alleck, M and Sookar, P and Dembilio, &#xd3; and Segura, DF and Tsiamis, G}, title = {Evolutionary dynamics of type VI secretion systems in fruit fly-associated Enterobacter.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1755534}, pmid = {41868371}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Species in the genus Enterobacter are widely distributed and occupy diverse ecological niches. Although many species within this genus have been extensively isolated and characterized, their symbiotic associations with Tephritidae fruit flies remain understudied, particularly through comparative genomic analyses. To address this gap, we conducted a whole-genome comparative analysis of thirteen Enterobacter strains isolated from the most economically significant fruit fly species: Anastrepha fraterculus, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, and Zeugodacus cucurbitae. The results revealed that different fruit flies harbor distinct Enterobacter species, with Enterobacter hormaechei being the most prevalent across hosts. Notably, distinct E. hormaechei subspecies were associated with specific hosts, suggesting a potential host-driven adaptation and coevolution. Pangenome analysis highlighted a dynamic genetic structure among these strains, with significant differences in the core, shell, and species-specific gene composition. The high proportion of metabolism-related genes in the core genome suggests a conserved role in essential biological functions, whereas the enrichment of mobile genetic elements (prophages and transposons) and cell motility genes within the shell and species-specific genomes highlights the genomic plasticity and potential host-specific adaptations. Three distinct subtypes of T6SS (type VI secretion systems) gene clusters, T6SS_C1, T6SS_C2, and T6SS_C3, were detected across Enterobacter strains. T6SS_C1 and T6SS_C2 were identified in most Enterobacter strains, whereas T6SS_C3 cluster was restricted to a single isolate. Although these clusters contained thirteen core T6SS genes, they were characterized by different gene synteny and effector/immunity gene content, suggesting that different Enterobacter strains may utilize distinct mechanisms for interbacterial interactions, host manipulation, and environmental adaptation. Overall, our findings reveal the genetic basis of the symbiosis between Enterobacter species and fruit flies, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics, diversity of T6SS, and functional traits. These results open new avenues for developing microbiome-based strategies for pest management, including the targeted manipulation of microbial communities to enhance sterile insect technique (SIT) outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41869768, year = {2026}, author = {Utley, D and Budnick, A and Radutoiu, S and Sederoff, H}, title = {Circular RNAs in Lotus japonicus Responses to Nutrient Supply and Mesorhizobium Symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70496}, pmid = {41869768}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {NNF19SA0059362//Novo Nordisk Fonden/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic interactions between legumes and rhizobia enable nitrogen fixation under low nutrient conditions. The establishment and function of symbiotic interactions require coordinated changes in gene expression in both the host and the microbe. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous gene-specific molecules that can regulate transcription and translation in response to biotic and abiotic stress through various mechanisms. Our objective was to identify circRNAs specifically generated in response to nutrient supply and rhizobial symbiosis. We sequenced nodulated and non-inoculated roots from Lotus japonicus and identified a total of 11,923 putative circRNAs originating from 5,290 nuclear-encoded transcripts in Lotus roots under low or high nutrient supply and nodulated roots. Of those, 58 circRNAs were specific and present in most nodulated root samples. We identified circRNAs for more than half of the known symbiosis-associated genes, including SymRK, CCamK, and Cyclops, and showed that several of those genes also generated circRNAs in Phaseolus vulgaris nodules. We validated select circRNAs potentially involved in regulating symbiosis and predicted miRNA recognition elements (MREs) created only by the backsplice junctions of circRNAs. These putative backsplice-generated MREs could represent an additional mechanism by which circRNAs may modulate the abundance and translation of mRNAs in competing endogenous RNA-regulatory networks.}, }
@article {pmid41870205, year = {2026}, author = {Senanayake, G and Pease, AB and Gautam, CK and Prüß, BM and Geddes, BA}, title = {Fluorescent bioreporters for assessing nitrogenase expression and rhizobial nodule occupancy in Lotus japonicus and Pisum sativum.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0010326}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00103-26}, pmid = {41870205}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {A bioreporter system based on sfYFP, sfCFP, and mScarlet-I in Mesorhizobium japonicum and sfYFP and sfCFP in Rhizobium leguminosarum, driven by nifH consensus promoters was established to monitor occupancy and nitrogen fixation events within legume host nodules. These bioreporter plasmids expand established rhizobium sfGFP system to new hosts and fluorophores.}, }
@article {pmid41859980, year = {2026}, author = {Akebota, N and Ma, RF and Yang, HQ and Li, YD and He, K and Liu, HY and Tang, KY and Zhu, Y}, title = {Behavioral smearing and physiological secretions drive divergent microbiome assembly during breeding in the crested ibis.}, journal = {Zoological research}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {361-373}, doi = {10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2025.407}, pmid = {41859980}, issn = {2095-8137}, mesh = {Animals ; *Microbiota/physiology ; *Birds/physiology/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Feathers/microbiology ; Seasons ; Reproduction/physiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; }, abstract = {Host-microbiota interactions represent a key axis in animal adaptation, especially in species displaying pronounced seasonal variation in behavior and physiology. In avian species, behavioral processes associated with reproduction may influence symbiotic microbial communities, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly resolved. The endangered crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) exhibits a distinctive seasonal transition in plumage coloration, shifting from white in the non-breeding period to gray during breeding, a change linked to smearing behavior and deposition of black secretions from the neck region. In the present study, 16S rRNA sequencing across three body sites was performed to profile body surface microbiomes during breeding (gray-feather) and non-breeding (white-feather) stages. Breeding individuals exhibited lower microbial diversity, consistent with an influence of black neck secretions on microbiome structure. Microbial communities were differentiated more strongly by season than by body site, and microbial similarity among body sites increased during breeding, supporting redistribution of microbes through smearing behavior. Community assembly also showed clear season- and site-specific variation. Neck feathers exhibited a 36.5% better fit to the neutral model, indicating a stronger contribution of stochastic assembly, likely associated with microbial dispersal during smearing of black secretions. In contrast, neck skin showed a 36.3% lower neutrality and 11.87% more host-selected variants, indicating stronger deterministic selection associated with breeding-related secretions. These findings support a dual regulatory framework during breeding, in which behavioral smearing promotes microbial dispersal while physiological secretion strengthens host filtering. Such coordinated regulation likely drives seasonal microbiome variation and contributes to seasonal adaptation. Overall, this work provides novel insight into the integration of behavior and physiology in shaping host-microbiota interactions during critical life stages and establishes a microbiome-based perspective for crested ibis conservation.}, }
@article {pmid41861559, year = {2026}, author = {Feng, Y and Zheng, R and Kong, L and Zhang, Z and Chen, B and Liu, S}, title = {Cross-feeding supports the growth of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria with reduced genomes during evolution.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {297}, number = {}, pages = {125714}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125714}, pmid = {41861559}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Bacteria usually lose redundant genes to reduce genome sizes during evolution to achieve high metabolic efficiency. Here, we combined molecular clock with flux balance analysis to propose that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), which are crucial for the global nitrogen cycle, have lost genes involved in essential metabolite biosynthesis during genome reduction and consequently rely on metabolic cross-feeding. A newly evolved ammonia-oxidizing bacteria originating in the Phanerozoic time with a genome size of 2.17 Mb lost genes necessary for synthetizing amino acids (asparagine and methionine, etc.), from the older AOB species originating in the Proterozoic time with genome sizes of 4.53 Mb. Symbiotic bacteria supplied these essential amino acids and dipeptides to newly evolved AOB to support their growth. Meanwhile, AOB degraded the absorbed dipeptides into amino acids or synthesized dipeptides from absorbed amino acids to trade with the symbiotic bacteria, establishing a strong mutually supportive relationship. Newly evolved AOB with reduced genomes in the Yangtze River absorb amino acids and dipeptides from other bacteria, resulting in a growth rate increase of 172.8% compared to those old AOB. This study hints the microbial division of labor becomes refined to improve metabolic efficiency during evolution and the roles of cross feedings in driving gene reduction.}, }
@article {pmid41861702, year = {2026}, author = {Chaddad, Z and Kaddouri, K and Lamrabet, M and Alami, S and Mnasri, B and Wipf, D and Courty, PE and Missbah El Idrissi, M}, title = {Bradyrhizobium zaerense sp. nov., an efficient symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from Lupinus luteus and Retama dasycarpa root nodules.}, journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {3}, pages = {126712}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2026.126712}, pmid = {41861702}, issn = {1618-0984}, abstract = {Three strains, LLZ isolated from root nodules of Lupinus luteus in agricultural soils in the vicinity of Rabat, and seven strains RDM, isolated from nodules of Retama dasycarpa in Maamora forest soil, were assigned to a new lineage within the genus Bradyrhizobium. The present study provides a detailed taxonomic analysis of the representative strain LLZ17[T]. Genome analysis revealed average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values far below the threshold (88.4% and 34%, respectively) with the closest type strains B. hipponense, B. rifense, and B. cytisi. Phylogenetic analyses using 81 up-to-date bacteria core genes and whole genome sequences grouped LLZ17[T] and RDM4 in a highly supported lineage, distinct from described Bradyrhizobium species. The complete genome of LLZ17[T] consists of a single 7.8 Mbp chromosome with a GC content of 63.19% and contains nitrogen fixation and nodulation genes required when forming root symbiosis. Furthermore, strains LLZ13, LLZ15, RDM4, RDM7, RDM9, RDM14, RDM15, RDM18, RDM30 and LLZ17[T] were described phenotypically and compared with their closest Bradyrhizobium-type strains. Genomic and phenotypic characterization confirmed the ten strains are novel species. Strain LLZ17[T] was designated as the type strain of this new species, for which the name Bradyrhizobium zaerense sp. nov. is proposed.}, }
@article {pmid41863048, year = {2026}, author = {Sethu Madhavan, A and Müller, LM}, title = {Balancing mutualism: choice and sanctions in root-microbe symbioses.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71107}, pmid = {41863048}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2022-67013-42820//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Plant roots form symbioses with beneficial microorganisms to enhance nutrient acquisition. Most terrestrial plants form arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) with obligate biotrophic Glomeromycotina fungi, which supply hosts with mineral nutrients in exchange for carbon through specialized symbiotic hyphal structures (arbuscules) that develop within root cortex cells. Legumes form root nodule symbiosis (RNS) with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, which are housed as differentiated bacteroids within specialized symbiotic organs (nodules) and provide plants with ammonia in return for carbon. RNS exhibits high partner specificity, occurring only between compatible hosts and microbes. Conversely, AMS is less specific, although symbiosis outcomes are context-dependent and influenced by host and fungal genotype, environmental conditions, and microbial competition. In both cases, plants favor high-performing microsymbionts by recognizing them during symbiosis initiation or by punishing low-performing symbionts through postcolonization sanctions. Microbes, in turn, employ strategies to manipulate plants for their own benefit. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying partner preference in beneficial plant-microbe interactions and discuss how host partner selection strategies maintain mutualistic stability in AMS and RNS, alongside microbial strategies to evade host control. Understanding the dynamic interplay of functionally diverse plant-microbe symbioses provides a basis for improving mutualisms in both natural and agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid41863708, year = {2026}, author = {Mishra, AK and Verma, S and Mishra, A and Khan, G and Singh, H}, title = {Unlocking the role of microbiome through gut-skin axis to alleviate aging: current perspectives and future scope.}, journal = {GeroScience}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41863708}, issn = {2509-2723}, abstract = {The microbiota of intestinal origin has a significant impact on the aging process, affecting skin health and overall cell longevity. Aging is marked by physiological alterations, such as enhanced oxidative stress, which is intensified by external factors like UV radiation and environmental pollution. The gut microbiota profoundly influences immune functions and results in reduced inflammation, which contributes to the anti-aging process. The present review is an attempt to showcase the current studies on the gut-skin axis, investigating the impact of gut-derived metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids, postbiotics, synbiotics, and psychobiotics, on the function of skin barriers and the aging process. Dietary supplements, including prebiotics along with probiotics, have demonstrated significant potential in altering gut microbiota composition and, in turn, improving skin health. Future studies must focus on investigating the connection between gut microbiota and cellular senescence, the effectiveness of microbiota-targeted therapeutics, and the incorporation of targeted therapy to delay the aging process. Comprehending these processes may facilitate the development of novel ways to enhance healthy aging and alleviate age-related diseases through the gut-skin axis via microbiome regulation.}, }
@article {pmid41863980, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, XQ and Zou, ZC and Zeng, YL and Yuan, HT and Feng, X and Wang, YS}, title = {Tannic acid supplementation exerts biphasic effects on growth performance, immune function, and gut microbiota in Pekin duck.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {105}, number = {6}, pages = {106754}, doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2026.106754}, pmid = {41863980}, issn = {1525-3171}, abstract = {Tannins, which are polyphenols present in several plant species, have been shown to exert several beneficial effects in livestock at specific levels. However, the optimal dosage for growth promotion in waterfowl like Pekin ducks remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary tannic acid (TA) supplementation on the performance of Pekin ducks. A total of 420 male Pekin ducks were assigned to to five groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.35, or 0.5% TA (control, TAS0.1, TAS0.2, TAS0.35, and TAS0.5, respectively). Growth performance, serum biochemical, oxidative parameters, immune parameters, and cecal microbiota were analyzed. Low-to-moderate TA levels (0.1-0.35%) increased the pancreatic index (P < 0.05) and enhanced systemic antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by elevated activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity. Notably,0.1% TA supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) and complement (C3, C4) levels compared to the control (P< 0.05). Conversely, dietary supplementation with 0.5% TA significantly compromised feed efficiency, increasing the feed conversion ratio by 14.6% during the initial 14-day period (P < 0.01). Importantly, TA intervention induced a dose-responsive restructuring of the cecal microbiota, characterized by a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (P< 0.05), a marked reduction in the potentially pathogenic genus Desulfovibrio (from 6.24% to 0.17-2.14%, P< 0.01), and a selective enrichment of beneficial taxa, including Succinispira andRuminococcus. Functional predictions indicated enhanced xenobiotic metabolism in the low-dose groups but stress-related dysregulation in the TAS0.5 group. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TA exhibits dose-dependent biphasic effects. Optimal inclusion levels (0.1-0.35%) enhance antioxidant capacity, immune function, and gut microbial symbiosis, whereas excessive supplementation (0.5%) induces metabolic dysregulation and microbiota dysbiosis. Overall, this study established a theoretical framework for strategically optimizing TA supplementation in poultry production systems to reconcile productivity and health outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41864699, year = {2026}, author = {Graber, J and Saylor, J and Frapp, S and Jackson, A}, title = {Mentoring undergraduate nursing students in psychiatric mental health research: A pilot training initiative.}, journal = {Archives of psychiatric nursing}, volume = {60}, number = {}, pages = {152025}, doi = {10.1016/j.apnu.2025.152025}, pmid = {41864699}, issn = {1532-8228}, mesh = {Humans ; Pilot Projects ; *Psychiatric Nursing/education ; *Mentoring/methods ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/methods ; *Students, Nursing/psychology ; Female ; Male ; *Mentors ; Adult ; Peer Group ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Peer mentoring among various levels of nursing students can foster inclusivity and break down silos through psychiatric mental health research-driven projects. While mentorship as a teaching modality in undergraduate nursing education is not novel, a symbiotic relationship between mentor and mentee encourages professional and academic growth.<br><br>AIMS: This pilot study examined the efficacy of a mentoring training program (MTP) and mentoring competency of baccalaureate, honors nursing students to increase research process engagement in psychiatric-mental health nursing.<br><br>METHODS: Researchers used a cross-sectional design with a sample of freshman (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;17) and junior (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;10) undergraduate honors nursing students. Participants completed a revised 20-item Mentoring Competency Assessment (MCA) and 7 open-ended questions about the mentoring experience.<br><br>RESULTS: For each MCA item, most participants rated themselves and their mentor or mentee as possessing a high mentoring skill level, ranging from 4.50 (SD&#xa0;=&#xa0;2.52) to 6.86 (SD&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.35). There was no statistical difference found between mentors and mentees in mentoring competency, supporting the efficacy of the MTP. From the open-ended questions, researchers found four overarching themes: emergent leadership, bi-directional mentorship, adaptive communication, and fostering a legacy of support.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, students expressed positive feedback regarding the peer mentoring program. By implementing an MTP, nurse graduates are poised to transition into clinical practice successfully and have a deeper appreciation for psychiatric mental health nursing.}, }
@article {pmid41864875, year = {2026}, author = {Saderi, SZ and Radjabian, T and Ganjeali, A and Abrishamchi, P}, title = {Mycorrhizal colonization enhances the growth and physiological traits of Melissa officinalis under drought stress and Fusarium culmorum infection.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08601-y}, pmid = {41864875}, issn = {1471-2229}, }
@article {pmid41859969, year = {2026}, author = {El-Beltagi, HS and Gad, M and Khedr, N and Abdel-Haleem, M and Al Saikhan, MS and Shalaby, TA and El-Mogy, MM and Khedr, EH}, title = {Strigolactones as Integrative Regulators of Plant Adaptation and Resilience to Abiotic Stress.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70490}, pmid = {41859969}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {KFU254323//Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia/ ; }, abstract = {Climate change represents a major global challenge, intensifying abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and temperature extremes, that severely constrain productivity and threaten food security. To survive under such fluctuating and adverse environments, plants depend on intricate hormonal signalling networks that coordinate growth regulation, resource allocation and stress adaptation. Among these, strigolactones (SLs) have emerged as integrative regulators that bridge developmental control with environmental responsiveness, thereby enhancing plant resilience to climate-induced stresses. Initially discovered as rhizospheric signals influencing parasitic weed germination and symbiotic associations, SLs are now recognized as multifunctional phytohormones regulating shoot branching, root system architecture, senescence and reproductive growth. SLs encounter in extensive crosstalk with other hormones notably abscisic acid, auxins and cytokinins to modulate physiological and molecular responses under stress. This review consolidates recent advances in understanding the role of SLs as central mediators of plant adaptation to climate-induced abiotic stresses, emphasizing their integrative signalling roles and interactions with other phytohormones. It also explores emerging molecular, genetic and biotechnological strategies targeting SL pathways for enhancing stress resilience. Unravelling the complex SL signalling network delivers key conceptual inputs for providing climate-smart crops capable of sustaining productivity and stability under the increasing pressures of global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41853536, year = {2024}, author = {Markovchick, LM and Belgara-Andrew, A and Richard, D and Deringer, T and Grady, KC and Hultine, KR and Allan, GJ and Whitham, TG and Querejeta, JI and Gehring, CA}, title = {Utilizing symbiotic relationships and assisted migration in restoration to cope with multiple stressors, and the legacy of invasive species.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiomes}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1331341}, pmid = {41853536}, issn = {2813-4338}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Climate change has increased the need for forest restoration, but low planting success and limited availability of planting materials hamper these efforts. Invasive plants and their soil legacies can further reduce restoration success. Thus, strategies that optimize restoration are crucial. Assisted migration and inoculation with native microbial symbiont communities have great potential to increase restoration success. However, assisted migrants can still show reduced survival compared to local provenances depending on transfer distance. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, effective if well-matched to plants and site conditions, can have neutral to negative results with poor pairings. Few studies have examined the interaction between these two strategies in realistic field environments where native plants experience the combined effects of soil legacies left by invasive plants and the drought conditions that result from a warming, drying climate.<br><br>METHODS: We planted two ecotypes (local climate and warmer climate) of Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwoods), in soils with and without legacies of invasion by Tamarix spp. (tamarisk), and with and without addition of native mycorrhizal fungi and other soil biota from the warmer climate.<br><br>RESULTS: Four main results emerged. 1) First year survival in soil legacies left behind after tamarisk invasion and removal was less than one tenth of survival in soil without a tamarisk legacy. 2) Actively restoring soil communities after tamarisk removal tripled first year cottonwood survival for both ecotypes, but only improved survival of the warmer, assisted migrant ecotype trees in year two. 3) Actively restoring soil communities in areas without a tamarisk history reduced first year survival for both ecotypes, but improved survival of the warmer, assisted migrant ecotype trees in year two. 4) By the second year, inoculated assisted migrants survived at five times the rate of inoculated trees from the local ecotype.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Results emphasize the detrimental effects of soil legacies left after tamarisk invasion and removal, the efficacy of assisted migration and restoring soil communities alongside plants, and the need to thoughtfully optimize pairings between plants, fungi, and site conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41853715, year = {2026}, author = {Ham, JH and Swingle, B and Pettis, GS}, title = {Editorial: Microbial interactions across species: shaping pathogenesis, symbiosis, and ecosystem dynamics.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1810035}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1810035}, pmid = {41853715}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid41854163, year = {2026}, author = {Poluzerov, SA and Dmitrovskaya, SV and Shipunova, AE}, title = {Identification of Three Species in Acanthocystis turfacea Carter 1863 Species Complex, and Notes on Its Symbiosis With Algae.}, journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {e70075}, doi = {10.1111/jeu.70075}, pmid = {41854163}, issn = {1550-7408}, support = {24-74-10031//Russian Science Foundation/ ; //Saint Petersburg State University/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics/chemistry ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/chemistry ; *Chlorophyta/physiology ; }, abstract = {Relatively large Acanthocystis turfacea Carter 1863 are the type species of the centrohelid genus Acanthocystis Carter 1863, characterized by bifurcated spine scales. In this study, several isolates and strains identified as A. turfacea are re-evaluated based on morphological, morphometric, and molecular evidence. The Len strain corresponds to A. turfacea sensu stricto, while the Luga and Kos isolates, previously considered A. turfacea paucilituatus Nicholls 2023, are elevated to species level as Acanthocystis paucilituatus n. stat. A distinct Sin strain, with a smaller cell diameter and lacking symbiotic algae, is described here as a new species, Acanthocystis ladogensis n. sp. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene sequences confirms that these taxa form a well-supported clade within the genus Acanthocystis, and supports the hypothesis that bifurcations at the distal ends of spine scales represent an ancestral feature. Observations under long-term culture demonstrate that A. turfacea maintains a stable symbiotic association with symbiotic algae. The taxonomic status of the A. turfacea species complex and correlations between molecular and structural data are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid41855522, year = {2026}, author = {West, SA and Dewar, AE and Iritani, R and Belcher, LJ and Griffin, AS}, title = {The Evolutionary and Ecological Consequences of Cooperation.}, journal = {The American naturalist}, volume = {207}, number = {4}, pages = {467-482}, doi = {10.1086/739292}, pmid = {41855522}, issn = {1537-5323}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Animals ; *Cooperative Behavior ; *Ecosystem ; Insecta ; Birds ; }, abstract = {AbstractThe last 30 years have seen major advances in our understanding of the evolution of cooperation-traits that have evolved because of the benefit they provide other individuals. In contrast, we have been much less successful in determining the consequences of cooperation for long-term ecological and evolutionary change. Studies of birds, insects, and bacteria suggest that cooperation has major consequences for fundamental features of life, such as ecological niche range, genetic variation within species, and rates of species diversification. However, the role of cooperation in driving these changes is largely limited to hypotheses, as we lack both data and a general theoretical framework. We synthesize the progress that has been made and highlight the major gaps in our understanding for future study.}, }
@article {pmid41857304, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Z and Xu, M and Yao, J and Yu, Y and Hu, B and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Zhang, X}, title = {Review of electroencephalography and electromyography research in robotics: opportunities and challenges.}, journal = {Visual computing for industry, biomedicine, and art}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41857304}, issn = {2524-4442}, support = {62072388//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024HZ01040037//Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Major Project/ ; 20244BAB28039//Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation Key Project/ ; 3502Z20231043//Xiamen Public Technology Service Platform/ ; }, abstract = {In the evolving nexus of neuroscience and robotics, the symbiotic fusion of electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) is emerging as a paradigm-shifting avenue for enhancing human-machine interfaces. While EEG, which captures the subtle electrical nuances of the brain, offers a potent channel for nuanced brain-machine communication, EMG serves as a bridge, converting neuromuscular intentions into actionable directives for robotic apparatuses. This review highlights the current methodologies in which EEG and EMG not only function in silos but also converge harmoniously to dictate robotic control. By delving deeper into this, the intricate synergy between cognitive processes, muscular responses, and machine actions can be unraveled. Subsequently, the discourse also navigates through the myriad challenges encountered in realizing real-time, seamless integration of these bio-signals with robotics and the innovative solutions poised to address them. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between neuroscience and robotics. This insight will help drive breakthroughs in adaptive human-machine collaboration.}, }
@article {pmid41857631, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, C and Zheng, Z and Lucas, JR and Li, A and Feng, J and Zhang, C and Jiang, T}, title = {Geographical variation of chemical signals and odor discrimination in the great Himalayan leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros armiger).}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-026-02576-w}, pmid = {41857631}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {32300392//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32400377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32371562//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023M730913//Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China/ ; C2023205010//Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province/ ; C2023205017//Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province/ ; BJ2025044//Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department/ ; C20230345//Hebei Province to introduce overseas students funding project/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Signal divergence and sensory preferences may cause reproductive isolation and eventually speciation between animal populations. These patterns are particularly well known in systems with acoustic or visual signals. However, relatively few studies have quantified the patterns, causes and consequences of geographical variation of chemical signals, especially in mammalian populations.<br><br>RESULTS: We examined Hipposideros armiger (the great Himalayan leaf-nosed bat) and collected secretions from the forehead glands of males. We selected nine colonies across a large geographic area and investigated both the potential causes and patterns of variation in chemical signals from that gland between these colonies. We also examined whether or not males could tell the difference between gland scents from a foreign colony and their own colony using habituation-discrimination tests. To determine whether females preferred the scent of local versus foreign males, we performed two-choice tests. Overall, we found significant colony-level differences in the concentrations of compounds and in general compound categories. We show that symbiotic microbes inhabiting odor glands may explain the observed chemical variation between colonies. Moreover, behavioral studies indicated that males were able to discriminate between gland scents from their own colony and those from a distant colony. Finally, females were more attracted to scents of local males from their own colony compared to scents from foreign colonies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate significant geographical variation in colony chemical signals linked to gland symbiotic microbes, with males discriminating colony-specific scents and females preferring the gland scents of local males. This study expands our limited knowledge of geographical variation of mammalian chemical signals and highlights the importance of bacterial communities in shaping chemical divergence.}, }
@article {pmid41858307, year = {2026}, author = {Luu, CX and Geddes, BA}, title = {Engineering and Evaluation of Sinorhizobium meliloti Nodulation (nod) Gene Reporter Systems in Rhizobia and Non-Rhizobia.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {e70284}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70284}, pmid = {41858307}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {FF-NIA21-0000000061//New Innovator in Food &amp; Agricultural Research (FFAR)/ ; //Richard and Linda Offerdahl Faculty Fellowship/ ; }, mesh = {*Sinorhizobium meliloti/genetics/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Genes, Reporter ; Symbiosis ; Plant Root Nodulation/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Genetic Engineering ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Rhizobium/genetics ; }, abstract = {Developing N2-fixing partnerships between diazotrophs and non-legumes can enhance soil fertility and reduce dependence on synthetic fertilisers. Unlike legumes, non-legumes lack the genetic ability to form root nodule symbiosis with rhizobia but can form facultative associations with free-living diazotrophs. Engineering these microbes by transferring key traits underlying efficient nodule formation and N2-fixation from well-characterised rhizobia represents a central aim in synthetic biology to enhance biological nitrogen fixation in non-legumes. However, the lack of effective tools for identifying compatible and engineerable microbial partners is a key challenge. To address this, we have developed nodulation (nod) gene reporters to screen both rhizobia and non-rhizobia capable of expressing Sinorhizobium meliloti nod genes, which encode bacterial signals initiating nodule formation in legumes. The biosensors include a superfolder GFP reporter controlled by the inducible nod box promoter (PnodA), plant signal-dependent activators nodD1 and nodD2, and a constitutively mScarlet-I marker, named nodD1-PnodA and nodD2-PnodA. Their functionality was validated across diverse rhizobia and non-rhizobia using in vitro and in planta induction assays. This reporter system enables high-throughput identification of novel bacteria capable of recognising and responding to legume signalling molecules that coordinate symbiotic nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid41858674, year = {2026}, author = {Zholdasbek, A and Tekebayeva, Z and Kulzhanova, K and Abzhalelov, A and Bekshin, Z and Yevneyeva, D and Saylau, M and Li, X and Tan, Z and Wang, Z and Temirkhanov, A and Nurbekova, Z}, title = {Microbiome and plant relationship: a symbiosis against phytopathogens.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1722279}, pmid = {41858674}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Phytopathogens are among the major biotic stressors limiting global crop productivity. Conventional control methods, including chemical pesticides and fungicides, have contributed to pathogen resistance, environmental pollution, and soil degradation, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. This review highlights innovative, eco-friendly strategies that exploit plant-microbe interactions to enhance plant health and resilience across diverse agroecosystems. Rhizosphere-, phyllosphere-, and endosphere-associated microbial assemblages contribute to plant immune enhancement through induced systemic resistance, competitive nutrient exclusion, antimicrobial metabolite production, and mycoparasitism. The review emphasizes the functional roles of beneficial microbial communities and the emerging applications of synthetic consortia and bio-organic fertilizers to improving disease suppression, nutrient use efficiency, and soil fertility. In addition, recent progress in omics-based tools and microbial formulation technologies is discussed as a key driver for translating laboratory findings into practical field applications. However, large-scale implementation remains challenged by high research costs, limited metagenomic infrastructure, and the lack of standardized microbial formulations across environments. Strengthening institutional capacity, integrating omics-based tools, and improving technology transfer will be essential to unlock the full potential of microbiome-based pathogen control. Overall, this review highlights microbiome-based interventions as a sustainable alternative to chemical-intensive plant protection strategies under changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41859449, year = {2026}, author = {Han, Y and Huang, H and Zhang, Z and Li, X and Li, T and Zong, S}, title = {Microbiome and metabolome dynamics in phloem and rhizosphere of Pinus tabuliformis against Dendroctonus valens infestation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1754801}, pmid = {41859449}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Microbial communities play essential roles in mediating plant defenses against insect pests. However, how host-associated microbiota and metabolites jointly respond to bark beetle infestation remains largely unexplored. Here, we integrated microbiome and metabolome profiling to elucidate how Pinus tabuliformis regulates its phloem and rhizosphere responses under varying levels of Dendroctonus valens infestation. Both bacterial and fungal diversity, as well as the relative abundance of dominant taxa such as Erwinia and Pseudoxanthomonas, shifted significantly with infestation intensity. Concurrently, key plant defense metabolites-including terpenoids, jasmonates, and polyphenols-were markedly elevated. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the phloem was characterized by enhanced phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, whereas the rhizosphere soil accumulated terpenoids and polyketides, implicating both compartments in resistance modulation. In the phloem, differential bacterial and fungal taxa displayed distinct positive and negative correlations with phenylpropanoid intermediates and downstream derivatives, while in the rhizosphere, bacteria from Bacillota and fungi such as Candida and Ogataea were strongly linked to diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, and indole derivatives. These findings demonstrate that P. tabuliformis mounts a compartment-specific, microbiome-associated metabolic response to D. valens infestation, providing new insights into the ecological roles of symbiotic microbiota in plant defense and offering a mechanistic foundation for microbe-based pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41859893, year = {2026}, author = {Mugambi, K and Oliveira, J and Magurno, F and di Fossalunga, AS and Novero, M and Lanfranco, L and Ghignone, S and Yildirir, G and Wang, Y and Bonfante, P and Corradi, N}, title = {The 3D genome of Gigaspora margarita unveils stable chromatin and nucleolar organization and symbiont-dependent genome dynamics.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71100}, pmid = {41859893}, issn = {1469-8137}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread plant symbionts that enhance nutrient acquisition and influence ecosystem productivity. Previous chromosome-level assemblies of the model species Rhizophagus irregularis revealed a two-compartment genome architecture (active A and repressed B chromatin compartments), yet its conservation across evolutionarily distant AMF lineages remains unresolved. Here, we present a chromosome-scale and 3D genome assembly of Gigaspora margarita isolate BEG34 - the largest and most repeat-rich AMF genome to date - alongside that of its obligate endobacterium, Candidatus Glomerobacter gigasporarum (CaGg), using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C sequencing. The G. margarita genome comprises 43 chromosomes (792 Mb) organized into A/B compartments and Topologically Associating Domains, structures that are conserved across two AMF orders and remain stable irrespective of the presence of endobacteria in germinating spores. We uncover 21 divergent rDNA operons distributed across six chromosomes and show that these physically interact, suggesting conserved nucleolar organization. We also reveal that the CaGg genome is tripartite and mobilome-rich, encoding prophages, an orphan CRISPR array, and complete pathways for many novel and essential cofactors, including heme, which may enhance host bioenergetics. We also find that the endobacterium's presence modulates transposable elements expression in G. margarita. These findings reveal conserved principles of chromatin architecture in AMF symbionts and highlight the tight molecular interplay between fungal hosts and their endosymbionts, offering new insights into genome evolution and symbiotic adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid41673866, year = {2026}, author = {Alfattah, MA and Metwally, MGE and Alharbi, HM and Alwutayd, KM and Sindi, RA and Bahgat, LB and Naiel, MAE and El-Haroun, E and Abdelnour, SA and Moussa, M}, title = {Dictyota dichotoma extract as a potential nutraceutical for male fertility: insights into semen quality, testicular histology, immunomodulation, and anti-inflammatory markers in rabbit bucks.}, journal = {BMC veterinary research}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41673866}, issn = {1746-6148}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: This study investigated for the first time the potential symbiotic effects of using Dictyota dichotoma extract (DDE) to enhance reproductive health in bucks. The study examined semen quality, immune function, blood biochemistry, inflammatory markers, antioxidant status, testicular histology, and seminal plasma contents in rabbit bucks. A total of forty bucks (n = 10 in each group) were randomly allocated into four groups and fed a basal diet with 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg of DDE/kg diets for 3 months. The results indicated that DDE (200 mg/kg) treatment linearly enhanced sperm concentration, membrane function, motility, and viability (P < 0.01), while significantly reducing sperm abnormalities in a quadratic trend (P < 0.05). Serum concentrations of total glycerides and lactate dehydrogenase decreased linearly, while creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and urea levels exhibited a significant quadratic reduction (p < 0.01) in rabbits fed DDE-supplemented diets. Dietary DDE (200 or 400 mg/kg) inclusion linearly increased plasma SOD, GPX (quadratic effect, p < 0.01) and catalase activities, while quadratically decreased MDA levels (p < 0.01). Immunological parameters, including IgG and nitric oxide levels, exhibited a significant linear increase (p < 0.01) with the best dose 200 mg of DDE supplementation. Similarly, IgM levels and lysozyme activity were quadratically improved in groups fed DDE-fortified diets (p < 0.01). DDE supplementation (400 mg /kg) quadratically reduced capaspae-3 and IFN-γ (p < 0.01) and linearly decreased Bcl-2 (p < 0.01). In contrast, cytochrome C levels were quadratically enhanced across the DDE treatment groups (p < 0.01). DDE inclusion linearly improved seminal antioxidant activities SOD, and CAT and quadratically improved GPX (p < 0.01). Additionally, seminal plasma MDA levels were linearly reduced by DDE treatment (p < 0.01). In sperm cells, the activities of mitochondrial enzymes such as MDH (quadratic effect, p < 0.01) and SDH (linear effect, p < 0.001) were significantly improved in all DDE-supplemented groups compared to the control group. Histology, the DDE treatment enhanced the testicular integrity as evidenced by an increase in the numbers and diameters of seminiferous tubules (ST), as well as the heights of the germinal epithelium of ST (p < 0.05). Overall, dietary inclusion of DDE may have beneficial effects on the reproductive health of bucks by regulating sperm function, blood health, improving antioxidant and immune responses, and reducing inflammatory signaling.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-026-05307-z.}, }
@article {pmid41844645, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Q and Jing, L and Duan, F and Sun, Y and Wang, W and Xu, B and Hua, D and Zhang, J and Shen, Z and Zhou, W and Luan, J and Liaw, PK and Han, X and Lu, J and Zhao, Y and Yang, T}, title = {Increasing fatigue resistance in ordered intermetallic alloys with multi-element symbiosis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-70838-w}, pmid = {41844645}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {52222112//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 52101151//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 52101162//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 52301139//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 52101135//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Intermetallic alloys, recognized for the long-range atomic ordering and resultant impressive mechanical properties, are highly sought after in various advanced fields, including aerospace, automotive, and nuclear energy. However, their widespread application is still hindered seriously due to the poor fatigue endurance. Here, we design a new-type L12-structured multi-element symbiotic intermetallic alloy (MSIMA) and achieve a fatigue limit of ~1,100 MPa that remarkably surpasses its yield strength by 1.1 times, which is superior to other structural alloys currently in use. The complex sublattice occupation strengthens the alloy by increasing the antiphase boundary energy of the superlattice, thereby suppressing the fatigue-induced lattice defects. Concurrently, the multi-element symbiosis enables the modulation of local chemistries and the architecting of the disordered interfacial nanolayer (DINL) near grain boundaries, thereby shifting the fatigue fracture mode from intergranular to transgranular cracking. Furthermore, serving as the ductilizing sources, these DINLs facilitate the unusual anti-fatigue mechanisms-mechanical faulting and twinning-that are rarely observed in ordered alloys at room temperature. This deformation behavior effectively alleviates the strain localization and blunts the crack propagation, thereby enhancing their fatigue resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41845984, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, C and Liu, Y}, title = {Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Orchestrators of the peritoneal metastatic microenvironment.}, journal = {Critical reviews in oncology/hematology}, volume = {222}, number = {}, pages = {105284}, doi = {10.1016/j.critrevonc.2026.105284}, pmid = {41845984}, issn = {1879-0461}, abstract = {Peritoneal metastasis (PM) represents a terminal stage of numerous abdominal malignancies, including gastric, colorectal, and ovarian cancers, and is associated with a dismal prognosis and limited therapeutic options. The peritoneal tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that actively governs cancer cell dissemination, implantation, and proliferation. Among the diverse cellular components of the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have emerged as principal regulators of this pro-tumorigenic niche. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence regarding the multifaceted roles of CAFs in driving PM. The diverse origins of peritoneal CAFs were examined, with a particular focus on the pivotal process of mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), and the profound functional heterogeneity within the CAF population was explored. Moreover, the mechanisms through which CAFs promote metastasis were delineated, including the extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that generates invasive pathways and modulates mechanotransduction. Furthermore, the complex CAF secretome, comprising cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles that directly stimulate cancer cell motility, invasion, and survival, was investigated. Besides, the critical role of CAFs in modulating metabolic symbiosis, particularly through the provision of lipids that enhance cancer cell membrane fluidity and invasiveness, was also addressed. Finally, the mechanisms by which CAFs establish a profoundly immunosuppressive microenvironment by recruiting and polarizing myeloid cells, inhibiting T-cell function, and creating a physical barrier to immune surveillance were elucidated. In conclusion, CAFs are important regulators of the peritoneal metastatic cascade, coordinating a spectrum of pro-tumorigenic events that collectively facilitate tumor progression and therapeutic resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41850296, year = {2026}, author = {Bez, C and El Abiead, Y and Caraballo-Rodríguez, AM}, title = {From Molecules to Metabolomes, Understanding Symbiosis through Small Molecules.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5c01360}, pmid = {41850296}, issn = {1520-6025}, abstract = {Symbiosis, from Greek "living together" refers to the close association among organisms. Although these associations are found everywhere in nature, we do not know how these relationships are established or maintained over time. In this Perspective, we will focus on interorganism interactions involving microbes and eukaryotic hosts, particularly animals, plants, and humans, where symbiosis plays a critical role in health, development, and ecological fitness. We will focus on the chemical crosstalk between host and symbiont mediated by specialized small molecules. Finally, we suggest some steps for applying mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approaches to accelerate the understanding of these complex interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41850975, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, J and Valdés-López, O and Schornack, S}, title = {Beyond nitrogen: phosphate controls root nodule symbiosis commitment.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2026.01.001}, pmid = {41850975}, issn = {1878-4372}, abstract = {While root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is primarily recognized for nitrogen acquisition, it is heavily influenced by phosphorus levels. In natural agroecosystems, nitrogen limitation frequently co-occurs with phosphorus deficiency, yet the role of phosphorus in modulating RNS remains understudied. Recent research in the legume Phaseolus vulgaris shows that phosphorus starvation suppresses nodulation by downregulating the master regulator gene Nodule Inception, mediated by phosphate-responsive factors such as Phosphate Starvation Response-Like 7. We propose an integrated model where phosphate signaling functions as a metabolic checkpoint, balancing carbon availability, nitrogen demand, and phosphorus status. Elucidating how phosphate scarcity rewires these symbiotic gene networks is essential for sustainable agriculture, allowing for the optimization of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in nutrient-depleted environments.}, }
@article {pmid41851401, year = {2026}, author = {Ohmoto, H and Ferry, JG}, title = {The hydrogen, methane and ammonia biosphere on early Earth.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-43917-7}, pmid = {41851401}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Current paradigms for the origin and evolutions of life and the environment on early Earth have been based on the premises that carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen gas (N2) were the principal constituents of the atmosphere and the sources of carbon and nitrogen for organisms today. Based on thermodynamic analyses of the redox state of the Hadean (4.56-4.0 Ga) mantle, the atmospheric compositions during the magma-ocean stage, and the effects of submarine hydrothermal fluids on the atmosphere of the ocean-covered Late-Hadean Earth, we suggest that life evolved sometime during 4.50-3.9 Ga under a reducing atmosphere, rich in hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH3), but very poor in CO2, which was similar to today's atmosphere on Jupiter. The ocean water was alkaline (pH = 10 ± 1) and poor in Fe[2-] and S[2-]. CH4 and NH3 were the principal sources for carbon nitrogen and energy of the first organisms, greenhouse gases, and the UV shield on early Earth. The first organisms on Earth were possibly aerobic phototrophic methanotrophs, either oxygenic and/or anoxygenic. They evolved in micro-aerobic environments, which were created by the photodissociation of H2O on the surfaces of photocatalytic minerals (e.g., rutile (TiO2), pyrrhotite (FeS)) that accumulated in shallow water bodies on tropical islands. The enzymes for oxygenic Photosystem II (PSII) and PSI may also have evolved in the Late-Hadean microaerobic environments, facilitating the appearance of cyanobacteria. The symbiotic relationships between CO2-generating methanotrophs and the CH4-generating, H2-oxidizing methanogens and cyanobacteria characterized the first biosphere. Plate tectonics has played a key role in the transformation of the H2-CH4-NH3-rich to CO2-N2-rich atmosphere and biosphere by ~ 3.9 Ga because of the increased oxidation of the mantle, caused by the continuous subduction of the oxidized and hydrated oceanic crust into the mantle. Our study suggests that the search for life in the universe should be directed toward planets with a H2-CH4--NH3-rich atmosphere, as well as to those with a CO2-N2-rich atmosphere.}, }
@article {pmid41852102, year = {2026}, author = {Qu, X and Liao, Y and Muthuri, CW and Winowiecki, LA and Zi, H and Zhang, Y and Li, X}, title = {Soil Functionality Undermined by Symbiotic Fungal Decline Following Forest Conversion.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {e70268}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70268}, pmid = {41852102}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {W2412011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32430069//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; jxsq2023102214//Double Thousand Plan of Jiangxi Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; *Forests ; *Symbiosis ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Fungi/genetics/classification/physiology ; China ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The conversion of native forests to other terrestrial ecosystems represents a profound form of land-use change, threatening aboveground biodiversity and biomass. However, its impact on soil ecological functions remains uncertain, particularly the regulatory role of soil microbial communities. To address this, we evaluated soil functionality related to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling by measuring nine enzyme activities in soils from native forests, plantations and croplands in subtropical China. Our results demonstrated a significant decline in soil functionality following the conversion of native forests, with the most pronounced reductions observed in croplands. This decline in soil functionality was strongly associated with a decrease in fungal richness but was independent of bacterial alpha-diversity. Specifically, the reduction in the abundance of symbiotic fungi, including key taxa such as Lactifluus and Tomentella, was identified as a primary driver of the functional impairment. Metagenomic analyses further confirmed that the loss of microbial functional genes was linked to the observed decline in soil functionality. Our findings underscore the critical role of key fungal taxa in maintaining soil processes and highlight the importance of their conservation and restoration to ensure ecosystem functionality in managed landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid41852392, year = {2025}, author = {Katula, AM and Johnson, NC and Chaudhary, VB and Afkhami, ME}, title = {Multilevel selection theory informs context-dependent mycorrhizal functioning.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiomes}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1676639}, pmid = {41852392}, issn = {2813-4338}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form widespread, ancient, and critically important symbioses with plants, but their functioning and beneficial effects are highly context-dependent. This variability stems from eco-evolutionary dynamics operating across multiple levels of biological organization (e.g., genes to holobionts), making generalizable predictions about mycorrhizal outcomes challenging. Multilevel selection theory (MLST), which posits that selection acts simultaneously on multiple levels of biological organization including in opposite directions, can serve as a powerful framework for interpreting this variability in mycorrhizal functional phenotypes. Here, we outline the key principles of MLST and explore how its application to AM fungal symbioses can improve our understanding of this ubiquitous symbiosis. We highlight how four levels of biological organization important to AM symbioses - genes, nuclei, spores, and holobionts - can serve as one or more units of selection under a tripartite framework for the units of selection. We then examine how ecological contexts, such as stress, spatial structure, and community composition, can modulate the balance of selective forces across levels, ultimately shaping the degree of cooperation among symbiotic partners. We conclude by proposing future research directions using MLST to generate deeper insights into the complexity and adaptability of this globally important symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41852814, year = {2022}, author = {Jagadeeshwari, U and Sasikala, C and Rai, A and Indu, B and Ipsita, S and Ramana, CV}, title = {Characterization of metagenome-assembled genomes of two endo-archaea of Candida tropicalis.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiomes}, volume = {1}, number = {}, pages = {1020341}, pmid = {41852814}, issn = {2813-4338}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Host-microbe interactions are pivotal in host biology, ecology, and evolution. Recent developments in sequencing technologies have provided newer insights into the same through the hologenome concept.<br><br>METHODS: We report here the study on metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) associated with Candida tropicalis (studied through shotgun metagenome sequencing), adding to the knowledge about endomicrobiomes of yeast. De novo assembly and binning recovered two partial archaeal genomes, taxonomically belonging to the phylum Asgardarchaeota.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The phylogenomic analysis based on the core genes revealed that both the binned genomes cladded separately with the less studied and uncultivated 'Candidatus' superphylum, designated as Asgard archaea (the nearest known relative of eukaryotes). Between the two binned genomes, the average nucleotide index (ANI) was 71.2%. The average nucleotide identities (ANI) of the two binned genomes with 'Candidatus Heimdallarchaeota' were 60.4-61.2%. The metabolic pathways of both the binned genomes predicted genes belonging to sulfur reduction, Kreb's pathway, glycolysis, and C1 carbon metabolism. Further, both the binned genomes were predicted to support autotrophic as well as the heterotrophic mode of growth, which might probably help the host in its nutritional requirements also. Further, the genomes showed few eukaryotic signature proteins (ESPs) and SNARE proteins indicating that members of Asgardarchaeota are the closest relatives of eukaryotes. The gaps present in the metabolic potential of the MAGs obtained and the absence of a few essential pathways shows that they are probably in a symbiotic relationship with the host. The present study, reports for the first-time endosymbiosis of Asgard archaea with yeast. It also provides insights into the metabolic potential, ecology, evolutionary history, and endosymbiotic nature of the important but 160 poorly studied Asgard archaea.}, }
@article {pmid41852847, year = {2026}, author = {Virág, E and Zombori, Z and Hegedűs, G and Ferenc, G and Dudits, D and Posta, K}, title = {Illumina RNA-seq data of Genotype-specific responses of maize plants to Funneliformis mosseae.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {112611}, pmid = {41852847}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {This article presents a publicly available RNA sequencing dataset generated to characterize transcriptomic responses of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization under contrasting water availability conditions. The dataset underpins a controlled greenhouse experiment involving two maize inbred lines with contrasting drought responses (K1, drought-tolerant; K2, drought-sensitive) and their hybrid (KH), grown under well-watered (60% soil moisture content) and drought-stressed (30% soil moisture content) conditions, with or without inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae, BEG12). Plants were cultivated in an automated phenotyping system that enabled precise irrigation control and non-destructive monitoring of shoot and root development. AMF inoculation was applied at planting, and mycorrhizal colonization was confirmed microscopically before tissue sampling. Leaf samples were collected at identical developmental stages from three biological replicates per genotype × treatment combination and immediately frozen for RNA isolation. Total RNA was extracted using a column-based purification protocol, and RNA quality and integrity were assessed prior to sequencing library preparation. Gene expression libraries were constructed using the QuantSeq 3' mRNA-Seq Library Prep Kit (Lexogen), which enables strand-specific, 3'-end-focused transcript quantification. Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq X Plus platform using single-end 75 bp reads, generating approximately 22-24 million reads per library. The complete set of raw RNA-seq reads and associated metadata has been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under BioProject accession PRJNA1267826, providing unrestricted public access to the dataset. This dataset enables reuse for a broad range of transcriptomic applications, including differential gene expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, hormone- and stress-related pathway exploration, and comparative analyses across maize genotypes, water regimes, or symbiotic conditions. The data can also support integrative studies combining transcriptomic profiles with phenotypic or physiological measurements, as well as meta-analyses of plant-microbe interactions and drought-related transcriptional responses in cereal crops.}, }
@article {pmid41853367, year = {2023}, author = {Smith, SN and Watters, JL and Siler, CD}, title = {Host ecology drives frog skin microbiome diversity across ecotone in South-Central North America.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiomes}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {1286985}, pmid = {41853367}, issn = {2813-4338}, abstract = {Anurans (frogs and toads) are an ecologically diverse group of vertebrate organisms that display a myriad of reproductive modes and life history traits. To persist in such an expansive array of habitats, these organisms have evolved specialized skin that is used for respiration while also protecting against moisture loss, pathogens, and environmental contaminants. Anuran skin is also colonized by communities of symbiotic microorganisms, and these skin microbiota serve critical roles in numerous processes associated with anuran host health and persistence such as pathogen resistance and immunity. However, gaps remain in our understanding of the environmental and evolutionary processes that shape frog skin microbial communities. Here, we combined existing anuran disease data with 16S rRNA skin microbial inventories to elucidate the roles that geographic location, host evolutionary history, host ecology, and pathogen presence play in the microbial community assemblage of five co-distributed frog host species in Oklahoma. These focal species possess distinct ecological preferences: aquatic, semi-aquatic, and arboreal, and our results indicate that host ecology is the primary driver of frog skin microbial community structure. Additionally, compositional differences were observed among select host species based on geographic location, but this was not consistent among all five frog species. We did not find evidence of phylogenetic signal among our samples and results from the Classification and Regression Tree Analysis revealed that the presence of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the severity of infection were not drivers of skin microbiome differences among our focal host species. Results from this comparative study contribute to our growing understanding of the environmental and host-associated drivers of skin microbial community assemblage and represents one of the first studies on landscape-level variation in skin microbial communities among North American frogs.}, }
@article {pmid41853379, year = {2023}, author = {Mulinge, MM and Mwanza, SS and Kabahweza, HM and Wamalwa, DC and Nduati, RW}, title = {The impact of neonatal intensive care unit antibiotics on gut bacterial microbiota of preterm infants: a systematic review.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiomes}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {1180565}, pmid = {41853379}, issn = {2813-4338}, abstract = {Preterm infants encounter an unnatural beginning to life, with housing in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) where they are exposed to antibiotics. Although the effectiveness of antibiotics in infection control is well established, the short- and long-term unintended effects on the microbiota of preterm infants receiving antibiotic treatment are yet to be quantified. Our aim was to investigate the unintended consequences of NICU antibiotics on preterm infants' gut microbiota. We searched three electronic databases-Embase, PubMed, and Scopus-for records from 2010 to October 2022. Eligibility criteria included intervention and observational studies that collected stool samples and analyzed microbiota data on the effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiota of preterm infants using 16S rRNA sequencing. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and the quality of the studies was judged using the Cochrane Collaboration Tool for assessing risk of bias (RoB2) for clinical trials, while non-randomized studies were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The initial searches yielded 7,605 papers, of which 21 were included in the review. The selected studies examined 3,669 stool samples that were collected longitudinally from 878 preterm infants in seven different countries. Preterm infants exposed to antibiotics had a reduced bacterial diversity, an increased relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, and a decrease or absence of symbiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp., which have been shown to assist in immunity development. Antibiotic discontinuation restored diversity, with variances linked to the antibiotic spectrum and treatment duration in some but not all cases. Breastfeeding confounded the association between antibiotic use and dysbiosis. Intriguingly, the reduction of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a crucial neurotransmitter for early brain development, was linked to the depletion of Veillonella spp. Despite the apparent benefits of using antibiotics on preterm infants, we conclude that they should be used only when absolutely necessary and for a short period of time. Mothers' milk is recommended to hasten the restoration of disrupted microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid41853516, year = {2024}, author = {Ilangumaran, G and Subramanian, S and Smith, DL}, title = {Complete genome sequences of Rhizobium sp. strain SL42 and Hydrogenophaga sp. strain SL48, microsymbionts of Amphicarpaea bracteata.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiomes}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1309947}, pmid = {41853516}, issn = {2813-4338}, abstract = {This study comprehensively analyzed two distinct rhizobacterial strains, Rhizobium sp. SL42 and Hydrogenophaga sp. SL48, through whole genome de novo sequencing. Isolated from root nodules of Amphicarpaea bracteata, a native legume related to soybean, they were selected to explore beneficial rhizobacteria from native plant relatives. Utilizing Illumina and Nanopore sequencers and MaSuRCA assembly, their complete genetic information was elucidated. Rhizobium sp. SL42 has a 4.06 Mbp circular chromosome and two plasmids with 60% GC content, while Hydrogenophaga sp. SL48 exhibits a 5.43 Mbp circular chromosome with 65% GC content. Genetic analysis identified them as new species, supported by ANI values (77.72% for SL42 and 83.39% for SL48) below the threshold. The genomic analysis unraveled a plethora of genes encoding diverse metabolic functions, secretion systems for substance transport, quorum sensing for coordination, and biosynthetic gene clusters suggesting the production of bioactive compounds. These functional properties contribute to plant growth stimulation, reflecting the symbiotic relationship of rhizobacteria with plants, potentially involving nitrogen fixation and growth-promoting compounds. This research contributes valuable knowledge about plant-microbe interactions and plant growth promotion by these two strains of rhizobacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41853532, year = {2024}, author = {Wei, Y and Zhou, C}, title = {Bacteriophages: a double-edged sword in the gastrointestinal tract.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiomes}, volume = {3}, number = {}, pages = {1450523}, pmid = {41853532}, issn = {2813-4338}, abstract = {The symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiome and the human body is a concept that has grown in popularity in recent years. Bacteriophages (phages) are components of the gut microbiota and their imbalance plays a role in the pathogenesis of numerous intestinal disorders. Meanwhile, as a new antimicrobial agent, phage therapy (PT) offers unique advantages when compared with antibiotics and brings a new dawn for treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria in intestinal and extraintestinal disorders. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the characterization of phages, particularly focusing on newly discovered phages. Additionally, we outline the involvement of gut phages in disease pathogenesis and discuss the status and challenges of utilizing phages as therapeutic targets for treatment of enteric infection.}, }
@article {pmid41841794, year = {2026}, author = {Prasad, A and Santos-Matos, G and Szigeti-Genoud, A and Mazel, F and Engel, P}, title = {Priority effects drive strain-level community composition of honeybee gut microbiota.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag056}, pmid = {41841794}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Gut microbial communities often differ at the strain level among individual hosts, but the mechanisms driving this variation remain poorly understood. One potential factor is priority effects, a process in which differences in the timing and order of microbial colonization influence subsequent community assembly ("first come, first served" dynamics). We hypothesize that such priority effects operate at the strain level within species, where closely related bacteria exhibit niche overlap, and that these dynamics can lead to community divergence even under similar environmental conditions. We tested these predictions, using the gut microbiota of honeybees, which harbor conserved microbial communities that differ in strain composition among individual bees. We sequentially colonized microbiota-depleted honeybees with two distinct microbial communities composed of the same twelve core microbiota species but different strains, ensuring that individuals shared species-level composition but differed at the strain level. We found that firstcomer strains consistently dominated the resulting communities, suggesting strong priority effects. Dropout experiments in which the firstcomer strain of a species was removed led to only partial increases in the colonization success of the conspecific latecomer, suggesting that both intra- and inter-species interactions contribute to priority effects. Our findings highlight the significant role of priority effects in strain-level community assembly and reveal their influence in shaping the specialized gut microbiota of honeybees, with important implications for the development of probiotic strategies in beekeeping.}, }
@article {pmid41842961, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, F and Pang, L and Liu, Y and Khan, F and Chen, P}, title = {Symbiotic exclusivity between CLOCK and TFPI2 drives stemness and immunosuppression in glioblastoma models.}, journal = {The Journal of clinical investigation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1172/JCI199056}, pmid = {41842961}, issn = {1558-8238}, abstract = {Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor characterized by extensive crosstalk between glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and immunosuppressive microglia, with our previous work identifying CLOCK and TFPI2 as key regulators of this interaction. Here, we uncover a 'symbiotic exclusivity' pattern between CLOCK and TFPI2, showing that despite mutually exclusive amplifications, they sustain symbiotic regulatory interactions in GBM. The CLOCK-BMAL1 complex transcriptionally upregulates TFPI2, while TFPI2-driven hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1a) signaling activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) P65 to upregulate the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex, creating a positive feedback loop to promote stemness, immunosuppression, and tumor progression. Disrupting the CLOCK-TFPI2 interplay through dual inhibition of their downstream effectors reduces GSC stemness and immunosuppressive microglia, activates antitumor immunity, and synergizes with anti-PD1 therapy to achieve complete tumor regression in 50-62.5% of tumor-bearing mice. This study uncovers a promising therapeutic strategy for a broader subset of GBM patients with high expression of either CLOCK or TFPI2, and provides a framework for identifying 'symbiotic exclusivity' genes in cancer.}, }
@article {pmid41844078, year = {2026}, author = {Lozano-Bilbao, E and Delgado-Suárez, I and Hardisson, A and González-Weller, D and Rubio, C and Paz, S and Gutiérrez, &#xc1;J}, title = {Microhabitat light regime drives a seasonal reversal of metal burdens in the photosymbiotic sea anemone Anemonia sulcata.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {228}, number = {}, pages = {119577}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119577}, pmid = {41844078}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Trace-metal accumulation in intertidal bioindicators can be strongly influenced by fine-scale ecological conditions, yet the role of microhabitat light regime in photosymbiotic species remains poorly understood. Here, we quantified Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata from Tenerife and Gran Canaria using a fully crossed design that included island, microhabitat light regime (Light vs Dark), and season (Summer vs Winter). Metal profiles differed consistently between light regimes, but the strength and direction of this effect depended on season. In winter, individuals from Dark microhabitats showed higher concentrations for all analysed metals, whereas in summer the differences were weaker and restricted to a subset of elements. Multivariate and mixture-level analyses further showed that the Lighting × Season interaction explained the main structure of the dataset, while island contributed comparatively little to overall variation. These results indicate that microhabitat light regime is an important ecological modulator of metal burdens in A. sulcata, and that its effect changes seasonally. Accounting for both microhabitat and season may therefore improve the interpretation of biomonitoring data in intertidal photosymbiotic organisms.}, }
@article {pmid41844248, year = {2026}, author = {Burghardt, LT and Sydow, P and Sutherland, J and Epstein, B and Tiffin, P}, title = {Genetic variation in host selectivity and adaptive strain enrichment in legume-rhizobia symbiosis: host-dependent, imperfect processes correlate with nodule morphology.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {293}, number = {2067}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2025.2851}, pmid = {41844248}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; //Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; *Medicago truncatula/genetics/microbiology/physiology/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Genetic Variation ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/anatomy &amp; histology/genetics ; *Sinorhizobium meliloti/physiology ; Host Specificity/genetics ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Nitrogen Fixation ; }, abstract = {Mutualism breakdown can be prevented if partner species preferentially select and reward partners that provide greater benefit. We examined these two components using the legume Medicago truncatula and its nitrogen-fixing symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. First, we re-analysed data from 202 accessions to show significant genetic variation in the capacity of Medicago to restrict strain diversity, finding that hosts with shorter nodules were more selective. A genome-wide association study on host selectivity identified genes including the hormone leginsulin, pectin degradation, multidrug and toxic compound efflux, zinc transport and DNA methylation. Second, we used two well-studied Medicago genotypes with contrasting nodule morphologies to assess the effectiveness of adaptive enrichment mechanisms by sampling the relative frequencies of rhizobial strains in pools of small nodules (indicating a lack of host investment) compared to large nodules (indicating increased host investment) and pairing these results with previous single-strain assessments of strain benefits to hosts. While both hosts enriched beneficial strains in large nodules, the host that formed larger and more variably sized nodules and thus had greater 'potential' to increase rhizobial populations was less effective. Our findings reveal that host genetic variation affects strain selectivity and suggest that nodule morphology traits warrant attention when exploring mutualism evolution.}, }
@article {pmid41835277, year = {2026}, author = {Semenova, MG and Coba de la Peña, T and Petina, AN and Ivashina, T and Fedorova, EE}, title = {Nitrogen-fixing root nodules elicited by rhizobial potassium ion transporter Smkup1: senescence and autophagy.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1749975}, pmid = {41835277}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {With the aim to elucidate the interdependence between potassium transport by the host plant in nodule cells and potassium transport in bacteroids, a null mutant of rhizobial potassium ion transporter Smkup1 was created and investigated. The mutation, according to cytological analysis, has not caused specific aberrations in the root nodules' anatomy and ultrastructure, but a significant induction of the expression of host plant and rhizobial genes involved in the stress response was observed. At the same time, an opposite trend was observed for genes of the autophagy pathway that have shown a significant downregulation of expression. To identify the mechanisms of interplay between autophagy and senescence in the root nodule, an in silico analysis of protein-protein interactions of positive (Beclin 1) and negative (NAC1, BAK1) regulators of autophagy was performed. The resulting networks allowed the predictions of interacting proteins putatively linking symbiotic interactions, autophagy, stress, programmed cell death (PCD), and senescence. Based on these data, we hypothesized that modulation of the expression of these genes in the root nodule could be the way to extend the root nodule's lifespan and the duration of the nitrogen fixation process.}, }
@article {pmid41836174, year = {2026}, author = {Lewis, N and Schätzle, S and Cardone, F and Erpenbeck, D and Wörheide, G and Vargas, S}, title = {Species-specific community structure in the microbiomes and eukaryotic communities associated with Mediterranean golf ball sponges.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {e20452}, pmid = {41836174}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Porifera/microbiology ; Animals ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Eukaryota/genetics/classification ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sponges harbor complex and diverse microbiomes that contribute to the host's fitness and, ultimately, the health of the ecosystems sponges inhabit.<br><br>METHODS: Using high-throughput 16S and 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we explore the prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities associated with three sympatric Mediterranean demosponges, namely Tethya aurantium, Tethya meloni, and Tethya citrina.<br><br>RESULTS: We found species-specific prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities despite the close sympatry of the three Mediterranean Tethya species studied. This offers further support for the phylogenetic nature of the sponge microbiome, where microbial communities reflect the evolutionary ancestry of their host species. These patterns are both present in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic sponge-associated communities, since both display similar levels of host species specificity.}, }
@article {pmid41839662, year = {2026}, author = {Abdallah, MM and Suo, C and Cui, Y and Ullah, RH and Nhung, HH and Li, L and Liu, C}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as integrative modulators of plant tolerance to drought, salinity, and heavy metal stress: mechanistic insights and future directions.}, journal = {Journal, genetic engineering &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {100636}, pmid = {41839662}, issn = {2090-5920}, abstract = {Climate change and anthropogenic pressures have intensified abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal (HM) contamination, severely impairing plant growth and productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), through their symbiotic association with plant roots, offer a promising biological strategy to enhance plant resilience under these stresses. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which AMF confer stress tolerance. Key mechanisms include modulation of aquaporin expression for water homeostasis, regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, enhancement of antioxidant defenses, and fine-tuning of osmolyte metabolism such as proline. Under salinity, AMF improves ion homeostasis by regulating SOS1 and NHX transporters and enhancing K[+]/Na[+] discrimination. In HM-contaminated environments, AMF facilitate metal immobilization, chelation via phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and vacuolar sequestration, thereby reducing oxidative damage. The review also highlights AMF-mediated transcriptional reprogramming involving 14-3-3 proteins and stress-responsive transcription factors (e.g., WRKY, MYB, bHLH). By integrating rhizospheric interactions with intracellular signaling, AMF emerge as multifaceted modulators of plant stress physiology. This review delineates key gaps in current understanding and outlines strategic directions for harnessing AMF in sustainable agriculture under complex abiotic stress scenarios. By integrating mechanistic insights across drought, salinity, and heavy metal stress, it emphasizes the convergence of AMF-mediated signaling pathways and cross-tolerance mechanisms that underpin plant resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41839755, year = {2026}, author = {Tourné, F and Medina, K and Listur, B and Báez, J and Martín, V}, title = {Commercial kombucha beverages produced in Uruguay: physicochemical composition and antioxidant profile.}, journal = {Journal of the science of food and agriculture}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jsfa.70589}, pmid = {41839755}, issn = {1097-0010}, support = {//Programa de Desarrollo de las Ciencias B&#xe1;sicas/ ; //Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Kombucha is an ancient beverage obtained by fermenting a sweetened tea infusion with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). Although its popularity has increased markedly in the past decade, there is still limited information on kombucha produced in Latin America, particularly regarding its physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant properties.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of eight commercial kombuchas from the Uruguayan market were evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed two distinct clusters among the samples, mainly differentiated by ethanol, glycerol, total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, volatile acidity, and titratable acidity. This multivariate pattern reflected differences in fermentation progress, where samples with lower residual sugar and higher levels of fermentation metabolites also showed greater antioxidant potential. A high degree of variability was detected among Uruguayan kombucha brands, especially regarding acidity and ethanol levels, with several products surpassing the threshold established for non-alcoholic beverages. In this set of samples, locally produced kombuchas tended to show higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than the imported products, highlighting their promising potential as functional beverages. However, further studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these trends.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This work represents the first report on the characterization of Uruguayan kombucha beverages and highlights the importance of establishing quality and regulatory standards to enhance product uniformity, safety, and consumer trust within the growing Latin American kombucha market. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41840421, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, S and Tan, S and Li, Q and He, D and Xu, L and Zhang, H and Wang, R and Guan, Y and Cheng, Z and Wu, J and Xu, W and Zhang, H and Tang, M and Fan, J and Liu, L and Xie, J}, title = {PagMYB74 orchestrates flavonoid-mediated plant-microbe feedback for drought resilience in poplar.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71086}, pmid = {41840421}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2025D01E61//Xinjiang Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; }, abstract = {The interactions between plants and the soil microbiome play critical roles in regulating plant resistance to stresses. However, the process partly results from the complex interaction between root exudates and microbes, a relationship that remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the interconnected responses of the root microbiome associated with the perennial tree Populus under drought stress. This was achieved via molecular genetics approaches and multi-omics analyses, combined with integrative comparisons of microbiome structure against both the host plant's metabolomic profiles and transcriptomic data, using samples collected over a 13-wk period of progressive drought treatment. We demonstrate that progressive drought triggers a phased transcriptional cascade in roots, culminating in the activation of a flavonoid biosynthesis program. Moreover, we confirm that Pseudomonas is strongly associated with flavonoid biosynthesis and identify that gene PagMYB74 is critical for quercetin and kaempferol secretion. We further found that Pseudomonas putida S110 colonization establishes positive feedback through enhanced phenylpropanoid metabolism and activation of nutrient transport pathways in PagMYB74-overexpressing plants, reinforcing the symbiotic interaction. Our findings establish a complete mechanistic continuum from a single host gene to metabolite-driven recruitment and symbiotic reprogramming, facilitating the improvement of environmental adaptation by regulating their interaction with beneficial soil microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid41841409, year = {2026}, author = {Chu, J and Xu, X and Xu, Y and Hu, K and Chan, HF and Chen, W and Cheung, KH and Ning, X and Yung, KKL}, title = {Bioengineered Probiotic-Prebiotic Hierarchical Microspheres With pH-Responsive Architecture Reprogram Immunometabolism in Obesity-Related Disorders.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14910}, doi = {10.1002/smll.202514910}, pmid = {41841409}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {82361168640//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XJ2024043//Hong Kong Scholars Program/ ; 2021YFF1000700//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; N_EdUHK205/23//Joint Research Scheme/ ; JSTJ-2025-292//Jiangsu Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Program/ ; 20220ZB23//Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent/ ; 82361168640//Joint Research Fund for Overseas Chinese Scholars and Scholars in Hong Kong and Macao/ ; }, abstract = {Obesity is increasingly recognized as a chronic immunometabolic disorder driven by dysregulated gut-adipose communication and microbiota imbalance. Here, we present bioengineered pH-responsive probiotic-prebiotic hierarchical microspheres (MicroSym) that coordinate localized microbial restoration with systemic immune reprogramming to treat obesity-related disorders. MicroSym is fabricated via microfluidic-assisted phase separation coupled with electrostatic spraying, embedding probiotic bacteria within a lotus-derived prebiotic matrix to form a protective yet responsive microenvironment that preserves viability during gastric transit. At intestinal pH, the hierarchical architecture selectively disassembles to release probiotics and prebiotic substrates, fostering beneficial colonization and metabolite production. This symbiotic modulation reshapes the gut immune landscape, suppresses proinflammatory macrophage polarization, and restores adipose tissue homeostasis. In diet-induced obese mice, oral treatment with MicroSym remodels the gut microbiota, improves glucose tolerance, reduces lipid accumulation, and normalizes cytokine profiles without overt toxicity. Transcriptomic profiling and microbiome analyses further validate comprehensive systemic immunometabolic benefits. Collectively, this work establishes a biofabricated symbiotic microsphere platform for controlling microbiota-immune-metabolic crosstalk and offers a translatable therapeutic strategy for obesity-associated immunometabolic disease.}, }
@article {pmid41833385, year = {2026}, author = {Itakura, M and Kakizaki, K and Suzuki, A and Okubo, S and Kato, H and Sugawara, M and Saeki, Y and Minamisawa, K}, title = {Screening of Bradyrhizobium ottawaense with High N2O-reducing Activity from Soybean Nodules in Japan.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25062}, pmid = {41833385}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {*Bradyrhizobium/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification/metabolism/enzymology ; *Glycine max/microbiology ; Japan ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; *Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; }, abstract = {Bradyrhizobium ottawaense has prospects as an environmentally friendly inoculant for soybean farming because of its higher N2O reductase (N2OR) activity than that of B. diazoefficiens. To examine high N2O-reducing B. ottawaense, we performed a PCR anal-ysis of nosZ genes in 8,640 soybean nodules from 68 fields in Japan. Of 384 PCR-positive nodules, we obtained 90 isolates of bradyrhizobia with B. ottawaense-type nosZ, derived exclusively from 18 fields in Gunma and Osaka prefectures. Of 77 monophyletic isolates, 73 had significantly higher N2OR activity than B. diazoefficiens USDA110. Another 13 isolates‍ ‍from Osaka were phylogenetically placed outside of the B. ottawaense clade with B. liaoningense or B. betae, 8 of which also exhibited significantly higher N2OR activity than B. diazoefficiens USDA110. An anal-ysis of nopP gene sequences revealed amino acid sequence variations in the NopP effector protein among these high N2O-reducing isolates, with the NopPUSDA122 type being one of the variations identified. The NopP-mediated symbiotic incompatibility of soybean host plants may eliminate nodulation by indigenous bradyrhizobia and facilitate inoculant nodulation to reduce N2O emissions. Therefore, 90 isolates and their observed NopP types are‍ ‍potentially important resources for N2O mitigation. Furthermore, the dense geographical map of Bradyrhizobium species based on Internal Transcribed Spacer-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (ITS-RFLP) of the 16S-23S rRNA gene from 8,640 nodules revealed the recent northward expansion of B. elkanii to central Japan potentially due to global warming. This change in indigenous soybean bradyrhizobia is important for application strategies of bradyrhizobial inoculants under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41833390, year = {2026}, author = {Ito, S and Matsumoto, S and Kadowaki, M and Sato, H and Saeki, Y and Shiro, S}, title = {Effects of Soil Moisture Content and Rj Genotype Differences on Soybean Productivity and Soybean-nodulating Bradyrhizobial Occupancy.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25075}, pmid = {41833390}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {*Glycine max/growth &amp; development/microbiology/genetics ; *Soil/chemistry ; Genotype ; *Bradyrhizobium/physiology/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification/growth &amp; development ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Water/analysis ; Symbiosis ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; }, abstract = {We exami-ned the effects of soil moisture changes on soybean growth, yield, and the structure of soybean-nodulating bradyrhizobial communities in cultivars with different Rj genotypes. The experiment was conducted using cultivation pots with soybean cultivars Bragg (non-Rj), CNS (Rj2Rj3), D-51 (Rj3), and Fukuyutaka (Rj4). Test strains included Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110[T], B. japonicum USDA 6[T] and USDA 123, and B. elkanii USDA 31. Cultivation pots were built with 15-cm ridges, and three soil moisture conditions were generated by varying the presence and placement of drainage holes on the pots. Declining soil moisture significantly reduced shoot length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root length, nodule number, pod number, pod dry weight, and seed number. An occupancy anal-ysis showed that USDA 110 dominated Fukuyutaka only; across treatments, it was the most abundant under high soil moisture, but significantly declined with reductions in soil moisture, where USDA 31 became dominant. A non-metric multidimensional scaling anal-ysis revealed shifts in community compositions in response to soil moisture and cultivar. Collectively, these results indicate that soybean growth, yield, and symbiosis with bradyrhizobia are strongly affected by soil moisture and also that these effects vary among cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid41833536, year = {2026}, author = {Li, H and Cai, LQ and Mou, Q and Sun, YF and Yang, KY and Liang, YS and Li, HS and Pang, H}, title = {A free-living Serratia symbiotica strain enhances aphid development, potentially through alteration of host nutritional composition.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70719}, pmid = {41833536}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Open Fund of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Protection and Resource Utilization/ ; //National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; JCYJ20250604175510013//the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aphids harbor diverse microbial communities that influence their development, reproduction, and stress tolerance. In our previous work, we identified a free-living strain of Serratia symbiotica, SsMj, which is highly abundant in the gut of Megoura crassicauda. However, the biological effects of SsMj on its aphid host remain largely unknown.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, SsMj- M.&#x2009;crassicauda were generated by rearing newly hatched nymphs separately from their parthenogenetic SsMj+ parents. Absolute quantification of the microbiome revealed that, apart from the loss of SsMj, the overall bacterial abundance and diversity did not differ significantly between SsMj- and SsMj+ aphids. Nevertheless, SsMj- individuals exhibited slower development, smaller body size, reduced survival, and produced more offspring compared to their SsMj+ counterparts. Metabolomic analyses further showed that SsMj- aphids accumulated higher levels of several sugars but lower concentrations of multiple amino acids. Consistently, the insulin-like peptide (ILP) gene showed elevated expression across developmental stages in SsMj- aphids, which is likely to reflect a response to nutrient imbalance. RNA interference targeting ILP significantly delayed development, confirming its regulatory role in aphid growth. Comparative genomics showed that the SsMj genome contains a high number of genes involved in amino acid synthesis pathways than both obligate and facultative S.&#x2009;symbiotica strains, a pattern consistent with other free-living strains.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that S.&#x2009;symbiotica plays an essential role in aphid nutrient metabolism, and is likely to be facilitating the conversion of dietary sugars into amino acids to support host development. The fitness benefits conferred by this free-living S.&#x2009;symbiotica strain suggest a close, mutualistic-like association with its aphid host, highlighting its ecological and physiological significance in insect-microbe interactions. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41833568, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, X and Zhang, P and Liu, Y and He, Y and Wang, L and Martin, FM and Zhang, F}, title = {Functional specialisation of ammonium transporters in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71068}, pmid = {41833568}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {31901279//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32271829//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ANR-11-LABX-0002-01//Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE and the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China/ ; //Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China./ ; }, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi enhance nitrogen (N) uptake in trees; however, the molecular mechanisms and functional specialisation among transporter isoforms remain poorly understood. Here, we characterised two ammonium transporters, LbAMT1.1a and LbAMT2.3, in the basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor, revealing complementary roles in fungal growth and symbiosis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that LbAMT1.1a was constitutively expressed during mycelial growth, whereas LbAMT2.3 was specifically induced during ECM formation. RNAi targeting each gene reduced mycelial growth, with LbAMT1.1a silencing producing stronger defects. [15]N-ammonium tracing demonstrated that both RNAi strains exhibited an over 83% reduction in ammonium uptake compared to wild-type. In planta experiments revealed differential impacts on symbiosis. Both RNAi strains showed a 31-60% reduction in ECM formation. LbAMT2.3 RNAi significantly reduced lateral root formation, suggesting an additional role in developmental signalling. Gene expression analysis revealed that LbAMT2.3 silencing suppressed LbAMT1.1a transcript levels, indicating regulatory crosstalk between subfamilies. Dual isotope tracing ([15]N/[13]C) confirmed that impaired fungal N uptake reduces both N transfer and carbon allocation, with LbAMT1.1a disruption having a greater impact. In conclusion, LbAMT1.1a serves as the primary ammonium uptake pathway, whereas LbAMT2.3 functions as both a symbiosis-induced transporter and a positive regulator of LbAMT1 family expression, with an additional role in modulating host root architecture.}, }
@article {pmid41834867, year = {2026}, author = {Souza, JM and Ribeiro, PHC and Millen, DD}, title = {Review: Shifts of rumen microbiota by feeding non-fibrous carbohydrates to improve cattle performance.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1735296}, pmid = {41834867}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Ruminants play an essential role in food production due to their ability to utilize forages through fermentation in the rumen. This fermentative chamber hosts a diverse microbial community capable of degrading fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbial protein, which are essential for the animal's metabolism. Throughout their evolution, ruminants developed a symbiotic relationship with microorganisms specialized in the degradation of plant fibers, enabling the use of forages as a dietary foundation. However, modern intensive production systems have introduced concentrate ingredients to their diets (such as grains and industrial by-products), which represent a significant departure from ancestral diets based exclusively on forages. Dietary composition is the primary factor driving changes in the ruminal microbiota and can significantly alter its composition. Variations in the forage-to-concentrate ratio can drastically alter microbial activity, affecting the stability of the ruminal ecosystem. Sequencing technologies and omics approaches have enhanced the understanding of this ecology, allowing for more effective nutritional interventions. The objective of this review is to assess how contemporary diets in intensive production systems differ from ancestral, forage-only diets and how these differences reshape the ruminal microbiota. To this end, we characterized the variations in the ruminal microbiota composition of animals fed high-concentrate and high-forage diets, describing the specific microbial profiles of each condition and identifying beneficial and potentially detrimental microorganisms. This review synthesizes current evidence on how dietary transitions reshape ruminal microbial cross-feeding networks and proposes an integrative framework linking microbial symbiotic balance, rumen health, and production efficiency. By emphasizing the dynamic regulation of microbial interactions rather than isolated taxa, this work highlights cross-feeding stability as a central target for nutritional, microbial, and genetic interventions in intensive ruminant production systems.}, }
@article {pmid41835130, year = {2026}, author = {Shoham, S and Weiss, C and Keren, R and Lavy, A and Polishchuk, I and Pokroy, B and Azem, A and Ilan, M}, title = {Intracellular vesicle-mediated biomineralization of arsenic and barium by a sponge symbiotic bacterium.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag039}, pmid = {41835130}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {In their soluble forms, arsenic and barium are ubiquitous toxic elements. Mechanisms for their detoxification include reducing bioavailability by assimilation into organic forms or mineralization. It was previously found that Entotheonella sp., a bacterium common to the Red Sea sponge Theonella swinhoei (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), accumulates these elements by mineralizing them intracellularly, thus acting as a detoxifying organ to the sponge host. Here, we utilize cryo-TEM and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to investigate the accumulated minerals. Our results show that Entotheonella cells possess an internal membrane-enclosing sphere-like granules that contains barium, arsenic, sulfur, calcium, and phosphorus in high concentrations. Moreover, the bacterial cytoplasm contains many intracellular vesicles (ICVs) enriched with arsenic and sulfur. The coexistence of sulfur and arsenic may suggest the presence of cysteine-containing metal-binding proteins responsible for arsenic uptake and separation within the bacterial cell. To examine that hypothesis, we developed a protocol for vesicle isolation and performed proteomic profiling. Based on the proteins found, ICVs likely originate from the bacteria's outer membrane and contain proteins of known functions, including the transport and detoxification of toxic metals. These findings enhance our understanding of Entotheonella sp. and its host Tamiops swinhoei's unique strategies for hyper-accumulating and neutralizing toxic elements.}, }
@article {pmid41835236, year = {2026}, author = {Ariyan, M and Mikryukov, V and Khalil, H and Gohar, D and Hosseyni Moghaddam, MS and Drenkhan, R and Tedersoo, L}, title = {Impact of plant species, mycorrhizal type, and leaf traits on foliar fungal communities (in a common garden experiment).}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {e173358}, pmid = {41835236}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {Foliar fungal communities are essential components of the plant microbiome, playing a vital role in maintaining plant health and influencing ecosystem dynamics. Despite increasing interest in plant-microbe associations, the drivers shaping foliar fungal community composition remain poorly understood, including the roles of host phylogeny, functional traits, and belowground mycorrhizal symbiosis. We used the MycoPhylo experimental field, in which plant species are planted in a replicated, phylogenetically diverse design, to investigate the influence of host plant identity, mycorrhizal type, and leaf functional traits on foliar fungal assemblages. We examined foliar fungal communities across 158 plots representing 110 distinct plant species using a metabarcoding approach. The resulting operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were dominated by Dothideomycetes (44.5%), Tremellomycetes (12.7%), and Taphrinomycetes (9.0%). Functional guild analysis revealed that plant pathogens and saprotrophs were the most abundant ecological groups. Foliar fungal alpha diversity and community composition were significantly influenced by plant growth form and mycorrhizal association. Although plant deciduousness did not affect fungal richness, it significantly affected fungal community composition. The measured leaf traits (hairiness and thickness) showed the least influence on fungal richness. Mantel tests revealed weak, guild-dependent relationships between host phylogenetic distance and foliar fungal community dissimilarity. Moreover, plant phylogenetic eigenvectors accounted for up to 25.8% of the variation in fungal richness. These findings indicate that host phylogeny and plant traits contribute to-but do not solely determine-the structure of foliar fungal assemblages under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41829161, year = {2026}, author = {Infante-Neta, AA and D'Almeida, AP and Lima, RS and Cecília, JA and da Silva Junior, IJ and Gonçalves, LB and de Albuquerque, TL}, title = {Waste Valorization of Passion Fruit Peel Hydrolysate for Bacterial Cellulose Production: Influence of Nitrogen Source on Yield and Functional Properties for Food Packaging.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41829161}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {The valorization of agro-industrial residues represents a strategic approach to advancing sustainability and circular bioeconomy principles in the food sector. Although bacterial cellulose (BC) production from waste substrates has been widely explored, limited attention has been given to the role of nitrogen source modulation in complex fermentation systems. This study evaluated passion fruit peel hydrolysate (PFPH), a cellulose- and hemicellulose-rich by-product, as an alternative carbon source for BC production using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) under static conditions. Acid hydrolysis and detoxification were performed to obtain fermentable sugars while minimizing inhibitory compounds. Different nitrogen sources and purification strategies were comparatively assessed. The highest purified BC yield (81 g L[-1] of culture medium) was obtained using ammonium sulfate, whereas sodium nitrate promoted greater impurity removal (77.51% mass reduction). Structural and chemical analyses (FTIR, XPS, and XRD) confirmed effective delignification, enhanced surface purity, and increased crystallinity. SEM revealed a homogeneous nanofibrillar network, and thermogravimetric analysis indicated thermal stability up to approximately 300 °C. Soil burial assays showed 26% mass loss after 42 days, demonstrating controlled biodegradation consistent with food packaging requirements. Overall, PFPH proved to be an efficient and sustainable substrate for BC biosynthesis. The modulation of nitrogen source significantly influenced both production yield and structural properties, highlighting the potential of this system for developing environmentally responsible biopolymer materials for food packaging applications.}, }
@article {pmid41829734, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, Z and Wei, H and Hu, H and Yao, Y and Liang, J and Wu, P}, title = {Kinship Modulates Carbon Allocation and Phosphorus Acquisition in Chinese Fir-AMF Networks Under Neighbor P Limitation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41829734}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {No. 2024J02010//Key Program of Natural Science of Fujian Province, China/ ; No. ZMGG-0801//8th Special Project on Seedling Research and Development of Forestry Science and Technology in Fujian Province, China/ ; }, abstract = {Phosphorus (P) deficiency in forest soils is a key constraint on the sustainable management and productivity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations. This study investigated how P limitation alters the reciprocal exchange of "photosynthetic carbon and mineral phosphorus" between Chinese fir and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) when the focal plant grows adjacent to neighbors with different degrees of relatedness. An indoor pot experiment simulating heterogeneous P supply was conducted using clonal seedlings of Chinese fir No. 36 as the focal plant, with Chinese fir No. 36, Chinese fir No. 41, and Schima superba as neighboring plants to establish three two-plant combinations: a kin pair (No. 36 + No. 36), a close-kin pair (No. 36 + No. 41), and an unrelated-kin pair (No. 36 + S. superba). Funneliformis mosseae was inoculated into the shared root-zone room connecting the two plants, and the neighbor was subjected to a gradient of P limitation (sufficient P, low P, and zero P). Meanwhile, the focal No. 36 plant received [13]CO2 pulse labeling to form a "Chinese fir-AMF-P-limited neighbor" symbiotic network in which No. 36 served as the [13]C donor. AMF colonization, seedling growth, and changes in [13]C enrichment and P concentration in plant tissues of the focal plant were quantified. Neighbor P limitation significantly increased AMF colonization in roots and whole-plant P concentration of the focal Chinese fir. Following [13]CO2 pulse labeling, whole-plant [13]C enrichment of the focal plant increased significantly under the neighbor zero P treatment, suggesting enhanced carbon allocation under severe neighbor P limitation. Moreover, under the neighbor zero P treatment, focal plants grown with an unrelated-kin neighbor showed significant increases in stem P concentration (1.86 g·kg[-1]) and stem atom% [13]C (1.50%), whereas focal plants grown with a kin neighbor exhibited a significant increase in root Atom% [13]C (1.29%). These patterns indicate that neighbor relatedness may modulate carbon allocation and P acquisition within the mycorrhizal network: in the kin context, the focal plant tended to allocate more photosynthetic carbon belowground and may partially subsidize the AMF carbon demand (i.e., a higher C reward), coinciding with a relatively weaker P accumulation in its own tissues; in contrast, in the unrelated kin context, carbon allocation shifted toward stems and was associated with strengthened P accumulation in stem tissues. Overall, the results highlight the dynamic nature of AMF-mediated carbon-nutrient reciprocity across hosts of contrasting relatedness and provide new insights into how mycorrhizal networks may facilitate plant adaptation to nutrient limitation.}, }
@article {pmid41829798, year = {2026}, author = {Hussain, HA and Liang, Z and Hussain, S and Luo, J and Sui, S and Liu, D}, title = {Harnessing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis to Enhance Growth and Resilience to Combined Drought and Heat Stress in Lily (Lilium spp.).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41829798}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {CSTB2023TIAD-LDX0002//Chongqing Municipal Special Fund for Technological Innovation and Application Development/ ; CSTB2023TIAD-LUX0005//Chongqing Municipal Special Fund for Technological Innovation and Application Development/ ; }, abstract = {Abiotic stresses such as drought and heat increasingly threaten plant growth and ornamental quality, particularly in climate-sensitive floricultural crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant resilience under such conditions, yet their role in lilies remains insufficiently explored. In this study, we used a two-tier experimental approach to evaluate AMF-mediated benefits in lilies. First, different AMF strains, namely Funneliformis mosseae (FM), Rhizophagus intraradices (RI), Rhizophagus irregularis (RIG), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (CE), Diversispora versiformis (DV), and a mixed consortium (MIX), were screened for growth-promoting effects in two Lilium species, Taiwan lily and Lilium cv. Sorbonne, under non-stress conditions. Second, a selected AMF-host combination from the screening was evaluated to improve tolerance to drought, heat, and combined drought + heat stress. Among the tested strains, DV and MIX showed the most consistent improvements across key growth traits and root colonization. In the stress experiment, stress treatments reduced growth and physiological performance, particularly under combined drought + heat. AMF inoculation enhanced plant performance by improving shoot and root biomass, improving root system architecture, and leading to a higher chlorophyll content, greater relative water content, and enhanced flower traits. Biochemical analyses further revealed that AMF mitigated stress-induced oxidative damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, as shown by reduced O2•[-] and H2O2 staining. This reduction in oxidative stress was supported by increased activities of key antioxidant enzymes, indicating that AMF activate cellular defense mechanisms. These findings underscore the potential of AMF as a sustainable biotechnological tool for improving stress tolerance in lilies and enhancing floricultural productivity under climate-challenged environments.}, }
@article {pmid41829836, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, Y and Jia, Y and Chen, C and Wu, L and Sun, J and Zhou, Q and Wang, H and Chen, Y}, title = {Rhizosheath-Mycorrhizal Interactions in Kengyilia hirsuta Enhance Phosphorus Efficiency.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {41829836}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2024YFHZ0167//The Sichuan Regional Innovation Cooperation Project/ ; 2021PTJS30//Special Project from the Collaborative Innovation Center for Ecological Animal Husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest Minzu University/ ; CX2023009//Discipline Construction Project of Southwest Minzu University/ ; ZYN2024013//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Southwest Minzu University/ ; 2024CXTD11//The project number of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Research Innovation Team/ ; }, abstract = {Phosphorus deficiency is a key factor limiting plant growth in desertified grasslands. Elucidating the adaptive strategies of pioneer plants that integrate root morphology and microbial interactions is crucial for understanding the natural restoration of ecosystems. This study investigated the strategies employed by Kengyilia hirsuta, a pioneer grass species in desertified grasslands, to adapt to low-phosphorus environments. By conducting sand culture experiments under varying phosphorus levels (low, optimal, and high), we focused on elucidating the synergistic adaptive mechanisms involving the root-rhizosheath system. The results showed that the rhizosheath serves as a critical micro-ecological niche for enriching arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and enhancing phosphatase activity. Under low-phosphorus stress, the plant strengthened root hair development and its symbiotic association with AMF, which markedly increased acid phosphatase activity and led to the highest phosphorus use efficiency. At the optimal phosphorus level, the plant developed an efficient "rhizosheath-mycorrhiza" synergistic system, characterized by high AMF colonization and spore density, facilitating optimized carbon-phosphorus exchange. Under phosphorus-sufficient conditions, the adaptive strategy transitioned towards root morphological plasticity, exemplified by increased surface area and branching. Multivariate analysis revealed that the phosphorus absorption efficiency of K. hirsuta is co-regulated by both morphological adaptation and symbiotic optimization. This study elucidates the mechanisms of nutrient stress adaptation in desertified grassland plants, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the natural restoration processes of degraded ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41830828, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, Y and Qi, Z and Yin, L and Chang, F and Ju, H and Jing, H and Diao, X}, title = {Multi-level holobiont dysregulation increases the ecological risk of combined ocean acidification and benzo[a]pyrene pollution to the reef-building coral Porites lutea.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {507}, number = {}, pages = {141743}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141743}, pmid = {41830828}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Reef-building corals are increasingly threatened by the combined effects of global climate change and localized organic pollutants. However, the holistic impacts of co-exposure to ocean acidification (OA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on coral holobionts remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the multi-level responses of the reef-building coral Porites lutea to short-term (7-day) exposure to OA (pH 7.80), BaP (10 µg/L), and their combination, by integrating physiological measurements with microbiome profiling (ITS2 and 16S rRNA). We found that combined stress was associated with a dysregulated response in Symbiodiniaceae, characterized by a significant increase in cell density without a parallel rise in chlorophyll content, suggesting a possible compensatory but inefficient proliferation response. Despite this, the dominant symbiont Cladocopium C15 remained stable. The bacterial diversity increased (e.g., enrichment of Ruegeria and Acanthopleuribacter, decline of Endozoicomonas), which may suggest enhanced functional redundancy, while the archaeal community was significantly restructured, most notably a marked decline of the putative obligate Nanoarchaeota-Halobacterota symbiosis. At the host level, combined stress was associated with suppressed antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD/POD) but upregulated genes related to protein folding (Hsp90) and calcium homeostasis (NCX1, VAMP4). These findings suggest a complex holobiont reconfiguration under combined stress, involving a stabilized core symbiont, altered microbiomes, and a shifted host defense strategy. Our study suggests that the ecological risk of combined OA and organic pollution may not be extrapolated from single-stressor responses, indicating the need to incorporate multi-stressor frameworks into coral reef risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid41831253, year = {2026}, author = {Maartens, LH and Gummow, B and Grewar, JD and Picard, J and Thompson, PN}, title = {A cohort study of factors associated with the incidence rate of keratoconjunctivitis in dairy heifers farmed under Mediterranean climatic conditions.}, journal = {Preventive veterinary medicine}, volume = {251}, number = {}, pages = {106849}, doi = {10.1016/j.prevetmed.2026.106849}, pmid = {41831253}, issn = {1873-1716}, abstract = {Bovine keratoconjunctivitis (BK) is a common ocular disease in cattle, often linked to symbiotic bacteria with pathogenic potential, such as Moraxella bovis. Although treatable, BK impacts productivity, animal welfare, and antimicrobial stewardship in food-producing systems. This study estimated the incidence rate of BK among dairy heifers and evaluated animal- and herd-level risk factors, including the field efficacy of a commercial M. bovis vaccine. A year-long prospective cohort study was conducted in 636 dairy heifers across nine farms in South Africa's Mediterranean climatic zone. Heifers were monitored monthly for general health and BK signs. Conjunctival swabs were collected to detect M. bovis, M. bovoculi, and Mesomycoplasma bovoculi. Risk factor data were obtained via structured interviews, environmental monitoring, and weather records. BK incidence density rate (IDR), vaccine efficacy, and risk factor associations were assessed using Poisson models. The BK IDR was 25.1 cases per 100 eye-years (95% CI: 20.7-30.4), peaking in summer. No microbial agents were significantly associated with BK IDR, underscoring its multifactorial nature. Incidence rates were similar between vaccinated and unvaccinated heifers, supporting evidence that current vaccines offer inconsistent protection. Significant animal-level risk factors included younger age, poor body condition, and peri-orbital dermatophytosis. Heifers in drylot enclosures with consistent nutrition showed lower BK incidence. Seasonal increases in solar radiation, lachryphagous fly abundance, and pyrethroid pesticide use were linked to higher BK IDR. Findings support a paradigm shift in BK prevention, emphasizing nutritional resilience, welfare-based heifer management, integrated pest control, and responsible pesticide use.}, }
@article {pmid41831708, year = {2026}, author = {Sánchez, O and González, IC and Poyo, JG and Ureña, M and Arias, A}, title = {The hidden passengers: On the role of exotic crayfish in the spread of symbiotic and pathogenic organisms in northern Iberian Peninsula.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108598}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2026.108598}, pmid = {41831708}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {The spread of invasive crayfish species poses a growing threat to freshwater ecosystems and public health, not only through direct ecological impacts but also by facilitating the transmission of symbionts and potential zoonotic pathogens. This study characterizes the symbiont diversity associated with the crayfish species that occur in northern Spain. In addition, the first comprehensive and comparative compilation of reported symbiont and parasite species of crayfish species reported in Iberia is provided. A combination of scanning electron and optical microscopy analysis and a review of the literature was employed to identify the symbionts and evaluate their spatial distribution on the host, their taxonomy, and their zoonotic potential. A total of five crayfish species were analyzed, with symbionts recorded across multiple body regions, particularly the chelipeds, gills, and pleopods. The most prevalent taxa belonged to the phyla Ciliophora, Annelida, and Platyhelminthes. Some symbionts, such as Xironogiton victoriensis and Uncinocythere occidentalis, were identified as obligate ectosymbionts that could have a negative impact on protected species such as Austropotamobius fulcisianus. Furthermore, several symbiont taxa (e.g., Fusarium sp., and Paragonimus spp.) are known to be zoonotic and are associated with conditions such as keratitis, onychomycosis, and paragonimiasis. The results highlight the dual ecological and epidemiological risk posed by crayfish invasions. As vectors of both invasive symbionts and zoonotic agents, these crustaceans may facilitate the emergence of new infectious diseases in freshwater environments. This underscores the need for integrated monitoring strategies that consider symbiont-host dynamics in invasive species management and public health surveillance and highlights the importance of implementing targeted management actions to mitigate ecological impacts and reduce associated health risks.}, }
@article {pmid41831761, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Liu, Z and Yin, X and Guo, Z and Wang, J and He, Z and Liu, W and Luo, H and Xu, X and Yue, X and Zhou, A}, title = {Sustainable hydrogen and vivianite recovery from waste activated sludge in electro-fermentation: Perspectives of product regulation and microbial interaction.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {298}, number = {}, pages = {124248}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124248}, pmid = {41831761}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Zero-valent iron mediated electro-fermentation (EF) has recently emerged as a promising strategy for the synchronous hydrogen and vivianite recovery from waste activated sludge (WAS), while the mechanism of production regulation and microbial interaction still remains unclear. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of hydrogen and phosphorus recovery from prefermented sludge via EF was performed. The substrate reduction (∼2500 mg COD/L, fermentation liquid was diluted 1:1) resulted in the highest hydrogen yield (25.5 mmol/g COD) and complete phosphate recovery at 2 d, the recovered vivianite accomplished the largest crystal size (138.8 μm) with layered structures. The highest utilization efficiency of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and organics was also achieved in 1:1 group. Anaerobic fermentation bacteria (AFB), electroactive bacteria (EAB), homo-acetogens, and nitrate reducing bacteria (NRB) were the predominant microbes in the plankton and bio-cathode, forming a mutually beneficial and stable symbiotic network. Further analysis of metabolic pathways revealed that the 1:1 group exhibited higher abundance of key functional genes involved in hydrolysis, acidification, and hydrogen production. This study may provide the theoretical and technical foundation for sludge valorization in the future implementation of EF in wastewater treatment plants.}, }
@article {pmid41831799, year = {2026}, author = {Qi, H and Wu, R and Liao, J and Alvarez, PJJ and Yu, P}, title = {Longitudinal multi-omics reveal phase-dependent viral adaptive strategies and functional potential during formation of algal-bacterial granular sludge.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {449}, number = {}, pages = {134410}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134410}, pmid = {41831799}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Virus-prokaryote interactions within microbial aggregates critically influence microbiome function and stability, yet the interactive dynamics during microbial aggregation remain largely unexplored. Here, longitudinal multi-omics revealed that prokaryotic host community diversity underwent decline and subsequent recovery during algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) formation from activated sludge. Declined host diversity in the collapse phase enriched for lysogenic viruses and facilitated virus-host mutualistic symbiosis, during which the proportion of lysogenic metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) peaked at 84% (841,649 TPM), with auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) primarily involved in genetic information processing and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, low host diversity increased viral microdiversity by 1.97-fold and selected for virion structure genes that were conducive to viral fitness and replication. As host diversity recovered during the recovery phase, viruses and hosts engaged in an evolutionary arms race, with both host defense systems (DS) (Spearman's Rho = 0.68, P < 0.05) and viral anti-defense systems (ADS) (Spearman's Rho = 0.51, P < 0.05) enriched along with granule maturation. Furthermore, active lysogenic infections were accompanied by the dissemination of AMGs predominantly associated with the metabolism of cofactors, vitamins, terpenoids, and polyketides. Despite their phase-dependent functional profiles, lysogenic phages with AMGs putatively enhanced the structural and functional stability of the microbiome during ABGS formation. Overall, our study unveils a phase-dependent co-evolutionary interplay between viruses and prokaryotic hosts during ABGS formation, providing insights into virus-mediated microbial structural and functional resilience in engineered ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41828632, year = {2026}, author = {Kastuganova, K and Askerov, A and Szabó, A and Barteneva, NS}, title = {Systematic Review: Long-Read Sequencing in Algal Studies.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27052415}, pmid = {41828632}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {AP26104995//Ministry of High Education and Sciences, Kazakhstan/ ; FDCRGP grant #SSH2024005//Nazarbayev University/ ; }, mesh = {*High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Genomics/methods ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Microbiota/genetics ; }, abstract = {Long-read sequencing (LRS) has transformed life science research by introducing third-generation sequencing (TGS) platforms applicable across various research fields, including environmental sciences. In the past decade, LRS platforms have been utilized to extensively study algal systems by improving genomic approaches such as metabarcoding, chromosome-level genome and pangenome assemblies, as well as providing new insights into algae-associated microbiomes and host-symbiont interactions. This review aims to discuss recent advancements in LRS in algal research. To achieve this aim, a systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and across three electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar), with additional citation searching for relevant studies in four key algal research areas: metabarcoding, genomics, pangenomics, and host-symbionts interactions. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 51 studies were selected for this review. Throughout the review, we summarize the challenges of short-read sequencing (SRS) and discuss how LRS platforms address these challenges in algal studies. Furthermore, we discuss the future of LRS and explore how artificial intelligence (AI) can advance research on algal biology and ecology.}, }
@article {pmid41828348, year = {2026}, author = {Leemann, RG and Liu, Y and Hjørungnes, M and Bailly, A and Bellés-Sancho, P and Pessi, G}, title = {Paraburkholderia phymatum STM815[T] Pectate Lyase Has a Negative Impact on Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosis with Common Bean.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27052119}, pmid = {41828348}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {310030_215282/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; 1462/2025//Vontobel Stiftung/ ; }, mesh = {*Nitrogen Fixation ; *Symbiosis ; *Polysaccharide-Lyases/genetics/metabolism ; *Phaseolus/microbiology ; *Burkholderiaceae/enzymology/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In the face of global challenges such as food insecurity, environmental degradation, and climate change, biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia has become increasingly crucial for supporting sustainable agriculture and reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Paraburkholderia phymatum STM815[T] is a beta-proteobacterial rhizobium notable for its exceptionally broad host range, forming nitrogen-fixing symbioses with over 50 legume species. In this study, we identified pelB on the P. phymatum STM815[T] symbiotic plasmid, which codes for a pectate lyase, whose expression is activated by the presence of pectin in the medium and during symbiosis with common bean. In the absence of pelB, P. phymatum STM815[T] shows improved symbiotic performance with common bean. Plants infected with the pelB mutant developed fewer but larger nodules and exhibited a 43% increase in nitrogenase activity, suggesting that pelB in P. phymatum STM815[T] may negatively affect nodulation efficiency and nitrogen fixation in common bean.}, }
@article {pmid41826648, year = {2026}, author = {Sung, Y and Kim, DK and Kim, JS and Kim, SJ and Kim, JH and Han, JM}, title = {Metabolic networks in the tumor microenvironment: roles of amino acid and lipid metabolism pathways in cancer progression and therapy.}, journal = {Experimental &amp; molecular medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s12276-026-01697-0}, pmid = {41826648}, issn = {2092-6413}, support = {RS-2023-00219297//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; RS-2025-00573098//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; RS-2025-18362970//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; NRF-2022R1A5A2027161//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; NRF-2023R1A2C1006159//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; RS-2024-00334337//Korea Drug Development Fund (KDDF)/ ; }, abstract = {Metabolic rewiring, a defining hallmark of cancer, sustains cell proliferation and biosynthesis while coordinating adaptive interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent advances reveal that metabolism in the TME-comprising stromal, immune and endothelial components forms a complex metabolic network in which intercellular competition, cooperation and plasticity profoundly influence tumor progression and therapeutic responses. Here we integrate emerging evidence on the organizational principles of amino acid and lipid metabolism within the TME, emphasizing how nutrient fluxes shape immune evasion, therapeutic resistance and metabolic symbiosis. We highlight key mechanisms through which cancer and nonmalignant cells engage in reciprocal nutrient manipulation, focusing on glutamine, arginine, tryptophan, branched-chain amino acids and lipids. The dual roles of these metabolites in immune regulation and tumor growth reveal the limitations of traditional single-pathway targeting and advocate for a network-centric therapeutic approach. We further discuss how metabolite-derived signaling and epigenetic regulation reinforce cell state transitions and immune suppression. Current and emerging therapeutic strategies, including multitarget combinations and immune-metabolic synergies, are evaluated alongside translational challenges. Finally, we underscore the need for spatial metabolomics, liquid biopsy platforms and artificial intelligence-driven modeling to map nutrient competition and cooperative exchange within the TME, offering new opportunities for precision metabolic interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41826362, year = {2026}, author = {Gabandé-Rodríguez, E and Gómez de Las Heras, MM and Ramírez-Ruiz de Erenchun, P and Simó, C and García-Cañas, V and Inohara, N and Berenguer-López, I and Enríquez-Zarralanga, V and Fernández-Almeida, &#xc1; and Oller, J and Soto-Heredero, G and Carrasco, E and Vázquez-Muñoz, C and Delgado-Pulido, S and Escrig-Larena, JI and Francos-Quijorna, I and Justo-Méndez, R and Aranda, JF and Poulton, J and Lechuga-Vieco, AV and Enríquez, JA and Núñez, G and Mittelbrunn, M}, title = {Butyrate extends health and lifespan in mice with mitochondrial deficiency.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-70547-4}, pmid = {41826362}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Mitochondrial diseases progressively lead to multisystemic failure with treatment options remaining extremely limited. Here, to investigate strategies that alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction, we first generate a ubiquitous and tamoxifen-inducible knockout mouse model of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a nuclear-encoded protein involved in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance - Tfam[fl/fl]Ubc[Cre-ERT2] (iTfamKO) mice. Systemic TFAM deficiency triggers mitochondrial decline in a myriad of tissues in adult mice. Consequently, iTfamKO mice manifest multiorgan dysfunction including lipodystrophy, sarcopenia, metabolic alterations, kidney failure, neurodegeneration, and locomotor dysregulation, which result in the premature death of these mice. Interestingly, iTfamKO mice display intestinal barrier disruption and gut dysbiosis, with diminished levels of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate. Mice with a deficient proof-reading version of the mtDNA polymerase gamma (mtDNA-mutator mice) phenocopy the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier and bacterial dysbiosis with reduced levels of butyrate, suggesting that different mouse models of mitochondrial dysfunction share insufficient generation of butyrate. Transfer of microbiota from healthy control mice or administration of tributyrin, a butyrate precursor, delay multiple signs of multimorbidity, extending lifespan in iTfamKO mice. Mechanistically, butyrate supplementation recovers epigenetic histone acylation marks that are lost in the intestine of Tfam deficient mice. Overall, our findings highlight the relevance of preserving host-microbiota symbiosis in disorders related to mitochondrial dysfunction.}, }
@article {pmid41826186, year = {2026}, author = {Boyd, BM and Bush, SE and Dale, C}, title = {Untangling nature's experiment with lice and endosymbiotic bacteria.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2026.01.015}, pmid = {41826186}, issn = {1471-5007}, abstract = {Insects have formed close relationships with endosymbiotic microorganisms, enabling adaptation and promoting diversification. In this review, we examined studies of endosymbiotic bacteria in parasitic lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera). Lice and their endosymbionts lead fairly secluded lives, with each louse-host and louse-endosymbiont pair evolving in relative isolation. Consequently, each louse lineage and its associated endosymbiont represents natural replicates, useful for understanding how endosymbiosis arises and evolves under similar ecological conditions. While louse endosymbionts are vertically transmitted, they show surprisingly low levels of cospeciation with their louse hosts. Instead, phylogenomic evidence indicates repeated, independent acquisitions of endosymbionts from free-living progenitors. Following each acquisition, endosymbiont lineages experienced elevated evolutionary rates and genomic reduction, losing functionally redundant pathways while retaining functions necessary to maintain the symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41825597, year = {2026}, author = {Winberg, A and Sjödin, KS and Öhlund, M and West, CE}, title = {LOSS OF SYMBIOTIC GUT BACTERIA IN CHILDREN AT DIAGNOSIS OF FOOD PROTEIN INDUCED ENTEROCOLITIS SYNDROME.}, journal = {The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaci.2026.02.043}, pmid = {41825597}, issn = {1097-6825}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gut microbial composition has been proposed to influence disease onset in children with food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES).<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in gut microbiota profiles in children with newly diagnosed FPIES and healthy controls.<br><br>METHODS: Fecal samples were collected at FPIES diagnosis from 56 children stratified into three age groups: young infants at mean (SD) age 4.6 (0.5) months, infants at 6.5 (0.6) months and young children, at 11.7 (7.8) months. Gut microbiota profiles were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and compared between children with FPIES and 43 age matched controls.<br><br>RESULTS: Age was the strongest determinant of gut microbiota composition, followed by FPIES status. &#xdf;-diversity differed significantly between children with FPIES and controls (p<0.01), primarily driven by shifts in Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Verrucomicrobiota. Children with FPIES had lower Bifidobacterium and higher abundances of Bacteroides, Haemophilus, and Veillonella. FPIES food triggers were associated with reduced Verrucomicrobiota abundance.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Children with FPIES exhibit gut microbial dysbiosis characterized by reduced Bifidobacterium and Verrucomicrobiota abundance, suggesting potential links between early-life microbiota development and disease pathogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid41825416, year = {2026}, author = {Gao, T and Li, Y and Yang, N and Liang, X and Lin, L}, title = {Reservoir hydrological fluctuations induce rhizosphere N-cycling divergent patterns: integrating root multi-adaptive strategies perspectives.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {404}, number = {}, pages = {129330}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129330}, pmid = {41825416}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Dam regulation-induced water level fluctuations (WLFs) significantly impact plant distributions and their interactions with microbes in drawdown zones, driving ecosystem functionality and nutrient dynamics. However, an integrated understanding of how periodic WLFs affect root adaptive traits and rhizosphere microbial dynamics to regulate nitrogen cycling remains limited. To address this, we compared WLF-affected zones (Zones I-II) with an unflooded zone (Zone III) to examine root multi-adaptive strategies, microbial structure and assembly, and nitrogen-cycling divergences. Root economics space (RES) results indicated the root nutrient foraging strategy across Zones I-III. Crucially, WLFs promoted convergent resource acquisition strategies (community-weighted mean-based and functional dispersion-based) and shifted root trait networks toward higher path length, diameter, modularity, but lower edge density. We further tested whether these adaptive strategies are related to rhizosphere microbial dynamics. We found that WLFs resulted in diverse and stochastic rhizobacterial distribution, which was induced by 'outsourcing' traits (distributed on one side of the 'collaboration gradient' of RES) and key environmental drivers. Given the reduced linkage in trait networks and destabilized N-functional microbial co-occurrence networks, structural equation modeling indicated that WLFs enhanced symbiotic root-rhizobacteria relationships. Furthermore, functional traits (Root N and root length) and key soil properties jointly suppressed N-transformation in Zone I, while divergently regulated N-fixation, denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in Zone II. The reduction of N-transformation was linked to resource scarcity in Zone III. These findings establish that WLFs foster root-microbe cooperation to regulate N-cycles, providing a theoretical basis for managing reservoir operations and riparian ecological functions.}, }
@article {pmid41825400, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, CZ and Fu, HM and Li, TX and Gao, XY and Hu, Q and Yan, P and Guo, JS and Xu, XW and Chen, YP}, title = {Light-driven community assembly and functional performance of aeration-free filamentous algae-partial nitrification/anammox granule.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {297}, number = {}, pages = {125694}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125694}, pmid = {41825400}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {The algae-partial nitrification/anammox (A-PNA) process offers significant advantages for carbon-neutral wastewater nitrogen removal. This study successfully established a zero-aeration filamentous algal-PNA (FA-PNA) granular system by incorporating Pantanalinema sp. under stepwise increasing light intensities (0, 15, 60 and 90 μmol·m[-2]·s[-1]). Increasing light intensity promoted the enrichment of extracellular polymeric substances and filamentous algae, facilitating granular growth and achieving a nitrogen removal rate of 85 mg N·(L·d)[-1]. Quorum-sensing signaling molecules concentration increased significantly with light intensity, particularly C6-HSL (p < 0.05). Symbiotic network and transcriptomic analyses identified Pantanalinema sp. served as a central interactive hub. It formed potential cross-feeding network with the microorganisms (Nitrosomonas europaea, Candidatus Brocadia sapporoensis, and Denitratisoma sp.) based on B vitamins (vitamin B1, vitamin B2, biotin, folate, and cobalamin) and molybdenum cofactor (MOCO). Under elevated light, these microorganisms upregulated the transcriptional expression levels of key genes involved in B vitamins and MOCO synthesis, signaling molecule production, and reactive oxygen species scavenging, forming an integrated network. This synergistic "stress protection-signaling-metabolite exchange" network effectively alleviated light-induced metabolic suppression. Additionally, Candidatus Brocadia sapporoensis exhibited superior light adaptation potential compared to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis_A and Candidatus Jettenia sp., identifying its suitability for FA-PNA systems. Overall, FA-PNA system provides a promising route for low-energy, carbon-negative nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41823843, year = {2026}, author = {Dong, M and Sun, S}, title = {Root Fungal Endophyte Communities Differ Among Plant Functional Groups in an Alpine Meadow.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {5}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15050415}, pmid = {41823843}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Disparities in root fungal endophyte (RFE) communities are well documented among plant species, yet differences among plant functional groups (PFGs) remain unclear. Given that RFE community structure is influenced by host plant abundance and species-specific root functional traits, and that PFGs exhibit divergent relative abundances and root traits, we hypothesize that PFGs harbor unique RFE communities, potentially aligned with their functional traits. We investigated RFE communities in 45 alpine meadow species representing four PFGs (grasses, legumes, dicot forbs, and monocot forbs), using high-throughput sequencing. Ascomycota dominated all groups (>50%) except monocot forbs (38.9%). Distinct differences in the RFE community species composition were found among PFGs. In particular, the differences were significant between dicot forbs and monocot forbs, and between monocot forbs and grasses, which contradicted with conventional PFG classification that combined monocot and dicot forbs as a single PFG. Moreover, marker operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with symbiotic lifestyles were more abundant in legumes, and their functional composition differed significantly from grasses. Roots' nitrogen concentration was the strongest predictor of RFE variation, followed by root length, biomass, and species abundance. These results emphasize the importance of integrating microbial partners into understanding plants' functional diversity and ecosystem resilience in alpine environments.}, }
@article {pmid41821961, year = {2026}, author = {Kawano, K and Morimura, H and Awano, T and Kikuchi, Y and Sawayama, S and Nakagawa, S}, title = {Subcuticular symbionts of intertidal brittle stars: diversity, host specificity, and functional potential.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag034}, pmid = {41821961}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Echinoderms, widely distributed and abundant marine invertebrates, host diverse microbial communities, including subcuticular symbiotic bacteria (SCB). However, the diversity and functional roles of these bacteria remain largely unexplored in intertidal brittle stars. Here, we utilized both culture-dependent and -independent methods to investigate SCBs in three different intertidal brittle star species. Amplicon sequencing revealed distinct subcuticular microbiota among the three brittle star species, with Endozoicomonadaceae dominating in Ophiarachnella gorgonia, Spirochaetota prevalent in O. exigua, and Entomoplasmatales enriched in O. japonicus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization further demonstrated that these bacteria formed microcolonies within the subcuticular space of the arms. We successfully isolated strain ToK13[T], which possesses a nearly identical 16S rRNA gene sequence to that of the predominantly detected SCB. Sequence similarity analysis revealed that ToK13[T] exhibited 98.29%, 98.22%, and 98.16% 16S rRNA gene sequence identities to Kistimonas asteriae KMD 001[T], K. scapharcae JCM 17805[T], and K. alittae BGP-2[T], respectively. This isolate is an obligate aerobic heterotroph i.e. capable of utilizing various monosaccharides. Genomic analysis identified genes associated with host interaction and symbiosis, including those involved in the biosynthesis of multiple vitamins, cofactors, and secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial activity. Competition assays with co-cultured isolates revealed that strain ToK13[T] inhibits the growth of several bacterial taxa. Collectively, these findings suggest that host-specific SCBs may contribute to the survival strategies of brittle stars by mediating microbial interactions and potentially influencing host fitness.}, }
@article {pmid41821566, year = {2026}, author = {Pelanda, H and Rulli, E and Sultanov, M and Adornato, S and Rigante, D}, title = {Highlights on the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Immune-Mediated Diseases in Childhood.}, journal = {Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {e2026025}, pmid = {41821566}, issn = {2035-3006}, abstract = {The gut microbiota, a vast community of symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting our gut, has been recognized as a key-lever for human health, shaping immune system resilience and being essential for immunological homeostasis throughout the life course. Gut microbiota composition may influence both initiation and/or perpetuation of intestinal inflammation, but recent research has highlighted its contribution to both rising and progression of protean non-intestinal inflammatory diseases: indeed, a perturbation of host-associated microbiota during critical developmental stages like early childhood can directly condition many cellular dynamics and impact long-term health. This narrative review explores the interactions among gut microbiota, physiologic healthy equilibrium, dysbiosis, and immune-mediated non-intestinal inflammatory diseases occurring in childhood, such as inflammasome-based disorders, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Kawasaki disease, and IgA vasculitis, focusing on how microbial changes may alter disease outcomes and suggesting potentially novel therapeutic approaches. Additionally, this review examines the evolution of immune recognition mechanisms and their role in maintaining the gut microbiota-host mutualism as a result of millennia of human co-evolution with the microbial counterpart.}, }
@article {pmid41821210, year = {2026}, author = {Ren, Y and Yang, C and Ji, H and Xie, K and Mao, H and Zeng, D and Wang, L and Wang, S and Xu, G and Chen, A}, title = {Two mycorrhiza-responsive MADS transcription factors, OsMADS61 and OsMADS26, regulate both direct and mycorrhizal nitrate transport pathways.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jipb.70224}, pmid = {41821210}, issn = {1744-7909}, support = {32172670//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Most land plants have evolved both a direct root uptake pathway and a symbiotic pathway, via association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, to facilitate nutrient acquisition, particularly of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), from soil. Recently, we revealed a highly efficient symbiotic pathway for nitrate uptake, mediated by an AM-specific NPF/NRT1 transporter, OsNPF4.5, in rice. However, the regulatory mechanism controlling the AM-specialized expression of OsNPF4.5 remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that two cis-acting elements, the CArG and GCC box, are essential for activating the expression of OsNPF4.5 in rice mycorrhizal roots. Deletion of either of the two motifs in its promoter caused almost complete abolition of the promoter activity of OsNPF4.5. An AM-responsive MADS (MCM1, AG, DEFA, and SRF) transcript factor, OsMADS61, could positively regulate OsNPF4.5 and another nitrate transporter gene, OsNRT2.2, involved in direct nitrate uptake. Knockout of OsMADS61 decreased root biomass, N accumulation, and mycorrhization efficiency in its mutants. OsMADS61 could be directly regulated by another AM-upregulated OsMADS paralog, OsMADS26, which itself can also activate OsNPF4.5, OsNRT2.2, and OsNAR2.1, encoding a nitrate transporter-activating protein. Together, our results reveal a dual regulatory role for OsMADS61 and OsMADS26 in governing both direct and symbiotic nitrate uptake pathways.}, }
@article {pmid41820838, year = {2026}, author = {Açar, &#x130; and Sarpkaya, K and Abid, I and Farooq, S and Yıldız, Z}, title = {Morphological and physiological responses of Pistacia rootstocks to salinity stress and commercial microbial formulation.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08568-w}, pmid = {41820838}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {16128//Harran &#xdc;niversitesi/ ; ORF-Ctr-2025-6//King Saud University/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41820734, year = {2026}, author = {Terkar, A and Raut, A and Kulkarni, J and Barvkar, VT and Borde, M}, title = {Effect of epigenetic modulation on metabolites from endophytes isolated from Embelia ribes.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41820734}, issn = {1618-1905}, support = {(UGC-284)//University Grants Commission under Special Assistance Programme (SAP) DSA-I, India ./ ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Fungal endophytes share a symbiotic relationship with the host plants. Endophytes from medicinal plants produce metabolites similar to plants as well as some new metabolites, which serve as a promising medicinal source with, significant potential in the field of biomedicine. Epigenetic modifiers, such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, activate cryptic biosynthesis gene clusters, resulting in a significant increase in cryptic metabolite production. This study elucidated the alteration in the metabolite profiles of two endophytes isolated from the medicinal plant Embelia ribes after treatment with two epigenetic modulators.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study assessed the effect of epigenetic modifiers-Azacitidine (AZ) and Sodium butyrate (SB)-on the metabolite profiles of Phomopsis azadirachtae and Diaporthe phaseolorum. Different concentrations of AZ and SB (1, 10, 50, 100, and 500 mM) were employed to assess their impact on the fungal endophyte cultures. Metabolome analysis was performed to observe the alteration of metabolites.<br><br>RESULTS: LC-MS analysis revealed 47 targeted metabolites in the AZ-treated P. azadirachtae culture. Treatment with AZ significantly affected the production of metabolites compared with the control. AZ treatment also altered the production of nine silent metabolites; namely dicerandrol B, phomosine A, epiepoxydon, taxol, cladosporine, phomonaphthalenone A, phomophyllin A, 3-indolepropionic acid (3-IPA) and ergosterol in P. azadirachtae culture. Two metabolites enhanced their production compared to the control. A total of 47 metabolites were identified in P. azadirachtae culture treated with SB, which also altered 11 silent metabolites and enhanced production of six metabolites; cytosporone B, phomophyllin A, phomosine A, phomosin B, laiolactol A, and ergosterol P by logarithmic analysis. Similarly, 41 metabolites were identified in D. phaseolorum culture treated with various concentrations of AZ. In D. phaseolorum culture treated with AZ, an epigenetic modification activated 11 silent metabolites-Cytochalasin N, bostrycoidin, phomonaphthalenone, phomopsterone, dicerandrol A, pinselin, indole-3-acetic acid, betulinic acid, phomophyllin A, dalienxanthone B and phomopoxide A. Two metabolites, phomosine A and zeatin riboside, were enhanced in majority of the AZ treatments compared to control by logarithmic analysis. SB treatment significantly modulated the metabolite profile of D. phaseolorum, with LC-MS analysis detecting 46 targeted compounds across different concentrations. The treatment activated 11 previously silent bioactive metabolites, including Ganodermaside D, lithocarpinol A, dalienxanthone B, cladospirone, dicerandrol B, libertellenone, phomonaphthalenone A, phomopoxide A, phomopsichin B, phomopsterone B, and cladospirone. Three metabolites, pinselin, dicerandrol A, and phmosine A was significantly enhanced in most of the SB treatments compared to control.<br><br>CONCLUSION: AZ treatment induced significant, concentration, dependent alterations in the metabolite profile of P. azadirachtae, with the most pronounced effects observed at the P1AZ concentration. Multivariate and clustering analyses revealed clear metabolic differentiation between treated and control cultures. A total of 47 targeted metabolites were detected under AZ treatment, including nine previously silent metabolites consistently induced across all concentrations. Notably, AZ exposure enhanced the production of phomophyllin A and phaseolorine, indicating the selective activation of cryptic biosynthetic pathways in P. azadirachtae. SB treatment significantly altered the secondary metabolite profile of P. azadirachtae in a dose-dependent manner. Metabolomic analysis detected 47 compounds in SB-treated cultures, with the most pronounced metabolic changes observed at the P50SB and P500SB concentrations. SB exposure activated a previously silent biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the production of 11 metabolites. Furthermore, log fold-change analysis demonstrated significant and consistent upregulation of six metabolites across most SB treatments, highlighting SB's effectiveness in activating cryptic secondary metabolism in P. azadirachtae. In AZ-treated D. phaseolorum cultures, epigenetic alteration triggered 11 metabolites. Log fold change analysis reported significant upregulation of two metabolites. In D. phaseolorum, SB treatments detected 46 targeted compounds across different concentrations. The treatment activated 11 previously silent bioactive metabolites. and significantly increased the levels of three metabolites compared with controls. These findings demonstrate that the epigenetic modulators AZ and SB altered secondary metabolite profiles in fungal endophytes, indicating their potential to activate silent biosynthetic pathways. These findings support their use as exploratory tools for metabolite discovery, while highlighting the need for multi-omics and structural validation in future work.}, }
@article {pmid41820342, year = {2026}, author = {Obana, N and Nakato, G and Nomura, N and Fukuda, S}, title = {A genetic toolkit for the human gut bacterium Mediterraneibacter gnavus identifies capsular polysaccharides as a competitive colonization factor.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-69022-x}, pmid = {41820342}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {JPMJER1902//MEXT | JST | Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO)/ ; 25K01926//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 23H05471//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; }, abstract = {Mediterraneibacter gnavus is a human symbiotic gut bacterium whose abundance often increases in patients with various diseases, such as active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the genetic factors governing its gut colonization and pathogenicity remain elusive due to the lack of genetic modification systems. In this study, we developed several genetic tools for M. gnavus, including a shuttle vector, an inducible promoter, fluorescent reporters, and systems for gene disruption and deletion. Using these genetic tools, we constructed mutants for six of the eight sortase-encoding genes in M. gnavus ATCC 29149 and identified those involved in the surface presentation of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and superantigen-like proteins. We also identified a CPS biosynthetic gene cluster adjacent to the sortase gene and demonstrated that CPS production is crucial for competitive colonization in germ-free mouse intestines. Notably, CPS production was inversely correlated with inflammatory activity, and CPS cluster-positive strains were more prevalent in healthy individuals than in Crohn's disease patients. These findings suggest that CPS contributes to the modulation of inflammation and pathogenesis. This study highlights the potential of precise gene-modification systems to uncover genetic determinants of intestinal colonization and pathogenesis in gut bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41820263, year = {2026}, author = {D'Agostino, L and Raturi, G and Shi, H and Lohani, N and Patange, A and Lamb, M and Patil, O and Trivedi, P and Nguyen, HT and Patil, GB}, title = {Integrative Genomic Analysis Reveals Modular Control of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobia Symbiosis in Soybean.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70491}, pmid = {41820263}, issn = {1365-3040}, }
@article {pmid41820103, year = {2026}, author = {Shi, Y and Liu, H and Fernie, AR and Zhang, Y and Yang, W and Wang, H}, title = {Toward a multiomics framework for understanding symbiotic nitrogen fixation.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2026.01.008}, pmid = {41820103}, issn = {1878-4372}, abstract = {Reducing dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizer requires biologically grounded alternatives. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation supplies fixed nitrogen but is restricted to a narrow angiosperm clade, limiting direct deployment in most major nonleguminous crops. We synthesize how telomere-to-telomere genomes and pangenomes expose structural and regulatory variants for nodulation; how single-cell and spatial transcriptomics resolve stage-specific cell states and division of labor; and how epigenomic and 3D genome maps reveal principles of regulatory control for infection, organogenesis, and fixation. Extending to actinorhizal symbioses tests single- versus multiple-origin models. We present an artificial intelligence-guided roadmap that integrates sequence, chromatin accessibility, and expression data to prioritize regulatory elements, propose compact edit sets, and guide cell type-specific deployment in nonleguminous crops, advancing from descriptive catalogs to testable models and iterative validation.}, }
@article {pmid41819687, year = {2026}, author = {Ribeiro, FV and Santos, HF and Fagundes, TSF and Moreira, DL and de Paula, GE and Almeida, P and Saliba, BM and Carmo, FL and Ferreira, CEL and Pereira, RC}, title = {Microbial pollution disables the chemical defenses of sea fans.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {227}, number = {}, pages = {119534}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119534}, pmid = {41819687}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {In coastal ecosystems, chemically rich species like gorgonians rely on specialized metabolites and symbiotic microbes for health and defense. In the Southwestern Atlantic, the elephant ear coral Phyllogorgia dilatata builds structurally complex forests and provides habitat for several species. Recent declines in cover have been linked to widespread disease, fouling, and necrosis. The loss of chemical defense due to anthropic perturbation has never been reported in the marine environment. We investigated whether pollution-driven stress could lead to a dysfunctional holobiont and impairment of its chemical defense. Using chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry and molecular networking, we profiled secondary metabolites and used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize microbial communities, relating these data to visual surveys of P. dilatata gorgonian forests. Defense compounds were found only in colonies far from pollution sources and correlated with bacteria associated with healthier environments. In contrast, pathogenic and sewage-associated bacteria dominated near the polluted site, where defenseless colonies of P. dilatata showed more disease and impaired health. Our results indicate that microbial pollution affects the capacity to modulate the microbiome through the use of infochemicals and leads to disruption of symbiosis and loss of chemical defense.}, }
@article {pmid41819177, year = {2026}, author = {Liermann, W and Vogel, L and Gnott, M and Dannenberger, D and Reyer, H and Trakooljul, N and Mielenz, M and Starke, A and Tröscher, A and Hammon, HM}, title = {Influences of an abomasal fatty acid supplementation during late gestation and early lactation on the jejunal fatty acid composition, barrier function, and adherent microbiota in dairy cows.}, journal = {Journal of dairy science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3168/jds.2025-27870}, pmid = {41819177}, issn = {1525-3198}, abstract = {Fatty acids play a key role in the maintenance of intestinal health which strongly depends on the intestinal barrier function and symbiotic microbiota. Especially PUFA are able to affect both. In this context, beneficial effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) and CLA as special representatives of PUFA are also discussed. In turn, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of an abomasal supplementation of CLA, EFA, or a combination of both from wk 9 before to 9 wk after calving on indicators of intestinal permeability and the adherent intestinal microbiota in 38 dairy cows. Fat supplementations with coconut oil (CON, 76 g/d), EFA (78 and 4 g/d; linseed/ safflower oil), CLA (38 g/d Lutalin), or EFA+CLA were studied according to their effects on jejunal fatty acid composition as well as gene and protein expression of tight junction proteins and fatty acid binding proteins, free fatty acid receptors and further factors characterizing the intestinal barrier and immune function and the intestinal microbiota on d 63 after calving. Proportions of PUFA in jejunal tissue increased in the CLA and EFA+CLA groups compared with control cows. Proportions of n-3 fatty acids were increased by EFA. The EFA+CLA cows showed higher jejunal n-3 proportions compared with the other groups. Proportions of n-6 fatty acids were reduced in the EFA and EFA+CLA group compared with the CON and CLA group. The relative jejunal gene expression of fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) was increased in CLA cows compared with cows without CLA supplementation. Mucin 2 (MUC2) gene expression tended to be higher in the CLA group compared with the CON group. Essential fatty acids increased the jejunal interleukin 1β (IL1β) and tended to increase tight junction protein 1 (ZO1) gene expression compared with cows without EFA supply. The EFA+CLA group increased the jejunal IL1β gene expression compared with CON cows. Protein expression of occludin tended to decrease in cows with CLA. Alpha diversity chaos richness estimator (Chao1) index was higher and abundance-based coverage estimator index tended to be higher in EFA cows compared with non-EFA cows. Chao1 and Fisher diversity index tended to be higher in the EFA group compared with the CON group. The relative abundance of Bacteroidota were reduced in EFA+CLA cows compared with CON animals. Proteobacteria, Bacteria_unclassified and Planctomycetota abundance tended to be reduced in EFA compared with CON cows. Proteobacteria were more abundant in the EFA+CLA compared with the EFA group. On class level, EFA cows showed a higher abundance of WCHB1-41 compared with EFA+CLA cows. On family level, the relative abundance of WCHB1-41_fa was higher in EFA cows compared with EFA+CLA cows. In summary, the abomasal fatty acid supplementation modulates the total intestinal fatty acid composition. There is evidence that CLA had slight effects on intestinal barrier function. A combination of EFA and CLA seemed to enable an increased colonization of microbes to the intestinal epithelium inducing a pro-inflammatory response.}, }
@article {pmid41818467, year = {2026}, author = {Jogawat, A and Sanyasi, M and Menon, SH and Goyal, D and Nair, AM and Vadassery, J}, title = {Arabidopsis SWEET12 contributes to the regulation of sugar allocation and Defense responses during interaction with Serendipita indica.}, journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcag032}, pmid = {41818467}, issn = {1471-9053}, abstract = {Carbon availability is a central determinant of beneficial plant-fungal associations, and sugar transporters are key levers of this exchange. SWEETs (SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER) are involved in transporting various kinds of sugars in plants; however, their functional roles in fungal symbiosis are not sufficiently explored. In this study, we investigate the functional relevance of Arabidopsis SWEETs in the interaction with endophytic fungi, Serendipita indica. Transcript profiling of SWEET genes in response to S. indica and its major elicitor, cellotriose, revealed early root-specific induction of SWEET12. Using a SWEET12 loss-of-function mutant, we demonstrate that the absence of SWEET12 disrupts the major outcomes of mutualism including growth promotion, balanced colonization, sugar allocation, and the accumulation of defense phytohormones (JA and SA). Transcriptome profiling further reveals that SWEET12 buffers whole-plant responses by coordinating genes linked to carbohydrate, nitrogen, and lipid metabolism, and by tuning defense signalling and nutrient transporter networks. Our findings indicate that SWEET12 is essential for balancing fungal colonization and host defense, thereby promoting plant growth. SWEET12 does so by acting as sugar valve that meters sugar release to the apoplast, enabling the fungus to access carbon while preserving host sugar homeostasis and immune competence.}, }
@article {pmid41821950, year = {2025}, author = {De León, ME and Fox, EGP and Dunaj, S and Jenner, RA and Keiser, CN and Macrander, J and Nixon, SA and Nobile, CJ and Petras, D and Rodriguez-Roman, E and Saviola, AJ and Trim, SA and Varona, NS and Yeager, J and Ul-Hasan, S and Herzig, V and Colston, TJ}, title = {A review of the venom microbiome and its utility in ecology and evolution including future directions for emerging research.}, journal = {Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)}, volume = {95}, number = {1}, pages = {3-27}, pmid = {41821950}, issn = {0334-5114}, abstract = {Microbes play vital roles in ecological systems, yet their presence and functions within venom environments of venomous organisms remain understudied. Despite the prevalent belief in the sterility of venoms, recent findings reveal diverse microbial communities within venom systems. This review aims to explore the relationships between venoms and microbes, highlighting their potential roles in evolutionary processes, ecological interactions, and therapeutic advancements. Venoms, composed of toxins utilized in hunting or defense, represent a rich source of natural products with applications in drug discovery and therapy, exemplified by FDA-approved venom toxin-derived drugs. Understanding microbial resistance mechanisms against antimicrobial peptides can illuminate coevolutionary processes and guide therapeutic development. Integrating hologenomic evolution and microbial ecology frameworks will facilitate comprehensive research on venom-microbiome interactions, and reveal the evolutionary drivers of venom diversification. Investigating and investing in these relationships promises advancements in understanding evolution, ecology, and biotechnology, with implications for human health and ecological conservation. This review synthesizes existing knowledge, identifies many gaps in literature, and investigates critical unanswered questions in the field of venom microbiology, encouraging ongoing and future collaborative research.}, }
@article {pmid41814406, year = {2026}, author = {Shi, Y and Liu, H and Yang, W and Zhai, J and Wang, H}, title = {Advances in single-cell and spatial omics for studying symbiotic nitrogen fixation: comparative cellular and evolutionary perspectives.}, journal = {Genome biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13059-026-04024-y}, pmid = {41814406}, issn = {1474-760X}, support = {2024ZD04079//Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; }, abstract = {Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics have revolutionized studies of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by resolving cellular heterogeneity, spatial gene-expression, and regulatory dynamics within root nodules. Recent investigations in model legumes have revealed conserved and species-specific programs controlling immune recognition, nodule development, and nitrogen-fixation metabolism. Integrating these datasets with single-cell epigenomic profiles, such as chromatin accessibility and three-dimensional genome architecture, provides new insight into epigenetic mechanisms that regulate key symbiotic genes. Comparative single-cell analyses across legumes and non-legumes elucidate phenotypic diversity and core regulatory networks of symbiotic nitrogen fixation at the cellular level, offering critical frameworks for engineering this process in non-legume crops.}, }
@article {pmid41813826, year = {2026}, author = {Usländer, A and Haag, MV and Cheng, AP and Lederer, B and Khoo, JY and Dunker, F and Acosta, IF and Weiberg, A and Gutjahr, C}, title = {Cross-kingdom RNA interference promotes arbuscular mycorrhiza development.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41813826}, issn = {2055-0278}, support = {170483403//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 433194101//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 170483403//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 170483403//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 170483403//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 170483403//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 433194101//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 433194101//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 433194101//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Cross-kingdom RNA interference is an emerging concept in plant-pathogen interactions. Here we provide evidence that cross-kingdom RNA interference also occurs in a beneficial plant symbiosis called arbuscular mycorrhiza. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis transfers small RNAs into plant cells, promoting the colonization of host roots. This finding establishes inter-organismal RNA communication as a new regulatory mechanism of this ancient and widespread symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41813549, year = {2026}, author = {Kou, L and Zuo, W and Freschet, GT and Zheng, J and Ma, N and Lambers, H and Li, S and Wang, H}, title = {Toward refining and contextualizing the root economics space.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2026.02.003}, pmid = {41813549}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {The trait-based 'root economics space' (RES) offers a framework for understanding plant belowground strategies. It is structured along two axes: a 'fast-slow' conservation gradient and a 'do-it-yourself to outsourcing' collaboration gradient. However, growing evidence reveals divergent dominant trait combinations structuring the RES axes across plant types and environmental contexts, challenging the framework's generality. We propose an RES framework that refines and contextualizes these axes by incorporating functionally relevant root traits. It explicitly accounts for differences in symbiotic strategies among arbuscular, ectomycorrhizal, and ericoid associations, while also considering dual-mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal types, and integrating nutrient limitation patterns across ecosystems. We further define the spatial scales and organizational levels at which the RES framework is most applicable to guide its future development.}, }
@article {pmid41813028, year = {2026}, author = {Lee, YI and Zahn, FE and Chiang, YA and Yang, CK and Jiang, H and Gebauer, G}, title = {Mycorrhizal specificity of fully mycoheterotrophic Yoania in Taiwan and China and novel natural abundance stable isotope patterns.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/plb.70195}, pmid = {41813028}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {565/9-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 107-2923-B-178-001-MY3//Taiwanese Ministry of Science and Technology/ ; //Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, People's Republic of China/ ; }, abstract = {Yoania is a rare achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic orchid genus distributed across Japan, Taiwan, China, India and Vietnam, associating with wood-decomposing fungi. Studying mycoheterotrophic plants' mycorrhizal diversity is essential, as they depend entirely on fungi for carbon and nutrients. Here, we studied mycorrhizal interactions and nutrient strategies in three Yoania species from Taiwan and China. We hypothesize (H1) that Physisporinus associates with the Yoania species studied, and (H2) that when this symbiotic relationship alters nutritional patterns, this partnership will result in lower δ[13]C enrichment than in other fully mycoheterotrophic, wood-decaying-fungus-associated orchids. High-throughput DNA sequencing was used to investigate the mycorrhizal fungal communities of three Yoania species. In addition, natural stable isotopes (δ[13]C and δ[15]N) were measured in two species, while δ[2]H and δ[18]O were measured in one of them to further evaluate nutrient acquisition strategies. In Taiwan, Yoania japonica and Yoania amagiensis var. squamipes, and in China, Yoania prainii, all associate with a single Physisporinus taxonomic unit, distinct from the Physisporinus taxonomic units associated with Yoania species in Japan. As a white-rot fungus, Physisporinus may preferentially decompose relatively [13]C depleted lignin likely explaining the lower [13]C enrichment of Yoania in comparison with other fully mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with wood-decomposing fungi. Our combined molecular and isotopic evidence suggests that the mycoheterotrophic orchid genus Yoania employs a nutritional strategy that is most likely linked to the use of lignin by its white-root fungal partner in forest ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41812752, year = {2026}, author = {Feng, L and Zhang, K and Lun, X and Liu, Z}, title = {Resource Utilization and Microbial Community Evolution in Anaerobic Digestion Effluent Containing Heavy Metal Zn via Eco-remediation Technology Based on a PBR Algal-Bacterial Symbiosis System.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124138}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124138}, pmid = {41812752}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Anaerobic digestion effluent (ADE) containing heavy metal zinc (Zn) poses a severe, persistent threat to aquatic ecosystems, demanding efficient and sustainable ecological remediation technologies. Conventional physicochemical methods are costly and prone to secondary pollution, failing to restore the ecological functions of contaminated water bodies. Based on ecological engineering and water resource restoration principles, this study developed an Algae-assisted Sequencing Batch Photo-Bioreactor (A-SBPBR) - an algal-bacterial symbiotic system - for treating Zn-containing ADE, aiming to simultaneously achieve efficient pollutant removal, Zn risk mitigation, and resource recovery via microalgal biomass production, thereby providing a solution for ecological restoration and sustainable management of polluted water.The study investigated the removal efficiencies of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (AN), and total phosphorus (TP) in ADE, as well as microalgal physiological parameters. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the dynamic evolution of microbial community structure and evaluate its ecological functions, thus assessing the technology's restoration potential.Results showed that: (1) The A-SBPBR system exhibited excellent pollutant removal performance, with degradation rates of 71.96% for sCOD, 93.22% for TN, 81.80% for AN, and 93.31% for TP; effluent concentrations were reduced to 322.18 ± 42.65 mg/L, 2.8421 ± 0.27 mg/L, 6.0423 ± 0.59 mg/L, and 2.3418 mg/L respectively. (2) The algal-bacterial system significantly enhanced microalgal lipid accumulation: crude fat content increased to 6.45%, a 3.00% rise from the initial level, highlighting its resource recovery potential for nutrient reclamation from wastewater. (3) Microbial analysis at the order level revealed significant enrichment of Pseudomonadales in the later stage, while the potentially pathogenic Rickettsiales was suppressed to an extremely low abundance of 0.53%. These shifts confirm the system's potential in pathogen inhibition, water purification enhancement, and ecological balance maintenance.}, }
@article {pmid41811515, year = {2026}, author = {Thiebaut, F and Urquiaga, MC and de Araújo, PM and de Carvalho Vivarini, A and Grativol, C}, title = {Small but big player: the important role of microRNAs in legume crops.}, journal = {Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG}, volume = {301}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41811515}, issn = {1617-4623}, mesh = {*MicroRNAs/genetics ; *Crops, Agricultural/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Fabaceae/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *RNA, Plant/genetics ; Symbiosis/genetics ; RNA Interference ; Gene Editing ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; }, abstract = {Legumes are essential components of global cropping systems due to their nutritional value and contribution to sustainable agriculture. Among the regulatory molecules, small RNAs (sRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), play crucial roles in plant development and in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. miRNAs regulate genes involved in diverse developmental processes, including nodule formation, which is fundamental for the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis that characterizes legumes. Functional studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are key modulators of plant defense, contributing to resistance against pathogens and environmental challenges. Moreover, miRNAs also participate in cross-kingdom communication, such as plant-bacteria interactions, influencing symbiotic efficiency. Advances in molecular biology have enabled the manipulation of miRNAs and their targets for crop improvement. Current approaches include the design of artificial miRNAs (amiRNA), modulation of miRNA expression through miRNA-encoded peptides, genome editing of non-coding genes using CRISPR/Cas9, and the application of RNA interference (RNAi) technology. Together, these strategies highlight the potential of miRNA-based tools in plant biotechnology. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing miRNA-mediated gene silencing will provide powerful resources for optimizing legume productivity and resilience within sustainable agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid41645062, year = {2026}, author = {Horton, AL and Neighmond, H and Neighmond, A and Anderson, R and Lessard, M and Price, V and Leys, SP and Riesgo, A}, title = {Molecular and spatial integration of algal endosymbionts of the freshwater sponge, Ephydatia muelleri, throughout development in light and dark conditions.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41645062}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {#9332//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; #P20GM103423/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; #P20GM103423/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Animal-algal photosymbioses are a unique group of symbiotic relationships in which animals harbor photosynthetic algae within their cells and tissues. Both marine and freshwater sponges host algal endosymbionts. In previous work, we demonstrated that freshwater sponges can acquire these endosymbionts horizontally through algal infection and that potentially conserved evolutionary pathways may lead to the establishment of the endosymbioses including those involved in endocytosis, ion transport, vesicle-mediated transport, innate immunity, redox regulation, and metabolic processes.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we show that algal symbionts can be transferred vertically from algal-bearing overwintering gemmules to adult sponges, and that their proliferation is enhanced by light. Sponges grown under light conditions harbored higher algal loads than those in the dark; however, algae were still able to proliferate and persist in sponges reared in the dark, occupying similar spatial locations to those grown in light. RNA-Seq analysis of algal-bearing sponges across developmental stages in light and dark conditions revealed putative genetic regulatory pathways involved in the transmission and establishment of the endosymbiosis, as well as those regulated by light. Differential expression analysis indicated that the endocytosis and SNARE pathways may regulate the internalization and transport of algae at the earliest stage of hatching under light conditions and later in development under dark conditions, potentially contributing to the recruitment of endosymbiotic algae. In sponges hatched in the dark, genes involved in vesicle acidification are regulated, alongside observable changes in the expression of genes in the pentose phosphate pathway &#x2013; a key metabolic route involved in redox homeostasis and circadian rhythm regulation via NADPH metabolism.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: E. muelleri serves as a versatile model system, supported by robust genomic and transcriptomic resources, for studying host-symbiont interactions. It offers a unique opportunity to investigate the molecular signaling and environmental factors that shape symbiosis in a system where the host can exist with or without algal endosymbionts, symbionts can be acquired either horizontally or vertically, and proliferation of the algae can occur with or without photosynthesis.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-026-12618-w.}, }
@article {pmid41811444, year = {2026}, author = {Kuwabara, JT and Beilinson, V and Hargadon, AC and Chen, GY and Hu, XM and Ladinsky, MS and Hackett, KT and Dillard, JP and Visick, KL and Ruby, EG and McFall-Ngai, M}, title = {SypC, a symbiont outer membrane vesicle protein, impacts the development of the squid-vibrio partnership.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {11}, pages = {e2524648123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2524648123}, pmid = {41811444}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 GM135254/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI050661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM130355/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Decapodiformes/microbiology ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Aliivibrio fischeri/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and the cargo they carry are increasingly recognized as a means of communication between microbial symbionts and the cells of their host. However, few studies have focused on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying OMV signaling during symbiosis onset and development. We show here that SypC, an OMV protein of the bioluminescent symbiont Vibrio fischeri, is taken up by cells of the squid host Euprymna scolopes where it assumes a new function, i.e., the facilitation of symbiont-induced light-organ morphogenesis. SypC is a Wza-like outer membrane protein found in host-associated Vibrionaceae and is essential for V. fischeri biofilm formation. Colonization or direct treatment with V. fischeri OMVs triggers host development, which was reduced or delayed if the host is instead exposed to a ∆sypC mutant or ∆sypC OMVs. RNA-seq analyses comparing light organs colonized by either the mutant or its parent revealed differential expression of host genes associated with immune responses and tissue morphogenesis. In immunocytochemical imaging, SypC-bearing OMVs were taken up by the host's macrophage-like cells near the light-organ crypts, revealing the mechanism by which SypC travels through tissue to trigger morphogenesis. Taken together, the data provide evidence that in addition to its role in biofilm formation and colonization, SypC has a second function promoting the induction of symbiotic-tissue development. These findings provide a critical piece of a puzzle whereby a rich array of host and symbiont molecules work in concert to orchestrate normal symbiont colonization and host development within the first hours to days of symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41810571, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, W and Dong, R and Wu, J and Rahman, H and Xie, D and Li, Y and Zhang, Z and Guo, X and Cao, Y and Zhu, H}, title = {PR10 RNase activity drives immunity-mediated nodule cell death in Medicago littoralis.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {125}, number = {5}, pages = {e70783}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.70783}, pmid = {41810571}, issn = {1365-313X}, support = {2024YFA0918200//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 32070273//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Root Nodules, Plant/immunology/cytology/genetics/enzymology/microbiology ; *Ribonucleases/metabolism/genetics ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Cell Death ; *Plant Immunity ; *Medicago/immunology/genetics/enzymology/microbiology/cytology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Establishment and maintenance of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis require a precise balance between host immune responses and symbiotic accommodation. In Medicago littoralis R108, mutation of NAD1 causes necrotic nodules accompanied by an overactivated immune response, indicating that tight immune regulation is essential for successful rhizobial colonization. Here, we identify members of the pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10) family as critical determinants of nodule function in M. littoralis. MltPR10 genes are transcriptionally upregulated in nad1-1 nodules. Strikingly, nad1-1 pr10c pr10d triple mutants produce nodules with almost normal morphology and restored nitrogenase activity compared with the necrotic nodules of nad1-1. MlPR10d exhibits robust ribonuclease activity against both plant and bacterial RNA, whereas the MlPR10d[Y150F] variant abolishes its RNase activity and fails to restore the necrotic phenotype when introduced into the nad1-1 pr10c pr10d-mutant plants. Together, these findings indicate that PR10 RNase activity directly influences nodule cell fate and may function as a terminal executioner of RNA degradation during immunity-overactivated nodule cell death. Our results reveal a mechanistic link between immune regulation and nodule functionality and suggest molecular targets for improving biological nitrogen fixation in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid41808841, year = {2026}, author = {Huo, T and Huang, X and Liao, J and Zhang, H and Hu, L and Xie, M}, title = {The bidirectional effects and mechanisms of the oral and gut microbiomes: a narrative review.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1697413}, pmid = {41808841}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {Among the microbial ecosystems of the human body, the gut and oral microbiota constitute the two largest communities, collectively harboring thousands of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Under physiological conditions, these microbiotas maintain internal homeostasis and stability, thereby protecting the host against pathogenic colonization. However, when pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis translocate from the oral cavity to the gut, disruption of gut microbial homeostasis may occur, increasing the risk of disease development. Potential mechanisms underlying this association include the establishment of new symbiotic relationships, the disruption of the intestinal barrier, the activation or suppression of inflammatory cells-particularly the balance between T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs)-and the induction of systemic inflammation. Conversely, gut microbiota dysbiosis, as observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or colorectal cancer, is also associated with alterations in the composition and diversity of the oral microbiota. Factors such as immune cell migration, malnutrition, and taste disturbances may contribute to oral microbial imbalance. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional influences on the composition and diversity of the oral and gut microbiomes and propose potential mechanisms underlying their interactions. A deeper understanding of these processes will enhance our knowledge of microbiota-host interactions and systemic health, and may shed light on the prevention and treatment of systemic diseases related to oral and gut microbiota dysbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41808437, year = {2026}, author = {de Beer, JC and Alayande, KA and Pirk, CWW and Adeleke, RA and Sole, CL}, title = {Dietary Specialisation Shapes Gut Bacterial Diversity in Dung Beetles: Insights From Coprophagy to Millipede Carnivory.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, pages = {e70317}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70317}, pmid = {41808437}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {98696//National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; SRUG220326856//National Research Foundation of South Africa/ ; //South Africa Sweden University Forum/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/microbiology/physiology/classification ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Diet ; Phylogeny ; *Arthropods/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Carnivory ; Coprophagia ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; }, abstract = {Dung beetles are ecosystem engineers, providing ecosystem services like nutrient cycling, waste degradation and parasite suppression. Their gut microbiome is essential for exploiting specialised diets, yet the eco-evolutionary factors driving microbial composition across diverse feeding strategies remain ambiguous. Here, we show that diet strongly influences gut bacterial composition across seven dung beetle species specialising in coprophagy, necrophagy, detritophagy, fungivory and carnivory. Most dietary specialisations grouped separately, though fungivores clustered with carrion and millipede feeders. The millipede-feeding species, Sceliages brittoni and S. hippias, hosted the most distinct and least diverse gut microbiomes. Taxonomically, differences were driven by distinct marker taxa, many of which are consistently isolated across taxonomic orders with similar diets. For example, the indicative bacterial species I. indica has been identified in various flesh-feeding insect taxa. Crucially, this pattern of shared bacterial communities suggests that diet is a dominant structuring factor which promotes community convergence regardless of host phylogeny. This study highlights the role of diet in shaping the dung beetle gut microbiome and provides the first characterisation of the gut microbiota in millipede-feeding dung beetles. Our findings underscore the critical role of diet, laying the foundation for functional studies into the eco-evolutionary significance of these host-microbe interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41807436, year = {2026}, author = {Tedeschi, F and Quilbé, J and Fechete, LI and Vistisen Christiansen, SJ and Andersen, SU}, title = {RHD6LA regulates root hair responses to both symbionts and commensals.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-70504-1}, pmid = {41807436}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {07NNF19SA0059362//Novo Nordisk Fonden (Novo Nordisk Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {While intracellular symbiosis with rhizobia relies on Nod factor signaling through the conserved common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP), it remains unclear how legumes simultaneously manage interactions with commensal soil microbes. Using single cell RNA-sequencing, we show that commensal soil bacteria induce a Nod factor-independent transcriptional response in specific root hairs. This response is similar to the rhizobium response in the CSSP-deficient cyclops mutant, which is unable to accommodate rhizobia in root hair infection threads. Both responses include the nodulation gene NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY 2 (NSP2) and a transcription factor, which we name ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 LIKE A (RHD6LA). We show that RHD6LA is required for facilitating infection thread formation in response to rhizobia and for preventing exaggerated root hair responses to commensal soil bacteria. The overlap between commensal and symbiotic signaling highlights the complexity of legume-microbe interactions at the root hair interface and suggests additional mechanisms for microbial discrimination in rhizobium-responsive root hairs.}, }
@article {pmid41806446, year = {2026}, author = {Lo Giudice, A and Papale, M and Bertolino, M and Reboa, A and Rizzo, C}, title = {Diversity and ecology of the prokaryotic microbiome associated with marine sponges across Antarctica.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1025}, number = {}, pages = {181655}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181655}, pmid = {41806446}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Antarctic sponges host diverse and functionally relevant microbial communities that play central roles in the structure and resilience of polar benthic ecosystems. This review provides a focused analysis of the prokaryotic microbiomes associated with Antarctic sponges, with an emphasis on three ecologically significant species: Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata, Dendrilla antarctica, and Hymeniacidon torquata. Drawing from recent molecular studies, we examine the composition, predicted functional potential, and environmental responsiveness of these bacterial and archaeal communities. Comparative analyses with surrounding seawater and sediments reveal both overlaps and distinct host-specific microbial signatures, suggesting that sponge-associated microbiomes are shaped by selective pressures at the host and habitat levels. A conserved microbial core appears to coexist with more variable taxa influenced by host physiology and environmental gradients. We also discuss the impact of environmental stressors on microbiome structure and stability. Functional insights from metagenomic data highlight key microbial contributions to nutrient cycling, symbiotic lifestyles, secondary metabolite and vitamin production, quorum sensing, and the biodegradation of aromatic compounds. This review critically assesses current knowledge on Antarctic sponge-associated prokaryotic microbiomes, identifying recurrent taxonomic and functional patterns and evaluating evidence for core microbial functions across species and regions. We hypothesize that, despite taxonomic variability and geographical sampling bias, Antarctic sponge microbiomes share conserved functional traits shaped by host- and environment-driven selective pressures. Although foundational knowledge has expanded, particularly for shallow-water species, significant gaps persist-especially in underexplored habitats and in linking predicted functions to ecological dynamics. We conclude by outlining research priorities, including standardized protocols, broader spatial and temporal sampling, and multi-omics integration to better understand microbiome resilience under climate-driven change.}, }
@article {pmid41806308, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, K and He, Q and Lin, Z and Huang, S and Zhong, Z and Zhu, P and Gao, M and Zhao, L and Jin, H and Wu, G and Geoff, GM and Han, Q and Pang, R}, title = {Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Insect Genetics and Microbial Symbiont Effects on Susceptibility of Diaphorina citri to the Citrus Greening Pathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e17056}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202517056}, pmid = {41806308}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {32001903//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022ZDJS020//Guangdong Province Key Discipline Research Capacity Enhancement Project/ ; 2025A1515012591//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2023KTSCX046//Guangdong Provincial Universities Characteristic Innovation Project/ ; 2024A04J4995//Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project/ ; }, abstract = {Insect-vectored pathogens pose a significant threat to global agriculture. The colonization efficiency of pathogens in vectors plays a central role in these pathosystems, yet studies of the factors that affect this aspect are limited. This study investigates the genetic and microbial symbiont factors influencing the susceptibility of Diaphorina citri to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the pathogen causing citrus greening disease (huanglongbing). Through a microbiome Genome Wide Association Study (mGWAS) based on 16S amplicon sequencing and genomic resequencing of 120 D. citri individuals from six populations, we identified 79 SNPs significantly associated with the relative abundance of CLas within insects. Additionally, some of these SNPs were also associated with the relative abundance of Candidatus Profftella armature, a key endosymbiont of D. citri. SNPs in the regulatory region of gene Dcitr04g11610.1 led to its overexpression in CLas-susceptible D. citri, and CLas infection further elevated its expression. Conversely, RNAi knockdown of Dcitr04g11610.1 reduced CLas infection rates and abundance, accompanied by increased abundance of Profftella. Phylogenetic analysis revealed Dcitr04g11610.1's high homology to Major Facilitator Superfamily-type transporter SLC18B1 proteins, suggesting a role in CLas polyamine utilization. These findings highlight the importance and potential interplay of insect genetics and symbiotic microbiota in insect-vectored plant pathogen systems.}, }
@article {pmid41805839, year = {2026}, author = {Matarrita-Carranza, B and Weiss, B and Sandoval-Calderón, M and Koehler, S and Engl, T and Kaltenpoth, M}, title = {Defensive symbionts of European beewolves face competition from brood cell microbiota during vertical transmission.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiag024}, pmid = {41805839}, issn = {1574-6941}, abstract = {Beewolf wasps rely on an ancient defensive symbiosis with Streptomyces bacteria that protect their larvae from fungal infection. Female beewolves apply the bacteria to the brood-cell ceiling, and larvae later transfer the symbionts onto the cocoon surface, where they produce antifungal metabolites. Here, we investigated the mechanism of symbiont transfer from the beewolf brood cell to the larval cocoon and characterized the microbial community dynamics across different beewolf life stages and during larval hibernation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that the symbionts are transiently taken up into the proximal midgut lumen and then regurgitated onto the cocoon during the spinning process. High-throughput sequencing showed that the bacterial community of beewolf feeding larvae resembles that of the honeybee prey, whereas that of adults and diapausing larvae is dominated by Wolbachia. Moreover, the cocoon bacterial community is initially dominated by the defensive Streptomyces philanthi symbiont, but when larvae excrete the gut content inside the cocoon, other bacterial taxa including Lactobacillus, Gilliamella and Bartonella shift the community composition toward dominance by Pseudomonadota. Our findings provide new insights into the transmission route of an ancient extracellular symbiont and its potential competition with other bacteria in this long-term defensive symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41805398, year = {2026}, author = {Bouderka, F and López-García, P and Deschamps, P and Zhou, Y and Krupovic, M and Gutiérrez-Preciado, A and Ciobanu, M and Bertolino, P and David, G and Moreira, D and Jardillier, L}, title = {Parasitic connections: a patescibacterial epibiont, its methylotrophic gammaproteobacterial host, and their phages.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0002526}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.00025-26}, pmid = {41805398}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Patescibacteriota form a very diverse and widely distributed phylum of small bacteria inferred to have an episymbiotic lifestyle. However, the prevalence of this lifestyle within the phylum and its host specificity remain poorly known due to the scarcity of cultured representatives. Here, we describe a complex system consisting of a patescibacterium, its gammaproteobacterial hosts, and their respective phages based on enrichment cultures and metagenomic data from two shallow, geographically close, freshwater ecosystems. The patescibacterium Strigamonas methylophilicida sp. nov. defines a new genus within the family Absconditicoccaceae. It grows as an epibiont on cells of methanotrophic species of the gammaproteobacterial family Methylophilaceae. Strigamonas cells grow tightly attached to the host, sometimes forming stacks that connect two host cells. Despite a surprisingly large genome (1.9 Mb) compared to many other Patescibacteriota, S. methylophilicida lacks many essential biosynthetic pathways, including the complete biosynthesis of phospholipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, implying a dependence on the host to obtain these molecules. We also identified and assembled the complete genomes of one patescibacterial phage that might represent a new virus family within the class Caudoviricetes, and two Methylophilaceae phages predicted to have head-tailed and filamentous virions, respectively. The patesciphage uses a modified genetic code similar to that of its host and encodes four tRNA genes, including the suppressor tRNA gene for the UGA stop codon, which is reassigned to glycine in many Patescibacteriota. Our results confirm a prevalent episymbiotic lifestyle in Absconditicoccaceae and further suggest a clade-specific adaptation of this patescibacterial family for gammaproteobacterial hosts.IMPORTANCEPatescibacteriota are ultra-small bacteria with reduced genomes that rely on symbiotic interactions with other prokaryotes; however, their host specificity and associated viral parasites remain poorly characterized due to limited cultured representatives. By combining targeted cultivation with genomic and microscopy analyses, we reveal previously unrecognized host lineages and expand the known viral diversity infecting this major, but still poorly known, bacterial phylum. We describe Strigamonas methylophilicida, a new patescibacterial species of the family Absconditicoccaceae that grows as an epibiont on various methylotrophic Gammaproteobacteria. This expands the host range for this family, previously found to infect only photosynthetic partners. Using enrichment cultures and metagenomics, we retrieved complete genomes of novel phages infecting S. methylophilicida and its methylotrophic hosts, including one phage that uses a modified genetic code matching that of the patescibacterium, which shows a specific viral adaptation to infect Absconditicoccaceae hosts. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized patescibacteria-methylotrophs-phages tripartite interaction in freshwater environments, highlight the adaptations of patescibacterial phages, and shed light on the complex ecology and evolution of host-parasite-phage dynamics in understudied bacterial lineages.}, }
@article {pmid41803708, year = {2026}, author = {Arai, H and Bodelle, L and Mahéo, F and Cloteau, R and Denis, G and Koga, R and Kageyama, D and Sugio, A and Simon, JC}, title = {Linking genomic variation in Spiroplasma endosymbionts to male production and male-killing in the pea aphid.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-026-12706-x}, pmid = {41803708}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {21J00895//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 23H02229//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JPJ009237//Cabinet Office, Government of Japan/ ; 30001959/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; }, }
@article {pmid41803336, year = {2026}, author = {Mandal, S and Aran, KR}, title = {Symbiotic in Alzheimer's disease: modulating the gut-brain axis for neuroimmune homeostasis and cognitive protection.}, journal = {Inflammopharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41803336}, issn = {1568-5608}, abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder defined by progressive cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, and tau hyperphosphorylation. The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a crucial regulatory signaling cascade that links intestinal microbiome composition with both neural health and disease through the vagus nerve. Gut dysbiosis has increasingly been implicated in AD pathogenesis by exacerbating systemic and neuroinflammatory signaling, disrupting intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB) structural stability, and promoting microglial activation, thereby facilitating Aβ aggregation and neurodegeneration. Preclinical studies indicate that symbiotic interventions restore microbial balance and improve gut-brain communication, contributing to neuroprotective effects. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that symbiotics can restore synaptic plasticity and cognitive resilience by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, as exemplified by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and by upregulating neurotrophic factors, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These effects are associated with normalised glial reactivity, attenuation of oxidative stress, and improved mitochondrial bioenergetics, together contributing to enhanced synaptic function, reduced neuroinflammation, and preservation of cognitive performance. This review highlights a critical assessment of the treatment potential of symbiotic interventions in modulating the GBA in AD, emphasising mechanistic insights into neurodegenerative pathways and evaluating their capacity to mitigate symptoms and delay disease progression, as supported by current preclinical evidence.}, }
@article {pmid41803161, year = {2026}, author = {Fang, L and Guo, J and Ning, Q and Luo, Y and Jian, J and Ning, J}, title = {High-Quality Genome Assemblies of Two Prototheca wickerhamii Strains.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-026-06916-x}, pmid = {41803161}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {Prototheca wickerhamii is a non-photosynthetic microalgal species that has been implicated in opportunistic human infections. Understanding its genomic features is crucial for both medical applications and symbiosis research. We generated high-quality genome assemblies for two strains of Prototheca wickerhamii, Pw26 and PwS1, using PacBio HiFi reads. The assemblies were evaluated for completeness and accuracy using BUSCO analysis. The assembled genomes for Pw26 and PwS1 were 17.8 MB and 17.4 MB, respectively, with contig N50 values of 1.6 MB. The number of assembled contigs is closely related to the number of chromosomes. The GC content was 63.5% for both genomes. Comparative analysis showed high similarity in genome size and alignment, with Pw26 having slightly more protein-coding genes (46,394) than PwS1 (44,702). Repeat sequences accounted for 6.03% and 4.18% of the genomes in Pw26 and PwS1, respectively. These high-quality genome assemblies provide a valuable resource for comparative genomics and functional exploration of Prototheca wickerhamii. The detailed genomic characterization supports further studies on pathogenic mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid41802887, year = {2026}, author = {Glass, BH and Abraham, T and Siggers, T and Davies, SW and Gilmore, TD}, title = {NF-κB: A Diverse and Multi-Functional Transcription Factor in Holozoans.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msag059}, pmid = {41802887}, issn = {1537-1719}, abstract = {Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and many upstream signaling components have been identified in a diversity of holozoan taxa, including unicellular holozoans (e.g., Filasterea and Choanoflagellata) and the metazoan phyla Porifera (sponges), Placozoa, and Cnidaria (e.g., jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals, and hydra). Herein, we review recent progress made towards characterizing the structure, regulation, activity, and biological functions of NF-κB proteins found in these taxa. We also provide an updated phylogenetic sampling of NF-κB orthologs highlighting their different domain configurations among holozoans, as well as a method for comparing the computationally predicted three-dimensional structures of NF-κB dimers and relating these structures to their amino acid similarities and DNA-binding specificities. This synthesis reveals new insights regarding the evolutionarily conserved and variable domain-dependent activities and regulation of holozoan NF-κBs. Further, we provide an overview of the roles of NF-κB in pathogen responses, stress responses, symbiosis, and development, with a focus on recent findings from sponges and cnidarians. This curation of a growing body of knowledge highlights both conserved and divergent roles of NF-κB in foundational biological processes. Finally, we suggest priorities for future research on the evolution of NF-κB structure and function. Overall, investigations of NF-κB in diverse holozoan taxa will continue to provide information about the origins of this important and pervasive transcriptional regulator, and will also contribute to an understanding of the responses of sentinel species to the modern-day stresses associated with changing environmental conditions and novel pathogen-based diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41800175, year = {2026}, author = {Al-Zahrani, SS}, title = {Frontiers in fungal phosphatases: molecular diversity, regulatory mechanisms, analytical methodologies, ecological significance, and prospects for sustainable utilization.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {1735288}, pmid = {41800175}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {Phosphorus is an indispensable macronutrient essential for all forms of life, as it plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and structural integrity. Since organisms can only absorb dissolved inorganic phosphate, the phosphatase enzyme is important in the process of converting organic phosphorus into forms that are bioavailable. Fungal phosphatases are a vastly diverse and heterogeneous functional and structural category that catalyzes the liberation of phosphates in a wide variety of organic compounds and facilitates the mobilization of phosphorus in the soil and symbiotic interactions. This review summarizes the existing information on fungal phosphatases, their classification, molecular regulation, methods of their analysis, ecological significance, and biotechnological use. Bibliometric analysis has been conducted using 3,944 publications published between 1944 and June-2025, and the analysis rate has shown an increase of 7.11% which indicates the rising relevance of the research. Phosphate-sensitive transcriptional networks (PHO/PHR pathways), nutrient signaling (TOR), MAPK cascades, and post-translational modifications control their activity. Analytical methods have either the traditional colorimetric assays or fluorometric and omics-based ones, such as transcriptomics and proteomics. These enzymes mediate organic phosphorus mineralization, symbiotic nutrient exchange in mycorrhizal systems, saprotrophic decomposition, and global phosphorus cycling, which are ecologically relevant. Its uses would be in biofertilizers, soil nutrient management, recovery of phosphorus in waste, industrial bioprocesses, and climate-smart agriculture. Nevertheless, a number of gaps exist in terms of the phosphatase diversity in non-model fungi, complexity of regulatory networks, and methodological sophistication. To promote sustainable phosphorus management, the combination of molecular, ecological and applied viewpoints is a requirement, especially due to the global exhaustion of phosphorus resources and the necessity of environmental sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid41800128, year = {2026}, author = {Klinges, JG and Villoch Diaz-Mauriño, M and Wilder, RM and Erbes, MC and Karabelas, EC and Muller, EM and Krediet, CJ}, title = {A quick and reliable menthol-induced bleaching protocol for the Caribbean staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {e20888}, pmid = {41800128}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa/drug effects/physiology ; Symbiosis/drug effects ; *Menthol/pharmacology ; *Dinoflagellida/physiology/drug effects ; *Coral Bleaching ; Caribbean Region ; Coral Reefs ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Corals and dinoflagellate algae form a unique mutualistic symbiosis that provides the energetic and structural foundation for shallow coral reef ecosystems. Despite the long success of this partnership in oligotrophic seas, coral reefs are in decline due to increasing threats from rising seawater temperatures and disease, both of which can lead to bleaching and mortality. In order to better understand the mechanisms that underpin this mutualism, it may be necessary to dismantle the coral-algal symbiosis. Previous studies have experimentally bleached corals using thermal stress, photosynthetic inhibitors (DCMU), and menthol. We compared lab-induced bleaching of staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis by menthol treatment to traditional thermal stress. The larger aim was to adapt existing bleaching protocols for this important coral species, providing a guide for future studies. Bleaching in corals treated with menthol or exposed to elevated temperature stress (31°C) was monitored by measuring photosynthetic activity determined by Fv/Fm using pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence and compared to untreated conspecifics. Corals were also monitored for symbiont density and overall health using the CoralWatch Coral Health Chart card throughout the experiment. We found that A. cervicornis bleached in response to both menthol treatment and thermal stress, but menthol treatment was more effective at reducing algal symbiont photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm) without negatively affecting the health of the coral. Our results indicate that menthol treatment at 0.38 mM rendered staghorn coral aposymbiotic within fourteen days without any visual or physiological damage to the coral. This study provides a simple and effective menthol-bleaching treatment protocol for future studies on staghorn coral.}, }
@article {pmid41799286, year = {2026}, author = {Fang, X and Guo, Y and Huang, J and Zhang, M}, title = {Polyamines as a Universal Language of Host-Microbiota Symbiosis.}, journal = {Research (Washington, D.C.)}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {1184}, pmid = {41799286}, issn = {2639-5274}, abstract = {Polyamines are ancient metabolites that serve critical functions in maintaining epithelial integrity, regulating immune response, and supporting healthy aging. The gut microbiota actively synthesizes and converts polyamines, while host factors such as inflammation, barrier function, and nutritional status dynamically modulate this metabolic network. Disruption of this host-microbiota axis reduces polyamine availability, impairs barrier function, and exacerbates inflammation. In contrast, polyamines exert protective effects by promoting epithelial repair, modulating macrophage and T-cell responses, and enhancing autophagy-mediated tissue renewal and longevity. Recent advances in engineered probiotics, microbial small RNAs, and postbiotics further highlight the therapeutic potential of precisely modulating polyamine metabolism in clinical contexts such as inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative conditions associated with aging.}, }
@article {pmid41798221, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Du, Y and Alwutayd, KM and Islam, W and Zeng, F}, title = {Diversity and ecological roles of endophytic fungi in desert phreatophytes.}, journal = {3 Biotech}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {112}, pmid = {41798221}, issn = {2190-572X}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Fungal symbionts in plant roots and leaves drive ecosystem functionality by enhancing nutrient acquisition for plants and influencing plant biomass and productivity. Therefore, investigating variations in fungal communities across roots and leaves, as well as identifying the drivers of these variations, is crucial for understanding biological, abiotic factors, and microbial interactions. We utilized high-throughput Illumina HiSeq sequencing to characterize the structural and functional diversity of leaf and root endosphere (RE) fungal microbiota associated with Alhagi sparsifolia across three arid regions (Taklimakan [Cele], Gurbantünggüt [Mosuowan], and Kumtag [Turpan]) in northwest China's Xinjiang province. Our study found that the relative abundance of Ascomycota within the RE was much higher than that observed in the leaf endosphere (LE). Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were dominant in the RE. However, the niche width and multi-functionality of LE fungi were significantly lower than those of RE fungi. The number of edges, nodes, and the average degree of LE fungi were lower than those of RE across different regions and interannual variations. In Turpan, the edges, nodes, and average degree of LE fungi were higher compared to the other two sampling sites (Cele and Mosuowan), whereas RE fungi exhibited the opposite trend. Redundancy analysis and hierarchical partitioning results showed that precipitation, temperature, and root total phosphorus were the main common factors that significantly affected the variation in the composition of leaf and RE fungal community (P < 0.05). Interestingly, total potassium content in leaves, roots, and soil was found to correlate with the diversity of fungi in both the leaf and RE. This research enhances our comprehension of the ecological significance of endophytic fungi in desert plants and highlights the need for further research on the symbiotic interactions that underpin the survival and adaptation of plants in harsh environments.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04743-w.}, }
@article {pmid41796817, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, B and Zhang, Q and Liu, X and Wu, N and Wang, H and Ji, B}, title = {Electric field drives assimilation enhancement and deterministic assembly in algae-bacteria symbiosis for enhanced aniline biodegradation.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {449}, number = {}, pages = {134366}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134366}, pmid = {41796817}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The practical application of Algae-Bacteria Symbiosis systems (ABS) for treating high-concentration aniline wastewater is constrained by limitations in operational stability and pollutant removal efficiency. To address these challenges, an Electro-enhanced ABS system (E-ABS) was developed that employs weak electric fields to modulate microbial ecological processes. The E-ABS demonstrated complete and efficient aniline degradation, achieving an average total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of 82.5%, surpassing conventional ABS by 14.6%. Electrochemical analysis revealed a 60.0% enhancement in electrochemical oxidation, facilitated by enhanced extracellular electron transfer (EET) between electroactive microorganisms and Chlorella. Electrode stimulation restructured the microbial community, enriching electroactive microorganism (Thauera) in anode biofilms and denitrifiers (Saccharimonadales, TM7a). Environmental filtration exerted stronger control over microbial assembly in E-ABS, with deterministic selection further amplified by the electric field, increasing heterogeneous selection (|βNTI| = 3.5) by 47.7%. [15]N isotope tracing confirmed that enhanced pollutant removal stemmed from electrode biofilm adsorption and stimulation, boosting Chlorella enrichment and elevating bacterial and algal assimilation contributions by 3.2% and 6.5%, respectively. This work elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of algae-bacteria interactions under weak electric fields, offering a sustainable strategy for aniline wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41796814, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, K and Wang, X and Yuan, T and Su, G and Wu, C and Sun, M and Wang, Y and Hao, M and Chen, X and Feng, S and Wu, F and Liu, D and Rao, H and Lu, Z}, title = {Cerium-iron symbiotic nanozyme alleviates drought stress in wheat by targeting stomatal regulation and photosynthesis.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {449}, number = {}, pages = {134367}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134367}, pmid = {41796814}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Drought stress induces excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in crops, severely impairing wheat growth and threatening food security. This study developed a symbiotic nanozyme system composed of nanoscale Fe2O3 nanomaterials anchored on the CeO2 carrier and encapsulated with polyacrylic acid (PAA@Ce-Fe NMs). Uniquely, PAA@Ce-Fe NMs feature superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) dual enzyme-mimicking activities, targeting stomatal, to mitigate oxidative damage. Under drought conditions, roots application of 100 mg/L PAA@Ce-Fe NMs of soil cultivation and hydroponics experiment significantly improved wheat growth phenotypes, including biomass andphotosynthetic rate. Importantly, thesignificantly improved wheat growth phenotypes, including biomass and photosynthetic rate. Importantly, the oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2•[-]) markedly decreased by 40.0%, 44.0%, and 46.0%, respectively. While the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and catalase (CAT) enhanced by 16.8% and 18.7%, respectively. It downregulating proline (15.5%) and glutathione (15.4%) content, response to stress relief. Multi-omics analyses revealed that PAA@Ce-Fe NMs significantly upregulate photosynthesis related genes (PsbA), tricarboxylic acid cycle (GGT, IDH1/2) and enhanced glutathione metabolism in roots. Furthermore, it achieves drought resistance by regulating the ABC transporter protein and the betaine synthesis pathway, inhibiting the Rboh gene of NADPH oxidase (Rboh), reducing the level of ROS, and regulating amino acid metabolites. These findings indicated that the nanoplatforms equipped with symbiotic nanozyme have significant potential in alleviating plant oxidative stress, which not only regulates crop growth but also significantly enhances yield and quality, opening up a new era for agricultural nanotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid41796418, year = {2026}, author = {Fernandez, MAP and Ogura-Tsujita, Y and Marutani, M}, title = {Mycorrhizal specialization for Tulasnellaceae fungi in Taeniophyllum marianense, a leafless epiphytic orchid native to Guam.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41796418}, issn = {1618-0860}, support = {1017998//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 2023-70008-41051//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Orchids are obligately dependent on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) for nutrition, growth, and establishment. The degree of mycorrhizal specificity varies, from generalists associating with several fungi to specialists relying on a few species. Many leafless epiphytic orchids specifically associate with Ceratobasidiaceae fungi. However, the mycorrhizal associates and specificity of Taeniophyllum marianense, a leafless epiphytic orchid native to the remote island of Guam, remain unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated 189 seedling and mature individuals of T. marianense growing on 26 host tree species across 10 sites in Guam. OMF were identified using fungal-specific primers targeting Ceratobasidiaceae, Serendipitaceae, Tulasnellaceae, and general Basidiomycota. Sequences were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on 97% similarity. T. marianense in Guam associated with a diversity of OMF, including five Tulasnellaceae, six Ceratobasidiaceae, and four Serendipitaceae OTUs. Two Tulasnellaceae OTUs (TU1 and TU2) were the most dominant, comprising 64.6% of fungal sequences and occurring consistently across seedling and mature orchids from different host tree species and habitats, suggesting their role as primary mycorrhizal associates. In contrast, Ceratobasidiaceae and Serendipitaceae were less common and may play minor or opportunistic roles. The mycorrhizal capacity of TU1 and TU2 isolates was confirmed in vitro, where both strains significantly promoted seed germination and protocorm development. While other leafless epiphytic orchids typically associate with Ceratobasidiaceae, T. marianense in Guam specifically associates with Tulasnellaceae fungi closely related to globally distributed species. These findings suggest that mycorrhizal specialization may persist in island ecosystems through flexible associations with widespread, locally available fungal associates.}, }
@article {pmid41796124, year = {2026}, author = {Khoury, J and Haloun, B and Musai, N and Hayouka, K and Davidovich, E and Polak, D}, title = {Distinct functional profiles of oral neutrophils in molar incisor pattern periodontitis, generalized periodontitis and periodontal health.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-39112-3}, pmid = {41796124}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This study aimed to compare oral neutrophil (oNeut) functions in molar-incisor pattern periodontitis (MIPP), generalized periodontitis (GP), and periodontally healthy subjects, and to explore how biofilm exposure shapes these functions. oNeut were isolated from healthy, GP, and MIPP volunteers (n = 10 per group) and challenged ex vivo with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans JP2. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell viability, and cytokine release were quantified post-infection. Separately, healthy oNeut were exposed to de novo biofilms modeling healthy, GP, or MIPP microbiomes, and their functional responses were assessed. Results showed that periodontitis patients (GP and MIPP) had higher baseline oNeut counts but exhibited reduced resistance to necrosis and lower ROS output after JP2 challenge than controls; JP2-stimulated ROS was significantly lower than both HOCl-treated and naïve controls. MIPP oNeut secreted more TNFα, CCL2, OPG, and RANKL than GP, whereas GP displayed a higher OPG/RANKL ratio. Except for TNFα and IL-1β, all measured mediators were elevated in healthy oNeut compared with those from periodontitis groups. Under dysbiotic versus symbiotic biofilm challenge, healthy oNeut produced less ROS but secreted higher levels of TNFα, OPG, and RANKL. Overall, oNeut from periodontitis patients exhibited distinct oxidative and cytokine responses to JP2, reflecting both host-specific and biofilm-driven priming.}, }
@article {pmid41795945, year = {2026}, author = {Snyder Garneau, RE and Tegeder, M}, title = {S-Methylmethionine Phloem Loading Affects Source-Sink Physiology and Assimilate Partitioning in Nitrogen-Fixing Pea Plants, Resulting in Improved Growth and Seed Protein Yields.}, journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcag031}, pmid = {41795945}, issn = {1471-9053}, abstract = {Legumes like pea (Pisum sativum L.) fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) in a symbiosis with bacteria, thus reducing the need for N fertilizer and its negative impact on the environment and human health. In addition, their seeds are a vital source of protein for human diets and animal feed. Legume productivity depends on efficient sulfur (S) partitioning within the plant to support N fixation in nodules and seed protein synthesis. S movement from source leaves to sinks occurs in the phloem, and we tested the hypothesis that phloem loading of the organic S compound S-methylmethionine (SMM) is a key regulatory step controlling sink S supply. In pea plants relying solely on N fixation for N nutrition, expression of an SMM transporter in the leaf phloem enhanced source-to-sink movement of SMM and other S assimilates, resulting in increased nodule number, N fixation, and total plant N. These changes triggered coordinated increases in S, N, and carbon acquisition, metabolism, and partitioning, leading to greater vegetative growth, seed yield, and improved seed protein quantity and quality. Overall, this study identifies source-to-sink transport of SMM as a promising target for improving legume productivity.}, }
@article {pmid41794853, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Z and Yu, L and Wu, C and Guo, J and Zhu, L and Wang, J and Zhou, C}, title = {Soil acidification dismantles a citrulline-mediated microbe-metabolite-host defense axis in watermelon, exacerbating Fusarium wilt.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-00951-7}, pmid = {41794853}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {20250586//where they are referenced/ ; 2023AH020024, gxyq2022053//Natural Science Foundation of Universities in Anhui Province/ ; XK-XJGY003//University-Level Advanced Discipline/ ; DTR2024033//Discipline (Major) Leader Development Program/ ; }, abstract = {Soil acidification disrupts the structure and function of soil microbiomes, resulting in increased vulnerability to soil-borne pathogens. While the link between soil acidification and disease susceptibility is well-established, the mechanisms underlying the suppression of plant defense remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that soil acidification perturbed the co-evolved assembly process of endophytic microbiomes in watermelon roots, leading to the collapse of a critical microbe-metabolite-host defense axis essential for resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON). Integrated field surveys and multi-omics analyses revealed that acidification-induced dysbiosis in the root endophytic microbiomes, characterized by the depletion of keystone Pseudomonas species (Pseudomonadaceae), strongly correlated with increased Fusarium wilt incidence. Central to this interaction was citrulline, a metabolite produced by root Pseudomonas endophytes that functioned as a symbiotic effector promoting bacterial colonization and a defense modulator inhibiting FON-induced oxidative burst. Disruption of citrulline biosynthesis abolished these protective effects, whereas exogenous citrulline application restored disease resistance. These findings underscored the role of root endophyte-derived citrulline in sustaining microbial fitness and plant defense, revealing a tripartite interaction impacted by soil acidification. Collectively, this study provides insights for developing microbiome-based strategies to enhance sustainable crop protection in degraded agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41794478, year = {2026}, author = {Chiarini, E and Buzzanca, D and Devizia, A and Giordano, M and Dipietro, F and Zeppa, G and Alessandria, V}, title = {Kombucha meets circular economy: A microbiome and metabolite perspective on second fermentation with plant by-products.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {118597}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118597}, pmid = {41794478}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Fermentation ; *Microbiota ; *Kombucha Tea/microbiology/analysis/economics ; Food Microbiology ; Bacteria/metabolism/classification ; Yeasts/metabolism ; Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {Kombucha is a traditional fermented beverage produced through the fermentation of sugared tea by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY). In recent years, the valorisation of plant-based by-products as fermentation substrates has gained attention as a sustainable approach to improving both the nutritional and economic efficiency of fermented beverages. The present study investigated the production of kombuchas supplemented with pineapple, fennel, and carrot by-products during the secondary fermentation phase, aiming to evaluate their influence on fermentation dynamics, microbial ecology, and the chemical and aromatic profiles of the final products. The experimental design integrated culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches, including amplicon sequencing, to characterize microbial community composition and evolution throughout fermentation. Chemical profiling was carried out using gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode-array and refractive index detectors (HPLC-DAD/RI). The fermentation process was monitored during both the primary and secondary stages, and a shelf-life assessment was conducted over 14 days of refrigerated storage (4 °C) to evaluate product stability. Microbiological results indicated a predominance of Schizosaccharomyces spp., while Komagataeibacter spp. was the only bacterial genus identified. A significant reduction in α-diversity was observed over time, suggesting selective adaptation of the microbial community to the fermentation environment. β-diversity analysis revealed clear differences among samples collected after 8 and 22 days, reflecting the combined influence of time and substrate composition on microbial succession. Chemical analyses demonstrated an increase in acetic acid concentration and a progressive decline in pH throughout fermentation, consistent with the metabolic activity of acetic acid bacteria. Among volatile organic compounds (VOCs), alcohols and organic acids were the most abundant chemical classes detected. Several VOCs were associated with minor yeast genera, including Hannaella, Galactomyces, Aureobasidium, and Millerozyma, whereas Schizosaccharomyces spp. showed a strong correlation with specific aroma-active compounds, highlighting its key role in defining the sensory characteristics of the beverage. Overall, this study provides new evidence on how different vegetable by-products and microbial consortia influence the development of chemical and aromatic compounds in kombucha. The findings highlight the potential of using by-products as a sustainable, value-added strategy for producing fermented beverages, while also supporting the principles of the circular economy and resource-efficient food systems.}, }
@article {pmid41793892, year = {2026}, author = {Jin, XH and Li, Y and Li, YX and Wang, YC and He, HY and Zhang, HB}, title = {Rhizomorph endophytic bacterial community of Armillaria and growth promotion of Armillaria gallica and Gastrodia elata.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {307}, number = {}, pages = {128489}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2026.128489}, pmid = {41793892}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {Armillaria is a crucial symbiotic fungus for the late-stage growth of Gastrodia elata corms. We analyzed the bacterial community colonizing the Armillaria rhizomorph through isolation culture and high-throughput sequencing methods. We found that (1) the Armillaria rhizomorphs associated with G. elata contained diverse endophytic bacteria. The core genera included Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia (10.32%), Alphaproteobacteria_unclassified (9.00%), Bradyrhizobium (7.09%), Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium (5.12%), and Yersinia (3.20%). Factors, such as Armillaria species identity and soil characteristics (pH, AP, and AK), significantly influence the community structure of endophytic bacteria. (2) A total of 49 bacterial strains were isolated from the Armillaria rhizomorph, and the five dominant genera were Pseudomonas (28.57%), Bacillus (22.45%), Viridibacillus (12.24%), Rouxiella (10.20%), and Priestia (8.16%). All the isolated bacterial strains were capable of producing IAA, three strains had potassium hydrolysis ability, and 14 strains exhibited phosphorus solubilization ability. (3) In the interaction experiment between the bacteria and Armillaria gallica YSP2_1, most bacteria inhibited the laccase production and rhizomorph branching of A. gallica, but they were able to increase the biomass of A. gallica. In the triple cocultivation experiment, two bacterial strains, 1YSL_5_Viridibacillus and 1YSL_7_Peribacillus, significantly increased the yield of G. elata tubers. This study indicated that rhizomorph endophytic bacteria could facilitate interactions between Armillaria and G. elata.}, }
@article {pmid41703705, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, S and Meade, A}, title = {Molecular clock dating using complex mixture models: applied to ancient symbionts.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msag039}, pmid = {41703705}, issn = {1537-1719}, support = {32400493//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42293294//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 14112024//Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC)/ ; 4054912//CUHK/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; *Models, Genetic ; Phylogeny ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Software ; }, abstract = {Molecular clocks are a fundamental technique in evolutionary biology for establishing the timing and tempo of organismal divergence. However, currently available molecular clock methods, which often rely on simple homogeneous substitution models, can produce inaccurate time estimates, particularly for deep-time or rapidly evolving lineages where substitution heterogeneity and saturation are common. Hereby, we introduce phyloHessian (https://github.com/evolbeginner/phyloHessianWrapper), a Julia-based software to enable the use of complex mixture substitution models in molecular dating. phyloHessian computes the phylogenetic Hessian matrix and integrates it into PAML-MCMCtree's approximate likelihood framework to conduct dating analyses. Simulations mimicking phylogenies at different timescales demonstrate that complex mixture substitution models significantly enhance the accuracy of divergence time and substitution rate estimates in deep-time phylogenies. This pattern remains consistent across a wide range of uncertainties associated with molecular clock analysis. Additionally, mixture models display greater robustness to model and calibration specifications compared to their homogeneous counterparts. Empirical analysis of ancient symbiont lineages Microsporidia and Rickettsiales with different substitution models shows that mixture models, compared to homogeneous models, yield accelerated substitution rates and in some cases significantly different divergence times, leading to a revised understanding of their host association origins. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating complex mixture substitution models for constructing reliable evolutionary timelines and elucidating the evolutionary history of deep-time or fast-evolving lineages.}, }
@article {pmid41793588, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, L and Wang, P and Guo, C and Kuang, T and Chen, X and Zuo, J and Wang, J and Zhao, Z and Zhang, X}, title = {Functional traits shape gut microbial assembly beyond phylogeny in estuarine fish.}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41793588}, issn = {1869-1889}, abstract = {Host-specific patterns of symbiotic microbiomes are ubiquitous in nature, yet the intricate interplay among host phylogeny, functional traits, and gut microbiota remains insufficiently explored and debated. In this study, the gut microbiota of 61 fish species inhabiting the sympatric Pearl River Estuary, China, was examined by integrating host phylogeny and functional traits to elucidate the mechanisms underlying microbiota assembly. While substantial interspecies differences in gut microbiota composition were evident, the influence of phylosymbiosis was minimal. Instead, functional traits emerged as pivotal mediators of gut microbiota differentiation, emphasizing their roles in adaptive and ecological functions, such as habitat preferences, feeding strategies, and digestive efficiencies. Clustering and machine learning analyses identified three distinct enterotypes within the fish gut microbiota strongly associated with feeding habits and migratory behaviors. Gut microbiota diverged among fishes differing in estuarine use, feeding strategies, and resilience traits. Functional profiling of the gut microbiota unveiled enterotype-specific metabolic adaptations, encompassing pathways related to nutrient utilization and stress resistance. Notably, redundancy analysis indicated that functional traits-such as eye size, oral gape shape, and gut length-played significant roles in influencing enterotype clustering. Our findings introduce the concept of "functsymbiosis", defined as the functional-trait-driven congruence between hosts and their symbiotic microbiota, indicating that host functional traits, rather than phylogenetic lineage, predominantly govern gut microbiota assembly. This study highlights the complex interactions between host traits and gut microbiota in fish, providing novel insights into the adaptive mechanisms underpinning host-microbiota dynamics and the ecological significance of gut microbiota in shaping host fitness and niche differentiation.}, }
@article {pmid41791334, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, J and Li, R and Yang, S and Gou, J and Chen, X}, title = {Elucidating the enzyme-driven degradation of macrolide antibiotics in a bacterial-algal symbiotic system.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {403}, number = {}, pages = {129163}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129163}, pmid = {41791334}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {With the widespread use of macrolide antibiotics, their presence in aquatic environments has emerged as a significant ecological concern. Clarithromycin (CLA), a representative macrolide antibiotic, was used to investigate the stress response and metabolic degradation dynamics within a bacterial-algal symbiotic system operated in a novel photobioreactor. Ten days before the addition of CLA, the bacterial-algal system was in the period of symbiotic acclimatization and secreted considerable EPS with polysaccharide content as high as 77.84 ± 2.05 mg/g SS, which provided a high density of adsorption sites for CLA. Up to 96.74% of CLA was degraded, 0.89% was adsorbed and 0.23% was accumulated. In this study, three degradation pathways of clarithromycin were hypothesized, with N-desmethyl-Clari, 2-Phospho-Clari and de-desotamine-Clari being the major degradation products. Expression of the specific degradation enzymes phosphotransferase and erythromycin esterase increased by 7.43-fold and 23.55-fold, respectively, compared to the control. Sphingopyxis was the dominant flora. The transcriptomics results showed that the bacterial-algal system resisted stress and degraded CLA through regulatory mechanisms that enhanced energy metabolism, substance exchange, signaling responses and attenuated competitive behavioral processes. In this study, a green and efficient CLA removal method was developed and theoretical support was provided for the treatment of CLA-containing wastewater. This study not only provides a viable and eco-friendly solution for the immediate remediation of clarithromycin-contaminated water but also offers a sustainable microbial-enhanced framework with promising potential for long-term application in the treatment of wastewater containing emerging refractory antibiotics.}, }
@article {pmid41789915, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, S and Li, Y and Xue, J and Hao, Y and Shaalan, MGA and Ghallab, EHS and Guo, Z and Jin, S and Fang, Y and I M Khater, E and Li, S}, title = {Metagenomic sequencing reveals viral diversity of mosquitoes from Egypt: co-circulation of multiple insect-specific viruses.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0213525}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02135-25}, pmid = {41789915}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Mosquito-borne virus surveillance is pivotal for investigating mosquito viromes, facilitating understanding of viral evolutionary histories and genetic diversity. Natural viral communities in mosquitoes include not only insect-specific viruses (ISVs) but also viruses infecting symbiotic microorganisms. In this study, a total of 654 mosquito samples-encompassing species from the Aedes and Culex genera-were collected from Egypt and subjected to metagenomic sequencing analysis. Over 130 virus species were identified, grouped into 35 families or equivalent taxonomic ranks. Detected ISVs included Culex flavivirus (CxFV), Kustavi Toti-like virus, Hanko Toti virus 5, Culex phasma-like virus (CPLV), Culex Iflavi-like virus 1, Culex Iflavi-like virus 4, Guadeloupe Culex rhabdovirus (GCRV), and Sarawak virus, confirming concurrent ISV circulation in Egyptian mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analyses of these ISVs revealed their closest evolutionary affinities to viral genome sequences originating from the Middle East, Europe, Oceania, and Asia. Specifically, Egyptian CxFV strains exhibited a closer genetic relationship with the tropical lineage within the Latin American/Caribbean/Africa genotype. Furthermore, our study uncovered 10 putative novel viruses, which are distributed across seven viral families: Amagaviridae, Chrysoviridae, Mitoviridae, Totiviridae, Virgaviridae, Narnaviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae. Collectively, our findings emphasize the necessity for more in-depth investigations into arthropod viromes-encompassing both mosquitoes and ticks-in Egypt, as well as in neighboring African and Middle Eastern countries. Such research is critical for enhancing our understanding of viral diversity and evolutionary biology, elucidating their roles in mosquito-pathogen-host interactions, and exploring their potential as biocontrol agents against vector-borne diseases of public health importance.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Mosquito-borne viruses are estimated to cause over 100 million human infections annually, making surveillance of these pathogens increasingly crucial amid growing international travel and trade. Egypt, situated in northeastern Africa, serves as a geopolitical and geographical hub connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa-a unique location that complicates the surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses. Arboviruses persist in nature through cyclical transmission between arthropod vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks, and midges) and susceptible vertebrate hosts. Despite this, systematic investigations into mosquito viromes remain relatively scarce in Egypt. The present study aimed to explore the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of mosquito-associated viruses in Egypt using metaviromic sequencing. Our findings significantly expand the current knowledge of both known and previously uncharacterized mosquito-associated viruses in the region, while also providing complete genome sequences of several viruses that may infect arthropods or vertebrates, and potentially interfere with the replication of pathogenic arboviruses.}, }
@article {pmid41788917, year = {2026}, author = {Cho, H and Glasgow, E and Mukund, V and Boyle, JA and Stinchcombe, JR}, title = {Simulated drought with Polyethylene-Glycol (PEG) decreases above-ground performance and increases nodulation in the legume Medicago lupulina.}, journal = {microPublication biology}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41788917}, issn = {2578-9430}, abstract = {We investigated drought growth responses in Medicago lupulina using PEG to simulate drought stress. We grew Medicago lupulina plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti in Magenta boxes under randomly assigned treatments: a control, PEG applied to the bottom (PEG added to the bottom-watering container), or PEG applied from the top (PEG poured over the growth media). PEG treatments significantly reduced above-ground growth but unexpectedly increased nodulation. Our results suggest that while PEG effectively simulates drought stress on above-ground growth parameters, it may not accurately simulate drought effects on rhizobial symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41788331, year = {2026}, author = {Li, H and Yang, YY and Chokkakula, S and Sathishkumar, K and Alam, MM and Al-Sehemi, AG and Zhang, X and Chong, S and Jeyaraj, G}, title = {Fungi between threat and promise: global perspectives on health and innovation.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1743670}, pmid = {41788331}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Fungi play a dual role as indispensable ecological engineers and as major agents of disease in humans, animals, and plants. Recent estimates highlight their substantial impact, with millions of invasive infections annually and severe agricultural losses threatening food security. At the same time, fungi underpin ecosystem services such as decomposition, soil aggregation, and carbon sequestration, while also serving as prolific sources of enzymes, metabolites, and sustainable biomaterials. Advances in single-cell and spatial omics, cryo-electron microscopy, AlphaFold-based structural predictions, and machine learning applied to biosynthetic gene clusters are transforming the study of fungal pathogenicity, symbiosis, and metabolism. These approaches are shifting fungal research from descriptive biology toward predictive, translational pipelines that connect mechanistic insights to drug discovery, resistance management, and biotechnological innovation. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including antifungal resistance, climate-driven emergence of new pathogens, limited therapeutic options, and bottlenecks in scaling fungal applications for sustainability. Addressing these requires integrated One Health strategies that bridge clinical, agricultural, and environmental perspectives. By uniting structural biology, omics, genome editing, and computational tools within a global framework, fungal biology can be harnessed not only to mitigate emerging risks but also to drive innovations in medicine, agriculture, and green technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41787809, year = {2026}, author = {Mapari, SV and Gaikwad, SB and Sutar, RR and Patil, RM and Behera, BC}, title = {From Symbiosis to Cytotoxicity: Biosynthesis, Molecular Mechanisms, and Anticancer Potential of Lichen-Derived Depsides and Depsidones.}, journal = {Chemistry &amp; biodiversity}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {e02921}, doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202502921}, pmid = {41787809}, issn = {1612-1880}, support = {DBTHRDPMU/JRF/BET-20/I/2020/AL/112//Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi/ ; }, abstract = {Lichen is a unique symbiotic organism that consists of fungi and photosynthetic algae and or cyanobacteria. They are known for producing a large repository of secondary metabolites, among which depsides and depsidones gain pharmacological interest. This review meticulously examines the anticancer efficacy of lichen-derived depsides and depsidones, with a focus on their chemical composition, biosynthetic pathways, and molecular mechanisms that underpin their antitumor activities across various cancer cell lines. These compounds have shown notable bioactivities, including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and suppression of critical oncogenic cascades such as cellular proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. In some studies, they have shown their selectivity for malignant cells while having minimal cytotoxicity towards healthy cells. This review also addresses the challenges for isolation and large-scale production of these metabolites and also explores the aspect of chemical synthesis or designing of synthetic analogues to increase stability, potency, and pharmacokinetic profile. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the potential application of depsides and depsidones as natural anticancer drugs, as studies strongly recommend conducting further analysis using laboratory models.}, }
@article {pmid41787564, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, F and Cai, Y and Cui, Y and He, X and Xu, J and Tang, W and Wang, X and Cai, Y and Xie, H and Chen, W and Li, W and Ding, X}, title = {Microbiome eco-evolution of cultivated and wild rice species across the genus Oryza and its importance in supporting rice growth.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40168-026-02359-z}, pmid = {41787564}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {CARS-01-09//the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System/ ; 32260023, 31560041//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20232ACB205006//Key Project of Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Crop wild relatives and their microbiomes are essential for sustainable crop production. However, the co-evolution of wild rice species and their microbiomes remains poorly understood. Herein, we investigated microbiome assembly across 17 wild rice and one cultivated rice species under controlled conditions spanning ~15 million years of evolution.<br><br>RESULTS: Our data reveal distinct eco-evolutionary patterns for bacteria and fungi. Host divergence time was the predominant driver of root microbiota structure, outweighing polyploidy and life cycle, and exerted a stronger effect on bacteria than fungi. Bacterial community exhibited a significant phylosymbiosis with its host, but fungi did not. Over evolutionary time, bacterial diversity decreased while phylogenetic clustering increased. Deterministic and stochastic processes co-drove bacteria assembly, whereas stochastic processes strongly drove fungi assembly. Potentially functional taxa, including nitrogen-fixing and methane-cycle bacteria, were differentially enriched across evolutionary time and polyploidization events. Notably, co-speciating bacteria better predicted grain weight than fungi, with core species making a major contribution. Using a synthetic community (SynCom) derived from the wild rice core microbiome and four nitrogen-fixing&#xa0;strains enriched in early- and medium-diverging Oryza species, we demonstrated that the SynCom strongly promoted rice growth, with the removal of key members markedly reducing its impact.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal co-phylogenetic patterns between Oryza and root-associated bacteria, highlighting the closer functional linkage between rice traits and bacteria than fungi, likely due to their co-evolution. Our findings provide new insights into crop-microbiome symbiosis from an eco-evolutionary perspective and underscore the importance of co-speciating microbiomes from wild relatives in supporting crop growth. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid41786689, year = {2026}, author = {Bao, X and Hou, B and Guo, Z and Song, L and Chen, H and Zheng, Q and Zhao, Y and Gao, D and Fan, C and Xiong, X and Sun, C and Zhao, J}, title = {Absolute dynamic and relative static: the relationship of glycolysis and OXPHOS in cancer development.}, journal = {Cell death discovery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41420-026-02992-5}, pmid = {41786689}, issn = {2058-7716}, abstract = {For a significant period following the postulation of the Warburg effect, mitochondrial dysfunction and aerobic glycolysis were commonly accepted as the defining features of cancer. Currently, a deeper understanding of tumor metabolism has demonstrated that the energy phenotype of tumor cells is not solely glycolytic. Most cancer cells possess active mitochondria and still maintain the ability to undergo oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and utilize the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to support tumor growth. In this review, we examine the choice of energy supply pathways in tumor cells in both static and dynamic contexts. From a static standpoint, tumors contain cells that rely on glycolysis or OXPHOS for energy supply and demonstrate metabolic heterogeneity. Additionally, the simultaneous operation of glycolysis and OXPHOS establishes metabolic symbiosis. In contrast, cancer cells can also exhibit metabolic plasticity by dynamically shifting between glycolysis and OXPHOS to support tumor growth. This process is influenced by a variety of factors, such as the ever-changing tumor microenvironment, specific biological activities of tumor cells, and the effects of drug therapies. The relationship between glycolysis and OXPHOS suggests that in the process of cancer development, the stable state of energy metabolism is temporary, while the dynamic changes in energy metabolism are eternal, which is in line with the category of dialectical materialism and provides us with a new perspective for treating cancer.}, }
@article {pmid41785622, year = {2026}, author = {Dörfler, P and Wolffers, M and Eggenberger, U and Kruspan, P and Kuba, M}, title = {Evaluation of alternative bed materials in fluidized bed incineration for ash recycling as supplementary cementitious material.}, journal = {Waste management (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {215}, number = {}, pages = {115413}, doi = {10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115413}, pmid = {41785622}, issn = {1879-2456}, abstract = {This study evaluates different alternative bed materials, sourced from waste materials, to replace quartz sand in fluidized bed incineration of wood. Using alternative bed materials is not only beneficial in terms of the circular economy, but it also aims at tailoring the chemical and mineralogical composition of the resulting bed ash to enable its use as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in sustainable cements. Seven alternative bed materials were investigated: Construction and demolition waste fine-fraction (CDW-ff), Electric arc furnace slag (EAF slag), Steel Refinement slag (SR slag), two types of used foundry sands, and Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. These materials are likely to present more latent hydraulic or pozzolanic properties than the commonly used quartz sand. The study focuses on (i) the physical and mechanical properties of the alternative bed materials relevant to fluidization, and (ii) their chemical and mineralogical properties relevant for upcycling as SCM. The developed testing scheme involves three stages from the laboratory to the pilot scale. First, materials were characterized using XRF, XRD, and particle analysis, followed by XRD-heating-stage, rotary kiln experiments, and cold-flow fluidization. Finally, the most promising materials (CDW-ff and EAF Slag) were tested in bench scale wood incineration reactors. The produced bed ash contains cement-reactive phases, indicating a high potential for use as SCM. This reuse option will help closing material cycles in the sense of a circular economy. These promising findings should be validated at industrial scale, through cement performance testing and critical evaluation of the composition of the resulting ash regarding heavy metal content.}, }
@article {pmid41785342, year = {2026}, author = {Qiao, L and Sun, H and Tang, J and Hernández-Reyes, C and Lace, B and Knerr, J and Schulze, E and Lee, T and Keller, J and Libourel, C and Yao, J and Zhao, F and Ni, Y and Jia, Y and Xu, X and Yang, G and Zhang, L and Zhang, Y and Grosse, R and Tian, C and Oldroyd, GED and Delaux, PM and Ott, T and Liang, P}, title = {Nanodomain-localized formin gates symbiotic microbial entry in legume and solanaceous plants.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {391}, number = {6789}, pages = {1036-1045}, doi = {10.1126/science.adx8542}, pmid = {41785342}, issn = {1095-9203}, abstract = {Colonization of plant roots by symbionts requires substantial morphodynamic reorganization. Examples are actin-scaffolded microcompartments called infection pockets formed during root nodule symbiosis (RNS) by legumes. We demonstrate that the actin-binding formin SYFO2 is indispensable for rhizobial infection in Medicago truncatula, where it drives actin polymerization in phase-separated and symbiosis-specific nanodomains. SYFO2 also regulates symbiotically active arbuscules formed during mycorrhizal symbiosis in plants outside the nodulating clade, indicating that it was additionally recruited to promote rhizobial infections in legumes. As part of our aim to enable nitrogen fixation in nonlegumes, we activated endogenous SYFO2 by stably introducing the RNS master regulator NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) into the natural nonhost tomato. This demonstrates the possibility of recruiting arbuscular mycorrhizae-related genes into an engineered nodulation-specific pathway.}, }
@article {pmid41784839, year = {2026}, author = {Dymo, AM and Kozyulina, PY and Dolgikh, AV and Kantsurova, ES and Danko, KV and Pavlova, OA and Leonova, TS and Bovin, AD and Smirnova, NV and Kulesh, PA and Frolov, AA and Dolgikh, EA}, title = {Rhizobial Nod factors modulate reactive oxygen species, jasmonates, and pattern-recognizing receptors to suppress immune response.}, journal = {Plant molecular biology}, volume = {116}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41784839}, issn = {1573-5028}, support = {RSF 24-16-00180//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Fine-tuning of the immune response plays a key role in legume-rhizobial symbiosis. Rhizobial Nod factors can suppress the defense responses during symbiosis, but the possible mechanisms of such regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we observe that Nod factors effectively suppress the expression of genes encoding defense markers (WRKYs, PRs, PALs), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and reduce the content of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) LYK9 induced by treatment with deacetylated chitooligosaccharide CO8-DA in pea roots. Since PRR LYK9 may recognize both chitin/COs and peptidoglycan, it likely plays an important role in the activation of defense responses during rhizobial inoculation. To identify potential regulators through which Nod factors suppress the immune response in plants during symbiosis with rhizobia, proteome and transcriptome analyses were performed. This allowed identifying several potential candidates activated by Nod factors, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes, which prevent excessive ROS accumulation and the development of oxidative stress. We also found ubiquitin ligases and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes that may target PRRs activated in response to rhizobial inoculation. LYK9 degradation via ubiquitinylation was shown to prevent a hypersensitive response in plants. Nod factors activate enzymes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, which in turn activates the transcription factor ABR1, suppressing the abscisic acid-induced responses and decreasing the immune response. Finally, we showed that LysM-receptor-like kinases PsLYK11/MtLYK11, probable homologs of Arabidopsis AtLYK3 in pea and Medicago, are involved in regulation of the immune response.}, }
@article {pmid41781251, year = {2026}, author = {Hasegawa, R and Poulin, R}, title = {Colorful parasites: an overlooked frontier in animal coloration research.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2026.01.004}, pmid = {41781251}, issn = {1471-5007}, abstract = {The diverse coloration of animals has fascinated researchers over the past centuries. A growing body of evidence has documented the many functions of animal coloration, ranging from mate attraction to predator avoidance. Yet, the adaptive functions of parasite coloration have been largely neglected in this context, despite the fact that many parasites across diverse taxonomic groups exhibit colorful body patterns. In this opinion article, we discuss the potential adaptive functions of color in parasites. We first summarize some potential functions of parasite coloration based on an intensive review of the existing literature. We then propose several possible ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographical hypotheses regarding patterns in parasite coloration and outline future directions for this intriguing study frontier.}, }
@article {pmid41780388, year = {2026}, author = {Guérineau, M and Mayer, J and Pedehour, P and Poinet, L}, title = {Exploring social acceptability of energy sufficiency policies.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {402}, number = {}, pages = {129104}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129104}, pmid = {41780388}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Energy sufficiency is increasingly recognized as a crucial component in achieving carbon neutrality and reducing human pressure on natural ecosystems. France has incorporated sufficiency as a key pillar of its energy transition, aiming for a 50% reduction in final energy consumption by 2050. While there is growing interest in sufficiency policies, it remains unclear whether there is social acceptance of the proposed measures. This paper employs an exploratory study and Q-method analysis to investigate the acceptability of sufficiency policies. Three distinct sufficiency strategies are identified: monitored sufficiency, symbiotic sufficiency and governed sufficiency. Our study shows that, while sufficiency measures are conceived as overarching policy tools, their acceptance by populations is far from guaranteed. We demonstrate that the level of acceptability is dependent on a number of individual parameters, including the level of maturity with regard to sufficiency practices, or personal values. Moreover, while policies based on governed sufficiency are more widely accepted, radical measures associated with symbiotic sufficiency appear to face greater resistance. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers seeking to balance political ambition with public acceptance in sufficiency strategies, suggesting that these should be adapted to local contexts and individual capacities.}, }
@article {pmid41780383, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Liu, L and Fan, W and Liu, R and Yuan, H and Li, X}, title = {Enhancing methane production in anaerobic digestion of food waste by Fe-MOF and Fe-MOF-derived carbon composites: Insights into properties, multi-omics analyses, and mechanisms.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {402}, number = {}, pages = {129181}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129181}, pmid = {41780383}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {In this work, Fe-MOF and Fe-MOF-derived carbon composites (Fe-MDCs) derived at 300, 500, and 700 °C were first applied in anaerobic digestion to achieve efficient renewable energy production from food waste. The enhancement mechanism of methane yield was further explored using metagenomic and metaproteomic analysis. The results showed that compared with the control group, methane yield was enhanced by 9.66%-13.99%, 16.21%-23.56%, and 7.99%-19.84% in Fe-MOF, Fe-MDC-500, and Fe-MDC-700 groups, respectively. Among them, Fe-MDC-500 possessed superior electronic conductivity and a higher specific surface area, which was beneficial for improving methane production by facilitating interspecies electron transfer and providing abundant surface sites for microbial attachment. Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that the functional microorganisms, key genes related to methane metabolism, and the activity of corresponding coenzymes were increased in Fe-MOF, Fe-MDC-500, and Fe-MDC-700 groups. The poor syntrophic interaction resulted in the lowest methane yield under Fe-MOF-300 addition. Metaproteomic analysis indicated that the expressions of proteins related to quorum sensing system, transcription, and translation were also up-regulated, indicating that Fe-MDC-500 potentially promoted microbial communication among methanogenic and symbiotic microorganisms, ultimately boosting the metabolic activity of anaerobic digestion system. Meanwhile, the expressions of vital proteins involved in enzyme synthesis and catalytic bioconversion, including RNA polymerase, Ribosome, and Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, were significantly upregulated. This research clarified the mechanism of exogenous materials enhanced methane production by elucidating the key metabolic pathways and functional genes, which provided valuable insights for optimizing energy recovery system.}, }
@article {pmid41779834, year = {2026}, author = {Li, M and Li, Y and Mao, SH and Zhang, Z and Chen, C and Nie, X and Liu, X and Wang, H and Liu, X and Zhang, W and Lin, Q and Zhuang, GC and Sun, J}, title = {Intricate chemosymbiosis in a widespread shallow-water thyasirid clam.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {eadw8163}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adw8163}, pmid = {41779834}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Chemosynthetic symbioses between animals and bacteria are common in marine ecosystems, but the symbioses in shallow-water thyasirid clams inhabiting suboxic sediments remain understudied despite their widespread occurrence. Here, we report that the shallow-water thyasirid clam Thyasira tokunagai, dominant in Yellow Sea sediments, harbors sulfur-oxidizing Sedimenticola symbionts in pouch-like structures on the gill; the symbionts exhibit highly consistent genomic content and functionality across the region. Two phylotypes of symbionts are present, differing by a single base in the 16S rRNA gene while sharing key functional genes with minimal differences. Spatial metabarcoding analyses of gills showed that individuals also vary in the level of spatial heterogeneity concerning the two phylotypes. These symbionts exhibit active Calvin cycle gene expressions and close-knit host-symbiont metabolic integration. Furthermore, we estimated the capacity of dissolved inorganic carbon assimilation in the live holobiont by radiocarbon tracing (29.3 ± 8.7 nmol C·clam[-1]·day[-1]). Our findings provide the basis for understanding chemosymbiosis in thyasirid clams, highlight the potential of T. tokunagai as a model for studying symbiosis, and underscore the ecological significance of shallow-water chemosymbioses overall.}, }
@article {pmid41779084, year = {2026}, author = {Mallmann, GC and Tomazelli, D and Camargo, LS and da Cruz, SP and de Oliveira Filho, LCI and Sousa, JP and Klauberg-Filho, O}, title = {Risk assessment of fungicides on symbiotic phase of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology (London, England)}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41779084}, issn = {1573-3017}, }
@article {pmid41776601, year = {2026}, author = {Hong, W and Long, S and Ashrafizadeh, M and Sethi, G and Duan, C}, title = {From symbiosis to immunity: the evolutionary revival of mitochondrial defense programs in inflammatory diseases.}, journal = {Cell communication and signaling : CCS}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12964-026-02736-z}, pmid = {41776601}, issn = {1478-811X}, support = {Nos. 82472182 and 82272252//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0192//General Project of the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation/ ; HBRC202419//Chongqing National Talent Reserve Project/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41776170, year = {2026}, author = {Hammond, M and Chmelová, &#x13d; and van Geelen-Kuenzel, NA and Maurya, AK and Ferreira, ER and Puente, V and Cadena, LR and Záhonová, K and Dowle, A and Mottram, JC and Nowack, ECM and Lukeš, J and Yurchenko, V}, title = {Subcellular proteomics reveals a blueprint for endosymbiont integration in trypanosomatid Angomonas deanei.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-70084-0}, pmid = {41776170}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {25-15298S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky (Grant Agency of the Czech Republic)/ ; 221944/A/20/Z//Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)/ ; SFB1535//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {The acquisition of endosymbionts is a fundamental process that has driven the evolution of eukaryotes. The tree of life is filled with cases of internalised prokaryotes that have become integrated into their hosts, often forming mutually beneficial relationships. The trypanosomatid Angomonas deanei is one such case, harbouring a single β-proteobacterial endosymbiont. This symbiotic relationship is highly advanced, as evidenced by the identification of host-encoded proteins that are targeted to the bacterium and control its division. To deeper understand this integration, we performed an in-depth subcellular proteomic analysis to determine the compartmental localisation of both host and endosymbiont proteins. Our analysis resolved over 5,000 host proteins and over 400 endosymbiont proteins. We used this rich dataset to identify several novel host-encoded proteins targeted to the bacterium, and validated our predictions using genetic manipulations and microscopy. By mapping the localised enzymatic repertoire, we were able to shed light on metabolic interplay between the two organisms. We confirmed an energetic basis for the previously observed association between the host's glycosomes and its endosymbiont, and discovered an interaction between the endosymbiont and the host's acidocalcisomes. This subcellular proteomic dataset provides a comprehensive foundation for future research into the remarkable process of bacterial integration.}, }
@article {pmid41774389, year = {2026}, author = {Bidvi, S and Choure, R and Padul, M and Jadhav, R and Mandavkar, S and Bhadane, A and Posam, M}, title = {A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Screening Nodule-Specific Cysteine-Rich (NCR) Like Peptides from Trigonella foenum-graecum and Medicago truncatula Genomes.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41774389}, issn = {1867-1314}, support = {IF220359//INSPIRE Fellowship , Department of Science and Technology/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41634568, year = {2026}, author = {Zhu, M and Su, L and Shang, N and Su, S and Jiang, F and He, Y and Zhou, X and Zhao, Y and Wei, X}, title = {The phosphate-solubilizing capacity of Rhizobium tropici LNP6 and its growth-promoting effects on Ormosia hosiei seedlings.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41634568}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {Qian Ke He Platform Talents - CXTD [2023]006//Innovative talent team project of seedling breeding and plantation cultivation for precious tree species in Guizhou/ ; Qian Ke He [2016] 5661//Guizhou Province "Hundred" Talents Training Plan Project/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Globally, available phosphorus is generally scarce in terrestrial soils, despite the abundance of potential phosphorus sources. Therefore, isolating and utilizing microbial strains with both phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing capabilities is crucial for enhancing the environmental adaptability and growth performance of woody leguminous plants in phosphorus-deficient conditions. This study employs the highly efficient plant growth-promoting strain Rhizobium tropici LNP6, which was isolated from the root nodules of Ormosia hosiei and verified through re-inoculation screening, to explore its phosphorus solubilization mechanisms and evaluate its growth-promoting effects in soils with three different phosphorus sources. The results indicated that strain LNP6 is capable of solubilizing both insoluble organic and inorganic phosphorus. Analysis of its metabolites revealed that the strain exerts its phosphorus-solubilizing function through the production of organic acids and the secretion of phosphatases. The pot experiment demonstrated that LNP6 significantly accelerated the release of available nutrients in the seedling rhizosphere soil through two pathways: symbiotic nitrogen fixation and free-state phosphate solubilization. This enhancement resulted in a substantial improvement in the uptake efficiency of N, P, K by O.hosiei seedlings, thereby robustly promoting seedling growth and biomass accumulation. The greatest promoting effect was observed following the application of Calcium phytate under low-phosphorus conditions. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the development of nitrogen and phosphorus-efficient microbial agents for O. hosiei, which is essential for alleviating the impacts of soil phosphorus deficiency on its growth.<br><br>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: The phosphate-solubilizing capacity of Rhizobium tropici LNP6 and its growth-promoting effects. [Image: see text]}, }
@article {pmid41776290, year = {2024}, author = {Lai, J and Zhang, Y and Zhao, C and Wang, J and Yan, Y and Chen, M and Ji, L and Guo, J and Han, B and Shi, Y and Zhang, J and Chen, Y and Feng, Q and Yang, W}, title = {Multi-expert ensemble ECG diagnostic algorithm using mutually exclusive-symbiotic correlation between 254 hierarchical multiple labels.}, journal = {NPJ cardiovascular health}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41776290}, issn = {2948-2836}, support = {no.2018YFC2001203//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; no. 2020B1212060039//Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing of Guangdong Provincial/ ; }, abstract = {Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are a cheap and convenient means of assessing heart health and provide an important basis for diagnosis and treatment by cardiologists. However, existing intelligent ECG diagnostic approaches can only detect up to several tens of ECG terms, which barely cover the most common arrhythmias. Thus, further diagnosis is required by cardiologists in clinical settings. This paper describes the development of a multi-expert ensemble learning model that can recognize 254 ECG terms. Based on data from 191,804 wearable 12-lead ECGs, mutually exclusive-symbiotic correlations between hierarchical multiple labels are applied at the loss level to improve the diagnostic performance of the model and make its predictions more reasonable while alleviating the difficulty of class imbalance. The model achieves an average area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.973 and 0.956 on offline and online test sets, respectively. We select 130 terms from the 254 available for clinical settings by considering the classification performance and clinical significance, providing real-time and comprehensive ancillary support for the public.}, }
@article {pmid41774148, year = {2026}, author = {Paraginski, JA and Moraes, MP and Mayer, NA and Bianchi, VJ}, title = {Synergism Between Controlled-Release Fertilization and Microbial Bioinputs Modulates the Morphophysiological Quality of Prunus Rootstock Genotypes.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {4}, pages = {}, pmid = {41774148}, issn = {1432-0991}, abstract = {The production of high-quality Prunus seedling rootstocks in soilless systems requires optimizing the interaction between genetics, nutrient availability, and rhizosphere microbiology. This study evaluated the morphophysiological response of four peach rootstock genotypes ('Capdeboscq', "Okinawa Roxo", "NR0060408", and "NR0160305") to inoculation with Trichoderma asperellum and a microbial consortium (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens + Trichoderma harzianum), under contrasting doses of controlled-release fertilizer (0 and 4 g dm[- 3] of CRF). Longitudinal analysis (0-120 days) demonstrated that nutrient availability is the primary limiting factor; microbial bioinputs did not compensate for the absence of fertilization due to the metabolic cost of symbiosis. However, under nutrient sufficiency (4 g dm[- 3]), strong synergism was observed. The new selections ("NR0060408" and "NR0160305") exhibited high phenotypic plasticity, maximizing the conversion of biostimulation into shoot biomass and outperforming the "Okinawa Roxo" genotype, which displayed a conservative growth strategy. The Bacillus-Trichoderma consortium was superior to single inoculation in responsive genotypes, potentiating seedling leaf area and height. Furthermore, inoculation promoted the "stay-green" effect, maintaining chlorophyll index stability until the end of the cycle. It is concluded that the use of bioinputs, especially in a consortium, acts as a metabolic catalyst in responsive genotypes, but their efficacy depends on adequate basal nutritional management.}, }
@article {pmid41773902, year = {2026}, author = {Vidal, VM and Montes-Cobos, E and Canto, FB and Bozza, MT}, title = {The different meanings of tolerating the gut microbiome.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0173624}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.01736-24}, pmid = {41773902}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Multicellular life arose in a world dominated by microorganisms, a reality that has imposed a constant and pervasive selective pressure on all subsequent complex organisms. The immune system has been historically defined by its role in pathogen clearance through resistance mechanisms. However, a complementary and equally critical strategy is to enable the peaceful and inevitable coexistence with microorganisms, allowing each host species to shelter a unique associated microbiome. The term tolerance holds multiple meanings in immunology, yet all underlie a balanced and cooperative host-microorganism relationship. Each represents a different aspect of how the immune system limits tissue damage while maintaining functionality in the presence of microbial or inflammatory stimuli. Using the intestinal mucosa as a paradigm, we explore how epithelial barrier integrity, toxin neutralization, tissue repair, and stress response underpin disease tolerance; how microbial exposure calibrates innate immunity via epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming (LPS tolerance); and how the gut microenvironment fosters the generation of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells and microbe-specific regulatory T cells to enforce immunological tolerance. We further explore how the microbiota itself is a potent inducer of these tolerogenic pathways and highlight IL-10 as a major hub, connecting different tolerogenic circuits. Finally, we examine the hygiene hypothesis, arguing that lifestyle changes during the Anthropocene disrupt these finely tuned tolerance mechanisms, thereby contributing to the rising incidence of immune-mediated diseases. We posit that these tolerance programs are fundamental prerequisites for engendering host-microbiota symbiosis, a relationship forged over millennia of co-evolution and endangered in the contemporary world.}, }
@article {pmid41773510, year = {2026}, author = {Chakrabarti, D and Paul, A and Molla, F and Bhattacharyya, S and Das, S and Chakraborty, S and Ghosh, D and Biswas, A and Kundu, A and Sinharoy, S and DasGupta, M}, title = {Conserved hinge regions in SYMRK enable release of Malectin-like Domain for symbiont passage during rhizobia-legume symbiosis.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koag053}, pmid = {41773510}, issn = {1532-298X}, abstract = {Symbiosis Receptor Kinase (SYMRK), a malectin-like-domain/leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like-kinase (MLD-LRR-RLK), is the upstream most component in the Common-Symbiosis-Signalling-Pathway. We highlight two Proline residues that were distinctly acquired by SYMRK orthologues in its hinge-regions to constitute a signalling module for allowing progress of symbionts across transcellular barriers during rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Within the Ectodomain hinge (EctoD-hinge) all MLD-LRR-RLKs have a conserved W1xnGDPCxnW2x4C motif, where SYMRK orthologues within legumes have a distinct signature with a Proline preceding W2 enabling cleavage of SYMRK ectodomain for releasing MLD. Within the kinase hinge (KD-hinge) at gatekeeper+1 position, a conserved Glutamate in MLD-LRR-RLKs is replaced by Proline in all SYMRK orthologues that enabled its dual-specific kinase activity for ensuring ectodomain cleavage. Substitution of either Proline restricted cortical progression of symbionts forming infection patches in the nodule apex without affecting epidermal invasion and nodule organogenesis. This halt was entirely overcome by ectopic expression of free MLD demonstrating the released MLD to have an active role in progress of symbionts. Overall, we show that conservation of distinct Prolines in hinge-regions of SYMRK orthologues in legumes generates a signalling module involving dimerization and optimal phosphorylation of SYMRK for releasing MLD as an active transducer of symbiosis signalling.}, }
@article {pmid41772922, year = {2026}, author = {López-Román, MI and De la Rosa, L and Castaño-Herrero, C and Marcos-Prado, MT and Ramírez-Parra, E}, title = {Influence of genetic diversity, drought stress and rhizobial symbiosis on the nutritional quality of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) grain.}, journal = {Journal of the science of food and agriculture}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jsfa.70410}, pmid = {41772922}, issn = {1097-0010}, support = {//This work was supported by grants PDI2021-122138OR-I00, from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 /FEDER; UE); and by the "Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence in R&amp;D" (Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n of Spain, grant CEX-2020-000999-S to the CBGP). CCH is supported by PRE2022-104860 funded by MCIN/AEI. CSIC partially supports open-access publication fees./ ; PDI2021-122138OR-I00//Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/ ; CEX-2020-000999-S//Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n of Spain/ ; PRE2022-104860//MCIN/AEI/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Legumes are the primary source of plant protein in both human and livestock diets and, therefore, play an essential role in nutrition. Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a grain legume widely used in animal feed. Its nutritional properties, particularly its high protein content, make it an adequate component to enrich feedstuffs. Common vetch, like other legumes, is essential in sustainable agriculture systems in mitigating soil degradation and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers, due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, but it is increasingly being affected by drought - one of the main environmental factors that reduces its production. The genetic diversity among different varieties and environmental conditions may significantly impact the productivity and nutritional composition of legume grains.<br><br>RESULTS: In this study, we explore the effect of intra-species genetic diversity on protein levels, carbohydrates, minerals and the composition of specific nutrients, antioxidants and antinutritional factors. We have also analyzed the impact of drought stress and rhizobial symbiosis on the nutritional quality of vetch grain. Our results indicate that there are specific alterations in the selective enrichment or depletion of certain nutrients and ANFs among the diverse V. sativa accessions that have been analyzed but, interestingly, there are also differences in grain composition under different treatments, such as water deprivation, or in plants that have established rhizobial symbiosis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the combined effect of genotype and environment, such as drought or symbiosis, plays an important role in the nutritional composition of the grain legume V. sativa. &#xa9; 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41772829, year = {2026}, author = {Silva, LMD and Souza, DJ}, title = {Aspergillus conicus Endophyte Improves the Development of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Seedlings In Vitro.}, journal = {Journal of basic microbiology}, volume = {66}, number = {3}, pages = {e70156}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.70156}, pmid = {41772829}, issn = {1521-4028}, support = {Project 420109/2021-8//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; //Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; }, abstract = {Fungi of the genus Aspergillus promote plant growth and resistance, enhance nutrient uptake, protect plants against pathogens, and increase tolerance to environmental stress. We examined the symbiosis between Aspergillus conicus and seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, a forest species widely grown in Brazil for its valuable wood and resilience. The fungus was identified as an endophyte of E. camaldulensis seeds grown in Murashige and Skoog basal medium. We observed that inoculated seedlings developed faster than those without the fungus. In xerophilic medium, A. conicus produced abundant spores. Analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region grouped the isolate with other A. conicus species. Seedlings grown on Murashige and Skoog medium with fungal fragments showed significant shoot growth, more leaves, and greater biomass than uninoculated seedlings. Seeds immersed in A. conicus filtrate for 24 h showed less contamination by other fungi and a higher germination rate than those in the control group. Indole acetic acid production was below the detection limit. The fungus was endophytic, extensively colonizing the roots and present in the stems and leaves of inoculated plants. We investigated the implications of this fungal association with E. camaldulensis seedlings and highlighted its potential benefits for plant growth and development.}, }
@article {pmid41772232, year = {2026}, author = {Tinoco, AI and Henderson, CF and Meier, EK and Swinhoe, N and Cleves, PA}, title = {Efficient genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 in reef-building corals.}, journal = {Nature protocols}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41772232}, issn = {1750-2799}, support = {2128073//NSF | BIO | Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (IOS)/ ; }, abstract = {Coral reefs are one of the most biodiverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. However, corals are currently under threat from increasing ocean temperatures driven by climate change. Despite the known importance of these fragile ecosystems, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving ecologically important traits has been constrained by a lack of genetic tools for functional characterization. To address this limitation, we have developed straightforward and efficient methods to genetically modify corals and study gene function throughout various life history stages using CRISPR-Cas9-based mutagenesis. In this protocol, we first describe how to spawn and collect gametes from the coral Acropora millepora during seasonal spawning events. Next, we describe a method for microinjection of one-cell coral zygotes with CRISPR-Cas9 reagents. We include considerations about effective single-guide RNA design, methods for identifying successfully injected animals, strategies for rearing mutant larvae and juveniles, and methods for the detection and quantification of genomic modifications. This protocol is currently the only way to perform gene editing in corals and takes ~2-4 weeks to complete and has been successfully applied to study genes controlling heat tolerance in coral larvae and skeleton formation in coral juveniles. These technical advances set the foundation for a new field using reverse genetics to study ecologically important traits in corals, such as the establishment of symbiosis and its breakdown upon heat stress.}, }
@article {pmid41769719, year = {2026}, author = {Czerwinski, J and Engelmann, D and Mayer, A and Lutz, T and Rubino, L}, title = {Nanoparticle Emissions of Internal Combustion Engines: From Retrospective to Outlook.}, journal = {Chimia}, volume = {80}, number = {1-2}, pages = {29-35}, doi = {10.2533/chimia.2026.29}, pmid = {41769719}, issn = {0009-4293}, abstract = {Nanoparticles (NP) in the sub-micrometer measuring range are invisible. NPs from combustion processes, consisting of carbon, metal and ash nuclei and organic substances, enter the human organism through the olfactory nerves and lungs, where they can have various effects (toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic), some of which are long-lasting (chronic). These invisible nanoparticles were identified in the second half of the last century. Since then, a great deal of research has been carried out in various fields, and nanofiltration has demonstrated and realised ways of efficiently removing nanoparticles. The greatest progress has been made in the aftertreatment of exhaust gases from combustion engines. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed here, as in other areas such as indoor and outdoor air pollution control. The authors have been involved in important stages of these developments and, in this article, they attempt to provide a brief review and a desirable outlook, along with a few examples. In summary, it can be said that all types of engines and numerous other anthropogenic sources emit harmful nanoaerosols. During the pandemic, it was proven that nanofiltration used for exhaust gas aftertreatment in engines effectively eliminates bio-nanoaerosols, i.e. viruses and larger pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, allergens and others. We are all constantly surrounded and permeated by nanoaerosols and must live in symbiosis with them. It is therefore advisable for society to gain a better understanding of this issue, take it seriously and be even more concerned about the quality of the air surrounding the general population.}, }
@article {pmid41769655, year = {2026}, author = {Ray, S and Shankaran, P}, title = {Nutrition and the gut microbiome: a symbiotic dialogue influencing health and disease.}, journal = {Frontiers in nutrition}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1761992}, pmid = {41769655}, issn = {2296-861X}, abstract = {The gut microbiome, a complex consortium of trillions of microorganisms, significantly influences human health through its metabolic activities, immune modulation, and interaction with the nervous system. Diet plays a significant role in shaping the gut microbiome, with plant-based diets promoting the colonization of beneficial bacteria and fiber fermentation, whereas meat-based diet may encourage harmful microbial shifts associated with systemic inflammation. Gut bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from dietary fibers and those are crucial for energy metabolism, intestinal integrity, and immune modulation. Certain neurotransmitters like GABA and serotonin produced by gut bacteria, play a vital role in the gut-brain axis. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota have been linked to various psychiatric and neurological disorders like anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Beyond neurological implications, the gut microbiota also linked to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including obesity, hypertension, and coronary artery disease, as well as colorectal cancer. Imbalances in bacterial ratios, such as Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, can impact metabolism and inflammation. This review (i) elucidates the complex interplay between nutrition and the gut microbiome, emphasizing its implications for human health and disease; (ii) critically examines the methodological and analytical limitations inherent in current metagenomic studies; and (iii) proposes an integrated, multi-layered, systems-level framework for developing predictive models of host-microbe interactions and their pathological significance.}, }
@article {pmid41769401, year = {2026}, author = {White, E and Ruggeri, M and Weis, VM}, title = {Heterotrophy and symbiosis affect energy reserves for pedal lacerates in the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {e20851}, pmid = {41769401}, issn = {2167-8359}, abstract = {Nutrient exchange between corals and their dinoflagellate symbionts is the foundation of the stable symbiosis that underpins coral reef ecosystem success. The cnidarian-dinoflagellate holobiont engages in both autotrophy (photosynthates supplied by the symbiont) and heterotrophy (feeding by the host on microscopic organisms and particulate matter) to meet their nutritional demands. While considerable research has been devoted to understanding nutrient dynamics in adult corals and other symbiotic cnidarians, less is known about how the combination of heterotrophy and autotrophy influences nutrition within and across generations. We investigated the role of symbiosis and heterotrophy in the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (commonly called Aiptasia), a model system for the study of coral symbiosis. We examined how different feeding regimens affected parental growth and how nutritional status of the adult influenced nutrition of asexual offspring (pedal lacerates). After one-month, heterotrophic feeding resulted in larger pedal disk sizes in aposymbiotic adults regardless of lighting. However, in symbiotic groups, a lack of heterotrophy and/or autotrophy resulted in almost no growth or a decrease in body size. This suggests that symbiosis incurs a cost on the host when it is deprived of multiple food sources, and that autotrophy needs to be paired with heterotrophy for significant growth to occur in symbiotic adults. In pedal lacerates, we found that heterotrophic feeding and symbiotic state have an interactive effect on metabolite abundance. Symbiotic lacerates with access to food and light had significantly greater carbohydrates compared to all other groups, suggesting that the symbionts require both to produce carbohydrates in high quantities. Lipid content varied by symbiotic state, with aposymbiotic lacerates having more total lipids, while symbiotic lacerates had more nutrient-rich neutral lipids, indicating that symbiosis alters the production and abundance of different lipid classes. Symbiosis and heterotrophy significantly increased total protein in lacerates. Our results show that the combination of heterotrophy and autotrophy greatly increases growth rate and the abundance of carbohydrates and protein in symbiotic cnidarians, but nutritional lipids only differ based on symbiotic state, which suggests that the symbionts greatly increase the overall metabolic pool of the holobiont. In addition, our results show that there is a cost to hosting symbionts when autotrophy and/or heterotrophy are removed. This highlights the importance of heterotrophy in the success of symbiotic cnidarians within and across generations.}, }
@article {pmid41768381, year = {2025}, author = {Titus, KR and Castellon, R and Washington, C and Cooper, J and Grupstra, C and Bloomberg, J and Coy, SR and Farmer, BH and Karrick, CE and Meiling, S and Quetel, J and Rossin, AM and Veglia, A and Watkins, J and Evans, K and Apprill, A and Holstein, DM and Mydlarz, L and Brandt, M and Correa, AMS}, title = {Caribbean fish feces are an environmental hotspot of viable Symbiodiniaceae.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1715855}, pmid = {41768381}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Approximately 85% of stony coral species initially acquire their nutritional symbionts (Family Symbiodiniaceae) from the environment (horizontal transmission). Recent studies have identified live Symbiodiniaceae cells in the feces of coral-eating (corallivorous) and herbivore/detritivore fish, and thus these fish could vector Symbiodiniaceae to prospective stony coral hosts. However, nearly all data on viable Symbiodiniaceae cell densities in fish feces are from Pacific reefs. This study quantifies the density and diversity of viable Symbiodiniaceae cells in the feces of six Caribbean corallivore and herbivore/detritivore fish species in the U.S. Virgin Islands, enabling comparisons of consumer-symbiont pathways between ocean basins. Caribbean fish feces contained an average of 5 million viable Symbiodiniaceae cells ml[-1], comparable to previously reported values for Pacific corallivores. However, unlike on Pacific reefs, where Symbiodiniaceae cell densities varied in feces by fish trophic group, in the Caribbean, high densities of Symbiodiniaceae cells were documented in fish feces across feeding categories. In Caribbean herbivore/detritivore feces, high Symbiodiniaceae densities likely reflect observed, yet unexpected, feeding by these fishes on corals. Contributions of sloughed diseased coral tissue to detritus on U.S. Virgin Islands reefs may have also increased the number of Symbiodiniaceae cells consumed by detritivorous fishes. Symbiodiniaceae genera Symbiodinium, Breviolum, Cladocopium, Durusdinium, and Fugacium were detected in Caribbean fish feces. These findings demonstrate that corallivore and herbivore/detritivore fish feces constitute environmental hotspots of viable Symbiodiniaceae on Caribbean reefs.}, }
@article {pmid41767969, year = {2026}, author = {Crust, RM and Fronk, D and Macedo, F and Huynh, BL and Light, SE and Clark, NE and Sachs, JL}, title = {Growth Response of Crop Legumes to Soil Microbiota Is Linked With Soil Nutrients and Planting History.}, journal = {Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e70130}, pmid = {41767969}, issn = {2575-6265}, abstract = {Soil microbiota provide essential services to plants, but predicting or manipulating these benefits is difficult. Here, we investigated microbial benefits to legume crops at a landscape level to uncover factors that predict those services and can be modified by growers. We sampled cultivated soils across a 1000 km transect of production farms and experiment stations with cowpea cultivation. Bioinoculant practices and crop histories were evaluated. Soils were characterized using bacterial metabarcoding and physicochemical analysis, and soil microbial extracts were created to test the capacity of the microbiota to induce root nodulation and growth effects in six legume cultivars, including cowpea, soybean, and lima bean. Resident soil microbiota enhanced cowpea growth, whereas soybean and lima bean experienced negligible benefits. Grower application of bioinoculants was associated with altered microbial communities and enhanced root nodulation but did not affect crop growth. Soil nutrient makeup was correlated with changes in the resident microbial communities and growth benefits to plants, growth effects that were eliminated in sterile soil inoculation treatments, suggesting that they are microbially mediated. Our findings that both planting practices and abiotic soil factors can indirectly affect plant performance, mediated by restructuring of the soil microbial community, suggest how soils could be inexpensively modified to enhance microbial services.}, }
@article {pmid41766944, year = {2026}, author = {Ghomshei, M and Abbaspour, KC}, title = {Free will as structured unpredictability: toward a symbiotic human-AI relationship.}, journal = {Frontiers in artificial intelligence}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {1694537}, pmid = {41766944}, issn = {2624-8212}, abstract = {Human history has been shaped by revolutions of varying pace, with artificial intelligence (AI) emerging in mere decades. This paper introduces a preliminary framework for fostering a symbiotic human-AI relationship by integrating human free will into AI systems. We conceptualize free will as 'structured unpredictability' and propose a speculative extension of Shannon's information theory to model its informational contributions. By framing free will as an informational surplus, we envision AI as a mirror and amplifier of human creativity. While theoretical, this framework lays the foundation for future empirical and computational research to preserve human autonomy and diversity in AI-driven systems.}, }
@article {pmid41766386, year = {2026}, author = {Jenab, K and Alteio, L and Guseva, K and Gorka, S and Darcy, S and Fuchslueger, L and Canarini, A and Martin, V and Wiesenbauer, J and Spiegel, F and Imai, B and Schmidt, H and Hage-Ahmed, K and Pötsch, EM and Richter, A and Jansa, J and Kaiser, C}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal families and exploration-based guilds exhibit distinct responses to long-term N, P and K deficiencies and imbalances.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70969}, pmid = {41766386}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {Consolidator Grant 819446/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; Cluster of Excellence COE7//Austrian Science Fund/ ; CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004597//Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports/ ; }, abstract = {Many agroecosystems face nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) or potassium (K) deficiencies due to imbalanced or insufficient nutrient replenishment after biomass harvest. How this affects the symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the abundance of exploration-based AMF guilds (rhizophilic, edaphophilic and ancestral) remains largely unknown. We studied a 70-yr nutrient deficiency experiment in a managed grassland in central Austria, where aboveground biomass was harvested three times annually. N, P and K were fully, partially or not replenished, causing long-term nutrient deficiencies and imbalances. We analysed AMF communities in soil and roots by DNA/RNA amplicon sequencing and fatty acid biomarkers, alongside soil and plant community properties. Soil AMF communities were affected by N and P deficiencies, while root AMF communities were most susceptible to K deficiency, showing up to 50% biomass reduction, particularly when N was abundant. We observed a shift from rhizophilic to ancestral guilds under P deficiency in soil, and under K deficiency in roots. Families within each guild, particularly ancestral, showed differential responses, indicating complementary nutrient specializations at the family level. Our findings underscore the previously unrecognized role of K deficiency in AMF symbiosis and suggest the existence of nutrient-related functional subgroups within exploration-based AMF guilds.}, }
@article {pmid41765571, year = {2026}, author = {Shen, W and Yan, C and Yan, H and Zhou, X and Wang, Y and Yang, X and Peng, X and Gu, S and Wang, D and Feng, K and He, Q and Wang, S and Lu, G and Deng, Y}, title = {Organic fertilization shapes diazotrophic microbiomes in legume and grass rhizospheres of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {162}, number = {}, pages = {710-718}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.07.031}, pmid = {41765571}, issn = {1001-0742}, abstract = {Diazotrophs play a crucial role within the rhizosphere by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and promoting plant growth. However, the diversity of diazotrophic communities and the influences of human activity are largely unclear. This study investigated the composition and structure of diazotrophic communities associated with two Plateau forage plants, Medicago sativa (M. sativa) (legume) and Elymus sibiricus (E. sibiricus) (grass), in response to organic fertilizer application. The epicPCR method, which fuses nifH and 16S rRNA genes from individual cells, identified 347 diazotrophic species in the rhizospheres of these two forages, revealing a relatively limited but dominant nitrogen-fixing capacity within the whole bacterial community. Diazotrophic diversity and community structure analyses revealed significant differences between legume and grass rhizospheres (p < 0.05). Only M. sativa exhibited a significant correlation between its growth characteristics (height, fresh weight, and dry weight of plants) and diazotrophic community under natural conditions, suggesting a solid symbiotic and promoting relationship. Organic fertilizer application had differential impacts on diazotrophs. It significantly altered the diazotrophic structure in the legume rhizosphere, notably suppressing the relative abundance of Rhizobium while increasing Pantoea, with no significant effect observed on the grass rhizosphere. Therefore, organic fertilizer application disrupted the natural symbiotic relationship between diazotrophs and legume, but had little impact on the relationship between diazotrophs and grass. This study provided crucial insights into the ecological implications of organic fertilizer application and highlighted the complex influences of plant-microbe interactions in the soil ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid41765453, year = {2026}, author = {Arashida, H and Maita, H and Sato, S and Minamisawa, K}, title = {Genome Plasticity Depends on Positions both Inside and Outside of the Symbiosis Island of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25074}, pmid = {41765453}, issn = {1347-4405}, abstract = {Insertion sequences (ISs) are major drivers of genomic plasticity in rhizobia, frequently promoting local recombination events. To quantitatively compare the stability of genomic regions inside and outside of the symbiosis island, we engineered Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA122 mutants carrying a sacB/aadA counter-selectable cassette at four distinct loci-three on symbiosis island A (SymA) and one in the core genome. During 5 days of saprophytic growth, cassette deletion occurred at frequencies of up to 1.77×10[-3] within SymA, whereas the deletion rate in core genomic regions was markedly lower (3.29×10[-6]). Within SymA, cassettes inserted adjacent to the nif and rhc clusters, where IS copies with the same orientation were enriched, were lost more frequently than those placed in other SymA regions, indicating marked intra-island variability in genomic stability. Similar yet overall lower deletion frequencies were observed in B. diazoefficiens USDA110. These results demonstrate that SymA contains genomic loci with greater susceptibility to IS-mediated rearrangements and also that such recombination events may contribute to the diversification of Bradyrhizobium symbiosis islands. Based on our comparative IS mapping in B. japonicum and B. ottawaense, we discuss the potential for the IS-mediated deletion of genome regions harboring nod genes.}, }
@article {pmid41765452, year = {2026}, author = {Konno, Y and Imamura, I and Nemoto, T and Kajiwara, M and Ohtsubo, Y and Itakura, M and Sakai, T and Mitsui, H and Minamisawa, K and Sugawara, M}, title = {Symbiosis Islands of Bradyrhizobium Determine Relationships with Host Legumes Lespedeza cuneata and Glycine max.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25072}, pmid = {41765452}, issn = {1347-4405}, abstract = {Symbiotic N2-fixing bradyrhizobia nodulate various leguminous plants and possess a large symbiosis island (SI) encoding symbiotic functions in their genomes. We obtained 30 rhizobial isolates from root nodules of the tribe Desmodieae of native leguminous plants in northern Japan. Based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, most isolates (24/30=80%) phylogenetically belonged to Bradyrhizobium. Two isolates (LCT1 and LCT2) from Lespedeza cuneata were placed phylogenetically with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110[T], a well-studied soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) symbiont. Genomic comparisons revealed different SIs in the Met-tRNA and Val-tRNA genes on the respective genomes. In contrast, core genomic regions outside the SI regions showed strong collinearity between strains LCT2 and USDA110. Phenotypically, LCT2 formed N2-fixing root nodules on L. cuneata, an original host plant, but not on soybean, whereas USDA110 formed N2-fixing root nodules on soybean, but not on L. cuneata. Therefore, the SI variants were expected to contain the genes responsible for this host specificity. Genes relevant to the type III secretion system (T3SS) showed less homology between LCT2 and USDA110 than nod genes encoding Nod factor biosynthesis. Host plant inoculations with T3SS mutants suggested the involvement of T3SS effectors in differential host specificity. Therefore, the acquisition of distinct SI variants may confer strong host specificity through symbiotic interactions between Bradyrhizobium and host legumes. We discuss the possible pathway of symbiotic bradyrhizobial evolution and its application to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.}, }
@article {pmid41764643, year = {2026}, author = {Zeller, LM and Schorn, S and Nicolas-Asselineau, L and Zopfi, J and Ahmerkamp, S and Schubert, CJ and Lepori, F and Kuypers, MMM and Graf, JS and Milucka, J}, title = {Redox gradients define the ecological niche of ciliates with denitrifying endosymbionts in anoxic lake waters.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag043}, pmid = {41764643}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Bacterial endosymbionts of the family Ca. Azoamicaceae obligately associate with anaerobic ciliates belonging to the class Plagiopylea. The symbionts' unique role for their host involves anaerobic respiration of nitrate and generation of ATP, analogous to the role of mitochondria in aerobic eukaryotes. As this symbiosis remains so far uncultured, insights into its functioning have been mainly inferred from environmental metagenomes. Here we investigated the distribution and environmental role of this symbiosis in the anoxic basins of two freshwater lakes Zug and Lugano (Switzerland) over a course of several years. We found that the environmental niche of the ciliate host is defined by the combined effects of sulfide, oxygen and nitrate, the latter of which is essential for the symbiont's respiratory function. Moreover, the distribution and abundances of ciliates with denitrifying endosymbionts in the water column suggests that they may substantially contribute to nitrate consumption in Lake Zug. Our microscopic analyses further demonstrated a coordinated division of the Candidatus Azoamicus ciliaticola symbionts and their ciliate hosts, implying a vertical inheritance of denitrifying symbionts. These observations offer new insights into the evolution of ciliates with denitrifying endosymbionts and their ecological role in oxygen-depleted lakewaters.}, }
@article {pmid41629792, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, G and Chai, S and Huang, Y and Tao, C and Li, M and Dai, Q and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Jiang, H and Luo, Y and Jiang, Q and Wei, X and Zeng, D and Fu, C and Liang, Y}, title = {Comparison and structure of fungal diversity in roots and rhizosphere soils of wild and reintroduced populations of three Paphiopedilum species.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {41629792}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {X2025106020244//Guangxi Normal University's Provincial Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates/ ; 2022YFF1300700//National Key R&amp;D Program Project of China/ ; Guike24010014//Guangxi Key R&amp;D Program Project/ ; 32160096//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025GXNSFAA069252//Guangxi Natural Science Foundation/ ; XNK202305//Guangxi new agricultural science research and practice project/ ; YCSW2025223//Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Mycorrhizal fungi play critical roles in the seed germination and the growth of orchid plants. The investigation of fungi, especially mycorrhizal fungi, associated with orchid roots is important for both the protection and sustainable utilization of the plants. The Paphiopedilum orchid genus is severely endangered, and thus analysis of the composition and diversity of rhizosphere mycorrhizal fungi in wild and reintroduced Paphiopedilum species is beneficial for protecting wild Paphiopedilum resources and significant for the large-scale reintroduction and cultivation of Paphiopedilum. Here, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) was used to analyze the species and composition of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots and rhizosphere soils of wild and reintroduced populations of Paphiopedilum dianthum, Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum, and Paphiopedilum micranthum. The clustering of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and determination of diversity indices showed significant differences between the fungal communities associated with the roots and rhizosphere soils of these three species of Paphiopedilum, with markedly fewer OTUs associated with the roots (3465) than the rhizosphere (5221). The numbers of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots (226) of these three species of Paphiopedilum were also less than in the rhizosphere (259). P. micranthum showed the greatest diversity of associated fungi compared to the two other species. The dominant fungal taxa associated with these orchids included Sebacina (Basidiomycota) and Tulasnella (Basidiomycota). Among these, Tulasnella and Sebacina are well-known orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) that form essential symbiotic structures. These findings provide a reference for the reintroduction, protection, and resource development of the Paphiopedilum species.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-026-12572-7.}, }
@article {pmid41405424, year = {2026}, author = {Travers-Cook, TJ and Gonzalez-Gonzalez, E and Jokela, J and King, KC and Knight, S and Buser, CC}, title = {Evidence for toxin-encoding coinfections driving intransitive dynamics between allelopathic phenotypes in natural yeast populations.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, pages = {404-411}, doi = {10.1093/jeb/voaf150}, pmid = {41405424}, issn = {1420-9101}, support = {ETH-23 20-1//ETH Zurich/ ; }, abstract = {Competitive intransitivity, or non-hierarchical competitive interactions, such as those exemplified by the rock-paper-scissors game where no single competitor wins outright, has been proposed as a key mechanism for maintaining biodiversity; however, empirical evidence supporting the importance of intransitivity remains limited. Natural populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae often include strains harboring totivirus-satellite coinfections that encode a lethal toxic glycoprotein capable of eliminating competing yeast strains. Killer strains are sparsely distributed in natural populations, despite their assumed competitive advantage. Yeast isolates occasionally exhibit toxin resistance, but it remains untested whether they can outcompete and replace killer strains. Similarly, the persistence of toxin-susceptible yeast is not well understood-particularly whether they can invade resistant populations in the absence of killers, thereby completing an intransitive loop. In a multi-year collection of yeast isolates from vineyards across New Zealand, we observed a near-complete disappearance of a previously common killer yeast genotype of S. cerevisiae over consecutive years. Using space-time-shift competition assays, we demonstrate that strains sympatric to this killer genotype were universally toxin-resistant, unlike the allopatric strains that were frequently eliminated in competition assays. Furthermore, the extinction of the focal killer genotype appears to have enabled the emergence of toxin-susceptible competitors in sites formerly occupied by the killer genotype. Our findings suggest that the competitive advantage of toxin production is evident in natural populations but appears to be eroded when resistance evolves in competitors of the focal killer genotype. We suggest that such killer-resistant-susceptible polymorphisms are being maintained by evolutionary dynamics akin to rock-paper-scissors-like intransitivity, driven by the invasion of susceptible strains after costly resistance has driven killer strains to extinction in natural populations, all being driven by toxin-encoding coinfections.}, }
@article {pmid41764270, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, B and Zhu, H and He, X and Yang, W and Luo, C and Li, Y and Yang, A and Zhang, Y and Jiang, L and Li, Y and Guo, L and He, X and Du, Y and Liu, C}, title = {Cascaded regulatory network composed of small RNAs involves in the symbiosis of Panax notoginseng and fungus Acremonium sp. D212.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-40644-x}, pmid = {41764270}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {32260085, 31660501,32570377//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41763044, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, B and Zhao, C and Wang, Z and Zhao, Y and Zhang, J and Yuan, X}, title = {Optimizing red-blue light ratio enhances nutrient and antibiotic removal by an algal-based symbiotic consortium in aquaculture wastewater.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {402}, number = {}, pages = {129029}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129029}, pmid = {41763044}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Exploring effective techniques for the removal of nutrient and antibiotic contaminants is critical to addressing aquaculture wastewater pollution. A novel approach was adopted in this study, which aimed to optimize the red-blue light ratio specifically to enhance a three-member (algae-bacteria-fungi) symbiotic consortium for efficient pollutant removal. Four systems were evaluated: Chlorella vulgaris monoculture (Strain 1), Chlorella vulgaris + S395-2 (Strain 2), Chlorella vulgaris + Clonostachys rosea (Strain 3), and Chlorella vulgaris + S395-2 + Clonostachys rosea (Strain 4). Results demonstrated that a 5:5 red-blue light ratio provided optimal growth conditions, under which Strain 4 emerged as a stable and highly efficient dominant consortium. This system achieved the highest average removal rates for conventional pollutants, with COD (78.96 ± 3.21%), TN (82.37 ± 5.31%), NH4[+]-N (63.16 ± 4.17%), and TP (84.51 ± 3.71%). Furthermore, under optimal lighting conditions at an antibiotic concentration of 0.25 mg L[-1], Strain 4 exhibited superior removal efficiency for oxytetracycline (OTC, 96.23 ± 2.01%), ciprofloxacin (CPFX, 79.62 ± 5.31%), and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ, 82.16 ± 4.76%). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the exceptional degradation performance of OTC was attributed to its moderate amphiphilicity (ω = 1.23 eV, N = 2.79 eV), the narrowest HOMO-LUMO gap (4.28 eV), and abundant distribution of reactive sites. These findings provide valuable scientific insights into pollutant mitigation mechanisms in aquaculture environments.}, }
@article {pmid41762238, year = {2026}, author = {Phauk, S and Sin, S and Terenius, O}, title = {Symbiotic Diversity of Sap-Feeding Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) in the Upland Landscapes of Central Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-026-02724-3}, pmid = {41762238}, issn = {1432-184X}, }
@article {pmid41761404, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, P and Huang, LT and Yu, XL and Zhang, YY and Liu, S and Jiang, L and Huang, H}, title = {Distinction in Symbiodiniaceae and Bacterial Communities and Symbiodiniaceae Lineage-Specific Transcriptome Underpinning the Superior Heat Tolerance of Intertidal Acropora Corals.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {e70286}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70286}, pmid = {41761404}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {U23A2035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021-05//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2024A1515011041//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; SCSIO2023QY03//South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2023B1212060047//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province/ ; }, abstract = {Fine-scale thermal heterogeneity within intertidal and subtidal microhabitats could drive divergence in organismal heat tolerance. Reef corals from the extreme intertidal may hold optimism for the future of coral reefs and give insights into the mechanisms by which coral may persist under future conditions. Here, we compared the thermal sensitivities of intertidal and subtidal Acropora digitifera and evaluated their bleaching phenotypes, transcriptomes, host genetic differentiation and bacterial communities. Results showed that only heat-exposed subtidal corals displayed significantly reduced photochemical efficiency, symbiont densities, pigment and host protein concentrations, suggesting bleaching and host starvation. Despite being genetically similar, heat-exposed subtidal corals mounted stronger immune activation and amino acid degradation but downregulated monocarboxylate transport and calcification compared to intertidal corals. In contrast to the prevalence of Cladocopium in subtidal corals, intertidal corals were dominated by Durusdinium, whose transcriptional signature was characterised by lineage-specific and constitutively high transcript abundance of orthologs involved in stress response, metabolism, photosynthesis, cell cycle and symbiotic interactions. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated an origin-dependent bacterial composition, with Endozoicomonas being more abundant and important in co-occurrence networks of intertidal corals. Our findings suggest that distinction in Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities and Symbiodiniaceae lineage-specific transcriptional footprint largely underpin the exceptional thermotolerance of intertidal Acropora. Although these corals provide promising avenues for restoration, such a mechanism may bring attention to the risk of using them in selective breeding, particularly given the horizontal transmission of algal symbionts in Acropora.}, }
@article {pmid41761369, year = {2026}, author = {Shu, Y and He, Y and Chen, T and Zhou, Y and Liu, Y and Fu, P and Xu, J}, title = {Reconstruction of coral holobionts and elucidation of the causal relationships among symbiodiniaceae, bacteria, and coral through single-cell raman spectroscopy metabolomics.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40168-026-02338-4}, pmid = {41761369}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {KYQD_ZR2017212//Research Start-Up Funds from Hainan University/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global decline of coral reefs underscores the urgency of understanding how corals enhance resilience in stressful environmental conditions. As metaorganisms, or holobionts, corals rely on dynamic interactions with their associated microbial communities, with bacterial restructuring proposed as a potential mechanism of holobiont adaptation. Here, we reconstructed coral symbiosis in the bleached tissues of Acropora hyacinthus by introducing beneficial bacteria and thermally domesticated Symbiodiniaceae to assess their roles in bleaching recovery. Raman spectroscopy metabolomics (RS metabolomics) enables in situ detection, providing temporal evidence of metabolic exchange within the tripartite relationship among corals, Symbiodiniaceae, and associated bacteria.<br><br>RESULTS: This study highlights the potential of acclimation-based approaches in the development of thermotolerant Symbiodiniaceae strains. Furthermore, by manipulating this bacterial community, we identified a bacterium that enhances the thermal and light tolerances of acclimated Symbiodiniaceae, offering new insights into coral reef homeostasis strategies. Our results also indicate that the introduction of beneficial bacterial strains and thermotolerant Symbiodiniaceae, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, increased nutrient levels in the coral host.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This work introduces a microbial-assisted holobiont reconstitution framework that advances understanding of cross-kingdom metabolic integration and offers a mechanistic basis for engineering coral resilience under climate stress. The findings could provide insights into leveraging beneficial microbiota to mitigate thermal-induced coral bleaching, ultimately informing conservation strategies for marine ecosystems. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid41760926, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Moriyama, M and Koga, R and Oguchi, K and Hosokawa, T and Takai, H and Shigenobu, S and Nikoh, N and Fukatsu, T}, title = {Tryptophanase disruption promotes insect-bacterium mutualism.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41760926}, issn = {2058-5276}, support = {JPMJER1902//MEXT | JST | Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO)/ ; JPMJER1902//MEXT | JST | Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO)/ ; JP25221107//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP17H06388//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP22128001//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP22128007//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP25221107//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP17H06388//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP22128001//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; }, abstract = {Animal-microorganism symbioses are omnipresent, with both partners often gaining benefits as mutualists. A single mutation in the carbon catabolite repression system in Escherichia coli enables mutualism with the stinkbug Plautia stali. Here we find that this mutation is not present in natural symbioses. Given that the carbon catabolite repression pathway affects the expression of >500 downstream genes, we investigated their role in mutualisms. We find that disruption of a single gene, tnaA, encoding tryptophanase makes E. coli mutualistic to P. stali, resulting in the accumulation of tryptophan and the reduction of toxic indole. A survey of wild populations of P. stali and other stinkbug species revealed that their typical microbial symbionts, Pantoea, consistently lack the tnaA gene. Some Pantoea species such as Pantoea ananatis retain the tnaA gene and cannot establish symbiosis with P. stali, but tnaA-disrupted P. ananatis partially restored the symbiotic capability. When a natural Pantoea mutualist of P. stali was transformed with a functional tna operon, its symbiotic capability reduced significantly. Our finding suggests that tryptophanase disruption may have facilitated the evolution of gut bacterial mutualists in insects.}, }
@article {pmid41760915, year = {2026}, author = {Asari, S and Kodama, Y}, title = {Mitochondrial density and cell area changes in the ciliate Paramecium bursaria under constant darkness: effects of symbiotic Chlorella variabilis and nutrient availability.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-41878-5}, pmid = {41760915}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (grant number 23H02529)//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; SDGs Research Project//Shimane University/ ; }, abstract = {Paramecium bursaria and its symbiotic association with Chlorella variabilis influence host organelles. Previous studies have reported reduced mitochondria and trichocysts in algae-bearing P. bursaria cells, suggesting that the digestion of symbiotic algae may provide nutrients for trichocyst synthesis. However, the response of host mitochondria to symbiont loss under prolonged darkness remains unclear. Here, we examined the mitochondrial dynamics and cell morphology in algae-bearing and alga-free P. bursaria under constant darkness combined with feeding or starvation. Algal reduction was quantified using differential interference contrast image intensity, and host mitochondria were visualized using MitoBright LT Green. Under dark conditions with starvation, symbiotic algae and cell area decreased markedly, whereas mitochondrial fluorescence remained largely unchanged in algae-bearing cells. Gradual loss of algae despite feeding preserved both cell area and mitochondrial density. In alga-free cells, starvation caused early mitochondrial decline, followed by partial recovery, whereas feeding supported maintenance or enhancement. These findings indicate that mitochondrial density does not increase as algae decrease; instead, nutrient availability is critical for sustaining mitochondria in prolonged darkness. Our results provide insights into organelle-level responses to symbiont loss and the mechanisms underlying endosymbiotic resilience under environmental stress, with implications for mutualistic stability in changing ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41760845, year = {2026}, author = {Rípodas, C and Cretton, M and Eylenstein, A and Rivero, C and Zanetti, ME and Blanco, F}, title = {Cullin 3 substrate-adaptor protein 1 (MtCSP1) modulates nodulation through interaction with the GTPase ARFA1.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-41112-2}, pmid = {41760845}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2020-00053//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; 2019/00029 and 2021-00170//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n Cient&#xed;fica y Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; }, abstract = {Legume plants have the capacity to incorporate atmospheric nitrogen by establishing an endosymbiotic interaction with soil bacteria resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Bacteria are internalized through a tightly regulated process that requires membrane remodelling and vesicle trafficking, which are controlled by small GTPases. Members of the ARF family of GTPases mediate vesicle budding in a wide range of biological processes; however, the modulation of ARF members, their subcellular localization and the formation of complexes with other proteins during the root nodule symbiosis has not been fully investigated. Here, we identify a BTB/POZ protein that physically interacts with MtARFA1 in a yeast two-hybrid screening. BTB/POZ proteins are present in substrate-specific adaptors that form complexes with the Ubiquitin ligase E3 Cullin3 (CUL3), thus the interactor was designated as M. truncatula CUL3 substrate-adaptor protein 1 (MtCSP1). Physical interaction between MtARFA1 and MtCSP1 was verified in planta by co-immunopurification assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, revealing that the interaction takes place in vesicles of the late endosome. The MtCSP1 promoter is active in lateral roots and in the meristem of indeterminate nodules. Phenotypic analysis of transgenic roots with altered mRNA levels of MtCSP1 evidenced the requirement of this gene for the progression of rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. This work establishes a link between small GTPases and protein degradation by the ubiquitin system in the context of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41760692, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, C and Zhong, Z and Guo, Y and Yan, Y and Wang, J and Wang, M and Li, C}, title = {Chromosome-level genome assembly of the deep-sea solemyid bivalve Acharax haimaensis.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-026-06755-w}, pmid = {41760692}, issn = {2052-4463}, support = {42376058//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 42221005 to WMX//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 2024YFC2816000//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People&apos;s Republic of China (Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology)/ ; }, abstract = {Solemyidae, an ancient lineage of protobranch bivalves, are characterized by unique morphology and obligate symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, enabling survival in sulfide-rich sediments. However, limited genomic resources have hindered understanding of their evolutionary history, symbiotic interactions, and environmental adaptation. Here, we report a chromosome-level reference genome of Acharax haimaensis, assembled using PacBio, Illumina, and Hi-C sequencing. The 4.27 Gb genome, with a scaffold N50 of 195.52 Mb, was anchored to 22 chromosomes and achieved high completeness (98.2%) based on BUSCO. Transposable elements occupy 50.17% of the assembly, dominated by long interspersed nuclear elements (14.20%). We predicted 38,343 protein-coding genes, of which 87.25% were functionally annotated. Macrosynteny analysis revealed each chromosome comprises two to four segments of ancestral linkage groups, indicating extensive chromosomal breakage and fusion in early bivalve evolution. Phylogenetic inference suggested A. haimaensis diverged from the common ancestor of Autobranchia ~550 Mya. This first deep-sea protobranch genome provides an essential resource for exploring bivalve evolution and the genetic basis of symbiosis and adaptation to extreme environments.}, }
@article {pmid41760684, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Tong, Q and Lin, F and An, X and Huang, H and Chen, H and Ye, J and Xu, H and Lv, X and Lv, Z and Zeng, F and Zhang, T and Wu, X and Xie, B and Ming, R and Deng, Y}, title = {Polymorphism and evolutionary origins of accessory chromosomes in the basidiomycete Tremella fuciformis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-70078-y}, pmid = {41760684}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {32472810//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Accessory chromosomes are non-essential for growth but poorly characterized in basidiomycetes, unlike in Ascomycota. Here, we report whole-genome sequencing of 16 strains of the basidiomycete Tremella fuciformis (silver ear fungus), generating 27 complete haplotypes (5 monokaryons and 11 dikaryons, each contributing two distinct haplotypes). Genome size varied by over one-third, driven by accessory chromosomes and repetitive sequences in core chromosomes (essential for basic biology). Each strain harbored 8-10 core chromosomes (polymorphic via fusion/fission) and 2-10 accessory chromosomes (total 108), whose distribution reflects phylogeny and symbiotic specificity with the ascomycete Annulohypoxylon stygium. Accessory chromosomes are small, transposon-rich, gene-poor, and exhibit higher sequence similarity but more diverse structural variations than core chromosomes, with few shared genes across phylogenetic branches. Both chromosome types show frequent copy number variation during cell type transformation. Most accessory chromosome genes lack homologs in core chromosomes or existing gene databases. Our study reveals basidiomycete accessory chromosome diversity, suggesting an origin from unexplored species pre-dating T. fuciformis speciation.}, }
@article {pmid41758921, year = {2026}, author = {Qu, S and Zhou, G and Chen, Y}, title = {Research on the configurational paths for establishing high-level municipal industry-education consortiums in China: from the perspective of symbiosis theory.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {e0336145}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0336145}, pmid = {41758921}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The municipal industry-education consortium(MIEC) is a crucial component of the development of education in China, and the provincial-level administrative regions (PARs) are committed to building high-level MIECs. However, there are significant differences in the efficiency of building MIECs in different regions across China. A province is a macro-level industry-education integration ecosystem, whereas a MIEC is a micro-level ecosystem. Symbiotic units such as industrial parks, universities, and enterprises within the provincial industry-education integration ecosystem(PIEIE) cooperate and exchange resources with each other in institutional, innovative, and digital environments to achieve the symbiotic model of industry-education integration, ultimately forming high-level MIECs. Based on the theory of symbiosis and employed the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this study analyzed the complex causal mechanisms through which symbiotic elements of PIEIEs influenced the construction of high-level MIECs, using data from the 31 PARs in China, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. This paper found that the development of high-level MIECs was not determined by any single symbiotic element; instead, it resulted from the coordinated development and combined effects of three key symbiotic factors: symbiotic units, symbiotic environment, and symbiotic models. There were six configurational pathways to building high-level MIECs, grouped into three types: the "Economy-Driven" model, the "Digital-Enabled Industry-Education Integration" model, and the "Assistance-Driven" model. The findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for PARs in developing high-level MIECs.}, }
@article {pmid41757865, year = {2026}, author = {Hu, X and Shi, Z and Gao, Y and Zheng, H and Lin, L and Chen, JP and Chen, Y and Zhang, CX and Li, Y}, title = {Characterization of the dynamic microbiome evolution across thrips species.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.70265}, pmid = {41757865}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {2023J06040//Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province/ ; //Ningbo Yongjiang grant/ ; 32472657//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32570491//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The insect microbiome profoundly influences host physiology and ecology, yet its composition and evolutionary dynamics in thrips remain poorly understood. Here, we present a systematic characterization of thrips-associated microbiomes through integrated metagenomic and culture-based approaches. Our analysis reveals that thrips microbiomes are dominated by both intracellular symbionts (e.g., Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) and extracellular taxa (e.g., Serratia, Pantoea, and Acinetobacter), with species-specific compositions exhibiting frequent gains and losses of bacterial lineages. We demonstrate that thrips microbiomes exhibit low interspecific microbial sharing, forming host-specific bacterial communities with minimal overlap between species. To address methodological challenges in microbiome research, we developed a dual-sequencing framework combining short-read sequencing (for comprehensive taxonomic detection) and long-read sequencing (for genomic verification), enabling the reconstruction of high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes that validated short-read findings. Furthermore, we isolated and sequenced the complete genomes of two dominant extracellular symbionts-Pantoea dispersa and Serratia marcescens-and performed pan-genome analyses. These revealed small core gene sets and expansive accessory genomes, including host-specific functional genes (e.g., hydrolases and neurotoxic N-acetyltransferases) likely involved in host adaptation. Our study provides a foundational genomic resource and a robust analytical pipeline for dissecting thrips microbiome evolution, with implications for understanding insect-microbe interactions and symbiont-mediated adaptations.}, }
@article {pmid41756731, year = {2026}, author = {Maxwell, MWH and Fernando, AH and Papp, A and Bell, CA}, title = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis drives tolerance to potato cyst nematodes.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {29}, number = {3}, pages = {114923}, pmid = {41756731}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Host plant tolerance to pathogens is increasingly relevant as resistance sources and control options become scarce. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to enhance plant stress tolerance, but it remains unclear whether they are essential for, or complement, innate tolerance. We observed that potato cultivars described as tolerant to G. pallida suffered yield loss under nematode pressure when grown in sterile soils, indicating a lack of tolerance. The introduction of Rhizophagus irregularis increased tuber biomass during nematode parasitism, with cultivars commercially labelled as tolerant exhibiting a stronger response to AM fungi. The data suggest cultivar differences in mycorrhizal responsiveness with the differential expression of a range of plant sugar transporter genes in "tolerant" cultivars inferring a role of sugar allocation in host tolerance. Overall, AM fungi are critical for conferring tolerance against G. pallida and revealing the underpinning genes may provide useful targets to explore in current commercially desirable yet intolerant cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid41756261, year = {2026}, author = {Cai, X and Hu, X and Yan, F and Chen, D and Xiao, B and Zheng, X and Zhang, K and Zhou, J and Ma, Z and Sun, F and Peng, Y and Ma, X and Paramsothy, J and Xue, R and Liu, L}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Orchestrate Soil Microbial Community Assembly Along a Salix cupularis Restoration Chronosequence in a Desertified Alpine Grassland.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {3}, pages = {e73133}, pmid = {41756261}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Belowground microbes are emerging targets for ecosystem restoration. Understanding the assembly mechanisms of these microbial communities is critical for predicting ecosystem trajectories and optimizing restoration interventions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are hypothesized to be key drivers of these eco-evolutionary dynamics as a crucial and unique functional group associating with approximately 80% of terrestrial plant species. However, relatively little empirical information is available on the role of AMF in the soil microbial community assembly. Here, we used Salix cupularis, a native pioneer shrub species of desertified alpine meadows, to investigate the temporal dynamics of soil rhizosphere microbial communities across a restoration chronosequence (5, 10, and 20 years), with a particular focus on the AMF community. The results showed that minimal changes occurred in bacterial community structure, whereas fungal community exhibited more pronounced shifts along the chronosequence. Bacterial community assembly was initially deterministic and then became stochastic, while fungal assembly was consistently stochastic. Shrub planting enhanced the complexity of both bacterial and fungal networks over time. Co-occurrence networks and Pearson correlation analysis revealed the "time-dependent" regulatory role of the AMF community in soil microbial assembly. AMF acted as an orchestrator in the 10th year after planting (the edge density of AMF peaking at 15.0) prior to the transition to a stable, ECM-dominated state in response to shifts in soil nutrient availability, particularly significant increases in MAOC and AP, as well as a decrease in DON. Our findings indicate that fungal communities exhibit higher sensitivity and highlight the dynamic regulatory function of AMF, especially under dual-mycorrhizal symbiosis. These results provide novel mechanistic insights into soil microbe trajectories, suggesting that targeted AMF inoculation is crucial for the early-to-mid establishment phase of restoring desertified alpine meadows.}, }
@article {pmid41754250, year = {2026}, author = {Oliveira, EM and Besen, K and Santos, LCD and Uller, MF and Lovato, PE and Guerra, MP and Mayer, JLS}, title = {Symbiotic Germination in Cattleya purpurata: An Ultrastructural Journey from Fungal Dependence to Autotrophy.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15040543}, pmid = {41754250}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Orchids depend on mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination, a critical process especially for endangered species such as Cattleya purpurata. This study elucidates the ultrastructural ontogeny of the symbiosis between C. purpurata and the fungus Tulasnella sp. We demonstrate a defined spatiotemporal colonization pattern: hyphae penetrate exclusively via suspensor cells, migrate through the basal region of the embryo, and only then colonize the apical region. Upon colonization, the fungus triggers changes in the embryonic cells, including nuclear hypertrophy and peloton formation. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a sequence of fungal degradation, from intact hyphae to senescent hyphae containing myelin-like bodies and an electron-dense cytoplasm, suggesting that programmed senescence precedes peloton digestion. This supports the novel hypothesis of active fungal participation in modulating its own digestion, challenging classical models. Simultaneously, embryonic cells exhibited rapid metabolic conversion, with the transition from proplastids to amyloplasts, and then to chloroplasts in less than 20 days, marking the onset of autotrophy. This integrated morphological study not only expands fundamental knowledge about symbiotic development in orchids but also provides an optimized protocol for producing symbiotic seedlings, offering a direct tool for the reintroduction and conservation of this species.}, }
@article {pmid41753741, year = {2026}, author = {Arossa, S and Klein, SG and Alva Garcia, JV and Steckbauer, A and Pluma, N and Genchi, L and Laptenok, SP and Hung, SH and Salazar, OR and Aranda, M and Liberale, C and Duarte, CM}, title = {Differential Responses to Heat Stress Between Freshly Isolated and Long-Term Cultured Symbiodinium.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14020455}, pmid = {41753741}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology and the Tarek Ahmed Juffali Research Chair on Red Sea Ecology, including the baseline research funds of CD, MA, and CL./ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic dinoflagellates from the family Symbiodiniaceae play a central role in coral reef ecosystems by forming mutualistic relationships with reef invertebrates, particularly stony corals. These relationships underpin reef productivity in nutrient-poor waters but are vulnerable to disruption from marine heatwaves and climate change. While laboratory culturing of symbionts has enabled controlled studies of thermal stress, prolonged culturing may lead to physiological changes that do not reflect in hospite conditions. Here, we examined the thermal stress responses of two axenic cultures of Symbiodinium A1, freshly isolated and long-term cultured (2.5 years), originally from the jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda in the Red Sea. Both cultures were exposed to a daily temperature increase of 1 °C, up to 37 °C. Freshly isolated symbionts consistently showed higher photochemical efficiency (0.515 ± 0.007) and growth rates (1.68 ± 0.60 µ day[-1]) compared to long-term cultured cells (0.401 ± 0.007; -2.25 ± 0.38 µ day[-1]), which collapsed at 37 °C. Heat stress also led to decreases in O2 and increases in pCO2 across treatments. Long-term cultured symbionts exhibited greater lipid body accumulation, suggesting a shift to anaerobic metabolism. These findings demonstrate that extended batch culturing alters symbiont physiology and stress responses, highlighting the need to consider culture history in experimental designs to avoid bias in interpreting holobiont resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41753667, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Vigil, J and Pradhan, R and Zhu, J and Libault, M}, title = {Integrating Single-Cell and Spatial Multi-Omics to Decode Plant-Microbe Interactions at Cellular Resolution.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14020380}, pmid = {41753667}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2414183//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 2425989//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 2022-67013-36144//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA)/ ; }, abstract = {Understanding the intimate interactions between plants and their microbiota at the cellular level is essential for unlocking the full potential of plant holobionts in agricultural systems. Traditional bulk and microbial community-level sequencing approaches reveal broad community patterns but fail to resolve how distinct plant cell types interact with or regulate microbial colonization, as well as the diverse antagonistic and synergistic interactions and responses existing between various microbial populations. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial multi-omics have transformed our understanding of plant cell identities as well as gene regulatory programs and their dynamic regulation in response to environmental stresses and plant development. In this review, we highlight the single-cell discoveries that uncover the plant cell-type-specific microbial perception, immune activation, and symbiotic differentiation, particularly in roots, nodules, and leaves. We further discuss how integrating transcriptomic, epigenomic, and spatial data can reconstruct multilayered interaction networks that connect plant cell-type-specific regulatory states with microbial spatial niches and inter-kingdom signaling (e.g., ligand-receptor and metabolite exchange), providing a foundation for developing new strategies to engineer crop-microbiome interactions to support sustainable agriculture. We conclude by outlining key methodological challenges and future research priorities that point toward building a fully integrated cellular interactome of the plant holobiont.}, }
@article {pmid41752923, year = {2026}, author = {Gou, S and Zhao, X and Ni, Y and Shi, T and Zhao, Z and Tang, L and Li, W and Wan, Y}, title = {Revisiting the Nutritional Mode of Floccularia luteovirens: A Case for Facultative Saprobic Capacity.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life16020287}, pmid = {41752923}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {Floccularia luteovirens is a rare and edible fungus endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Traditional viewpoints have inferred it to be a mycorrhizal fungus based on its spatial association with Kobresia, yet direct morphological evidence (e.g., Hartig net) and molecular evidence is lacking. Through a systematic review of the existing literature, this study found that all current evidence supporting a mycorrhizal relationship is merely indirect inference. In contrast, experiments conducted by our research team demonstrated that this fungus colonizes well on sawdust-based substrates, which is compatible with saprobic growth capacity and does not exclude the possibility of conditional mycorrhizal symbiosis in natural environments. Based on these findings, we propose that F. luteovirens may adopt a facultative nutritional mode to adapt to the alpine environment. Genomic analysis revealed that the CAZyme repertoire of F. luteovirens (including key enzyme families such as GH6, GH7, and AA1) shows high similarity to that of the saprobic fungus Agaricus bisporus and appears to be more comprehensive than that of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis, based on current annotation data. This pattern suggests its potential capacity for lignocellulose degradation. The successful cultivation of its closely related species Lepista sordida on various lignocellulosic substrates further supports this functional potential. This study proposes that F. luteovirens employs a 'facultative nutrition' strategy, which presents an alternative perspective to the traditional view of obligate dependence on mycorrhizal symbiosis. These findings contribute to our understanding of fungal adaptation in alpine environments and may inform strategies for artificial domestication of this valuable species.}, }
@article {pmid41752469, year = {2026}, author = {Lowen, E and Moulton, SE and Palombo, EA and Kwa, F and Zaferanloo, B}, title = {Harnessing Endophytic Fungi as a Sustainable Source of Novel Anticancer Agents: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/molecules31040693}, pmid = {41752469}, issn = {1420-3049}, abstract = {Despite significant advances in oncology, current cancer therapies remain constrained by toxicity, resistance, and limited selectivity. Endophytic fungi symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting plant tissues represent a sustainable and underexplored source of structurally diverse anticancer metabolites. These include alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and peptides that disrupt microtubule dynamics, interfere with DNA replication, and induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. They also modulate key oncogenic signalling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), thereby enhancing the efficacy of existing chemotherapies. Endophyte derived compounds further inhibit angiogenesis, suppress metastasis, and stimulate immune responses, offering multi-target mechanisms with reduced toxicity. This review examines strategies that enhance the discovery and yield of these bioactive metabolites, including One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC), microbial co-culture, epigenetic activation, genome mining, and synthetic biology. A comparative assessment of endophyte-derived versus conventional anticancer agents highlights their potential for scalable, eco-sustainable production. Collectively, endophytic fungi are positioned as promising contributors to the next generation of accessible, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible anticancer therapies.}, }
@article {pmid41752167, year = {2026}, author = {Abd-Alla, MH and Hassan, EA and Khalaf, DM and Mohammed, EA and Bashandy, SR}, title = {Harnessing Silicon and Nanosilicon Formulations with Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium for the Sustainable Enhancement of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes and Climate Change Mitigation.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27042031}, pmid = {41752167}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {51395//This research is based on the work supported by the Science, Technology &amp; Innovation Funding Authority of Egypt (STDF) under grant number 51395/ ; }, abstract = {Silicon has long been recognized as a beneficial element in plant biology. Recent advances in nanosilicon technology have revealed its transformative potential in legume-rhizobia symbiosis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on how silicon and SiO2 nanoparticles (Si-NPs) influence nodulation, microbial metabolism, and soil-plant interactions. We highlight emerging evidence that Si-NPs enhance symbiotic signaling, strengthen infection pathways, and mitigate oxidative stress, thereby supporting nitrogen fixation efficiency. Beyond the rhizosphere, nanosilicon improves soil structure, microbial diversity, and plant resilience under abiotic stress, offering a multifaceted approach to sustainable agriculture. The novelty of this review lies in its integrative perspective, connecting molecular mechanisms with ecological impacts and climate-smart applications. By examining Si-NPs across three domains-soils, rhizosphere metabolites, and plants-we provide a framework for understanding their role in enhancing productivity while reducing environmental costs. Importantly, we identify critical research gaps, including the need for standardized application protocols, large-scale field validation, sustainable nanosilicon production, and robust regulatory frameworks. These insights position nanosilicon as a promising tool for advancing legume productivity, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers, and contributing to global food security. This review underscores silicon's potential not only as a plant nutrient but also as a strategic agent in climate-resilient agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41751747, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, J and Huang, KW}, title = {Joint Sensing and Secure Communications in RIS-Based Symbiotic Radio Systems.}, journal = {Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41751747}, issn = {1099-4300}, support = {62201206//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {We study the problem of joint sensing and secure communications in a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-based symbiotic radio (SR) system. In the considered system, a dual-functional radar and communication base station (DFRC-BS) achieves secure communications with multiple user terminals (UTs), and at the same time, performs a target sensing task. An RIS simultaneously assists the secure communications between the DFRC-BS and the multiple UTs and conveys its own data to the UTs by modulating the radio frequency signal from the DFRC-BS. Two different SR settings are investigated, namely, parasitic SR (PSR) and commensal SR (CSR). In both the PSR and the CSR situations, the echo signal from the sensing target is interfered by the backscattered signal from the RIS. We propose two strategies for the DFRC-BS to handle with the interference from the RIS, namely, (1) directly sensing without interference cancelation, and (2) performing interference cancelation before sensing. For both the two strategies, we aim to maximize the sum secrecy rate from the DFRC-BS to the multiple UTs while ensuring satisfactory performances for the sensing and the backscatter links. A block coordinate ascend algorithm is proposed to solve the established non-convex optimization problems. Simulation results reveal that at the DFRC-BS, performing interference cancelation leads to an improved system performance. Furthermore, compared with PSR, CSR leads to a higher sum secrecy rate between the DFRC-BS and the UTs.}, }
@article {pmid41751071, year = {2026}, author = {Quezada-Rubio, JA and Estrada-Angulo, A and Castro-Pérez, BI and Urías-Estrada, JD and Ponce-Barraza, E and Escobedo-Gallegos, LG and Mendoza-Cortez, DA and Barreras, A and Carrillo-Muro, O and Plascencia, A}, title = {Effect of Combining a Prebiotic (Autolyzed Yeast from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) Added in a High-Energy Diet on Growth Performance, Dietary Energetics, and Carcass Traits of Fattening Hairy Lambs.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani16040610}, pmid = {41751071}, issn = {2076-2615}, abstract = {Due to their specific properties, the autolyzed yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and bacterial Bacillus subtilis (BS) theoretically can have a synergistic effect when combined and offered in ruminant diets. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of their combination as feed additives on growth performance, dietary energy, carcass traits, and visceral organ mass in finishing lambs. For this reason, 48 Pelibuey × Katahdin lambs (98 ± 17 d age; initial weight = 20.25 ± 3.37 kg) were used in a feeding trial lasting 83 d. Lambs were blocked by weight and assigned to 24 pens. Treatment consisted in supplementing a high-energy diet with probiotic and/or prebiotic as follows: (1) finishing diet without probiotic or prebiotic supplementation (Control), (2) finishing diet supplemented with 1.5 g SC/kg diet, (3) finishing diet supplemented with 1.5 g BS/kg diet, and (4) finishing diet supplemented with 1.5 g SC plus 1.5 g BS/kg diet. There were no synergistic (interaction) effects by combining SC + BS in any of the variables evaluated. Lambs that were supplemented with BS showed a very similar response on dry matter intake (DMI, p = 0.41), average daily gain (ADG, p = 0.64), carcass traits (p ≥ 0.08), tissue composition (p ≥ 0.32), and relative visceral organ mass (g/kg EBW, p ≥ 0.15) than non-supplemented lambs. Compared to the control group, lambs that received SC alone or in combination with BS showed greater average daily gain (12.0%, p = 0.03), gain efficiency (6.1%, p = 0.04) and observed-to expected dietary energy efficiency (5.5%, p = 0.04). Supplemental SC and SC + BS increased hot carcass weight (p = 0.04) without effects on the rest of the variables evaluated including the shoulder tissue composition whole cuts, and visceral organ mass. It was concluded that SC improves growth performance and dietary energy in finishing lambs without changes in carcass traits or carcass composition. Combining SC with BS did not improve the magnitude of the response of SC supplemented alone. In this study, the inclusion of a 1.5 g/kg diet of BS during a long-term period (83 d) did not show benefits to finishing lambs.}, }
@article {pmid41750402, year = {2026}, author = {Au, S and Cruz, WD and Lala, M and Karthikeyan, S and Venketaraman, V}, title = {The Evolution of Symbiosis in Staphylococcus epidermidis: From a Protective Mutualist to a Parasitic Pathogen.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biom16020334}, pmid = {41750402}, issn = {2218-273X}, abstract = {Staphylococcus epidermidis is more often known as a human skin commensal, serving as a primary protective bacterium on the skin's surface. However, more recent literature highlights the role of S. epidermidis as a nosocomial pathogen and a multidrug-resistant organism that poses a global threat. The evolution of S. epidermidis can be owed to its accumulation of resistance mechanisms, including adhesion, biofilm formation, genomic islands, phage elements, integrated plasmids, and quorum sensing. It is suspected that through gene transfer, S. epidermidis is partially responsible for the feared multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through the mecA gene and many other genomic island transfers. Overall, prolonged nosocomial exposure and misuse of antibiotics have driven dramatic genomic remodeling in S. epidermidis, characterized by many methods of genetic recombination, SCCmec and insertion sequence acquisition, and accumulation of multiple resistance genes. Our review reviews the role of S. epidermidis as both a commensal and a pathogenic bacterium, summarizes the genes responsible for its multidrug resistance, and describes methods of combatting its invasion.}, }
@article {pmid41749416, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, L and Zhang, Q and Liu, J and Shi, J and Zou, X and Wang, M and Wang, S and Dai, H and Zhang, X and Jiang, Y}, title = {The LIN and LINL E3 ligases function redundantly in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and nodulation of Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.71052}, pmid = {41749416}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2023ZD04072//Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; 2023YFF1000300//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32500211//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {LUMPY INFECTION (LIN) is known to direct the polar growth of infection threads during nodulation in Medicago. However, the role of LIN in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has yet to be characterized. Here, we identified a novel lin allele mutant lin-6 (FN9104) in Medicago that exhibited impaired nodulation and reduced efficiency of AM symbiosis. LIN and its four LIN-like homologs (LINL1-4) are involved in both nodulation and AM symbiosis in Medicago. RNAi knockdown assays in both lin-6/LINL1-3-RNAi hairy roots and lin-4 linl1-1 double-mutant roots demonstrated that LIN and LINL1-3 exhibit functional redundancy in the AM symbiosis. Furthermore, the U-box domain, Armadillo-like domain, and WD40 repeat domain of LIN are essential for its functions in nodulation and mycorrhizal symbiosis, and the U-box domains of LIN and LINL1 exhibit E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. Interestingly, the interactions of LIN and LINL1 with DELLAs, scaffold proteins in the common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP), rely on their U-box domain. Our findings revalidate that LIN is a key component of the CSSP, redundant with LINLs in AM symbiosis. The U-box-mediated DELLA interaction suggests LIN's E3 ligase activity may regulate this central signaling hub to enable intracellular accommodation in root endosymbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41747566, year = {2026}, author = {García-Tomsig, NI and Guedes-García, SK and Robledo, M and Jiménez-Zurdo, JI}, title = {A single small RNA shapes multiple symbiotic traits in rhizobia.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {307}, number = {}, pages = {128480}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2026.128480}, pmid = {41747566}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {Bacterial small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) remain understudied in the ecologically crucial nitrogen (N2)-fixing root-nodule Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. The only known rhizobial RNA regulator with broad symbiotic influence is the N-responsive trans-acting sRNA NfeR1, identified in the alfalfa symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. To pinpoint NfeR1 function, we profiled its RNA targets using MS2 affinity purification coupled with RNA sequencing (MAPS) in N stressed bacteria, a condition that drives nodulation. NfeR1 targets distinct regions of numerous mRNAs and sRNAs via three redundant anti-Shine-Dalgarno motifs, with downregulation constituting the primary regulatory outcome observed among the subset of validated targets. Target mRNAs span pathways differentially regulated throughout symbiosis, including N metabolism, motility, osmotolerance, and cell cycle control. Notably, NfeR1 modulates cell morphology and DNA replication by pervasive regulation of cell cycle mRNAs. It also silences gdhA, suggesting repression of glutamine dehydrogenase-dependent N assimilation, thereby promoting expression of nodulation genes, which is further fine-tuned by a novel RNA feedback loop involving NfeR1 and the dual-function sRNA SmelC549. Our findings position NfeR1 as a central hub within a structurally and functionally complex RNA network that coordinates N signaling and symbiotic performance in S. meliloti.}, }
@article {pmid41746445, year = {2026}, author = {Higazy, AE and Sindi, RA and Alharbi, HM and Alwutayd, KM and Bahgat, LB and Naiel, MAE and Abdelnour, SA}, title = {Potential symbiotic effects of Artemia franciscana extract on post-metabolic response, antioxidant defense, reproductive performance, and tissue integrity in rabbit does.}, journal = {Veterinary research communications}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41746445}, issn = {1573-7446}, abstract = {This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with Artemia franciscana extract (AFE) on blood hematology, biochemical variables, antioxidant defense, adipokines, ovarian activity, reproductive performance, and ovarian and uterine integrities in rabbit does. A total of 120 female rabbits were fed diets fortified with 0 (AFE0), 100 (AFE1), 200 (AFE2), or 400 (AFE4) mg/kg of AFE. The HPLC analysis of AFE identified several main phenolic compounds, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, catechol, syringic acid, gallic acid, and benzoic acid. The most prominent flavonoid identified in AFE was rutin, followed by quercetin, kaempferol, naringin, and catechin. Feeding rabbits with AFE resulted in a significant increase in red blood cell (RBC) and platelet counts (P < 0.01), while white blood cell (WBC) counts were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Supplementation with AFE significantly enhanced circulating total protein and albumin levels and reduced the level of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT, P < 0.01). Supplementation with 200 or 400 mg/kg AFE significantly elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (P < 0.05), with the AFE2 group exhibiting the highest (P < 0.05) levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels declined substantially across all treated groups (P < 0.01). The serum levels of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, were significantly increased in all AFE-added groups (P < 0.01). All AFE-supplemented diets resulted in significantly higher serum levels of the reproductive hormones such as progesterone (PG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), compared to the AFE0 diet (P < 0.01). Dietary AFE supplementation significantly increased the number of corpora lutea, with the highest count observed in the AFE4 group, followed by the AFE1 and AFE2 groups (P < 0.01). AFE supplementation enhanced reproductive performance throughout the second and third parities, as evidenced by increased litter sizes and weights. Histological analysis revealed that AFE maintained the structural integrity of ovarian and uterine tissues. Furthermore, AFE administration significantly downregulated the immune-expression of Caspase-3 (P < 0.01). Overall, this study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with Artemia franciscana extract (AFE) at 200 or 400 mg/kg significantly modulates metabolic responses and enhances reproductive health in female rabbits. These benefits are driven by the regulation of adipokines and reproductive hormones, improved ovarian activity, and a strengthened antioxidant defense system.}, }
@article {pmid41745266, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, Y and Feng, Z and Song, H and Yuan, A and Chang, L and Zou, Y and Dashdorj, M and Bian, Z}, title = {Effects of Powdered and Granular AMF on Maize Growth Under Low Fertilizer Conditions.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41745266}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2024YFC3909300//National Key R&amp;D Program/ ; 202304290000011//Key R&amp;D Program of Shanxi Province/ ; GZSTCKP [2025]019//Science and Technology Program of Shanxi Province/ ; 202523anull050017//Anhui Provincial Science and Technology Innovation and Development Program/ ; }, abstract = {Excessive fertilizer use drives soil degradation and resource waste. This study investigates how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) formulations (powder vs. granular) optimize maize (Zea mays L.) yield, soil microbiome, and economic benefits under 50% and 75% fertilizer reduction. Field trials showed that the AMF powder formulation under 50% fertilizer reduction (AP50) increased maize yield by 14.67%. This increase was associated with rapid root colonization (85.3%), enhanced phosphorus availability, and the recruitment of beneficial fungi such as Mortierellomycota. Granular formulation at 75% reduction (AG75) achieved 7.18% yield gain via sustained symbiosis. Fungal communities exhibited greater sensitivity to fertilization than bacteria (Chao1, p = 0.0094), with AMF suppressing Fusarium by 42% while enriching functional taxa (Actinobacteria, Mortierellomycota). Economic analysis confirms that AP50 (30,435 CNY/ha) and AG75 (26,954 CNY/ha) yield higher net profits, where CNY denotes Chinese Yuan. Powder formulations maximize immediate benefits in medium- to low-fertility soils, whereas granules support long-term soil health in high-organic systems, providing a precision strategy for sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41745265, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, Y and Bi, L and Zhu, Y and Chen, L and Yao, R}, title = {Characterization of the Effector Candidate Repertoire in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41745265}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {YLS-2025-ZY01004//Yuelushan Laboratory Breeding Program/ ; YLS-2025-ZY03001//Yuelushan Laboratory Breeding Program/ ; 32470340//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32270334//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32401441//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023RC1050//Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province/ ; 2025ZY1003//Hunan Science and Technology Innovation Plan/ ; 2024ZYC029//Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project in Hunan/ ; 2025RCXM056//Key Talent Project of Gansu Province, China/ ; 25RCKA034//Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province/ ; }, abstract = {The majority of terrestrial plants can interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to form symbiotic relationships. AMF colonization not only enhances the host plant's uptake of mineral nutrients but also improves its tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In return, the host plant supplies the AMF with carbon sources essential for completing its life cycle. How AMF overcome the plant immune system to successfully establish symbiosis has remained an unresolved question. During colonization, AMF also secrete effector proteins, similar to how pathogenic fungi utilize effectors to promote virulence. In this study, we employed machine learning models such as SignalP 6.0 and EffectorP 3.0 to predict potential effectors in Rhizophagus irregularis, leading to the identification of 227 effector candidates. Using EffectorP 3.0, ApoplastP, and LOCALIZER, most R. irregularis effectors were predicted to be localized in the cytoplasm rather than the apoplast, suggesting a functional role in regulating symbiotic development. Only 26% of the predicted effectors were annotated by Pfam, indicating that the majority are proteins of unknown function. Effector proteins from 14 microbial species representing five ecological types (Ectomycorrhizae, Ericoid mycorrhizae, Endophyte, Arbuscular mycorrhizae, and Pathogen) clustered distinctly by species, highlighting the high degree of species specificity among effectors. Two R. irregularis effectors containing the RxLR motif were identified. Although these effectors localized to the cytoplasm, they did not exhibit virulence factor activity. Additionally, we characterized a functionally conserved chitin deacetylase effector, RiPDA1, which localized to the apoplastic space. The Y2H assay indicated that RiPDA1 forms homodimers. The in vitro chitin-binding assay showed that RiPDA1 has an affinity for chitin. RiPDA1 may function as a secretory polysaccharide deacetylase that facilitates symbiosis by deacetylating chitin oligomers. In summary, this study systematically identified and characterized effector proteins in R. irregularis. Similar to pathogenic fungi, AMF appear to employ cell wall-modifying enzymes to overcome plant immune defenses.}, }
@article {pmid41745230, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, YY and Wang, TT and Li, YZ}, title = {Environmental Drivers Override Host Phylogeny in a Locoweed-Endophyte Symbiosis.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41745230}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {32061123004//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022YFD1401103//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; 20220104//National Forestry and Grassland Administration/ ; CARS-34//The Earmarked Fund for CARS/ ; }, abstract = {Plant endophytes, often termed the "second genome", critically shape host adaptability. However, the complexity of their interactions, regulated by microbial traits, host species, and environment, has limited both our understanding of symbiosis and the application of beneficial endophytes. The symbiosis between locoweeds (Oxytropis and Astragalus species) and the endophyte Alternaria sect. Undifilum, which produces the neurotoxin swainsonine, serves as an ideal model for investigating these relationships. Through extensive national surveys (2021-2023) across China's major locoweed habitats, combining field sampling with cultivation, molecular, quantitative, and modeling approaches, a central question emerged: To what extent are the distribution and function of this symbiosis shaped by the contemporary environment versus host evolutionary history? The results showed that: (1) Among 32 surveyed species of Oxytropis, Astragalus, and Sphaerophysa, the endophyte Alternaria sect. Undifilum colonized 11 species. In colonized plants, endophyte loads ranged from 0.02 to 58.87 pg/ng total DNA, and swainsonine concentrations varied from 0.00003% to 1.00%. (2) Environmental factors, rather than host phylogeny, were the key driver governing the geographical distribution and expression of the symbiosis. (3) Low temperature and drought stress regulated the symbiotic relationship and chemical defense through both direct effects on the symbionts and indirect pathways involving grazing pressure. This study demonstrates that the environment is the core force dominating the geographical pattern and functional expression of the locoweed-endophyte symbiosis at ecological scales. These findings provide new perspectives for understanding the general principles of plant-endophyte symbiosis and establish a scientific foundation for predicting and utilizing endophyte resources in changing environments.}, }
@article {pmid41744672, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, W and Li, J and Zhao, Z and Wei, J and Huang, J and Zheng, Q and Qin, Y and Ma, H and Yu, Z and Pan, Y and Zhang, Y}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Eye Traits and Visual Resolution Among Three Hatchery-Bred Giant Clams (Tridacna crocea, T. squamosa, T. maxima).}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15040363}, pmid = {41744672}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Bivalves possess a diverse array of photoreceptive organs that are significant for their evolutionary success and systematic classification. Giant clams are the largest bivalve mollusks, with mantle tissue permanently extended in nature to maintain symbiosis with zooxanthellae and perceive environmental cues. Eyes serve as critical sensory organs for these organisms, yet the structural and functional characteristics of tridacnine eyes remain inadequately understood. This study systematically investigated the ocular traits and visual resolution of three ecologically distinct giant clam species (Tridacna crocea, T. squamosa, T. maxima) using morphometric analysis, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and grating stimulation assays. Significant interspecific differences were observed in eye count, diameter, and pupil-to-eye ratio (PER): T. maxima exhibited the highest mean eye count (221 ± 8), T. squamosa the largest mean eye diameter (0.490 ± 0.082 mm), and T. crocea the highest mean PER (0.363 ± 0.041). Eyes were numerically symmetric on the left and right mantles but positionally asymmetric, showing random distribution patterns along the mantle margin without fixed corresponding locations across species. All three species possessed typical pinhole eyes lacking lenses and retinas, primarily composed of filler cells, receptor cells, and sparse neurons, with symbiotic zooxanthellae distributed in the surrounding mantle tissue. Grating stimulation assays revealed resolvable stripe periods of 5.82-11.64° (T. crocea), 8.62-13.16° (T. squamosa), and 10.15-12.26° (T. maxima), confirming T. crocea as the species with the highest visual resolution. These ocular variations are inferred to reflect adaptive evolution driven by ecological niches and habitat-specific factors (water depth or light intensity), while the simplified pinhole morphology is consistent with their sedentary lifestyle and metabolic dependence on symbiotic zooxanthellae. These ocular variations provide potential morphological markers for the systematic classification of Tridacninae and offer valuable insights for researchers studying the evolutionary plasticity of bivalve visual systems.}, }
@article {pmid41744623, year = {2026}, author = {Li, H and Liu, L and Lin, G and Zhao, F and Sun, R and He, B and Huang, Z}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Two Cucurbit Leaf Beetles Reveals Divergent Adaptation Strategies Linked to Host Plant Range.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15040314}, pmid = {41744623}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {32460304//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; jxsq2023201063//the Jiangxi "Double Thousand Plan"/ ; 20212ACB205006, 20252BAC200373//the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province/ ; GJJ190538//the Science and Technology Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education/ ; }, abstract = {Insects' gut microbiota and their hosts share a mutually dependent symbiotic relationship. However, how insect dietary breadth relates to microbial diversity remains unclear. This study compared the gut bacterial communities of the polyphagous Aulacophora indica and the oligophagous Aulacophora lewisii. Using an integrated approach of cultivation, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses, we assessed their composition, diversity, and functional potential. Using cultivation-based methods revealed that A. indica showed a greater abundance and diversity of culturable bacteria, dominated by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, compared to A. lewisii (Proteobacteria and Firmicutes). In contrast, high-throughput sequencing revealed the opposite pattern: A. lewisii exhibited significantly higher overall species richness and diversity. This apparent paradox highlights the methodological complementarity between cultivation and sequencing. Furthermore, the community composition differed notably at the genus level. Functional prediction via PICRUSt2 v2.2.0 indicated that core metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism, were more enriched in A. indica. In summary, this study reveals systematic multi-dimensional differences in the gut microbiomes of these beetles, providing a theoretical foundation and microbial resources for understanding ecological adaptation and developing targeted control strategies based on gut microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid41744620, year = {2026}, author = {Abude, RRS and Hendrickx, ME and Salgado-Barragán, J and Grano-Maldonado, MI and García-Varela, M and Migotto, AE and de Paula, JC and Augusto, M and Moreira, DA and Parente, TE and Lôbo-Hajdu, G and Cabrini, TMB}, title = {Ecological Interactions on Sandy Beach Ecosystems: A Global Synthesis of Mole Crabs and New Insights into Emerita brasiliensis and Emerita rathbunae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Hippidae).}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15040311}, pmid = {41744620}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {E-26/211.433/2021//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)/ ; 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; E-26/203.020/2023//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; }, abstract = {Sandy beaches are dynamic intertidal ecosystems where ecological interactions play a critical yet often overlooked role in shaping community structure and population dynamics. This study presents a global synthesis of ecological interactions involving mole crabs of the genus Emerita (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippidae), complemented by new field and laboratory findings. Through a literature review and targeted sampling, we documented multiple interaction types, including predation, parasitism, epibiosis, competition, and symbiosis, highlighting their ecological and potential evolutionary implications. Predation and parasitism were the most frequently reported interactions worldwide. Our new empirical observations revealed, for the first time, the association of Eucheilota (Hydrozoa) and Maritrema sp. (Digenea) with E. rathbunae, as well as annual infection patterns by Profilicollis altmani (Acanthocephala) and algal epibiosis in E. brasiliensis. These interactions influence key biological processes such as burrowing, reproduction, and survival, ultimately affecting species distribution and population structure. Overall, our findings reinforce the central role of ecological interactions in the functioning and conservation of sandy beach ecosystems, particularly under growing anthropogenic pressures.}, }
@article {pmid41744165, year = {2026}, author = {López-Lorca, VM and López-Castillo, O and Molina-Luzón, MJ and Ferrol, N}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Modulates Iron Distribution and Vacuolar Iron Transporter Expression in Tomato, Whereas Iron Limitation Reduces Mycorrhization.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70463}, pmid = {41744165}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; }, abstract = {Plants have evolved highly efficient strategies to maintain iron (Fe) homeostasis. In this study, we investigate the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis on the Fe-deficiency response and ionomic profile of tomato plants, as well as how Fe availability affects AM symbiosis. Fe deficiency and AM colonization both reduced shoot Fe concentrations, while root Fe concentrations increased in AM plants. Notably, Fe accumulated in cortical cells colonized by arbuscules. We further show that Fe deficiency reduces expression of AM-related tomato genes (SlEXO84, SlRAM1, SlAMT2.2 and SlPT4) and of the fungal RiEF1α gene. These findings indicate that Fe availability is crucial for sustaining AM colonization and symbiotic functionality. Under Fe-limiting conditions, AM symbiosis enhances the Strategy I Fe acquisition pathway (SlFRO1, SlIRT1), an effect not observed under Fe-sufficient conditions. Four vacuolar transporter genes of the VIT/VTL family were identified in the tomato genome. Yeast complementation assays revealed that SlVIT1, SlVTL1, and SlVTL2 function as dual Fe/Mn transporters, whereas SlVIT2 appears to function as a Mn transporter. The high Fe demand of AM symbiosis is supported by the reduced expression of SlVIT1 and SlVTL1 in mycorrhizal roots. Ionomic analysis shows that AM colonization partially alleviates Fe deficiency-induced nutrient imbalances, highlighting its contribution to improved mineral homeostasis under Fe stress.}, }
@article {pmid41743129, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Z and Liao, X and Mo, L and Liao, Q and Lin, K and Bao, X and Sun, J and Zhang, X}, title = {Composition, diversity and functional potential of bacterial community in four stony coral species from the South China Sea.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1759094}, pmid = {41743129}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Recent investigations of coral symbiotic microorganisms have largely centered on their ecological functions, while systematic analyses of the community composition, diversity, and functional potential of bacteria associated with different coral species remain limited. This study presents the first systematic analysis of the distinct community structures and highly conserved core functions of symbiotic bacteria in four species of stony corals Favites abdita (Fa), Favia speciosa (Fs), Montipora digitata (Md), and Porites solida (Ps) from the South China Sea by high-throughput sequencing. The results identified 23 phyla and 250 genera of bacterial taxa, revealing considerable taxonomic richness in these coral-associated bacterial communities. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in bacterial community composition were observed among four coral species. Proteobacteria was the absolutely dominant phylum in Fa, Fs, and Ps, whereas Md was dominated by the phylum Firmicutes. At the genus level, the core microbial communities of the four coral species were similar in composition but exhibited marked differences in abundance. Md showed the highest species richness and diversity, and Fs the lowest. Among them, the Fa, Fs, and Ps groups were dominated by Ruegeria, while the Md group was characterized by a high abundance of Paramaledivibacter, which was significantly more abundant than in other groups. Functional prediction indicated that the relative abundances of core functional categories, such as amino acid transport and metabolism and energy production and conversion, were highly consistent across the four coral species, reflecting functional conservation within these communities. These findings enrich the basic data on the diversity and function of Coral symbiotic microorganisms in the South China Sea, revealing the connection between coral community variability and the conservation of core functions.}, }
@article {pmid41743060, year = {2026}, author = {Kolařík, M and Vadkertiová, R and Knížek, M and Sklenář, F and Vakula, J and Zúbrik, M and Kolář, M and Hulcr, J}, title = {The ambrosial mycobiota of Treptoplatypus oxyurus (Coleoptera, Platypodidae): a unique island of fungal diversity revealing Wilhelmdebeerea oxyuri gen. et sp. nov. (Ophiostomatales), and two new yeast species Blastobotrys sasensis sp. nov., and Sugiyamaella casensis sp. nov. (Dipodascales).}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {e177075}, pmid = {41743060}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) form obligate nutritional symbioses with ambrosia fungi cultivated within their galleries. Among them, the pinhole borers (Platypodinae) are predominantly tropical, with only two representatives native to Europe. One of them, the rare and understudied Treptoplatypus oxyurus, primarily colonises Abies alba. We investigated its fungal symbionts using a cultivation-dependent approach. We identified three numerically dominant associates in the prothorax containing mycangia: Candida schatavii, Magnusiomyces fungicola, and a novel member of Ophiostomatales. The latter, Wilhelmdebeerea oxyuri gen. et sp. nov., was the most abundant and exhibited both leptographium-like and hyalorhinocladiella-like morphs. Additionally, two new yeast species of low abundance and uncertain ecological roles were isolated and described: Blastobotrys sasensis sp. nov. and Sugiyamaella casensis sp. nov., both belonging to the family Trichomonascaceae (Dipodascales). Multigene and phylogenomics analyses confirmed the distinct taxonomic placement of all three new species. The ecological roles of the identified fungi and the strength of their association with T. oxyurus require confirmation through further studies at additional locations. Our findings reveal a previously undocumented fungal diversity tightly linked to a unique pinhole borer, T. oxyurus, thereby enriching our understanding of the fungi associated with conifer-colonising beetles and their ecological and biotechnological importance.}, }
@article {pmid41742901, year = {2026}, author = {Lynch, M and Ellington, A}, title = {A symbiotic origin of the ribosome?.}, journal = {PNAS nexus}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {pgag019}, pmid = {41742901}, issn = {2752-6542}, abstract = {The origin of life is one of the great mysteries of science. Of the multiple unsolved problems, the origin of the translation system (the means by which the genetic code inscribed on chromosomes is converted into reliable protein sequences) remains the most enigmatic. A resolution of this problem is unlikely to be advanced by focusing on the features of the complex system found in today's species, as the reliable production of complex proteins could not possibly have been the function of the earliest ribosome. Although exact answers may be beyond reach, we propose that the protoribosome was a parasite that through mutually constrained coevolution with the host eventually led to the emergence of a molecular machine no longer reflecting its simpler beginnings. If this view is correct, then like the spliceosome and perhaps the mitochondrion in the stem eukaryote, a repurposed host-parasite interaction led to a dramatic change in cell biology at the base of the tree of life, in this case leading to the exit from a largely RNA world.}, }
@article {pmid41742393, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Wang, Z and Zhang, B and Wang, R and Yan, M and Zhang, H and Dong, C and Feng, Q and He, Z and Pan, Z and Zhang, L and Yang, W}, title = {Evolutionary history and expression analysis of the RWP-RK gene family and its potential regulatory network in root nodules.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiag092}, pmid = {41742393}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {The RWP-RK protein family is divided into two subfamilies: NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) -like proteins (NLPs) and RWP-RK domain proteins (RKDs), which are involved in key biological processes including nitrate response, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and embryonic development. We investigated the evolutionary history and functional divergence of these two subfamilies in green plants through phylogenetic analysis, motif analysis, expression profiling, and regulatory network construction. Both NLPs and RKDs originated from the early green algae ancestor, with multiple duplications during the seed plant period driving their lineage-specific expansion. Conserved motifs are more abundant among NLP proteins, whereas the number of conserved motifs among RKDs is relatively smaller. Expression analysis in various samples showed that GmNLP2a/b in soybean exhibit expression patterns analogous to those of the four NIN genes, while GmRKD4/13 also display abnormally high expression in root nodules. Therefore, there are at least eight RWP-RK genes that are specifically expressed or highly expressed in root nodules. Co-expression and functional enrichment analyses of transcriptome data further revealed the expression patterns of eight nodule-specific/highly expressed genes of NLPs and RKDs in soybean can be divided into those associated with early development and late maturation. Integrating ATAC-seq data, we further constructed a potential regulatory network of eight nodule-specific/highly expressed genes and their co-expressed transcription factors. In summary, our study elucidates the evolutionary expansion and expression divergence of NLPs and RKDs across plants, providing insights into dissecting the transcriptional regulatory network underlying soybean root nodule development and adaptive evolution of plant gene families.}, }
@article {pmid41741520, year = {2026}, author = {Valadez-Ingersoll, M and Bodnar, CA and Feng, EX and Wong, A and Gilmore, TD and Davies, SW}, title = {Symbiotic state affects microbiome recovery in a facultatively symbiotic cnidarian.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-38684-4}, pmid = {41741520}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {NRT DGE 1735087//National Science Foundation/ ; IOS-1937650//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Cnidarian holobionts consist of host cells, algal symbionts, and a complex microbiome residing in and on host tissue and algal symbionts. To investigate interactions among these three partners, we used antibiotics to deplete the microbiome of the facultatively symbiotic sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (Aiptasia) in both symbiotic and aposymbiotic states and profiled 16S bacterial communities throughout recovery. We assessed host molecular response to microbiome depletion and recovery using RNA-seq and Western blotting of immune transcription factor NF-κB. 16S results demonstrate that, following depletion, symbiotic Aiptasia readily reestablished bacterial communities similar to control anemones. However, aposymbiotic Aiptasia microbiomes failed to reestablish control-level microbiomes even after seven days of recovery, highlighting differences between symbiotic states. Specifically, Endozoicomonadaceae reestablished to control levels in symbiotic, but not aposymbiotic, Aiptasia, suggesting a close physical association between Endozoicomonadaceae and algal symbionts. Molecular analyses showed that, during antibiotic recovery, host immune system gene expression was downregulated, but NF-κB protein levels increased, suggesting mechanisms for microbiome reestablishment following disruption. This study demonstrates the dynamics of microbiome recovery and how microbiome community members influence host gene expression in a cnidarian, providing a foundation for future research involving pairwise interactions between microorganisms and hosts.}, }
@article {pmid41741418, year = {2026}, author = {Qiu, Y and Zhao, Y and Wang, B and Xu, X and He, T and Zhang, K and Bai, T and Li, Z and Ye, C and Gillespie, C and Wang, X and Zhao, Y and Guo, L and Qian, K and Chen, H and Cao, X and Wu, S and Guo, L and Tisdale, R and Woodley, A and Garcia, K and Zhu, W and Liu, L and Wang, Y and Zhang, Y and Hu, S}, title = {Root traits and mycorrhizal fungi mediate reactive N and warming impacts on soil organic carbon.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-69301-7}, pmid = {41741418}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a ubiquitous symbiosis in terrestrial ecosystems and critically affect soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. However, how roots and AMF mediate the impact of reactive nitrogen (Nr) and climate warming on SOC remains unclear. Using a multi-year Nr addition and simulated warming experiment in a semi-arid grassland, we show that Nr input and warming alter SOC by reshaping plant communities and inducing multidimensional tradeoffs among fine-root traits and AMF communities. Stable isotope ([13]C) tracing revealed that Nr- and warming-induced changes in roots and AMF reduced C input belowground, and mineral-associated organic C and microbial necromass in soil, while stimulating organic C decomposition. Nr input also increased soil N:P ratios and shifted AMF communities toward taxa with finer extraradical hyphae, weakening SOC protection. Together, these findings highlight root-AMF interactions as critical regulators and improve predictions of long-term SOC dynamics under future climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41740703, year = {2026}, author = {Garrigós, M and Jiménez-Peñuela, J and Saavedra, I and Veiga, J and García-López, MJ and Garrido, M and Ruiz-López, MJ and Figuerola, J and Moreno-Indias, I and Martínez-de la Puente, J}, title = {Interactions between urbanization, malaria infection and avian cloacal microbiome.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {124073}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.124073}, pmid = {41740703}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Urbanization, a major component of global change, has drastically modified the landscape, and is generally associated with biodiversity loss. Pollutants and low-quality food resources, among other urban stressors, can alter the physiology of urban-dwelling birds, ultimately affecting their interactions with other organisms, including pathogens and symbiotic microorganisms. The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is one of the most common passerine species closely associated with anthropized environments. Here, we explored the association between the level of habitat urbanization, avian malaria infection (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus are grouped together in this study) and their combined effects on the composition of the cloacal microbiome of wild house sparrows. Urban birds showed a lower parasite prevalence than those from natural and rural habitats. In addition, the association between avian malaria infection and avian cloacal bacterial-microbiome composition depended on the habitat type. In natural habitats, infected birds showed a nearly significant increase in bacterial richness and significant differences in the relative abundance of various taxa, compared to uninfected individuals. In contrast, infection status was not associated with any microbiome parameter in birds from rural and urban habitats. In conclusion, habitat type is associated with avian malaria prevalence in house sparrows and may modulate the relationship between parasite infection and the bacterial composition of avian cloacal microbiome.}, }
@article {pmid41740024, year = {2026}, author = {Prosdocimi, F and Garbin, M and Dondero, F}, title = {From natural theology to the extended synthesis: Historical milestones and conceptual expansions in evolutionary biology.}, journal = {Genetics and molecular biology}, volume = {49}, number = {suppl 2}, pages = {e20250179}, doi = {10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2025-0179}, pmid = {41740024}, issn = {1415-4757}, abstract = {This article explores the historical development of evolutionary biology-from Natural Theology to the Modern Synthesis (MS)-and the ongoing debate around the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES). Over the past 2,500 years, evolutionary thinking has emerged from the interplay between empirical discoveries and dominant philosophical paradigms. Beginning with Aristotle and Saint Augustine, we trace how Darwin and Wallace introduced a scientific framework grounded in natural mechanisms. In the early 20th century, the MS unified Mendelian genetics and Darwinian selection, forming a gene-centered model of evolution focused on mutations and population dynamics. In recent decades, discoveries in epigenetics, phenotypic plasticity, symbiosis, niche construction, and cultural inheritance have challenged the explanatory scope of MS. The EES seeks to incorporate these processes not by discarding Darwinian principles, but by reinterpreting them through a systems biology lens. This mostly represents a conceptual shift in focus: from linear, gene-driven causality to multilevel, reciprocal, and environmentally embedded dynamics. While gaining traction, the EES has been criticized for its lack of formal models and predictive frameworks, remaining a contested proposal. Ultimately, evolutionary biology continues to evolve as a powerful scientific tradition, driven by humanity's enduring quest to understand the origins and evolution of life on Earth.}, }
@article {pmid41739865, year = {2026}, author = {Ramos, RJ and Richards, BL and Schultz, PA and Bever, JD}, title = {Host plant phylogeny predicts arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities, but plant life history and fungal genetic change predict feedback.}, journal = {PLoS biology}, volume = {24}, number = {2}, pages = {e3003304}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3003304}, pmid = {41739865}, issn = {1545-7885}, abstract = {Symbioses exert strong influence on host phenotypes; however, benefits from symbionts can increase or degrade over time. Understanding the context-dependence of reinforcing or degrading dynamics is pivotal to predicting stability of symbiotic benefits. Host phylogenetic relationships and host life history traits are two candidate axes that have been proposed to structure symbioses. However, the relative influence of host evolutionary history and life history on symbiont composition, and whether changes in symbiont composition translate into stronger mutualistic benefits is unknown. We tested the influence of plant phylogenetic relationships and plant life history on the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, perhaps the most ancestral and influential of plant symbionts, and then tested whether AM fungal differentiation resulted in improved mutualism as expected from coadaptation. We constructed mycobiomes composed of seven AM fungal isolates derived from tallgrass prairie and grew them for two growing seasons with 38 grassland plant species. We found that host phylogenetic structure was a significant predictor of the composition of AM fungal communities and the genetic composition of AM fungal species, patterns consistent with phylosymbiosis. However, the phylogenetic structure of AM fungi failed to translate to improved benefits to their host. While AM fungi generally improved plant growth and mycorrhizal feedback was generally positive, the strength of feedback was not predicted by plant phylogenetic distance. The composition of the AM fungal community and genetic composition within AM fungal species were also significantly influenced by plant life history and feedbacks between early and late successional species were generally positive. Interestingly, positive mycorrhizal feedback was predicted by changes in genetic composition of the two most abundant AM fungal species, not by changes in species composition. Positive mycorrhizal feedbacks across life history can mediate plant species turnover during succession and suggests that consideration of mycorrhizal dynamics could improve ecosystem restoration.}, }
@article {pmid41739059, year = {2026}, author = {Ding, H and Luo, Y and Wang, J and Zhang, Z and Feng, H and Xu, L and Zhou, Y}, title = {Ectomycorrhizal and Dark Septate Endophytic Fungi Synergistically Enhance Salt Tolerance of Pinus tabulaeformis via Antioxidant Defense and Ion Homeostasis.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxag054}, pmid = {41739059}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {AIMS: Plant root symbiotic fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMFs) and dark septate endophytes (DSEs), increase host salt tolerance, but their combined effects remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these fungi isolated from Pinus tabulaeformis on seedling growth and physiology under NaCl stress, and clarify the pathways of their synergistic improvement of P. tabulaeformis salt tolerance.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Two experiments were performed: (1) An in vitro assay tested the salt tolerance of two ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF: Suillus granulatus, Pisolithus tinctorius) and two dark septate endophytes (DSEs: Pseudopyrenochaeta sp., Pleotrichocladium opacum) at NaCl concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mol&#xb7;L-1; (2) A pot experiment evaluated Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings inoculated with single/mixed fungi under soil NaCl stress (0, 1, 2, 3 g&#xb7;kg-1). Fungal biomass and most antioxidant/osmoregulatory traits peaked at moderate NaCl levels in vitro, except for Pleotrichocladium opacum (Po), where superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and soluble protein contents increased with rising NaCl concentration. In the pot experiment, inoculated seedlings exhibited improved plant height, biomass, root development, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmolyte accumulation under salt stress, along with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na+ accumulation, and Na+/K+ ratios, compared with uninoculated controls. Mixed inoculation of ECMF and DSEs showed synergistic effects on most growth and stress resistance indicators relative to single inoculation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the potential of ECMF and DSE to increase P. tabulaeformis salt tolerance via growth promotion, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis, with combined inoculation offering synergistic benefits for saline soil restoration.}, }
@article {pmid41738934, year = {2026}, author = {Sexauer, M and Markmann, K}, title = {The roots of nodules: a shared genetic infrastructure of root lateral organs suggests a common origin.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erag088}, pmid = {41738934}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Nitrogen (N)-fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is founded on a blend of genes borrowed from pre-existing processes. Infection and intracellular uptake of bacterial symbionts have long been associated with fungal accommodation in arbuscular mycorrhiza as putative genetic origin. This review focuses on the second key feature of RNS, the nodule organ. It investigates evidence for its genetic origin in lateral root and, more globally, lateral organ formation, and pinpoints a set of common organogenesis (COR) genes. The transcription factor gene NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) is discussed as a mediator of both infection and organogenesis, bridging both processes and harbouring the molecular key to an evolutionarily successful N-fixing association between Eurosid nodulators and bacterial microbionts. Comparing the hormonal and genetic mediators of lateral root and nodule priming, initiation and primordium formation, we scrutinize parallels and differences along their respective developmental trajectories. The transcription factors LOB-DOMAIN PROTEIN (LBD) 16 and SCARECROW (SCR)/SHORTROOT (SHR) are highlighted as mediators of both lateral root and nodule formation. Their roles as both recipients and activators of regulatory activity in either of these organs are analysed in the light of recent findings. Finally, we summarize and integrate novel insights on LIGHT DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS (LSH) 1/2 as master regulators of nodule versus root identity.}, }
@article {pmid41738909, year = {2026}, author = {Schäfer, NM and Krol, E and Paczia, N and Farmani, N and Becker, A}, title = {CHASE-independent cytokinin perception triggers 3',5'-cAMP signaling in Sinorhizobium meliloti.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0058525}, doi = {10.1128/jb.00585-25}, pmid = {41738909}, issn = {1098-5530}, abstract = {The Medicago sativa-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiotic plant-microbe interaction, which results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules, is subject to sophisticated genetic and metabolic regulation by both partners. S. meliloti is capable of inhibiting secondary plant infections via an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent regulatory pathway that depends on CHASE2 domain adenylate/guanylate cyclases (AC/GCs). This pathway likely responds to a plant signal of protein nature. Plant cytokinins (CKs) are adenine derivative phytohormones that control many aspects of plant development, including the symbiotic nodule formation. Classical CK receptors in plants and bacteria contain a CHASE domain. In our study, we present a novel, CK-dependent cAMP signaling pathway, specifically mediated by the AC/GC CyaB, which lacks any known receptor domains. The plant CKs N[6](Δ[2]isopentenyl)-adenine (iP), trans-zeatin, kinetin, and 6-benzylaminopurine all promoted CyaB-dependent increase in cAMP levels detected through a genetic reporter construct. Among these four CKs, iP exerted the strongest effect. Metabolic profiling confirmed the CyaB-dependent accumulation of cAMP in S. meliloti cells, cultured in the presence of iP. The first enzyme in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway, 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase Dxs, was identified as a CyaB interaction partner and is proposed to mediate the CK perception. CyaB homologs from closely related members of the Rhizobiaceae were able to interact with Dxs and to mediate cAMP signaling in response to iP.IMPORTANCESymbiotic interactions between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plants are important for agriculture, ecological sustainability, and human nutrition. Maintaining an optimal number of symbiotic infections per plant is crucial for efficient symbiosis. Previous studies have shown that S. meliloti 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling mediates the inhibition of secondary symbiotic infections of Medicago plants. We discovered a molecular mechanism that allows the symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti to respond to the Medicago plant adenosine derivative phytohormones named cytokinins (CKs) via cAMP signaling. This mechanism is mediated by the adenylate/guanylate cyclase CyaB. CyaB lacks any sensory domains and may perceive the CKs via its interaction partner deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase Dxs.}, }
@article {pmid41737676, year = {2026}, author = {Hauer, MA and Klier, KM and Langwig, MV and Anantharaman, K and Beinart, RA}, title = {Phage-microbe interactions may contribute to the population structure and dynamics of hydrothermal vent symbionts.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag022}, pmid = {41737676}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems are sustained by chemoautotrophic bacteria that symbiotically provide organic matter to their animal hosts through the oxidation of chemical reductants in vent fluids. Hydrothermal vents also support unique viral communities that often exhibit high host-specificity and frequently integrate into host genomes as prophages; however, little is known about the role of viruses in influencing the chemosynthetic symbionts of vent foundation fauna. Here, we present a comprehensive examination of contemporary lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage infections, auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), and CRISPR spacers associated with the intracellular bacterial endosymbionts of snails and mussels at hydrothermal vents in the Lau Basin (Tonga). Our investigation of contemporary phage infection among bacterial symbiont species and across distant vent locations indicated that each symbiont species interacts with different phage species across a large geographic range. Surprisingly, prophages were absent from almost all symbiont genomes, suggesting that phage interactions with intracellular symbionts may differ from free-living microbes at vents. Altogether, these findings suggest that chemosynthetic symbionts primarily interact with species-specific phages via lytic infections, which may ultimately be important to the composition and dynamics of symbiont populations.}, }
@article {pmid41735472, year = {2026}, author = {England, H and Oakley, CA and Herdean, A and Hughes, DJ and Songsomboon, K and Matthews, JL and Camp, EF}, title = {Manganese supplementation enhances cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis under thermal stress.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-026-09748-y}, pmid = {41735472}, issn = {2399-3642}, abstract = {Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element for all photosynthetic life, playing an integral role in their photosystems, metabolism, and antioxidant activity. For corals, most studies focus on the potential toxicity of Mn at high concentrations (e.g. >700 µg L[-1]). However, there has been less exploration on beneficial, biologically relevant levels of Mn. Combining promtomics, ICP, and PAM fluorometry, we evaluate how Mn supplementation at increasing concentrations (0.5, 4.8, 11.4, 15.6 µg L[-1]) alters the physiology and proteome of the model cnidarian, Exaiptasia diaphana, when subjected to ambient (26 ˚C) and elevated (32 ˚C) temperatures. We demonstrate that Mn from 4.8 to 15.6 µg L[-1] mitigates thermal stress to E. diaphana, resulting in reduced photochemical damage and symbiont expulsion. Derived photobiology and proteomics data contributes to a mechanistic model for how Mn reduces thermal susceptibility, supporting the viability of Mn additions to enhance the protective capacities of photosynthetic cnidarians during heatwaves.}, }
@article {pmid41735439, year = {2026}, author = {Khan, S and Mathur, A}, title = {Genome Insight and factorial design to elucidate the regulation of the tryptophan-mediated IAA biosynthetic pathway in an endophyte.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-40546-y}, pmid = {41735439}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {Endophytes are microorganisms that colonize plants, often via commensal or symbiotic associations, and regulate plant growth and metabolism. Such organisms are usually suitable alternatives to therapeuticallly relevant, bioactive, and commercially essential metabolites, particularly under optimized bioprocess conditions. The current study highlights the key research challenge of maximizing the production of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), a compound difficult to isolate from the plant due to low yield, by elucidating the genetic composition of an isolated endophyte and determining the biosynthetic pathway using the KEGG pathway. Moreover, deciphering the functional genomic and refining production optimization remain significant challenges. The whole-genome sequencing of the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus SKAM2 (Strain SKAM2) revealed a genome size of 5.6 Mb, a GC content of 36%, multiple tryptophan-dependent and tryptophan-independent pathways. Furthermore, the IAA biosynthetic pathways pave the way for process-optimization studies. The influence of various abiotic parameters and media supplements on IAA production in both intra- and extracellular media was compared, using a full-factorial design of experiments (DOE). The results showed the highest yield in the extracellular fraction, a 3.81-fold increase, exceeding the intracellular IAA yield. The results highlight the strong potential of strain SKAM2 as a microbial platform for sustainable IAA production.}, }
@article {pmid41733340, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, X and Dong, X and Li, C and Xie, J and Sun, Y and Hu, Y and Xia, L and Tu, Q and Zhang, Y and Hu, S}, title = {XopA: a novel type III secretion system effector in Xenorhabdus that modulates host cell responses through apoptosis, autophagy, and immune evasion.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0387125}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03871-25}, pmid = {41733340}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The type III secretion system (T3SS) of bacterial pathogens plays an essential role in infection and colonization processes. T3S effectors (T3SEs) are pivotal in mediating these interactions and their mechanisms of action. This study delves into the functional mechanisms of XopA, the first T3SE identified in the bacterium Xenorhabdus, which belongs to the YopJ family. XopA demonstrates cytotoxicity akin to other YopJ family members and possesses virulence determinants capable of inducing both apoptosis and autophagy. Notably, our findings reveal a complex regulatory network between XopA-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, XopA modulates the host cell's global and inflammatory responses by targeting tubulin, thereby affecting cytoskeletal dynamics and the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The acetylation activity characteristic of the YopJ family effectors is significantly altered in HeLa cells upon XopA action, highlighting its role in post-translational modifications. Collectively, this study elucidates the multifaceted functional mechanisms of XopA, which will undoubtedly be beneficial for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Xenorhabdus pathogenesis.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: This study reports the groundbreaking discovery of XopA as the first type III secretion system effectors (T3SE) identified in Xenorhabdus bacteria. By demonstrating its unique ability to concurrently induce host cell apoptosis and autophagy, execute lysine acetyltransferase activity to suppress inflammatory signaling, and disrupt cytoskeletal dynamics to inhibit extracellular vesicle secretion, this work reveals a sophisticated multifunctional virulence mechanism. These findings significantly advance our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis, providing crucial insights into how T3SEs manipulate host cell processes and evade immune responses, thereby establishing a new frontier in host-pathogen interaction research.}, }
@article {pmid41733235, year = {2026}, author = {Li, K and Chen, K and Hao, H and Zhang, K and Brunel, B and Zhou, W and Zhang, J}, title = {Native bradyrhizobia for soybean: genetic and functional diversity in Heihe soils, a major production zone of Heilongjiang, China.}, journal = {Letters in applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/lambio/ovag026}, pmid = {41733235}, issn = {1472-765X}, abstract = {Soybean (Glycine max) forms symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia, and compatible, efficient rhizobia in soils are vital for its sustainable production. This study analyzed the distribution and traits of native soybean-associated rhizobia in soils from Heihe, Heilongjiang Province, to identify strains with high symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency and environmental adaptability, and select candidates for local microbial inoculants to boost sustainable soybean production. Seventy-four rhizobial isolates were obtained from three Heilongjiang sampling sites using a local soybean variety, and characterized genetically and symbiotically. PCR-RFLP of IGS DNA grouped them into 9 genotypes. Multilocus sequence analysis (16S rRNA, recA, atpD, gyrB genes) placed representative strains into three known species (Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. diazoefficiens, B. ottawaense) and an uncharacterized Bradyrhizobium group (64%, dominant). Phylogeny of nodC/nifH markers showed affiliation with symbiovar glycinearum. All strains nodulated soybean with symbiotic efficiency (67-88%); about half enhanced plant biomass. Three strains (DG28, GCZ12, SH16) showing superior symbiotic efficiency. Representative strains had varied tolerance to alkalinity, high temperature, and PEG-induced drought. Strain SH16 combined high efficiency and stress tolerance. These results provide promising candidates for local soybean inoculant development.}, }
@article {pmid41731135, year = {2026}, author = {De La Cruz, HJ and Marro, N and Caccia, M and Žďárská, K and Janoušková, M}, title = {Competitive dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as depending on fungal traits and host plant species.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41731135}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous root-associated symbionts, but competitive interactions among coexisting taxa remain poorly understood. The variation in colonization and resource-acquisition strategies drive competition, shaping the relative abundances of AMF within their communities and mycorrhiza functioning. However, the factors that determine the competitive outcomes have received limited experimental attention. We hypothesized that AMF abundances, competitive responses, and contributions to plant growth would vary according to fungal traits and host plant species. Three AMF isolates of contrasting growth and competitive abilities, each representing one AMF species, were mono- and co-inoculated under six host plant species. Fungal abundance, root colonization (RC), and mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) were measured at early and late stages of the symbiosis. Fungal competitive responses depended on the isolate’s root colonization strategy in monoculture and mycorrhizal stage. The fast-colonizing isolate dominated initially, while slower-growing isolates displayed different temporal patterns, either declining or maintaining their abundance over time. Our findings suggest competitive outcomes among AMF that were asymmetric at early stages but became more symmetric later. The host plant species importantly modulated the dominance of the fast root-colonizer. MGR was positively associated with total AMF abundance and RC, yet the most abundant isolate did not necessarily provide the greatest growth benefits to the host plant. Our results suggest that maintaining a diversity of AMF functional types, rather than introducing a single highly competitive isolate, is favourable to the establishment of stable and efficient plant-AMF associations.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00572-026-01254-7.}, }
@article {pmid41731702, year = {2026}, author = {Bonnot, C and Morin, E and Da Silva Machado, E and Veneault-Fourrey, C and Kohler, A and Martin, F}, title = {Poplar CLE peptides promoting ectomycorrhizal symbiosis identified through genome-wide analysis of responsive small secreted peptides.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiag071}, pmid = {41731702}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {Plant small secreted peptides (SSPs) are involved in numerous developmental processes and adaptive plant responses. These include root development, immunity, and symbiotic relationships in herbaceous plants; three processes crucial for establishing functional ectomycorrhizal associations in trees. While fungal SSPs involved in ectomycorrhizal establishment have been identified, the role of plant SSPs remains largely unexplored. Although thousands of SSPs have been predicted in plant genomes, their small size and high sequence divergence hinder accurate automated annotation. To address this issue, we combined de novo gene prediction with a family-specific motif search to identify 1,053 SSPs from 21 symbiosis-related families in the genomes of two ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species: poplar (Populus trichocarpa) and English oak (Quercus robur). Nearly half of these SSPs, which included signaling, antimicrobial, and peptidase inhibitor peptides, were transcriptionally regulated during ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with various fungal partners, implying that SSPs involved in ECM symbiosis support a diversity of functions. Five ectomycorrhizal-responsive CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides from poplar enhanced ectomycorrhizal root formation in functional assays. These peptides, which belong to CLE clades associated with meristematic activity, are phylogenetically distinct from CLEs involved in the autoregulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses, indicating that poplar co-opted a distinct set of SSPs for ECM development. The activity of these peptides did not increase lateral root number but inhibited adventitious and lateral root growth, suggesting their role in promoting ectomycorrhizal root organogenesis. Our results expand the understanding of host tree contributions to ectomycorrhizal development and identify a set of candidate SSPs for future functional studies, thereby highlighting a previously uncharacterized layer of regulation in tree-fungi mutualism.}, }
@article {pmid41731187, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, Z and Xi, H and Huo, J and Zhang, Q and Pan, J and Liu, Y and Feng, H}, title = {Drivers of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a subalpine mixed forest: the roles of host plants and edaphic factors.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {}, pmid = {41731187}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {U21A20186//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32171579//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32371592//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 23JRRA1029//the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province/ ; 23JRRA1034//the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41731102, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, P and Li, X and Wang, Z and Li, S and Huang, Y and Li, YX and Chen, Y and Sun, X}, title = {COL3A1[high] cancer-associated fibroblasts orchestrate metabolic and immune microenvironments to confer chemoresistance in breast cancer.}, journal = {NPJ precision oncology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41698-026-01338-9}, pmid = {41731102}, issn = {2397-768X}, support = {TJYXZDXK-3-003A//Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project/ ; 2023ZD0502200//Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; 82403430//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023-BSBA-207//Technology Program Joint Fund of Liaoning Province/ ; 2024-ZLKF-09//Oncology Project of Liaoning Cancer Hospital/ ; }, abstract = {Chemoresistance remains a critical challenge in breast cancer (BC) treatment. By integrating multi-omics (single-cell, spatial, and bulk transcriptomics) with clinical validation, we identified a specific COL3A[high] CAF subset that drives BC chemoresistance. Mechanistically, these CAFs undergo lipid metabolic reprogramming, secreting excess oleic acid via SCD. This oleic acid binds to ENO1 on tumor cells, activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibiting chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Simultaneously, COL3A[high] CAFs orchestrate an immunosuppressive niche by recruiting regulatory T cells and impairing cytotoxic CD8[+] T cells. Our findings establish COL3A[high] CAFs as key mediators of resistance through metabolic symbiosis and immune evasion. The strong correlation between COL3A[high] CAF abundance and clinical poor response highlights their potential as both predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to overcome chemoresistance in BC patients.}, }
@article {pmid41728996, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Z and Zhang, H and Wei, T and He, L and Wang, Y}, title = {Anoxia-adapted cyanobacteria in a marine blue hole.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0257625}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02576-25}, pmid = {41728996}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Vertical transmission of marine particles brings ocean surface cyanobacteria into the deep ocean, where heterotrophic cyanobacterial lineages probably evolve to adapt to new environments even in oxygen-depleted zones. At present, active cyanobacteria have rarely been reported in dark and anoxic water columns in the deep sea. In this study, we recovered three metagenome-assembled genomes of cyanobacteria from the Yongle blue hole located in the South China Sea, two of which were actively transcribed in a dark, anoxic environment at 250 m depth, through integrated metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of water samples from 21 stratified depths collected using in situ microbial fixation and filtration. These anoxia-adapted cyanobacteria were phylogenetically approximate to the sponge cyanobacterial symbionts, while the genomic features showed similarities with both free-living and sponge symbiotic counterparts. They exhibit genomic features shared with symbiotic lineages, including loss of substrate utilization, biosynthesis pathways, DNA repair, and circadian regulation. Conversely, they retain selected metabolic characteristics of free-living lineages, including phenylalanine biosynthesis and phosphoserine metabolism. Additionally, the discovery of taurine transport proteins in the genomes suggests the potential for organic sulfur uptake from the environment. Altogether, these findings reveal a distinct genomic configuration in cyanobacteria inhabiting a permanently dark and anoxic marine system, characterized by the retention of oxygen-dependent metabolic potential alongside sustained transcriptional suppression under in situ conditions. This study provides new insights into the ecological persistence and evolutionary adaptation of cyanobacteria under long-term oxygen limitation.IMPORTANCEWe report metabolically active cyanobacteria thriving in darkness and oxygen deprivation at 250 m depth in the ocean. Genomics results show these microbes share evolutionary roots with sponge cyanobacterial symbionts but developed unique adaptations for anoxic and sulfidic environments. Strikingly, they retain photosynthesis genes as genomic remnants (with no detected transcription) while losing genes critical for environmental stress responses, including DNA repair, osmotic regulation, and circadian control, suggesting a potential evolutionary connection to symbiotic relatives. Crucially, they maintain metabolic autonomy via phenylalanine biosynthesis and light-independent serine biosynthesis, exhibiting traits absent in most symbionts. This demonstrates how cyanobacteria adapt to anoxic environments through targeted genome reduction, revealing novel survival strategies in oxygen-depleted oceans and providing a research case for microbial resilience during marine deoxygenation.}, }
@article {pmid41728346, year = {2026}, author = {Kage, A and Kanaya, HJ}, title = {Long-term behavioral tracking of Paramecium bursaria.}, journal = {microPublication biology}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41728346}, issn = {2578-9430}, abstract = {The ciliate protozoan Paramecium exhibits complex behaviors in response to environmental cues. Here we report a method that enables long-term observation (over 24 hours) of Paramecium with a simple experimental procedure. We observed the behavior of Paramecium bursaria , a species of Paramecium harboring symbiotic green algae, in gas-permeable chambers, where they exhibited light-dependent changes in behavior. We found that, in the 12-hour light-dark (LD) cycles, P. bursaria responds to both the dark-to-light and the light-to-dark transitions in different manners. This method provides a way to evaluate the long-term changes in the behaviors of Paramecium and other protists.}, }
@article {pmid41726958, year = {2026}, author = {Khanal, S and Walsh, S and Shehata, N and Ahearne, A and Belin, D and Larson, B and Tabor, B and Wall, D and Stevens, C}, title = {Predator avoidance promotes inter-bacterial symbiosis with myxobacteria in polymicrobial communities.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.02.12.705600}, pmid = {41726958}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Myxobacteria are predatory soil bacteria with the largest known bacterial genomes, rich in biosynthetic gene clusters for specialized metabolites. Despite their ecological importance as potential keystone taxa in soil food webs, there is a disconnect between laboratory-isolated myxobacteria and abundant Myxococcota detected in environmental metagenomic studies. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of stable myxobacterial swarm consortia from rhizospheric soil, consisting of myxobacteria associated with novel Microvirga species. Using metagenomic sequencing, we assembled metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) for four consortia, revealing phylogenetically distinct yet stably associated bacterial partnerships. Comparative genomics identified evidence of horizontal gene transfer, including acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) synthases and ankyrin repeat (ANKYR) proteins shared between consortium members, and genome-scale metabolic modeling predicted complementary auxotrophies. Remarkably, time-lapse microscopy revealed that Archangium exhibited markedly reduced predation toward its Microvirga companion (0.7% predation rate) compared to non-symbiotic Myxococcus xanthus (14.9% predation rate), while maintaining robust predatory capacity against Escherichia coli prey. These findings indicate that predation avoidance and metabolic complementarity can drive stable inter-bacterial symbiosis in predatory myxobacterial communities, providing foundational insights into previously overlooked myxobacterial partnerships that may be prevalent in natural soil ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41726154, year = {2026}, author = {Martin, FM and Morin, E and Kuo, A and Miquel, I and Labbé, J and Tacon, FL and Fauchery, L and Kohler, A and Andreopoulos, W and Copeland, A and Sun, H and Salamov, A and Lipzen, A and Han, J and LaButti, K and Tritt, A and Barry, K and Grigoriev, IV}, title = {Draft Genomes of Geographically Distinct Strains and Progeny of the Ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor.}, journal = {Journal of genomics}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {10-17}, pmid = {41726154}, issn = {1839-9940}, abstract = {The ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor is a key symbiotic mutualist in forest ecosystems, where it enhances nutrient uptake and promotes the growth of host trees. Here, we present genome assemblies of 14 geographically distinct strains and progeny of L. bicolor, providing new insights into the intraspecific genomic diversity. Pangenome analysis revealed substantial variation in assembly size (42-96 Mbp), gene content (16,084-26,800 genes), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density (0.04-12.08 SNPs/kb). This variation likely reflects genuine biological differences among strains adapted to diverse environmental conditions, although differences in assembly quality and repeat content may also play a role. These genomic resources, comprising draft genome assemblies with comprehensive annotations, will facilitate comparative studies of the genetic diversity and functional traits underlying the ecological success of this model ectomycorrhizal fungus.}, }
@article {pmid41725065, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, TY and Lv, C and Zhang, LL and Ma, ZY and Zhang, Q and Zhang, Y and Guan, NC and Huang, YZ and Luan, JB}, title = {Autophagy mediated symbiont elimination for the management of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70597}, pmid = {41725065}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {JYTTD2024001//Basic Research Project of Department of Education, Liaoning Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symbionts influence the biological and ecological traits of host insects. Regulating the insect-microbe symbiosis represents new strategies for pest control. We previously demonstrated that autophagy induction regulates the abundance of bacteriocyte symbionts in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1.<br><br>RESULTS: This study further investigated whether autophagy induction via silencing the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway genes (LST8 and TOR) using the plant-mediated gene silencing technology can repress the symbiont abundance and fitness of another invasive whitefly B. tabaci MED. We found that whitefly LST8 and TOR genes can be silenced by virus induced gene silencing approach. LST8 and TOR gene silencing significantly up-regulated the expression of autophagy marker gene Atg8 and led to reduction in the abundance of the symbionts Portiera, Hamiltonella, and Rickettsia in whiteflies. This reduction in symbiont titers led to increased mortality and decreased fecundity in whiteflies.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the potential of manipulating autophagy to disrupt symbiotic abundance as a novel and environmentally friendly strategy for pest management. Our study also suggests that disruption of intracellular symbiosis via insect immunity modulation is feasible for the management of sap-sucking insect pests. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41722740, year = {2026}, author = {Shen, H and Chen, J and Zheng, W and Cao, Y and Du, T and Wu, W}, title = {Topical application of Clostridium butyricum by an anaerobic hydrogel for accelerated diabetic wound healing through selective bacteria inhibition and ROS scavenging.}, journal = {European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {115027}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.115027}, pmid = {41722740}, issn = {1873-3441}, abstract = {Selective inhibition of harmful bacteria without affecting skin symbiotic probiotics and selective scavenging of highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and peroxynitrite anions (ONOO[-]) are new requirements for more precise treatment of diabetic ulcer wounds. Achieving either is challenging, simultaneous achievement remains unreported. Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) inherently offers selective antibacterial action and produces hydrogen, specifically scavenging •OH and ONOO[-], showing great potential for diabetic wound treatment. However, as an anaerobic bacterium, its anaerobic nature limits topical application in normoxic environments on the skin. To overcome this, we developed a novel hydrogel creating an internal anaerobic microenvironment via the oxygen-depleting reaction between vanillin and laccase. Serving as a carrier, this hydrogel ensures internalized C. butyricum maintains activity in normoxia, enabling effective dual functions: selective bacterial inhibition and selective ROS scavenging. In vivo studies demonstrate the significant efficacy of this C. butyricum-loaded hydrogel in promoting diabetic wound healing. This work pioneers the topical therapeutic use of C. butyricum for wound treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41722168, year = {2026}, author = {Lange, K and Ferrier-Pagès, C and Canestrier, L and Rottier Henry, C and Marcus Do Noscimiento, MI and Béraud, E}, title = {Survival at a cost: Corals endure microplastic and nanoplastic pollution by sacrificing energy reserves.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {227}, number = {}, pages = {119436}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119436}, pmid = {41722168}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Plastic pollution poses an increasing threat to coral reef ecosystems, yet the physiological impacts of small-sized microplastics (MPs; ∅ 2.1 μm) and nanoplastics (NPs; ∅ 30 nm) at low mass concentrations (MPs: 5.25 × 10[-4] mg L[-1]; NPs: 2.4 × 10[-2] mg L[-1]) comparable to those found in situ (<0.01 mg L[-1]) remain largely unknown. In this study, the effects of chronic exposure to MPs and NPs on two symbiotic scleractinian coral species, Stylophora pistillata and Turbinaria reniformis, were investigated over 5 and 10 weeks under controlled laboratory conditions. We evaluated symbiont physiology, photosynthetic performance, respiration, and energy reserve content of the holobiont. The results show that S. pistillata was highly sensitive to MPs, with progressive bleaching, reduced photosynthesis, and significant depletion of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Despite transient metabolic adaptations after 5 weeks, prolonged exposure resulted in physiological decline. In contrast, T. reniformis maintained stable symbiotic parameters, but still exhibited a reduction in net photosynthesis and energy reserves, indicating sublethal physiological costs. NPs elicited milder and delayed effects in both species, with significant effects in S. pistillata occurring only after 10 weeks, possibly due to the low NP mass concentration used. Species-specific responses were likely influenced by differences in morphology, polyp size, heterotrophic capacity, and the dominant Symbiodiniaceae clade. These findings demonstrate that low mass concentrations of plastics can nonetheless disrupt coral physiology and energy balance over time. This can affect coral fitness and their resilience to additional stressors such as ocean warming.}, }
@article {pmid41720786, year = {2026}, author = {Yao, Y and Han, B and Bodegom, PMV and Dong, X and Zhong, Y and Niu, S and Chen, X and Li, Z}, title = {Plant traits explain variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation responses to global nitrogen enrichment: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-69876-1}, pmid = {41720786}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment is widely expected to suppress symbiotic nitrogen fixation in terrestrial ecosystems. Nevertheless, observed symbiotic nitrogen fixation responses remain incompletely explained by exogenous nitrogen inputs, climate, and edaphic factors. In this meta-analysis, we integrate 908 globally distributed field measurements to identify the key predictors that improve simulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation responses to nitrogen enrichment. On average, symbiotic nitrogen fixation declines by 33.0% upon nitrogen enrichment, with the reduction being more pronounced in non-croplands than croplands. Models considering only environmental factors overestimate symbiotic nitrogen fixation decline relative to observations. The better performance of plant traits like plant growth and biomass allocation (shoot:root ratio) partially buffer symbiotic nitrogen fixation suppression under nitrogen enrichment. Integrating both environmental factors and plant performance traits improves predictive accuracy of symbiotic nitrogen fixation responses by 42.7% and brings the simulated symbiotic nitrogen fixation reductions into close agreement with observations. The alterations in plant performance traits are thus critical for explaining variability in terrestrial symbiotic nitrogen fixation responses, and incorporating plant trait dynamics in Earth System Models can quantitatively partition the compensatory symbiotic nitrogen fixation supported by nitrogen-fixing plant growth from the direct negative impact of nitrogen inputs.}, }
@article {pmid41719980, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, Y and Ke, J and Zhang, Y and Chen, X and Wang, Y}, title = {Harnessing AMF-plant-microbe systems for heavy metal remediation.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {311}, number = {}, pages = {119885}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119885}, pmid = {41719980}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {Soil heavy metal pollution poses a global environmental threat, demanding effective and sustainable remediation strategies. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a multifaceted role in enhancing the remediation of heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils through extensive hyphal networks that interact with plant roots and soil microbiota. AMF hyphae and their exudates, such as glomalin, directly immobilize metal ions and reduce bioavailability by modifying soil properties (e.g., pH). Furthermore, AMF reshape the rhizosphere microbiome by enriching metal-tolerant bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas, Bacillus) and fostering synergistic microbial communities via cross-kingdom signaling. Within plants, AMF symbiosis-especially with hyperaccumulators-optimizes root architecture, enhances nutrient and water uptake, stimulates biomass production, and regulates key physiological and molecular responses. These include bolstering antioxidant defenses, maintaining photosynthetic efficiency, and upregulating genes involved in metal transport, compartmentalization, and stress signaling. Field studies confirm the potential of AMF-hyperaccumulator systems in metal extraction and stabilization. However, transitioning from controlled experiments to field applications remains challenging due to the complexity of multipartite interactions and a lack of predictive frameworks. This review critically integrates interdisciplinary insights into a forward-looking perspective, emphasizing the need to shift from empirical approaches to an intelligent, predictive design paradigm. We propose leveraging machine learning to decode interactions among AMF genotypes, plant phenotypes, microbial consortia, and soil properties, enabling the rational design of efficient remediation systems. Ultimately, overcoming barriers to field implementation requires integrating robust science with advanced engineering and supportive policy frameworks.}, }
@article {pmid41717118, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, J and Chen, K and Sheng, L and Han, H and Li, J and Guo, Z and Gong, S and Wang, H and Chen, L and Zhang, Z and Gao, F}, title = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of rhizosphere microbial communities under different mulching methods in spring maize.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1732283}, pmid = {41717118}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Plastic film mulching is a critical practice in arid agroecosystems, yet its spatiotemporal impacts on the rhizosphere microbiome remain poorly understood.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we investigated how no-mulching (CK), on-film hole sowing (UPM), and film-side planting (FPM) shape the bacterial and fungal communities in the maize rhizosphere across developmental stages (V12 and R6) and soil depths (10, 20, and 30 cm).<br><br>RESULTS: Concurrently, both mulching strategies increased maize yield relative to CK, with FPM ultimately outperforming UPM (19.05% vs. 6.24%). Amplicon sequencing showed that mulching strongly structured the rhizosphere microbiome with clear spatiotemporal variation. Bacterial and fungal communities exhibited contrasting patterns: bacteria responded mainly in topsoil at V12 and across all depths by R6, whereas fungi responded across the soil profile at V12, with responses weakening with depth at R6. Mulching-particularly UPM-reduced key taxa, including the nitrifying genus Nitrospira and symbiotic Glomeromycota. Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between these taxonomic shifts and maize yield components, consistent with Nitrospira's preference for aerobic conditions. Functional predictions suggested UPM favored communities with higher representation of anaerobic decomposition pathways, whereas FPM supported greater potential for aerobic heterotrophy and nitrogen-related processes.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Although microbial shifts were correlated with yield components, yield increases were likely dominated by the direct physical effects of mulching. Overall, distinct mulching strategies generated divergent rhizosphere trajectories, with FPM potentially offering a more sustainable option for dryland maize production.}, }
@article {pmid41717113, year = {2026}, author = {Sultan, Y and Ullah, I and Paľove-Balang, P and Mukhtiar, A and Mudasir, M and Bačovčinová, M and Kemešyte, V and Liatukiene, A and Petrauskas, G and Norkevičienė, E}, title = {Factors affecting the genetic diversity of Lotus corniculatus in the Hemi-boreal zone of Baltic States and their agronomical implications.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1748495}, pmid = {41717113}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Bird's-foot trefoil (BFT) is an underutilized perennial legume of increasing importance for sustainable agriculture in Europe, particularly within the Hemi-boreal zone of the Baltic states. It is a resistant, symbiosis-forming, and abiotic stress resistance making it a nitrogen-fixing soil, high potential of biodiversity conservation, pasture restoration, and low input farming systems. Yet, molecular genetic investigations of BFT with systematic investigations populations, of Lithuania, of Latvia, and of Estonia, are practically non-existent, to develop a critical knowledge gap in the agricultural development of the region and conservation planning. This gap is filled by this review through (1) synthesizing global evidence on BFT genetic diversity, population structure, adaptive traits, and characteristics revealed by molecular markers; (2) surveying the little information on the same already available distribution, habitat diversity, and ecotypic variation of the Baltic region; (3) the critical assessment of the applicability of the findings of neighboring European, Transcaucasian, and Central Asian races to Baltic Hemi-boreal states; and (4) setting out a research framework and future research priorities in Baltics-specific genetic studies. We point out the action of ecological gradients, climatic anthropogenic activities, pressures, and biotic interactions on population differentiation and adaptability based on research of the neighboring lands and ecological zones. By directly filling in the existing gap of lack of Baltic-specific molecular data, our analysis creates a level of cognition, which is a synthesis of global comprehension research and a knowledge road map of addressing gaps of knowledge that are critical. The findings underscore that BFT needs genetic diversity to be able to persist despite alteration. Hemi-boreal status and satisfaction of European Union biodiversity and agriculture sustainability goals. Local genetic resources will be tapped through the collection of customized germplasm, which will be molecularly characterized and bred according to their specific ecotype. This approach is essential for developing robust forage systems and supporting productive grassland restoration in the Baltic States. The findings underscore that genetic diversity in BFT is essential for its persistence under changing Hemi-boreal conditions and for meeting European Union biodiversity and agriculture sustainability goals. High genetic diversity provides the adaptive foundation necessary for breeding stress-tolerant cultivars, enhancing nitrogen fixation efficiency, and maintaining ecosystem resilience under climate variability and evolving agricultural practices. The conservation of local genetic resources, molecular characterization, and breeding of ecotypes will be crucial for utilizing these resources to develop resilient forage systems and promote efficient grassland recovery in the Baltic States, where baseline genetic diversity data remains limited.}, }
@article {pmid41717090, year = {2025}, author = {Karunarathna, SC and Tibpromma, S and Karunarathna, BS and Dai, DQ and Kumla, J and Lu, W and Perera, RH and Wang, M and Priyadarshani, TDC and Hapuarachchi, KK and Suwannarach, N}, title = {Mushrooms in climate change mitigation: a comprehensive review.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1727022}, pmid = {41717090}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Mushroom-forming basidiomycetes are increasingly recognized for their significant potential to remediate polluted environments and mitigate climate change. This review synthesizes evidence positioning mushroom-forming basidiomycetes at the nexus of ecological resilience and a sustainable bioeconomy, highlighting their dual roles in environmental repair and green innovation. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM species) enhance carbon acquisition by plants and long-term soil carbon sequestration; ECM-dominant forests stockpile upto 70% more below-ground carbon than their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. Saprotrophic fungi drive lignocellulose degradation, nutrient cycling, and the stabilization of soil organic matter. Basidiomycetes also play a crucial role in mycoremediation by degrading recalcitrant contaminants (pesticides, hydrocarbons) and immobilizing heavy metals. Furthermore, mycelium-based biomaterials are being developed as green-technology alternatives to plastics and synthetic foams, reflecting the growing commercialization of fungal biotechnology, as evidenced by the global mycelium material industry projected to exceed USD 5 billion by 2032. The intersection of ecological function and economic value positions mushrooms at the forefront of the circular bioeconomy. However, challenges remain, including production scalability, environmental sensitivity, and economic viability. Addressing these challenges through interdisciplinary research could unlock the full potential of fungi as nature-based climate solutions.}, }
@article {pmid41716666, year = {2026}, author = {Tuo, Y and Chu, H and Wang, L and Qi, Z and Hu, J and Zhang, B and Li, Y and Li, X}, title = {Three new species and two new records of Hydnum (Hydnaceae, Cantharellales) from the Dabie Mountains, China.}, journal = {MycoKeys}, volume = {128}, number = {}, pages = {167-195}, pmid = {41716666}, issn = {1314-4049}, abstract = {Hydnum (Hydnaceae, Cantharellales), one of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungi, is characterized by a spine-bearing hymenophore. It is widely distributed in temperate regions and forms stable symbiotic relationships with Fagaceae and Pinaceae. During a survey of macrofungi in the Dabie Mountains region of China, ten specimens of Hydnum were collected. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis using three genetic markers (ITS + nrLSU + tef1-α), three new species (H. luteoalbum, H. albodentum, and H. albotomentosum) were identified and described, and two species newly recorded from the Dabie Mountains (H. berkeleyanum and H. pallidomarginatum) were reported. H. luteoalbum is distinguished by a white pileus covered with white tomentum, dagger-shaped or sword-like spines, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. H. albodentum is characterized by a pale brown pileus and subelliptical basidiospores (8.0-8.5 × 6.0-7.0 μm; av. Q = 1.17). H. albotomentosum features smaller basidiocarps, extremely short spines (0.5-2 mm), and globose to subglobose basidiospores. This study enriches the known taxonomic diversity of Hydnum and provides a dichotomous key to the species of Hydnum in China to facilitate species identification.}, }
@article {pmid41716576, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, X and Li, H and Yu, X and Ji, Z}, title = {Genetic Adaptation of Mesorhizobium Symbionts Associated With Caragana in Northern China Deserts.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e73134}, pmid = {41716576}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Caragana, a keystone leguminous species dominating arid semi-fixed deserts in northern China, forms specialized symbiotic nitrogen-fixing partnerships with Mesorhizobium, which are indispensable for sustaining ecosystem function globally. However, the roles of membrane transporters and nucleotide repair genes in conferring survival advantages to desert-dwelling Mesorhizobium across desert environments remained poorly elucidated. Therefore, a total of 68 representative Mesorhizobium strains associated with Caragana, isolated from five geographically distant areas (A to E) in the desert belt of northern China, were investigated to elucidate the pivotal roles of three membrane transporters (cysW, exoY, idhA) and two nucleotide repair genes (mutS, uvrC) in microbial adaptation to environmental stress. Phylogenetic analysis results revealed that strains assigned to the same genospecies primarily clustered by genetic lineage rather than geographic origin, with stronger intralineage sequence cohesion observed relative to interregional divergence. Notably, phylogenetic trees of membrane transporter genes, nucleotide repair genes, and core genes showed high topological congruence, underscoring their concerted evolutionary dynamics and shared selective pressures. Furthermore, consistent nucleotide diversity (π), low πN/πS ratios (<< 1.0) and genetic distance (Dxy) across populations indicated that purifying selection predominated in membrane transporters and nucleotide repair genes. Elevated recombination impact (r/m) and frequency (ρ/θ) revealed that homogenizing gene flow, rather than mutation, was the primary driver of population differentiation enabling rapid adaptation to desert environments.}, }
@article {pmid41716420, year = {2026}, author = {Liao, J and Zhou, Z and Lv, Y and Zhang, Y and Liu, S and Tang, H and Qv, F and Wang, S and Yang, L and Lu, Y and Yang, Z and Xie, X and Shao, M}, title = {Pathogenesis and intervention strategies for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease from the perspective of the gut-microbiota-liver axis.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1667180}, pmid = {41716420}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Liver/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; *Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/therapy/microbiology/metabolism/etiology ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {Trillions of microorganisms in the human gut are important regulators of health, and the gut and liver have a symbiotic relationship with them. The study found that there is bidirectional communication of substances and signals between the gut and liver, and the gut microbiota is an important medium for mediating bidirectional communication in the gut-liver axis. During metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) development, the gut microbiota and its metabolites change to different degrees and affect MAFLD pathogenesis through the gut-liver axis. However, the bidirectional communication mechanism between the gut and liver in MAFLD remains unexplored, and further investigation in this domain is warranted. In this review, we summarize the role of the gut-liver axis in the pathogenesis of MAFLD and explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting intestinal microecology (such as probiotic intervention and phage therapy) to provide a theoretical basis for the precise prevention and treatment of MAFLD.}, }
@article {pmid41716122, year = {2026}, author = {Bibi, AC and Ioannidis, P and Spilianakis, C and Vasilarou, M and Bazakos, C and Pavlidis, P and Kalantidis, K}, title = {High-Quality Genome Assembly and Annotation of Ceratonia siliqua Provide Insights Into the Secondary Loss of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {e70803}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70803}, pmid = {41716122}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {OP 402//Region of Crete/ ; MIS: 5163923//Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation/ ; }, mesh = {*Nitrogen Fixation/genetics/physiology ; *Fabaceae/genetics/physiology ; *Genome, Plant/genetics ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Retroelements/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), an evergreen legume native to West Asia and long cultivated throughout the Mediterranean basin, is valued for its drought tolerance, nutritious pods, and ecological value. Despite its economic and environmental importance, genomic resources for this species have been limited. Here, we present a high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly of C. siliqua, generated using PacBio HiFi long-read and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The final assembly spans 501.39 Mb, organized into 12 pseudomolecules, with a scaffold N50 of 39.58 Mb. Genome annotation identified 30,295 protein-coding gene models, with 99.5% completeness according to conserved single-copy orthologs. Repetitive elements account for 52.2% of the genome, primarily long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons of the Gypsy and Copia families. Comparative orthology analysis with 24 other plant genomes revealed conserved gene content and a substantial number of species-specific genes in C. siliqua. Demographic inference using the PSMC model indicated historical population size fluctuations, with convergence in effective population size between Cretan and Moroccan populations approximately 50,000 years ago. Notably, we investigated the potential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, a trait ancestral to legumes. Genomic evidence suggests pseudogenization of key nodulation genes (NIN and RPG), consistent with ecological observations of the absence of root nodules. These results support the hypothesis of a secondary loss of nodulation in C. siliqua. This genome provides a valuable resource for evolutionary, ecological, and agricultural studies, particularly for understanding legume adaptation to Mediterranean climates and the molecular basis of symbiotic regression.}, }
@article {pmid41715139, year = {2026}, author = {Bajerlein, D and Zduniak, P and Wyszyńska, A and Baraniak, E and Przewoźny, M and Grzegorczyk, T and Urbański, A}, title = {Males have a greater mite burden than females, and size does not matter: species- and sex-specific infestation patterns of mites (Uropodina) on burying beetles (Nicrophorus spp.).}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12983-026-00601-w}, pmid = {41715139}, issn = {1742-9994}, support = {No. OR.271.3.9.215//the National Forest Holding "The State Forests", Poland/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phoretic mites and their carriers represent a dynamic system shaped by ecological and evolutionary processes. In highly specific phoresy, which involves long-term or permanent associations, profound consequences for phoretics, including cospeciation or the transition to phoretic parasitism, can occur. Mites within the complex of cryptic species of Uroobovella nova are carried exclusively on burying beetles (Nicrophorus spp.). Nevertheless, compared with the Poecilochirus mite-Nicrophorus system, this type of interaction remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether different species of burying beetles play the same role in the local dispersal of U. nova deutonymphs. To achieve this, we compared the infestation patterns of deutonymphs among field-collected beetle species, while accounting for sex and body size.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results revealed species-specific patterns in deutonymph infestations, with Nicrophorus vespillo being the most frequently infested species, followed by N. humator and N. interruptus. Furthermore, Nicrophorus vespillo and N. humator hosted the greatest number of deutonymphs, whereas in N. interruptus, the number of carried mites was significantly lower. The infestation pattern of U. nova demonstrated significant sexual bias, with males exhibiting higher mite prevalence and intensity than females. Interestingly, the variation in host body size was not a significant predictor of U. nova infestation. Although more mites were attached to the anterior than to the posterior parts of the beetle body in all the examined species, species- and sex-specific patterns in the distribution of deutonymphs were evident.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Species-specific infestation patterns indicate that, at the local scale, individual burying beetle species play different roles in the dispersal of U. nova mites. Sex-specific infestation patterns suggest that biological differences between females and males may be key determinants of deutonymph infestations. Body size does not drive the prevalence, intensity, or distribution of deutonymphs. The assumption that larger hosts carry more symbionts does not hold universally in ecology.}, }
@article {pmid41713736, year = {2026}, author = {He, S and Fu, L and Shi, Y and Shi, W and Zhang, S and Gao, Z and Li, X}, title = {Root exudate-mediated nutrient exchange in the rhizosphere: multi-element networks, dynamic regulation, and implications for sustainable agriculture.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2026.02.039}, pmid = {41713736}, issn = {2090-1224}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Over hundreds of millions of years of co-evolution, plants and microbes have co-optimized nutrient exchange strategies at the rhizosphere-the core interface for chemical communication-leading to highly diverse and sophisticated patterns. Although recent studies have partially clarified the mechanisms underlying carbon-nitrogen, carbon-phosphorus, and other nutrient exchange processes between plant roots and microbes, a systematic understanding of these nutrient exchange strategies remains insufficient.<br><br>AIM OF REVIEW: This review synthesizes recent research findings on root metabolites and plant-microbe nutrient exchange, analyzes the collaborative mechanisms of key nutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in the rhizosphere, explores the dynamic response characteristics of multi-element interaction networks to stresses such as drought, salinity and pathogens, and discusses the implications of these processes for plant environmental adaptability. Additionally, it summarizes advanced technologies applied in rhizosphere nutrient research and outlines future research directions, thereby providing a theoretical basis for understanding the functional mechanisms of rhizosphere ecosystems and promoting the development of sustainable agriculture.<br><br>Root exudates act as both chemical signals for cross-kingdom communication and metabolic resources. Via root exudate-mediated carbon allocation mechanisms, plants and microbes construct multidimensional interaction networks in the rhizosphere. These networks involve both macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and micronutrients (sulfur, iron, zinc), with synergistic regulation between elements. The co-evolved nutrient exchange strategies are highly diverse and precise. They not only regulate nutrient exchange via element interaction networks but also dynamically adjust to plant growth stages, soil conditions, and stresses (e.g., drought, salinity, pathogens). This dynamic adjustment helps plants overcome soil nutrient limitations, thereby enhancing their adaptability to complex environments.}, }
@article {pmid41713632, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, XZ and Liu, ZY}, title = {Advances in response mechanisms of fish to ammonia stress: A review.}, journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology &amp; pharmacology : CBP}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {110487}, doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110487}, pmid = {41713632}, issn = {1532-0456}, abstract = {Ammonia stress has emerged as a critical challenge in global aquaculture, driving extensive research into fish response mechanisms spanning physiological, molecular, and ecological dimensions. This review synthesizes advances in understanding multi-tiered adaptations, including branchial ammonia excretion, urea/glutamine conversion pathways, and microbial symbiosis-mediated detoxification. Key findings highlight species-specific strategies: teleosts prioritize oxidative stress mitigation via Nrf2/glutathione redox regulation, while ureogenic species enhance urea cycle enzyme activities. Microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems further modulate ammonia dynamics through nitrification and denitrification processes. Current mitigation approaches ranging from bioaugmentation and photocatalytic oxidation to dietary antioxidants like probiotics and polyphenols demonstrate efficacy but face limitations in scalability and ecological compatibility. Emerging technologies such as CRISPR-edited ammonia-tolerant strains, real-time water quality monitoring, and circular bioeconomy models (e.g., algal bioconversion of effluents) may represent paradigm-shifting solutions. Future research must integrate multi-omics platforms with ecological modeling to decode evolutionary trade-offs between detoxification energetics and growth performance, ultimately enabling precision aquaculture systems that harmonize productivity with environmental resilience. This comprehensive analysis not only refines theoretical frameworks for ammonia toxicity but also contributes to developing effective strategies for sustainable aquaculture management and addressing the ongoing challenge of ammonia pollution.}, }
@article {pmid41711653, year = {2026}, author = {Usai Satta, P and Astegiano, M and Pasta, A and Romano, A and Ciprandi, G and Brandimarte, G}, title = {The SymbioCare initiative: management of irritable bowel syndrome, comparison between Italian gastroenterologists and general practitioners.}, journal = {Minerva gastroenterology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.23736/S2724-5985.25.03987-7}, pmid = {41711653}, issn = {2724-5365}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common medical condition characterized by different phenotypes. Diarrhea is usually prevalent in IBS patients, but constipation and meteorism are also common. Pharmacological therapies do not modify the IBS natural history. Thus, food supplements are used in clinical practice. The present Italian educational activity investigated the characteristics of IBS patients and compared the attitudes of gastroenterologists (GEs) and general practitioners (GPs).<br><br>METHODS: Fifty-three gastroenterologists and 42 GPs enrolled 2442 IBS patients. This initiative consisted of two distance learning sessions and a field training session. Demographic and clinical parameters, tests, and treatments (including past/ongoing and current) were collected.<br><br>RESULTS: Mean age (46 years), female gender, and IBS with diarrhea were prevalent and consistent with literature data. Roma IV criteria were scarcely adopted by GPs. Patients managed by GEs were more complex than patients followed by GPs. GEs prescribed more appropriate diagnostic tests than GPs. Food supplements were commonly used both alone or combined with drugs, mainly by GPs. Symbiotic use was associated with less cramping pain, tension pain, and meteorism than other food supplements. An impressive increase in symbiotic prescriptions occurred during the field training.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This real-world experience described the main characteristics of IBS patients, highlighted the differences between GEs and GPs, and reinforced the importance of educational programs in updating the medical class.}, }
@article {pmid41711405, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, R and Niu, B and Yang, J and Mu, Y and Lu, S and Guo, J and Mai, C and Wang, P and Wang, L and Kong, Z}, title = {DING1 Mediates DCPTA-Enhanced Nodulation in Soybean Symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70454}, pmid = {41711405}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {2021YFD1600600//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41706191, year = {2026}, author = {Djotan, AKG and Matsuda, Y and Matsushita, N and Fukuda, K}, title = {Origin and cohabitation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi matter: forest-derived Gigaspora species are promising candidates for bioinoculant development in forest tree production.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {8}, pmid = {41706191}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are potential bioinoculants to grow healthy plants in healthy soils. Although they are generalist, plant – AMF associations work along a mutualism-to-parasitism continuum where currently unresolved host – symbiont compatibility overrides the versatility of AMF functions. Here, we hypothesized that habitat, origin, and cohabitation of AMF determine compatibility and functionality in the associations. To test the hypothesis, we established two forest-inhabiting AMF isolates under Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae) and inoculated them into C. japonica seedlings grown in a controlled environment. We identified the isolates as Gigaspora rosea LFB-4 and G. margarita LFB-A1 using morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses. They simultaneously developed multiple germ tubes during germination, showed pre-symbiotic sporulation, erratic root colonization, and produced spores inside host root cells. When compared to controls, G. rosea and G. margarita significantly promoted the growth of C. japonica seedlings, with synergistic effects in their cohabitation. While G. rosea boosted water uptake and height growth, G. margarita improved biomass production. Together, they encouraged carbon release into the soil and delayed root growth, increasing shoot-to-root biomass ratio for faster seedling growth. We concluded that, despite erratic root colonization, forest-derived G. rosea and G. margarita worked synergistically to improve the growth of C. japonica seedlings by modulating root development. We proved that beyond taxonomic affiliation, habitat, origin, and cohabitation of AMF matter in plant – AMF compatibility for mutual benefits. Our findings imply that forests are home to potent AMF bioinoculants such as beneficial Gigaspora species and diversity improves plant – AMF associations.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00572-026-01253-8.}, }
@article {pmid41711319, year = {2026}, author = {Hao, B and Chou, Q and He, B and Yao, Z and Zhang, S and Wu, H}, title = {Scale-Dependent Heterogeneity Drives Microbial Insurance in Phyllosphere Algal-Bacterial Networks during Lake Eutrophication.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c15529}, pmid = {41711319}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {The algal-bacterial symbiotic communities within the submerged macrophyte phyllosphere exhibit significant potential for lake restoration. However, their response mechanisms to environmental heterogeneity remain unclear, as traditional experiments or models typically overlook the complexity of cross-kingdom microbial networks. To address this, we established a cross-scale framework that integrates controlled mesocosm experiments with field lake surveys across trophic gradients. Using multilevel network analysis, we found that increased environmental heterogeneity promoted stochastic assembly and niche differentiation within phyllosphere communities. This enhanced the functional metabolic complementarity of algal-bacterial networks, thereby strengthening the ecosystem resilience. These findings challenge the traditional view that homogeneous environments favor microbial functional redundancy. Notably, machine learning models trained on experimental data showed high predictive accuracy but exhibited systematic biases when applied to natural lakes, highlighting the scale-dependent complexity of in situ microbial networks. Our study identifies heterogeneity-driven microbial insurance as a critical stabilizing mechanism and advocates for incorporating this ecological complexity into cross-scale restoration strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41711080, year = {2026}, author = {Cuprewich, SA and Barbour, KM and Afkhami, ME and Lynn, KMT and Romero-Olivares, AL and Aguilar-Trigueros, C and Chaverri, P and Egan, CP and Norros, V and Peay, K and Ramos, RJ and Stephens, R and Ward, L and Chaudhary, VB}, title = {One hundred unanswered questions on the dispersal ecology of fungi.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag018}, pmid = {41711080}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Fungi comprise millions of species that play numerous varied roles in Earth's natural and managed ecosystems, engaging in a multitude of positive and negative ecological interactions. The dispersal ecology of fungi is central to global biodiversity patterns, maintenance of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem functions, and tracking human disease and plant pathogen outbreaks. Mycologists have been studying dispersal mechanisms for over a hundred years, but new technology as well as interdisciplinary approaches have reinvigorated research in the field. Here we present 100 research questions in fungal dispersal organized into ten themes: 1) dispersal traits and mechanisms, 2) effects of phenology and lifestyle, 3) spore liberation and transport mechanisms, 4) colonization and establishment, 5) ecosystem-level consequences of dispersal, 6) dispersal in symbiotic and host-associated fungi, 7) dispersal in anthropogenic and changing environments, 8) evolution and tradeoffs in dispersal, 9) role of dispersal in invasion and disease spread, and 10) methodology and techniques. The questions reflect a diversity of new research avenues from fundamental fungal biology to applied ecosystem management and conservation across spatial and temporal scales. They potentially enable integrating fungi and their unique life-history traits and dispersal strategies into existing dispersal frameworks developed around plant and animal systems. We aim to invigorate fungal dispersal research, sparking conversations and providing a focused agenda to widen the tent by illuminating unanswered questions and new research avenues in ecology and evolutionary biology.}, }
@article {pmid41710890, year = {2026}, author = {Koutsouveli, V and Torres-Oliva, M and Marulanda-Gomez, AM and Franke, A and Fuß, J and Schmitz, RA and Hentschel, U and Reusch, TBH and Pita, L}, title = {NOD-like receptor repertoire in the chromosome-level genome of the demosponge Dysidea avara (Schmidt, 1862).}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1725140}, pmid = {41710890}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Animals ; *NLR Proteins/genetics/immunology ; *Genome ; Phylogeny ; *Chromosomes/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; }, abstract = {Porifera, one of the earliest diverging metazoans, have shown a surprisingly complex immune repertoire. However, most information to date is based on de novo transcriptome assemblies, limiting our knowledge regarding the presence and evolution of poriferan immune repertoire. Here, we generated the chromosome-level genome of the demosponge Dysidea avara, a target species in studies on symbiosis and differential expression of immune genes. We examined the presence and the number of common immune protein domains in the annotated genome of D. avara, and we further focused on NOD-like Receptors (NLRs), which are one of the most expanded immune receptors in Porifera according to previous reports on draft genomes and transcriptome assemblies. Dysidea avara has a 575 Mb genome with N50 41Mb, 162 scaffolds, and 15 chromosomes. We additionally recovered 37 sequences corresponding to microbial genomes, including complete bacterial and viral genomes. Based on the presence of conserved domains, we detected a large number of immune receptors and other immune genes in D. avara genome, such as 14 TIR, 39 CARD, 128 DEATH, and 230 NACHT domain-containing genes. Based on their architecture, we identified a large expansion of bona fide NLRs (i.e., 126 NACHT+LRR domain-containing genes); of which, 20 included a N-terminal CARD domain (NLRC), and 25 included a N-terminal DEATH domain (NLRD). In D. avara, the different NLR categories (i.e., NLRX, NLRC and NLRD) formed distinct phylogenetic clusters, while the NLR phylogenetic analysis across sponge chromosome-level genomes indicated that NLRs were mainly grouped by species rather than category. The NLRX category was the most expanded, while the NLRC category was absent in 7 out of 11 studied sponge genomes. These observations indicate that the diversification of NLRs in sponges, most likely derived from the ancestor NLRX, responds to species-specific selective pressures related to their immunity. This is the first study characterizing sponge NLR diversity in a chromosome-level genome, enhancing our knowledge of NLR evolution in the ancient phylum Porifera.}, }
@article {pmid41710591, year = {2025}, author = {Peres, AP and Puerari, C and Bento, JAC and Martins, RADS and Domingues, YO and Morzelle, MC}, title = {Optimization of kefir fermentation with plantain peel addition: effects on composition, microbial viability, and sensory quality.}, journal = {Frontiers in nutrition}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1740355}, pmid = {41710591}, issn = {2296-861X}, abstract = {Kefir is a fermented dairy product that can be prepared through microbial fermentation using kefir grains. These grains consist of a symbiotic community of bacteria and yeasts that influence the chemical composition, texture, and sensory characteristics of fermented milk. The incorporation of fruit by-products during fermentation has been explored as a strategy to enhance the functional quality of kefir-based beverages. Among them, plantain (Musa paradisiaca) by-products represent a promising source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential and significant amounts of dietary fiber. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions of milk kefir enriched with green plantain peel using response surface methodology and evaluate the microbial viability of the optimized beverage during 21 days of storage. Fermentation parameters were established through preliminary tests, employing UHT milk, sugar (8%), kefir grains, and green plantain peel, fermented for 4 h at 25 °C, using a central composite rotational design (CCRD). The CCRD included two independent variables (X1: green plantain peel 10%-30.0% and X2: Kefir grains, 5%-20%). The optimized formulation, containing 20% green plantain peel and 10% kefir grains, showed increased protein content and reduced carbohydrate levels compared to the control beverage. Although higher inoculum levels did not significantly enhance bioactive compound content, this was likely due to microbial utilization of these metabolites. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts increased over storage, reaching ~104 CFU ml[-1] after 21 days, demonstrating the stability of the core kefir microbiota. Sensory evaluation indicated an overall acceptability index of 81.29%. In conclusion, the enrichment of milk kefir with green plantain peel resulted in a nutritionally improved and sensorially accepted beverage, characterized by higher protein density and lower carbohydrate content. These findings highlight the potential of plantain peel as a functional ingredient for the development of enhanced fermented dairy products.}, }
@article {pmid41710176, year = {2026}, author = {Monroy-Morales, E and Arthikala, MK and Montiel, J}, title = {Root cell wall remodeling during symbiotic microbial colonization.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1765155}, pmid = {41710176}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Plant roots are usually ground organs that perform essential roles, mostly associated with the anchoring of plants to the soil and absorption of nutrients and water. However, they are also exposed to a wide variety of microorganisms and may develop various symbiotic relationships, such as mutualism, which benefits both organisms. For instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is likely the oldest and most widespread mutualistic association, that occurs between plants and fungi. Another relevant example is the root nodule symbiosis, established between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nodulating legumes, actinorhizal plants and Parasponia species. In both cases, microbial colonization of plant roots culminates in the formation of specialized symbiotic structures. In this regard, microbial infection is a critical step for the mutualistic relationship, where altering the cell wall biomechanics is necessary to facilitate microbial entry, which can be modulated by various cell wall protein families. This review examines the current knowledge on cell wall modifications occurring in plants roots during the symbiotic entry of microorganisms, focusing on the role of cell wall-remodeling proteins involved in these processes.}, }
@article {pmid41708505, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, F and Cheng, P and Li, L and Li, W and Tu, C and Shan, J and Xiao, W and Liu, J and Peng, Y and Zhu, Y}, title = {Phoxim sublethal effect induces vitellogenin mediated reproductive enhancement and alters microbial symbiosis across generations in Hylyphantes graminicola.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70627}, pmid = {41708505}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {2023M731035//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 2024AFB477//Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province/ ; 32400360//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025K009//the Opening Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Resource Utilizition and Quality Control of Characteristic Crops/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phoxim, a widely used organophosphate insecticide, poses potential risks to non-target natural enemies. Hylyphantes graminicola is a dominant predatory spider in agroecosystems, yet the sublethal effects and transgenerational impacts remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the physiological, molecular, and microbial changes in H. graminicola induced by low lethal concentration of phoxim exposure across two successive generations.<br><br>RESULTS: Laboratory bioassays determined the LC30 of phoxim to be 9.442&#x2009;mg/L. Exposure at this concentration significantly reduced female longevity but increased fecundity in both F0 and F1 generations, suggesting a potential hormetic effect. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that reproduction-related genes were significantly upregulated in the F0 generation, whereas detoxification genes were markedly expressed in the F1 generation. Functional validation through RNAi confirmed that vitellogenin (Vg) and cytochrome P450 (CYP2J1) are crucial in reproduction and detoxification, respectively. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was also found to be involved in regulatory phoxim exposure. Moreover, microbiome profiling demonstrated substantial shifts across generations, including decreased Wolbachia and increased Candidatus_Cardinium abundance, which may be related to the observed increase in fecundity. The results showed that a low lethal concentration of phoxim exposure can trigger complex physiological and microbial changes across generations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the necessity of optimizing insecticide application intervals within Integrated Pest Management (IPM) frameworks to preserve biological control provided by beneficial arthropods. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41708381, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, W and Yang, J and Song, B and Hu, Z and Wang, F and Hao, S and Shao, C and Fu, P and Cong, H and Pan, C}, title = {Advanced liquid metal interfaces: engineering embodied cognition in closed-loop human-machine ecosystems.}, journal = {Science bulletin}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.scib.2026.01.073}, pmid = {41708381}, issn = {2095-9281}, abstract = {The persistent discord between rigid electronics and dynamic biological systems necessitates paradigm-shifting materials to realize seamless human-machine symbiosis. As inherently adaptive mediators, gallium-based liquid metals (Ga-LMs) have evolved beyond traditional flexible circuitry to pioneer disruptive closed-loop interfaces in neuroprosthetics, responsive robotics, and embodied artificial intelligence. Dynamic interfacial engineering provides a foundational strategy for orchestrating Ga-LMs' solid-liquid duality through field-guided topological adaptation, reversible morphological reconfiguration, and stimuli-responsive self-organization. In this review, we present the hierarchical design of Ga-LMs-enabled cybernetic systems from molecular-scale mediation to functional macroscopic assemblies. We provide a mechanistic perspective on how the electronic compliance, energy transduction efficiency, and adaptive response fidelity of these interfaces can be regulated via interfacial dynamics. Meanwhile, by emphasizing significant capabilities of Ga-LMs in smart healthcare, soft robotics, and intelligent assistive devices, this review identifies persistent challenges in long-term operational stability, biosafety protocols, and heterogeneous system interoperability as pivotal frontiers requiring concerted research efforts. Finally, we examine how such approaches advance closed-loop electronics through self-passivating architectures and bioresorbable designs, while highlighting critical challenges in chronic biocompatibility and cross-system interoperability. We call for intensified focus on interfacial decoding strategies to fully unlock liquid metals' potential as human-machine interfaces for cognitive-physical harmonization in closed-loop human-machine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41707638, year = {2026}, author = {Rakhshandeh, M and Khanjani, M}, title = {The First Report of Enterobacter Endosymbionts in the Dried Fruit Mite (Carpoglyphus lactis L.) (Acari, Acarida) Reared on Apricots in the Laboratory.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {e70294}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70294}, pmid = {41707638}, issn = {1758-2229}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Enterobacter/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/classification/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Acaridae/microbiology ; *Prunus armeniaca/parasitology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Carpoglyphus lactis (Linnaeus), a member of the family Carpoglyphidae, is recognised both as a common storage mite and a significant source of indoor allergens. Despite extensive studies on its biology and distribution, little is known about its associated microbiome. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the bacterial symbionts of C. lactis reared under sterile laboratory conditions on dried apricots. Following surface sterilisation, bacterial isolates were cultured and identified through biochemical tests and molecular analyses targeting the 16S rRNA and gapA genes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolated strains shared over 98% similarity with Enterobacter hormaechei and clustered specifically within the E. hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis clade. These findings confirm the presence of Enterobacter species as endosymbionts in C. lactis for the first time. The symbiotic relationship may contribute to host stress tolerance, nutritional efficiency and modulation of allergenic properties. This discovery opens new avenues for exploring mite-microbe interactions and developing innovative strategies for biological control and allergy mitigation.}, }
@article {pmid41707361, year = {2026}, author = {Velandia, K and Drapek, C and Foo, E and Jones, AM}, title = {Beyond elongation: The multifaceted roles of gibberellins in symbiosis and root development.}, journal = {Current opinion in plant biology}, volume = {90}, number = {}, pages = {102858}, doi = {10.1016/j.pbi.2026.102858}, pmid = {41707361}, issn = {1879-0356}, abstract = {Plants regulate root development in response to fluctuating environmental conditions, including establishing symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria under nutrient limitation. These processes are orchestrated by plant hormones, particularly gibberellins, and the repressors of gibberellin signalling, DELLA proteins. Gibberellin and DELLAs serve as critical regulators in symbiotic signalling and root organogenesis, integrating hormonal and environmental cues with cellular patterning to direct plant development. This review explores the current understanding of gibberellin and DELLA function in symbiosis and root development, including an analysis of the conservation and divergence of their function in land plant evolution. DELLA proteins play a pivotal role in the common symbiotic signalling pathway, modulating transcriptional responses essential for both arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses. While gibberellin suppresses early symbiotic signalling and microbial infection by promoting DELLA degradation, gibberellin positively regulates nodule organogenesis and function, demonstrating a cell- and stage-dependent role in symbiotic associations. Indeed, precise spatial and temporal dynamics of gibberellin signalling occurs during nodulation and root development. Key avenues for future research are identified, including understanding how the crosstalk between gibberellin and other key plant hormones fine-tune symbiosis and root development.}, }
@article {pmid41707067, year = {2026}, author = {Liang, Z and Kong, L}, title = {Surface-Associated Bacteria Trigger Cyanobacterial Cell Lysis during Preozonation.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c12918}, pmid = {41707067}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Preozonation is widely used to enhance the effectiveness of coagulation and filtration in algae-laden water treatment, but cyanobacterial cell rupture and the subsequent release of intracellular organic matter and cyanotoxins can increase treatment burdens and pose health risks. In natural waters, cyanobacteria are often surrounded by symbiotic bacteria, whose influence on ozonation performance and underlying mechanisms remains unclear. Herein, we found that axenic filamentous cyanobacteria (Leptolyngbya sp.) exhibited strong resistance to ozonation (0.3 mg L[-1], 20 min), whereas the presence of surface-associated bacteria markedly increased the cell rupture rate from 12 ± 6% to 76 ± 2%. Removal of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) significantly reduced ozonation resistance in axenic cyanobacteria but unexpectedly enhanced that of xenic cultures. By integrating reactive oxygen species identification, extracellular metabolomics, and metabolic reconstruction, we demonstrate that surface-colonizing bacteria degrade the algal LB-EPS envelope, releasing metabolites that facilitate hydroxyl radical formation during ozonation, thereby intensifying cell rupture. Our results highlight surface-associated bacteria as a critical yet overlooked factor shaping cyanobacterial responses to preozonation, underscoring the need to re-evaluate ozone application strategies in bloom-impacted waters to minimize cell rupture and byproduct formation.}, }
@article {pmid41705361, year = {2026}, author = {Bouterse, A and Pruneski, JA and Oettl, FC and Zsidai, B and Tischer, T and Longo, UG and Seil, R and Hirschmann, MT and Samuelsson, K}, title = {Artificial intelligence in orthopaedics: Enhanced examinations, ambient intelligence and the future of clinical practice.}, journal = {Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ksa.70339}, pmid = {41705361}, issn = {1433-7347}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to rapidly transform the practice of medicine, with clinicians increasingly adopting data-driven decision-making aids and diagnostic support tools. Orthopaedic physicians are well poised to harness the capabilities of AI, with an abundance of quantifiable imaging, biomechanical data, and structured clinical parameters lending themselves to algorithmic interpretation and automation. Namely, AI-augmented vision systems may increase the breadth of information readily available to clinicians, whereas smart exam rooms and automated clinical summaries may soon streamline clinical workflows to decrease administrative burden and allow more time for direct patient care. Personalised education materials and visual aids may improve patient understanding and compliance, with the aim of optimising patient outcomes. Generative medical and orthopaedic event models may soon alter decision-making heuristics and improve patient counselling. While the widespread adaptation of AI into clinical practices is not without limitations, physicians will likely come to share an increasingly symbiotic relationship with these platforms throughout their continued evolution. Accordingly, it is imperative that current and future orthopaedic practitioners become well-versed in harnessing the capabilities of AI and continue to identify new avenues for such technologies to benefit clinicians and patients alike. As such, the current manuscript provides a narrative review of the potential future applications of AI within orthopaedic practices by exploring current and developing technologies and detailing how the continued integration of AI-powered systems may serve to revolutionise the delivery of orthopaedic care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V.}, }
@article {pmid41705219, year = {2025}, author = {Nakamura, Y and Numata, K and Hirosaki, M and Miyajima, H and Fujita, S}, title = {Dynamic glycan network engineering of native mucin enables reversible, self-healing, and adhesive hydrogel interfaces.}, journal = {Nanoscale advances}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41705219}, issn = {2516-0230}, abstract = {Mucin, a glycoprotein with a network-like structure of O-linked oligosaccharides, is a major component of the mucus layer and is essential for lubricating tissues, protecting against pathogens and chemicals, and maintaining intestinal symbiosis. Mucin-based hydrogels are promising for biomedical applications; however, conventional mucin hydrogels typically require chemical crosslinking, which involves complex procedures that cause irreversible structural changes. In this study, we developed a physically crosslinked mucin hydrogel via pH-dependent interactions between the diol groups of mucin oligosaccharides and boric acid (BA) without using chemical crosslinkers. This hydrogel was prepared by simply mixing porcine gastric mucin (PGM) and BA, followed by pH adjustment. It exhibited reversible gelation and tunable mechanical strength depending on PGM and BA concentrations. Increased gel strength was associated with increased crosslink density and reduced mesh size, which are attributed to dense multipoint crosslinking via the branched structure of mucin. The hydrogel demonstrated rapid self-healing within 1 min, strong adhesion to glass, and retention of mechanical integrity after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, indicating compatibility with UV-based sterilization. These features highlight its potential as a reversible hydrogel for cell culture, tissue adhesives, and wound healing applications.}, }
@article {pmid41704313, year = {2026}, author = {Ramzan, F and Vassiliou, L and Tsaltas, D}, title = {Unveiling the diversity and mechanisms of plant growth-promoting bacteria in orchids: a comprehensive review.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1697953}, pmid = {41704313}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Orchids, one of the most diverse and ecologically important plant families, form complex associations with endophytic microorganisms that are vital for their survival, growth, and adaptation. These endophytes, including both fungi and bacteria, inhabit orchid tissues without causing harm and contribute to key physiological processes such as nutrient acquisition, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. This review explores the diversity and ecological roles of orchid-associated endophytes, emphasizing their significance in promoting germination, biomass production, and resilience to environmental stressors. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Burkholderia enhance nutrient uptake and plant defense, offering eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Beyond ecological functions, endophytes show potential in biotechnology for sustainable agriculture, conservation, and novel bioactive compound discovery. Despite advances in molecular tools like metagenomics and next-generation sequencing, challenges persist in fully understanding and utilizing these microbes. This review highlights the need for multidisciplinary collaboration to optimize microbial inoculants, elucidate symbiotic mechanisms, and develop practical applications for conservation and sustainable horticulture. By integrating fundamental research with applied strategies, this work aims to unlock the full potential of orchid-associated endophytes in ecological and commercial domains.}, }
@article {pmid41704035, year = {2026}, author = {Shin, S and Liauzun, M and Solorzano, J and Bras, ML and Jean, C and Fourneaux, B and Dore, M and Fevrier, L and Belhabib, I and Brunel, A and Neuzillet, C and Larroque, M and Joffre, C and Rocchi, S and Fraunhoffer, N and Perraud, A and Mathonnet, M and Pancaldi, V and Linares, L and Iovanna, J and Dusetti, N and Larsson, O and Nicolle, R and Pyronnet, S and Bousquet, C and Martineau, Y}, title = {Decoding the Integrated Stress Response of Pancreatic Cancer: Identifying a Serine-dependent Tumor Subset Under Metabolic Relationships With CAFs.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e15740}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202515740}, pmid = {41704035}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {EL2021_to_CB//Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer/ ; INCa_2023-050_to_CB//Institut National du Cancer/ ; 2021-073_to_YM//Institut National du Cancer/ ; ANR_SubRnaAct_to_YM//French National Research Agency/ ; Pancreas2024_to_CB//ARC Foundation/ ; Pancreas2025_to_YM//ARC Foundation/ ; INSERM/FTCS/Pierre_Fabre_to_VP//Chair of Bioinformatics in Oncology of the CRCT/ ; 2021-2030_Framework_to_CJ//ITMO Cancer of Aviesan/ ; 2020-01665_to_OL//Swedish Research Council/ ; 222186_to_OL//Swedish Cancer Society/ ; //Wallenberg Academy Fellow program to OL/ ; }, abstract = {Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) transcriptomic profiling has identified prognostic subtypes, yet patient-specific first-line therapies remain elusive. Here, we stratified PDA tumors by mRNA translation rates, a frequently dysregulated step in gene expression, using translatome profiling of 27 patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Unsupervised analysis revealed a distinct tumor subset with low global protein synthesis but sustained translation of Integrated Stress Response (ISR) mRNAs, including ATF4. These ISR-activated cancer cells exhibited broad chemoresistance and apoptosis resistance, yet were auxotrophic for serine due to loss of PHGDH and CBS expression, impairing serine and cysteine biosynthesis. This vulnerability correlated with improved overall survival in patients with low expression of both enzymes. Notably, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) reprogrammed by ISR-activated cells, shifting from myCAF to iCAF phenotype with reduced collagen synthesis and glycine-to-serine conversion, produced serine and sustained tumor growth in amino acid-depleted environments. Our findings demonstrate the power of translatome profiling to reveal stable, drug-resistant PDA cell states and identify a targetable CAF-tumor metabolic symbiosis, opening new avenues for therapeutic intervention in this highly lethal malignancy.}, }
@article {pmid41702871, year = {2026}, author = {Wen, M and Ma, X and Chen, J and Wu, J and Wu, F and Ma, R and Peng, R}, title = {Composition, Structure, and Diversity of Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community in Saffron (Crocus sativus) Affected by Root Bulb Rot.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-07-25-1456-RE}, pmid = {41702871}, issn = {0191-2917}, abstract = {Fusarium oxysporum, first identified in Yunnan Province as the causal agent of saffron corm rot, causes a destructive soil-borne disease that has become a devastating threat to saffron cultivation in Shangri-La, causing over 50% mortality. This pathogen infects saffron corms, leading to vascular browning and rot, ultimately causing plant death and severe production losses. Given the crucial role of the rhizosphere microbiome in plant immunity and soil ecology, deciphering pathogen-microbiome interactions is essential for developing sustainable disease-control strategies. High-throughput sequencing of ITS/16S rRNA (Illumina MiSeq) was combined with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) analysis to compare the community structures of fungi, bacteria, and AMF in the rhizosphere of healthy and diseased saffron. The effects of soil physicochemical factors on microbiome assembly were systematically evaluated. The rhizosphere microbiome of diseased plants was significantly dysregulated: (1) pathogen-related taxa (e.g., Lauriomyces) proliferated, while saprotrophic functional taxa (e.g., Mortierella elongata) underwent community restructuring; (2) disease-suppressive taxa (e.g., fususidium) were enriched, while symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) essential for nutrient acquisition sharply declined; (3) the soil parameter-microbiome relationship changed under different health conditions:available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) drove the aggregation of pathogenic soil fungi, while pH/organic matter (OM) dominated the aggregation of healthy soil fungi; (4) Knufia and Phomopsis were important taxa regulating soil ammonia oxidation and plant vitality. Fusarium infection disrupts the rhizosphere balance by inhibiting beneficial symbionts and promoting the colonization of pathogenic or saprotrophic microorganisms, ultimately compromising the innate resistance of saffron. Our findings reveal the rhizosphere ecological mechanism underlying corm rot progression and provide a microbiome informatics framework for the selection of biocontrol agents and rhizosphere engineering. Moreover, the worker safety benefits from the reductions in psychic emanations mandate industry adoption.}, }
@article {pmid41702430, year = {2026}, author = {Nozaki, T and Kobayashi, Y and Ikeda, M and Shigenobu, S}, title = {Symbiont replacement and subsequent genome erosion reshape a dual obligate aphid symbiosis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {293}, number = {2065}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2025.2484}, pmid = {41702430}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; Animals ; *Aphids/microbiology/physiology ; *Buchnera/genetics/physiology ; *Serratia/genetics/physiology ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Many insects rely on obligate microbial symbioses, often involving multiple partners. Although symbiont replacement is well-documented, how newly acquired and resident obligate symbionts adapt after such events remains unclear. Here, we investigate the dual obligate symbiosis of the aphid Lachnus tropicalis, where an ancestral Serratia lineage was replaced by a newly acquired Serratia lineage while the primary symbiont Buchnera remained. Our metagenomic sequencing yielded complete genomes of Buchnera (0.42 Mb) and Serratia (2.8 Mb), revealing developing metabolic complementarity. Although the Serratia genome retained abundant gene sets for amino acid synthesis, it also contained pseudogenes in leucine and methionine pathways, which would be compensated for by Buchnera or the host. Comparison with Lachnus roboris, which harbours the ancestral Serratia lineage, showed that the newly acquired Serratia in L. tropicalis exhibits identical tissue localization and vertical transmission pattern, suggesting the smooth succession of the prior microniche. Notably, Buchnera in L. tropicalis exhibited a slightly more degenerated genome than its counterpart in L. roboris, indicating that symbiont replacement can accelerate gene loss even in ancient symbionts. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the dynamics of novel mutualism establishment and highlight symbiont replacement as a driver of host-symbiont co-evolution.}, }
@article {pmid41702306, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, W and Ding, Y and Tian, H}, title = {Metabolic crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells: Implications for precision oncology.}, journal = {Surgical oncology}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {102366}, doi = {10.1016/j.suronc.2026.102366}, pmid = {41702306}, issn = {1879-3320}, abstract = {Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer that extends beyond the boundaries of individual tumor cells to encompass a complex metabolic network within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer cells engage in dynamic metabolic crosstalk with stromal components including fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes through the exchange of metabolites, signaling molecules, and extracellular vesicles. These interactions coordinate energy production, redox homeostasis, and biosynthetic pathways that sustain tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) supply lactate, amino acids, and lipids that fuel tumor anabolism; immune cells undergo metabolic suppression under nutrient competition and acidic stress; endothelial and adipose cells contribute to angiogenesis and metastatic adaptation through glycolysis and lipid transfer. This metabolic dialogue is governed by key signaling pathways (HIF-1α, mTOR, AMPK, c-Myc, PPAR, NRF2) and modulated by epigenetic mechanisms linking metabolic flux to gene expression. Understanding these multilayered communications provides novel insights into the cooperative and competitive nature of tumor metabolism. Emerging technologies such as spatial metabolomics and single-cell multi-omics are now enabling the identification of patient-specific metabolic dependencies. Targeting metabolic symbiosis rather than isolated pathways represents a promising direction for precision oncology, offering opportunities to disrupt tumor stroma cooperation, overcome therapeutic resistance, and personalize metabolism-based interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41702173, year = {2026}, author = {Pu, X and Zhao, N and Dong, X and Ye, S and Zhang, W and Lv, L and Wang, X and Sun, L and He, M and Liu, J}, title = {Plant community responses to polypropylene microplastic and cadmium co-exposure: Implications for mycorrhizal strategies in a coastal wetland.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {505}, number = {}, pages = {141411}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141411}, pmid = {41702173}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The co-occurrence of microplastics and heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), in terrestrial ecosystems poses a growing ecological risk, yet their combined effects on plant community functioning remain unclear. We conducted a full-factorial mesocosm experiment with four polypropylene microplastic levels (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% w/w) and two Cd treatments (0 and 10 mg·kg[-1]) to assess species-specific and community-level responses. Measurements of soil properties, community composition, root traits, and productivity revealed that microplastic-Cd co-exposure consistently reduced community productivity, primarily through suppression of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plant dominance. Root trait analyses indicated diminished intrinsic nutrient acquisition capacity, leading to greater dependence on AM symbiosis and narrowing the Levins' ecological niche breadth of AM-associated species. Structural equation modeling identified community mycorrhization as the key mediator of productivity loss, while random forest analysis ranked the mycorrhizal index (determined by community-level mycorrhization) as the strongest predictor. Altered soil C:N:P stoichiometry and ionic conditions further emerged as critical environmental drivers constraining AM plants under co-exposure. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that microplastic-Cd interactions destabilize plant-soil symbioses and weaken community productivity by undermining AM plant dominance, underscoring the vulnerability of AM-dominated communities and the importance of integrating symbiotic strategies into ecological risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid41566412, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, YY and Chen, YJ and Wang, HL and Zhu, CC and Lei, T and Liu, YQ}, title = {The reduced genome of Candidatus Portiera sp. in Bemisia afer: evolutionary trajectories and functional implications.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {205}, pmid = {41566412}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {S202510350038//Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program/ ; 25nya21//the Science &amp; Technology Project of Taizhou/ ; CARS-23-C05//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bemisia afer is a globally distributed whitefly species and a significant agricultural pest, yet the genomic and functional roles of its obligate endosymbiont remain poorly understood. The primary endosymbiont of whiteflies belongs to the genus Candidatus Portiera. Portiera is essential for host survival, providing nutritional supplementation and facilitating ecological adaptation, but its evolutionary dynamics and host-specific adaptations in B. afer are largely unexplored. Comparative genomic studies of Portiera from other whitefly species have revealed distinct evolutionary patterns, yet no such data exist for B. afer, highlighting a critical knowledge gap.<br><br>RESULTS: We present the first complete genome of Portiera BeAf, the obligate endosymbiont of B. afer. The genome exhibits classic signatures of reductive evolution, including extreme AT bias (25.3% GC content), high coding density (74.7%), and significant gene loss, particularly in DNA replication and repair pathway and lysine biosynthesis pathway. Average Nucleotide Identity values below the species threshold of 95% between Portiera BeAf and known symbionts support its designation as a novel species. Phylogenetic analyses place Portiera BeAf within a clade sister to B. tabaci-associated symbionts, yet reveal unique structural rearrangements and lineage-specific gene losses. Notably, Portiera BeAf harbors specific hypothetical proteins, including a putative ABCD4-like transporter, suggesting potential adaptations in nutrient transport or stress response. Comparative genomics further demonstrate weakened codon usage bias and accelerated substitution rates in Bemisia-associated Portiera, reflecting relaxed selection in their obligate symbiotic niche.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides foundational insights into the genomic architecture and evolutionary trajectory of Portiera in B. afer, revealing both conserved and divergent features compared to other whitefly symbionts. The loss of key metabolic and repair genes underscores the role of host compensation in maintaining symbiont functionality, while lineage-specific innovations may reflect adaptations to host ecological demands. These findings advance our understanding of Portiera's genomic diversity and highlight the complex interplay between reductive evolution and host-symbiont coadaptation in ancient symbiotic systems.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-025-12509-6.}, }
@article {pmid41700603, year = {2026}, author = {Dang, Y and Chen, W and Wang, X and Zhang, Y and Wei, K and Cao, L}, title = {Regulatory role of endosymbionts in parasitoid under thermal stress: a case study of Tetrastichus planipennisi.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70662}, pmid = {41700603}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971666, 32471875)/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Climate warming poses a critical challenge to ectotherm survival. While endosymbionts are known to influence host thermal tolerance, the fitness consequences of this symbiosis under sustained warming, particularly for parasitoids used in biological control, remain unclear. Here, we investigated this phenomenon using the key endoparasitoid Tetrastichus planipennisi of the emerald ash borer - a destructive wood-boring pest across Asia, North America, and Europe.<br><br>RESULTS: The study of four T. planipennisi populations (Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, and Beijing) revealed the Jilin population exhibited better heat tolerance with 100% endosymbiont infestation. At 40&#x2009;&#xb0;C, endosymbiont-negative (E[-]) wasps showed 3-h shorter survival than endosymbiont-positive (E[+]) counterparts, with weaker antioxidant capacity. Critically, elevated temperatures diminished parasitoid reproductive output and severely compromised vertical endosymbiont transmission efficiency.<br><br>CONCLUSION: While endosymbionts provide measurable thermal protection, their heat sensitivity creates an ecological trade-off that may disadvantage parasitoids under climate warming. These findings advance understanding of endosymbiont-mediated thermal adaptation in parasitoids and have important implications for optimizing biological control strategies in warming environments. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41698861, year = {2026}, author = {Mosoh, DA and Vendrame, WA}, title = {The cellular harvest: a symbiotic road map for food sovereignty.}, journal = {Trends in biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tibtech.2025.12.022}, pmid = {41698861}, issn = {1879-3096}, abstract = {The 'predatory replacement' model in agriculture is untenable. We propose a symbiotic framework valorizing farmer-supplied agricultural waste side-streams to fuel bioengineered plant callus for decentralized high-value metabolite biosynthesis. Anchored in open-source governance and codesign, this approach shifts from displacement to innovation, reintegrating farmers to enhance sovereignty and resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41698752, year = {2026}, author = {Boral, S and Black, L and Velis, CA}, title = {Conceptualising systems thinking and complexity modelling for circular economy quantification: A systematic review and critical analysis.}, journal = {Waste management &amp; research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {734242X251413436}, doi = {10.1177/0734242X251413436}, pmid = {41698752}, issn = {1096-3669}, abstract = {Quantification of circular economy (CE) is essential for effective implementation, yet also fundamentally challenging, because it is inherently complex, featuring multiple interactions and system-level dynamicity. Two main approaches of systems thinking, commonly used to model complexities in intricate systems, are: system dynamics (SD), providing a top-down, macroscopic view; and agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS), offering a bottom-up, microscopic perspective. Here we conducted a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) review, examining 60 studies applying SD or ABMS to CE, across sectors such as bio-based materials, construction and industrial symbiosis. Both methods capture aspects of circularity's feedback loops and time evolution, but they are often used in isolation in the absence of integrated platforms along with concerns over computational costs. This limits their capacity to comprehensively model internal dynamics at multiple scales and provide system-wide decision support. Few studies explore the potential of combining SD and ABMS or attempt to integrate them with static tools, such as life-cycle assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis. Standardised metrics and operational holistic evaluation tools incorporating economic, environmental, technical and social sustainability aspects are missing - especially with the latter. A more unified and comprehensive systems approach to support informed decisions on circularity would improve evidence-based policymaking and empower wider industrial adoption.}, }
@article {pmid41696163, year = {2026}, author = {Kaur, A and Sirengo, DK and Karki, P and Powers, TO and Brown, AMV}, title = {Harnessing entomopathogenic nematodes for sustainable pest management: mechanisms, challenges, and innovations.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1755114}, pmid = {41696163}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are increasingly recognized as potent biological control agents due to their ability to infect and kill diverse insect pest taxa through a symbiotic partnership with insect-pathogenic bacteria. Over the last decades, substantial progress has been made in improving EPN field performance through advances in formulation and application methods, use of biodegradable polymers and nanocarriers, and elucidation of stress tolerance mechanisms. However, despite their proven efficacy, large-scale commercialization of EPNs remains limited by high production costs, formulation instability, and environmental constraints. While numerous reviews have separately addressed EPN biology, mass production, or field application independently, a critical and integrative synthesis linking molecular mechanisms, and formulation strategies remains lacking. This review synthesizes current understanding of EPN biology with emphasis on molecular mechanisms governing host localization, invasion, and immune suppression, as well as their biotic ecological interactions within soil environments. We also discuss advances in stress tolerance mechanisms, innovations in formulation, and outline future research priorities needed to develop ecologically resilient EPN-based biocontrol products. As agriculture shifts toward more regenerative and environmentally sustainable systems, a comprehensive understanding of EPN biology, full ecological potential of EPN-bacteria partnerships holds promise not only for effective pest suppression but also for advancing fundamental understanding of host-microbe interactions and ecosystem resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41696022, year = {2026}, author = {Thobor, BM and Hill, CEL and Custer, GF and Garcias-Bonet, N and Fox, MD and El-Khaled, YC and Aylagas, E and Dini-Andreote, F and Struck, U and Tilstra, A and Peixoto, R and Carvalho, S and Wild, C and Mueller, B}, title = {Contrasting physiological adaptation strategies to natural environmental change in two Red Sea coral holobionts.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag008}, pmid = {41696022}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Coral holobionts acquire energy and nutrients from heterotrophic feeding, Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis, and additional metabolic functions (e.g. nitrogen (N) fixation) from associated bacterial communities. Since symbioses often require stable environmental conditions, corals in environments with seasonal variability have likely evolved adaptation strategies by either maintaining (i.e. regulating) or shifting (i.e. conforming) key functional traits, but empirical data is needed. We investigated carbon (C) and N elemental and stable isotope ratios alongside bacterial community composition in the hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma and the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata every two months over one year. These data were integrated with environmental parameters to investigate potential adaptation strategies of the coral holobionts over a seasonal cycle. S. pistillata showed temporal changes in δ[13]C, δ[15]N and C:N ratios in both host and Symbiodiniaceae tissues (indicating stable host-Symbiodiniaceae C/N cycling), in combination with stable bacterial communities. M. dichotoma, did not exhibit temporal changes in elemental and stable isotope ratios, but higher δ[15]N and C:N variability, and 61% higher C:N ratios in Symbiodiniaceae compared to host tissue. Temporal shifts in bacterial communities resulted in significantly enriched predicted metabolic functions for C, N, and sulfur cycling in winter. Stable C/N cycling and bacterial community composition suggest a regulator-like life history strategy of S. pistillata, whereas variable C/N cycling and flexible bacterial communities indicate a conformer-like life history strategy for M. dichotoma. Both contrasting adaptation strategies enable these organisms to succeed amid current environmental change, yet to what extent this can be maintained under future climate scenarios remains to be investigated.}, }
@article {pmid41696020, year = {2026}, author = {Kim, J and Murakami, T and Toyoda, A and Mori, H}, title = {Behavioural phase transitions in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, are related to changes in the gut bacterial composition.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag009}, pmid = {41696020}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Locusta migratoria is a grasshopper species that can change its behaviour from solitary to gregarious. Previous studies have implicated metabolites such as serotonin and dopamine in the regulation of behavioural transition in this species. While many studies using cultured microbes have demonstrated that some microbes harbor the neuroactive metabolic potential of these neurotransmitters, the association between microbial community composition and phase transition remains poorly understood. Here, we employed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing analyses to compare the composition of gut microbial communities of L. migratoria in different behavioural phases. We found that Serratia ureilytica was enriched in the gut of gregarious individuals in contrast to the decreased presence of Klebsiella aerogenes, one of the most abundant taxa in wild individuals. The gut microbiome of gregarious individuals was functionally characterised by enriched kynurenine and tryptophan synthesis pathways, and by reduced representation of GABA, indole, and dopamine metabolism pathways compared with that of solitary individuals. These compositional changes were consistent with the enrichment of S. ureilytica and depletion of K. aerogenes, which possess the corresponding genes. In particular, the genes for kynurenine synthesis encoded by S. ureilytica specific to the gregarious phase, are known to be involved in the tryptophan production and are associated with reduced serotonin synthesis. These results highlight a distinct shift in both the taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiome across behavioural phases and suggest a potential microbial contribution to the behavioural changes of L. migratoria.}, }
@article {pmid41695820, year = {2026}, author = {Rodrigues, C and Dos Reis, GA and Ocán-Torres, D and Martinez-Burgos, WJ and Medeiros, ABP and Karp, SG and Goyzueta-Mamani, LD and de Queiroz Fonseca Mota, P and Soccol, CR}, title = {Unlocking the pharmaceutical potential of Kombucha: production, regulatory challenges and patents landscape.}, journal = {Food science and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {427-442}, pmid = {41695820}, issn = {2092-6456}, abstract = {Kombucha is a traditional fermented beverage known for its potential health benefits, including probiotic, antioxidant and energy-boosting properties. Its production involves the fermentation of sweetened tea with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). This article explores kombucha's therapeutic potential in several health areas, such as metabolism regulation, anti-inflammatory and neurocognitive therapies, and dermatological applications. Although there are regulatory challenges in different countries, the lack of global standardization in production and safety of kombucha consumption is a bottleneck for developing new products. The investigation of compounds derived from kombucha for use in pharmaceutical applications is evidenced by several patents registered in recent years, which demonstrate the potential of kombucha for the pharmaceutical and functional food industries. This demonstrates the importance of conducting more robust clinical studies and research into the pharmaceutical potential of different biomolecules in this beverage.}, }
@article {pmid41695212, year = {2025}, author = {Abbas, M and Abbas, G and Fatima,  and Hashmi, AH and Jaffery, S and Li, Y and Zhao, G and Xihe, L}, title = {Sustainable AGP alternatives: a systems approach to non-antibiotic growth regulators standardization, synergistic formulation and environmental safety.}, journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1695160}, pmid = {41695212}, issn = {2297-1769}, abstract = {Growing consumer preference for livestock products labeled "Raised without Antibiotics" (RWA) or "No Antibiotics Ever" (NAE), escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance due to long use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) along with stringent regulatory restrictions, has intensified the demand for sustainable alternatives. This review summarizes recent advances in non-antibiotic strategies to enhance livestock production while aligning with global regulatory bans on in-feed antibiotics. We first delineate the multifunctional mechanisms of AGPs, primarily through gut microbiota modulation and immunomodulation, to establish a benchmark for alternative efficacy. The core analysis critically evaluates leading antibiotic substitutes, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, organic acids, dietary enzymes, and phytogenic food additives (PFAs). Among all, PFAs rich in terpenoids and phenolics for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and gut health promoting properties along with cost-efficiency, scalability, and one health implications are preferred alternative to antibiotics. Further, we underscore emerging technologies such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), hyper-immune egg yolk antibodies (IgY), bacteriophages, genomic medicines, and clays and trace minerals, highlighting commercially approved examples like bacteriophage to control Salmonella. Despite demonstrated success in improving feed efficiency, growth performance, and overall animal health, challenges regarding consistency, bioavailability, and regulatory approval persist. The conclusive evidence positions a strategic combination of these natural and advanced alternatives, particularly optimized PFA formulations, as a viable and sustainable pathway to achieving antibiotic-free animal husbandry, thereby mitigating AMR risks and ensuring future food security.}, }
@article {pmid41693106, year = {2026}, author = {Luo, H and Fu, J and Li, L and Yu, W and Peng, Z and Zhang, J and Lai, H and Hu, Y and Wei, S and Zhang, Z and Zhou, W and Wei, F}, title = {Coral-associated microbiome dynamics under thermal and pollution stress.}, journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70239}, doi = {10.1111/cobi.70239}, pmid = {41693106}, issn = {1523-1739}, support = {2021YFF0502804//Ministry of Science&#xa0;and Technology of China/ ; 32301465//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021QN02H103//Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province/ ; 2023A1111110001//Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province/ ; 2025B1212050002//Guangdong Province Observation and Research Station for Marine Biodiversity in the Nanpeng Islands Zone/ ; SLYJ2023B4004//Guangdong Forestry Administration/ ; GML2020GD0804//Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)/ ; GML2022GD0804//Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)/ ; }, abstract = {Globally, coral reefs are undergoing rapid degradation due to climate change. Microbiomes associated with coral are integral to host metabolism and play critical roles in coral resilience. Determining the changes in compositions and functions of these coral commensal microbes is essential for forecasting coral responses to environmental stress and guiding conservation. We investigated the structure and function of Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria from 587 coral samples (5 orders, 62 genera, and 166 species) spanning a 15° latitudinal range in the South China Sea by combining environmental factor measurements with ITS2 and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analyses. The abundance of dominant Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria varied with latitude, primarily driven by sea surface temperature. A higher proportion of heat-tolerant Symbiodiniaceae (Durusdinium, C15, and C3u) and copiotrophic bacteria (e.g., Endozoicomonas and Terasakiellaceae) was observed in low-latitude corals. Increased expression of bacterial genes was associated with triglyceride and glycogen degradation, and there was a decreased expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis. These findings suggest that corals cope with heat stress by reshaping symbiont composition and abundance, thereby enhancing thermal tolerance and optimizing energy metabolism. Based on the results, we propose region-specific conservation strategies, including the introduction of heat-tolerant symbionts to low-latitude corals, reducing nutrient pollution for high-latitude corals, and emphasizing reduction in global emissions as the ultimate solution to thermal stress.}, }
@article {pmid41692943, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, H and Dai, Y and Chen, C and He, X and Li, M and Zhou, Y and Ip, JC and Sun, J}, title = {Multi-omics analyses of the Alviniconcha holobiont reveal multi-faceted adaptations to deep-sea hydrothermal vents.}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41692943}, issn = {1869-1889}, abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are "extreme" environments with constantly fluctuating physicochemical conditions, but dense animal aggregations thrive primarily through symbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria to exploit the unusual chemistry. Alviniconcha snails, which harbor symbionts in their enlarged gill at an intermediate state between intracellular and extracellular, are a prime example. Here, we present chromosome-level genomes of two Alviniconcha species (A. adamantis and A. marisindica) to investigate the adaptations of this holobiont. Significant expansion of solute carrier families enhances nutrient transport between the two parties. Alviniconcha lacks complete methionine biosynthesis pathways, likely compensated by symbiont provisioning, highlighting host-symbiont metabolic complementarity. High myoglobin expression levels in the gills contradict previous reports of hemoglobin, suggesting myoglobin-mediated oxygen storage to mitigate fluctuating environmental oxygen levels. Spatial transcriptomics further delineated gill's functional zones on the gill filament responsible for symbiont digestion via phagocytosis in bacteriocytes, oxygen transport in secretory zones, and ciliary water flow regulation. Our findings elucidate molecular and physiological adaptations underpinning the Alviniconcha holobiont's success in dynamic vent ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41692941, year = {2026}, author = {Jin, J and Wen, C and Li, J and Mai, C and Yuan, J and Wang, P and Peng, D and Zhao, Y and Sun, C and Ma, X and Feng, J and Yang, N}, title = {Collaboration of the symbiotic microbiome and host genome during the high altitude adaptation of chickens.}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41692941}, issn = {1869-1889}, abstract = {The harsh environments of high-altitude habitats present formidable challenges for animal survival and reproduction. The adaptation of plateau endotherms to hypoxic and cold stresses has been studied for more than a century. However, the responses and contributions of the symbiotic microbiota to host adaptation remain unclear. Here, we conducted an integrated analysis of the gut and respiratory microbiomes of Tibetan chickens native to the high-altitudes of Lhasa and maintained for 20 years (approximately 20 generations) in low-altitude Beijing, as well as other high- and low-altitude breeds, to determine microbiota-host co-evolution in high-altitude adaptation. The results revealed that the respiratory microbial composition differed from that of the gut. The cecal microbiota was enriched in metabolic pathways, whereas the lung microbiota was more enriched in environmental information processing. Higher microbial diversity was observed in the ceca of chickens housed in Lhasa, whereas the lungs presented lower microbial diversity. Notably, consistent with the varying altitudes, the microbial communities in the ceca and lungs could be classified into distinct enterotypes and pulmotypes, respectively. The lung microbiome exhibited a more rapid environmental adaptation response to high-altitude environments, as 88 microbial genera were identified as signatures of high-altitude adaptation compared with only 7 in the ceca. Additionally, cecal Acetobacteroides was jointly regulated by the environmental conditions and host genetics, with higher abundance in the high-altitude chickens. FST analysis and mbQTL mapping identified NAT8L as a key gene under natural selection influencing Acetobacteroides colonization. Moreover, genotype-associated differences in metabolite levels indicate a potential link between NAT8L and Acetobacteroides, possibly through shared involvement in alanine, as-partate, and glutamate metabolism. These findings reveal a host gene-metabolism-microbiota axis that enhances energy efficiency, offering new perspectives for microbiota-host collaboration in high-altitude adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid41692029, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, L and Chen, Y and Chen, Z and Zheng, W and Shi, X}, title = {An Integrative Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Divergent Molecular Strategies Driving Mutualism and Pathogenesis in a Dinoflagellate Phycosphere.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {e70257}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70257}, pmid = {41692029}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {41976130//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 202510386086//Student Research Training Program of Fuzhou University/ ; }, mesh = {*Dinoflagellida/genetics/microbiology/physiology ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Transcriptome ; Genomics ; *Bacteria/genetics/pathogenicity/metabolism ; Type VI Secretion Systems/genetics ; }, abstract = {The dinoflagellate phycosphere hosts mutualistic and algicidal bacteria, but how the algal host integrates these opposing microbial signals is unclear. We used comparative genomics and dual RNA-seq to study Karenia mikimotoi in co-culture with its symbiotic and algicidal bacteria. Genomes revealed distinct potentials: the symbiont is equipped for nutrient exchange, while the algicide possesses a T6SS (Type VI Secretion System) and siderophore synthesis pathways. Dual RNA-seq revealed divergent host strategies. The symbiont induced a defence priming state, upregulating photosynthesis and antioxidant genes. Conversely, the algicide induced systemic metabolic failure. This collapse was driven by the pathogen's active suppression of algal glutathione reductase gene transcription, leading to oxidative stress and a shutdown of central metabolism, including glycolysis and TCA (tricarboxylic acid). The pathogen concurrently activated its T6SS, secreted proteases, and iron-scavenging systems. This study not only reveals the molecular blueprints for algal-bacterial symbiosis and pathogenesis, but it also challenges the conventional perception of these interactions as simplistic models of nutrient provisioning or toxin-mediated assault. It provides a new molecular framework, revealing these interactions as dynamic processes dictated by divergent transcriptomic responses of the host to either initiate a reinforced growth program or execute a systemic metabolic and defensive collapse.}, }
@article {pmid41690303, year = {2026}, author = {Sørensen, MES and Zlatogursky, VV and Onuţ-Brännström, I and Walraven, A and Foster, RA and Burki, F}, title = {A novel kleptoplastidic symbiosis revealed in the marine centrohelid Meringosphaera with evidence of genetic integration.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.02.007}, pmid = {41690303}, issn = {1879-0445}, }
@article {pmid41689809, year = {2026}, author = {Wickens, G and Greensmith, E and Schiessl, K}, title = {Spatiotemporal analysis of cell division during symbiotic root nodule development in the model legume Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {STAR protocols}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {104371}, doi = {10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104371}, pmid = {41689809}, issn = {2666-1667}, abstract = {This protocol combines rhizobial spot inoculation with deep-tissue imaging to capture cellular processes during early nodule development in the legume Medicago truncatula. We describe steps to visualize DNA replication activity and cell geometry as indicators of cell proliferation and cell expansion processes. We detail steps for rhizobial spot inoculation of seedlings, incubation in 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) medium, sample fixation and labeling of replicated DNA, clearing, staining of the cell walls, followed by confocal imaging. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Lee et al.[1].}, }
@article {pmid41689263, year = {2026}, author = {Qin, C and Zhang, J and Tan, Z and Han, Y and Pan, Y and Han, J and Gao, B and Dong, K and Zhao, Y and Wang, J and Lu, S}, title = {Limited Benefits of Funneliformis mosseae for Hordeum jubatum Under Cold Stress: An Anatomical Perspective.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {e70793}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70793}, pmid = {41689263}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {2572023CT18-02//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 2024YFF1306403-02//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32072666//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Plant Roots/microbiology/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/microbiology/physiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Hordeum/microbiology/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; Cold Temperature ; *Glomeromycota/physiology ; *Cold-Shock Response ; Plant Stomata/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Plants in high latitude regions frequently experience cold stress, which strongly constrains plant growth and development. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form beneficial symbiotic relationships with plants, their role in mediating anatomical adaptations under different temperature regimes remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated how inoculation with the AMF Funneliformis mosseae influences anatomical responses in Hordeum jubatum under contrasting temperature conditions using detailed microscopic analysis. Under normal temperature conditions, AMF inoculation promoted significant improvements in plant anatomical structures. Stomatal dimensions including length, width and area showed marked increases alongside elevated stomatal density. Leaf tissues exhibited enhanced development, particularly in vascular and epidermal components, while root systems displayed an expanded radius, greater cortical thickness and larger metaxylem area. These coordinated modifications demonstrated a comprehensive optimization throughout the root-leaf continuum. In contrast, under cold stress conditions, the positive effects of fungal inoculation were substantially diminished. Although a few traits, such as abaxial epidermal thickness and root cortical cell area, showed partial improvement, most anatomical parameters exhibited minimal responses to fungal treatments at low temperatures. This pronounced contrast between temperature regimes highlights the limited capacity of this single fungal strain to support anatomical adaptations under cold stress. These findings provide important insights into plant-microbe interactions under challenging environmental conditions and demonstrate that AMF-mediated benefits are strongly temperature dependent. Our work advances the understanding of the contextual nature of plant-AMF relationships and offers valuable anatomical perspectives for developing improved strategies to enhance plant resilience in cold-climate ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41687764, year = {2026}, author = {Luks, FI}, title = {Surgeons and medical illustrators: A symbiotic relationship.}, journal = {Journal of pediatric surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {163012}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2026.163012}, pmid = {41687764}, issn = {1531-5037}, }
@article {pmid41687584, year = {2026}, author = {Gomes, MP and Malinoski, L and Maranho, LT and Carneiro, DNM and Richardi, VS and Martinez, MG}, title = {Microbiota modulate metformin phytoremediation and stress responses in Lemna minor.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {505}, number = {}, pages = {141427}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141427}, pmid = {41687584}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The phytoremediation of pharmaceuticals by aquatic plants is influenced by both plant physiology and microbial interactions. This study investigated how microbial symbiosis modulates the uptake, transformation, and physiological responses of Lemna minor to metformin. Plants were cultivated under axenic and non-axenic conditions and exposed to 10, 50, and 100 µg/L metformin for 7 days. Both systems removed > 99 % of metformin from water, but exhibited distinct accumulation patterns, stress biomarkers, and metabolic profiles. Axenic plants accumulated 2.1-fold more metformin and 1.7-fold more guanylurea, a key metformin metabolite, at 100 µg/L, along with increased oxidative stress (↑MDA) and elevated cytochrome P450 activity. Non-axenic systems exhibited extracellular guanylurea concentrations up to 0.9 µg/L, indicating a reliance on intrinsic detoxification pathways. Guanylurea was detected in both plant types, but appeared in water only under non-axenic conditions, suggesting microbial-mediated excretion. Principal component analysis revealed that guanylurea accumulation was correlated with elevated P450 activity, lipid peroxidation, and hormonal shifts, especially in axenic plants. These results confirmed that L. minor can biotransform metformin independently of microbes, albeit with a greater physiological burden. Microbial presence mitigates stress and enhances extracellular degradation. Overall, the data demonstrate complementary roles of plants and microbiota, with microbiota reducing internal contaminant load and protecting plant homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid41686420, year = {2026}, author = {Senthilkumar, K and Muthiah, P}, title = {A Comprehensive Review of Kombucha Fermentation and Probiotic Functional Mechanisms: Microbial Dynamics, Bioactive Compounds and Health Effects.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41686420}, issn = {1867-1314}, abstract = {The rising demand for health-promoting beverages, kombucha presents significant opportunities for scientific innovation and commercial growth. Symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), which includes acetic acid bacteria (AAB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and several yeast species, plays a major role in kombucha fermentation. During fermentation, kombucha produces bioactive compounds mainly catechins, theaflavins, tannins, and organic acids that enhance health efficacy and probiotic properties, supporting gut health and non-communicable disease prevention. The present study emphasizes, nutritional qualities of kombucha through different Komagataeibacter starter cultures and alternative substrates such as herbal infusions and fruit extracts. This review also highlights the role of AAB, LAB, and Yeast in the production mechanism of the kombucha beverage by the different microbial strains of microbial species and the fibril network of bacterial cellulose. This study further explains the bioactivities in the human body, especially mechanisms of action in the intestine through fundamental signaling pathways such as PIK3-AKT, MAPK, NFκB, PPARγ, and JAK-STAT. Therapeutic efficacy of kombucha, including various substrate-based antioxidants, antimicrobials, synergistic impact, delivery mechanism of anticancer, anti-diabetic insulin, and glycaemic responses, regulations of inflammatory markers (ILs) in anti-obese properties, has also been reviewed. Further, it is necessary to develop the advanced kombucha beverage qualities through metagenomics, metabolomics. Future studies should address these research gaps to ensure controlled microbial and probiotic stability, validate metabolites availability, and explore innovative applications for improved functionality and shelf-life.}, }
@article {pmid41685123, year = {2025}, author = {Gong, XF and Khan, W and Yang, L and Chen, YK and Chen, J and Zhang, L and Zhang, Y and Zhu, Y and Wang, ZY and Zhang, BL and Xue, LG}, title = {Altitude-mediated soil microbe-nutrient dynamics shape medicinal properties of Angelica sinensis.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1703258}, pmid = {41685123}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rhizosphere microorganisms play a critical role in plant growth and medicinal quality, yet their altitudinal patterns and interactions with soil nutrients and bioactive compounds in Angelica sinensis (A. sinensis) remain poorly understood.<br><br>METHODS: Using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, we analyzed bacterial, fungal, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal, and archaeal diversity across an altitudinal gradient, alongside soil physicochemical characteristics and bioactive components.<br><br>RESULTS: As cultivation elevation increased, bacterial and fungal diversity initially increased significantly and then stabilized (p < 0.05). In contrast, AM fungal and archaeal communities remained relatively stable. Bacterial communities varied significantly across altitudes (stress < 0.1, p = 0.001), as did soil nutrients and enzyme activities (p < 0.05). Bioactive components, except for ferulic acid, varied significantly with altitude. Redundancy analysis (RDA) confirmed that altitude and soil factors are key drivers of microbial community assembly. Mantel tests and structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated significant correlations between soil properties, microbial diversity, and medicinal properties of A. sinensis (p < 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The mid-to high elevation zone (2520-2717 m) was identified as optimal for both yield and bioactive compound accumulation. These findings deepen the understanding of how microbes adapt to different altitudes in medicinal plants and offer a framework for precise cultivation of A. sinensis, thereby supporting the high-altitude symbiosis theory.}, }
@article {pmid41684914, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, G and Zhu, J and Wang, M and She, S and Dai, K}, title = {Research advances on gut microbiota dysbiosis and chronic liver diseases: a review.}, journal = {Frontiers in medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1765047}, pmid = {41684914}, issn = {2296-858X}, abstract = {The gut microbiota is fundamental to human health, maintaining intricate symbiotic interactions with the host. Accumulating evidence highlights a critical association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the initiation and progression of chronic liver diseases (CLDs). Particularly hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and cirrhosis. This microbial imbalance may contribute to the progression of CLDs primarily via the "gut-liver axis," the mechanisms involve gut barrier dysfunction, abnormal immune regulation, and metabolic alterations. This review synthesizes cutting-edge research on the interplay between gut dysregulation and CLDs, elaborating molecular mechanistic pathways including the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, AMPK pathway, and farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-mediated bile acid signaling. Additionally, it discusses clinically oriented therapeutic strategies targeting microbiota modulation, including probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and personalized dietary interventions, offering innovative insights for the prevention and management of chronic liver diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41683964, year = {2026}, author = {Li, L and Qiu, X and Lu, S and Yu, H and Lu, P and Zeng, S and Deng, A and Zhu, M and Xu, E and Niu, J}, title = {The Role of Probiotics Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus johnsonii in Inhibziting Pathogens, Maintaining Gut Health, and Improving Disease Outcomes.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {41683964}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {32160798//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZK2024(004)//he Provincial Key Fund Project of Guizhou Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Probiotics/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Limosilactobacillus reuteri/physiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Animals ; *Lactobacillus johnsonii/physiology ; *Ligilactobacillus salivarius/physiology ; }, abstract = {As the critical component of the gastrointestinal tract, which lives in trillions of gut microorganisms, in a healthy state, the host interacts with the gut microbiota and is symbiotic. The species Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus johnsonii are indigenous gut commensal bacteria that are mainly found in the digestive tracts. These three bacteria possess a variety of characteristics that reflect their ability to adapt to the gastrointestinal environment. Herein, we summarize the current progress of research on the probiotic properties of these strains in terms of their ability to protect against harmful pathogens, maintain intestinal health, and improve disease outcomes. These bacteria can impact the intestinal barrier function and enhance intestinal immunity through various mechanisms, such as upregulating the tight-junction protein expression and mucin secretion of intestinal epithelial cells, adjusting and balancing the gut microbiota, and blocking pro-inflammatory cytokine production. They have been shown to ameliorate intestinal inflammation in animal models and provide protective effects against various healthy issues in humans, including diarrhea, constipation, colorectal cancer, obesity, and liver diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms of certain strains remain unclear.}, }
@article {pmid41683908, year = {2026}, author = {Ben-Laouane, R and Ait-El-Mokhtar, M and Meddich, A and Baslam, M}, title = {Nodule-Microbiome Dynamics: Deciphering the Complexities of Nodule Symbiosis and the Root Microbiome.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27031487}, pmid = {41683908}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; *Plant Roots/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Endophytes ; Rhizobium/physiology ; Plant Root Nodulation ; Fabaceae/microbiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; }, abstract = {Microbiomes play a pivotal role in sustaining plant function and broader ecosystem processes. Leguminous plants host vast populations of intracellular bacteria within specialized root organs known as nodules. The intricate mutualism between legumes and rhizobia ensures a stable supply of biologically fixed nitrogen (N) essential for plant growth. While rhizobia remain the central actors in this symbiosis, recent discoveries reveal the presence of non-rhizobial endophytes within nodules, suggesting a complex interplay shaped by host selection and compatibility with rhizobial partners. Understanding the structure and dynamics of crop nodule-associated microbial communities is thus critical for optimizing host responses to rhizobia and for leveraging beneficial plant-microbe interactions. This review explores the dualistic nature-both facilitative and inhibitory-of the nodule microbiome in relation to nodulation. We examine the diversity of soil bacteria that stimulate nodulation and those that ultimately colonize nodule tissues, questioning whether these functional groups overlap. Furthermore, we discuss the molecular dialogs and counter-signaling mechanisms that regulate endophyte ingress into nodules, and evaluate how nodule endophytes contribute to plant performance and soil fertility.}, }
@article {pmid41681669, year = {2026}, author = {Navarro, JM and Morte, A and Pérez-Pérez, JG}, title = {Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Drought Resilience in Citrus Seedlings of Two Cultivars by Modulating Gas Exchange and Hormonal Signaling.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15030505}, pmid = {41681669}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Water scarcity and climate variability threaten citrus production in semi-arid regions, requiring strategies to improve drought resilience. This study evaluated the physiological and hormonal responses of two citrus cultivars, alemow (Citrus macrophylla Wester) and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tanaka), inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Rhizophagus irregularis + Funneliformis mosseae) and subjected to drought stress imposed by progressive soil drying (water withholding) and quantified by volumetric soil water content (θv) classes: >0.20 cm[3] cm[-3] (well-watered), 0.05-0.20 cm[3] cm[-3] (moderate drought), and <0.05 cm[3] cm[-3] (severe drought). Gas exchange, plant water status, and abscisic acid (ABA) dynamics were monitored to assess cultivar-specific effects of AM symbiosis. Under well-watered conditions, +AM plants exhibited higher photosynthetic rates than non-inoculated plants, with a stronger response in Macrophylla. During drought, contrasting patterns emerged: +AM Macrophylla maintained higher stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, with foliar ABA increasing only under severe stress, suggesting that non-hormonal mechanisms support gas exchange. In Cleopatra, AM inoculation was associated with higher root-derived ABA and earlier stomatal closure, suggesting a more conservative water-use strategy under soil drying conditions; however, the benefits were limited to moderate stress and decreased beyond a stomatal conductance threshold. These findings reveal that AM symbiosis enhances drought resilience through contrasting mechanisms: hydraulic stabilization predominates in Macrophylla, whereas hormonal (ABA-mediated) regulation drives the response in Cleopatra. This cultivar-dependent modulation highlights the importance of developing AM-based strategies adapted to each cultivar for effective citrus drought management. Combining AM inoculation with irrigation-saving practices could improve water productivity and support climate-smart citrus production.}, }
@article {pmid41681631, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, Y and Luo, Z and Wang, X and Jia, T}, title = {The Heterogeneous Effects of Epichloë and Rhizophagus irregularis on the Physiological and Rhizosphere Microbial Community of Festuca rubra.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15030467}, pmid = {41681631}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {202503021211064//Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province Project/ ; 32171524//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {In nature, a significant number of plant species form symbiotic associations with microorganisms, with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and endophytic fungi being two prevalent groups of these partners. However, the ability to establish such symbioses with AMF and endophytic fungi is limited to a small fraction of native grass species. Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient for plant growth, yet it is often a limiting factor, underscoring the importance of understanding how plants acquire it. AMF enhance plant growth by improving nitrogen uptake efficiency, but the combined effects of endophytic fungi and AMF on plant physiology and ecology remain underexplored. To address this knowledge gap, in the present study, we conducted an indoor randomized block experiment to investigate the influence of endophytic fungi and AMF infection on the physiological and ecological attributes of Festuca rubra under various nitrogen regimes. The findings indicated that AMF inoculation significantly affected the total carbon content of F. rubra and the total sulfur concentration in its underground tissues across different nitrogen conditions. Additionally, dual colonization by AMF and endophytic fungi had a significant impact on the underground total nitrogen content of the plants. Furthermore, the complex interactions among AMF, endophytic fungi, and nitrogen availability emerged as critical determinants influencing underground total carbon content, transpiration rates, intercellular carbon dioxide concentrations, and the activity of soil extracellular enzymes in F. rubra. The activity of soil extracellular enzymes and pH significantly affected the structure and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial, fungal, and archaeal communities. AMF enhanced the richness of rhizosphere bacterial communities under low-nitrogen conditions, whereas endophytic fungi infection increased bacterial diversity. Soil extracellular enzyme activity and pH were closely related to the community structures and diversities of rhizosphere bacteria, fungi, and archaea. This study clarifies the effects of AMF and endophytic fungi infection on the physiological and ecological characteristics of F. rubra, significantly contributing to our understanding of the synergistic mechanisms governing the interactions among AMF, endophytic fungi, and their host plants.}, }
@article {pmid41681520, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, Z and Lv, Q and Tang, L and Liu, D and Chen, J and Li, R and Zhang, M and Tian, M}, title = {Action Pathways of Coprinellus radians in Promoting Seed Germination of Cremastra appendiculata.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15030354}, pmid = {41681520}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {SCCXTD-2025-19//the National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System, Sichuan Innovation Team Project, Genuine Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Team/ ; 32270311//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; GZNYGJHX-2023011//the Key Core Technology Research Project for Mountainous Agriculture in Guizhou Province of China/ ; 2024GZZ12//the Graduate Workstation of Guizhou University in China/ ; CGJPY-2023-020//the Education-Teaching Achievement Award Cultivation Project for Graduate of Guizhou Uni-versity in China/ ; }, abstract = {Cremastra appendiculata, a rare medicinal orchid, has extremely low natural seed germination due to immature embryos and dense seed coats, impeding its conservation. Commensal germination with fungi is effective, but the action pathways remain unclear. This study combined morphological observation (scanning electron microscopy and section observation), physiological-biochemical detection (lignocellulolytic enzyme activities, nutrient/hormone contents, FTIR analysis) and transcriptomics to explore Coprinellus radians' role in C. appendiculata seed germination, with commensal and non-commensal cultures on OMA medium set as experimental and control groups. Results showed C. radians significantly promoted C. appendiculata seed germination and protocorm development (superior to non-commensal conditions). Morphologically, C. radians hyphae invaded seed coats at 6 days post-inoculation; embryos broke through coats and formed apical meristems at 12 days, developing into peloton-containing protocorms at 25 days (breaking dormancy). Physiologically, C. radians secreted lignocellulolytic enzymes (laccase, cellulase, xylanase) to degrade coats, enhancing permeability and water uptake, while driving nutrient accumulation (starch, soluble sugars) and hormone balance. Transcriptomically, symbiosis activated carbon/energy metabolism genes, enriching starch-sucrose metabolism and glycolysis pathways. This study clarifies C. radians' multi-dimensional action pathways in promoting C. appendiculata germination, providing support for rare orchid conservation.}, }
@article {pmid41681021, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Z and Zhao, X and Li, X and Feng, Y and Wu, L and Wu, Z and Zhong, Y and Qiu, Q and Song, B and Zhao, H and Liu, H and Cheng, S}, title = {Chromosome-Level Genome and Organ-Specific Transcriptome of Alnus glutinosa Uncover Lineage-Specific Innovations in Root Nodule Symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70440}, pmid = {41681021}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {2019ZT08N628//the Guangdong Zhujiang Talents Program/ ; PT202101-01//the Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation and Industrial Development of Dapeng New District, Shenzhen/ ; CAAS-ASTIP-2021-AGIS-ZDRW202101//the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; AGIS-ZDKY202002//the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions Program/ ; 2023YFF1000100//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFA0914600//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 32401853//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Alnus glutinosa is one of only three lineages within the order Fagales capable of establishing root nodule symbiosis (RNS). Although a fragmented genome assembly of A. glutinosa was previously available, its limited quality, combined with the lack of comprehensive transcriptomic resources, has constrained in-depth comparative and functional genomic analyses. In this study, we present a 505 Mb chromosome-level genome assembly of A. glutinosa, anchored to 14 pseudochromosomes, representing the most complete and high-quality genomic resource for this species to date. Whole-genome alignment and synonymous substitution rate (Ks) analysis confirm Alnus and Betula as sister genera with shared genomic architectures and evolutionary histories. Functional enrichment analyses of nodule-enhanced genes reveal significant associations with photosynthesis and sugar metabolism, while expanded gene families are enriched in terpenoid biosynthesis and malate transport pathways, likely critical to RNS in A. glutinosa. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Alnus has retained non-symbiotic class 1 haemoglobin (nsHB1), but lost nsHB2 haemoglobin, suggesting a lineage-specific adaptation in symbiotic oxygen regulation. Further comparative analysis of nsHB1 protein sequences across nodulating taxa highlights evolutionary patterns within the Alnus lineage. Through a targeted phylogenetic survey of known RNS-related genes, we identified PAV in RPG and copy number variation in AGO5, both of which may underlie Alnus-specific RNS adaptations. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified a nodule-specific module comprising 231 genes significantly enriched in sugar-related metabolic pathways. Notably, the bZIP ortholog shows conserved nodule-specific expression across species from Cucurbitales, Rosales and Fabales, suggesting deep evolutionary conservation within the nitrogen-fixing clade. Together, these findings provide a high-resolution view of Alnus-specific RNS adaptations and uncover conserved regulatory modules potentially critical for RNS. These works establish a foundational genomic framework for future efforts aimed at engineering RNS capacity into non-nodulating crops.}, }
@article {pmid41680145, year = {2026}, author = {Pons, I and García-Lozano, M and Emmerich, C and Ayas, AM and Henzler, C and Enav, H and Ley, RE and Salem, H}, title = {Fidelity in co-diversified symbiosis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-69366-4}, pmid = {41680145}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {Consolidator Grant: 101171076//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; SA 3105/2-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; Young Investigator Award//European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)/ ; Postdoctoral Research Fellowship//Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (Alexander von Humboldt Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Obligate co-dependence can arise in symbiosis, yielding heritable partnerships. These interactions are considered to be highly specific, but partner fidelity is difficult to quantify owing to the experimental constraints of symbiont exchange between host species. Here, we overcome this challenge by leveraging the unique transmission dynamics of Stammera capleta, the obligate digestive symbiont of tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Despite its extracellular localization, S. capleta possesses a drastically reduced genome (~ 0.25 Mb) and is vertically transmitted through egg-associated spheres. Manipulating these spheres allowed us to experimentally exchange S. capleta between beetle species to determine their impact on host development. We show that non-native S. capleta can successfully colonize the symbiotic organs of a novel host, but that the interaction outcome correlates with genetic relatedness to the native symbiont. Genetically distant species trigger a more pronounced transcriptional response and can only partially rescue host development. While more closely related symbionts proliferate similarly to the native one and induce a comparable host response, they fail to propagate to the next generation, underscoring how transmission fidelity, host-symbiont compatibility, and local adaptation can further specificity within a Paleocene-aged partnership.}, }
@article {pmid41679351, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, YF and Wang, SY and He, ZY and Jin, MZ and Yuan, WZ and Jin, WL}, title = {The signal hijacker: How tumors co-opt chemical, electrical, and mechanical cues to thrive.}, journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {189556}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbcan.2026.189556}, pmid = {41679351}, issn = {1879-2561}, abstract = {To survive within hostile microenvironments, tumors exploit a coordinated, tri-dimensional signaling network encompassing chemical, electrical, and mechanical communication. This enables them to reshape the tumor ecosystem into a supportive niche. This review introduces a unified "signal hijacking" framework to decipher this process. First, chemical hijacking redirects metabolites through mechanisms like lactate shuttling and nucleotide theft via tunneling nanotubes and extracellular vesicles while subverting cytokine networks through TGFβ-dependent immunosuppression. Second, bioelectrical hijacking capitalizes on ion gradient alterations via V-ATPase-driven depolarization and intercellular communication through gap junction-transmitted calcium waves. Third, mechanical hijacking involves ECM restructuring through LOXL2-mediated fibrosis and cadherin tension modulation via β-catenin liberation during cellular force competitions. The hijacking of these signals reprograms the genetic and protein landscape of cells within the tumor microenvironment, fostering an environment suitable for tumor survival. Accordingly, therapeutic strategies targeting these vulnerabilities aim to disrupt tumor communication through three primary modalities: chemical interception (e.g., LDHA and MCT1 inhibitors), bioelectrical recalibration (e.g., Kv1.3 activators and TRPV1 antagonists), and mechanical intervention (e.g., LOXL2 antibodies and Piezo1 inhibitors). This "signal hijacking "paradigm recasts cancer as a battle for communicative control within the ecosystem. We thus propose that reestablishing system-wide signaling homeostasis, rather than pursuing pure cytoreduction, represents a fundamental strategy to overcome therapy resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41679259, year = {2026}, author = {Tian, H and Li, J and Liu, W and Wang, H and Zhang, J and Liang, X and Liu, Y and Hu, Y and Yi, J and Ji, Y and Zhou, Q}, title = {Insights on the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on Avena sativa drought tolerance at the early flowering stage.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {232}, number = {}, pages = {111092}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111092}, pmid = {41679259}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Oats (Avena sativa) are a nutritious and versatile crop, but they are highly vulnerable to drought, especially during the heading and flowering stages, which can significantly reduce yield and quality. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant resilience to drought and other abiotic stresses. However, the genetic networks underlying oat responses to drought during the early flowering stage, influenced by AMF, remain unclear. In this study, we combined transcriptome sequencing with phenotypic and physiological analyses to investigate how AMF enhance drought tolerance in oats. Samples were collected on day 60 of oat-AMF symbiosis (corresponding to day 30 of drought stress), with the 30-day drought period covering the critical water-sensitive phase of panicle initiation to flowering in oats. We found that AMF inoculation enhanced multiple drought-related traits in oats, including growth parameters, root vitality, antioxidant enzyme activity, and levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Transcriptomic analysis further identified differentially expressed genes involved in drought response, membrane integrity, and transport activities, with a focus on genes associated with stress tolerance. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction were significantly affected under drought and AMF inoculation. Further analysis showed that genes such as PAL, PYL5, CRE1, and B-ARRs were differentially expressed in AMF-inoculated oat roots under drought stress. Additionally, weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified hub genes related to plant growth and defense (BGLU16, CGS1), oxidative stress (CAT2, RBOH), phosphate and nutrient transport (PHF1, PHT1-11,YSL13), and water transport (PIPs). Overall, these results provide valuable insights into the complex genetic networks underlying AMF-enhanced drought resilience in oats at early flowering stage, offering potential candidate genes for future studies aimed at improving drought tolerance through mycorrhizal-plant interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41678582, year = {2026}, author = {Cleanclay, WD and Kernyuy, FB and Kintung, IF and Yensii, NG and Chick, JA and Obi, AMM}, title = {Evaluating paratransgenesis using engineered symbiotic bacteria for Plasmodium inhibition in mosquito vectors: A systematic review.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {e0013654}, pmid = {41678582}, issn = {1935-2735}, mesh = {Animals ; *Mosquito Vectors/parasitology/microbiology ; *Anopheles/parasitology/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Bacteria/genetics/metabolism ; *Malaria/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Mosquito Control/methods ; Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects ; *Plasmodium ; }, abstract = {Malaria is a significant health problem in the world and has been increased by the emerging resistance to insecticides and antimalarial drugs. New measures must therefore be implemented as an emergency to break the cycle of Plasmodium parasite transmission by the Anopheles mosquitoes. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of paratransgenesis, an engineering approach that utilizes symbiotic microbes to deliver antiplasmodial molecules into the midgut of the mosquito as a transmission-blocking agent. PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were searched in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, yielding 1,289 records. Ten eligible studies were then included after screening. The chosen articles studied bacterial and fungal symbionts, such as Asaia, Serratia, Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Aspergillus oryzae, that have been engineered to produce effector proteins, such as Scorpine, EPIP, Defensin, and SM1-2 peptides. The delivery of oral sugar meals was always associated with colonization of the mosquito midguts, and results reported high levels of inhibition of oocysts or sporozoites in the mosquitoes. Scorpine was the strongest and most commonly used effector with a high level of up to 97.8% inhibition of P. falciparum oocysts in various microbial systems. The combination of two or multiple-effector approaches increased the efficacy in some cases, surpassing 89% parasite inhibition. The risk of bias measurement showed moderate variation in the methods, yet it was in favor of the sound findings. All evidence suggests that paratransgenesis is a potentially important malaria control tool, complementing existing approaches to malaria control. Nevertheless, ecological safety, microbial stability, and field validation are the key obstacles before the translation to large-scale use.}, }
@article {pmid41678542, year = {2026}, author = {Xing, Y and Lu, R and Tian, W and Li, Z and Zhang, W and Xu, K and Deng, L and Fan, S}, title = {Bacterial community structure and diversity of common mosquito species in Chengdu: Insights from PacBio third-generation sequencing and public health implications.}, journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {e0013177}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0013177}, pmid = {41678542}, issn = {1935-2735}, abstract = {Mosquitoes, as critical vectors of diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, and yellow fever, pose significant public health risks in Chengdu, a subtropical city in southwestern China. The present study ecological surveillance and PacBio third-generation sequencing to characterize the symbiotic microbiota of four dominant mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Armigeres subalbatus) across urban and rural habitats. From 2020 to 2024, mosquito density monitoring revealed spatial heterogeneity(Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Anopheles sinensis), with outer ring areas exhibiting the highest density (34.69 mosquitoes per trap per night), while central urban zones had the lowest (3.60). Sequencing identified 717 high-quality Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), with Aedes albopictus harboring the most unique bacterial species (191). Beta diversity analysis demonstrated distinct microbial clustering among species, driven by Pseudomonadota dominance (54.27-93.89%) and variations in secondary phyla (Bacteroidota, Campylobacterota). Functional prediction analysis via the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed significant disparities in the abundance of human disease-associated pathways across mosquito symbiotic microbiota (P = 0.049), with the disparities primarily observed in pathways related to bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections-categories of substantial public health relevance. Notably, Wolbachia (clade B) and Klebsiella variicola exhibited species-specific abundance patterns, underscoring their respective roles in potential pathogen suppression and public health risks. Unclassified taxa (norank_d__Bacteria, norank_p__Candidatus_Hydrogenedentes) clustered near novel mosquito-associated spirochetes, suggesting underexplored functional microbiota. This study establishes a foundational dataset for understanding mosquito-microbe interactions and inform the development of targeted strategies for mitigating vector-borne disease.}, }
@article {pmid41678296, year = {2026}, author = {Tamrakar, K and Soriano Chavez, E and Miller, PW and Hale, B and DuVall, J and Williams, N and Brown, E and Mangan, S and Wijeratne, AJ}, title = {Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Provides Insights into the Rhizosphere Microbial Dynamics in Soybean - Fusarium virguliforme Interaction.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-09-25-0121-FI}, pmid = {41678296}, issn = {0894-0282}, abstract = {Sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a major disease that affects soybean (Glycine max) production, primarily caused by the soil-borne fungus, Fusarium virguliforme in North America. Understanding the interactions among soybeans, F. virguliforme, and microorganisms in the soil near the vicinity of roots can provide microbial candidates for SDS management. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of rhizosphere microbial composition and activity, both in the presence and absence of F. virguliforme, across two commercial soybean cultivars with differing susceptibility to SDS. Bacterial and fungal community dynamics were assessed using full-length 16S rRNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) sequencing, respectively. Microbial activity was further evaluated with an optimized metatranscriptome workflow. The analysis revealed that SDS-tolerant soybeans recruit microbes with growth-promoting and biocontrol potential, such as members of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma, Mortierella, and Talaromyces, when exposed to F. virguliforme. This distinct microbial recruitment strategy in response to F. virguliforme could provide the ability for soybeans to survive under pathogen stress. In contrast, pathogen inoculation reduced the abundance and activity of the nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium spp. These findings suggest that selective recruitment of beneficial microbes likely contributes to SDS tolerance, while pathogen pressure compromises symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The results highlight candidate taxa and interactions for developing synthetic microbial communities to support SDS management. The information generated from this study is useful for assembling a combined synthetic microbial community and testing.}, }
@article {pmid41677854, year = {2026}, author = {Erdogdu, B and Dokuz, S and Sarigode, E and Karabasoglu, C and Ozbek, T}, title = {Prophage: agent provocateur?.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {4}, pages = {183}, pmid = {41677854}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Prophages/physiology/genetics ; Humans ; *Bacteria/virology ; *Lysogeny ; *Bacteriophages/physiology ; }, abstract = {Bacteriophages make important contributions to the evolution, pathogenesis, and general biology of host bacteria. Throughout their life cycle, temperate bacteriophages form stable relationships with their hosts, which contribute to the evolution and biology of phages, rather than simply explaining a passive process in which hosts are affected. Although lytic phages have been extensively studied in the literature, temperate phages have been excluded due to some traditional perspectives. In this review article we discuss the lysogenic life cycle of phages and the essential points necessary to understand this cycle in detail. The lysogenic cycle has been evaluated from three perspectives; phage, bacteria and human. In some cases, temperate phages exhibit symbiotic relationships with bacteria, while in others, their hostile behavior causes uncertainty as to whether they are on the side of humans or bacteria. Our perspective challenges the classical interpretation by suggesting that prophages can act as provocateur agent, offering advantages while also harboring destructive potential, thereby playing a complex role against bacteria and potentially exerting intricate effects on human health.}, }
@article {pmid41677687, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, M and Li, X and Zhang, W and Zhao, X and Sun, Y and Hu, A and Zhang, R and Luo, K}, title = {Physiological, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Responses of Brachiaria decumbens Roots During Symbiosis Establishment with Piriformospora indica.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15030215}, pmid = {41677687}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2024YFD1301201//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32560908//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XTCX2022NYC10//Collaborative Innovation Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University/ ; }, abstract = {Brachiaria decumbens is a high-yielding forage grass of major economic value in tropical regions. The root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica is widely recognized for promoting plant growth and stress tolerance, yet its effects on B. decumbens remain poorly characterized. Here, we profiled root responses to P. indica colonization at 10 days after inoculation (dais; early stage) and 20 dais (late stage) during symbiosis establishment. Colonization was confirmed by phenotypic and physiological assessments, with inoculated plants showing enhanced root growth; colonized roots exhibited higher activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), along with increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA), jasmonic acid (JA), and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were reduced. Transcriptome and metabolomic profiling identified 1884 and 1077 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2098 and 1509 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) at 10 dais (Pi10d vs. CK10d) and 20 dais (Pi20d vs. CK20d), respectively, and 3355 DEGs and 2314 DAMs between stages (Pi20d vs. Pi10d). Functional enrichment highlighted key pathways related to secondary metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid biosynthesis. Differentially expressed transcription factors spanned multiple families, including MYB, AP2/ERF, MADS-box, and bZIP, consistent with broad transcriptional reprogramming during symbiosis establishment. Integrative multi-omics analysis further highlighted phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and α-linolenic acid metabolism as consistently co-enriched pathways, suggesting coordinated shifts in gene expression and metabolite accumulation across colonization stages. Collectively, these results provide a multi-layered resource and a framework for mechanistic dissection of the P. indica-B. decumbens interaction.}, }
@article {pmid41677681, year = {2026}, author = {Tu, IC and Lai, CT and Wu, LH}, title = {Curing Parthenogenesis-Inducing (PI) Wolbachia-Induced Reproductive Disorders in the Egg Parasitoid Telenomus remus.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15030210}, pmid = {41677681}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {MOST 108-2313-B-020-010-MY3//Ministry of Science and Technology and National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan/ ; MOST 111-2313-B-020-003-MY3//Ministry of Science and Technology and National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan/ ; NSTC 112-2813-C-020-016-B//Ministry of Science and Technology and National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium widespread in invertebrates that causes various reproductive effects, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male killing, and the induction of parthenogenesis (PI). PI-Wolbachia wRem converts Telenomus remus, an egg parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda, from arrhenotokous reproduction (male-producing) to thelytokous reproduction (female-producing). Long-term symbiosis between egg parasitoids and Wolbachia has been shown to lead to reproductive barriers and "female functional virginity," causing progressive and potentially irreversible sex ratio imbalances. However, whether such reproductive barriers occur in T. remus remains unknown, which has important implications for biological control programs utilizing this parasitoid. To address this question, we cured wRem using tetracycline and conducted crossing experiments with naturally uninfected strains (W-). The results indicated that the cured strain (Wcure) retained normal sexual reproductive capability, with self-crossing fertilization rates comparable to those of W- strains. However, first-generation hybridization between Wcure and W- strains produced strongly male-biased offspring (male proportion: 94.3% and 85.8% for W-♂ × Wcure♀ and Wcure♂ × W-♀, respectively), indicating substantial reproductive incompatibility. Notably, an asymmetric pattern was observed between reciprocal crosses. In second-generation hybridization experiments, hybrid females (W-/Wcure) mated with W- or Wcure males showed markedly recovered sex ratios (male proportion: 14.3% and 15.6%, respectively), although total offspring numbers remained lower than in self-crossing groups. These results suggest that the reproductive incompatibility in T. remus differs from female functional virginity and is more consistent with mitonuclear incompatibility arising from population divergence. The partial recovery in second-generation hybrids indicates that surviving F1 hybrid females likely represent individuals selected for compatibility, rather than exhibiting progressive deterioration of sexual function. These findings offer insights into Wolbachia's impact on parasitoid reproduction and highlight key considerations for biological control applications, underscoring the importance of evaluating reproductive barriers before deploying cured strains and preventing symbiont loss within populations.}, }
@article {pmid41677276, year = {2026}, author = {Van Vlaenderen, L and Conner, WR and Shropshire, JD}, title = {Counting cytoplasmic incompatibility factor mRNA using digital droplet PCR.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0234725}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02347-25}, pmid = {41677276}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria inhabit over half of all insect species and often spread through host populations via efficient maternal transmission and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), killing aposymbiotic embryos when fertilized by symbiotic males. Wolbachia's cifB gene triggers CI in males, while cifA, expressed in females, rescues embryos from CI-induced lethality. In some systems, cifA also contributes to CI induction. CI strength-the percentage of embryos that die from CI-is a key determinant of Wolbachia's prevalence in host populations, and cifB-mRNA levels in testes generally correlate with CI strength. Yet, cifB's rarity can hamper precise quantification, necessitating tissue pooling for reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to achieve reliable measurements, obscuring variation at the level of individual insect tissues. Here, we present four RT digital droplet PCR (RT-ddPCR) assays to count rare cifA and cifB mRNA from wMel Wolbachia in Drosophila melanogaster. These assays count cif transcripts alongside a synthetic spike-in RNA or a D. melanogaster reference gene to normalize for technical or biological variation. These assays have a limit of detection of about one cifA and three cifB copies per reaction. We expect these methods to be useful for mosquito-control programs that use wMel to block the spread of pathogens from Aedes aegypti to humans. Moreover, the oligos were designed with homology to cifA and cifB sequences from at least 34 Wolbachia strains, suggesting potential utility beyond wMel. These methods will allow researchers to measure cif-mRNA levels from individual insect tissues, enabling efforts to pair molecular and phenotypic data at unprecedented resolutions.IMPORTANCEWolbachia, a maternally transmitted bacterium, is found in over half of all insect species. Its ability to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), which prevents Wolbachia-free eggs from hatching, significantly contributes to its high prevalence in host populations. Public health experts use CI to spread pathogen-blocking Wolbachia through mosquito populations, thereby controlling pathogen spread. CI is often weak, resulting in few egg deaths and consequently slowing Wolbachia's spread. We recently discovered that weak CI often correlates with low CI factor B (cifB) mRNA levels. However, our understanding of CI-strength variation remains limited because cifB is transcribed at low levels, making it challenging to measure in individual insects. Here, we report four RT-ddPCR assays to overcome this challenge. These assays offer high sensitivity for rare targets and maintain accuracy and precision across a wide dynamic range. We expect these tools will enhance efforts to understand CI-strength variation in both natural and applied populations.}, }
@article {pmid41676963, year = {2026}, author = {Johnsen, DC and Marchini, L and Garaicoa-Pazmino, C and Jain, A and Syrbu, J and Geneser, M and Butali, A and Hartshorn, JE and Desai, J and Stanford, CM and Vo, K and Spector, M and McGlynn, N and Young, LB}, title = {Critical Thinking Emulation Model With Outcomes-Based Assessment.}, journal = {Journal of dental education}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jdd.70171}, pmid = {41676963}, issn = {1930-7837}, abstract = {BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Gaps exist between critical thinking importance and an organized agenda for the development of critical thinking learning outcomes. Multiple critical thinking skill sets were developed by the authors, forming a symbiotic network. The key concept for each critical thinking exercise follows one learning model emulating the master clinician's thinking. The purpose is to enhance symbiosis in a pedagogical framework for individual exercises with a common outcomes-based assessment; internalization of each skill set is followed by nuance exploration-"learning moments."<br><br>METHODS: Descriptive analyses for (1) a symbiotic network of patient-based, student-led demonstrations of thinking and judgment with expanded opportunities for critical thinking, (2) a common outcomes-based assessment for patient-based student-led demonstrations of thinking and judgment, and (3) learning moments for each skill set: periodontics, operative dentistry (caries), geriatrics, ethics, pediatrics, TMD, and technology decision-making.<br><br>RESULTS: Two factors were seen to contribute to interactions/sharing/symbiosis of learning guides among different departments: using a common emulation-learning model and using a common outcomes-based assessment. The use of a learning guide based on a designated thought process, combined with the use of a common outcomes-based assessment were also associated with subsequent rich and varied learning moments distinctive for each exercise.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: With little literature on learning outcomes for critical thinking, the development of an emulation learning model based on the thought processes of the master clinician led to the development initially of multiple critical thinking skill sets, followed by interactions of exercises. The result was a symbiotic network with rigorous demonstration of a skill set followed by a rich exploration of nuances.}, }
@article {pmid41675697, year = {2025}, author = {He, T and Ma, J and Liu, S and Ma, B and You, J and Wang, J and Li, M and Wang, W and Wang, YJ and Li, S and Cao, Z}, title = {MicroRNA-microbiota interactions: Emerging strategies for modulating intestinal homeostasis and enhancing host health.}, journal = {iMetaOmics}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {e57}, pmid = {41675697}, issn = {2996-9514}, abstract = {Long-term artificial selection and environmental shifts have driven adaptive changes in both the host genome and the intestinal microbiota. The complex symbiotic relationship between these two has become essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and overall health. Concurrently, advancements in sequencing technology and the functional annotation of noncoding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), have facilitated the exploration of mechanisms regulating intestinal homeostasis. Herein, we systematically update the role of miRNA-microbiota interactions in regulating the intestinal barrier, intestinal immunity, changes in intestinal microbiota dynamics, and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, and we further critically discuss the role of miRNA-microbiota interactions in the maintenance of host intestinal health, metabolic regularity, brain function, and neurodegenerative disease-related disorders. Finally, we highlight the prospects and therapeutic strategies regarding miRNA-microbiota interactions in humans and animals in the context of intestinal microbiota and gene function studies. This study provides a comprehensive overview of miRNA-microbiota interactions and their influence on intestinal homeostasis and host health and offers novel therapeutic strategies for future personalized prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41675302, year = {2026}, author = {Maruoka, N and Kudo, R and Igai, K and Shimizu, M and Yuki, M and Ohkuma, M and Hongoh, Y}, title = {Discovery and genomics of H2-oxidizing/O2-reducing Deferribacterota ectosymbiotic with protists in the guts of termites and a Cryptocercus cockroach.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {ycag002}, pmid = {41675302}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Members of the phylum Deferribacterota inhabit diverse environments, but their symbiosis with protists has never been reported. We discovered an ectosymbiotic clade of Deferribacterota specifically associated with spirotrichonymphid protists in the guts of the termites Reticulitermes speratus and Hodotermopsis sjostedti and trichonymphid protists in the gut of the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus. The ectosymbiotic Deferribacterota were spiral shaped and attached to 16%-91% of the host protist cells. These formed a monophyletic cluster within an uncultured insect gut-associated family-level clade, which is sister to the vertebrate gut-associated family Mucispirillaceae. The complete genome of an ectosymbiotic Deferribacterota was obtained from a Trichonympha acuta cell in a C. punctulatus gut and analyzed together with a single-cell amplified genome of another ectosymbiotic Deferribacterota associated with Holomastigotes sp. in the gut of R. speratus. Genome analyses suggest that these Deferribacterota ferment monosaccharides and conduct fumarate and oxidative respiration with H2 as an electron donor. They thus possibly contribute to the removal of hydrogen and oxygen to protect the fermentative activity of the protist hosts. The ectosymbionts possess reduced signal transduction gene repertoires, implying that the association has provided a relatively stable environment for these bacteria. The ectosymbionts likely possess flagella with an unusually expanded number of flagellin variants up to 40, which may reflect an adaptation to their ectosymbiotic lifestyle. We propose a novel genus, Termitispirillum, for these ectosymbionts and a novel family, Termitispirillaceae, for the insect-gut clade, under SeqCode. Our findings provide new insights into the ecology and evolution of Deferribacterota.}, }
@article {pmid41674902, year = {2025}, author = {Tiricz, H and Lima, RM and Pfeiffer, I and Igaz, N and Domonkos, I and Jenei, S and Howan, DHO and Pál, A and Tímár, E and Hunyadi-Gulyás, &#xc9; and Tóth, GK and Bozsó, Z and Kondorosi, &#xc9;}, title = {Multifaceted antimicrobial mechanisms of NCR147-derived peptides from Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1720738}, pmid = {41674902}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), key components of innate immunity, offer broad-spectrum activity against diverse pathogens. In Medicago truncatula, over 700 nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides with highly diverse sequences and physicochemical properties are produced in the symbiotic cells of root nodules, where cationic members block bacterial cell division and display potent antimicrobial activity in vitro. In contrast, anionic NCRs typically lack antimicrobial effects, and NCR147-a neutral peptide-is the only known non-cationic NCR that shows weak bactericidal activity. This unique property prompted us to identify the antimicrobial region of NCR147 and enhance its activity through targeted sequence modifications.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 13 truncated and substituted derivatives of NCR147 were chemically synthesized to identify peptide regions responsible for antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated against 18 pathogens by determining minimum bactericidal and minimum fungicidal concentrations. Inhibition and eradication of bacterial biofilms were assessed to determine peptide effects. Cytotoxicity was measured using hemolysis assays and multiple viability assays in human cell cultures. Peptide interactions with membrane lipids, effects on membrane permeability, and modulation of bacterial efflux pumps were analyzed using established biochemical and biophysical assays. Bacterial proteins interacting with selected peptides were identified by affinity chromatography followed by LC-MS/MS.<br><br>RESULTS: The NCR147 derivatives displayed varying degrees of antimicrobial potency and spectrum. Analysis of the physicochemical properties and predicted 3D structures of 13 NCR peptide variants revealed that the antimicrobial region resides in the C-terminal portion of these intrinsically disordered peptides, where the WAW hydrophobic patch together with the positively charged amino acids contribute to antimicrobial activity, most likely through interactions with microbial membranes. The most active peptides provoked alteration of bacterial membranes, inhibited efflux pumps, and interfered with essential intracellular targets. Moreover, these peptides exhibited potent antibiofilm effects, including the ability to both prevent and degrade Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms. Incorporation of 5-fluoro-L-tryptophan enhanced both antimicrobial breadth and antifungal activity. Importantly, this fluorinated peptide was non-cytotoxic to human cells.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings reveal that NCR147-derived peptides function via a multihit mechanism and highlight the therapeutic promise of plant-derived AMPs as next-generation antimicrobials with reduced risk of resistance development.}, }
@article {pmid41672322, year = {2026}, author = {Gu, JJ and Mao, BD and Dou, XX and Zhang, BX and Xu, JW and Fu, CW and Lan, BJ and Zhang, XJ and Xu, Z and Gao, F}, title = {Unveiling the mechanisms of mechanical stirring for enhanced performance and stability of algal-bacterial flocs treating low C/N synthetic wastewater.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134175}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134175}, pmid = {41672322}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems (ABS) represent an environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment technology with significant application potential, though achieving stable and efficient operation remains a critical research challenge. This 180-day comparative study systematically investigated the performance differences and underlying mechanisms between mechanically stirred and aerated algal-bacterial symbiotic flocs (ABF) cultured in low C/N ratio wastewater. The results demonstrate that mechanical stirring enhances symbiotic interactions between microalgae and bacteria, leading to significantly improved performance metrics including higher biomass concentration (3.5 g/L), elevated dissolved oxygen levels (10.3 mg/L), increased lipid content (58.4%) and lipid productivity (9.3 mg/L/d), along with superior settling characteristics as evidenced by the reduced sludge volume index (80.7 mL/g). During Phase Ⅳ, the stirred ABFs exhibited exceptional contaminant removal efficiencies, achieving 98.2% ammonium nitrogen, 83.2% total nitrogen, and 89.7% chemical oxygen demand removal. Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) analysis revealed stimulated secretion under stirring conditions (222.3 mg/g), with tight-bound EPS (TB-EPS) predominating, significantly enhancing floc structural stability. Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that stirring enriched functional genera like Thauera and Rubrivivax, strengthening denitrification and organic degradation capacities, while activating key pathways such as the TCA cycle and nitrogen metabolism, upregulating the abundance of EPS synthesis-related genes (e.g., galU), elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying efficient nutrient removal and floc stability. This study presents an optimized strategy for establishing high-performance ABS in low C/N ratio wastewater treatment, offering both environmental sustainability and economic viability.}, }
@article {pmid41671048, year = {2026}, author = {Semchenko, M and Pétriacq, P and Prigent, S and Saar, S and Horn, G and Davison, J and Koorem, K and Moora, M and Zobel, K}, title = {Contrast in Mycorrhizal Associations Leads to Divergent Rhizosphere Metabolomes and Plant-Soil Feedback Among Grassland Species.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {e70318}, pmid = {41671048}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {TK200//Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, Centre of Excellence AgroCropFuture/ ; MetaboHUB (ANR-11-INBS-0010); PHENOME (ANR-11-INBS)//Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement/ ; 101044424/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; PRG1065//Estonian Research Council/ ; PRG1836//Estonian Research Council/ ; PRG2584//Estonian Research Council/ ; IUT20-31//Estonian Research Council/ ; PRG1223 E//Estonian Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Grassland ; *Rhizosphere ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Metabolome ; Species Specificity ; Soil/chemistry ; *Plants/microbiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Species-specific feedback between plants and soil microbial communities is an important driver of vegetation dynamics. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonise most terrestrial plants but are not expected to generate specific feedbacks due to low host specificity. We tested whether variation in mycorrhizal associations and associated rhizosphere metabolomes among co-existing temperate grassland species leads to species-specific plant-soil feedback. More mycorrhizal plant species showed more divergent plant-soil feedback: they experienced reduced growth and mycorrhizal colonisation in soils originating from weakly mycorrhizal species, but feedback became neutral in soil from species with similar mycorrhizal strategies. The species with the most self-promoting soil feedback was characterised by strong metabolome shifts related to stress and immune responses following soil inoculum manipulation, while the metabolomes of species with more negative feedback were unresponsive. This study demonstrates that AM fungi can generate species-specific plant-soil feedback, which can be predicted from plant mycorrhizal strategies and rhizosphere chemistry.}, }
@article {pmid41669199, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, SC and Lin, YC and Wu, CY and Hsieh, YE and Meng, YZ and Yang, SH and Fan, TY}, title = {Effects of Blue Light and Feeding on the Physiological Performance of Reef Corals, Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora damicornis.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {65}, number = {}, pages = {e6}, pmid = {41669199}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Previous studies have shown that culturing corals under controlled blue light can increase calcification rate and stimulate the production of pigments while reducing the photosynthetic capacity of the corals' symbiotic algae. Additionally, feeding coral can accelerate growth and enhance their resistance to environmental changes. However, most studies have left their combined effects on coral physiology largely unexplored. Here we investigate the effects of two blue light intensities and two feeding concentrations on coral growth rates and color expression during cultivation. We cultured Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora damicornis under different blue light intensities and fed varying concentrations of enriched brine shrimp (Artemia) twice a week. Both species maintained high survival (100%) and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/ Fm > 0.6). S. pistillata exhibited the highest growth under high-light and high-feeding conditions, while P. damicornis showed no significant growth differences among treatments. However, both species displayed reduced color scores under high-light conditions, as indicated by elevated red-green-blue values. Together, these findings highlight coral species-specific responses to blue light intensity with feeding interactions and demonstrate that manipulating environmental regimes can optimize coral cultivation. This approach supports high-density ex-situ cultivation, advancing both reef restoration and production of corals for ornamental aquariums.}, }
@article {pmid41667773, year = {2026}, author = {Hu, H and Liu, B and Sang, Y and Zhang, T and Yang, Y and Zhou, C and Li, S and Huang, Z}, title = {Effects of microplastics on the plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbiotic system: type, size, and concentration.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {82}, pmid = {41667773}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/drug effects/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Microplastics/toxicity/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Symbiosis/drug effects ; *Plants/microbiology/drug effects ; Soil Microbiology ; *Soil Pollutants/toxicity/chemistry ; Soil/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), serving as a key interface for plant-soil interactions, have ecological responses to pollutants such as microplastics, that directly impact the health and stability of the plant-soil system. This article systematically reviews the ecological effects and underlying mechanisms of microplastic type, particle size, and concentration on the plant-AMF symbiotic system. Research indicates that microplastics exert complex influences on the colonization process and functionality of AMF by altering soil physical structure, chemical properties, and microbial communities, thereby indirectly or directly affecting plant growth and stress resistance. Overall, non-biodegradable microplastics can indirectly influence plant growth, AMF colonization and community's C-S-R (Competitor-Stress tolerator-Ruderal) strategy by modifying soil structure or adsorbing pollutants, and plant recruitment of mycorrhizal types. The impact of biodegradable microplastics on plants increases with the degree of degradation, and their impact on plant and AMF community structure is significantly stronger than that of non biodegradable microplastics. Nanoplastics (< 0.1 μm), due to their greater ability to penetrate biological membranes, generally exhibit higher toxicity to the plant-AMF system compared to micron-sized particles. The effects of microplastics are highly dosage-dependent. Low concentrations (< 1% w/w) may stimulate AMF colonization, whereas medium to high concentrations (1-5% and above) typically inhibit mycorrhizal symbiosis and reduce host plants growth. Although preliminary progress has been made in current research, it is necessary to further reveal its molecular mechanism and explore both the combined pollution effects and the potential of AMF in the remediation of microplastic co-contamination.}, }
@article {pmid41667686, year = {2026}, author = {Seddaiu, S and Morittu, C and Franceschini, A and Iotti, M and Scali, E and Lancellotti, E}, title = {Dynamics of ectomycorrhizal communities in Sardinian cork oak forests: influence of management system, lithological substrate and season.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {7}, pmid = {41667686}, issn = {1432-1890}, }
@article {pmid41667333, year = {2026}, author = {Li, F and Kumar, A and Murray, JD}, title = {Hormone-nutrient coordination in AM symbiosis: a perspective on the WRI5a-MtABCB1 module.}, journal = {Science bulletin}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.scib.2026.01.058}, pmid = {41667333}, issn = {2095-9281}, }
@article {pmid41667107, year = {2026}, author = {Methou, P and Mathieu-Resuge, M and Michel, LN and Cueff-Gauchard, V and Watanabe, HK and Cowell, EJ and Copley, JT and Beinart, RA and Zbinden, M and Pradillon, F and Cambon, MA and Chen, C}, title = {Evolutionary convergence and trophic diversity in hot vent and cold seep shrimps showcase a continuum of symbiosis.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {293}, number = {2064}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2025.2883}, pmid = {41667107}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//ISblue/ ; //UK Natural Environment Research Council/ ; //ANR LIFEDEEPER/ ; //Schmidt Ocean Institute/ ; //Council for Science, Technology, and Innovation (CSTI), Japan/ ; //US National Science Foundation/ ; //Cooperative Research Program of Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Biological Evolution ; *Decapoda/microbiology/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Hydrothermal Vents ; }, abstract = {Convergent evolution offers a powerful lens through which to examine the selective forces shaping life in extreme environments. In deep-sea hot vents and cold seeps, invertebrates have independently evolved symbioses with chemosynthetic bacteria, but repeated origins of such associations within a family remain rare. Here, we investigate the evolutionary emergence of chemosymbiosis in the shrimp family Alvinocarididae across 22 species collected globally. Electron microscopy identified a gradient of epibiotic bacterial colonization within the cephalothoracic cavity, ranging from absent to dense filamentous mats, suggesting distinct trophic strategies. Isotope and lipid trophic markers confirmed differences in reliance on chemosynthetic production among sympatric species with different bacterial colonization from a single vent. Phylogenetic analysis reveals at least two independent origins of chemosymbiosis, suggesting evolutionary convergence. Microhabitat association data further show that symbiotic phenotypes are most common in shrimps occupying the hottest, most geofluid-enriched microhabitats, though exceptions suggest contributions from additional ecological or physiological constraints. Our findings reveal many alvinocaridids as gradually evolving towards reliance on symbiosis, highlighting the importance of intermediate cases to understand the pathways to chemosymbiosis. This study contributes to a broader understanding of the predictability of evolutionary outcomes in dynamic habitats such as vents, with broader implications for resilience of deep-sea ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41666730, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Su, J and Bai, Y and Ma, J and Li, X and Wang, H and Li, X}, title = {Fungal-bacterial-algal systems for simultaneous removal of nitrates and heavy metals: metabolic and mechanistic studies.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {401}, number = {}, pages = {128934}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.128934}, pmid = {41666730}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Deteriorating environmental quality, significantly driven by the release of untreated industrial effluent, jeopardizes water ecosystems and threatens human health. Conventional treatment methods often struggle to efficiently remove such complex effluents. This paper proposed a novel fungal-bacterial-algal (FBA) symbiotic system capable of simultaneously and efficiently removing nitrate (NO3[-]-N), Zn[2+], and Cu[2+] from industrial wastewater. By optimizing the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, pH, and hydraulic retention time, the system demonstrated outstanding removal performance even under heavy metal stress conditions. Product metabolism analysis indicates synergistic enhancement of microbial activity within the fungal-algal symbiosis. Precipitation characterisation demonstrated that FBA achieves heavy metal immobilization and removal through biomineralization and adsorption mechanisms. Microbial community and gene prediction analyses revealed interspecies functional synergistic mechanisms. This study provides an efficient and sustainable solution for treating complexly polluted industrial wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid41665997, year = {2026}, author = {Arnold, MFF and Sankari, S and Deutsch, M and Gruber, CC and Guerra-Garcia, FJ and Beis, K and Walker, GC}, title = {BacA(SbmA) importer of legume symbiotic NCR peptides: Protein architecture, function, and evolutionary implications.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {7}, pages = {e2526811123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2526811123}, pmid = {41665997}, issn = {1091-6490}, mesh = {*Symbiosis/physiology ; *Sinorhizobium meliloti/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Medicago truncatula/microbiology/metabolism ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Peptides/metabolism/chemistry/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/metabolism ; *Fabaceae/microbiology/metabolism ; Mutation, Missense ; }, abstract = {Some legumes encode families of NCR (Nodule-Cysteine-Rich) peptides that cause their rhizobial partners to terminally differentiate during the development of a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Sinorhizobium meliloti, whose plant hosts Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa express ca. 600 NCR peptides during root nodule development, possesses a symbiotically essential BacASm protein that imports certain NCR peptides into the cytoplasm. This import permits proteolytic degradation of the NCR peptides, thereby protecting the endocytosed bacteria from their antimicrobial peptide-like lethality, while also allowing certain NCR peptides to undergo their symbiotically critical interactions with cytoplasmic components, for example heme-sequestration in the case of NCR247. Our study employed 54 S. meliloti bacASm missense mutants (35 to cysteine and 19 to glycine) that we tested for protein production, ability to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, and their susceptibility to killing by higher levels of the NCR247 and the Bac7(1-35) peptides. We also used the Single Cysteine Accessibility Method to make topological inferences. Our detailed genetic, biochemical, structural, and physiological analyses have revealed that BacASm and SbmAhomodimers function as finely tuned transporters, whose structures can be relatively easily disrupted by single amino acid changes. Our finding that several mutations that differentially separate nitrogen-fixation, NCR247 import, and Bac7(1-35) import map to the lining of the peptide-binding cavity suggests a molecular explanation underlying the paradoxical observation that SbmA/BacAs from pathogens can fully replace BacASm, whereas BacAs from other rhizobia cannot.}, }
@article {pmid41665867, year = {2026}, author = {Bonacolta, AM and Li, L and Del Campo, J and Keeling, PJ}, title = {Endosymbiotic apicomplexans of marine holobionts: microbial parasites in a warming ocean.}, journal = {Integrative and comparative biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/icb/icag006}, pmid = {41665867}, issn = {1557-7023}, abstract = {Apicomplexans are a large group of protists, including several species of major medical importance, most notably those which cause malaria and toxoplasmosis in humans. They are obligate intracellular symbionts that have an interesting evolutionary history, having evolved from a free-living, phototrophic ancestor. Despite the extensive research interest in this group, novel apicomplexans with important ecological roles are still being discovered, particularly from the marine environment. These often-overlooked microbes infect a myriad of marine organisms, and recent research on this clade has expanded our knowledge of parasite evolution and symbiosis in the ocean. Corallicolids, for instance, have impacted our understanding of plastid evolution and have also been shown to play a role in coral thermal tolerance. Closely related are the ichthyocolids, intracellular fish blood symbionts that were mostly overlooked and misclassified until a phylogenomic investigation showed they are sister to the corallicolids, and incredibly widespread across marine fish diversity. Another recent phylogenomic study similarly resolved a new apicomplexan class, marosporidians, which have been implicated in marine heat wave-triggered mollusk mass mortality events. Given the pace of recent discoveries within this lineage, developing a cohesive framework for studying endosymbiotic apicomplexans is critical. Such an approach will illuminate their hidden biodiversity, clarify their impacts on host health and fitness, and provide the knowledge needed to predict how these symbionts and their hosts will respond to accelerating climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41664488, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Xiong, LH and Tang, BZ and He, X}, title = {Engineering Bacteriophage Cocktail with Mutually Promoted Chemodynamic-Photodynamic Activity for Targeted and Synergistic Biofilm Eradication.}, journal = {ACS nano}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c19780}, pmid = {41664488}, issn = {1936-086X}, abstract = {Biofilms formed by bacterial symbiosis significantly strengthen bacterial resistance to external interference and cause chronic infections. Herein, a chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) coarmed bacteriophage cocktail was developed to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by conjugating aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer (AIE PSs), glucose oxidase (GOx), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the bacteriophage surface. Leveraging the particular specificity of the bacteriophage toward host bacteria, the three conjugates can penetrate the biofilm and colocalize on the inner bacterial surface. When thus enriched, AIE PSs exhibited intensified fluorescence, enabling labeling and killing pathogens via photoirradiation-generated singlet oxygen. After combining AIE PSs with GOx/HRP, which can convert glucose nutrients into H2O2 and ultimately to hydroxyl radicals via cascade catalysis, the bactericidal efficiency was dramatically improved compared to individual phage-CDT (>468%) or phage-PDT (>290%) at the same PFU concentration of phage. The colocalized PSs and enzymes on the confined space of the bacterial surface are mutually promoted in the microenvironment of the biofilm, realizing synergistic enhancement. This strengthened bacteriophage cocktail offers an effective strategy for treating biofilm-related clinical superbug infections.}, }
@article {pmid41663050, year = {2026}, author = {Allan-Cardoso, A and Schwelm, A and Rückert, S}, title = {Filling the gaps - New molecular and morphological data of gregarine apicomplexans colonising freshwater invertebrates.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108565}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2026.108565}, pmid = {41663050}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Gregarines (Apicomplexa: Gregarinasina) are widespread protist symbionts of invertebrates, occupying roles across the symbiotic spectrum from mutualism to parasitism. Despite their ecological importance, they remain far less studied than other apicomplexans, leaving many aspects of their diversity, host specificity, and evolutionary history unresolved. This is particularly true for freshwater taxa for which only a handful of small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences from species colonising freshwater hosts are available in public databases. In this study, we screened ten freshwater invertebrates (Arthropoda and Annelida) from streams and rivers in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany, for gregarine infections. Nine eugregarine species were detected and described by combining light and electron microscopy with SSU rDNA sequencing data. We provide new host and locality records, ultrastructural observations, and molecular data for these gregarine species. The SSU phylogenetic analyses reveal a novel well-supported subclade within Gregarinoidea and support the reassignment of the family Metameridae to the Actinocephaloidea. Our findings expand the available molecular and morphological data for freshwater eugregarines and contribute to a clearer picture of their evolutionary relationships.}, }
@article {pmid41662771, year = {2026}, author = {Stonoha-Arther, C and Sun, J and Wang, D}, title = {Transcriptional Regulation of Protein Trafficking Machinery in the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-07-25-0092-R}, pmid = {41662771}, issn = {0894-0282}, abstract = {The model legume Medicago truncatula delivers nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides to the intracellular bacteria within nodules to coerce the microbe into terminal differentiation, which coincides with nitrogen fixation in this species. Inside the host cell, the anterograde protein trafficking pathway is repurposed toward a new compartment, the symbiosome. Precise protein delivery within the nodule is critical to the success of the symbiosis in M. truncatula; without it, nodules form but do not fix nitrogen. For example, when the plant lacks DNF1, the nodule-specific 22 kDa subunit of the signal peptidase complex (SPC), the intracellular bacteria fail to fully differentiate, leading to defective nitrogen fixation. The present study shows that DNF1 became specialized in symbiosis through its nodule-specific expression, and we identified nodule-specific cis-elements that are crucial for that transcriptional control. Furthermore, we identified the nodule-specific SPC catalytic subunit and demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9- induced mutation of this gene causes a symbiosis defect which phenocopies the dnf1 mutant. These results suggest a dedicated signal peptidase complex in the nodule is co-opted for symbiosis through transcriptional regulation.}, }
@article {pmid41660830, year = {2026}, author = {Knoll, M and Mirza, BS}, title = {Soybean root nodule occupancy: competition between Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains inoculated at different plant growth stages.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0248925}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02489-25}, pmid = {41660830}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Soybean is frequently nodulated by species from the Bradyrhizobium (BR) and/or Sinorhizobium (SR) genera. Several factors, such as soil pH, host genotype, geographic location, and other environmental variables, are reported to influence the preferential selection between BR and SR species within soybean root nodules. However, it remains unclear whether the age of the host plant at the time of inoculation affects preferential rhizobial selection. To investigate this, we inoculated soybean plants with different cell densities of BR and SR strains at three time points: at sowing (T0), 2 weeks after germination (T2), and 4 weeks after germination (T4). We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of root nodules and rhizosphere samples to assess the relative abundance of BR and SR in nodules and rhizosphere. We observed a clear shift in nodule occupancy that favored BR at the time of seed sowing (T0) but increasingly favored SR when plants were inoculated at T2 and T4 stages. Specifically, at T4, SR dominated in nodules across all treatments, representing 88%-99% of total sequences, regardless of applied inoculum ratio. In contrast, a similar number of sequences for both strains was detected in the rhizosphere at the time of the final harvest. These results highlight host age as an important ecological driver in legume-rhizobium interactions and suggest that inoculation time strongly influences microsymbiont selection. This information is important in understanding rhizobial competition and optimizing the timing of inoculation for soybeans.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Soybean is one of the world's most valuable crops and fulfills most of its nitrogen requirements by developing symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. This reduces the need for chemical fertilizers by converting atmospheric nitrogen into a plant-useable form of nitrogen. Multiple species from four rhizobial genera can nodulate soybean, and the plant's choice of rhizobial partner is reported to change depending on environmental conditions such as pH, host genotype, geographic location, and other environmental factors. This study explores how the age of the soybean plant affects its preference for two frequently reported beneficial rhizobial species (Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens and Sinorhizobium fredii). By testing inoculation at different growth stages, we discovered that at early growth stages, plants favored Bradyrhizobium, while older plants increasingly selected SR for nodule formation. These findings highlight the level of complexity in plant-microbe interactions and could help optimize bioinoculant strategies for improving sustainability and crop yields.}, }
@article {pmid41660302, year = {2025}, author = {Boba, A and Domańska, A and Kulma, A and Nowosad, K and Kostyn, K}, title = {The role of epigenetics in shaping plant-mycorrhizal interactions and ecosystem resilience.}, journal = {Frontiers in fungal biology}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1718864}, pmid = {41660302}, issn = {2673-6128}, abstract = {Plants establish environmental connections through mycorrhizal symbiosis. These relationships enable them to obtain nutrients and cope with stress while simultaneously exchanging information through subterranean networks. A unified understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal interactions that drive adaptation and survival has not yet been achieved, in part because research on them stems from diverse fields of research, such as mycorrhizal ecology and plant epigenetics. This review presents recent studies demonstrating that epigenetic control serves as a central system enabling plants to adapt and maintain stable relationships with mycorrhizal fungi. We begin by describing different types of mycorrhizae. We then analyze mycorrhizal symbiosis by integrating plant and fungal genomic data with molecular evidence on DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and small RNA pathways. We demonstrate that mycorrhizal symbiosis depends on changing chromatin states, which influence the regulation of the establishment, maintenance, and efficiency of symbiotic connections. They also regulate the balance between nutrient uptake and defense. They may underlie mycorrhizal stress and transgenerational "memory." We review studies showing that RNA interference between different species enables reorganization of gene expression between plant and fungal cells. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps and propose future research directions aimed at discovering reliable markers of mycorrhizal responses for epi-breeding and the development of climate-resilient agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41535777, year = {2026}, author = {Singh, NK and Singh, BK and Gidhi, A and Srivastava, H and Pandey, A and Kumar, S and Pattanayak, A and Bhadana, VP and Rakshit, S and Tribhuvan, KU}, title = {Chloroplast genome sequencing in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) and comparative analysis with other legumes.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {264}, pmid = {41535777}, issn = {1471-2229}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) is a fast-growing, underutilized legume adapted to hot and humid regions and valued for its high nutritional content and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, making it suitable for crop rotation and intercropping systems. In this study, we generated high-coverage short-read sequencing data and assembled the complete chloroplast genome of winged bean. The plastome is 151,571 bp in length and comprises 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs, organized in a typical quadripartite structure. We identified 84 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), two compound SSRs, and 15 variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). Comparative analyses with representative legume plastomes revealed strong clade-wise conservation of genome organization, gene content, and GC composition, together with localized variation at IR–SSC junctions consistent with plastome isomerism rather than fixed structural rearrangements. Phylogenomic reconstruction based on complete chloroplast gene sets robustly placed P. tetragonolobus within the Phaseoleae (Millettioid) lineage, consistent with current legume systematics. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicated pervasive purifying selection across chloroplast protein-coding genes, with limited relaxation of constraint in a small subset of loci, while codon usage patterns showed a pronounced A/U-ending bias typical of legume plastomes. Overall, this study provides the first complete chloroplast genome resource for winged bean and supports future comparative genomics, evolutionary studies, and crop improvement in legumes.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-026-08150-4.}, }
@article {pmid41660198, year = {2026}, author = {Ulanova, D and Mezaki, T and Kubota, S}, title = {Mycobacteria isolated from temperate stony corals.}, journal = {microPublication biology}, volume = {2026}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41660198}, issn = {2578-9430}, abstract = {In marine environment, actinobacteria are widely distributed in water and sediments, and form symbiotic relationships with higher organisms. In this study, we isolated 49 actinobacterial strains from three temperate stony corals , Pocillopora damicornis , Acropora hyacinthus and Acropora muricata . More than 60% of obtained actinobacterial isolates belonged to mycolic acid-containing genera, particularly members of the family Mycobacteriaceae . Our results combined with the previous studies demonstrated that these actinobacteria are frequently associated with coral hosts worldwide.}, }
@article {pmid41659446, year = {2026}, author = {Ke, YH and Bazzicalupo, A and Ruytinx, J and Lofgren, L and Bruns, T and Branco, S and Looney, B and Hirose, D and Tedersoo, L and Peintner, U and Rojas, JA and Liao, HL and Plett, J and Anderson, I and Lipzen, A and Kuo, A and Barry, K and Grigoriev, I and Hoeksema, JD and Nguyen, NH and Kennedy, PG and Vilgalys, R}, title = {Global population structures and demographic history of Suillus luteus , a pine co-introduced ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with exotic forestry and invasion.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.01.27.699563}, pmid = {41659446}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Human colonization since the 19 [th] century has resulted in the global spread of pines across the Southern Hemisphere, well beyond their original northern boreal distribution. Such introductions moved not only the pines but also expanded the distribution of their symbiotic partners. Although the introduction of pines is documented through historical records, little is known about the introduction history of their ectomycorrhizal fungi, which are critical symbionts for the survival and invasion of pines. Using Suillus luteus as an example, population genomic analyses of 208 individuals across both native and introduced ranges showed that all introductions originated from Europe, likely mediated by human activities along with pine introductions. With the exception of North America, introduced populations were genetically differentiated from the Europe population, with varying magnitudes of population expansion in different introduced regions, often linked to forestry practices. Genetic variation within the native European population followed isolation by distance, but not in the introduced range, highlighting the disparity in the spatial genetic patterns of native versus exotic habitats. This study provides insight into the population genetics of a globally introduced ectomycorrhizal fungus whose introduction process is likely applicable to other pine-co-introduced ectomycorrhizal fungi.}, }
@article {pmid41657995, year = {2025}, author = {Parveen, G and Ansari, WA and Kumar, N and Jaiswal, DK}, title = {Harnessing secondary metabolites of endophytic microbes: a next-generation biopesticide for crop disease management.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1705702}, pmid = {41657995}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {This review highlights the potential of endophytic microorganisms and their secondary metabolites as innovative biopesticides for sustainable disease management in agriculture. Agriculture faces substantial challenges from phytopathogens, resulting in significant economic losses worldwide, which are typically addressed with synthetic pesticides that pose environmental and health hazards. Endophytic microorganisms residing within plant tissues without inducing disease provide a natural defence alternative by synthesising a variety of beneficial secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and peptides. These chemicals serve as ecological mediators, directly inhibiting pathogens, promoting plant systemic resistance, and improving nutrient absorption and stress resilience. The review elucidates the biosynthesis routes of these metabolites, their ecological functions, and the symbiotic chemical interactions between endophytes and host plants that enhance plant growth and defence. Bacterial endophytes, including Bacillus and Pseudomonas, generate lipopeptides that compromise pathogen membranes and to improve plant immunity, whereas fungal endophytes, such as Trichoderma and Penicillium, produce antifungal and insecticidal agents. The manuscript additionally examines the molecular mechanisms that govern these relationships, encompassing phytohormonal signalling and quorum sensing. While the potential of endophytic microorganisms as biopesticides is promising, significant gaps remain in our understanding of their long-term ecosystem effects, molecular mechanisms, and scalable manufacturing techniques. This review highlights the importance of comprehensive research to fully harness the biotechnological potential of endophytes. Integrating their secondary metabolites into crop protection strategies could reduce our reliance on chemical pesticides, promoting environmental sustainability and food security. Understanding the long-term ecosystem effects of endophytic microorganisms is crucial for bolstering resilient agricultural systems globally.}, }
@article {pmid41657908, year = {2026}, author = {Zhao, Z and Shi, S and Zhang, L and An, M and Wen, P and Sang, Y and Feng, H and Hou, B and He, J and Hung, WL and Li, B and Zhao, L and Li, X and Wang, R}, title = {Metabolic modulation of yogurt fermentation kinetics and acidification by Bifidobacterium-starter culture interactions.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {1724590}, pmid = {41657908}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Probiotic-fortified yogurt has gained substantial consumer preference owing to its well-documented health benefits. However, stability of probiotic yogurt necessitates a comprehensive understanding of microbial dynamics throughout fermentation and storage.<br><br>METHODS: This study employed an integrated approach combining fermentation kinetics, post-acidification profiling, and untargeted metabolomics to explore the complex interactions between three Bifidobacterium strains (B. animalis 23426, B. bifidum 91, and B. longum BB68S) and starter cultures (HYY) during symbiotic fermentation.<br><br>RESULTS: The results demonstrate that Bifidobacterium supplementation notably enhanced the biomass of S. thermophilus (8.13-8.54 lg CFU/mL) after 2 h by upregulating galactose catabolism and riboflavin biosynthesis, thereby reducing fermentation time by 0.5 to 2 h. In contrast, competitive exclusion effects caused a decrease in L. bulgaricus biomass by 0.2 to 0.8 log CFU/mL. Over 21-day of refrigerated storage, the acid accumulation in Bifidobacterium-enriched yogurts was significantly lower (&#x394; 3.08-7.49 &#xb0;T) than in HYY yogurt (&#x394; 9.42 &#xb0;T), primarily by downregulation key metabolic pathways involving glycerophospholipid metabolism, branched-chain and aromatic amino acid metabolism, and cofactor biosynthesis, leading to reduced post-acidification.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Therefore, Bifidobacterium accelerates fermentation by promoting S. thermophilus biomass while mitigating post-acidification by inhibiting L. bulgaricus. The results provide a scientific basis for developing next-generation probiotic yogurts with controlled acidification profiles and improved shelf-life characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid41657032, year = {2026}, author = {Zhou, X and Fan, W and Chen, C and Chen, X and Yang, Y and Wu, L and Gu, J and Yan, L and Tao, J and Wu, X and Lv, X and Chen, C}, title = {Information-Guided Fusion of Multimodal Vibrational Spectroscopy for Disease Diagnosis Based on Symbiotic Attention Decoupled Contrastive Learning.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5c06086}, pmid = {41657032}, issn = {1520-6882}, abstract = {Vibrational spectroscopy has gained significant attention in medical diagnosis due to its high sensitivity and nondestructive nature. Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy complement each other in their selection rules, vibration responses, and wavenumber coverage. Combining these two techniques can overcome the limitations of individual spectra, enhancing the accuracy of molecular structure identification. However, existing deep learning fusion methods often overlook the diagnostic advantages of different modalities, leading to overreliance on strong modalities or interference from weak modality noise, resulting in unstable fusion and imbalanced information flow. We propose a Symbiotic Attention Fusion Decoupled Network (SAFDN) to effectively model the information guidance mechanism. In the prefusion stage, we combine multilayer perceptrons and convolutional neural networks for intramodal encoding, laying the foundation for cross-modal fusion. Then, we design Symbiotic Attention Fusion (SAF) and Parasitic Attention Fusion (PAF) mechanisms to simulate biological symbiosis and parasitism, achieving a differentiated information enhancement. Finally, a supervised multimodal contrastive learning decoupling network is introduced to balance cross-modal consistency and intramodal cohesion, improving feature decoupling and semantic fusion. Experiments on cancer, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular disease data sets show that SAFDN outperforms existing methods, achieving accuracy and AUC values of 90.49%/0.9649, 95.48%/0.9866, and 96.67%/0.9934, respectively. SAFDN validates the advantages of the symbiotic effect in vibrational spectroscopy disease classification tasks through an in-depth comparison and analysis of fusion and loss mode ratios. This model provides an efficient solution for rapid, noninvasive precision medical diagnosis, improving the accuracy and interpretability of disease classification.}, }
@article {pmid41656827, year = {2026}, author = {Upadhyay, SK}, title = {Strigolactones Targeting Plant-Microbe Dialogues From Roots to Soil: Unlocking Pathways for Sustainable Agriculture.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {e70787}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70787}, pmid = {41656827}, issn = {1399-3054}, mesh = {*Lactones/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; *Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; *Agriculture/methods ; *Soil Microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Signal Transduction ; Plant Development ; }, abstract = {Strigolactones (SLs) are phytohormones derived from carotenoids that influence various aspects of plant growth, development, and the ability of plants to respond to environmental changes and microbial interactions. Initially categorized as shoot branching inhibitors, SLs are now recognized as crucial rhizospheric signaling molecules that govern nutrient availability, hormonal control, and microbial interactions. Despite significant progress in SL biology, a cohesive synthesis connecting SL molecular signaling, rhizosphere communication, and stress tolerance remains fragmented, hindering their practical use in sustainable agriculture. A more comprehensive understanding of their synthesis process (D27-CCD7/8-MAX1-CLA cascade), their perception (D14-MAX2-SMXL module), and the impact of SMXL7 on chromatin has revealed significant implications on physiology. To enhance plant development under stress conditions, SLs drive auxin transport, regulate ABA-dependent stress signaling, influence the antagonistic effects of cytokinins, and coordinate gibberellin activity with the circadian rhythm. SLs augment arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, stimulate nodulation, and attract plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria through chemotactic and metabolic interactions. Using GR24 and SL-conjugated nanomaterials enhances plant resistance to drought, salt, and metal stress. Modifying SL-transporters with CRISPR improves SL signaling and fosters beneficial symbiotic associations. The study is crucial because it underscores the importance of SLs in recruiting beneficial microorganisms and facilitating microbial-hormonal interactions. This review proposes a cohesive conceptual framework that integrates receptor specificity, rhizospheric sensing, and microbial response, beyond mere descriptive synthesis. It sets distinct research targets, such as receptor-specific SL-analogues, in situ sensing techniques, and tailored SL-responsive microbial consortia, to make biostimulation more precise and assist crops in withstanding climatic stress more effectively.}, }
@article {pmid41656734, year = {2026}, author = {Gupta, GS and Madheshiya, P and Mishra, AK and Gupta, S and Mishra, S and Tiwari, S}, title = {Climate Change and Nitrogen-Fixing Legumes: Investigating Stress-Modulated Dynamics of Carbon Fixation and Root Nodulation.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70419}, pmid = {41656734}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//Institute of Eminence/ ; }, abstract = {In the Anthropocene era, climate change is increasingly subjecting the crops to overlapping abiotic stressors such as drought, elevated temperatures, and air pollution, thereby disrupting their physiological integrity and functional performance. This review synthesises current knowledge on responses of N2-fixing plants to such stressors, focusing on core physiological processes and symbiotic nitrogen fixation via nodulation. The intricate interdependence between these traits is explored through the lens of altered source-sink relationships, which are highly sensitive to multifactorial environmental perturbations. A key emphasis is placed on the emerging concept of multi-stress interactions, where the convergence of abiotic stressors leads to nonlinear, often compounding effects on plant metabolism, growth, and resource allocation. The modulatory role of elevated atmospheric CO2 (carbon fertilisation effect) is also examined, particularly in enhancing photosynthetic assimilation, and sustaining nitrogen-fixing potential under stress. By identifying critical knowledge gaps and integrating physiological, biochemical, and ecological insights, this review provides a holistic framework to understand legume function under compounded climate threats. Such understanding is pivotal for breeding climate-resilient legumes that not only withstand abiotic stresses but also sustain yield and soil health. This discourse directly contributes to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), by highlighting the role of legumes in securing global food systems and ecological resilience in the face of climate uncertainty.}, }
@article {pmid41655013, year = {2026}, author = {Ma, C and Yang, M and Dong, X and Zhu, Z and Zhao, H and Lei, C and Chen, Z and Yu, X and Couzigou, JM and Zhang, H and Wu, X and Ratet, P and Chen, Q and Xin, D and Wang, J}, title = {The soybean GTPase RAC1 interacts with the rhizobial effector NopC to promote root nodulation and increase yield.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101752}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2026.101752}, pmid = {41655013}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {Rhizobial type-Ⅲ effectors (T3Es) contribute to establishing symbiotic interactions with legume host plants, alongside Nod factors. However, the functions of most rhizobial T3Es, as well as the regulatory and molecular mechanisms underlying their symbiotic effects on hosts, particularly in soybean, are poorly documented. Here, we characterize the function of the T3E Nodulation Outer Protein C (NopC) in the broad-host-range rhizobium Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 for promoting symbiosis in soybean. NopC genotype influences root nodulation across diverse host germplasm and this is further influenced by GmRAC1, encoding a ROP/RAC family GTPase in soybean. GmRAC1 physically interacts with NopC to subsequently induce the expression of the essential symbiotic genes GmNIN2a/2b and GmENOD40. Knock-down of GmNIN2a/2b results in NopC failing to promote symbiosis, and Gmrac1 mutants have fewer nodules than the wild type. NopC facilitates multiple infection stages whereas the requirement for GmRAC1 is pronounced for infection-thread progression and nodule-primordia initiation. Natural variation in the GmRAC1 promoter largely dictates the symbiotic contribution of NopC during symbiotic establishment, and elite GmRAC1 haplotypes with strong expression were artificially selected in soybean breeding. Transgenic over-expression level and elite GmRAC1 haplotypes increase plant height, 100-seed weight and soybean yield. GmRAC1 serves as a key regulator of NopC-mediated symbiosis promotion and offers translational potential for enhanced symbiotic nitrogen fixation in molecular breeding of soybean.}, }
@article {pmid41654556, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Q and Mo, L and Shen, Y and Pang, Z and Fallah, N and Chen, B and Yuan, Z}, title = {Nitrogen starvation induces arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to optimize resource allocation in sugarcane roots via suppression of basal metabolism.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41522-026-00927-7}, pmid = {41654556}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {Guike AA22117004//the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Special Project/ ; }, abstract = {The interplay between nutrient availability and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis during plant growth exhibits intricate complexity. In this study, we employ integrated physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses to investigate how sugarcane differentially adapts to nitrogen (N) fertilization and AMF colonization. Under nitrogen stress conditions, AMF colonization significantly enhances sugarcane growth, increasing plant height, stem diameter, and biomass while stimulating root exudation and rhizospheric nutrient mobilization-particularly available N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Multi-omics analyses reveal that AMF induces nitrogen-dependent metabolic reprogramming in sugarcane roots, activating pathways such as carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways while suppressing butanoate and ascorbate metabolism. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identifies key root modules strongly correlated with soil N, P, and K availability, indicating AMF-mediated coordination of nutrient acquisition strategies. Field trials demonstrate that AMF boost sugarcane yield under nitrogen stress by enhancing root elongation and carbon partitioning for sucrose accumulation. Temporal integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data highlights flavonoid biosynthesis as a persistently activated pathway across growth stages, potentially facilitating AMF symbiosis and stress resilience. Our findings elucidate how sugarcane optimizes AMF-mediated nutrient acquisition under nitrogen stress through root transcriptional and metabolic adjustments, providing insights for sustainable crop nutrient management.}, }
@article {pmid41654530, year = {2026}, author = {Michalik, A and Franco, DC and Deng, J and Prus-Frankowska, M and Stroiński, A and Łukasik, P}, title = {Convergent extreme reductive evolution in ancient planthopper symbioses.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-69238-x}, pmid = {41654530}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {2017/26/D/NZ8/00799//Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre)/ ; 2021/41/B/NZ8/04526//Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre)/ ; 2018/30/E/NZ8/00880//Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre)/ ; }, abstract = {Strictly heritable endosymbiotic bacteria that provide limiting nutrients to sap-sucking hemipteran insects are known for their highly reduced genomes conserved in organization and function. Here, we show how in ancestral endosymbionts of planthoppers, Sulcia and Vidania, which have been gradually losing genes during ~263 my of co-diversification with hosts, co-infections by additional microbes and host ecological switches coincided with more dramatic genomic changes. At its extremes, this has resulted in the smallest non-organellar bacterial genomes known, at barely 50-52 kb. Such minuscule Vidania genomes evolved convergently in two planthopper superfamilies, and are strikingly similar in gene contents, including the ability to produce a single amino acid (phenylalanine) for the host. Losing many additional cell-function genes places them very close to organelles of symbiotic origin in the level of host dependence, further blurring the bacteria-organelle boundary.}, }
@article {pmid41653727, year = {2026}, author = {Sahu, SR and Vishwakarma, N and Sharma, N and Singh, PP and Singh, K and Kumar, D and Kumar, M and Sharma, A}, title = {Advances in carbon capture, conversion, and utilization: A review of sustainable chemical production pathways.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {401}, number = {}, pages = {128869}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.128869}, pmid = {41653727}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Rising carbon emissions have intensified global climate change, creating an urgent need for innovative solutions that generate value while also reducing emissions. Carbon capture, conversion, and utilization (CCCU) is a transformational technique that captures and converts CO2 from energy and industrial sources into valuable fuels, chemicals, and materials. This review examines the current state of CCCU technologies, highlighting innovative materials including solvents, solid sorbents, and membranes, as well as main CO2 capture methodologies like pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion. Emerging conversion technologies include photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and biochemical pathways, with an emphasis on the synthesis of methanol, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dimethyl ether (DME), urea, and formic acid. The role of nanomaterials and bio-inspired systems in enhancing conversion efficiency is also explored. Industrial case studies and life-cycle assessments demonstrate the economic and environmental viability of CCCU, particularly when paired with renewable energy sources such as green hydrogen. Despite promising progress, CCCU still faces technical, economic, and infrastructural challenges related to energy consumption, scalability, and policy support. Looking to the future, research should focus on creating hybrid systems that can combine capture and conversion in a single process, developing more advanced catalysts, designing flexible modular reactors, and improving efficiency using machine learning. CCCU can be unlocked to its full potential by integrating it into circular economy frameworks and industrial symbiosis models. CCCU promotes decarbonization by transforming CO2 waste into a valuable resource. This aligns economic growth with environmental responsibility and fosters sustainable development. This review focuses on the commercial viability of CCCU. The conference emphasized the critical importance of technological innovation and strategic implementation in establishing renewable energy as the foundation for a low-carbon, climate-resilient future.}, }
@article {pmid41622806, year = {2026}, author = {McKee, CD and Webb, CT and Kosoy, MY and Suu-Ire, R and Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y and Cunningham, AA and Wood, JLN and Hayman, DTS}, title = {Manipulating vector transmission reveals local processes in Bartonella communities of bats.}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182026101656}, pmid = {41622806}, issn = {1469-8161}, abstract = {Infectious diseases result from multiple interactions among microbes and hosts, but community ecology approaches are rarely applied. Manipulation of vector populations provides a unique opportunity to test the importance of vectors in infection cycles while also observing changes in pathogen community diversity and species interactions. Yet for many vector-borne infections in wildlife, a biological vector has not been experimentally verified, and few manipulative studies have been performed. Using a captive colony of fruit bats in Ghana, we conducted the first study to experimentally test the role of bat flies as vectors of Bartonella species. We observed changes in the Bartonella bacteria community over time following the decline of bat flies and again after their subsequent restocking. Reduced transmission rates led to microbial community changes attributed to ecological drift and potential species sorting through interspecific competition mediated by host immunity. We demonstrate that forces maintaining diversity in communities of free-living macroorganisms act in similar ways in communities of symbiotic microorganisms, both within and among hosts.}, }
@article {pmid41652898, year = {2026}, author = {Beltrán-Torres, G and De La Cruz, HJ and Maury, S and Janoušková, M and Veneault-Fourrey, C and Latzel, V and Courty, PE and Duruflé, H and Tost, J and Sammarco, I}, title = {Epigenetic regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses: from plastic responses to transgenerational legacies.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70982}, pmid = {41652898}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {RVO 67985939//Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences/ ; ANR-24-PEAE-0001//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; GACR 23-04749S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, abstract = {Mycorrhizal symbioses represent one of the most widespread and ecologically significant plant-microbe interactions, shaping plant nutrition, stress resilience, and ecosystem functioning. Beyond their role in nutrient exchange and systemic defense, growing evidence suggests that these symbioses also influence plant plasticity within and across generations through epigenetic regulation. These mechanisms operate throughout the mutualistic interaction, from fungal recognition and root colonization to symbiosis functioning, by regulating gene networks that control signaling, defense suppression, and nutrient exchange. By integrating environmental cues into potentially heritable gene regulatory states, epigenetic regulation fine-tunes within-generation responses and may also contribute to effects across generations, thereby influencing adaptation and resilience. The extent of mycorrhiza-induced epigenetic inheritance likely depends on the host's reproductive strategy and lifespan. Clonal propagation and shorter-lived hosts tend to preserve epigenetic marks, whereas sexual reproduction and longer-lived species show partial resetting. This contrast shapes offspring performance, ecological interactions, and evolutionary trajectories. Here, we synthesize current knowledge on the epigenetic regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses, draw parallels with other plant-microorganism interactions (including plant-pathogens and plant-endophytes), highlight its role in within-generation plasticity and propose a potential role across generations. We outline future research directions to disentangle the stability, ecological relevance, and evolutionary significance of mycorrhiza-mediated epigenetic inheritance.}, }
@article {pmid41651145, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Sun, T and Li, L and Wang, M and Hu, B and Chen, Z and Hu, S}, title = {Synergistic effects of carbon dots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on mitigating PFAS stress and reinforcing the purification performance of constructed wetlands.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {295}, number = {}, pages = {123952}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.123952}, pmid = {41651145}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are highly persistent pollutants that disrupt plant-microbe interactions and compromise the performance of constructed wetlands (CWs). Here, we demonstrate a synergistic strategy combining carbon dots (CDs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to alleviate PFAS-induced stress and enhance CW remediation efficiency. CD amendment markedly improved plant physiological performance under PFAS exposure, increasing photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activities, while simultaneously facilitating AMF colonization. Under high PFAS concentrations, the AMF-CDs treatment increased AMF colonization density by 33.3-100% relative to AMF alone, indicating substantial protection of symbiotic functionality. Metagenomic and community analyses revealed that the AMF- CDs combination reshaped the rhizosphere microbiome, enriching taxa such as Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Campylobacterota that are functionally linked to nitrogen cycling, PFAS transformation, and metabolic resilience. These microbial shifts enhanced nutrient turnover and strengthened redox coupling processes critical for pollutant degradation. Consequently, the AMF-CDs system achieved pronounced improvements in water quality, with total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and NH4[+]-N removal efficiencies elevated by 34.3-158.3% compared with untreated controls. This study provides the first evidence that CDs function as nano-bridging agents that stabilize the root-microbe interface, reinforce AMF-plant symbiosis, and drive microbial community specialization toward pollutant degradation. The AMF-CDs synergistic mechanism offers a sustainable and scalable nano-bio strategy for restoring PFAS-contaminated ecosystems and advancing next generation constructed wetland technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41651116, year = {2026}, author = {Graber, LC and Moreau, CS}, title = {Insect-microbiome interactions in a changing world.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101495}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2026.101495}, pmid = {41651116}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Humans have greatly altered the Earth and its environments through activities such as agriculture, industry, and urbanization. In recent years, the impact of anthropogenic global change on insect populations has become a topic of increased interest, with much written for both scientists and the public on how insect populations are in decline due to climate change, land use change, and exposure to chemical pollution. Additionally, many insects host microbial symbionts, which some insect species rely on for a wide range of physiological needs such as nutrient acquisition, detoxifying diet substrate, or reproduction. This review summarizes recent experimental and observational studies on the effects of anthropogenic global change on insect microbial symbioses from multiple ecosystems and continents, with a focus on the impacts of climate change and habitat loss and degradation. Each of these modes of change has been demonstrated to affect the composition of insect microbial communities, with reduction of species diversity within microbial communities (alpha diversity) as the most common result. Results of experimental study on heat stress response in bacterial symbionts suggest that warming temperatures often associated with climate change may have direct impacts on symbiont mortality, as symbionts tend to be more sensitive to thermal stress than free-living bacteria. Habitat loss and degradation impact insect microbial symbionts via the changed microbiomes of host food and environmental substrate. Chemical pollution associated with habitat degradation has altered the microbiomes of insects, though some insects may be able to detoxify chemical pollutants with symbiotic microbial taxa. While early research has shown that human-induced climate change can have negative impacts on insect symbionts, there is still much to learn about how the changing world will impact insect microbiomes and how this in turn will impact entire ecosystems at a global scale.}, }
@article {pmid41650968, year = {2026}, author = {Naragon, TH and Viliunas, JW and Yousefelahiyeh, M and Brückner, A and Wagner, JM and Okamoto, KE and Ryon, HM and Collinson, D and Kitchen, SA and Wijker, RS and Sessions, AL and Parker, J}, title = {Symbiotic entrenchment through ecological Catch-22.}, journal = {Cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2025.12.041}, pmid = {41650968}, issn = {1097-4172}, abstract = {Why symbiotic organisms evolve irreversible dependencies on hosts is an outstanding question. We report a biological stealth device in a beetle that permits infiltration of ant societies. Via transcriptional silencing, the beetle switches off biosynthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs)-body surface pheromones that function pleiotropically as a waxy desiccation barrier. Silencing transforms the beetle into a chemical blank slate onto which ant CHCs are transferred via grooming behavior, leading to perfect chemical mimicry and acceptance into the colony. Silencing is irreversible, however, forcing the beetle into a chronic dependence on ants to both maintain mimicry and prevent desiccation. We show that evolutionary reversion of the silencing mechanism would render the beetle detectable to ants; conversely, reversion of the beetle's attraction to ants would render it desiccation prone. Symbiotic entrenchment can thus arise from epistasis between symbiotic traits, locking lineages into a Catch-22 that obstructs reversion to living freely.}, }
@article {pmid41650653, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, B and Kuo, CH and Liu, CH and Lee, YK and Kao, JK and Fan, CH and Wu, FC and Liu, LL and Chiu, K and Chen, YY}, title = {Differential metabolomic shifts in jellyfish tissues exposed to artificial light spectra.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1017}, number = {}, pages = {181454}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181454}, pmid = {41650653}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {This study aimed to determine how different light spectra affect the growth and metabolism of the upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea andromeda, which relies on symbiotic algae for energy. Jellyfish were reared for 60 days under seven light conditions-red, yellow, white, blue, green, ultraviolet (UV), or complete darkness-while monitoring survival, growth, and metabolic changes. White, blue, and green lights yielded the highest growth and 100% survival. By contrast, red and yellow light produced moderate growth, whereas UV or darkness caused severely stunted growth and high mortality. Untargeted metabolomic profiling (UHPLC-MS/MS) detected ~380 metabolites, with amino acids and fatty acids comprising the major metabolite classes. Different spectra induced distinct metabolic profiles: bell tissues under white and blue/green light showed broader metabolic shifts (e.g., upregulated osmolyte and amino acid pathways), while tentacle tissues maintained more stable profiles enriched in unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. These findings demonstrate that light spectrum significantly shapes jellyfish physiology and metabolism, advancing our understanding of cnidarian photobiology. Optimizing spectral exposure (e.g., using green or blue light) could enhance jellyfish health in aquaculture and inform strategies to mitigate jellyfish blooms under artificial lighting conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41650214, year = {2026}, author = {Bisot, C and Galvez, LO and Kahane, F and van Son, M and Turcu, B and Broekman, R and Lin, KK and Bontenbal, P and Winter, MK and Kokkoris, V and West, SA and Godin, C and Kiers, ET and Shimizu, TS}, title = {Carbon-phosphorus exchange rate constrains density-speed trade-off in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {6}, pages = {e2512182123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2512182123}, pmid = {41650214}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {0029//Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP)/ ; 101076062//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 834164//EC | Horizon Europe | Excellent Science | HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 0029//Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP)/ ; NA//Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment (TGF)/ ; NA//Arthur J. Schmitt Foundation (Schmitt Foundation)/ ; NA//Paul G. Allen Family Foundation (PGAFF)/ ; NA//Ammodo Foundation/ ; NA//Hefner Foundation/ ; NA//Quadrature Climate Foundation (QCF)/ ; NA//Bezos Earth Fung/ ; 202.012//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)/ ; SPI.2023.2//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Carbon/metabolism ; *Phosphorus/metabolism ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Machine Learning ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their host plants varies widely depending on their physical, chemical, and biological environment. Yet dissecting this context dependency remains challenging because we lack methods for tracking nutrients such as carbon (C) and phosphorus (P). Here, we developed an approach to quantitatively estimate C and P fluxes in the AM symbiosis from comprehensive network morphology quantification, achieved by robotic imaging and machine learning based on roughly 100 million hyphal shape measurements. We found that rates of C transfer from the plant and P transfer from the fungus were, on average, related proportionally to one another. This ratio was nearly invariant across AM fungal strains despite contrasting growth phenotypes but was strongly affected by plant host genotype. Fungal phenotype distributions were bounded by a Pareto front with a shape favoring specialization in an exploration-exploitation trade-off. This means AM fungi can be fast range expanders or fast resource extractors, but not both. Manipulating the C/P exchange rate by swapping the plant host genotype shifted this Pareto front, indicating that the exchange rate constrains possible AM fungal growth strategies. We show by mathematical modeling how AM fungal growth at fixed exchange rate leads to qualitatively different symbiotic outcomes depending on fungal traits and nutrient availability.}, }
@article {pmid41649704, year = {2025}, author = {Lv, C and Huang, YZ and Luan, JB}, title = {Correction: Insect‒microbe symbiosis-based strategies offer a new avenue for the management of insect pests and their transmitted pathogens.}, journal = {Crop health}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {3}, pmid = {41649704}, issn = {2948-1945}, }
@article {pmid41649656, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, Z and Qi, F}, title = {Engineering strigolactone signaling: toward crops that resist parasites without sacrificing symbiosis.}, journal = {Crop health}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {13}, pmid = {41649656}, issn = {2948-1945}, support = {32400234//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024M762854//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41649480, year = {2026}, author = {Becerra-Rivera, VA and Ide, AA and Reyes-González, AR and Dunn, MF}, title = {Divergent and overlapping roles of homospermidine and spermidine in Sinorhizobium meliloti physiology and symbiotic performance.}, journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)}, volume = {172}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/mic.0.001668}, pmid = {41649480}, issn = {1465-2080}, mesh = {*Sinorhizobium meliloti/genetics/physiology/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Spermidine/metabolism/analogs &amp; derivatives ; *Symbiosis ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Medicago sativa/microbiology ; Mutation ; Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; Nitrogen Fixation ; }, abstract = {Unlike most rhizobia, Sinorhizobium meliloti produces spermidine (Spd) in addition to putrescine (Put) and homospermidine (HSpd) as soluble intracellular polyamines. To investigate their roles, we analysed S. meliloti Rm8530 mutants lacking hss (homospermidine synthase, smc04016) or casdh (carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase, smb21630), as well as a double mutant. Biochemical and phenotypic characterization confirmed that hss and casdh are responsible for HSpd and Spd synthesis, respectively, and showed that these structurally similar molecules exert both distinct and overlapping physiological functions. The hss and hss casdh mutants exhibited reduced swimming motility, which was fully restored by HSpd or hss complementation, but not by Spd or casdh. In contrast, swarming motility defects in the double mutant were rescued by either gene or polyamine. Biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production were largely unaffected. The hss mutant grew normally in minimal medium and formed effective symbioses with alfalfa, whereas the casdh mutant showed slightly delayed growth and reduced nitrogen fixation. The double mutant displayed a pronounced growth lag and significantly lower plant biomass and nitrogen fixation. The expression of hss and casdh was lower in the quorum-sensing-competent strain Rm8530 than in the quorum sensing-deficient strain 1021, with hss expressed about tenfold higher than casdh despite Spd being more abundant in the cells. These results highlight complementary and partially interchangeable roles of spermidine and homospermidine across S. meliloti growth and symbiotic functions.}, }
@article {pmid41649168, year = {2026}, author = {Guha, S and Bledsoe, RB and Sutherland, J and Epstein, B and Fry, GM and Venugopal, V and Sankari, S and Polo, AG and Levin, G and Geddes, B and Young, ND and Tiffin, P and Burghardt, LT}, title = {Mutations in legume genes that influence symbiosis create a complex selective landscape for rhizobial symbionts.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag005}, pmid = {41649168}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {In the mutualism between leguminous plants and rhizobia bacteria, rhizobia live inside root nodules, creating potential for host genes to shape the rhizobial selective environment. Many host genes that affect symbiosis have been identified; however, the extent to which these genes affect selection acting on rhizobia is unknown. In this study, we inoculated 18 Medicago truncatula symbiotic mutants (including mutants that alter Nodule Cysteine-Rich (NCR) peptide production, plant defence, and nodule number regulation) with a mixture of 86 Sinorhizobium meliloti strains. Most mutations resulted in reduced host benefits, but the effects on rhizobial benefit (i.e., relative strain fitness) varied widely, revealing widespread host-by-strain fitness interactions. Genome-wide association analyses identified variants on rhizobial replicons pSymA and pSymB as important in mediating strain fitness responses to host mutations. Whereas most top variants affected rhizobial fitness with one host mutation (limited effect variants), nine affected fitness across six or more host mutations. These pervasive variants occurred primarily on pSymA, the symbiotic replicon, and include fixL and some metabolic genes. In contrast to the limited effect variants, variants with pervasive positive effects on strain fitness when host genes were mutated tended to adversely affect fitness in wild-type hosts. Competition assays across Medicago genotypes confirmed a pervasive role for one candidate (malonyl-CoA synthase), and AlphaFold multimer modelling suggests that many rhizobial top candidates could interact with host NCR peptides. Our results reveal how host genetic mutations alter strain fitness, setting the stage for improving rhizobial inoculants and breeding legume hosts better adapted to multi-strain environments.}, }
@article {pmid41648569, year = {2026}, author = {Gabandé-Rodríguez, E and Gómez de Las Heras, MM and Ramírez-Ruiz de Erenchun, P and Simó, C and García-Cañas, V and Inohara, N and Berenguer-López, I and Enríquez-Zarralanga, V and Fernández-Almeida, &#xc1; and Oller, J and Soto-Heredero, G and Carrasco, E and Delgado-Pulido, S and Escrig-Larena, JI and Francos-Quijorna, I and Justo-Méndez, R and Aranda, JF and Poulton, J and Lechuga-Vieco, AV and Enríquez, JA and Núñez, G and Mittelbrunn, M}, title = {Butyrate extends health and lifespan in mice with mitochondrial deficiency.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.01.13.699287}, pmid = {41648569}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Mitochondrial diseases progressively lead to multisystemic failure with treatment options remaining extremely limited. To investigate novel strategies that alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction, we have generated an ubiquitous and tamoxifen-inducible knockout mouse model of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a nuclear-encoded protein involved in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance - Tfam [fl/fl] Ub [Cre-ERT2] (iTfamKO) mice. Systemic TFAM deficiency triggers mitochondrial decline in a myriad of tissues in adult mice. Consequently, iTfamKO mice manifest multiorgan dysfunction including lipodystrophy, sarcopenia, metabolic alterations, kidney failure, neurodegeneration, and locomotor dysregulation, which result in the premature death of these mice. Interestingly, iTfamKO mice display intestinal barrier disruption and gut dysbiosis, with diminished levels of microbiota-derived short-fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate. Mice with a deficient proof-reading version of the mtDNA polymerase gamma (mtDNA-mutator mice) phenocopy the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier and bacterial dysbiosis with reduced levels of butyrate, suggesting that different mouse models of mitochondrial dysfunction share deficient generation of butyrate. Transfer of microbiota from healthy control mice or administration of tributyrin, a butyrate precursor, delay multiple signs of multimorbidity extending lifespan in iTfamKO mice. Mechanistically, butyrate supplementation recovers epigenetic histone acylation marks that are lost in the intestine of Tfam deficient mice. Overall, our findings highlight the relevance of preserving host-microbiota symbiosis in disorders related to mitochondrial dysfunction.}, }
@article {pmid41648409, year = {2026}, author = {Oakes, C and Beilinson, V and McFall-Ngai, MJ and Pachter, L}, title = {Uniform pre-processing of bacterial single-cell RNA-seq.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2025.12.04.692398}, pmid = {41648409}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Bacteria are highly heterogeneous, even under controlled conditions, making single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) essential for studying microbial diversity and symbiosis. Since its first application in 2015, bacterial scRNA-seq has expanded, but different assays depend on distinct, custom, in-house preprocessing making it difficult to analyze data as part of a unified workflow. The kallisto-bustools suite of tools has enabled uniform pre-processing of eukaryotic scRNA-seq while also reducing time and resource demands for pre-processing, but is not optimized for bacterial scRNA-seq. We adapt kallisto-bustools to be suitable for reads generated from operons, as well as for a much shorter gene length distribution, and show that it can efficiently and accurately quantify bacterial scRNA-seq. Our work provides a scalable foundation for uniform pre-processing of microbial single-cell transcriptomics.}, }
@article {pmid41648390, year = {2026}, author = {Riedmuller, KC and Dyer, JE and Ottesen, EA}, title = {Large temperature excursions have modest impacts on community composition in the high diversity gut microbiome of omnivorous American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana).}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2026.01.21.700893}, pmid = {41648390}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Microbial residents of ectothermic hosts are exposed to variations in temperature that have the potential to impact their physiology and the host-microbe symbiotic relationship. In this experimental warming study, laboratory populations of American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were kept at a baseline low room temperature of 20-22°C or a high temperature of 30°C for two weeks. We quantified bacterial load and performed high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess the hindgut microbiome's response to a near 10°C shift in environmental temperature. We report modest impacts of temperature on cockroach gut microbiome composition. The high temperature treatment induced increases in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota phyla as well as the Lactobacillaceae and Enterococcaceae families. We also observed increased interindividual variability. There were no significant differences in the dominant Bacteroidota or Firmicutes phyla and no significant losses or reductions in taxa or bacterial load, respectively. This suggests that the gut community of American cockroaches is largely resilient to prolonged increases in temperature and has implications for the cockroach to withstand the impacts of climate change.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Insects, as with most animals, often harbor microbial symbionts that play an essential role in host health and nutrition. As insects are ectotherms, these microbial symbionts are subject to the same temperature fluctuations as their hosts, potentially impacting host temperature responses. Here, we demonstrate that the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) gut microbiome exhibits only modest changes following an &#x223c;10&#xb0;C increase in environmental temperature. This contrasts with studies in other insects, whose microbiota were highly responsive to temperature variation. This work illustrates that the microbiota of insects may vary in their sensitivity to long-term temperature shifts, providing a more comprehensive understanding of potential variability in insect responses to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41648010, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, K and Hao, H and Zhang, K and Li, K and Li, Y and Andrews, M and Zhang, H and Feng, Z and Zhang, J}, title = {motA-mediated flagellar motility modulates biofilm formation and competitive nodulation in Mesorhizobium ciceri USDA 3378.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1743961}, pmid = {41648010}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The introduced rhizobial inoculum M. ciceri USDA 3378 demonstrates a significant competitive advantage over the indigenous M. muleiense CCBAU 83963 for nodulating chickpea in newly established planting areas in China. Previous genomic analyses revealed that USDA 3378 possesses a greater number of genes related to cell movement and flagella production compared to CCBAU 83963. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the expression of the flagella-associated gene motA (flagellar motor protein) significantly changed under symbiotic conditions. Although the genome of M. ciceri USDA 3378 contains the motA gene, its biological function within this strain has not been previously reported. In this study, we constructed a motA mutant (ΔmotA-3378) in USDA 3378 using homologous recombination and biparental conjugation methods to assess the differences in bacterial structure, growth, motility, exopolysaccharide synthesis, biofilm formation, and competitive nodulation ability between the wild type and the mutant. Experimental results showed that the ΔmotA-3378 mutant was unable to produce flagella, leading to reduced motility, diminished biofilm formation, and lower exopolysaccharide production. In competitive nodulation with wild-type USDA 3378, the ΔmotA-3378 mutant's nodule occupancy was 40.43 %. Furthermore, its competitive nodulation advantage against CCBAU 83963 decreased from 100 % (achieved by wild-type USDA 3378) to 94.6 %. These findings indicate that the motA gene plays a crucial role in the motility, exopolysaccharide synthesis, biofilm formation, and competitive nodulation ability of M. ciceri USDA 3378.}, }
@article {pmid41646833, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Wang, Y and Druzhinina, IS and Vasco, F and Zhong, D and Peng, L and Yao, J and Yuan, Z and Martin, FM}, title = {Ecological genomics of saprotrophy to biotrophy transitions in the genus Clitopilus (Fr. ex Rabenh.) P. Kumm. (Agaricales, Entolomataceae).}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {e179417}, pmid = {41646833}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {Transitions between saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyles represent pivotal evolutionary events in fungal ecology; however, the genomic and physiological mechanisms underlying such shifts remain poorly understood. The agaric genus Clitopilus (Basidiomycota, Entolomataceae) offers a valuable model system, with most species being soil saprotrophs. Clitopilus cf. baronii Consiglio &amp; Setti exhibits genomic signatures suggesting incipient biotrophic capacity. Here, we investigated the genomic and eco-physiological properties of seven strains representing five Clitopilus species to identify traits associated with lifestyle transitions. ITS-based phylogeny combined with ecological metadata revealed potential facultative biotrophy in multiple taxa from the section Scyphoides. Physiological profiling showed that all strains utilized mannitol and sucrose poorly, preferred organic nitrogen compounds, and produced variable amounts of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro in a strictly tryptophan-dependent manner. Enzymatic assays revealed substantial variations in the nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition capabilities among the strains. Comparative genomics of high-quality assemblies identified a pleuromutilin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) across all strains, although synteny analysis revealed considerable structural variation and putative gene loss, indicating that genomic plasticity potentially affects antibiotic production. Principal component analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) across 25 fungal genomes partitioned Clitopilus strains into two distinct groups: one resembling saprotrophic white-rot basidiomycetes, the other matching biotrophic ectomycorrhizal and endophytic taxa. This first comprehensive genomic analysis of Clitopilus revealed that nutritional specialization, phytohormone production, and CAZyme repertoire remodeling collectively signal an ongoing evolutionary transition from saprotrophy to plant-associated lifestyles in multiple lineages. These findings provide a rare genomic window into the early stages of symbiosis evolution, offering insights into how free-living fungi acquire the molecular toolkit for mutualistic partnerships.}, }
@article {pmid41646635, year = {2026}, author = {Iriart, V and Kubota, N and Ashman, TL}, title = {Can the right partner mitigate harm? Rhizobial strains vary in their mediation of herbicide stress in a plant-rhizobia mutualism.}, journal = {Evolution letters}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {54-64}, pmid = {41646635}, issn = {2056-3744}, abstract = {Agriculture has intensified the presence of chemical stressors in the rhizosphere-the region surrounding roots where critical plant-microbe interactions occur, such as those between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. Particularly, rhizospheric pesticide exposure can disrupt the efficacy of the plant-rhizobia mutualism and reduce plant productivity. However, it is unknown whether genetic variation in plants (GP), rhizobia (GR), or interactions between them and the pesticide environment (E), i.e., GP or R [Formula: see text] E, or GP [Formula: see text] GR [Formula: see text] E, could mitigate these negative outcomes. We grew two genotypes of the leguminous plant Trifolium pratense in symbiosis with each of eight genetic strains of its rhizobial partner Rhizobium spp. symbiovar trifolii. We exposed symbionts to the contemporary synthetic auxin herbicide dicamba or a control in the rhizosphere, and evaluated the symbiotic interaction and plant growth. Our results provide new evidence that rhizobial genetic variation drives herbicide impacts on mutualism outcomes through GR [Formula: see text] E interactions. Rhizospheric herbicide delayed rhizobial colonization of plants via root nodule formation, but its effects on the number of nodules and fixed nitrogen produced varied depending on rhizobial strain. Similarly, while herbicide exposure reduced plant size on average, the degree of this effect was mediated by rhizobial partner, suggesting that rhizobia could potentially function as an "extended genotype" for defense against herbicide damage. As the use of herbicides, particularly synthetic auxins, continues to escalate, our findings have important implications for how certain rhizobia could be selected to improve plant fitness in the face of these anthropogenically-released chemicals.}, }
@article {pmid41645593, year = {2026}, author = {Koszalinski, R and Wilson, C and Schaefer, AM}, title = {Underpinning Human Health Outcomes of Harmful Algal Bloom Exposure Research: An Analysis of the Relationship and Applicability of the Bureaucratic Caring Theory.}, journal = {Scandinavian journal of caring sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {e70199}, doi = {10.1111/scs.70199}, pmid = {41645593}, issn = {1471-6712}, support = {00007298//Florida Department of Health/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; *Empathy ; *Environmental Exposure ; Male ; Female ; Nursing Theory ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Caring is a transpersonal concept within the context of the expression from clinical practitioners or researchers to an individual, family, community and policy development. The connections between human health outcomes and the environment are profoundly relevant in harmful algal bloom (HAB) research. Nurses are responsible for integrating science and environmental health into nursing education, research and practice for collaboration, community engagement and policy changes to address patient needs and mitigate adverse environmental changes and health impacts. A theoretical framework is required to guide this work.<br><br>DESIGN: An analysis of the Bureaucratic Caring Theory (BCT). BCT is a holographic theory that harmonises a dialectical synthesis of thesis (spiritual-ethical) and antithesis (bureaucracy) into a broader meaning of truth or symbiosis.<br><br>RESULTS: BCT supports (1) co-creation of improved conditions for the community, (2) fostering self-consciousness and an understanding of health to existing Physical, Educational, Legal, Technological, Educational, Economic and Political dimensions unified by Spiritual-cultural meaning and (3) the study of existing theories and models to communicate community member needs and the response of the nursing profession.<br><br>DISCUSSION: A theoretical framework was needed to guide practice, education, and research in HAB Human Health Outcomes research. The underpinning of HAB research with BCT aligns with nursing practice, nursing education and nursing research with interprofessional scientists and has significant health care implications.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We propose the application of BCT which identifies the seven dimensions of the theory and the 8th central dimension of spiritual-ethical caring to enhance continued scientific inquiry, increased attention to environmental health education, and knowledgeable, caring practice to improve the health and well-being of individuals, families, communities, and the impact of environmental health policy development.}, }
@article {pmid41645552, year = {2026}, author = {Frei Dit Frey, N and Spallek, T}, title = {CLE peptides in plant-biotic interactions.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70958}, pmid = {41645552}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {273134146//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 424122841//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; ANR-PRC SYMPA-PEP//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, abstract = {Plant-biotic interactions are driven by the exchange of molecules. Small peptide hormones like CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptides play central regulatory roles in these interactions. CLEs determine the extent of symbiotic interaction to balance costs and benefits for the host. In parasitic interactions, CLEs regulate the formation of feeding sites by plant pathogenic nematodes and promote the formation of haustoria in parasitic plants. By reviewing recent findings on CLE functions, their receptors, and responses across different biotic interactions, we provide insights into the increasingly complex roles of CLEs in plant development and nutrient signaling.}, }
@article {pmid41645294, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, ZY and Wei, GF and Hou, LY and Zhang, GZ and Li, XD and Li, M and Meng, L and Wu, GY and Xu, J and Zhou, YX and Sun, C and Dong, LL}, title = {Effects of developmental stage-driven fungal community shifts on biomass and metabolite accumulation in Gastrodia elata.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40793-026-00860-4}, pmid = {41645294}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {CI2023E001TS03-04-01//grants from the Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Science/ ; 2024SF-ZDCYL-03-10//Shaanxi Province Key R&amp;D Plan/ ; HJSYF2024(31)//Nuclear Technology R&amp;D Program/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fungal communities play crucial roles in plant development and metabolite accumulation, especially in fully mycoheterotrophic medicinal plants like Gastrodia elata. While the importance of fungal symbiosis in G. elata is recognized, how fungal community dynamics evolve across its entire growth cycle and how they influence biomass and bioactive compound accumulation remain largely unclear.<br><br>RESULTS: High-throughput sequencing combined with multi-omics analyses revealed that developmental progression significantly shapes fungal diversity and composition, thereby influencing biomass and metabolite accumulation in G. elata. These effects are mediated by stage-specific selective recruitment and dynamic remodeling of fungal communities in both rhizome and rhizosphere compartments. Structural equation modeling indicated that developmental stage, fungal &#x3b1;-diversity, and community structure exert both direct and indirect effects on biomass and the accumulation of bioactive compounds. High-resolution association network analyses further identified key functional fungal groups, particularly wood and soil saprotrophs, as major contributors to seed stem biomass regulation. Notably, the symbiotic fungus Armillaria showed the strongest positive correlation with gastrodin accumulation, while wood saprotrophs and plant pathogens also significantly influenced its levels.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study systematically elucidates the dynamic changes in fungal communities across different developmental stages of G. elata and their effects on biomass and bioactive metabolite accumulation. Our findings highlight the central role of microbe-plant-metabolite interactions in regulating biomass and bioactive metabolite production, offering valuable insight for optimizing the cultivation and quality of medicinal plants through microbiome-targeted strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41645277, year = {2026}, author = {Ramírez, GA and Bar-Shalom, R and Perez, T and Epchtien, RE and Furlan, A and Romeo, R and Gavagnin, M and Garber, AI and Lalzar, M and Steindler, L}, title = {Diel transcriptional dynamics of a marine sponge and its microbiome in a natural environment.}, journal = {Animal microbiome}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {12}, pmid = {41645277}, issn = {2524-4671}, support = {GBMF9352//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; 933/23//Israel Science Foundation/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41645059, year = {2026}, author = {Elhai, J}, title = {Genomes of N2-fixing endosymbionts of unicellular eukaryotes and host-independence.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-026-12517-0}, pmid = {41645059}, issn = {1471-2164}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The projected 2.7-fold increase in population in sub-Saharan Africa by the end of the century demands consideration as to how agricultural output can keep pace. Augmenting nitrogen inputs is a practical necessity, but this must be accomplished in such a way that avoids the environmental costs of past advances and also places the resource in the hands of those who will be the most affected. Biological nitrogen fixation might play an important role. The realization that certain algae are able to provide for their own nitrogen needs by fixing atmospheric N2 raises the possibility that an endosymbiont responsible for the nitrogen might be transferred to crop plants. For this to take place, it is necessary that the endosymbionts be (or be made to be) sufficiently independent of their hosts so that they may establish themselves in crop plants appropriate to African agriculture.<br><br>RESULTS: Genomes from six endosymbionts from diatoms within the family Rhopalodiaceae were analyzed. They were compared to genomes from free-living cyanobacteria and to those of the nitroplast UCYN-A and chromatophore from Paulinella, to which they are related. Unlike the latter two endosymbionts, the six from Rhopalodia encode all the enzymes considered that underlie metabolic processes and provide the energy to power N-fixation. Some of the endosymbionts also appear able to synthesize cofactors essential for central metabolism. The analysis points to possible carbon sources the endosymbionts might take up from their hosts, including glycerol and chitobiose. Possible routes of nitrogen export to the host were also examined.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of genome analysis, some of the Rhopalodian endosymbionts appear to be metabolically independent of their hosts, except for requiring a carbon source. However, the choice of carbon source and the likely means of nitrogen export are not compatible with crop plants. Genetic modification would surely be necessary for any prospect of propagation of an endosymbiont in a plant of agricultural importance, and significant questions must first be answered in the laboratory. To this end, the endosymbiont of Epithemia clementina may be best suited for such investigations, eventually after transfer to the model diatom Phaeodactyllum tricornutum.}, }
@article {pmid41644692, year = {2026}, author = {Rojas-Jimenez, K and Morera-Huertas, J and de Bedout-Mora, M and Loria-Vinueza, B and Zúñiga-Orozco, A and Molina-Mora, JA and Solís-Ramos, L and Blanco, MA and Valverde-Barrantes, OJ}, title = {Exploring symbiotic legume-rhizobia relationships across tropical species.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {75}, pmid = {41644692}, issn = {1573-0972}, }
@article {pmid41643674, year = {2026}, author = {Gao, JP and Xia, C and Chiu, CH and Chen, Q and Jiang, S and Wu, X and Liang, W and Sun, J and Jhu, MY and Wen, J and Wang, E and Murray, JD and Oldroyd, GED}, title = {An NSP2-MYB module orchestrates flavonoid biosynthesis and nodule symbiosis.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2026.01.013}, pmid = {41643674}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Flavonoids, produced by the plant under nutrient stress, are required to initiate the legume-rhizobia symbiosis through the activation of rhizobial nod genes. Notwithstanding the central role of flavonoids in nodulation, their transcriptional regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the nodulation signaling pathway 2 (NSP2) is required for transcriptional activation of flavonoid biosynthesis genes during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. Furthermore, MYB40, a legume-specific MYB transcription factor, is induced by rhizobia in the root epidermis. MYB40 directly binds to flavonoid biosynthetic gene promoters and is required for normal levels of nodulation. Biochemical and genetic evidence reveal that NSP2, not NSP1, interacts with MYB40 during rhizobial infection to strongly upregulate the symbiotic gene chalcone O-methyltransferase 1 in a manner dependent on MYB40 binding sites. Moreover, the overexpression of MYB40 and a microRNA-resistant NSP2 variant enhances nodulation under suboptimal rhizobial availability, suggesting this module fine-tunes symbiosis efficiency. Additionally, flavonoid regulation by NSP2 and MYB40 appears to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization under nutrient starvation. Together, our findings establish an NSP2-MYB40 module that integrates symbiotic signaling with metabolic reprogramming, representing an evolutionary innovation for optimizing nitrogen acquisition in dynamic environments.}, }
@article {pmid41642524, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, Y and Tsuda, K}, title = {Bioinformatics Workflow for Co-Transcriptome Analysis of Plant-Bacterial Interactions.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {3012}, number = {}, pages = {181-223}, pmid = {41642524}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {*Computational Biology/methods ; *Plants/microbiology/genetics ; Workflow ; *Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; *Transcriptome ; *Bacteria/genetics ; Symbiosis/genetics ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; }, abstract = {Transcriptomic profiling of plant-bacterial interactions provides critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) enables the simultaneous analysis of plant and bacterial transcriptomes during colonization; however, integrated computational workflows specifically tailored for co-transcriptome analysis remain limited. Here, we present a step-by-step bioinformatics pipeline for analyzing co-transcriptome landscapes in plant-bacterial interactions. This workflow includes: (1) quality control and processing of raw RNA-seq data from both plant host and in-planta bacterial populations; (2) statistical analyses for differential gene expression; (3) prediction of orthologous bacterial genes and functional annotation of bacterial transcripts using the KEGG database; (4) integration and comparative analysis across multiple bacterial strains; and (5) correlation-based analysis of transcriptional dynamics between plants and bacteria. Designed for researchers with basic familiarity with command-line tools and R programming, this pipeline enables comprehensive analysis of plant-bacterial transcriptional interplay and facilitates hypothesis generation in both pathogenic and symbiotic contexts.}, }
@article {pmid41649662, year = {2024}, author = {Lv, C and Huang, YZ and Luan, JB}, title = {Insect‒microbe symbiosis-based strategies offer a new avenue for the management of insect pests and their transmitted pathogens.}, journal = {Crop health}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {18}, pmid = {41649662}, issn = {2948-1945}, support = {No. 32225042//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {With the continuous growth of global agricultural production, pest control has become a critical factor in ensuring crop health and increasing agricultural output. In view of the safety of food and ecology, the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable approaches for pest management is desirable. All insects are colonized by microorganisms on the insect cuticle or in the body. These resident microorganisms can promote insect fitness, impact the transmission of plant pathogens, or protect insects against natural enemies and adverse environments. Thus, insect‒microbe symbiosis-based strategies provide a new avenue for the management of insect pests and their transmitted pathogens. This review summarizes developments in the field of pest control approaches based on insect‒microbe symbiosis and proposes future directions. First, we introduce insect symbiotic microorganisms and their functions. This review discusses the application of insect-microbe symbiosis-based pest control strategies, including the application of native or engineered symbionts, the utilization of bioactive substances produced by symbiotic microorganisms, and the development of an insect symbiosis disruption strategy. Despite the great potential of this novel pest-control strategy, many challenges remain, such as the stability of symbiotic bacteria, their environmental adaptability, and their impact on non-target organisms. Finally, the review concludes by suggesting future directions, including improving the targeting specificity of symbiotic bacteria, enhancing their environmental adaptability, and developing integrated pest management strategies that combine this means with others to achieve more sustainable and effective pest control.}, }
@article {pmid41641322, year = {2026}, author = {Pope, RE and Ballmann, P and Whitworth, L and Prade, RA}, title = {Regulation of extracellular vesicles for protein secretion in Aspergillus nidulans.}, journal = {Microbial cell (Graz, Austria)}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {28-43}, pmid = {41641322}, issn = {2311-2638}, abstract = {Fungi were among the first eukaryotes to transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, developing multicellular hyphae, polar growth, and expanded secretomes for nutrient processing, defense, and symbiosis. We present a reliable method for purifying and characterizing extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Aspergillus nidulans and demonstrate that the induction of xylanase C is associated with increased EV release and EV-associated enzymatic activity. Using a mCherry reporter replacing xylanase C, we generalized this effect, showing that reporter induction increases EV production and reporter loading into EVs. This phenomenon primarily depends on the signal peptide (SP), suggesting that the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- trafficked proteins has a pronounced effect on EV production and cargo loading. We speculate that EV biogenesis may originate at the ER, where ER-translated proteins could be selectively loaded into vesicles and subsequently trafficked directly to the plasma membrane or through multivesicular bodies (MVBs). EV secretion is minimal in the first 24-48 hours but increases later in growth, coinciding with biofilm formation. This timing allows A. nidulans to modify the secretome, adapting it to new nutrient sources.}, }
@article {pmid41637916, year = {2025}, author = {Trindade, LM and Borges, AD and Carvalho, RDO and Gomes, BF and da Silva, MT and Sette, NSV and Rogério, L and Cavalcanti, GG and Garcia, APV and Cassali, GD and Azevedo, VA and Cardoso, VN and Maurício, SF and Rodrigues, LB and Valdés, ST and da Silva, RG and Generoso, SV}, title = {Preoperative symbiotic supplementation modulates the intestinal microbiota of patients with colorectal cancer: Evidence from a randomized clinical trial.}, journal = {Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)}, volume = {145}, number = {}, pages = {113080}, doi = {10.1016/j.nut.2025.113080}, pmid = {41637916}, issn = {1873-1244}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing major surgeries, such as intestinal resections for colorectal cancer (CRC), present an increased risk of developing gut dysbiosis, which may be related to postoperative complications. However, biotherapeutic agents, such as symbiotics, are able to maintain intestinal homeostasis. We therefore explored the impact of preoperative symbiotic supplementation on the intestinal microbiota (IM) of patients with colorectal cancer undergoing surgical treatment.<br><br>METHODS: This was a single-center, parallel, triple-masked, randomized clinical trial carried out at Federal University of Minas Gerais Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04874883) comprised of adult patients diagnosed with CRC for tumor resection surgery. Patients were randomized to receive two sachets (6 g each) of symbiotic (S group) or maltodextrin (C group) twice a day for 4-10 d prior to surgery. All patients underwent nutritional and anthropometric assessments, as well as food consumption, bowel function, and digestive complaint assessments during the pre- and postoperative periods. Stools were collected before treatment (T1), after surgery (T2), and before hospital discharge (T3) to assess IM diversity and short-chain fatty acids. Normal tissue and tumor tissue fragments were collected during surgery for evaluation.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were enrolled in the study, with 23 subjects in each group. No differences were seen between the groups regarding clinical or infectious complications (P > 0.05). The IM of stools collected at T2 showed a significant increment for the phylum Firmicutes, family Bacillaceae, and genus Blautia in the S group compared with the C group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in those patients with infectious complications, the relative abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum was significantly lower in the S group compared with the C group (P < 0.05). Higher butyrate production was found at T2 and T3 in the S group, while acetate and propionate production were increased at T2 (P < 0.05). Additionally, the S group showed increased mucus production in the tumor tissue (P > 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Preoperative symbiotic supplementation in patients with CRC undergoing tumor resection positively altered IM diversity, and increased short-chain fatty acid and mucus production.}, }
@article {pmid41636527, year = {2026}, author = {Bruger, EL and Bazurto, JV}, title = {Beneath the surface: expanding the known repertoire of methylotrophic metabolism.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0211625}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02116-25}, pmid = {41636527}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Although the metabolic pathways that allow the utilization of one-carbon compounds as sole sources of carbon and energy (methylotrophy) are well characterized, this understanding has been substantially refined and expanded in recent years. The paradigm-shifting discovery of the lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase, XoxF, established the biological relevance of rare-earth metals and revealed that methylotrophy required reassessment. We now know that XoxF is broadly distributed among bacteria and may actually constitute an ancestral form by which methylotrophy initially evolved, as well as the predominant form in which it now exists in nature. A new study published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology (C. R. Mineo, J. Jiang, and N. C. Martinez-Gomez, 91:e01304-25, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01304-25) extends this knowledge to characterize a heretofore undemonstrated methylotrophic pathway architecture among nitrogen-fixing plant symbionts of the Sinorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium genera. Their metabolic strategy proceeds via XoxF, complete oxidation to carbon dioxide, and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle to assimilate the oxidized carbon. The authors designate this the "XoxF-CBB pathway," which appears to be well-conserved across these groups of bacteria. Their streamlined pathway represents a unique connection between autotrophy and methylotrophy that, when paired with XoxF, could constitute an underappreciated, but prevalent, variation on methylotrophy. The study highlights the need to remain open-minded about methylotrophic pathway configurations in bacteria, as well as informing the ways in which we should consider seeking to isolate novel methylotrophs. Finally, the pathway's presence in nodule-forming bacteria raises new questions about how methylotrophy shapes their physiology in both free-living soil conditions and plant-symbiotic associations.}, }
@article {pmid41636391, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, L and Li, Y and Ye, S and Wei, C and Yan, Z and Yang, H and Zhu, H and Stacey, G and Cao, Y}, title = {A Specific Sinorhizobium Flagellin Suppresses Legume Nodulation Through Immune Activation.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pbi.70576}, pmid = {41636391}, issn = {1467-7652}, support = {2024ZD040790//Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; 32090063//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; NSF-IOS-2048410//US National Science Foundation Plant Genome Research Program/ ; }, abstract = {Bacterial flagellin-activated immunity plays a crucial role in shaping plant-microbe interactions, leading to either parasitism, mutualism, or commensalism. In the legume-rhizobium symbiosis, while it has been hypothesized that rhizobial infection involves avoidance of plant immunity following flagellin perception, direct evidence supporting this regulation remains unclear. Here, we conducted bioinformatic analyses of flagellin variations across the genus Sinorhizobium and identified a specific variant of the flagellin-derived peptide, flg22[Sin]-II (clade II flg22 from Sinorhizobium genus), which acts as an immunity elicitor during nodulation. Flg22[Sin]-II, but not flg22[Sin]-I or flg22[Sin]-III, activates immune responses, including reactive oxygen species production, MPK phosphorylation, and immunity-related gene expression in soybean, with Tyr-7 being critical for the immune activation. Three different Sinorhizobium mutants knocking out the flagellin that produces flg22[Sin]-II enhanced nodulation across three diverse legume species, highlighting how beneficial microbes modulate host immunity to optimize symbiotic interactions. Soybean gmfls2a gmfls2b double mutant lacking both flagellin receptors, GmFLS2a and GmFLS2b, exhibited an increased nodule number following S. fredii HH103 inoculation and showed reduced expression of immune-related genes in nodules. Rather than complete immune evasion, the retention of an immune-activating flagellin epitope by Sinorhizobium likely represents a sophisticated coevolutionary strategy to actively modulate host responses, ensuring symbiotic homeostasis and preventing detrimental over-colonisation.}, }
@article {pmid41635646, year = {2026}, author = {Fifer, JE and Speare, KE and Leinbach, SE and Hendricks, SF and Davies, SW and Rose, NH and Burkepile, DE and Adam, TC and Hofmann, GE and Strader, ME}, title = {Rapid Evolution in a Coral Population Following a Mass Mortality Event.}, journal = {Evolutionary applications}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, pages = {e70198}, pmid = {41635646}, issn = {1752-4571}, abstract = {Globally, corals face an increased frequency of mass mortality events (MMEs) as populations experience repeated marine heatwaves which disrupt their obligate algal symbiosis. Despite greater occurrences of MMEs, the relative roles of the environment, host, and symbiont genetic variation in survival, subsequent recovery, and carry-over effects to the next generation remain unresolved. High-resolution temporal and spatial whole genome sequencing of corals before, after, and several years following an MME reveal that host genetics have an impact on bleaching and mortality and that selected alleles important for adaptation persist through the next generation, demonstrating rapid evolution in this coral population. Bleaching resistance and survival following the bleaching event were highly polygenic, and allele frequency shifts show reef habitat specificity, emphasizing the spatial complexity of environmental selection and how it shapes population recovery following an MME. This study reveals how MMEs reshape the genomic landscape and the spatial and temporal distribution of genomic diversity within coral populations facing severe threats from global change.}, }
@article {pmid41635081, year = {2026}, author = {Hong, K and Yang, X and Tan, Y and Liu, Y and Xia, Q and Zeng, L and Zou, L and Wan, K and Zhang, Y and Kang, S and Huang, T and Lv, W and Jia, R and Wei, Y and Chen, Q and Wang, Y and Zhao, Y and Wu, Y and Yu, J and Zhang, H and Wang, B and Yan, J and Chu, J and Tang, X and Zhang, Y and Bucher, M and Wang, Y and Xue, L and Wang, Q and Li, J and Xiong, G}, title = {Presymbiotic activation of karrikin signaling creates a permissive state for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by derepressing the NSP1-NSP2-SLR1 transcriptional complex in rice.}, journal = {Molecular plant}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2026.01.014}, pmid = {41635081}, issn = {1752-9867}, abstract = {The establishment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) is crucial for the survival of many terrestrial plants in nutrient-poor environments. This symbiotic relationship begins with complex chemical communication that reprograms transcriptional responses in host plants to facilitate the symbiotic relationship. However, the precise mechanisms regulating mutual recognition and commitment between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified the NSP1-NSP2-SLR1-SMAX1 module as a central regulatory hub operating downstream of the phosphate starvation response (PSR), gibberellin (GA), and karrikin (KAR) signaling pathways to control presymbiotic transcriptional responses necessary for AMS establishment. Phosphorus starvation upregulate the transcription of NSP1 and NSP2, which control the expression of genes involved in strigolactone production and mycorrhizal factor recognition. We found that SLR1, the DELLA protein in the GA signaling pathway in rice, interacts with NSP2 and enhances the transcriptional activity of the NSP1-NSP2 complex. Additionally, SLR1 interacts with SMAX1, a repressor of the KAR signaling pathway. The presence of AMF activates the KAR signaling pathway, which relieves the SMAX1-mediated repression of the transcriptional activity of NSP1-NSP2-SLR1, thereby triggering a transcriptional host response signatures at the presymbiotic stage of AMS. Our findings reveal the function of the NSP1-NSP2-SLR1-SMAX1 module in integrating multiple signals to establish a permissive state for AMS in rice. While activation of the KAR signaling pathway by AMF is necessary, it alone is not sufficient to ensure successful root mycorrhizal colonization; activation of the common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP) by AMF is also required. This study advances our understanding of how molecular communication between AMF and host plants orchestrates for the establishment of AMS.}, }
@article {pmid41635060, year = {2026}, author = {Zeng, Z and Luan, L and Li, P and Zheng, J and Wang, X and Zhou, S and Jiang, Y}, title = {Protist predation stimulates peanut productivity by promoting the diversity of rare nitrogen-fixing bacteria.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70952}, pmid = {41635060}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {42425704//National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars/ ; 2023YFD1900300-3//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 42477313//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42577325//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025J010024//Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Fujian Province/ ; BK20242111//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, abstract = {The root nodule symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) acts as an important nitrogen source in terrestrial ecosystems. NFB in soil are affected by top-down predation in the food web. However, how protist predation affects abundant and rare sub-communities of NFB remains virtually unknown, limiting the exploitation of soil food webs to promote plant productivity. Here, a 10-yr field experiment combined with a glasshouse experiment was conducted to explore the effects of protist predation on abundant and rare NFB under organic material amendments. Our results revealed that organic material amendments increased the diversity of rare NFB and phagotrophic protists, but decreased the relative abundance of abundant NFB Correlation analysis combined with the glasshouse experiment suggested that protist predation decreased the relative abundance of NFB abundant taxa, but increased the diversity of rare taxa, which further promoted the cytokinin content and decreased the ethylene content in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) roots. Subsequent changes in plant hormones regulated the expression of genes involved in rhizobial infection, nodule organogenesis, and bacteroid differentiation, thereby promoting nodulation and increasing peanut yield. Overall, our findings provide unique insights into the interactions between phagotrophic protists and NFB, highlighting their links with plant productivity via predation-stimulated symbiotic nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid41634543, year = {2026}, author = {Rabeh, M and Shahrokh, S and Akbari, M and Ansari, N and Siavash, M and Yazdi, M}, title = {The spectrum of nasal colonization: frequency and resistant patterns in diabetes versus non-diabetes population.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-026-04751-z}, pmid = {41634543}, issn = {1471-2180}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The nasal cavity serves as a primary contact site and is a common location for colonization by symbiotic, opportunistic, and potentially pathogenic bacteria. Diabetic patients are more susceptible to colonization by opportunistic microorganisms due to impaired immune function, altered normal flora, and increased exposure to healthcare. This study aimed to investigate the nasal colonization of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Enterobacteriaceae) bacteria in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals, assessing phenotypic traits including antibiotic resistance and biofilm production, as well as investigating the presence of resistant genes.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, nasal swabs were collected from 150 diabetic and 150 non-diabetic individuals. Isolates were identified and evaluated phenotypically (Antibiotic resistance using the disk diffusion method and biofilm formation by the microtiter plate method) and genotypically (resistance genes including mecA, blaCTX, blaSHV, and blaTEM) by PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: The rate of S. aureus colonization was higher in diabetics (18.7%) than in non-diabetics (12.7%) and MRSA colonization was significantly higher in diabetics (8% vs. 1.3%). High antibiotic resistance was not observed except for tetracycline (nearly 50%) in S. aureus isolates from both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of MDR S. aureus between the diabetic (32.1%) and non-diabetic (31.6%) groups. Enterobacteriaceae colonization was 3.3% in diabetics and 7.3% in non-diabetics. Although none were phenotypically ESBL-positive, blaCTX, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes were present in about 40% of the isolates.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Nasal MRSA colonization was more common among diabetic patients than non-diabetics. The findings of this study highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of nasal colonization of MRSA in different populations and settings, which may lead to the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to control infections caused by nasal colonization.}, }
@article {pmid41633503, year = {2026}, author = {Scabbio, E and Santoiemma, G and Cavaletto, G and Biedermann, PHW and Ranger, CM and Gugliuzzo, A and Cambronero-Heinrichs, JC and Rassati, D}, title = {Three-dimensional gallery system reconstruction reveals more frequent intraspecific than interspecific interactions in ambrosia beetles.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {293}, number = {2064}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2025.2280}, pmid = {41633503}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//University of Padua/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Coleoptera/physiology ; *Weevils/physiology ; }, abstract = {Ambrosia beetle gallery systems are typically excavated into the xylem of host trees by a single mated female and are generally considered to function as independent units. However, field observations suggest that interactions among gallery systems may also occur. Using X-ray tomography to obtain three-dimensional reconstructions of ambrosia beetle galleries in flood-stressed and ethanol-injected trees, we found that intersections, where two or more galleries excavated by different females merge at one or more points, and intrusions, where a female begins excavating her gallery from within a gallery previously abandoned by another female of a larger species, are recurrent phenomena. We also observed that intraspecific intersections were generally more frequent than interspecific ones, regardless of tree treatment. These intraspecific intersections may represent a potential mechanism for cross-fertilization among the offspring of different founding females, thereby potentially increasing opportunities for outbreeding in these otherwise inbreeding species. Interspecific intersections, which could potentially facilitate lateral transfer of symbionts, occurred less frequently than expected, suggesting that ambrosia beetles may actively avoid such interactions. Overall, our study highlights that interactions among gallery systems may play a key role in shaping ambrosia beetle communities and their symbiotic networks, warranting further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid41632429, year = {2026}, author = {Yin, H and Wang, C and Zhao, K and Zhao, J and Chen, L and Zhang, H and Cao, S and Liu, J}, title = {Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii RS-7 Alleviates Intestinal Inflammation Via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41632429}, issn = {1867-1314}, support = {25zx7108//Southwest University of Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {Developing novel probiotics can help in preventing livestock diarrhea and associated intestinal diseases. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are symbiotic intestinal bacteria, which contribute to gastrointestinal tract health. An LAB strain, designated L. johnsonii RS-7, was isolated from the feces of healthy adult pigs and was resistant to acidic conditions and bile salts. In vitro evaluation showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential application in alleviating intestinal inflammation. An artificially induced colitis model was established in mice to investigate the efficacy of L. johnsonii RS-7. Results indicated that mice administered water containing 3% DSS developed pronounced colitis symptoms, characterized by weight loss, elevated disease activity index, shortened colon length, microvilli shedding, tight junction disruption, reduced goblet cell counts, suppression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, and impaired gut microbiota diversity. These suggest that oral administration of L. johnsonii RS-7 significantly alleviated colitis symptoms. In summary, L. johnsonii RS-7 acted as a probiotic by inhibiting activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.}, }
@article {pmid41631719, year = {2026}, author = {Li, L and Chen, Y and Zhu, R and Shi, K and Tu, T and Han, Q and Chen, X}, title = {NF-YAc-stimulated WOX5 expression reprograms cortical cells for nodule primordium initiation in soybean.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erag051}, pmid = {41631719}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Reprogramming of differentiated root cortical cells into proliferative stem cells is the prerequisite for legume nodule organogenesis, yet the molecular trigger that confers stem-cell identity upon these cortical cells remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that, in soybean (Glycine max), the canonical root stem-cell regulator WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX gene WOX5 is activated by rhizobia specifically in cortical cells that will give rise to nodule primordia. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the three WOX5 homologs, wox5abc mutants reduced nodule number and attenuated nitrogenase activity, attributable to a decrease in primordium density rather than impaired rhizobia infection. Promoter dissection identified a 442 bp legume-specific promoter fragment within the WOX5a promoter that is both necessary and sufficient for primordium-specific expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase assays revealed that this promoter fragment is directly bound by the symbiosis-responsive transcription factor NF-YAc to activate expression of WOX5a. Loss of NF-YAc phenocopied wox5abc, and NF-YAc overexpression failed to rescue nodulation in wox5abc mutants. Collectively, our findings reveal that NF-YAc-mediated activation of WOX5 initiates a de novo stem-cell niche in root cortical cells, providing the critical developmental trigger for nodule primordium initiation in soybean.}, }
@article {pmid41631036, year = {2025}, author = {Bi, Y and Zhang, Q and He, Y and Ding, Y and Tian, H and Zeng, F and Lyu, K and Li, H and Lyu, S and Fan, Y}, title = {Creation and resistance evaluation of a new soybean germplasm rich in betalain.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1743684}, pmid = {41631036}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {The betalain biosynthesis system (RUBY) exhibits a stable cross-species coloration advantage in plant genetic transformation. As a visually detectable genetic marker (visible to the naked eye), the color marker holds enormous application potential in positive selection of transgenic plants, identification of hybrids between different plant varieties, haploid selection, and other research. However, when applying the RUBY to plant-microbe interaction research, it is necessary to clarify whether the biosynthesis of betalain and its accumulation in plant tissues and organs alter the plant-microbe interaction processes, including symbiotic or antagonistic relationships. In this study, RUBY transgenic soybean was created. There were no significant differences in nodule number, fresh weight, and dry weight of nodule between the RUBY transgenic line and wildtype soybean after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The biosynthesis and accumulation of betalain did not affect the infection and colonization of rhizobia. The RUBY transgenic line and wildtype soybean were inoculated with Phomopsis longicolla. The results showed that the biosynthesis and accumulation of betalain did not alter the infection and spread of P. longicolla. In field experiments, investigations found that the number of adult brown planthoppers and their eggs attached to the leaves of the RUBY transgenic line was extremely significantly lower than that of the wildtype soybean. This indicates that betalain accumulation may endow soybean with a repellent effect against herbivorous insects. This work revealed that the heterologous biosynthesis and accumulation of betalain in soybean neither affect the nodulation ability of soybean with rhizobia, nor interfere with the infection of soybean by pathogenic bacteria, but also reduce the damage caused by brown planthoppers to soybean. Analysis of the field investigation data on agronomic traits indicated that transgenic soybeans with low betalain content, exerted no adverse effects. In contrast, the transgenic soybean with high betalain content, exhibited negative impacts on node number on main stem, plant height, and yield.}, }
@article {pmid41629797, year = {2026}, author = {Metwally, RA and Azb, MA and El-Demerdash, MM and Abdelhameed, RE}, title = {Priority impacts of plant growth promoting fungi and proline under NaCl stress: boosting chickpea plants tolerance and performance.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08096-7}, pmid = {41629797}, issn = {1471-2229}, abstract = {Soil salinity threatens global agriculture by impairing plant growth, crop productivity, and soil health. This study was conducted to assess the impact of salinity on chickpea performance at the vegetative stage and the possible ameliorating role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and proline applications. A greenhouse experiment with 30 pots (5 replicates × 6 treatments) subjected half the treatments to 200 mM NaCl, AMF was applied at sowing, and proline was sprayed two weeks post-planting. Total pigments dramatically decreased [49.18%] in salt-stressed chickpea. Biomass, protein and carbohydrate metabolism were also affected. For instance, plant height and total fresh weight (TFW) showed inhibitions of 37.83% and 72.19% as compared to control. Conversely, chickpea under salt stress had an increased accumulation of H2O2 (13.12 mg/g DW) and higher electrolyte leakage (54.72%), however, proline or AMF supplementation decreased their levels. Also, the total protein content and antioxidant enzymes were higher in salt-stressed treatments. Under stress, the total carbohydrate contents in chickpea leaves were significantly enhanced by AMF inoculation (23.44%) and proline application (19.43%), when compared to the control. Moreover, salinity led to distortion of chickpea leaf anatomy including a decrease in upper and lower epidermis thickness, vessel numbers, as well as degradation of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Salinity also disrupted ion balance, increasing Na[+] and decreasing K[+] (lower K[+]/Na[+] ratio), which elevated H2O2 levels and membrane leakage. These results revealed that AMF as a symbiotic microorganism and proline as a well-known osmoprotectant perform several tasks to alleviate NaCl stress by decreasing Na[+] uptake, H2O2 content and membrane leakage. Subsequently, an enhancement in growth criteria, pigment fraction and carbohydrates was achieved with their applications under NaCl stress. Most obviously their applications maintained the chickpea leaf anatomy. As an innovative approach, we propose that AMF inoculation or proline application can reverse salinity-induced damage, offering a pathway to enhance crop tolerance in salt-affected regions.}, }
@article {pmid41627504, year = {2026}, author = {Ranjithkumar, V and Ajithkumar, V and Gayathri, G}, title = {Symbiotic weaponry: the role of bacterial mediators in aphid-plant defense conflicts.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {4}, pages = {158}, pmid = {41627504}, issn = {1432-072X}, }
@article {pmid41627043, year = {2026}, author = {Tan, Y and Liang, J and Yi, Q}, title = {Study on geographic differentiation and environment-host synergistic assembly mechanism of root-associated fungal communities in Paphiopedilum purpuratum.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0257325}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.02573-25}, pmid = {41627043}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {The orchid-fungus symbiosis is fundamental to orchid survival and reproduction; however, the diversity patterns and assembly mechanisms of the root-associated mycobiota in Paphiopedilum purpuratum remain inadequately characterized. We utilized high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region to investigate the composition, diversity, sources, and assembly processes of the endophytic fungal communities across eight geographically distinct populations, with complementary profiling of rhizosphere soil fungi. Our results indicated that Ascomycota constituted the dominant phylum within the root mycobiota, while core taxonomic groups exhibited pronounced geographic differentiation at both family and genus levels. Significant inter-population disparities in α-diversity metrics reflected underlying community compositional divergence. Environmental variables, particularly longitude, exerted a stronger influence on community structure than biotic factors. Approximately 44.05% of root fungal operational taxonomic units were soil-derived, and the host plant selectively enriched fungal taxa, most of which possessed unknown trophic modes. Community assembly processes were compartment-specific: the root endophytic mycobiota was primarily governed by stochastic ecological drift, whereas the rhizosphere communities were predominantly shaped by deterministic dispersal limitation. This compartment-specific assembly was evidenced by the prevalence of stochastic processes (|βNTI| < 2) in the root endosphere, contrasting with the dominance of deterministic processes (|βNTI| > 2) in the rhizosphere. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed higher connectivity and robustness in the endophytic mycobiota. The interaction network between orchid mycorrhizal fungi and other root-associated soil fungi formed an efficient and stable functional system whose complexity showed population-specific differentiation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate clear geographic divergence in the root fungal communities of P. purpuratum and underscore a synergistic environment-host assembly mechanism, thereby providing critical ecological insights for informing conservation strategies for this endangered orchid.IMPORTANCEThis study investigates the root-associated fungal communities of the endangered orchid Paphiopedilum purpuratum across its geographical distribution. We identified clear geographical differentiation in community composition and diversity, predominantly driven by abiotic factors-particularly longitude-rather than biotic factors. A key finding reveals that 44% of root fungal taxa originate from the soil, indicating active host-mediated selection. A fundamental dichotomy in assembly mechanisms was observed: stochastic ecological drift dominated within roots, whereas deterministic dispersal limitation prevailed in the rhizosphere. Co-occurrence networks demonstrated that the root fungal community is highly connected and robust, suggesting a stable functional system. Our findings elucidate the synergistic roles of environment and host in shaping fungal assembly, providing novel insights into orchid-fungus symbiosis with theoretical implications for mycorrhizal ecology and practical relevance for conservation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41626866, year = {2026}, author = {Nozaki, H and Matsuzaki, R and Takahashi, K and Ueki, N and Higashiyama, T and Kawachi, M and Tanabe, Y}, title = {Distribution of rickettsial endosymbionts and their possible transmission within the Pleodorina japonica (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) population.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.70131}, pmid = {41626866}, issn = {1529-8817}, support = {24K08946//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {The green alga Pleodorina japonica is an interesting volvocine species that harbors abundant rickettsial endosymbionts ("MIDORIKO") within its cytoplasm. However, the diversity and transmission of these endosymbionts within the species remain unclear. In this study, we examined the presence or absence of "MIDORIKO" and the genetic diversity in 21 culture strains of the host P. japonica population from various localities in Japan. Genomic polymerase chain reactions using "MIDORIKO"-specific primers and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-staining demonstrated that only five of the 21 strains harbored "MIDORIKO." The 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of "MIDORIKO" from these five strains (1148 bp) were identical to each other and distinct from the sequences of the rickettsial endosymbionts harbored by other algal species and protists, suggesting that "MIDORIKO" from P. japonica is specific to P. japonica. The phylogenetic results for the 21 host strains, which were resolved based on three nuclear genes encoding oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1, F1F0 ATP synthase subunit beta and actin disagreed significantly. None of the three gene phylogenies supported the close relationship of the five "MIDORIKO"-harboring strains. A recombination test using the three concatenated genes provided strong evidence of recombination. Therefore, gene flow by sexual reproduction has likely occurred in the natural habitats of P. japonica. The transmission of "MIDORIKO" among different P. japonica genotypes could also be considered to occur via sexual reproduction, although it is likely infrequent via that method given the sporadic nature of "MIDORIKO" within the P. japonica population. Although P. japonica exhibits homothallic sexual reproduction, the present genetic data demonstrate that it is undoubtedly a biological species.}, }
@article {pmid41626864, year = {2026}, author = {Mendonça, IRW and Oliveira, MC}, title = {Microbiota associated with benthic Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): From morphological structures to geographically dispersed populations.}, journal = {Journal of phycology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jpy.70129}, pmid = {41626864}, issn = {1529-8817}, support = {2018/17843-4//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 2020/09406-3//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#xe3;o Paulo/ ; 142189/2018-9//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 304776/2022-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 001//CAPES/ ; }, abstract = {Seaweed-associated microbiota distribution is influenced by factors such as symbiosis, season, life cycle, environmental conditions, and geographic location. This study investigated how microbial communities vary across different parts of benthic Sargassum thalli from nine locations spanning three regions over 600 km apart along Brazil's coast, with sites in each region within 20 km of each other. Using 16S rDNA gene sequencing of the V4 region, we identified 16,802 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), with 1169 shared across thallus structures and 1100 shared across regions. Our analysis showed that microbial communities varied both along the thallus and between regions, though communities were similar within regions less than 20 km apart. Among thallus structures, the holdfast had the most distinct microbiota, differing from the phylloid and receptacle. This pattern was consistent across Brazil's coastline and has also been observed in studies from Singapore and Portugal. The holdfast microbiota was marked by an unidentified Alphaproteobacteria, along with sulfur-cycling families Desulfocapsaceae and Desulfosarcinaceae. Phylloids and receptacles were mainly associated with photosynthetic cyanobacteria. We also identified shared taxonomic biomarkers across Sargassum species from Asia, Europe, and South America. These results suggest that the microbiota are more influenced by the thallus structure than by geographic location. These consistent patterns across Sargassum species from different continents-Asia, Europe, and South America-support the hypothesis of microbiota specialization within morphological niches.}, }
@article {pmid41626782, year = {2026}, author = {Walser, ON and Pathak, E and Banuelos, AI and Rossbach, S}, title = {Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol Dehydrogenase XoxF Confers a Competitive Advantage to Sinorhizobium meliloti During Symbiosis with Medicago sativa.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-08-25-0110-R}, pmid = {41626782}, issn = {0894-0282}, abstract = {The recent discovery of the lanthanide(Ln)-dependent methanol dehydrogenase (Ln-MDH) XoxF has expanded the spectrum of bacteria recognized for methylotrophic metabolism. Many bacteria, including rhizobia, have historically escaped being categorized as methylotrophs because they exclusively produce XoxF-type Ln MDHs and entirely lack the long-studied calcium-dependent methanol dehydrogenase MxaFI. We report that the XoxF-type Ln-MDH encoded by the smb20173 gene is the sole methanol dehydrogenase that supports methylotrophic growth of Sinorhizobium meliloti. The lanthanides that consistently supported growth of S. meliloti in minimal media with methanol included lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium. Based on genome, whole-transcriptome, and mutant phenotype analyses, we propose a metabolic model for Ln-dependent methylotrophy in S. meliloti wherein oxidation of one-carbon compounds, such as methanol, generate the reducing power needed to assimilate carbon via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. By investigating how these newfound insights about lanthanides reshape our understanding of the methylotrophic capabilities of rhizobia, we explored how methanol produced by plants has the potential to create a nutritional niche in the rhizosphere. Using a Medicago sativa (alfalfa) nodule occupancy assay, we found that a xoxF mutant strain was outcompeted by the wild-type strain only when lanthanides were available, suggesting that Ln-dependent methylotrophy promotes an efficient rhizobia-legume symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41626691, year = {2026}, author = {Nguyen, TNG and Kamal, MM and Lin, CL and Leu, JY}, title = {Splicing regulation and intron evolution in the short-intron ciliate model of endosymbiosis Paramecium bursaria.}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/nar/gkag063}, pmid = {41626691}, issn = {1362-4962}, support = {AS-IA-110-L01//Academia Sinica/ ; AS-GCS-113-L03//Academia Sinica/ ; //National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan/ ; 113-2326-B-001-002//NSTC/ ; 112-2628-B-001-009//NSTC/ ; 113-2811-B-001-065//NSTC/ ; //Institute of Molecular Biology/ ; //Academia Sinica/ ; }, mesh = {*Introns/genetics ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Paramecium/genetics ; *RNA Splicing ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Chlorella/genetics/physiology ; Spliceosomes/genetics/metabolism ; Alternative Splicing ; }, abstract = {The integration of symbionts into host cells during endosymbiosis significantly alters gene expression and cell physiology. Though alternative splicing facilitates cellular adaptation through rapid modulation of gene expression and protein isoform diversity, its regulatory role during endosymbiosis remains poorly understood. Paramecium bursaria, which harbors hundreds of Chlorella variabilis algae within its cytoplasm, offers a powerful model to study splicing during endosymbiosis, especially given its exceptionally short introns (median ∼24 nt). Using time-course RNA sequencing of symbiotic and aposymbiotic cells, we found that splicing, especially of 5' proximal introns, enhances gene expression. Moreover, we identified 883 genes with differentially spliced introns, particularly enriched in transmembrane transporters essential for establishing nutrient exchange between a host cell and algal symbionts. Splicing regulation correlated with expression changes in conserved spliceosome components, implicating that these factors act as splicing enhancers or repressors during symbiosis. By exploring intron orthology across ciliates, we found that conserved introns exhibited more efficient splicing, characterized by lower GC content and uniform length, suggesting that intron evolution favors features that optimize expression. Our study reveals how splicing contributes to host adaptation during endosymbiosis and highlights the evolutionary dynamics of short introns in eukaryotes.}, }
@article {pmid41626682, year = {2026}, author = {Li, F and Singh, J and Kumar, A}, title = {Symbiotic Advantage Beyond Root Architecture: How AMF Levels the Playing Field for Phosphorus Uptake in Sorghum.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70425}, pmid = {41626682}, issn = {1365-3040}, }
@article {pmid41626677, year = {2026}, author = {Bristy, SA and Hossain, MA and Hasan, MI and Mahmud, SMH and Moni, MA and Rahman, MH}, title = {An integrated complete-genome sequencing and systems biology approach to predict antimicrobial resistance genes in the virulent bacterial strains of Moraxella catarrhalis.}, journal = {Briefings in functional genomics}, volume = {25}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/bfgp/elaf027}, pmid = {41626677}, issn = {2041-2657}, mesh = {*Moraxella catarrhalis/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; *Systems Biology/methods ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Whole Genome Sequencing ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Virulence/genetics ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; }, abstract = {Moraxella catarrhalis is a symbiotic as well as mucosal infection-causing bacterium unique to humans. Currently, it is considered as one of the leading factors of acute middle ear infection in children. As M. catarrhalis is resistant to multiple drugs, the treatment is unsuccessful; therefore, innovative and forward-thinking approaches are required to combat the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To better comprehend the numerous processes that lead to antibiotic resistance in M. catarrhalis, we have adopted a computational method in this study. From the NCBI-Genome database, we investigated 12 strains of M. catarrhalis. We explored the interaction network comprising 74 antimicrobial-resistant genes found by analyzing M. catarrhalis bacterial strains. Moreover, to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the AMR system, clustering and the functional enrichment analysis were assessed employing AMR gene interactions networks. According to the findings of our assessment, the majority of the genes in the network were involved in antibiotic inactivation; antibiotic target replacement, alteration and antibiotic efflux pump processes. Additionally, rpoB, atpA, fusA, groEL and rpoL have the highest frequency of relevant interactors in the interaction network and are therefore regarded as the hub nodes. These hub genes only reflects their centrality in cellular function, rather than direct or selective targets for antimicrobial development without reservation. Finally, we believe that our findings could be useful to advance knowledge of the AMR system present in M. catarrhalis via a series of phenotypic assays including MIC testing, and gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR) to confirm the functional expression of AMR genes.}, }
@article {pmid41626549, year = {2025}, author = {Dong, Z and Chen, C and Liao, C and Chen, XM}, title = {Integrating large language models and affective computing for human-machine symbiosis in intelligent driving.}, journal = {Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.))}, volume = {6}, number = {12}, pages = {101014}, pmid = {41626549}, issn = {2666-6758}, }
@article {pmid41626324, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, L and Zhang, M and Zhang, S and Chen, M and Yuan, M and Huang, J and Chen, W and Zhang, Y}, title = {Root enhancement improves rhizosphere nutrient availability and promotes growth in flue-cured tobacco.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1728181}, pmid = {41626324}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Enhancing root development can profoundly reshape rhizosphere symbioses that influence nutrient uptake and plant growth. However, the mechanisms linking root optimization, rhizosphere microbial assembly, and nutrient dynamics in flue-cured tobacco remain insufficiently understood.<br><br>METHODS: A field experiment was conducted using flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Yunyan 87) to compare an enhanced-root treatment (nutrient-bag seedling system under alternating moisture) with conventional floating seedling cultivation. Root traits, rhizosphere nutrient availability, soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, plant nutrient accumulation, and mediation relationships among root traits, rhizosphere environment, and plant growth were evaluated.<br><br>RESULTS: The enhanced-root treatment significantly increased root length and root volume (up to 65.6% and 51.5%, respectively). Rhizosphere function was improved, as indicated by higher available phosphorus (+51.7%) and urease activity (+29.6%). Microbial community composition shifted toward beneficial taxa, including enrichment of Rhizobiaceae and Actinobacteria. These changes were associated with greater nutrient acquisition, increasing total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium accumulation by 13-14%. Mediation analysis further demonstrated that the rhizosphere environment fully mediated the positive effects of root optimization on plant growth, supporting a causal chain of "root system &#x2192; rhizosphere symbiosis &#x2192; plant performance."<br><br>DISCUSSION: Structural and functional enhancement of roots strengthens plant-microbe symbiosis and promotes nutrient cycling, thereby improving tobacco growth and nutrient accumulation. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for root-based strategies to enhance tobacco productivity while supporting soil ecological function.}, }
@article {pmid41625063, year = {2025}, author = {Krumsvik, RJ and Klock, K and Bratteberg, MH}, title = {Symbiotic intelligence in dental trauma diagnostics-an exploratory case study.}, journal = {Frontiers in oral health}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1687841}, pmid = {41625063}, issn = {2673-4842}, abstract = {Dental trauma in children is common and requires prompt diagnosis, which can be challenging in remote or isolated settings with limited access to emergency dental care. This exploratory case study investigates whether OpenAI's o3 can support dental trauma diagnostics in primary incisors, building on prior pretesting of GPT-4 on summative dental education exams (2023) and multimodal dental trauma analyses (2024), and focusing on o3's multimodal capability and reliability in 2025 with expert assessment ("human in the loop") prior to a supervisor seminar with students and supervisors (N = 84). Preliminary findings indicate that GPT-4 performed well on sample exams (2023), and that 7/10 multimodal analyses of dental injuries were accurate (2024); in the 2025 case, o3 correctly identified pulp necrosis in tooth 51 and uncomplicated enamel/dentin fractures in teeth 51 and 61, consistent with IADT guidance. Human expert involvement contributed essential validation, particularly for treatment decisions and ethical considerations. Overall, the study illustrates how symbiotic intelligence-purposeful collaboration between human and AI-may enhance learning outcomes in scenario-based simulations in remote areas, while requiring active human involvement and multiple validation communities.}, }
@article {pmid41623620, year = {2025}, author = {Tanin, SM and Nuotclà, JA and Biedermann, PHW}, title = {The social context in bark beetle - fungus bioassays: a case study in European fir engraver bark beetles and their fungal associates.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1717396}, pmid = {41623620}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Certain species of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are among the most aggressive herbivorous forest insects due to their mass aggregation behavior and symbiosis with filamentous fungi. These characteristics help them overwhelm the natural defenses of the healthy trees they attack, and consequently, they are classified as primary pest species. Despite their important role in the beetles' success, the community of fungal symbionts and their key mutualist taxa are only well understood for a few symbionts in a small number of bark beetle species. Recent developments have shown that key mutualists can be identified using in vitro olfactory or gustatory bioassays. However, these assays have only tested mixed-sex groups of beetles. This introduces potential biases compared to individual assays due to the known tendency of these beetles to aggregate.<br><br>METHODS: This study focuses on the poorly studied fungal symbionts of European fir bark beetles in the genus Pityokteines, specifically P. vorontzowi and P. curvidens. We used a newly developed, two-tier bioassay to evaluate the attraction of beetles to olfactory and gustatory fungal cues in a specific order to identify essential mutualists. Additionally, we are the first to investigate whether testing individual beetles or mixed- or same-sex groups influences the outcome of such bioassays.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results show that Pityokteines beetles responded more strongly to physical contact with the fungus than to volatiles alone. Of the five commonly isolated species, only Geosmithia sp. and Ophiostoma piceae were attractive. Females responded to volatile cues, while males did not. Both sexes preferred to bore their feeding tunnels in these two fungi but were repelled by one of the other species, Graphilbum fragrans. The social context significantly impacted the beetles' behavior: same-sex groups exhibited the strongest response to the offered fungal cues, while mixed-sex groups demonstrated the weakest response.<br><br>CONCLUSION: In summary, we identified key fungal species in Pityokteines bark beetles that now need to be assessed individually for their function(s). Most importantly, our results suggest that previous studies should be reassessed because sex and social context must be considered when conducting such bioassays.}, }
@article {pmid41623618, year = {2025}, author = {Alimu, A and Zhong, X and Gao, Y and Lu, Y}, title = {Elimination of Arsenophonus increases susceptibility to sulfoxaflor in Aphis gossypii.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1708122}, pmid = {41623618}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a globally significant agricultural pest that harbors diverse microbial symbionts. Beyond their well-known roles in nutrition, these microbial partners are increasingly recognized for their potential to modulate host detoxification pathways and influence insecticide susceptibility. While sulfoxaflor is a primary insecticide for controlling A. gossypii, the extent to which the predominant secondary symbiont, Arsenophonus, mediates susceptibility to this chemical remains largely unexplored.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we investigated the role of Arsenophonus in modulating host sulfoxaflor susceptibility and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We established an Arsenophonus-infected A. gossypii line (A-infected) and an antibiotic-cured, Arsenophonus-deleted line (A-deleted). To ensure identical genetic backgrounds and eliminate residual antibiotic effects, the A-deleted line was maintained for 10 generations under antibiotic-free conditions, with symbiont status confirmed by PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. We then compared sulfoxaflor susceptibility, analyzed protein levels of detoxification enzymes, performed comparative transcriptomic analysis, and validated key candidate genes using RNA interference (RNAi).<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Bioassays revealed that the elimination of Arsenophonus significantly increased susceptibility to sulfoxaflor. This hypersensitivity was metabolically associated with reduced protein levels of mixed-function oxidases (MFOs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Comparative transcriptomic analysis identified multiple differentially expressed cytochrome P450 genes, including CYP380C44, CYP380C45, CYP6J1, CYP6CY14, CYP6CY21, CYP4CJ1, and CYP4C1. Functional verification demonstrated that RNAi-mediated silencing of CYP380C44 in the A-infected line significantly increased sulfoxaflor mortality. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the secondary symbiont Arsenophonus modulates the host response to sulfoxaflor by regulating P450-mediated metabolic pathways. Identifying CYP380C44 as a critical effector gene highlights the Arsenophonus-P450 axis as a potential molecular target for developing novel pest control strategies that exploit symbiotic vulnerabilities.}, }
@article {pmid41623059, year = {2026}, author = {Mathevet, R and Mounet, C}, title = {Governing biodiversity: solidarity, justice and reciprocity in wildlife management.}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {349}, number = {}, pages = {1-25}, doi = {10.5802/crbiol.190}, pmid = {41623059}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; *Biodiversity ; France ; Humans ; *Social Justice ; Ecosystem ; Hunting ; Environmental Justice ; }, abstract = {In the current epoch of profound anthropogenic transformations of ecosystems, managing wildlife cannot be reduced to simple technical adjustments in response to social tensions or conflicts. This article proposes a shift in perspective based on three principles-ecological solidarity, interspecies reciprocity and environmental justice-to reconsider the conditions of coexistence between humans and wildlife. These principles are not limited to damage prevention; they can also open up political spaces for diverse living beings and their relations. We therefore present a framework for analyzing socio-ecological viability consisting of four dimensions: ecological interdependence, ethical-political commitment, relationship quality, and institutional arrangement fairness. Through three case studies in France involving wolves (Canis lupus), wild boars (Sus scrofa) and greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus), we examine three contrasting management strategies: conflict and polarization, pragmatic hunting and symbiotic negotiation-processes of mutual adjustment in shared environments. These cases do not describe fixed management regimes, but rather shifting configurations that reveal forms of power, situated knowledge and animal agency. Our analysis reveals the necessity of a wildlife governance that is more attentive to attachments, yet also more demanding in terms of reciprocity, and capable of recognizing the contributions of non-humans to shared environments. Transitioning from a logic of compensation to a policy of co-viability therefore necessitates supporting practices that foster a shared habitability and habitable futures for humans and other living beings alike.}, }
@article {pmid41622876, year = {2026}, author = {Abbas, D and Haider, K and Ghafar, MA and Ullah, F and Ali, MY and Khan, KA and Galian, J and Hou, M}, title = {Effect of the gut microbiota on insect reproduction: mechanisms and biotechnological prospects.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70601}, pmid = {41622876}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32172413)/ ; }, abstract = {The insect gut microbiota functions as a multifunctional symbiotic system that plays a central role in host reproduction. Through the production of bioactive metabolites, gut microbes interact with host hormonal pathways, immune signaling, and molecular regulatory networks, thereby shaping reproductive physiology and fitness. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding how gut microbiota regulate insect reproduction. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that microbial metabolites contribute to nutrient metabolism and the provision of essential cofactors, modulate hormone signaling pathways involved in reproductive development, and participate in pheromone biosynthesis that affects mating behavior. These processes impact both female and male reproductive functions through coordinated interactions among metabolism, endocrine regulation, and chemical communication. In females, microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and vitamins regulate insulin/TOR and juvenile hormone signaling, promoting ovarian development, vitellogenin synthesis, and oviposition. In males, gut bacteria influence spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and pheromone production, which are critical for mating success and fertility. Overall, these findings provide a mechanistic foundation for applied strategies, including Wolbachia-based population suppression, probiotic supplementation to enhance sterile insect technique (SIT) performance, and microbial manipulation of pheromone production for pest control. In addition, dietary conditions and environmental stressors can reshape gut microbial composition and metabolic activity, leading to changes in reproductive outcomes. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the complex interactions between insect gut microbiota and reproductive physiology. Key insights include: (i) the role of microbial metabolites in regulating mating behavior, oviposition, and offspring development; (ii) the potential of microbiota-based strategies for pest control, such as Wolbachia-mediated population suppression and probiotic enhancement of SIT; and (iii) the impact of external factors, including diet and environmental conditions, on reproduction through microbiota-mediated pathways. These findings deepen our understanding of insect-microbe symbiosis and its implications for evolutionary biology and sustainable pest management. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41622335, year = {2026}, author = {Ota, C and Bamba, M and Sato, S and Tsuchimatsu, T}, title = {Soil microbial composition and abundance influence the growth of Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {Journal of plant research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41622335}, issn = {1618-0860}, abstract = {In mutualistic symbiosis between plants and bacteria, the abundance and composition of symbiotic bacterial groups in the soil microbiota can be important for plant growth. Here, we focused on the nitrogen-fixing mutualism between Lotus japonicus and nodule bacteria to investigate whether and how much the abundance of symbiotic rhizobia in the soil microbiota of natural environments contributes to variations in host plant growth. An inoculation experiment of soil microbiota revealed extensive variations in plant growth phenotypes, even between microhabitats. We found that the local presence of L. japonicus and the relative abundance of Mesorhizobium bacteria showed positive correlations with plant growth supported by both 16S amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenome analyses. Among bacteria investigated, the abundance of Mesorhizobium was most strongly associated with plant growth phenotypes, supporting its role as the primary symbiotic rhizobia in natural environments. Given the specificity and the selectivity of plants for favorable rhizobia, legume-rhizobia interactions could trigger a positive plant-soil feedback that enriches favorable rhizobia into the soil surrounding legume plant habitats.}, }
@article {pmid41621781, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, E}, title = {Deciphering Plant-Microbe Symbioses: A Molecular Blueprint for Precision Agriculture.}, journal = {Journal of molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {169668}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2026.169668}, pmid = {41621781}, issn = {1089-8638}, abstract = {Symbioses between plants and microbes such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia, provide critical advantages in plant nutrient acquisition and stress resilience, and thereby underpin agricultural sustainability. However, plants coexist with a myriad of soil microbes, including mutualists, pathogens and commensals, and so must accurately differentiate between beneficial, detrimental, and neutral partners to optimize tradeoffs between growth and defense. Since 2013, our research group has been dedicated to addressing fundamental questions in plant-microbe symbioses. Our work encompasses the exchange of nutrients and signals between symbionts, and the differentiation between mutualistic and pathogenic microbes within the rhizosphere microbiome. We first discovered fatty acids as the main carbon source supplied by plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and later revealed the phosphate starvation response-centered regulatory network that controls the root and AM fungi phosphorus uptake pathways. In addition, we identified the receptors that recognize Myc factors and have made inroads on revealing the mechanisms underlying how plants distinguish symbiotic and immune signals. The legume-rhizobium symbiosis is understood to have evolved from arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Related to this, our group identified the Nod factor co-receptor, MtLICK1/2, and revealed that a SHR-SCR module specifies legume cortical cell fate to enable root nodulation. Collectively, our work has provided fundamental insights into the two most agriculturally important plant-microbe symbioses, thereby paving the way for innovative strategies that harness these interactions to advance sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41621545, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, L and Wei, W and Sun, X and Li, X and Wen, X and Mao, B and Hao, R and Qiu, W and Li, H}, title = {Competitive nitrogen/phosphorus scarcity triggers multi-pathway nitrogen removal and phosphorus-stress response in microalgae-bacterial symbiosis: poly-metabolic synergy enhancement mechanisms.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {445}, number = {}, pages = {134138}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134138}, pmid = {41621545}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {This study elucidates the metabolic remodeling and synergistic mechanisms of the microalgae-bacteria symbiosis (MABS) under competitive nitrogen and phosphorus stress. Compared with the control, MABS increased removal efficiencies of total nitrogen, NH4[+]-N, NO3[-]-N, and total phosphorus by 5.9, 5.1, 1.5, and 1.7 times, respectively, while enhancing microalgal triacylglycerol production by 17.5%. Microalgae preferentially assimilated NH4[+]-N and dominated phosphorus uptake, whereas the bacterial community strengthened denitrification through functional specialization, carbon metabolism optimization, and electron transport chain (ETC) remodeling. Specifically, bacterial carbon metabolism shifted from the conventional tricarboxylic acid cycle toward a frdABCD-dependent branch that supplies reducing power, accompanied by the enrichment of electron carrier ubiquinone-10 and upregulation of ETC complexes III/IV. Symbiotic bacteria further promoted more efficient ATP synthesis in microalgae, synergizing with improved carbon fixation and lipid-directed carbon partitioning. These findings reveal the metabolic plasticity and cross-kingdom coordination that underpin high-rate nutrient removal and lipid accumulation in MABS.}, }
@article {pmid41620541, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Han, S and Zhang, W and Shen, W and Dong, B and Wang, N}, title = {Microbial Mediators of Pine Defense Resistance: Stage-Specific Gut Symbionts Enable Acantholyda posticalis to Overcome Terpenoid Barriers.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02641-x}, pmid = {41620541}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {SDAIT-24//Modern Agricultural Technology Industry System of Shandong province/ ; ZR2022MC198//Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; 2023TSGC0345//Science and Technology of Small and Medium Enterprises Innovation Ability Enhancement in Shandong Province/ ; }, abstract = {Acantholyda posticalis (Matsumura) is a globally significant forest pest that inflicts substantial economic losses through its feeding activity on Pinus species. As an oligophagous insect, A. posticalis relies critically on its gut microbiota to overcome the defensive secondary metabolites of pine needles, particularly α- and β-pinene terpenoids. This study investigated the dynamic compositional changes of gut bacterial communities across different developmental stages of A. posticalis and characterized their functional roles in host adaptation. Through traditional culturing methods, two pinene-degrading bacterial strains-Klebsiella variicola and Enterobacter hormaechei-were isolated from the larval gut. In vitro assays demonstrated their significant capacity to degrade the two pinenes. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed stage-specific bacterial enrichment patterns. Functional prediction suggested these microbial communities participate in critical metabolic processes, including phosphotransferase systems, GST activity, and detoxification pathways. This work advances understanding of insect-microbe symbiosis in oligophagous systems and proposes novel strategies for ecologically sustainable A. posticalis control through manipulation of its gut microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid41619978, year = {2026}, author = {Ke, D and Hou, S and Zhou, Z}, title = {GmIFS interacts with GmNFR1α and plays a positive role in soybean legume-rhizobia symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {113011}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2026.113011}, pmid = {41619978}, issn = {1873-2259}, abstract = {Soybean (Glycine max) serves as a vital source of plant protein and edible oil, while also functioning as a key soil-enriching crop. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation between soybean and rhizobia is crucial for sustainable green agriculture. Nod factor (NF) is a signaling molecule for the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and soybean. The soybean NF receptor GmNFR1α plays a pivotal role in nodulation; however, its signaling pathway remains incompletely characterized. In previous studies, using GmNFR1α as bait, we identified the isoflavone synthase GmIFS2 as an interactor through screening a soybean root/nodule yeast AD-cDNA library. Yeast two-hybrid, luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) in tobacco, and in vitro pull-down assays confirmed the interaction between GmIFS2 and the kinase domain of GmNFR1α (GmNFR1α-pk). Symbiotic phenotyping revealed that the ifs1/2 double mutant significantly inhibited the infection process of rhizobia, leading to a remarkable reduction in the number of soybean nodules and shoot/root dry weights. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of roots and nodules from ifs1/2 versus wild-type plants demonstrated substantial alterations in genes related to isoflavonoid synthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, and MAPK signaling pathways, alongside significant changes in key enzymes, transcription factors, and metabolites within isoflavonoid and nitrogen metabolism pathways. The study demonstrates that GmNFR1α can directly form a heteromeric complex with the soybean isoflavone synthase GmIFS2, positively regulating symbiotic nodulation between soybeans and rhizobia. The research findings further complement and elucidate the nodulation signaling pathway mediated by GmNFR1α, providing new molecular evidence for the symbiotic interaction mechanism between soybeans and rhizobia.}, }
@article {pmid41618562, year = {2026}, author = {Shelake, RM and Waghunde, RR and Kim, JY}, title = {Coevolution of plant-microbe interactions, friend-foe continuum, and microbiome engineering for a sustainable future.}, journal = {Molecular plant}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2026.01.010}, pmid = {41618562}, issn = {1752-9867}, abstract = {The coevolution of plant-microbe (PM) associations over approximately 450 million years has been a fundamental driver of terrestrial life, giving rise to mutualistic, commensal, and pathogenic relationships along a dynamic friend-foe continuum. The need to adapt to the host environment has driven the convergent evolution of common strategies among mutualists and pathogens, enabling them to evade or modulate the plant immune system. This review synthesizes PM coevolution within a deep-time, three-pillar framework: organellogenesis, root evolution, and immune gatekeeping, linking ancient endosymbiotic events (mitochondria, chloroplast, and nitroplast) to contemporary holobiont-level phenotypes and biotechnological applications. We organize the friend-foe continuum around a coevolution-guided cost-benefit and tipping-point framework, using identified molecular switches and evolutionary constraints to derive actionable design rules for engineering PM associations. Moving beyond a descriptive toolbox of technologies, we integrate recent breakthroughs to analyze how four principal axes: host and microbial genetics, evolutionary dynamics, environmental and ecological conditions, and metabolic switches define the thresholds that govern microbial lifestyle transitions. Finally, we propose specific, testable strategies for PM coevolution-informed crop improvement, distinguishing near-term feasible targets from long-term speculative goals in nitrogen utilization, synthetic microbial communities, immune receptor engineering, modulation of plant memory, and microbiome-integrated breeding through genome editing, synthetic biology, AI, and microbiome engineering. Together, these approaches extend existing syntheses into a predictive, evolution-informed framework that transforms coevolutionary principles into a functional blueprint for sustainable and resilient agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41618275, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Q and Li, Y and Li, K and Huang, X and Ahmat, M and Yan, Y and Huang, X and Yao, H and Cui, W and Hou, M}, title = {Candolleomyces candolleanus P9 from Altay Glycyrrhiza: β-glucosidase-mediated biotransformation.}, journal = {Microbial cell factories}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12934-026-02947-6}, pmid = {41618275}, issn = {1475-2859}, support = {2022B02042//Key Research and Development Task Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; 2022B02056-2//sub tasks of the Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; xjnkywdzc-2025003-06-04//sub tasks of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Stabilization Support Program/ ; }, abstract = {Endophytic fungi establish a symbiotic relationship with their host plants, actively engaging in the hosts' physiological and metabolic processes. They can directly or indirectly transform plant metabolites, thereby playing a crucial role in the host's overall health and functioning. In this study, we isolated and identified an endophytic fungus, Candolleomyces candolleanus P9 strain, which produces β-glucosidase from Ural Glycyrrhizae Radix in Altay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. In addition, the enzyme production conditions of strain P9 were optimized using a wheat bran concentration of 30.6 g/L, beef extract concentration of 11.2 g/L, inoculum size of 2.6%, pH 7.23, at 30 °C, with shaking at 150 rpm, and a fermentation duration of 6 days. Under these conditions, the β-glucosidase activity of strain P9 increased by 13.6-fold compared to the initial level. On this basis, the efficiency of converting diurea-based urea into diurea-based elements was further optimized. The optimized results were as follows: conversion time 12 h, temperature 37℃, liquiritin concentration 0.8 mg/mL, pH value 7.5, and the conversion rate reached 93.09%. In addition, the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of the fermentation broth of the P9 strain after biotransformation were significantly better than those of commercial β-glucosidase and control group. In summary, fermentation with the β-glucosidase-producing Candolleomyces candolleanus P9 strain is a potential method for converting liquiritin into liquiritigenin of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.}, }
@article {pmid41617724, year = {2026}, author = {Dong, Z and Sun, MS and He, YD and Zhou, L and Xiang, W and Li, X and Huang, P and Zeng, JG}, title = {Fungal photobiont and microbiome genome composition in the Cladonia uncialis tripartite symbiosis.}, journal = {Scientific data}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-026-06624-6}, pmid = {41617724}, issn = {2052-4463}, abstract = {As symbiotic complexes formed through the association of bacteria or algae with fungi, lichens exhibit exceptional adaptability to extreme environments and function as pioneer species in rocky habitat ecological succession. The absence of high quality chromosome-level genome has constrained investigations into lichen adaptive evolution, while functional contributions of symbiotic bacterial communities remain inadequately explored. This study presents the chromosome-level genome assembly of the mycobiont Cladonia uncialis, comprising 28 chromosomes with a total size of 43.49 Mb, generated through integrated PacBio HiFi and Hi-C methodologies. We characterized the symbiotic microbiota using integrated short and long-read sequencing and constructed 31 metagenome-assembled genomes. The community was dominated by Ascomycota (41.16%), Proteobacteria (17.61%), and Bacteroidota (14.20%). Long-read sequencing significantly enhanced detection sensitivity for low-abundance taxa. This study provides essential genomic resources and comprehensive profiles of the symbiotic microbiota, enabling mechanistic exploration of adaptive evolution within lichen symbiotic systems under extreme environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41616777, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, H and Hou, L and Lan, L and Zhang, R and Wang, DJ and Feng, H and Chen, CY and Ye, JJ and Oyebanji, OO and Chukwuma, EC and Chen, SY and Tong, YX and Yang, JB and Yang, J and Murray, JD and Soltis, PS and Soltis, DE and Zhang, XW and Li, DZ and Yi, TS and Wang, E}, title = {Evolution of root nodule symbiosis via paleopolyploidy and modular pathway rewiring.}, journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2026.01.001}, pmid = {41616777}, issn = {1934-6069}, abstract = {The evolution of root nodule symbiosis (RNS), a key innovation for plant nitrogen acquisition, has long been studied but lacks a mechanistic, gene-level evolutionary framework. Here, we reconstruct the gene regulatory network underlying RNS (GRN-RNS) at single-gene resolution using comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses of 10 newly sequenced and published genomes across all RNS families. We discover that symbiosis-related gene families originated from γ paleohexaploidy in core eudicots, fueling the molecular foundation for network assembly. The initial GRN-RNS emerged at the crown node of the nitrogen-fixing clade through the recruitment and rewiring of genes from three pathways: arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, nitrate response, and stress response. In legumes, GRN-RNS was further refined to enable symbiosome formation via convergent recruitment of modules for cell wall remodeling and kinase signaling. Our work resolves the temporal and regulatory architecture of RNS, providing a unifying framework to understand the evolution of this complex trait.}, }
@article {pmid41616063, year = {2026}, author = {Nosaki, S and Noda, M and Onoda, H and Ito, M and Suzaki, T}, title = {The root nodule symbiosis regulator NIN exhibits broad DNA binding specificity conferred by an NLP-inherited motif.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {eaeb8825}, pmid = {41616063}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Protein Binding ; *Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism/genetics ; *Lotus/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Arabidopsis/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS) occurs in some eudicots, including legumes, and is regulated by the transcription factor NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), derived from the NIN-LIKE PROTEIN (NLP) family. However, how the NIN protein acquired RNS-specific functions remains unclear. We identify a previously undescribed motif in Lotus japonicus NIN, located downstream of the RWP-RK domain, which we term the FR. This motif broadens NIN's DNA binding specificity by stabilizing the RWP-RK dimer interface. nin mutants lacking the FR motif show defective nodulation and impaired nitrogen fixation. Arabidopsis NLP2 carries a NIN-type FR and shares key features with NIN. Furthermore, the NIN-type FR had already emerged before the divergence of gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages, suggesting that a specific molecular feature of NIN involved in RNS regulation was inherited from ancestral NLPs prior to the emergence of RNS.}, }
@article {pmid41615162, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Koga, R and Moriyama, M and Fukatsu, T}, title = {Disruption of methionine synthesis repressor makes Escherichia coli mutualistic to host stinkbug.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0388325}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.03883-25}, pmid = {41615162}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Degenerative genome evolution is widely found among obligatory bacterial mutualists, as observed in plant-sucking hemipteran insects whose symbiont genomes are highly reduced and specialized for provisioning of essential amino acids. Originally, such symbionts must have been derived from environmental free-living bacteria. It is elusive, however, what evolutionary changes are involved in the early stages of such elaborate mutualistic associations. Here, we addressed this evolutionary question using the experimental symbiotic system consisting of the stinkbug Plautia stali and the model bacterium Escherichia coli. In E. coli, metJ encodes a repressor of the methionine synthesis pathway, and its disruption upregulates production of the essential amino acid methionine. We found that, when metJ-disrupted E. coli was inoculated to P. stali, the insects exhibited significantly elevated hemolymphal methionine levels and improved adult emergence rates, demonstrating that the single-gene mutation makes E. coli mutualistic to P. stali. In comparison with mutualistic E. coli single-gene mutants that upregulate another essential amino acid tryptophan, the phenotypic effects on P. stali were somewhat different: the adult emergence rate was improved by both the methionine-overproducing and tryptophan-overproducing E. coli mutants, whereas the adult body color was improved by the tryptophan-overproducing E. coli mutant only. When we generated a double mutant E. coli ΔmetJΔtnaA and inoculated it to P. stali, the adult emergence rate was not improved but rather attenuated, uncovering non-additive fitness consequences of these single-gene mutations. These results provide insights into what genetic changes may have facilitated the early evolution of the insect-microbe mutualism.IMPORTANCEWhat is the evolutionary origin of elaborate bacterial mutualists entailing drastic genome reduction, specialized metabolism, and uncultivability? This question is important but challenging to address, because the evolution of such symbiotic associations occurred in the past and cannot be observed directly. However, the recent development of an experimental symbiotic system consisting of the stinkbug Plautia stali as host and the model bacterium Escherichia coli as symbiont has opened an avenue to empirically investigate the evolution of host-microbe mutualism. We demonstrated that, strikingly, single-gene mutations of E. coli that upregulate the production of methionine and tryptophan make the non-symbiotic bacterium mutualistic to P. stali, plausibly via provisioning of the essential amino acids that complement the nutritional requirements of the plant-sucking insect host. Our finding provides insight into what genetic changes of the symbiont side can be involved in the early evolution of the host-microbe mutualism.}, }
@article {pmid41615103, year = {2026}, author = {Oliveira, RJ and Santos, A and Zanuncio, JC and Zanetti, R}, title = {Climatic factors and Euplatypus parallelus populations in teak plantations in the Amazon biome.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {85}, number = {}, pages = {e297602}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.297602}, pmid = {41615103}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; *Weevils/classification/physiology ; Population Density ; Seasons ; *Climate ; Forests ; Temperature ; }, abstract = {Damage caused by insect pests, such as the ambrosia beetle Euplatypus parallelus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is important to forest plantations, like teak. This beetle bores galleries into the trunk of Tectona grandis, where it cultivates symbiotic fungi and staining the wood. However, the effects of climatic factors on its populations are poorly understood. This study aimed to correlate the occurrence of E. parallelus with climatic factors in a 258.09 ha T. grandis plantation, established in October 2014, in São José dos Quatro Marcos (MT), Brazil. Ethanol-baited traps were systematically installed to monitor the pest. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with negative binomial distribution were used to analyze the relationship between the number of insects collected and environmental variables. Precipitation and temperature were significant and included in the final model, unlike distance from traps to native vegetation, wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation. The abundance of E. parallelus increased with rising maximum and medium temperature and precipitation. The results indicate that temperature and precipitation are critical factors for predicting outbreaks of E. parallelus and should therefore be incorporated into monitoring and IPM programs. Including these variables strengthens the identification of critical sampling periods, the strategic placement of traps, and the calibration of action thresholds. It also guides climate-sensitive silvicultural practices and management guidelines, particularly in the context of ongoing climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41615023, year = {2026}, author = {Martínez, LT and Escalona, M and Toffelmier, E and Miller, C and Sahasrahbudhe, R and Marimuthu, MPA and Nguyen, O and Chumchim, N and Beraut, E and Sacco, S and Seligmann, W and Fairbairn, CW and Cooper, RD and Shaffer, HB and Purcell, J and Sachs, JL}, title = {Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of a Foundational California Native Legume, Acmispon strigosus.}, journal = {The Journal of heredity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jhered/esag007}, pmid = {41615023}, issn = {1465-7333}, abstract = {Acmispon is a legume genus that has diversified within the California Floristic Province. Acmispon species live in a variety of habitats including coastal sage scrub, deserts, grasslands, and woodlands, and form symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Here, we report the first, chromosome-level assembly of Acmispon strigosus (Strigose bird's-foot trefoil or Strigose lotus) as part of the California Conservation Genomics Project (CCGP). Consistent with the reference genome pipelines of the CCGP, we used Pacific Biosciences HiFi long reads and Hi-C chromatin-proximity sequencing technology to produce a de novo assembled genome. The assembly is 519 Mb in length, with a contig N50 of 22.97 Mb, scaffolded into seven pseudo-chromosomes. Using the NCBI egapx pipeline, we annotated a total of 21 347 genes resulting in a protein BUSCO completeness score of 91.5%. This is the first genome assembled for Acmispon and among the first genomic resources available for a native California legume. The assembly BUSCO completeness score of 94.8% makes it one of the most complete genomes for the tribe Loteae (Fabaceae). Generating whole genome sequences will contribute to our general understanding of nitrogen-fixing legume's adaptations to diverse soil and environmental conditions, interactions with nitrogen fixing Bradyrhizobium and Mesorhizobium symbionts, and the degrading effects of pollution-induced nitrogen deposition to the legume-rhizobium symbiosis in California. These data will also help to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Acmispon spp., which remain unresolved.}, }
@article {pmid41614833, year = {2025}, author = {Khalil, HB and Zakherah, HA and Alhassan, FA and Salah, MM and Kamel, AM and Mohamed, AY and Alsahoud, HA and Metwaly, FH and Mostafa, SA}, title = {Wheat Plasma Membrane Receptors: Orchestrating Immunity and Bridging to Crop Improvement.}, journal = {Current issues in molecular biology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cimb48010002}, pmid = {41614833}, issn = {1467-3045}, support = {KFU254660//King Faisal University/ ; }, abstract = {The plant plasma membrane serves as the primary interface for perceiving extracellular signals, a function largely mediated by plasma membrane receptors (PMRs). In wheat (Triticum aestivum), the functional characterization of these receptors is impeded by the species' large, hexaploid genome, which results in extensive gene duplication and functional redundancy. This review synthesizes current knowledge on wheat PMRs, covering their diversity, classification, and signaling mechanisms, with a particular emphasis on their central role in plant immunity. We highlight the remarkable structural and functional diversification of PMR families, which range in size from 10 members, as seen in the case of wheat leaf rust kinase (WLRK), to over 3424 members in the receptor-like kinase (RLK) family. Furthermore, we reviewed the role of PMRs in being critical for detecting a wide array of biotic stimuli, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and symbiotic signals. Upon perception, PMRs initiate downstream signaling cascades that orchestrate defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming, cell wall reinforcement, and metabolic changes. The review also examines the complex cross-talk between immune receptors and other signaling pathways, such as those mediated by brassinosteroid and jasmonic acid receptors, which underpin the delicate balance between growth and defense. Finally, we bridge these fundamental insights to applications in crop improvement, delineating strategies like marker-assisted selection, gene stacking, and receptor engineering to enhance disease resistance. After identifying key obstacles such as genetic redundancy and pleiotropic effects, we propose future research directions that leverage multi-omics, systems biology, and synthetic biology to fully unlock the potential of wheat PMRs for sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41613836, year = {2025}, author = {Miao, F}, title = {The anthropomorphization of AI and the concept of Buddhist compassion in human-machine interaction.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1583565}, pmid = {41613836}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: With the advancement of anthropomorphic technologies and affective computing, the symbiosis of values between robots and humans has emerged as a crucial research topic. Against the backdrop of global cultural diversity, the four immeasurables-Metta (ci), Karuna (bei), Mudita (xi), and Upekkha (she)-in Buddhism offer a more adaptable and flexible ethical framework compared to other religious doctrines for guiding robotic development.<br><br>METHODS: By comparing with other religious ethics, it demonstrates the unique feasibility of Buddhist compassion in shaping robots' goodness-oriented behavior.<br><br>RESULTS: Taking Guanyin, a quintessential symbol of compassion in Buddhism, as the moral archetype, the study proposes a design philosophy centered on equality, reciprocity, and responsibility. An illustrative case of elderly care robots showcases the practical application of this framework.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Challenges related to artificial compassion implementation and cultural disparities are also analyzed. The paper concludes that the cultural adaptability of Buddhist compassion in a cross-cultural context renders it a viable solution for harmonious human-robot symbiosis, integrating technological innovation with profound ethical wisdom.}, }
@article {pmid41613569, year = {2026}, author = {Duffy, SL and Kennington, WJ and Richards, ZT and Thomas, L}, title = {Concordant Patterns of Population Genetic Structure and Symbiont Communities in a Broadcasting Spawning Coral Along a Western Australian Fringing Reef.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {e72585}, pmid = {41613569}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {The degree of connectivity across ecosystems is a key determinant of resilience, directly influencing recovery potential after disturbance and long-term ecosystem stability. In reef-building corals, there is added complexity to these processes because both the coral host and their symbiotic dinoflagellates determine resilience. Given these complexities, we investigated the connectivity of a broadcast spawning coral and its associated algal symbiont communities along the Ningaloo Reef Marine Park and Muiron Island Management Area. Using reduced representation sequencing and DNA metabarcoding in 158 colonies of Acropora cf. tenuis across 14 sampling sites, we detected significant spatial genetic structure in the coral host consistent with a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD). Spatial Autocorrelation analyses revealed that the genetic neighbourhood extends up to 50 km suggesting that this coral species has multiple demographically independent populations across Ningaloo Reef. Symbiont communities were dominated by Cladocopium and followed a similar IBD pattern of between-site differences in community composition. We did not identify a significant correlation between host genetic diversity and symbiont community diversity at the colony level. However, spatial patterns of genetic differentiation between sample sites for the host and symbiont community composition were significantly associated suggesting that connectivity along a fringing reef system for both coral hosts and their symbionts is driven by similar biogeographic factors.}, }
@article {pmid41612704, year = {2026}, author = {Huang, Y and Guo, L and Fan, F and Zhao, X and Lu, Y and Jiao, M and Hou, Y}, title = {Bacteriocyte-specific antimicrobial peptides regulate the Rhynchophorus ferrugineus-Nardonella symbiosis and represent novel targets for symbiosis-based pest control.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70604}, pmid = {41612704}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many beetles require tyrosine supplementation from endosymbiotic bacteria for exoskeleton synthesis. Weevils harbor the ancient endosymbiont Nardonella within specialized bacteriocytes, a mutualistic association maintained for >125 million years in which the bacterium exclusively preserves tyrosine biosynthetic capability. The red palm weevil, one of the world's most destructive invasive pests causing widespread devastation to palm industries across continents, depends on its Nardonella endosymbiont for survival. Disrupting this obligate symbiosis represents a promising pest control strategy, yet the molecular mechanisms maintaining host-symbiont homeostasis remain poorly understood. Although antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been implicated in symbiont regulation in some insects, their functions in this ancient weevil-Nardonella association remain unknown.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified two novel bacteriocyte-specific AMPs, RfAMP1 and RfAMP2. Unlike canonical immune AMPs, RfAMPs exhibited expression patterns that paralleled endosymbiont dynamics and responded specifically to symbiont presence rather than pathogenic infections. Both peptides localized to Nardonella membranes and cytoplasm. RNAi-mediated knockdown of either RfAMP1 or RfAMP2 resulted in endosymbiont escape into midgut tissues and increased endosymbiont abundance within bacteriocytes. At subinhibitory concentrations, RfAMPs significantly increased bacterial membrane permeability. Loss of RfAMP function through RNAi disrupted symbiotic homeostasis, impaired tyrosine biosynthesis and severely compromised larval survival.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: RfAMPs regulate endosymbiont homeostasis and spatial confinement, essential for tyrosine provisioning and host fitness. These findings reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the ancient weevil-Nardonella mutualism and highlight potential targets for red palm weevil management through symbiosis disruption. &#xa9; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41612166, year = {2026}, author = {Bellabarba, A and Fagorzi, C and Bacci, G and Decorosi, F and Checcucci, A and Pacini, GC and Bekki, A and Mimoune, AEH and Azim, K and Hafidi, M and Mengoni, A and Pini, F and Viti, C}, title = {Genomic and Phenotypic Bases of Salt Tolerance in Sinorhizobium meliloti: Candidate Traits for Bioinoculant Development Addressing Saline Soils.}, journal = {Microbial biotechnology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {e70304}, doi = {10.1111/1751-7915.70304}, pmid = {41612166}, issn = {1751-7915}, support = {//Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area/ ; }, mesh = {*Sinorhizobium meliloti/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/drug effects ; *Salt Tolerance/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; Medicago sativa/microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Phenotype ; Sodium Chloride/metabolism ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Symbiosis ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; }, abstract = {Soil salinity poses a major challenge to the legume-rhizobia symbiosis development, thereby affecting sustainable agriculture. Selecting NaCl-tolerant strains and enhancing the native strains' fitness under salt stress are essential steps for the restoration of marginal areas. In this work, 49 Sinorhizobium meliloti strains, the rhizobial species forming symbiotic nitrogen-fixing associations with alfalfa-including 21 de novo-sequenced field isolates-were subjected to a thorough in vitro screening for salt tolerance at progressively higher NaCl concentrations. Field isolates showed genome-based geographical clustering but contrasting salt tolerance abilities. Indeed, genome-wide association (GWA) analysis on the strains' whole-genome sequencing data indicated several loci associated with the variability in salt tolerance. Candidate genes were involved in various processes including cell wall organisation, LPS biosynthesis, quorum sensing, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. The relationship with carbohydrate metabolism was further confirmed by Phenotype Microarray analysis which indicated salt-tolerant strains having enhanced capacity in carbon source usage. These findings reveal synergistic pathways underlying salt tolerance and suggest candidate traits (e.g., quorum sensing, carbohydrate synthesis and modification) for developing bioinoculants to enhance legume performance in saline soils.}, }
@article {pmid41611504, year = {2026}, author = {He, H and Liu, W and Wang, C and Zhu, Y and Zhang, W and Kong, Z and Wang, L}, title = {[Fuctions of the aspartic proteasegene AhAP12 in peanut nodulation].}, journal = {Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {330-342}, doi = {10.13345/j.cjb.250392}, pmid = {41611504}, issn = {1872-2075}, support = {2021YFD1600600//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 202204051001020//the Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province/ ; 2021xG003 and 2022xG0014//the High-level Talent Start-up Funds of Shanxi Agricultural University/ ; 202105D121010-23 and 202204010910001-33//the Independent Research and Development Project of Shanxi HouJi Laboratory/ ; }, mesh = {*Arachis/genetics/microbiology/enzymology/physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics/physiology ; *Plant Root Nodulation/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Aspartic Acid Proteases/genetics/metabolism ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/genetics ; Rhizobium/physiology ; }, abstract = {Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of China's important oilseed and economic crops, and its symbiotic nitrogen fixation system formed with rhizobia has significant agricultural and ecological value. The aspartic protease family plays a crucial role in plant stress resistance and hormone signal transduction, while its function in leguminous plants for nodular nitrogen fixation remains unclear. This study identified a specifically expressed aspartic protease family gene, AhAP12, which rapidly responded to rhizobial infection in peanut nodules through bioinformatics analysis. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that AhAP12 was localized to both the nucleus and cell membrane. Moreover, overexpression of AhAP12 in peanut hairy roots significantly increased nodule formation, while silencing AhAP12 markedly reduced nodulation, which indicated that AhAP12 positively regulated peanut nodulation. Further expression analysis revealed that AhAP12 might influence the nodulation process by regulating the expression of multiple key nodulation-related genes, including AhNIN and AhHK. This study is the first to elucidate the role of AhAP12 in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes, providing new theoretical insights into the molecular mechanisms of nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Additionally, it offers valuable genetic resources for breeding new peanut varieties with enhanced nodulation efficiency and improved nitrogen utilization.}, }
@article {pmid41610853, year = {2026}, author = {Weiler, BA and Kron, N and Bonacolta, AM and Vermeij, MJA and Baker, AC and Del Campo, J}, title = {Temporal transcriptional rhythms govern coral-symbiont function and microbiome dynamics.}, journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2026.01.004}, pmid = {41610853}, issn = {1934-6069}, abstract = {Diel rhythms align physiological processes with light/dark cycles, driving predictable oscillations in gene expression and protein activity through tightly controlled transcriptional-translational feedback loops. This study presents in situ transcriptomic analyses of the stony coral Pseudodiploria strigosa and its photosymbionts, Breviolum sp., at key daily time points. P. strigosa shows precise transcriptional control: dawn triggers a molecular reset marked by RNA metabolism and protein turnover; midday emphasizes anabolic and phosphate-regulated pathways; dusk reflects transitional lipid and amino acid metabolism; and midnight reveals stress responses, mRNA catabolism, and mitochondrial organization. Photosymbionts display subtler diel patterns, with photoprotection at dawn, metabolite transport and nitrogen cycling through midday/dusk, and cell cycle and ion homeostasis at night. Microbial communities show time-dependent restructuring of co-occurrence networks, driving diel-related functional consequences like changes in microbial metabolism. These findings present a system-level molecular framework of diel regulation across the coral-photosymbiont-microbe holobiont, revealing time-specific transcriptional control of coordinated function and homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid41610732, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, S and Li, H and Ning, M and Yu, BYM and Wu, S and Cheng, WY and Li, Y and Yeung, WF}, title = {The association between gut microbiota and insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Sleep medicine reviews}, volume = {86}, number = {}, pages = {102236}, doi = {10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102236}, pmid = {41610732}, issn = {1532-2955}, abstract = {Emerging evidence suggests interactions between gut microbiota and sleep regulation, but specific associations with insomnia remain unclear. This systematic review evaluated alterations in gut microbiota in patients with insomnia compared with healthy controls. A systematic literature search was performed on eight databases from inception to June 2025. Case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies examining gut microbiota in adults with insomnia versus healthy controls were included. Fourteen studies encompassing 9036 participants (58.4 % female) were included. Alpha diversity was reduced in patients with insomnia in most of the included studies, among which observed species significantly decreased (SMD: 0.90, 95 % CI: 1.39, -0.40, k = 5). Beta diversity analysis revealed a consistently distinct microbial community structure between individuals with insomnia and healthy controls. Taxonomically, insomnia correlated with shifted Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios. Meta-analyses revealed alterations in key genera, including significantly decreased Faecalibacterium and Lachnospira, and significantly increased Blautia and Eubacterium hallii. Changes in gut microbiota were also correlated with inflammatory markers and metabolic disturbances. In summary, gut microbiota dysbiosis was associated with insomnia and characterized by reduced microbial diversity and altered bacterial composition. These findings suggest potential applications for microbial biomarkers in insomnia diagnosis and subtyping, and the development of personalized microbiota-targeted interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41609689, year = {2026}, author = {Christensen, SM and Kaltenpoth, M and Vogel, H and Vannette, RL}, title = {Streptomyces anthophorae sp. nov. and Streptomyces nidicola sp. nov., novel actinobacteria isolated from a solitary bee.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.007029}, pmid = {41609689}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {Animals ; *Streptomyces/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Bees/microbiology ; *Phylogeny ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial ; Base Composition ; Fatty Acids/chemistry/analysis ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; California ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Diaminopimelic Acid/analysis ; }, abstract = {Six novel actinobacterial strains (BH034[T], BH055, BH097, BH104, BH105 and BH106[T]) were isolated from developing brood in nests of the solitary bee species Anthophora bomboides from Bodega Bay, California, USA. Phylogenetic analysis based on a five-gene multilocus sequence alignment and whole-genome data positions all six strains within the genus Streptomyces, with close relation to Streptomyces endophyticus YIM 65594[T] and Streptomyces fractus MV32[T]. Through genetic and chemotaxonomic analysis, five of the isolates (BH034[T], BH055, BH097, BH104 and BH105) were found to be a clade representing one species [>96% average nucleotide identity (ANI)], whereas BH106[T] was a distinct species (<93% ANI with each of the other isolate genomes). Within this species (BH034[T]-BH105), the genomes comprised on average 9.6 Mb (±0.4 Mb), encoded 8,640 (±349) predicted genes and had a G+C content of 70.9 (±0.07) mol%. The type strain, BH034[T], contained iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 as major fatty acids and contained ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. The remaining strain, BH106[T], represents a distinct species; its genome comprised 9.4 Mb, encoded 8,426 predicted genes and had a G+C content of 70.7 mol%; the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0, and the cell wall also contained ll-diaminopimelic acid. Functional genomic analysis revealed multiple secondary metabolite gene clusters in the bee-associated Streptomyces strains, several of which were found to be absent in closely related Streptomyces species. Based on genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strains BH034-BH105 and BH106 represent two novel species within the genus Streptomyces, for which the names Streptomyces anthophorae sp. nov. (type strain BH034[T]=NRRL B-65741[T]=DSM 119658[T]) and Streptomyces nidicola sp. nov. (type strain BH106[T]=NRRL B-65742[T]=DSM 119659[T]) are proposed.}, }
@article {pmid41608563, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Z and Ji, X and Cong, X and Gao, Y and Gao, J}, title = {Recent advances in nanoparticles targeting TGF-β signaling for cancer treatment.}, journal = {Theranostics}, volume = {16}, number = {7}, pages = {3507-3540}, pmid = {41608563}, issn = {1838-7640}, mesh = {*Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Humans ; *Neoplasms/drug therapy ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; *Nanoparticles/administration &amp; dosage ; Animals ; *Antineoplastic Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; *Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; }, abstract = {Multiple therapies blocking TGF-β signaling have been investigated in preclinical and clinical trials over the past few decades; nevertheless, the outcomes of clinical trials are disappointing due to the double-faced systemic effects of TGF-β and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Intelligent nanodelivery systems engineered with responsive stimuli and targeting capabilities address the Janus-faced biology of TGF-β through spatially precise inhibition. Nanoparticles targeting TGF-β reciprocally create a positive feedback loop that enhances the penetration and delivery efficiency of nanoparticles because of the role of TGF-β in remodeling the tumor microenvironment. This review first outlines the function of TGF-β signaling, summarizes various tools for suppressing TGF-β signaling and provides an exhaustive emphasis on advanced nanoparticles targeting TGF-β. This review elucidates the symbiotic interplay between TGF-β blockade and nanoparticles, where nanomaterial-based strategies refine the specificity of TGF-β targeting, while the blockade of TGF-β reciprocally enhances the efficiency of nanoparticle-mediated delivery. Additionally, current challenges and future directions are highlighted to guide the future development of TGF-β blockade strategies and nanoparticles for antitumor therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41607111, year = {2026}, author = {Brandes, J and Halitschke, R and Fischer, K and Baldwin, IT and Franken, P}, title = {Genetic and environmental regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal responsiveness in petunia: Implications for breeding and trait selection.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/plb.70185}, pmid = {41607111}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {//Th&#xfc;ringer Ministerium f&#xfc;r Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Digitale Gesellschaft/ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi enhance plant nutrition and stress tolerance, yet their agricultural use remains limited because symbiotic outcomes are unpredictable. Mycorrhizal responsiveness (AM-responsiveness)-the host's growth response to AMF inoculation-offers a potential breeding target. We investigated variation in AM-responsiveness among Petunia hybrida, P. axillaris, P. exserta and P. inflata, and explored its genetic and environmental determinants. Plants were inoculated with Rhizoglomus irregulare and analysed for biomass, AMF colonization, phosphate uptake, phosphate transporter expression and accumulation of the foliar biomarker 11-carboxyblumenol C-glucoside. Species differed strongly in colonization intensity, biomass and biomarker accumulation. Based on contrasting AM-responses between P. axillaris and P. exserta, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from these parents was used to assess AM-responsiveness as a quantitative trait under variable environmental conditions. The RILs showed transgressive segregation for biomass responses, confirming a heritable component, while strong genotype × environment (G × E) interactions demonstrated environmental dependency. These results highlight AM-responsiveness as a genetic trait suitable for breeding but emphasize the need to account for environmental variation. Foliar blumenols proved effective non-destructive indicators of colonization, supporting their potential in high-throughput screening for mycorrhizal traits.}, }
@article {pmid41607035, year = {2026}, author = {Poddar, S and Sahoo, S and Chandra, Y and Shrivastava, S and Kotamraju, S and Saha, B}, title = {Metadherin with Stromal-Immune Cues Drives CD36-Dependent Lipid Reprogramming and Metastasis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Insights from a Hetero-Spheroid Model.}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e04890}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.202504890}, pmid = {41607035}, issn = {2192-2659}, support = {BT/HRD/35/02/2006//DBT Ramalingaswami Re-Entry/ ; FBR070306//CSIR, India/ ; }, abstract = {Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) exhibits altered lipid metabolism, driven by the tumor microenvironment's cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). CD36, a fatty acid translocase, is crucial in this metabolic adaptation of cancer cells. Despite its importance, what controls CD36-mediated lipid flow is still unclear. This study identifies metadherin (MTDH), an oncogene, as a critical regulator of CD36-dependent lipid exchange and TNBC progression. Using engineered spheroid models that mimic tumor microenvironment with MTDH-Wt and MTDHΔ7 overexpressing TNBC cells co-cultured with CAFs and TAMs, we observed increased lipid uptake, enhanced EMT, and aggressive metastatic features driven by MTDH-CD36 signaling. Further analyses, including advanced microscopy and transcriptomics, revealed that MTDHΔ7 overexpression in TNBC cells in the presence of stromal-immune cells, amplifies lipid metabolic pathways, promotes stemness, and pro-metastatic signaling. Intriguingly, increased formation of tunnelling nanotube-like structures, indicative of metabolic rewiring, was observed in Lv.MTDHΔ7-MDA-MB-231[CAF-TAM] heterotypic spheroids. These changes were reversed by sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO; CD-36 inhibitor) treatment. Moreover, SCID mice bearing Lv.MTDH-Wt/Δ7-MDA-MB-231cells[CAF-TAM] heterotypic spheroids led to accelerated breast tumor growth and lipid-driven metastasis. Importantly, SSO administration significantly reduced lipid accumulation and tumor aggressiveness, confirming CD36 as a functional mediator of MTDH-driven lipid reprogramming. Our findings establish MTDH as a master regulator of lipid reprogramming through CD36, a process further amplified by CAF-TAM interactions, which creates a lipid-rich tumor microenvironment fuelling TNBC aggressiveness. This study reveals crucial mechanistic insights into how stromal-immune cells induce lipid symbiosis and highlights the MTDH-CD36 axis as a promising therapeutic target for future combination therapies in aggressive, metabolically reprogrammed TNBC.}, }
@article {pmid41606705, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, B and Zheng, G and Jiang, H and Wang, T and Liu, G and Zhang, Z and Lu, X and Liang, C and Tian, J}, title = {Flavonoid-Mediated Recruitment of Bradyrhizobium Enhances Maize Root Development and Nutrient Acquisition in Maize-Soybean Intercropping Systems.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70420}, pmid = {41606705}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {2021YFF1000504//National Key Research and Development Programme of China/ ; 2023ZD04072//Scientific and Technological Innovation 2030 - Major Project/ ; 32302662//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Intercropping between legumes and cereals enhances nutrient acquisition. However, the mechanisms by which legume-associated microbes influence non-legume root development remain unclear. Bradyrhizobium, traditionally recognised as a legume symbiont, may also perform non-symbiotic roles in shaping cereal root architecture and nutrient uptake. We investigated how soybean-maize intercropping recruits Bradyrhizobium through flavonoid exudation and how this bacterium modulates maize flavonoid metabolism, root growth, and nutrient acquisition. Pot intercropping experiments were conducted with maize grown alone or with soybean. Root exudates, rhizosphere microbial communities, and soil nutrient profiles were analysed, and Bradyrhizobium isolates were tested for flavonoid responses and maize inoculation effects. Intercropping markedly enriched Bradyrhizobium in the maize-soybean interaction-zone rhizosphere. Soybean roots released 5-8 times more flavonoids than maize, which recruited Bradyrhizobium and enhanced soil phosphate availability and nutrient-cycling potential. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium promoted maize root elongation and nutrient uptake. Transcriptomic analyses revealed activation of the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid pathway, repression of flavonol biosynthesis, and induction of auxin-responsive and nutrient transport genes, suggesting that Bradyrhizobium stimulates maize root growth via a flavonoid-auxin regulatory module. Soybean-derived flavonoids recruit Bradyrhizobium to maize rhizospheres, where the bacterium enhances maize root development and nutrient acquisition, uncovering a cross-species microbial mechanism underlying legume-cereal intercropping benefits.}, }
@article {pmid41606480, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Zhai, Y and Zhang, Q and Zhang, Y and Li, Y and Tang, S and Wang, J and Lu, H}, title = {Endophytic Alternaria oxytropis modulates host metabolism and enhances stress resilience in locoweed independent of swainsonine biosynthesis.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08257-8}, pmid = {41606480}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {No.2023YFD1801100//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; No. 32072929//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Locoweed toxicity is attributed to swainsonine-producing endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis, yet the broader ecological significance of fungal metabolites beyond swainsonine remains poorly understood. Here, we integrated untargeted metabolomics with biochemical assays to compare the effects on the plant of the wild-type Alternaria oxytropis endophyte with endophyte-free plants and plants colonised by swnR-silenced strains. Across four symbiotic systems, 3,008 metabolites were identified, with significant alterations enriched in terpenoid backbone, flavonoid, and amino acid metabolism. Fungal-colonized plants exhibited elevated accumulation of sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoid glycosides-metabolites with known allelopathic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant functions. Notably, swnR-silenced symbionts maintained enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, particularly catalase, despite a marked reduction in swainsonine levels. Growth parameters remained unaffected, indicating that metabolic reprogramming occurred without fitness costs. Our findings reveal that A. oxytropis endophytes modulate host secondary metabolism and oxidative defense independently of swainsonine biosynthesis. This dual role-conferring toxicity while enhancing ecological competitiveness-offers new insight into locoweed persistence and provides a potential strategy for mitigating toxicity while preserving adaptive benefits in host-endophyte symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41605787, year = {2026}, author = {Inagaki, M and Kamiya, S and Okamura, A and Miura, A and Kayano, Y and Tanaka, A and Takemoto, D}, title = {Cdc25-Mediated Activation of the Small GTPase RasB Is Essential for Hyphal Fusion and Symbiotic Infection of Epichloë festucae.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {e70210}, doi = {10.1111/mpp.70210}, pmid = {41605787}, issn = {1364-3703}, support = {//NOVARTIS Foundation (Japan) for the Promotion of Science/ ; //Toyoaki Scholarship Foundation/ ; 23117719//the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 16KT0145//the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; }, mesh = {*Epichloe/pathogenicity/physiology/genetics/enzymology ; *Hyphae/physiology ; *Symbiosis/genetics/physiology ; *Fungal Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Mutation/genetics ; *ras Proteins/metabolism ; Lolium/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Epichloë festucae is a filamentous endophytic fungus that symbiotically colonises the intercellular spaces of aerial tissues in perennial ryegrass without causing disease symptoms. This mutualistic association enhances host resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Balanced and coordinated growth of E. festucae with its host is essential for the establishment and long-term maintenance of the symbiotic relationship. Various E. festucae mutants defective in symbiosis with host plants have been isolated, and notably, many of these symbiosis-defective mutants also lack hyphal fusion ability under culture conditions, supporting a close functional connection between signal transduction required for hyphal fusion and symbiosis establishment. Using a plasmid insertional mutagenesis approach, we identified cdc25 as an essential regulator of hyphal fusion in E. festucae. cdc25 encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates the small GTPase Ras. The Δcdc25 strain lost both hyphal fusion ability and the capacity to infect host plants. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that Cdc25 specifically interacts with RasB, one of five Ras proteins in E. festucae. Expression of constitutively active (CA) RasB in the Δcdc25 strain restored both hyphal fusion and host infection, whereas expression of CA-RasB in the ΔmpkB strain failed to rescue its defect in hyphal fusion, suggesting that the Cdc25-RasB signalling module acts upstream of the MAPK cascade. In pathogenic fungi, this signalling module is known to regulate infection-related morphogenesis. These findings indicate that E. festucae has evolutionarily repurposed the conserved Cdc25-RasB module to coordinate hyphal fusion and maintain a stable mutualistic interaction with its host.}, }
@article {pmid41603534, year = {2026}, author = {Catacora-Grundy, A and Kramer, N and Jakobsen, SL and Kühl, M and Decelle, J and Wangpraseurt, D}, title = {Intra-colony light gradients drive variation in coral symbiont morphology and carbon storage.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wrag006}, pmid = {41603534}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Light availability plays a central role in shaping the photophysiology and energy metabolism of photosymbiotic organisms such as reef-building corals. Although light varies greatly within coral colonies, the effects of this spatial heterogeneity on the subcellular organization and energy storage of symbiotic algae (Symbiodiniaceae) remain poorly understood. Here, we combined microscale measurements of light and oxygen across both light-exposed upper regions and shaded basal regions of a Favites abdita colony with three-dimensional cellular imaging using Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM). Our multi-scale approach revealed subcellular heterogeneity among symbiont populations, suggesting different cell cycle stages and physiological states across a spatial stratification in the coral. Subcellular morphometrics revealed that symbiont cells at the top of the colony were twice more voluminous than those at the shaded base with similar plastid volume occupancy. Compared to symbionts at the top of the colony, symbionts in the basal region accumulated nearly three times more starch relative to their cell volume. These findings show that light gradients within coral colonies shape symbiont morphology and energy storage patterns, with important implications for coral stress tolerance and resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41603457, year = {2026}, author = {Malinski, KH and Madalone, OF and Kingsolver, JG and Willett, CS}, title = {The role of a viral symbiont in the thermal mismatch of host-parasitoid interactions.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.251637}, pmid = {41603457}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {IOS-2029156//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; Graduate Student Seed Grant//Triangle Comparative and Evolutionary Medicine Center, Duke University/ ; }, abstract = {High temperature events are becoming more severe with climate change, altering species interactions and ecological networks. Symbionts can influence the thermal tolerance of their hosts, yet the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. We tested the impact of a high temperature event on the molecular interactions among a caterpillar host, Manduca sexta, its parasitoid wasp, Cotesia congregata, and the wasp's symbiotic virus. As in many host-parasitoid systems, high temperatures are lethal to developing parasitoids, but not hosts. Typically the parasitoid's viral symbiont immunosuppresses M. sexta. Here we show that elevated temperatures led to an impairment of this immunosuppression, persisting for days after the event ended. Viral gene expression in the host was altered by heat, with distinct expression patterns tied to the virus's genomic architecture. Specifically, viral transcription varied according to the gene's position on viral circular genomic segments: genes located on circles known to integrate into host DNA exhibited increased or unchanged expression following high temperature exposure, while genes on non-integrating circles showed marked reductions in expression. These results demonstrate that high temperatures can disrupt parasitic immunosuppression, which could help explain the lower thermal tolerance of parasitoids relative to hosts. The genomic structure of the viral symbiont may be associated with these effects, but additional research is needed to evaluate this hypothesis. Our findings highlight the importance of complex interactions between environmental temperature, microbial symbionts, and host immunity in the ecological responses of host-parasitoid systems to high temperature events.}, }
@article {pmid41601388, year = {2026}, author = {Brearley, FQ}, title = {Testing the importance of ectomycorrhizas and nutrients for the growth of dipterocarp seedlings in Borneo.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70155}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.70155}, pmid = {41601388}, issn = {1537-2197}, support = {ORP-1//British Ecological Society/ ; }, abstract = {PREMISE: A number of ecologically important tropical trees form symbiotic ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal associations including the Dipterocarpaceae, that dominate lowland forests of South-east Asia. Whilst numerous pot-based studies have focused on the importance of EcMs for dipterocarp seedling growth and performance, few field studies have been undertaken.<br><br>METHODS: In a 20-month field experiment in Malaysian Borneo, two species with contrasting light requirements-shade-tolerant Hopea nervosa and the more light-demanding Parashorea tomentella-were subjected to the factorial addition of fungicide (to reduce EcM colonization) and nutrients.<br><br>RESULTS: Fungicide addition reduced EcM colonization by a small but significant percentage. Reductions in foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll concentrations in both species and in calcium and magnesium concentrations in H. nervosa did not translate into reduced biomass in either species. When given additional nutrients, H. nervosa had no increase in foliar nutrient concentrations or biomass, but P. tomentella had an increase in foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations and more than doubled its biomass. When nutrients were added but EcM reduced, P. tomentella did not increase in biomass.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: EcM fungi can play an important role in influencing dipterocarp seedling mineral nutrition, and P. tomentella may require EcMs to effectively utilize additional mineral nutrient sources. The importance of nutrient uptake for biomass production is less clear and may be confounded by the use of fungicide to control EcM colonization.}, }
@article {pmid41601343, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, Q and Yan, J and Yang, Q}, title = {Metabolic reprogramming of efferocytosis in the tumour microenvironment: From apoptotic-cell clearance to therapeutic targeting.}, journal = {Clinical and translational medicine}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {e70601}, pmid = {41601343}, issn = {2001-1326}, support = {82360604//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024YNLCYXZX0326//Yunnan Provincial Health Commission Clinical Medicine Center Research Project/ ; 2024YNLCYXZX0339//Yunnan Provincial Health Commission Clinical Medicine Center Research Project/ ; 202501AY070001-217//Yunnan Fundamental Research Kunming Medical University Projects/ ; YDYXJJ2025-0056//Yunnan University Medical Research Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Tumor Microenvironment/immunology/physiology ; *Apoptosis/physiology ; *Phagocytosis/physiology ; *Neoplasms/metabolism/immunology ; Animals ; Metabolic Reprogramming ; Efferocytosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Efferocytosis is a critical physiological process in which phagocytes clear apoptotic cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. However, within the tumour microenvironment (TME), this process is systematically hijacked by tumour cells, transforming it into a key pathological mechanism that drives immunosuppression, tumour progression and therapeutic resistance.<br><br>KEY FINDINGS: This review systematically elucidates the central role of metabolic reprogramming in this functional reversal, emphasising that efferocytosis is essentially an immunometabolic intersection process precisely regulated by metabolism. By releasing various metabolites such as ATP, lactate, adenosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), apoptotic tumour cells not only recruit tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) but also metabolically pre-program their functions, inducing polarisation towards a pro-tumourigenic M2-like phenotype. During the recognition stage, tumour cells exploit metabolic abnormalities, such as glycosylation and lipid oxidation, to modify surface 'eat-me/don't-eat-me' signals, thereby hijacking macrophage recognition and engulfment programs. Upon completion of engulfment, systemic reprogramming of amino acid, lipid and glucose metabolism occurs within macrophages. These metabolic alterations synergistically lock their immunosuppressive phenotype and establish a metabolic symbiosis between the tumour and stromal cells.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Based on these mechanisms, this review further explores translational strategies targeting the efferocytic-metabolic axis, aiming to reprogram the immunosuppressive efferocytosis into immune-activating events to overcome TME-mediated immunosuppression and enhance current therapeutic efficacy. By deeply dissecting the metabolic regulatory networks of efferocytosis, we aim to pave new directions for cancer immunotherapy, achieving a paradigm shift from 'metabolic hijacking' to 'metabolic interventional therapy'.}, }
@article {pmid41202842, year = {2026}, author = {Berasategui, A and Salem, H}, title = {Plant Pathogens Moonlighting as Beneficial Insect Symbionts.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {471-495}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013411}, pmid = {41202842}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Insecta/microbiology/physiology ; *Plants/microbiology ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Herbivory ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Insect Vectors/microbiology/physiology ; }, abstract = {Herbivorous insects can shape the epidemiology of disease in plants by vectoring numerous phytopathogens. While the consequences of infection are often well-characterized in the host plant, the extent to which phytopathogens alter the physiology and development of their insect vectors remains poorly understood. In this review, we highlight how insect-borne phytopathogens can promote vector fitness, consistent with theoretical predictions that selection should favor a mutualistic or commensal phenotype. In doing so, we define the metabolic features predisposing plant pathogens to engage in beneficial partnerships with herbivorous insects and how these mutualisms promote the microbe's propagation to uninfected plants. For the vector, the benefits of co-opting microbial pathways and metabolites can be immense: from balancing a nutritionally deficient diet and unlocking a novel ecological niche to upgrading its defensive biochemistry against natural enemies. Given the independent origins of these tripartite interactions and a number of convergent features, we also discuss the evolutionary and genomic signatures underlying microbial adaptation to its dual lifestyle as both a plant pathogen and an insect mutualist. Finally, as host association can constrain the metabolic potential of microbes over evolutionary time, we outline the stability of these interactions and how they impact the virulence and transmission of plant pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid41082399, year = {2026}, author = {Ravenscraft, A and Coon, KL}, title = {Transient Microbes in Insects: Fleeting but Functional.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {253-273}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013446}, pmid = {41082399}, issn = {1545-4487}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecta/microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Many insects' gut microbiota derive partly or wholly from environmental sources. These microbes may be transient, passing through in a matter of hours, days, a developmental stage, or a host generation. There is increasing recognition of the presence of transient microbes in the insect gut, but it is often assumed that these microbes are commensal and serve no function for their hosts. Here, we explore different definitions of microbial transience and review results from diverse insect systems showing that transience does not always preclude, and in some cases enables, important contributions of environmentally acquired microbes to host fitness. Moving past the assumption that microbes must always be tightly associated with a host to serve beneficial functions will help us develop a more accurate and nuanced understanding of the functions of the gut microbiota in insects and other animals.}, }
@article {pmid41601318, year = {2026}, author = {Muñoz-Hernández, J and Peralta-Maraver, I and Cavieres, G and Gutiérrez-Cortés, I and Rezende, EL and Rivera, DS}, title = {Phylosymbiosis and functional redundancy in the Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) gut microbiome and its implications for host fitness.}, journal = {Journal of insect science (Online)}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jisesa/ieaf114}, pmid = {41601318}, issn = {1536-2442}, support = {11190637//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; 21241747//Universidad Mayor Doctoral Fellowship and the ANID National Doctoral Fellowship/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Drosophila/microbiology/physiology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Symbiosis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis ; Chile ; *Genetic Fitness ; Female ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in host ecophysiology. Numerous studies have examined microbiome composition and functionality to understand the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping host-microbe interactions. However, the consequences of these patterns for animal ecology remain poorly understood. Here, we examined how variations in the gut microbiome influence fitness differences among Drosophila species sharing a common dietary niche. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed the gut microbial taxonomy and predicted functional profiles of 4 Drosophila species collected in central Chile. Our results revealed a strong signal of phylosymbiosis in the microbial taxonomy, while functionality was highly redundant across the studied fly species. Functional biomarkers analysis indicated that the gut microbiome supports the nutritional requirements of D. simulans (Sturtevant), D. hydei (Sturtevant), and D. repleta (Wollaston); whereas, this was less evident in D. melanogaster (Meigen). To assess the potential contribution of the microbiome to host performance, we compared egg-to-adult viability between 2 species with the greatest physiological divergence: D. simulans and D. hydei. Notably, D. simulans exhibited significantly higher egg viability and shorter development time than D. hydei. Strikingly, the D. simulans microbiome contained more taxonomic and functional biomarkers previously demonstrated to enhance fly fitness, whereas the D. hydei microbiome harbored taxa and functions potentially detrimental to host performance. These findings suggest that the gut microbiome contributes to host fitness and may shape the evolutionary ecology of Drosophila species, with broader implications for community dynamics, including interspecific competition and species displacement.}, }
@article {pmid41601046, year = {2026}, author = {Wen, FF and Ma, QL and Guo, HR and Huang, Y and Zhang, X and Yao, YT and Li, DW and Yang, WD and Li, HY and Zou, LG}, title = {Unveiling zinc oxide nanoparticle toxicity in Symbiodinium kawagutii: Proteomic insights and coral reef implications.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {309}, number = {}, pages = {119615}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119615}, pmid = {41601046}, issn = {1090-2414}, mesh = {*Zinc Oxide/toxicity ; Coral Reefs ; *Dinoflagellida/drug effects/metabolism/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Proteomics ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Animals ; *Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity ; Symbiosis/drug effects ; Anthozoa ; *Nanoparticles/toxicity ; Proteome/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO), widely used as inorganic UV filters, are increasingly released into coastal waters, yet their mechanistic impacts on coral symbionts remain insufficiently resolved. Here, we evaluated nZnO toxicity in Symbiodinium kawagutii, a critical symbiotic alga in coral reefs, using proteomic profiling and cellular analyses. Results reveal that nZnO exposure significantly suppresses algal growth, disrupts photosynthesis, and induces oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage. Proteomic data indicate downregulation of essential photosynthetic proteins and upregulation of stress response proteins, reflecting profound metabolic disruptions. Cells also increased extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production; together with evidence of surface association and zinc accumulation, this suggests a defensive response that may modulate particle-cell interactions and Zn[2+] dynamics. Collectively, these results indicate that nZnO can impair key physiological functions of S. kawagutii that underpin coral-algal symbiosis, supporting the need to incorporate nanomaterial contaminants into coastal monitoring and ecological risk assessment frameworks.}, }
@article {pmid41600440, year = {2026}, author = {Suo, L and Wang, D and Zhou, W and Peng, X}, title = {Weighted Sum-Rate Maximization and Task Completion Time Minimization for Multi-Tag MIMO Symbiotic Radio Networks.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s26020644}, pmid = {41600440}, issn = {1424-8220}, abstract = {Symbiotic radio (SR) has recently emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling spectrum- and energy-efficient massive connectivity in low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. By allowing passive backscatter devices (BDs) to coexist with active primary link transmissions, SR significantly improves spectrum utilization without requiring dedicated spectrum resources. However, most existing studies on multi-tag multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SR systems assume homogeneous traffic demands among BDs and primarily focus on rate-based performance metrics, while neglecting system-level task completion time (TCT) optimization under heterogeneous data requirements. In this paper, we investigate a joint performance optimization framework for a multi-tag MIMO symbiotic radio network. We first formulate a weighted sum-rate (WSR) maximization problem for the secondary backscatter links. The original non-convex WSR maximization problem is transformed into an equivalent weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) problem, and then solved by a block coordinate descent (BCD) approach, where the transmit precoding matrix, decoding filters, backscatter reflection coefficients are alternatively optimized. Second, to address the transmission delay imbalance caused by heterogeneous data sizes among BDs, we further propose a rate weight adaptive task TCT minimization scheme, which dynamically updates the rate weight of each BD to minimize the overall TCT. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly improves the WSR of the secondary system without degrading the primary link performance, and achieves substantial TCT reduction in multi-tag heterogeneous traffic scenarios, validating its effectiveness and robustness for MIMO symbiotic radio networks.}, }
@article {pmid41600372, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, B and You, X and Liu, Y and Xu, J and Xu, S}, title = {Multi-Level Perception Systems in Fusion of Lifeforms: Classification, Challenges and Future Conceptions.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s26020576}, pmid = {41600372}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {2024YFC3406302//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 12204273//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZR2024MF107//the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China/ ; 2017YFA0701302//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Brain-Computer Interfaces ; *Perception/physiology ; }, abstract = {The emerging paradigm of "fusion of lifeforms" represents a transformative shift from conventional human-machine interfaces toward deeply integrated symbiotic systems, where biological and artificial components co-adapt structurally, energetically, informationally, and cognitively. This review systematically classifies multi-level perception systems within fusion of lifeforms into four functional categories: sensory and functional restoration, beyond-natural sensing, endogenous state sensing, and cognitive enhancement. We survey recent advances in neuroprosthetics, sensory augmentation, closed-loop physiological monitoring, and brain-computer interfaces, highlighting the transition from substitution to fusion. Despite significant progress, critical challenges remain, including multi-source heterogeneous integration, bandwidth and latency limitations, power and thermal constraints, biocompatibility, and system-level safety. We propose future directions such as layered in-body communication networks, sustainable energy strategies, advanced biointerfaces, and robust safety frameworks. Ethical considerations regarding self-identity, neural privacy, and legal responsibility are also discussed. This work aims to provide a comprehensive reference and roadmap for the development of next-generation fusion of lifeforms, ultimately steering human-machine integration from episodic functional repair toward sustained, multi-level symbiosis between biological and artificial systems.}, }
@article {pmid41598957, year = {2026}, author = {Negri, I and Toledo, ME}, title = {Evolution of Insect Pollination Before Angiosperms and Lessons for Modern Ecosystems.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects17010103}, pmid = {41598957}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Insect pollination, a critical ecological process, pre-dates the emergence of angiosperms by nearly 200 million years, with fossil evidence indicating pollination interactions between insects and non-angiosperm seed plants during the Late Paleozoic. This review examines the symbiotic relationships between insects and gymnosperms in pre-angiosperm ecosystems, highlighting the complexity of these interactions. Fossil records suggest that the mutualistic relationships between insects and gymnosperms, which facilitated plant reproduction, were as intricate and diverse as the modern interactions between angiosperms and their pollinators, particularly bees. These early pollination systems likely involved specialized behaviors and plant adaptations, reflecting a sophisticated evolutionary dynamic long before the advent of flowering plants. The Anthropocene presents a dichotomy: while climate change and anthropogenic pressures threaten insect biodiversity and risk disrupting angiosperm reproduction, such upheaval may simultaneously generate opportunities for novel plant-insect interactions as ecological niches are vacated. Understanding the deep evolutionary history of pollination offers critical insight into the mechanisms underlying the resilience and adaptability of these mutualisms. The evolutionary trajectory of bees-originating from predatory wasps, diversifying alongside angiosperms, and reorganizing after mass extinctions-exemplifies this dynamic, demonstrating how pollination networks persist and reorganize under environmental stress and underscoring the enduring health, resilience, and adaptability of these essential ecological systems.}, }
@article {pmid41598908, year = {2026}, author = {González-Peña, R and Hidalgo-Martínez, DO and Laredo-Tiscareño, SV and Huerta, H and de Luna-Santillana, EJ and Adame-Gallegos, JR and Rodríguez-Alarcón, CA and Rubio-Tabares, E and García-Rejón, JE and Muñoz-Ramírez, ZY and Tangudu, C and Garza-Hernández, JA}, title = {Characterization of the Bacteriome of Culicoides reevesi from Chihuahua, Northern Mexico: Symbiotic and Pathogenic Associations.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects17010052}, pmid = {41598908}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {419- 395 24-23//Secretar&#xed;a de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n (SECIHTI)/ ; SIP20250075//Secretar&#xed;a de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Posgrado from Instituto Polit&#xe9;cnico Nacional/ ; }, abstract = {Culicoides biting midges are vectors of veterinary and zoonotic pathogens, yet the bacteriome of several species remains unexplored. Culicoides reevesi, a poorly studied species in northern Mexico, represents an opportunity to investigate microbial associations that may influence vector biology. Adults of C. reevesi were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, followed by functional prediction with PICRUSt2. Heatmaps and pathway summaries were generated to highlight dominant taxa and functions. The bacteriome was dominated by Pseudomonadota, followed by Actinomycetota, Bacillota, and Bacteroidota. Symbiotic taxa such as Asaia and Cardinium were identified alongside potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Functional predictions indicated metabolic versatility, with abundant pathways related to aerobic respiration, the TCA cycle, amino acid biosynthesis, and quorum sensing. Despite all samples being collected from the same site and date, apparent differences in bacterial composition were observed across pools, suggesting microhabitat or host-related variability. This study provides the first taxonomic and functional baseline of the C. reevesi bacteriome. The detection of both symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria highlights the dual ecological role of the microbiome in host fitness and pathogen transmission potential. In conclusion, we suggest that these microbial associations influence vector physiology and competence, providing a basis for future microbiome-based control strategies. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating microbiome analyses into entomological surveillance and vector control strategies in endemic regions.}, }
@article {pmid41598897, year = {2025}, author = {Nie, Y and Yu, G and Hu, H}, title = {Niche Differentiation and Predicted Functions of Microbiomes in a Tri-Trophic Willow-Gall (Euura viminalis)-Parasitoid Wasp System.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects17010043}, pmid = {41598897}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {32560120//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Chalcidoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), the most important natural enemies of parasitoids, serve as a pivotal factor in the regulation and management of pest populations. Microbiotas mediate interactions among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies and shape host immunity, parasitoid development, and gall formation; however, the niche-specific diversity and functions of tritrophic parasitoid-host-gall systems remain unclear. Focusing on leaf galls induced on twisted willow (Salix matsudana f. tortuosa) by the willow-galling sawfly Euura viminalis and on two chalcidoids, Eurytoma aethiops and Aprostocetus sp., we profiled bacterial and fungal microbiomes across plant surfaces, gall lumen, host larval tissues, and parasitoids using HTAS. Fungal diversity peaked on parasitoids but was depleted in the gall lumen and host tissues; bacterial richness showed the opposite trend, peaking in the gall lumen and decreasing on parasitoids. In networks contrasted by kingdom, fungi showed positive interface-hub connectivity (Cladosporium, Alternaria), whereas bacteria showed negative hub-mediated associations (Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter), indicating habitat-specific replacements: exposed niches favored transport, two-component, secretion-motility and energy functions, whereas the gall lumen reduced transport/motility but selectively retained N/S metabolism; and in host tissues, information processing and nitrogen respiration were highlighted. These results inform microbiome-guided parasitoid biocontrol.}, }
@article {pmid41597716, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Y and Li, D and Li, Y and Wang, X and Zhang, W and Wen, X and Liu, Z and Feng, Y and Yin, W and Yang, C and Zhang, X}, title = {Characterization of Seed Endophytic Microbiota in Pinus massoniana.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010199}, pmid = {41597716}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2022ZD04016//STI 2030&#xff0d;Major Projects/ ; CAFYBB2020SZ008//Fundamental Research Funds of Research Institute of Forest New Technology, CAF/ ; }, abstract = {Seed endophytic microbiota are crucial for plant early development and stress resistance. Pinus massoniana is a key ecological and economic tree species in China, yet it is severely threatened by pine wilt disease (PWD). However, the community composition of P. massoniana seed endophytic microbiota and the persistent symbiosis formed via vertical transmission in seeds remain unclear. We analyzed the endophytic bacterial and fungal microbiota of P. massoniana seeds from four geographic regions using high-throughput 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing to characterize community structure, diversity, and functional potential, providing a basis for endophytic microbiota-based strategies to enhance resistance to PWD. Results showed that both alpha and beta diversity analyses indicated that seed endophytic microbial communities of P. massoniana differed among regions. Bacterial communities were dominated by Pseudomonadota (phylum), Gammaproteobacteria (class), and the genera Klebsiella, norank_f_Pectobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillus. Fungal communities were primarily composed of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (phylum), Sordariomycetes (class), and the genera Rosellinia, Aspergillus, and Coniophora. Correlation network analysis revealed that fungal networks were characterized by a higher proportion of positive correlations, whereas bacterial networks were more complex. Notably, several genera detected in seeds, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Trichoderma, have also been reported in mature P. massoniana tissues, indicating a potential for putative vertical transmission from mother plants. Functional prediction further suggested that these taxa were enriched in pathways related to terpenoid and polyketide metabolism and saprotrophic functions, which have been implicated in PWD resistance and have been previously reported to exert nematode-suppressive or plant growth-promoting effects. Overall, this study elucidates the community structure and ecological characteristics of seed endophytic microbiota in P. massoniana and identifies potentially beneficial microbial taxa, providing potential support for the future utilization of P. massoniana endophytic microbiota in PWD research.}, }
@article {pmid41597691, year = {2026}, author = {Ye, Y and Zhao, Y and Wang, N and Tang, R and Huang, Z and Li, S and Li, M and Zhang, C and Jiang, F}, title = {Deciphering Molecular Pathways of Bletilla striata Seeds Symbiotic Germination with Tulasnella sp. bj1.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010174}, pmid = {41597691}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2021ZX008//the financial support of the Science and Technology Plan of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province/ ; }, abstract = {Orchid seed germination requires symbiotic association with mycorrhizal fungi that provide essential nutrients for germination and subsequent growth. Extensive research has elucidated the pivotal role of the mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella sp. in the modulation of seed germination and growth processes in Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reiehb.f. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this symbiosis remain poorly characterized. Our integrated transcriptomic-metabolomic analysis of symbiotic germination revealed that co-cultivation of Tulasnella sp. bj1 with B. striata seeds significantly downregulates the expression of plant-derived flavonoid biosynthetic genes, with flavonoid degradation potentially alleviating germination and growth inhibition. The bj1 strain modulates indoleacetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis in B. striata by upregulating the expression of plant-derived tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) in the tryptophan pathway and hydrolytic enzymes (NtAMI) in the indoleacetamide pathway, with elevated IAA potentially contributing to seed germination and growth. Moreover, bj1 suppresses the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic pathway of B. striata by downregulating key plant-derived biosynthetic genes, concurrently promoting the accumulation of 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid-a metabolite associated with plant immune regulation that may favor colonization and symbiotic establishment with B. striata seeds. Additionally, bj1 induces the expression of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, potentially improving carbon source utilization to support protocorm development. In conclusion, bj1 modulates the immune response of B. striata seeds, facilitating the establishment of a symbiotic relationship. Subsequently, the germination and growth of B. striata seeds are enhanced through reduced flavonoid accumulation, increased IAA synthesis, and improved carbon source utilization. Consequently, this investigation provides a crucial foundation for elucidating mechanisms governing symbiotic germination in B. striata.}, }
@article {pmid41597634, year = {2026}, author = {Nishu, SD and No, JH and Wee, GN and Lee, TK}, title = {A Drought-Activated Bacterial Symbiont Enhances Legume Resilience Through Coordinated Amino Acid Metabolism.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010114}, pmid = {41597634}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2020R1C1C1006249//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Drought stress severely impacts agricultural productivity, yet mechanisms underlying microbial enhancement of plant drought tolerance remain poorly understood. This study investigated whether Sphingobacterium nripensae DR205 exhibits drought-specific plant growth promotion through conditional metabolic activation. We combined plant cultivation experiments, genome sequencing, and comparative transcriptomics to evaluate DR205 responses under normal and drought conditions with or without root exudates. DR205 showed minimal growth promotion under normal conditions but enhanced plant biomass by 74-344% specifically under drought stress. Genome analysis revealed complete pathways for both stress tolerance (osmolyte biosynthesis and antioxidant systems) and plant interaction (IAA production and nutrient mobilization). Transcriptomics uncovered dramatic metabolic reprogramming under drought, with branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis genes shifting from 27-fold suppression under root exudates to 17-fold upregulation under drought. Lysine biosynthesis showed similar drought-specific activation patterns. Critically, drought signals overrode plant signals maintaining BCAA activation regardless of root exudate presence and ensuring metabolic investment in plant support occurred specifically during water deficit. This conditional mutualism represents a novel bacterial strategy where plant support is selectively activated during environmental stress. These findings challenge conventional PGPR paradigms and offer new approaches for developing climate-resilient agricultural systems through targeted application of stress-responsive beneficial microbes.}, }
@article {pmid41597618, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, X and Qin, H and Wang, Y and Wu, S and Zhang, Z and Fan, M and Li, L and Tian, L and Fu, Y}, title = {Coupled Effects of Tree Species and Understory Morel on Modulating Soil Microbial Communities and Nutrient Dynamics.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010099}, pmid = {41597618}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {SZKJXM202215//Suzhou Science and Technology Plan Project 2022/ ; 2023AH040313//Anhui University Scientific Research Project 2023/ ; }, abstract = {Morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.) are highly prized for their culinary and economic value. Understory cultivation, leveraging the symbiotic relationship between morels and trees, has gained increasing popularity. However, the effects of this practice on belowground microbial communities and nutrient dynamics remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined how understory cultivation of morels (Morchella sextelata) under five different tree species affects soil bacterial and fungal communities, as well as nutrient availability and mineral element content. The results revealed that soil physicochemical properties responded variably to morel cultivation under different tree species. Notably, understory morel cultivation reduced soil NO3[-]-N by 38-67% across tree species, whereas NH4[+]-N remained stable, reflecting the distinct nutrient preference of Morchella and associated trees, and suggesting targeted nitrate fertilization could mitigate nitrogen limitations. Understory cultivation significantly increased soil mineral elements, with Zelkova serrata (Z. serrata) showing the highest concentrations, elevating available potassium (AK), calcium (ECa), manganese (AMn) and boron (AB) by approximately 20%, 13%, 30%, and 168%, highlighting its potential for soil quality improvement. Microbial community composition was also significantly altered, with fungal communities exhibiting more pronounced shifts than bacterial communities, likely due to their closer ecological associations with morels. Importantly, Z. serrata markedly promoted microbial-mediated soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation, driven by mineral binding, root secretions and soil pH value. These findings enhance understanding of belowground effects of morel understory cultivation, revealing that select tree species like Z. serrata can improve soil quality and nutrient cycling, while targeted nitrate fertilization supports sustaining morel cultivation systems.}, }
@article {pmid41597611, year = {2025}, author = {Ghareeb, RY and Eid, SM and Alfy, H and Elsheikh, MH}, title = {Repercussions of Symbiotic Bacteria Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles on Immune Responses at Root-Knot Nematode Suppression.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010092}, pmid = {41597611}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the Meloidogyne genus impact various plants, including crops, fruits, and vegetables. Few chemical control options exist globally, and many nematicides are banned due to health and environmental risks. This study tested a new nematicidal agent, the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus indica, which was molecularly identified (PV845100). Cell-free culture supernatants of Xenorhabdus spp. and their biogenic Ag-NPs were used in nematicidal assays. Meloidogyne incognita showed high mortality rates of 95.3%, 74.6%, and 72.6% after 72 h of treatment with the X. indica filtrate at three concentrations. At the same concentrations, biogenic Ag-NPs resulted in 82.0%, 90.0%, and 85.3% mortality rates, respectively. After 72 h, hatchability decreased by 53%, 74.6%, and 72.6% for the X. indica filtrate and 82.0%, 90.0%, and 85.3% for Ag-NPs. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) revealed that Mi-Ache1 expression was lower in M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2s) treated with the filtrate and Ag-NPs after 72 h compared to controls. Mi-Ache2 expression was also decreased, but only slightly. Furthermore, both the X. indica filtrate and biogenic Ag-NPs were safe in human lung (WI-38) and skin (HFB4) cell lines. These findings suggest that bacterial filtrates and their biogenic Ag-NPs could serve as cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to commercial nematicides.}, }
@article {pmid41597576, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, L and Zhao, Y}, title = {The Response of Substrate Microbial Communities to the Addition of Mineral Nutrients During the Growth Period of Straw Mushroom Volvariella volvacea.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14010056}, pmid = {41597576}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {No. 2024YFD1200204//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; No. 21N51900500//Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology/ ; 2020-02-08-00-12-F01479//Shanghai Agricultural Commission Program/ ; KFKT2023-03//the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding/ ; }, abstract = {Volvariella volvacea were grown on an abandoned cotton-based substrate, which was divided into two conditions: a group with added nutrients (N3P3) and a control group (CK). Using metagenomic sequencing technology, the study investigated the effect of nutrient addition during the growth process of V. volvacea on the microbial community and metabolic pathways of the substrate. The study found that the main bacteria in the N3P3 group were Proteus and Microsporidium, while in the CK group, Bacillus marinosus and Microsporidium globosa were more common. At all stages of V. volvacea growth, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominated. Metabolic function analysis showed that the N3P3 group significantly increased amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, genetic information processing, and cellular processes, while reducing the contents of pathogenic and saprophytic symbiotic fungi. Nitrogen metabolism, phosphorus metabolism, and carbon metabolism were closely related to the growth of V. volvacea, and nutrient addition significantly improved microbial community diversity and metabolic levels, which can be used as a substrate optimization formula. This is of great significance for the development of sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41596418, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Zeng, NK and Zhang, X}, title = {Tuber Inoculation Drives Rhizosphere Microbiome Assembly and Metabolic Reprogramming in Corylus.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms27020768}, pmid = {41596418}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2019RC185 and 320RC597//Natural Science Foundation of HainanProvince/ ; (2024)171//Project of Science and Technology Programs of Guizhou Province/ ; Gui(2024)TG12//Project of Central Government Financial Fund for Forest Reform and Development/ ; }, mesh = {*Rhizosphere ; *Microbiota ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; Metabolomics/methods ; *Plant Tubers/microbiology/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; Metabolic Reprogramming ; }, abstract = {To elucidate the potential of integrated multi-omics approaches for studying systemic mechanisms of mycorrhizal fungi in mediating plant-microbe interactions, this study employed the Tuber-inoculated Corylus system as a model to demonstrate how high-throughput profiling can investigate how fungal inoculation reshapes the rhizosphere microbial community and correlates with host metabolism. A pot experiment was conducted comparing inoculated (CTG) and non-inoculated (CK) plants, followed by integrated multi-omics analysis involving high-throughput sequencing (16S/ITS), functional prediction (PICRUSt2/FUNGuild), and metabolomics (UPLC-MS/MS). The results demonstrated that inoculation significantly restructured the fungal community, establishing Tuber as a dominant symbiotic guild and effectively suppressing pathogenic fungi. Although bacterial alpha diversity remained stable, the functional profile shifted markedly toward symbiotic support, including antibiotic biosynthesis and environmental adaptation. Concurrently, root metabolic reprogramming occurred, characterized by upregulation of strigolactones and downregulation of gibberellin A5, suggesting a potential "symbiosis-priority" strategy wherein carbon allocation shifted from structural growth to energy storage, and plant defense transitioned from broad-spectrum resistance to targeted regulation. Multi-omics correlation analysis further revealed notable associations between microbial communities and root metabolites, proposing a model in which Tuber acts as a core regulator that collaborates with the host to assemble a complementary micro-ecosystem. In summary, the integrated approach successfully captured multi-level changes, suggesting that Tuber-Corylus symbiosis constitutes a fungus-driven process that transforms the rhizosphere from a competitive state into a mutualistic state, thereby illustrating the role of mycorrhizal fungi as "ecosystem engineers" and providing a methodological framework for green agriculture research.}, }
@article {pmid41595563, year = {2025}, author = {Hulin, A and Rifflet, A and Castelli, F and Giai Gianetto, Q and Fenaille, F and Aissat, A and Matondo, M and Fellahi, S and Tournigand, C and Junot, C and Sansonetti, P and Gomperts-Boneca, I and Mestivier, D and Sobhani, I}, title = {Potential Impact of Microbial Dysbiosis and Tryptophan Metabolites in Advanced Stages of Colorectal Cancer.}, journal = {Biomedicines}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomedicines14010026}, pmid = {41595563}, issn = {2227-9059}, support = {Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2004 financement de la cohorte CCR//LNCC/ ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: We conducted an untargeted metabolomic study in serum, urine, and fecal water in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients compared to healthy controls. The aim was to define the interactions between metabolites and microbiota. Methods: Effluents were collected before colonoscopy. Metabolites were analyzed using LC-HRMS. Bioinformatics analyses included Limma test, along with spectral house and public databases for annotations. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing was performed on fecal samples. Species-metabolite interactions were calculated using Spearman correlation. Interleukins and inflammatory proteins were measured. Results: Fifty-three patients (11 stage I, 10 stage II, 10 stage III, and 22 stage IV) and twenty controls were included. Derivatives of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and fatty acids were lower in serum, while urinary bile acids were higher in stage IV CRC patients (versus controls). Metabolites related to tryptophan and glutamate were found significantly altered in stage IV: upregulation of kynurenine and downregulation of indole pathways. This was linked to increased inflammatory protein and microbial metabolites and to the imbalance between virulent pro-inflammatory bacteria (Escherichia and Desulfovibrio) and symbiotic (Ruminococcus and Bifidobacterium) bacteria. Conclusions: E. coli-related tryptophan catabolism shift is shown through stage IV CRC as compared to controls. As a consequence, tryptophan/kynurenine metabolite may become a promising marker for detecting the failure to immune response during therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41594931, year = {2026}, author = {Han, D and Yang, C and Bao, L and Dong, L and He, H and Tang, P and Zhang, Y and Xiong, F and Liu, H and Yang, S}, title = {Comprehensive Metabolomic-Transcriptomic Analysis of the Regulatory Effects of Armillaria mellea Source Differences on Secondary Metabolism in Gastrodia elata.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15020196}, pmid = {41594931}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Armillaria mellea (A. mellea) serves as a crucial nutritional source for Gastrodia elata (GE) growth, and its origin directly influences the GE quality and yield. This study analyzed GE symbiotic with A. mellea from different sources using metabolomics and transcriptomics. Results demonstrated that Group A exhibited significant differences in metabolites and gene expression compared to other groups. Group A showed significantly higher accumulation of active components like gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol than others, but its yield was lower than Group B. Metabolomic analysis identified 2418 metabolites, while transcriptomic sequencing produced 964,110,904 clean reads, with 14,637 annotated transcripts. KEGG analysis revealed that Group A's DEGs and DEMs were co-enriched in three key pathways, including flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction, such as the positive regulatory roles of key genes (CHS, 4CL, MYC2) on metabolites such as hesperetin, ferulate, and jasmonic acid, respectively. The coordinated upregulation of gene-metabolite interactions in Group A GE may be closely related to the accumulation of major active components, indirectly suggesting the influence of the A. mellea source on metabolic and transcriptional response differences in GE. This study, centered on the host GE, indirectly deduces the association between A. mellea and GE, providing a theoretical basis for screening high-quality "fungus-GE" combinations. Further in-depth research and validation experiments will be conducted in conjunction with fungal omics.}, }
@article {pmid41594929, year = {2026}, author = {Duan, M and Dai, Q and Luo, W and Fu, Y and Feng, B and Zhou, H}, title = {Response Strategies of Giant Panda, Red Panda, and Forest Musk Deer to Human Disturbance in Sichuan Liziping National Nature Reserve.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15020194}, pmid = {41594929}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {32470538//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The persistent expansion in the intensity and scope of human disturbance has become a key driver of global biodiversity loss, affecting wildlife behavior and population stability across multiple dimensions. As a characteristic symbiotic assemblage in the subalpine forest ecosystems of Sichuan, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), red panda (Ailurus fulgens), and forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) exhibit significant research value in their responses to human disturbance. However, existing studies lack systematic analysis of multiple disturbances within the same protected area. This study was conducted in the Sichuan Liziping National Nature Reserve, where infrared camera traps were deployed using a kilometer-grid layout. By integrating spatiotemporal pattern analysis and Generalized Additive Models (GAM), we investigated the characteristics of human disturbance and the response strategies of the three species within their habitats. The results show that: (1) A total of seven types of human disturbance were identified in the reserve, with the top three by frequency being cattle disturbance, goat disturbance, and walking disturbance; (2) Temporally, summer and winter were high-occurrence seasons for disturbance, with peaks around 12:00-14:00, while the giant panda exhibited a bimodal diurnal activity pattern (10:00-12:00, 14:00-16:00), the red panda peaked mainly at 8:00-10:00, and the forest musk deer preferred crepuscular and nocturnal activity-all three species displayed activity rhythms that temporally avoided peak disturbance periods; (3) Spatially, giant pandas were sparsely distributed, red pandas showed aggregated distribution, and forest musk deer exhibited a multi-core distribution, with the core distribution areas of each species spatially segregated from high-disturbance zones; (4) GAM analysis revealed that the red panda responded most significantly to disturbance, the giant panda showed marginal significance, and the forest musk deer showed no significant response. This study systematically elucidates the spatiotemporal differences in responses to multiple human disturbances among three sympatric species within the same landscape, providing a scientific basis for the management of human activities, habitat optimization, and synergistic biodiversity conservation in protected areas. It holds practical significance for promoting harmonious coexistence between human and wildlife.}, }
@article {pmid41594894, year = {2026}, author = {Dvoretsky, AG and Dvoretsky, VG}, title = {New Records of Symbiotic Amphipods on Red King Crabs in the Coastal Barents Sea.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15020160}, pmid = {41594894}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {Monitoring epibiotic communities on the invasive red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea is crucial for understanding the co-adaptation between this species and the local benthic fauna. Red king crabs were collected during regular diving surveys conducted in the coastal Barents Sea in 2015, 2021, and 2022. A detailed examination revealed the presence of two amphipod species, Metopa pusilla and Crassicorophium bonellii, which were not previously documented as epibionts on this host. With these additions, the total number of epibiotic amphipods on Barents Sea red king crabs rises to nine species (versus two in the native Sea of Okhotsk). Amphipod colonization was skewed toward large males, likely reflecting their greater migratory behavior. The prevalence of Metopa pusilla ranged from 1.9% to 4.3%, with a mean intensity of one individual per infested crab; Crassicorophium bonellii exhibited prevalence of 4.7-14.3% and mean intensity of 1.3-3.3 individuals. The primary colonization sites were the carapace and limbs. Given the low infestation parameters and the epibionts' localization away from critical structures like the gills and egg clutches, it is concluded that these amphipods pose a negligible risk to host health.}, }
@article {pmid41594860, year = {2026}, author = {Carvajal-Rodríguez, A}, title = {Life as a Categorical Information-Handling System: An Evolutionary Information-Theoretic Model of the Holobiont.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15020125}, pmid = {41594860}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {ED431C 2024/22//Xunta de Galicia/ ; PID2022-137935NB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; ED431G 2023/07//Centro singular de investigaci&#xf3;n de Galicia/ ; }, abstract = {Living systems can be understood as organized entities that capture, transform, and reproduce information. Classical gene-centered models explain adaptation through frequency changes driven by differential fitness, yet they often overlook the higher-order organization and causal closure that characterize living systems. Here we revisit several evolutionary frameworks, from the replicator equation to group selection and holobiont dynamics, and show that evolutionary change in population frequencies can be expressed as a Jeffreys divergence. Building on this foundation, we introduce a categorical model of Information Handlers (IHs), entities capable of self-maintenance, mutation, and combination. This abstract architecture illustrates the usefulness of category theory for framing evolutionary processes that range from very simple to highly complex. The same categorical scheme can represent basic allele-frequency change as well as more elaborate scenarios involving reproductive interactions, symbiosis, and other organizational layers. A key feature of the framework is that different levels of evolutionary change can be summarized through a measure that quantifies the information generated, thereby distinguishing diverse types of evolutionary transformation, such as individual and sexual selection, mate choice, or even holobiont selection. Finally, we show that the informational partition associated with host-microbiome pairings in holobionts generalizes the information-theoretic structure previously developed for non-random mating, revealing a common underlying architecture across biological scales.}, }
@article {pmid41594849, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, Z and Lucas, JR and Zhang, C and Sun, C}, title = {Do Symbiotic Microbes Drive Chemical Divergence Between Colonies in the Pratt's Leaf-Nosed Bat, Hipposideros pratti?.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology15020114}, pmid = {41594849}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {32400377//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32300392//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; C2023205017//Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province/ ; C2023205010//Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province/ ; BJ2025044//Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department/ ; C20230345//Hebei Province to introduce overseas students funding project/ ; }, abstract = {Host odour may be affected by symbiotic microbes that produce metabolites. As a result, chemical signal production may be influenced. Few studies to date have assessed how symbiotic microbes influence variation in geography of animal chemical signals. This is important because chemical signal divergence can affect mate choice, species recognition, and ultimately speciation in a broad range of animals. However, the underlying driving forces of chemical signal divergence are still rather poorly understood. To study chemical signals, bats provide a good model system because they are such social mammals. Because males roost in dark spaces during the daytime, they rely on chemical and acoustic signals. We identified three colonies across a large geographic area and collected male forehead gland secretions from Pratt's leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros pratti). We examined the role symbiotic microbes played in potential variation in the geography of chemical signals. We observed significant colony-level differences in compound categories and in the amount of specific compounds. We also found significant colony-level differences in forehead gland microbiota. However, there was no significant relationship between bat-gland bacterial community composition and variation in chemical composition across colonies. These results suggest that bacterial communities may fail to shape the chemical signalling profiles of the different colonies in Pratt's leaf-nosed bats.}, }
@article {pmid41594709, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, T and Feng, P and Alexander, PG and Lee, JY and Sowa, GA and Vo, NV}, title = {Lactate Metabolism in the Intervertebral Disc: Mechanistic Insights and Pathological Implications.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biom16010170}, pmid = {41594709}, issn = {2218-273X}, support = {1R01AR081234-22/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Intervertebral Disc/metabolism/pathology ; *Lactic Acid/metabolism ; *Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Glycolysis ; Nucleus Pulposus/metabolism/pathology ; }, abstract = {The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular structure in the human body, and its nucleus pulposus (NP) cells predominantly generate large amounts of lactate through glycolysis, accompanied by an acidic microenvironment-features that represent characteristic metabolic traits of disc cells. In recent years, knowledge of the biological roles of lactate has undergone a conceptual shift. On the one hand, lactate can serve as a context-dependent auxiliary biofuel in specific regions of the IVD, particularly within annulus fibrosus (AF) regions adjacent to the NP. On the other hand, lactate functions in disc cells as a signaling molecule and a metabolic-epigenetic regulator, influencing transcriptional programs through lactylation and modulating multiple molecular pathways associated with cellular stress adaptation and fate determination. This review summarizes current knowledge on lactate production, transport, and clearance in the intervertebral disc, as well as emerging evidence for the roles of lactate in disc health and pathophysiology. In addition, we outline research perspectives and future directions aimed at advancing our understanding of lactate biology and evaluating its potential as a therapeutic target for intervertebral disc degeneration.}, }
@article {pmid41594402, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, J and Ju, H and Du, X and Xu, C and Chang, MS and Liu, Z and Li, X}, title = {An Annotated Checklist of Symbiotic Copepods of Mollusks in the Global Oceans: A Review of Diversity, Hosts and Geographical Distributions.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {16}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani16020212}, pmid = {41594402}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {D2025204008//Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province/ ; YJ2020020//Scientific Research Project for Talented Scholars of Hebei Agricultural University/ ; 2021KY15//Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of the Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University/ ; 32300422//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic copepods have a wide host group, including not only invertebrates but also vertebrates, with variable symbiotic sites and morphological characteristics. Even though symbiotic copepods exhibit remarkable diversity, our knowledge of them is still very limited, causing significant lacunae in our understanding of their taxonomic characteristics, host associations, and geographical distributions. To fill these knowledge gaps, we have compiled a comprehensive list of symbiotic copepods and their molluscan hosts in the global oceans based on an extensive literature review. The inventory provides a comprehensive synthesis of the diversity, hosts, and geographical distributions of the symbiotic copepods. This review summarizes information on copepods symbiotic with mollusks from 1863 to 2025. Our compilation records a total of 342 symbiotic copepod species associated with more than 435 species of mollusks. This total includes some copepod species for which no specific host has been identified. For each copepod species, we provide details on its hosts, geographical distributions and the original references.}, }
@article {pmid41592659, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, K and Tong, L and Zhao, Y and Zhang, J and Yan, Y and Ji, H and Sheng, J and Zhao, C and Wang, H}, title = {Combined use of microalgae-bacteria-fungi symbionts with 5-deoxystrigol to increase the removal of nutrients and antibiotics from swine wastewater during different breeding periods.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {134090}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134090}, pmid = {41592659}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {This study evaluated four microalgae-based technologies for nutrient (total nitrogen, TN; total phosphorus, TP; chemical oxygen demand, COD) and six antibiotic removal from swine wastewater across four breeding periods. Using Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), and Rhizopus oryzae (R. oryzae), we established monoculture, binary co-cultures, and tripartite co-culture (Treatment 4). Treatment 4 outperformed the other treatments in the late fattening stage and non-pregnant sow stage, achieving TN removal of 89.67 ± 5.45%, TP removal of 87.58 ± 6.64%, COD removal of 92.58 ± 4.71%, and antibiotic removal of 88.54-96.35% (P < 0.05). Adding 5-deoxystrigol (5-DS) at 10[-6] M maximized the efficiency, increasing the TN, TP, COD, and Oxytetracycline (OTC) removal efficiencies by 3.81-4.67% compared to those of the control (P < 0.05). This system provides a standardized solution for intensive treatment of swine wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid41592653, year = {2026}, author = {Ayed, L and Dhif, H and Torjmèn, S and Chaieb, K}, title = {Optimization of physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of functional kombucha beverage sweetened with dried fruits using simplex centroid mixture and Plackett-Burman designs.}, journal = {Journal of microbiological methods}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {107408}, doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107408}, pmid = {41592653}, issn = {1872-8359}, abstract = {Traditional foods and beverages represent alternative strategies to counteract bacterial virulence. The fermentation of tea, sugar, supplemented with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) produces kombucha beverage, which offers several health advantages and is similar to soft drinks. This study investigates the effect of various fermentation factors on the growth levels of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, total phenolic content and antimicrobial activities of Green Tea, Black Tea and Moringa kombucha beverage (GTBTMK) prepared with a starter SCOBY culture. Formulation of kombucha beverage was optimized using a Simplex-Centroid Mixture Design and Plackett-Burman Design. The best optimized kombucha formulation (18.98 g/L; Dried Apricot was 20 g/L; Dried plum was 10 g/L, Dried Grape was 20 g/L,11.763 g/L Green tea, 0.01238 g/L Black tea and 8.1127 g/L Moringa) contain a high phenolic content of 86.79 mg GAE/mL and exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Micrococcus luteus NCIMB 8166 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 14116, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 (Inhibition zone more than 20 mm). This research provides new insights into the development of innovative, functional kombucha beverage potentially expanding the spectrum of health-promoting fermented drinks available to consumers.}, }
@article {pmid41591679, year = {2026}, author = {Xue, Y and Wang, W and Lu, Y and Chen, J and Zhang, G and Liu, W and Wan, F and He, Z and Zhang, Y}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Endosymbiont Infection Patterns of the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, in China.}, journal = {Neotropical entomology}, volume = {55}, number = {1}, pages = {3}, pmid = {41591679}, issn = {1678-8052}, support = {110202401016(LS-06)//Major Special Projects for Green Pest Control, China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera/microbiology/genetics ; China ; *Symbiosis ; *Genetic Variation ; Phylogeny ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Haplotypes ; }, abstract = {The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a globally invasive pest that affects both horticultural and agricultural systems, causing substantial economic losses. However, comprehensive studies on its invasion genetics and associated symbiotic landscape in China are lacking. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and examined the infection patterns of six key secondary endosymbionts in 1702 individuals from 73 populations across 18 provinces in China. Phylogenetic analysis incorporating global sequences revealed that Chinese populations are comprised of ten haplotypes. Genetic diversity was extremely low, with haplotype H1 being overwhelmingly dominant (97.60% of individuals) and shared with global invasive lineages. Endosymbiont screening showed a high prevalence of Arsenophonus (78.56%) and Hamiltonella (44.98%), with frequent co-infections. These results suggest that the widespread invasion of T. vaporariorum in China likely originated from a limited number of founder individuals, resulting in a significant genetic bottleneck. The invasion success appears to be associated with a "genotype-symbiotype complex"-the dominant H1 maternal lineage combined with a beneficial symbiotic toolkit. These findings provide insights into the invasion dynamics of this pest and implications for targeted control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41591199, year = {2026}, author = {Kelman, MJ and Renaud, JB and Tanney, JB and Machado, M and Sumarah, MW}, title = {High-Resolution LC-MS Characterization of Ramaria flavobrunnescens, a Coral Mushroom Toxic to Livestock, Reveals Fungal, Bacterial, and Eucalyptus Tree Metabolites.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/toxins18010053}, pmid = {41591199}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {*Eucalyptus/metabolism ; Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Livestock ; Secondary Metabolism ; *Agaricales/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Metabolomics ; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; }, abstract = {Ramaria flavobrunnescens is an ectomycorrhizal coral mushroom that is often found growing in eucalyptus forests. The mushroom has been linked to accidental ingestion-associated livestock poisonings in South America, though the toxicological agent has not yet been described. Mushroom samples identified as R. flavobrunnescens were analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the potential source of the toxicity, and to provide a metabolomic profile of the species. Previously reported Ramaria secondary metabolites were detected, including ramarins, ramariolides, pistillarin and arsenic-containing compounds. A number of bacterial species were isolated from R. flavobrunnescens that produced iron-chelating cyclic peptides, which were detected in the mushroom samples. Interestingly, we detected a series of eucalyptus tree secondary metabolites in abundance from R. flavobrunnescens fruiting bodies, some of which have reported toxicities and bioactivities. To our knowledge, this is the first report of eucalyptus secondary metabolites in a mushroom. The diversity of secondary metabolites identified in the mushroom extracts provides insight into the potential complex ecological interactions between R. flavobrunnescens, its associated microbiota, and its mycorrhizal interaction with eucalyptus trees.}, }
@article {pmid41590718, year = {2026}, author = {Tian, X and Lyu, C and Zhou, Y and Zhang, L and Fan, A and Liu, Z}, title = {A Structure-Based Deep Learning Framework for Correcting Marine Natural Products' Misannotations Attributed to Host-Microbe Symbiosis.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/md24010020}, pmid = {41590718}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {2022YFC2804900//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 7244465//the Beijing Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Biological Products/chemistry/pharmacology ; *Symbiosis ; *Deep Learning ; *Aquatic Organisms/chemistry ; Animals ; Drug Discovery/methods ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; Multigene Family ; }, abstract = {Marine natural products (MNPs) are a diverse group of bioactive compounds with varied chemical structures, but their biological origins are often misannotated due to complex host-microbe symbiosis. Propagated through public databases, such errors hinder biosynthetic studies and AI-driven drug discovery. Here, we develop a structure-based workflow of origin classification and misannotation correction for marine datasets. Using CMNPD and NPAtlas compounds, we integrate a two-step cleaning strategy that detects label inconsistencies and filters structural outliers with a microbial-pretrained graph neural network. The optimized model achieves a balanced accuracy of 85.56% and identifies 3996 compounds whose predicted microbial origins contradict their Animalia labels. These putative symbiotic metabolites cluster within known high-risk taxa, and interpretability analysis reveal biologically coherent structural patterns. This framework provides a scalable quality-control approach for natural product databases and supports more accurate biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) tracing, host selection, and AI-driven marine natural product discovery.}, }
@article {pmid41590551, year = {2026}, author = {Kim, J and Park, SJ and Lee, YJ and Hwang, HJ and Kim, E and Nam, Y and Park, JD and Seyedsayamdost, MR and Yun, H and Lee, SR}, title = {Algal-Bacterial Interaction-Driven Secondary Metabolites From Phaeobacter inhibens and Their Anti-Allergic Effects on Th2 Cell Immune Response.}, journal = {Archiv der Pharmazie}, volume = {359}, number = {1}, pages = {e70192}, doi = {10.1002/ardp.70192}, pmid = {41590551}, issn = {1521-4184}, support = {2024 BK21 FOUR Program//Pusan National University/ ; RS-2024-00403999//Korea Basic Science Institute/ ; RS-2025-23525419//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; RS-2025-02214034//Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology/ ; }, mesh = {*Th2 Cells/drug effects/immunology ; *Anti-Allergic Agents/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; *Haptophyta/microbiology/metabolism ; Animals ; *Rhodobacteraceae/metabolism/chemistry ; Mice ; Secondary Metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; }, abstract = {The Roseobacter clade, a versatile Rhodobacteraceae lineage, comprises up to 20% of marine bacteria and drives key biogeochemical cycles. Phaeobacter inhibens, a representative model species, is associated with the alga Emiliania huxleyi, exhibiting a dual lifestyle that alternates between promoting symbiotic growth and displaying pathogenicity during algal senescence. In this study, we investigated the metabolic responses of P. inhibens cultured with sinapic acid, an algal-derived lignin catabolite known to modulate algal-bacterial interactions. Detailed LC-MS/UV-guided analysis of the sinapic acid-treated culture identified 10 metabolites, including two new compounds, roseochelins C (1) and D (2). All isolated compounds were tested for anti-allergic effects in Th2 cell-mediated immune responses, and sinatryptin A (4) showed the strongest activity by reducing Th2 cytokine production and blocking Th2 differentiation through inhibition of the IL-4/STAT6-GATA3/IRF4 pathway. These findings expand the chemical diversity of algal-bacterial interactions, and anti-allergic assays of the isolated metabolites highlight the potential of Roseobacter-derived compounds as novel bioactive resources.}, }
@article {pmid41590486, year = {2026}, author = {Jin, D and Xin, L and Tu, P and Song, H and Zou, Y and Bian, Z and Feng, Z}, title = {Root and Leaf-Specific Metabolic Responses of Ryegrass to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Under Cadmium Stress.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12010074}, pmid = {41590486}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2024YFC3909300//Ministry of Science and Technology of China/ ; GZSTCKP[2025]019//Department of Science and Technology of Guizhou Province/ ; 2022YFE0210800//Ministry of Science and Technology of China/ ; }, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) drastically inhibits plant growth and metabolism, whereas arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance plant Cd tolerance through metabolic regulation. To clarify tissue-specific responses, we conducted a pot experiment combined with GC-MS to examine how AM fungi influence root and leaf metabolism of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under different Cd levels. Root and leaf metabolomes diverged substantially in composition and function. In total, 83 metabolites were identified in roots, mainly phenolics, amines, and sugars associated with carbon-nitrogen metabolism and stress-defense pathways, whereas 75 metabolites were identified in leaves, largely related to photosynthetic metabolism. Roots were more sensitive to Cd, showing significant metabolic alterations at Cd ≥ 5 mg·kg[-1], including disruption of galactose metabolism, while leaves exhibited notable changes only at Cd ≥ 100 mg·kg[-1], with suppression of citrate, L-aspartate, and starch and sucrose metabolism. AM fungi modulated plant metabolism more strongly under Cd stress. Specifically, AM fungi restored Cd-suppressed galactose and glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism in roots, enhanced starch and sucrose metabolism and amino acid pathways in leaves, and increased stress-related amino acids and organic acids in both tissues. Overall, AM fungi substantially alleviated Cd-induced metabolic inhibition, particularly at Cd ≥ 50 mg·kg[-1], providing mechanistic insight into AM-enhanced Cd tolerance and supporting the application of AM symbiosis in remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid41590477, year = {2026}, author = {Xie, XG and Jiang, HJ and Sun, K and Zhao, YY and Li, XG and Han, T and Chen, Y and Dai, CC}, title = {Fungal Endophyte Comprehensively Orchestrates Nodulation and Nitrogen Utilization of Legume Crop (Arachis hypogaea L.).}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12010065}, pmid = {41590477}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {32571876//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; PAPD//project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; }, abstract = {(1) Background: Improving nitrogen use efficiency in peanuts is essential for achieving a high yield with reduced nitrogen fertilizer input. This study investigates the role of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris in regulating nitrogen utilization throughout the entire growth cycle of peanuts. (2) Methods: Field pot experiments and a two-year plot trial were conducted. The effects of Ph. liquidambaris colonization on the rhizosphere microbial community, soil nitrogen forms, and peanut physiology were analyzed. (3) Results: Colonization by Ph. liquidambaris significantly suppressed the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in the rhizosphere at the seedling stage. This led to a transient decrease in nitrate and an increase in ammonium availability, which enhanced nodulation-related physiological responses. Concurrently, the peanut-specific rhizobium Bradyrhizobium sp. was enriched in the rhizosphere, and the root exudates induced by the fungus further stimulated nodulation activity. These early-stage effects promoted the establishment of peanut-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. During the mid-to-late growth stages, the fungus positively reshaped the composition of key functional microbial groups (including diazotrophs, AOA, and AOB), thereby increasing rhizosphere nitrogen availability. (4) Conclusions: Under low nitrogen fertilization, inoculation with Ph. liquidambaris maintained yield stability in long-term monocropped peanuts by enhancing early nodulation and late-stage rhizosphere nitrogen availability. This study provides a promising microbe-based strategy to support sustainable legume production with reduced nitrogen fertilizer application.}, }
@article {pmid41590465, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, J and Li, J and Li, T and Wang, Z and Li, C}, title = {The Compatibility of the Epichloë bromicola-Hordeum Association.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12010053}, pmid = {41590465}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2025ZNSFSC0970//The study reported here was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province/ ; 31971756//The Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32001396//The Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022GAAS62//The Doctor Foundation of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Artificial inoculation of Epichloë endophytes into elite forage germplasm aims to establish beneficial symbioses for developing high-yield, high-quality, and stress-tolerant cultivars, but host specificity of the fungi often causes compatibility issues in non-natural hosts.<br><br>METHODS: The E. bromicola isolated from native wild barley was inoculated into cultivated wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum) and cultivated barley (Hordeum valgare), forming Hb+Eb and Hv+Eb. The NHb+Eb (native wild barley naturally infected with E. bromicola) served as a control. We analyzed fungal colonization patterns and symbiotic gene regulation to clarify the compatibility between E. bromicola and non-natural hosts.<br><br>RESULTS: Compared with NHb+Eb and Hb+Eb, E. bromicola in Hv+Eb showed obvious hyphal vacuolization. E. bromicola colonization altered host trichome morphology and induced stomatal closure. Correspondingly, expression of the siderophore biosynthesis gene sidN and the NADPH oxidase complex genes (NoxA, NoxB, NoxR, RacA) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in Hv+Eb than in Hb+Eb and NHb+Eb.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that the incompatibility between cultivated barley and E. bromicola is characterized by altered hyphal morphology, which is linked to the downregulation of sidN and Nox. These findings provide a critical theoretical foundation for developing highly compatible cereal-Epichlo&#xeb; germplasms.}, }
@article {pmid41590453, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, K and Cai, Y and Shi, X and Yan, Z and Huang, Q and Perez-Moreno, J and Liu, D and Yang, Z and Yang, C and Yu, F and Liu, W}, title = {Symbiosis Among Naematelia aurantialba, Stereum hirsutum, and Their Associated Microbiome in the Composition of a Cultivated Mushroom Complex JinEr.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12010041}, pmid = {41590453}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {202205AD160036//Fuqiang Yu/ ; Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program//Jes&#xfa;s P&#xe9;rez-Moreno, Xinhua He/ ; }, abstract = {The JinEr mushroom ("Golden Ear"), a globally rare edible and medicinal macrofungus, comprises a symbiotic complex formed by the symbiotic association of Naematelia aurantialba (Tremellomycetes) and Stereum hirsutum (Agaricomycetes). However, the interactions between these fungi and their associated microbiome remain poorly understood. This study employed high-throughput amplicon sequencing, in situ microbial isolation and culture, and microbial confrontation assays to analyze microbial diversity, community structure, and potential functional roles of the endomycotic bacterial community within JinEr basidiomata and its cultivation substrate. Molecular analysis confirmed the heterogenous composition of the basidiomata, revealing N. aurantialba constitutes less than 20% of the fungal biomass, while S. hirsutum predominates, accounting for approximately 80%. Endomycotic fungi accounted for 0.33% (relative abundance) of the fungal community. Prokaryotic analysis identified Delftia and Sphingomonas as the dominant endomycotic bacterial genera within basidiomata, comprising 85.42% of prokaryotic sequences. Endomycotic bacterial diversity differed significantly (p < 0.05) between basidiomata and substrate, indicating host-specific selection. Cultivation-based approaches yielded 140 culturable bacterial isolates (spanning four families and seven genera) from basidiomata core tissues. In vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that eight representative bacterial strains exhibited compatible growth with both hosts, while one Enterobacteriaceae strain displayed antagonism towards them. These findings confirm that the heterogeneous JinEr basidiomata harbor a specific prokaryotic assemblage potentially engaged in putative symbiotic or commensal associations with the host fungi. This research advances the understanding of microbial ecology in this unique fungal complex and establishes a culture repository of associated bacteria. This collection facilitates subsequent screening for beneficial bacterial strains to enhance the JinEr cultivation system through the provision of symbiotic microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid41590439, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, Z and Zhang, W and Xie, W and Lei, Y and Li, Y and Sun, Y}, title = {Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rhizosphere Soil of Maize in Northern Xinjiang, China, and Evaluation of Inoculation Benefits of Three Strains.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12010027}, pmid = {41590439}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {31860003//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which significantly enhances the absorption capacity of plant roots, forms a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with plants and is known as the "underground internet of plants". To explore the community characteristics, environmental driving factors, and growth-promoting effects of AMF on maize in saline-alkaline habitats, this research attempts a survey of the rhizosphere soil of saline-alkali maize fields in four areas of northern Xinjiang (20 samples). High-throughput sequencing and morphological methods were used to analyze the diversity of AMF, and the correlation analyses of Mantel and Pearson were used to explore the relationship between AMF and soil environmental factors. The results showed that eleven genera of AMF belonging to three orders and seven families were identified in the rhizosphere soil of maize in Xinjiang, and Glomus was the absolute dominant group. The relationship analysis of the environmental factors and diversity of AMF shows that total nitrogen, total potassium and acid phosphatase are the main factors affecting the community structure of AMF. Through spore isolation and pot experiments, Rhizophagus intraradices, Acaulospora denticulata and Glomus melanosporum were successfully screened and identified. Among them, Rhizophagus intraradices, which can effectively improve the plant biomass, promote the root growth and enhance the absorption of phosphorus and potassium nutrients, promoted the growth of maize remarkably. This study systematically revealed the diversity of AMF as an environmental driving mechanism as well as plant growth promoter, establishing it as a candidate for application in the maize rhizosphere in northern Xinjiang. This provides a theoretical basis for AMF resource development and agricultural application in this saline-alkali area.}, }
@article {pmid41590432, year = {2025}, author = {Batool, A and Li, SS and Dong, HJ and Bahadur, A and Tu, W and Zhang, Y and Xiao, Y and Feng, SY and Wang, M and Zhang, J and Sheng, HB and He, S and Li, ZY and Kang, HR and Lan, DY and He, XY and Xiao, YL}, title = {Battle of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Against Drought Stress: A Gateway to Sustainable Agriculture.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12010020}, pmid = {41590432}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {204202505004//Huanggang Normal University/ ; 2042023059//Huanggang Normal University/ ; 31701466//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Around 85% of all land plants have symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, microscopic soil fungi that build extensive filamentous network in and around the roots. These links strongly influence plant development, water uptake, mineral nutrition, and defense against abiotic stresses. In this context, the use of AMF as a biological instrument to enhance plant drought resistance and phenotypic plasticity, through the formation of mutualistic associations, seems like a novel strategy for sustainable agriculture. This review synthesizes current understanding on the mechanisms through which AMF alleviates drought stress in agriculture. We focus on how AMF help maintain nutrient and water homeostasis by modulating phytohormones and signaling molecules, and by orchestrating associated biochemical and physiological responses. Particular emphasis is placed on aquaporins (AQPs) as key water-and stress-related channels whose expression and activity are modulated by AMF to maintain ion, nutrient, and water balance. AMF-mediated host AQP responses exhibit three unique patterns under stressful conditions: either no changes, downregulation to limit water loss, or upregulation to promote water and nutrient uptake. Nevertheless, little is known about cellular and molecular underpinnings of AMF effect on host AQPs. We also summarize evidence that AMF enhance antioxidant defenses, osmotic adjustment, soil structure, and water retention, thereby jointly improving plant drought tolerance. This review concludes by outlining the potential of AMF to support sustainable agriculture, offering critical research gaps, such as mechanistic studies on fungal AQPs, hormonal crosstalk, and field-scale performance, which propose future directions for deploying AMF in drought-prone agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41590418, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, J and Zhao, S and Yang, L and Liang, Y and Yang, X and Shen, L and Guo, E and Li, Q and Jia, Y and Zhang, L and Liu, H and Sun, R}, title = {Influence of Suillus grevillea on the Root Morphology, Growth and Rhizosphere Soil Properties of Quercus variabilis Blume Seedlings with Root Pruning.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof12010006}, pmid = {41590418}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {252300423598//Henan Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project/ ; 247578//Postdoctoral Fund Project in Henan Province/ ; KJCX2020A06//Young Innovation Fund of Henan Agricultural University/ ; KJCX2020A05//Young Innovation Fund of Henan Agricultural University/ ; }, abstract = {Root pruning affects the ability of roots of Quercus variabilis Blume to absorb water and nutrients. Suillus grevillea can form a mutualistic symbiosis with Quercus variabilis Blume. A pot experiment in three compartments with two inoculation treatments (inoculation with Suillus grevillea and noninoculation control) and four different root pruning treatments (0, 1/4, 1/3, and 1/2 of the main root length pruned) was conducted. The shoot dry weight, root dry weight, shoot and root N, P and K contents, root morphological and physiological parameters of Quercus variabilis Blume seedlings, and soil properties were measured. The results showed that root pruning affected root endogenous hormone levels, root morphology, shoot and root nutrient absorption, and biomass accumulation. Compared with those without inoculation, the shoot dry weight, root dry weights, shoot and root N, and P and K contents of inoculated plants were greater, regardless of the degree of root pruning. The root length, root projection area, root surface area, root average diameter, root density, root volume, and root tip number increased in response to Suillus grevillea. The root auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellin (GA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and salicylic acid (SA) contents were greater in inoculated Quercus variabilis Blume seedlings than in noninoculated plants. Inoculation with Suillus grevillea improved the soil microenvironment around the seedlings. Suillus grevillea can compensate for the adverse effects of root pruning on nutrient absorption, root morphological and physiological growth and the soil properties of Quercus variabilis Blume seedlings.}, }
@article {pmid41589623, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, Z and An, Z and Hong, W and He, C and Liu, J and Wang, Y and Xue, C and Dong, N}, title = {Microbial extracellular vesicles from min pigs remodel macrophage polarization via STING to sustain intestinal immune homeostasis.}, journal = {Gut microbes}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {2620126}, doi = {10.1080/19490976.2026.2620126}, pmid = {41589623}, issn = {1949-0984}, mesh = {Animals ; *Extracellular Vesicles/immunology/metabolism ; *Macrophages/immunology ; Mice ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Homeostasis ; Colitis/immunology/chemically induced/microbiology ; *Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism/immunology ; Signal Transduction ; *Intestines/immunology/microbiology ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Dextran Sulfate ; Swine ; Mice, Knockout ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology ; STING Protein ; }, abstract = {Intestinal immune homeostasis is crucial for intestinal function and health. Increasing evidence suggests that certain gut microbiota can enhance the host's intestinal immune regulatory capacity. However, the mechanisms by which the microbiota confers beneficial traits and robust immunity to the host, as well as the cross-species reproducibility of these effects, remain unclear. This study, through multi-omics integration comparison and functional validation, revealed that Streptococcus hyointestinalis from Min pigs regulates macrophage polarization homeostasis by targeting and inhibiting the excessive activation of the STING signaling pathway and its downstream pro-inflammatory cascade reactions through its extracellular vesicles (EVs), thereby shifting them toward the M2 phenotype. This process ensures the integrity of the intestinal barrier and alleviates colitis induced by the combined effects of low temperature and sodium sulfate-induced colitis (DSS). Notably, in Sting[-/-] mice, the EV-mediated intestinal protective effect was eliminated, confirming its targeted efficacy. Our data reveal a microbial EV‒STING‒macrophage axis in which symbiotic bacterial exosomes promote reparative macrophage programs by regulating STING signaling and maintaining intestinal integrity under environmental stress. These findings reveal a novel host-microbiota communication pathway with therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammation-driven intestinal diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41589045, year = {2026}, author = {Tang, Y and Yan, D and Liang, C and Wei, J and He, J and Cui, H}, title = {Unprecedented Meroterpenoids Exert Anti-inflammatory Activity by Targeting NF-κB and PI3K Signaling Pathways.}, journal = {Organic letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.orglett.5c04695}, pmid = {41589045}, issn = {1523-7052}, abstract = {Four classes of unprecedented meroterpenoids (1-10), together with 10 new analogues, were isolated from the symbiotic fungi biotransformation extract. Among them, compounds 1-3 were characterized as the inaugural meroterpenoids containing a 5/3/6/6/6 fused carbon ring system. Compounds 4 and 5 were identified as the first meroterpenoids featuring the rare 6/6/6/6 tetracyclic carbon skeleton. Compound 6 stood out as the first meroterpenoid exhibiting a novel 5/3/6/6/5 pentacyclic framework. Notably, compounds 7-10 were reported as a novel 6/6/6/5 carbon skeleton architecture. Furthermore, 1 and 6 showed stronger inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 7.46 and 6.02 μM, respectively, than the positive control (indomethacin, IC50 = 31.17 μM). Meanwhile, 1 and 6 significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory enzyme iNOS and also inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB, PI3K, and IκB-α in a concentration-dependent manner.}, }
@article {pmid41588874, year = {2026}, author = {Nickerson, MN and Tfaily, MM and Meredith, LK and U'Ren, JM}, title = {Fungal Microbiome-Metabolome Relationships in Sphagnum and Two Co-Occurring Alaskan Mosses.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {e70242}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70242}, pmid = {41588874}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {AGS-1933280//National Science Foundation/ ; DGE-2022055//National Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Sphagnopsida/microbiology ; *Metabolome/genetics ; Alaska ; *Fungi/genetics/classification ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Bryophyta/microbiology ; *Mycobiome ; Tundra ; }, abstract = {In boreal and tundra ecosystems, mosses are abundant and ecologically important members of the vegetation due to their ability to insulate permafrost and maintain soil moisture. Mosses also harbour diverse bacterial and fungal symbionts that can provide nutrients and protection against environmental stressors. Sphagnum mosses are particularly important due to their significant role in carbon sequestration, which has been attributed in part to the production of antimicrobial metabolites that slow decomposition. Although Sphagnum leachate has been shown to inhibit bacteria, how Sphagnum chemical traits impact fungal communities remains understudied. Here, we used culture-free and culture-based methods to examine the relationship between moss fungal communities and metabolomes in living and senescing tissues of Sphagnum and two co-occurring moss genera across four Alaskan boreal/tundra sites. Although their richness was similar among moss genera, fungal and metabolite composition differed significantly among moss genera, regardless of tissue age. Importantly, mosses with more similar metabolome composition harboured more similar fungal communities, particularly in living tissues. Numerous OTU-metabolite correlations suggest direct interactions whereby fungi may consume, degrade, and/or be inhibited by metabolites; however, in vitro growth of moss-associated fungi showed inhibition in only 25% of replicates with two phenolic metabolites. Overall, our data suggest that metabolites may be a key factor structuring fungal communities in Sphagnum and other mosses, although not solely via inhibitory effects. Given the significance of mosses to ecosystem function and carbon sequestration in northern regions, it is critical to better understand factors that shape fungal communities potentially involved in stress adaptation and decomposition.}, }
@article {pmid41588861, year = {2026}, author = {Yu, K and Chua, ST and Zhao, R and Smith, A and Kühl, M and Smith, AG and Ellis, T and Vignolini, S}, title = {Artificial Symbiosis for Bulk Production of Bacterial Cellulose Composites.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14125}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202514125}, pmid = {41588861}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {CoS-101001637//ERC BiTe ERC-2020/ ; NNF24OC0094451//Novo Nordisk Fonden/ ; GBMF9206//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; 198750//SNSF Sinergia/ ; BB/M011194/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; EP/P030467/1//EPSRC Underpinning Multi-User Equipment Call/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic relationships between micro-organisms are key to the function of all global ecosystems. Here we extrapolate this concept for biomaterial fabrication by creating artificial symbiotic relationships between species that are usually not grown synergistically in nature. Specifically, we combine the cellulose-producing bacterium Komagataeibacter hansenii and the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to obtain bulk growth of bacterial cellulose. Usually, bacterial cellulose is produced as floating pellicles at the air-liquid interface of the growing media, because free oxygen, together with the nutrients in the culture medium, is required for the bacteria to synthesize the cellulose fibers. In the co-culture, bacterial cellulose production can be achieved in bulk beyond the spatial restriction of the air-liquid interface as the motile microalgae with photosynthetic activities act as oxygen-generating sites within the culture medium. In exchange, the highly porous and mechanically robust scaffold provided by the cellulose allows the algal-bacterial community to form a bio-composite up to several centimeters in thickness. We demonstrate that this symbiotic growth platform allows the simultaneous production of bulk bacterial cellulose in static incubation conditions, taking up an arbitrary and yet tunable 3D shape, dependent on the geometry of the culture vessel.}, }
@article {pmid41588828, year = {2026}, author = {Shaw, D and Gentekaki, E and Tsaousis, AD}, title = {The Microbiome Within a Microbe: Rethinking Blastocystis Biology.}, journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {e70056}, doi = {10.1111/jeu.70056}, pmid = {41588828}, issn = {1550-7408}, support = {CA21105//COST/ ; //University of Kent/ ; }, mesh = {*Blastocystis/physiology/microbiology/virology ; Humans ; *Microbiota ; Blastocystis Infections/parasitology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; }, abstract = {Blastocystis spp., one of the most prevalent microeukaryotes in the human gut, has long puzzled researchers with its ambiguous role in health and disease. Decades-old microscopy studies reported bacterial- and viral-like particles within Blastocystis spp. cells, but these findings have been mainly overlooked. Comparable associations in other protozoa, such as those between Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma, as well as protozoan-virus interactions, are known to influence metabolism, immune evasion, and ecological fitness. Here, we revisit these neglected observations in Blastocystis spp., framing them within the holobiont concept and proposing that this protist may host its own microbial consortium. We also propose potential mechanisms, ecological implications, and modern experimental strategies-from organ-on-a-chip to single-cell multi-omics-to rigorously test this hypothesis. Recognizing Blastocystis spp. as a possible "microbiome within a microbe" could transform our understanding of its biology and its place in gut microbial ecology.}, }
@article {pmid41588607, year = {2026}, author = {Meng, Y and Wang, H and Mu, D and Zeng, S and Wang, S}, title = {Host genetic variation and gut microbiome in pediatric diseases.}, journal = {Chinese medical journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41588607}, issn = {2542-5641}, abstract = {Pediatric health is the foundation for people's lifelong health. The co-evolution of host genetics and the gut microbiome fosters a symbiotic relationship that is important for pediatric growth and the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, a comprehensive overview of the human genetic-gut microbiome axis in pediatric diseases remains unavailable. This review summarizes the human genetic variants that are associated with pediatric diseases, affecting the nervous, respiratory, and immune systems, as well as those linked to preterm birth (PTB), as identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). As the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in pediatric health, we have systematically discussed microbial biomarkers associated with the onset and progression of pediatric diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical impact across four key axes: the gut-brain, gut-lung, gut-skin, and gut-immune axes. The GWAS on the gut microbiome revealed numerous genetic variants that intricately regulate its composition. These variants predispose individuals to gut microbiome dysbiosis, potentially initiating or exacerbating pediatric disease manifestations, as discussed below. Moreover, the underrepresentation of populations from low- and middle-income countries in existing microbiome-related data, coupled with technical challenges, limits our understanding of the association between microbiome and health. Finally, we emphasize the promising potential of elucidating and modulating host gene-gut microbiome interactions to offer novel insights for advancing precision pediatric medicine and developing innovative therapeutic strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41588561, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, H and Zhang, P and Wang, G and Wang, J and Wang, D and Li, M and Yin, H}, title = {Root Exudate Chemodiversity Bridges Acquisitive-Conservative Strategy Synergy Between Roots and Rhizosphere Microbes in a Subtropical Forest.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {e70323}, doi = {10.1111/ele.70323}, pmid = {41588561}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {Creation of Nutrient-Enhancing Biofertilizers//Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2024M763188//fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 32171757//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32301446//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U23A2051//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XZ202301YD0028C//Science and technology program of Tibet Autonomous Region/ ; XZ202301ZR0047G//Science and technology program of Tibet Autonomous Region/ ; }, mesh = {*Plant Roots/microbiology/chemistry/physiology ; *Rhizosphere ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Trees/microbiology/physiology ; *Forests ; *Plant Exudates/chemistry/metabolism ; *Microbiota ; Tropical Climate ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Root exudates act as key energy and signalling carriers linking roots with rhizosphere microbes, yet how their quantity and quality mediate root-microbe coordination remains unclear. Here, we measured fine root exudation rates and chemical composition, functional traits, and soil microbial communities across 13 coexisting subtropical tree species. Root exudation release rates and composition tightly aligned with the conservative-acquisitive root economics spectrum, bridging strategic synergy between roots and their microbial partners. Acquisitive roots with higher nitrogen concentrations released exudates at higher rates and greater chemodiversity, supporting more diverse microbial communities enriched in fast-growing copiotrophs and saprotrophic fungi, but with reduced symbiotic fungal abundance, whereas conservative roots with higher tissue density showed the opposite pattern. These results highlight root exudate, especially its chemical composition, as a key trait shaping the root-microbe functional continuum, providing novel insights into mechanisms of belowground functional integrations which affect species coexistence and ecosystem functioning under environmental change.}, }
@article {pmid41588422, year = {2026}, author = {Monshizadeh, Z and Rismani, E and Abdi, F and Pakdel, JD and Ghanbarnejad, N and Raz, A}, title = {Inhibition of carboxypeptidase b1 from Anopheles stephensi by the potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor: a foundational step toward paratransgenesis-based malaria control.}, journal = {Malaria journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12936-026-05790-7}, pmid = {41588422}, issn = {1475-2875}, support = {596/CU/CSP VA/United States ; }, abstract = {Vector-borne diseases such as malaria are a threat to global public health and the economy. These diseases were proposed to be managed and controlled by new preventive strategies such as paratransgenesis. This is an innovative technique that makes use of symbiotic microorganisms to influence vector or targeted pathogens. The performed studies on Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles gambiae demonstrated that the carboxypeptidase-B1 enzyme plays a vital role in the sexual development of the Plasmodium parasite in the mosquito midgut by its enzymatic activity. Therefore, inhibiting its enzymatic activity could be a target for preventing approaches. Potato Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor (PCI) has desirable characteristics that make it a promising effector molecule for paratransgenesis. In this study, the inhibitory effect of PCI on Carboxypeptidase-1 from An. stephensi (CPBAs1) was evaluated. The coding sequence of the cpbas1 and pci genes were cloned into the pET-23a expression vector, expressed, and purified. Finally, the inhibitory effect of the PCI on CPBAs1 was evaluated in parallel with the 1,10-phenanthroline as the commercial-specific inhibitor. Our findings revealed that PCI could inhibit the enzymatic activity of the CPBAs1 efficiently in low concentrations. Given PCI's remarkable inhibition activity against the CPBAs1 and its suitable structural features, PCI could be considered as a potential effector molecule for use in the paratransgenesis approach in future related studies.}, }
@article {pmid41588237, year = {2026}, author = {Yousefi, A and Mehregan, I and Hamedi, J and Asri, Y and Khan, G and Albach, DC}, title = {Belowground allies, aboveground threats: the vulnerability of the Persian oak (Quercus Brantii Lindl.)- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis in a changing climate.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {4}, pmid = {41588237}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {*Quercus/microbiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology/classification ; *Symbiosis ; *Climate Change ; Iran ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Biodiversity ; Droughts ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Climate change poses a major threat to ecosystems worldwide, including Iran's ecologically important Zagros oak forests. These forests are experiencing accelerating decline due to climate-related stress and intensified human pressures, despite their key role in sustaining regional biodiversity. Soil health and the crucial symbiotic partnership between oak trees and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are crucial for resilience in drought-prone Mediterranean environments. Due to a lack of comprehensive studies, this research aimed to analyze the root-associated microbiome of Persian oak (Quercus brantii) across western and southwestern Iran, specifically focusing on AMF diversity and their ecological role. Our study employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing of ITS and 18 S rRNA V4 markers of root-associated fungal communities to assess taxonomic composition and diversity of 160 trees across eight different sites. Analyses revealed dominant fungal groups, including key AMF taxa like Glomeraceae and Claroideoglomeraceae, with significant spatial variation in diversity and community structure, likely influenced by regional and abiotic factors. In addition, the findings highlight the important ecological function of the Persian oak canopy in creating a favorable microclimate and the essential symbiotic partnership with AMF for drought tolerance and nutrient uptake. However, our study ultimately concludes that despite this crucial symbiosis, the Zagros oak forests remain highly vulnerable to increasing pressures from agricultural expansion and the escalating impacts of climate change, seasonal wildfires, and declining groundwater levels, which pose significant threats to their long-term survival.}, }
@article {pmid41587217, year = {2026}, author = {Caflisch, N and Hund, A and Muller, O and Walter, A and Keller, B}, title = {High-Throughput, In-Field Screening of Photosynthetic Efficiency in Crop Plants Using an Autonomous Robot.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {227}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/69530}, pmid = {41587217}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {*Photosynthesis/physiology ; *Crops, Agricultural/metabolism/physiology ; *Robotics/methods/instrumentation ; *High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods/instrumentation ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/metabolism ; Autonomous Robots ; }, abstract = {Photosynthesis supplies energy not only for plant biomass production but also for symbiotic processes such as nitrogen (N) fixation. Whereas the potential for further genetic gains in productivity of major crops from improved light interception and harvest index has largely been exhausted, naturally occurring or induced genetic variation in photosynthetic traits still offers considerable potential for further yield improvement. However, since photosynthesis is highly dynamic under fluctuating field conditions, it is difficult to conduct a targeted selection for photosynthetic performance unless high spatial and temporal resolution data are available. To bridge this gap, we installed a light-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) device on an autonomous field robot to measure the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fq'/Fm'), which has been shown to be well correlated with overall photosynthetic performance. The LIFT method uses sub-saturating flashes at a fast repetition rate to induce maximum fluorescence, enabling measurements in less than 1 ms from a distance of up to 1 m. The robot moves at a speed of 0.5 m s[-1], autonomously navigating the entire field based on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) coordinates. Spectral measurements and stereo red, green, and blue (RGB) cameras provide additional information about three-dimensional (3D) plant architecture-related traits, such as leaf angle and light intensity on the target leaf. The resulting high spatiotemporal resolution maps of photosynthetic efficiency provide detailed information about the growth performance of plants in agronomic field trials or plant breeding nurseries.}, }
@article {pmid41586374, year = {2025}, author = {Zhu, FC and Yang, YB and Yin, QJ and Chen, XY and Yu, S}, title = {Comparison of intestinal and environmental microbiota of the snapping shrimp (Alpheus brevicristatus) in a seagrass bed.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1735708}, pmid = {41586374}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Symbiotic bacteria associated with benthic invertebrates in seagrass beds play an important role in mediating host adaptability and maintaining ecosystem health; however, the taxonomic composition and functional characteristics of the symbiotic microbiota in these invertebrates remain poorly understood. In this study, the intestinal microbiota of seagrass bed-associated snapping shrimp Alpheus brevicristatus was characterized, and their composition was further compared with that of surrounding seawater and sediment using 16S amplicon sequencing. Our results revealed that the intestinal microbiota were dominated by unclassified Alphaproteobacteria and Vibrio. Compared to that of the environment, the microbiota of shrimp intestines showed lower alpha diversity, yet distinct microbial assemblages. Shrimp intestinal microbiota shared more species with sediment than seawater microbiota, suggesting sediment as a primary microbial source. Beta diversity analysis showed marked differences in microbial structure among habitats. The neutral community model and null model analyses indicated that stochastic processes exerted a significant influence on intestinal microbiome assembly. These findings highlight the complex interplay between host physiology and environmental exposure in shaping intestinal microbiota, providing foundational insights into host-microbe-environment interactions in benthic marine invertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid41586371, year = {2025}, author = {Zimmermann, SD and Taschen, E and Robin, A and Calvo-Polanco, M}, title = {Editorial: Advancing mycorrhizal research for sustainable ecosystem and agricultural practices.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1760087}, pmid = {41586371}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid41584838, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, S and Zhao, P and Wang, C and Du, J and Zhang, T and He, X and Zuo, Z and Li, N and Zhou, R}, title = {Prominent protumoral cellular compartments of the tumor microenvironment in triple-negative breast cancer.}, journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1668583}, pmid = {41584838}, issn = {2296-634X}, abstract = {Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptor expression. This malignancy is often associated with a poor prognosis, early recurrence, and limited treatment options. The tumor microenvironment (TME) in TNBC plays a pivotal role in tumor progression, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. In recent years, an increasing body of evidence has highlighted the critical interactions between cancer cells and the components within the TME, including immune cells and soluble components. These interactions influence not only the biological behavior of the tumor but also its response to treatment. Exploring the complex interplay between tumor cells and immune components continues to inform the development of more effective therapeutic approaches. In this study, we provide a synopsis of advancements regarding the TME in TNBC. In light of different cellular compartments, we delineate multiscale interplays within the stroma-tumor symbiosis and highlight their antitumor functions and promising targeting strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41584179, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, Q and Huang, C and Zhu, J}, title = {AI-driven transformation of precision medicine: a comprehensive narrative review of key application areas, emerging paradigms, and future directions.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1656603}, pmid = {41584179}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {*Precision Medicine/methods/trends ; Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Machine Learning ; Telemedicine ; Deep Learning ; Natural Language Processing ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aims to elucidate the pivotal role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in driving the transformation of precision medicine, comprehensively analyzing how it reshapes healthcare systems from traditional diagnosis and treatment paradigms into personalized health management ecosystems.<br><br>METHODS: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to systematically synthesize and critically evaluate the innovative applications, paradigm shifts, and future prospects of AI across the entire precision medicine value chain. A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases up to April 30, 2025, with a focus on the clinical implementation and breakthroughs of technologies such as deep learning (DL), machine learning (ML), and natural language processing (NLP).<br><br>RESULTS: AI technologies have significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of disease diagnosis through medical image analysis, genomics, and multimodal data fusion. At the treatment level, AI enables the development of personalized therapeutic plans and drug dosing optimization, while revolutionarily accelerating the drug development pipeline from discovery to clinical trials. Integrated with wearable devices and telemedicine platforms, AI facilitates full-cycle health monitoring. However, the clinical translation of AI faces challenges, including an uneven evidence base, insufficient model generalizability, and ethical concerns regarding data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and interpretability.<br><br>CONCLUSION: AI is a key driver of paradigm shift in precision medicine. To address existing challenges, future efforts should focus on generating more robust clinical evidence, adopting technologies like federated learning to ensure data privacy, and promoting the human-centered, collaborative framework of Symbiotic AI (SAI). By establishing sound ethical and governance structures, the deployment of AI technologies can be ensured to be not only efficient and advanced but also equitable and trustworthy, ultimately paving the way for an intelligent and inclusive healthcare ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid41584067, year = {2026}, author = {Mahajan, S and Helbing, D}, title = {Revisiting big data optimism: risks of data-driven black box algorithms for society.}, journal = {Ethics and information technology}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {13}, pmid = {41584067}, issn = {1388-1957}, abstract = {This paper critically examines the growing use of big data algorithms and AI in science, society, and public policy. While these tools are often introduced with the goal of increasing efficiency, the results do not always lead to greater empowerment or fairness for individuals or communities. Persistent issues such as bias, measurement error, and over-reliance on prediction can undermine success and produce outcomes that are neither fair nor transparent, especially when automated decisions replace human judgment. Beyond technical limitations, the widespread use of data-driven methods also shapes the distribution of power, influences public trust, and raises questions about the health of techno-socio-economic institutions. We argue that the pursuit of optimality cannot succeed without careful evaluation of ethical risks and societal side effects. Responsible innovation demands open standards, ongoing scrutiny, and a focus on human values alongside technical performance. Our goal is to encourage a fundamental reorientation of the big data paradigm away from a focus on short-term optimization and towards a framework of "systemic resilience" and "participatory oversight" or even co-creation. We propose specific pathways to achieve this, arguing that responsible innovation requires considering complexity science while integrating constitutional and cultural values to achieve technologies that are not just efficient, but symbiotic with human self-organization.}, }
@article {pmid41581623, year = {2026}, author = {Li, Y and Zheng, X and Hu, R and Tao, J and Han, Z and Chen, K and Zhou, Y and Zhang, Y and Chen, W}, title = {Low‑intensity aeration enhances algal-bacterial synergy to improve nitrogen removal from wastewater with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {445}, number = {}, pages = {134055}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134055}, pmid = {41581623}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Algal-bacterial symbiosis systems (ABS) are promising for sustainable wastewater treatment, yet their nitrogen removal performance is often compromised under low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios commonly encountered in practical applications. In this study, a low dissolved oxygen aeration strategy was developed to construct a functional "microalgae-bacteria" network centered on nitrogen transformation. Three ABS were operated under low, medium, and high aeration intensities (10, 100, and 400 mL·min[-1]·L[-1], designated as l-ABS, M-ABS, and H-ABS, respectively). The l-ABS achieved significantly higher total inorganic nitrogen removal than M-ABS and H-ABS, with improvements of 12.1%-13.6% (p < 0.05). Low‑intensity aeration alleviated growth constraints on Chlorella sorokiniana, promoted stable and synergistic algal-bacterial interactions, and enriched functional genes associated with nitrogen transport, electron transfer, and energy supply. Overall, this study provides a feasible and energy-efficient strategy for treating low C/N wastewater, reducing reliance on external carbon sources and intensive aeration while improving system robustness.}, }
@article {pmid41580841, year = {2026}, author = {de Luca, KL and Ravichandran, Y and Dörr, M and Voolstra, CR}, title = {International workshop report on "Animal resilience and organismal response to environmental change: insights from basal metazoans", Tutzing (Germany), 22-25 September 2025.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {4}, pmid = {41580841}, issn = {1742-9994}, support = {568822875//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {The 2025 Tutzing Workshop, held at the Evangelische Akademie on the shores of Lake Starnberg, continued a long tradition of highly integrative meetings focused on the biology and evolution of basal metazoans. The meeting was organized by Christian R. Voolstra (University of Konstanz, Germany) and Ulrich Technau (University of Vienna, Austria), with kind support from the German Research Foundation (DFG). Building on the successful 2023 event, this year's symposium brought together close to 100 participants from Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia, representing newest research and scientific insight ranging from molecular evolution and functional genomics to ecology, developmental biology, and symbiosis. The central theme "Animal resilience and organismal response to environmental change: insights from basal metazoans" reflects an ongoing effort to leverage early-branching animals such as cnidarians (hydrozoans, anemones, jellyfish, corals), sponges, and ctenophores to address fundamental questions about the origins of multicellularity, the mechanisms of tissue regeneration, and the processes by which organisms adapt to environmental change. The symposium was structured around thematic sessions, poster presentations, roundtable discussions, and an invited keynote lecture. Scientific highlights included new genome assemblies, advances in single-cell transcriptomics, insights into epigenetic regulation and transposable element activity, as well as exciting discoveries about nervous system evolution, biomechanics of tissue regeneration, and immune responses in cnidarians. Beyond the empirical advances, the meeting fostered interdisciplinary discussion and outlined clear priorities for future collaborative research.}, }
@article {pmid41580652, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, L and Zhang, X and Song, B and Xiao, Y and Zhuang, W}, title = {Oasis or trap? Divergent survival strategies of two desert herbs under shrub fertile Islands.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-026-08160-2}, pmid = {41580652}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {XSY202501042//Graduate School-level Research and Innovation Project at Xinjiang Normal University/ ; XJ2025G195//the Graduate Scientific Research Innovation Fund Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; 42467046//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023TSYCCX0084//Tianshan Talent Training Program/ ; 2025D01E16//the Outstanding Young Scientists Fund of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous/ ; 2025D14018//the Tianshan Innovation Team of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; }, abstract = {The "fertile island" effect of desert shrubs creates "high nutrients - low water" environmental gradient, driving divergent adaptive strategies in herbaceous plants: shallow-rooted species exhibit high growth plasticity yet vulnerability to water stress, while deep-rooted species maintain stability through deep - water access. Our findings demonstrate that water availability overrides nutrient enrichment as the primary factor governing these adaptations, providing new insights into plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems. To clarify this, this study investigated a typical desert shrub, Calligonum mongolicum, in the Gurbantunggut Desert. We analyzed biomass, stoichiometry, and rhizosphere soil properties of two associated herbaceous species-shallow-rooted Centaurea pulchella and deep-rooted Ceratocarpus arenarius-across four distances (0-100 cm) from C. mongolicum. The results showed that both the biomass and nutrient content of herbaceous plants increased with increasing distance from the shrub center. Total biomass of both herbaceous species peaked at the distal zone (D4: 90-100 cm), showing 2.84-fold (Cer. arenarius) and 2.08-fold (Cen. pulchella) increases relative to the proximal shrub zone (D1: 0-10 cm). Plants nearer the shrub exhibited elevated root-to-shoot ratios, indicating that symbiotic plants respond to survival pressures through biomass allocation strategies. Soil water content (SWC) increased with increasing distance from the shrub, and showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with soil depth, peaking at 5-10 cm. Deep-rooted plants and shallow-rooted plants employ different biomass allocation strategies under varying soil moisture conditions. Although the "fertile island" effect of shrubs could enrich soil nutrients, it simultaneously triggers water competition with symbiotic herbaceous plants. This competition for water inhibits the growth of these coexisting herbaceous species. Our study suggested that the "fertile island" effect primarily limited herbaceous plant growth through water competition, with root strategies of Cer. arenarius and Cen. pulchella determining the plants' resistance to disturbances. This research contributes to a advancing understanding of the shrub-herbaceous plant symbiotic mechanisms and ecological stability in desert ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41580129, year = {2026}, author = {Lin, K and Xu, H and Liu, H and Jiang, H and Mei, H and Jiang, L and Du, Z and Tan, W and Li, X and Zhou, J and Li, J}, title = {Bioprinted dressing with symbiotic microbes for oxygen supply and antibacterial therapy for enhanced diabetic wound healing.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {114653}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114653}, pmid = {41580129}, issn = {1873-4995}, abstract = {Diabetic chronic wounds exhibit delayed healing due to the high blood sugar, persistent inflammation, and bacterial infections, drawing remarkable attention worldwide. Current therapeutic approaches (e.g., surgical debridement, offloading treatment, antibiotic therapy) commonly target individual factors but fall short of modulating the complex wound microenvironment, particularly the chronic hypoxia. The symbiotic relationship between photosynthetic microorganisms and antibacterial probiotics offers a unique approach to this clinical challenge. Here, we engineer a 3D-printed bioactive microbial hydrogel (BMH) dressing by embedding Chlorella zofingiensis and Bacillus subtilis in gelatin methacryloyl as an artificial symbiotic system for modulating the diabetic wound microenvironment to promote wound healing. This BMH system demonstrates photosynthetic self‑oxygenation capability and potent antibacterial activity, thus boosting fibroblast migration and angiogenesis under hyperglycemic conditions. In diabetic rat models, BMH mitigates wound hypoxia and inflammation while enhancing vascularization and collagen deposition, thereby accelerating the healing of diabetic chronic wounds. RNA sequencing results further suggest the upregulation of genes in immune-regulation and skin-regeneration pathways. This study presents a multimodal therapeutic strategy for diabetic chronic wounds, offering insights into the design of living materials for regenerative engineering and clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid41579212, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Liang, J and Chen, Y and An, M and Li, X}, title = {Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the role of flavonoids in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {3}, pmid = {41579212}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {CAFYBB2019ZA001//the National Nonprofit Institute Research Fund/ ; 32370018//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41578329, year = {2026}, author = {Pinton, F and Rimskaya-Korsakova, NN and Felbel, K and Grimmer, E and Hejnol, A}, title = {Absence of conserved immune signalling pathways and increased pathogen susceptibility associated to photosymbiosis in acoels.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12915-026-02506-w}, pmid = {41578329}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {FlexPool//Deutsches Zentrum f&#xfc;r integrative Biodiversit&#xe4;tsforschung Halle-Jena-Leipzig/ ; 766053//H2020 Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie Actions/ ; 519107654//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; P2022-05-002//Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Host immunity plays an important role in coral symbiosis with dinoflagellates. Photosymbiosis (the association between hosts and photosynthetic endosymbionts) has evolved multiple times within animals, e.g. within acoels, which are soft-bodied marine invertebrates whose immunity remains so far undescribed.<br><br>RESULTS: Our predicted proteome searches show that acoels lack major signal transduction pathways usually involved in animal immunity. Their loss in acoels predates the occurrence of photosymbiosis in this clade. Immune challenges with the coral pathogen and bleaching agent, Vibrio coralliilyticus, increase acoel mortality and decrease symbiont abundance in adults of the photosymbiotic acoel Convolutriloba macropyga. Mortality in aposymbiotic C. macropyga juveniles or aposymbiotic species Hofstenia miamia is not affected. Ultrastructural studies of immune-challenged animals by transmission electron microscopy show damages at the cellular and organelle level, as well as a degradation of potential pathogens by the host. In situ hybridisation and differential gene expression analysis point to some areas of interaction between pattern recognition receptors and microbes, as well as to the involvement of acoel-specific or uncharacterised genes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, photosymbiosis evolution in acoels could have been favoured by the loss of immune signalling pathways. Photosymbiosis in acoels seems to increase susceptibility to pathogen exposure and is disrupted by pathogens. Our data also suggests phagocytosis of pathogens and the possibility of a novel molecular immune response specific to acoels.}, }
@article {pmid41577483, year = {2026}, author = {Betts, MM and Hultin, EA and Hallerman, EM and Maurakis, EG and Frimpong, EA}, title = {Embryonic selfish-herding blurs the line between brood parasitism and mutualism for communal-breeding stream fishes.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {107}, number = {1}, pages = {e70302}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.70302}, pmid = {41577483}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {2039692//National Science Foundation/ ; //National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Nesting Behavior/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; *Cyprinidae/physiology/embryology ; *Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Rivers ; Female ; Male ; }, abstract = {Mutualisms are complex, interspecific relationships, which sometimes create "selfish-herds" as individuals of each species compete to maximize their own fitness. Nest association, where individuals of different species spawn on a nest created by a host species, is a reproductive interaction characteristic of some minnows (Leuciscidae) and is considered mutualistic despite mimicking the behavior labeled "brood parasitism." We studied the spawning behaviors of bluehead chub (Nocomis leptocephalus) and its nest associates, testing the hypothesis that bluehead chub exploits the selfish-herd dynamic in a novel manner by arranging embryos within its nest to maximize the survival of its own offspring at the expense of the nest associates' offspring. Our results show that embryos were not uniformly distributed within a nest, as one section representing one-sixth of the nest's total volume contained a disproportionate percentage of embryos (x¯ = 40.0% ± 6.1% SE). We found three-quarters of host embryos within deeper nest sections safer from embryo predators, whereas only a third of all associate embryos were found in the same sections. These results support our hypothesis that male Nocomis leptocephalus create "embryonic selfish-herds" within their nests. This is the first study to document the existence of embryonic selfish-herds, a phenomenon that warrants the reexamination of some vertebrate reproductive interactions labeled as brood parasitism.}, }
@article {pmid41576587, year = {2026}, author = {Bouchet, VMP and Muller, L and Brown, A and Deldicq, N and Deiss, A and Tailliez, L and Bertile, F}, title = {Exposure to aged polypropylene nurdle leachates disrupts photosymbiosis in a kleptoplastic unicellular eukaryote.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1015}, number = {}, pages = {181394}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181394}, pmid = {41576587}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Kleptoplasty, i.e. the sequestration of functional algal chloroplasts by a host organism, represents a natural case of photosymbiosis from which the host derives crucial energetic benefits. We explored here how this host-symbiont relationship is affected by polypropylene nurdle leachates in a kleptoplastidic foraminifera. When exposed to virgin nurdles, a mild proteome regulation was observed in the host, whereas photosynthetic proteins were more abundant in kleptoplasts, supplying energy to the host. These results show that, de novo protein synthesis in stolen chloroplasts and delivery of host proteins and algal proteins encoded by the host following horizontal gene transfer are necessary to maintain efficient photosymbiosis in a virgin nurdle leachate polluted environment. Conversely, aged nurdles strongly reduced the content of photosynthesis-related proteins in kleptoplasts, disrupting the host-symbiont association. Remodeling of the proteome nevertheless suggested the possibly for an increased energy production in foraminifera, through a switch from mixotrophy to heterotrophy. Benthic foraminifera are therefore truly efficient unicellular eukaryotes, with diverse and sophisticated metabolic adaptive strategies that we are just beginning to discover.}, }
@article {pmid41576067, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, J and Luo, Z and Wang, J and Lin, J and Xie, F}, title = {Nitrate-induced NLP1 SUMOylation regulates nitrate signaling and root nodulation.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {4}, pages = {e2518288123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2518288123}, pmid = {41576067}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {2024YFA0918200//MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs)/ ; XDB0630103//Straegic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 32470248 32100194//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 2023ZD04072//STI 2030-Major Projects/ ; }, mesh = {*Sumoylation ; *Medicago truncatula/metabolism/genetics ; *Arabidopsis/metabolism/genetics ; *Nitrates/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Plant Root Nodulation/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Lysine/metabolism ; NADPH Oxidases ; }, abstract = {Nitrate serves both as an essential nutrient and a key signaling molecule that shapes plant growth. In legumes, high nitrate concentrations suppress symbiotic nitrogen fixation, a process mediated by MtNLP1 (NIN-like protein1). Although nitrate minimally affects NLP transcript levels, it strongly controls their nuclear localization. How posttranslational modifications regulate MtNLP1 function, however, has remained unclear. Here, we show that nitrate induces SUMOylation of MtNLP1 at lysine 589 and 795 and that this modification is essential for its biological activity. Loss of these SUMO sites compromises nitrate-mediated inhibition of nodulation and weakens MtNLP1 interactions with MtNIN and itself. Components of the SUMOylation machinery in Medicago truncatula physically interact and are essential for both nodulation and nitrate responsiveness, indicating broader roles for SUMOylation in symbiosis. A SUMO-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana AtNLP73KR mutant fails to complement the Atnlp7-1 phenotype, demonstrating that SUMOylation is a conserved regulatory mechanism among NLPs. Together, our findings reveal SUMOylation as a previously unrecognized layer of regulation that integrates nutrient signaling with root nodule symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41575703, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, S and Liu, C and Zhang, Z and Lu, J and Gao, Z and Li, G and Wei, F}, title = {Ecological and evolutionary drivers of trait-based symbiosis and phylosymbiosis in avian gut microbiota.}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41575703}, issn = {1869-1889}, }
@article {pmid41574302, year = {2025}, author = {Mehrnia, N and Van Dyke, TE}, title = {Microbial dysbiosis and immune dysregulation in periodontitis and peri-implantitis.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1678163}, pmid = {41574302}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {*Dysbiosis/immunology/microbiology ; *Peri-Implantitis/immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Humans ; *Periodontitis/immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Microbiota/immunology ; Inflammation/immunology ; Animals ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Adaptive Immunity ; Immunity, Innate ; Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are chronic inflammatory diseases which are primarily driven by excessive and dysregulated immune responses. This would result in irreversible tissue destruction around teeth and implants. Although the microbiome serves as an initiator of inflammation and leads to microbial dysbiosis, persistent and unresolved inflammation is the primary driver of tissue and bone loss. These conditions result from a dynamic interplay between the host immune response and pathogenic biofilms. Microbial dysbiosis results from a shift from a eubiotic (symbiotic) oral microbiome to a dysbiotic microbial community. This is initiated by excessive inflammation and manipulates host immunity to promote chronic inflammation. Concurrently, immune dysregulation, including imbalances in innate and adaptive immune responses that result from a failure of resolution of inflammation pathways, exacerbates tissue destruction through the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of destructive pathways, such as neutrophil-mediated degradation and osteoclast activation. This review explores the mechanisms underlying microbial dysbiosis and immune dysregulation in periodontitis and peri-implantitis, emphasizing their contribution to inflammation, bone resorption, and disease progression.}, }
@article {pmid41573225, year = {2025}, author = {Calderon, RB and Gouli, S and Barphagha, I and Ham, JH}, title = {Growth promotion and stress tolerance of soybean plants driven by seed treatment with synthetic bacterial community of soybean-associated beneficial bacteria.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1729743}, pmid = {41573225}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Beneficial microbes provide a sustainable approach to improving crop production and reducing risks from intensive farming. Microbial consortia, complementary traits, often outperform single strains in promoting plant health. This study aimed to develop an effective biological strategy to enhance soybean growth and health using beneficial bacterial consortia.<br><br>METHODS: Bacteria were isolated from the root endosphere and rhizosphere of field-grown soybean plants and screened for traits such as nutrient solubilization, hormone production, and pathogen suppression. Seven synthetic bacterial communities (SBCs), each comprising 5 to 20 SABB strains, were constructed to evaluate their potential in promoting soybean growth and health. Impact of SBC seed treatments on the structure of soybean microbiota was also investigated.<br><br>RESULTS: Two SBC sets, Set2 and Setm4, demonstrated superior performances in enhancing plant growth and resistance to the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani when applied via seed treatment. Notably, seed treatment with Set2 or Setm4 also improved soybean resilience to abiotic stresses, including drought and waterlogging. Profiling of the root endosphere and rhizosphere microbiota revealed that SBC application through seed treatment significantly altered the composition of soybean-associated microbial community, including the enrichment of key symbiotic taxa, such as Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and increased microbial network complexity.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The beneficial effects of SBC through seed treatment are closely related to microbiome restructuring in soybean roots. This study provides valuable insights into the development of innovative and sustainable crop management strategies, highlighting the potential of SBC-based seed treatments to enhance growth and stress resilience in soybeans and other major crops.}, }
@article {pmid41572938, year = {2026}, author = {Wilmsen, S and Kost, C}, title = {A New Classification Framework to Understand Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality.}, journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {e70098}, doi = {10.1002/bies.70098}, pmid = {41572938}, issn = {1521-1878}, mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Animals ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Life on Earth has evolved as a series of evolutionary transitions, during which lower-level units merged to form a new and more complex higher-level entity. Besides few canonical examples, many life forms exist for which it remains unclear whether or not they are about to complete the transition. This paucity of mechanistic understanding is likely due to an overemphasis on few model systems and a lack of criteria to compare disparate biological units. Here, we aim at filling this gap by proposing a new framework to classify different forms of biological organization, which considers two fundamental aspects: (i) the physiological component and (ii) the evolutionary component. Categorizing different biological units according to whether and how these aspects are represented yields six types of structural organization. Our framework allows to compare different organizational forms, and, in this way, provide insight into the evolutionary processes giving rise to these arrangements.}, }
@article {pmid41572842, year = {2026}, author = {Ahmadi, P and Honardoost, M and Janzadeh, A and Taherkhani, S}, title = {Flavonoids and Their Influence on the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Cardiovascular Health.}, journal = {Nutrition bulletin}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nbu.70039}, pmid = {41572842}, issn = {1467-3010}, abstract = {Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Flavonoids and polyphenols, which are abundant in colourful fruits and vegetables, have emerged as promising bioactive compounds for mitigating CVD. This study elucidates the mechanisms by which flavonoids exert cardioprotective effects through their antioxidant, prebiotic, and mitochondrial restorative properties. Flavonoids function as hydrogen donors, scavenging free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO[•]), superoxide anions (O[•]), and hydroxyl radicals (OH[•]), thereby reducing oxidative stress by decreasing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity while enhancing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) functionality to promote vasodilation and prevent hypertension. Additionally, flavonoids act as prebiotics, fostering the symbiotic gut microbiota (GM), including Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, which produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and suppress pathogenic trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-producing bacteria. This enhances gut epithelial barrier integrity, reduces inflammation mediated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and protects against heart failure, ischaemia, and atherosclerosis. Under ischemic and heart failure conditions, flavonoids inhibit apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, and fibrosis by restoring hypoxia-damaged mitochondrial function and cardiac energy metabolism. Furthermore, flavonoids prevent arteriosclerosis by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, reducing cholesterol absorption, promoting bile salt-hydrolysing bacteria, and decreasing vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression on coronary vessels. Here, we aim to advance the understanding of flavonoid-mediated cardioprotection by considering their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiome-modulating effects, offering novel insights into dietary interventions for CVD prevention and management. The findings underscore the potential of flavonoids as accessible, natural agents to address global health disparities in CVD burden.}, }
@article {pmid41572707, year = {2026}, author = {Chu, X and Zhao, B and Wan, X and Gao, L and Li, H and Guo, D and Liu, Q and Hu, Y}, title = {Bioactivities of Secondary Metabolites from Endophytes: A Recent Review.}, journal = {Current pharmaceutical biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0113892010415786251029061350}, pmid = {41572707}, issn = {1873-4316}, abstract = {Endophytes are symbiotic microbial communities residing within plants and represent a significant source of bioactive secondary metabolites. As integral components of plant microecosystems, endophytes establish stable and mutually beneficial interactions with their hosts, which not only contribute to plant growth and stress resistance but also drive the diversity of their secondary metabolic products through long-term coevolution. These metabolites exhibit diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiviral, and antioxidant effects, and these bioactive properties make them promising candidates for the development of new agents in multiple fields, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials, due to their natural origins and relatively low environmental impact. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in understanding the bioactivities of endophyte- derived secondary metabolites, highlighting novel compounds and their pharmacological potential. Alongside traditional approaches, recent technological advancements in separation, purification, and structural identification have further facilitated the discovery and characterization of these metabolites, expanding the pool of potential bioactive molecules for research and application. We also detail common methodologies for investigating endophyte metabolites, such as fermentation optimization and biotransformation, and briefly touch on how these strategies have been widely adopted to enhance metabolite production and explore structural modifications. With the deepening of interdisciplinary research involving microbiology, chemistry, pharmacology, and biotechnology, the exploration of endophyte secondary metabolites has entered a more systematic and in-depth stage. Finally, we discuss current challenges in translating these findings into practical applications, including issues related to resource accessibility, production scalability, and comprehensive efficacy evaluation, and outline promising future research directions for drug discovery in the field of medicine, encompassing the excavation of untapped endophytic resources, the optimization of production processes, and the in-depth evaluation of safety and efficacy, so as to better harness their potential for human health and sustainable development.}, }
@article {pmid41572573, year = {2026}, author = {Winning, CS and Rubia, MI and Liu, W and Bronitt, D and Zamarreño, &#xc1;M and García-Mina, JM and Smith, P and Larrainzar, E and Djordjevic, MA}, title = {Symbiosis-associated UMAMIT transporters required for establishing efficient nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70917}, pmid = {41572573}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {PC169-170 UMAMIT//Gobierno de Navarra/ ; DP200101884//Australian Research Council/ ; PID2021-122740OB-I00//Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, abstract = {To address a critical gap in understanding amino acid transport in legume-Rhizobium symbiosis, we investigated the role of symbiosis-associated USUALLY MULTIPLE ACIDS MOVE IN AND OUT TRANSPORTERS (UMAMITs) in Medicago truncatula nodulation. Transcript profiling, phylogenetic analysis and promoter-reporter fusions identified five symbiosis-associated MtUMAMIT genes. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing generated two triple mutant lines lacking MtUMAMIT14, -17 and -36. Physiological assays, amino acid quantification, and immunolocalisation using a MtUMAMIT17-specific antibody were performed to assess symbiotic function and protein localisation. The induction of MtUMAMIT14, -17 and -36 required Nod factor perception. Triple mutant nodules exhibited reduced nitrogen fixation, leading to nitrogen starvation symptoms, lower leghaemoglobin and amino acid levels, as well as increased starch accumulation. Immunolocalisation revealed MtUMAMIT17 at symbiosome and infection thread membranes, and vascular and uninfected zone III nodule cells. MtUMAMIT17 localised in the cell periphery in zone II cells, while it colocalised with the symbiosomes in infected zone III cells. We conclude that MtUMAMIT14, -17 and -36 are essential for efficient nitrogen fixation, functioning in amino acid transport across symbiotic interfaces and vascular tissues. We propose that their recruitment into nodulation programs represents a key evolutionary adaptation facilitating nutrient exchange critical for symbiotic success.}, }
@article {pmid41569423, year = {2026}, author = {Navarro, J and Hancock, PA and Seguin, P and Reynaud, E}, title = {Human-Technology Symbiosis at work: a brain morphometric investigation of inter-individual differences in smart-tool proneness.}, journal = {Ergonomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1080/00140139.2026.2616346}, pmid = {41569423}, issn = {1366-5847}, abstract = {This study reveals that individuals' affinity for smart tools is linked to specific brain structures. These findings support the theory of Human-Technology Symbiosis and highlight how technology use is associated with brain anatomy, with implications for technology design and user training.}, }
@article {pmid41568888, year = {2026}, author = {Zarraga-Barco, F and Bastías, DA and Gundel, PE}, title = {Drought and Herbivory Enhance Epichloë-Mediated Resistance to Insect Herbivores via Modulation of Alkaloid Precursors and Oxidative Processes.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {e70757}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70757}, pmid = {41568888}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {//Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Alkaloids/metabolism ; *Droughts ; Endophytes/physiology ; *Epichloe/physiology ; *Herbivory/physiology ; *Insecta/physiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In the Pooideae subfamily, resistance to insect herbivores often depends on a defensive mutualism with Epichloë fungal endophytes, which produce anti-invertebrate alkaloids such as lolines and peramine. Herbivory can induce alkaloid accumulation and enhance endophyte-conferred resistance, a response interpreted as analogous to classical herbivore-induced resistance in plants. Yet, abiotic stressors, particularly drought, also stimulate alkaloid production and resistance, suggesting a more general response linked to oxidative stress. Despite these insights, no quantitative synthesis exists, and the regulation of alkaloid induction under stress remains poorly understood. Using a meta-analysis, we synthesized published data to test whether herbivory or drought enhance Epichloë-mediated resistance and increase the in planta concentrations of lolines and peramine. Both stressors significantly elevated resistance, associated with higher alkaloid concentrations, particularly lolines. Peramine increased under drought but not consistently with herbivory. Published molecular and biochemical studies implicate oxidative stress, particularly changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, in regulating alkaloid production through precursor accumulation and fungal signaling pathways involving NADPH oxidases and stress-activated MAP kinases. Given that Epichloë enhances plant tolerance to stress and that ROS play a key role in the plant-endophyte communication, we propose that alkaloid induction and herbivore resistance are beneficial by-products of endophyte-mediated stress responses, rather than solely adaptive outcomes of coevolution with herbivores. This perspective highlights how herbivory and drought converge on oxidative stress pathways to modulate plant-endophyte associations, with implications for plant defense under climate-driven stress scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid41568587, year = {2026}, author = {Xu, Y and Ling, N and Mony, C and Vandenkoornhuyse, P}, title = {Differential 'resuscitation' from the seed microbiota: a plant-holobiont ecological strategy for buffering stresses.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70920}, pmid = {41568587}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2023-NK-147//Fundamental Research Funds for the Leading Scientist Project of Qinghai Province/ ; }, abstract = {The plant and its associated microbiota constitute a holobiont. Within this framework, the seed endophyte reservoir, shaped through multigenerational selection, exhibits pronounced host specificity, mutualistic potential, and signatures of co-evolution. We hypothesise that this reservoir operates as a 'symbiotic toolbox' forming an 'Anticipated Utility Microbiota' within the holobiont. Upon germination, specific microbes from this toolbox may undergo resuscitation to buffer environmental stresses, thereby influencing plant fitness. Using axenic Vicia sativa seeds, we simulated cold, salinity, and drought stresses and applied 16S rRNA sequencing to track seed symbiont resuscitation. Taxa showing resuscitation across stresses were classified as generalists, whilst those resuscitating under specific stresses were specialists. Microbial inoculants from these taxa were then tested in pots for host growth effects. As expected, distinct resuscitation patterns under different stresses supported the hypothesised seed 'symbiotic toolbox'. We identified 115 generalist amplicon sequence variants (e.g. Methylobacterium, Pantoea, and Sphingomonas) and stress-specific specialists: 60 cold specialists (e.g. Stenotrophomonas and Geobacter), 79 salt specialists (e.g. Leptotrichia), and 13 drought specialists (e.g. Proteobacteria). Strikingly, generalist microbial inoculants consistently promoted seedling growth across stresses, whilst specialist inoculants showed stress-specific efficacy. This study elucidates a holobiont mechanism whereby vertically transmitted seed microbes constitute a 'symbiotic toolbox' that differentially resuscitates under stress, thereby enhancing seedling fitness.}, }
@article {pmid41568056, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, X and Guo, X and Wang, H and Yang, Q and Zhang, Y and Ling, J and Sun, H and Dong, J and Zhang, Y}, title = {Elaborating the molecular characteristics of corals' different tolerance to environmental stress in Sanya Luhuitou based on multi-omics analysis.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1664176}, pmid = {41568056}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The resistance to environmental perturbations varies significantly among coral species. Corals are holobionts that are symbiotic with dinoflagellates and microbiomes, which makes their physiological responses to environmental stress complex. In order to restore coral reefs, it is essential to discover the molecular characteristics associated with coral environmental stress tolerance and to understand the molecular mechanisms that contribute to physiological adaptation.<br><br>METHODS: Using high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, combined with transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analyses, we analyzed the differences in coral associated bacterial communities between the branching coral (Pocillopora damicornis) and massive corals (Porites lutea and Galaxea fascicularis), as well as the profiling of environmental stress resistance related genes, proteins and metabolites in these coral species.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that beneficial bacteria were more abundant in massive corals than in branching corals, while pathogenic bacteria were more abundant in branching corals. Genes and proteins that can counteract environmental stress were found more abundant in branching corals as compared to massive corals. Branching corals contained higher levels of metabolites associated with environmental stress, such as LysoPC (15:0). Massive corals possess simultaneously higher basal expression genes (or proteins) involved in amino acid metabolism, which may contribute to their higher tolerance.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Based on molecular characteristics, branching corals' resistance to environmental stress was weaker than that of massive corals, which provided a valuable reference for coral reef protection in the future.}, }
@article {pmid41568041, year = {2025}, author = {Liang, Y and Feng, Y and Jia, Q and Zhu, J and Guo, S and Tang, Q and Fan, Y and Zhang, Z}, title = {Diversity analysis of endohyphal bacteria in oil-producing fungi inhabiting arid environments.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1712713}, pmid = {41568041}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Endohyphal bacteria are microorganisms that inhabit fungal hyphae or reproductive structures, which influence fungal physiology and contribute to broader ecosystem processes. However, current knowledge regarding endohyphal bacteria associated with oil-producing fungi in arid environments remains scarce and warrants further investigation.<br><br>METHOD: Oil-producing fungi were isolated and screened from arid soil samples collected in Toksun County, Xinjiang, China. A preliminary assessment of the presence of endohyphal bacteria within these fungi was conducted using SYTO 9 green fluorescent staining. High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the distribution patterns and community composition of the endohyphal bacteria.<br><br>RESULTS: Endohyphal bacteria were detected in 16 fungal strains, which constituted 61.5% of the total 26 oil-producing strains obtained. High-throughput sequencing analysis identified 63 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to 6 phyla and 35 genera, with Proteobacteria representing the dominant phylum. Most fungi contained multiple endohyphal bacterial taxa and exhibited pronounced interspecific variation in community composition. Functional prediction analysis indicated a significant enrichment of pathways related to metabolism, environmental information processing, and genetic information processing in the endohyphal bacteria associated with distinct fungal hosts.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Oil-producing fungi may establish interactive systems through symbiotic associations with diverse endohyphal bacteria. These symbiotic interactions may promote lipid accumulation and enhance ecological adaptability in oil-producing fungi, potentially mediated by the metabolic synergy and functional complementarity described above. In conclusion, this study provides a preliminary characterization of the diversity and community structure of endohyphal bacteria associated with oil-producing fungi in arid environments, establishing a basis for future investigations into their functional interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41567836, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, J and Park, JS and Oh, SO and Oh, SY and Hur, JS}, title = {Fungal Microbiome Within Lichen as a Potential Bioindicator of Climate Change: Insights from Transplant Field Study.}, journal = {Mycobiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {146-160}, pmid = {41567836}, issn = {1229-8093}, abstract = {Global warming is a major driver of ecological change, yet its impacts on bioindicators such as lichens remain unclear. Lichens, formed by symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic partners, are widely used to assess environmental conditions. However, studies relying on traditional physiological measures, including chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity, have reported inconsistent responses to climate change. We hypothesized that short-term exposure of lichens to elevated temperatures would not alter these conventional physiological traits but might instead lead to changes in their associated microbiomes. Using a field transplant experiment, we exposed lichens to higher temperature environments and assessed both physiological and microbiome responses. Chlorophyll content and tissue damage showed no significant differences between control and warmed conditions. In contrast, high-throughput sequencing of 16S and ITS regions revealed pronounced shifts in microbial communities. Fungal assemblages exhibited marked declines in alpha diversity, co-occurrence network complexity, and stability of the core microbiome. By comparison, bacterial communities demonstrated greater resilience. Notably, the black yeast Cutaneotrichosporon debeurmannianum became dominant in high-temperature environments. Our findings show that while traditional physiological traits of lichens remain stable under short-term warming, their fungal microbiomes are highly sensitive to thermal stress. We identify fungal community structure-particularly the presence of C. debeurmannianum-as a promising indicator of climate change. These results highlight the importance of considering microbial symbionts when evaluating the ecological responses of lichens to global warming.}, }
@article {pmid41566997, year = {2026}, author = {Dauphin, B and Baril, T and Morin, E and Oggenfuss, U and Pfister, S and De Freitas Pereira, M and Grigoriev, IV and Kohler, A and Martin, F and Croll, D and Peter, M}, title = {Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the most abundant ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum reveals massive TE expansion and RIP defence mechanism.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evag017}, pmid = {41566997}, issn = {1759-6653}, abstract = {Transposable elements (TEs) play crucial roles in genome evolution and ecological adaptation in fungi, yet their dynamics in ectomycorrhizal species remain poorly understood. Cenococcum geophilum, the most widespread ectomycorrhizal fungus in boreal and temperate forests with its large, repeat-rich genome, represents an ideal system to investigate TE-mediated adaptation to the physical environment and symbiotic lifestyle. However, previous studies have been limited by fragmented genome assemblies that prevented the resolution of repeat-rich regions. We assembled a telomere-to-telomere reference genome of C. geophilum strain 1.58 using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C datasets, resulting in a 178.54 Mbp genome with seven contiguous chromosomes. We identified 14,145 genes and over 78% of the genome consists of transposable elements (TEs). Of these, 94% are affected by repeat-induced point mutations (RIP), a genome defence mechanism that acts during the sexual reproduction phase, indicating cryptic or ancient sexual reproduction in this putatively asexual fungus. LTR retrotransposons, LINEs, and DNA transposons dominated, with three TE families (Ty3, Ty1, and Tad1) contributing over 60% of the genome size, indicating recent transposition bursts. Screening of 15 additional C. geophilum strains revealed recent and lineage-specific TE expansions, implying that several TEs escaped the RIP machinery and retained potential activity. Supporting TE activity in the context of symbiosis, we found 56 TEs differentially transcribed between ectomycorrhizal and free-living mycelium tissues. An even higher number (n = 66) of TEs were differentially expressed between stress resistance morphology (i.e., sclerotia) and free-living mycelium. This supports that TEs are differentially regulated as a response to symbiotic and stress-related conditions. Our results demonstrate that the C. geophilum genome expansion was driven by a few lineage-specific TE families in recent history, with high RIP activity attesting to sexual reproduction. We also provide insights how TEs could respond to lifestyle transitions and traits associated with desiccation resistance.}, }
@article {pmid41566783, year = {2026}, author = {Zou, Z and Zhu, Y and Su, C and Cao, Y}, title = {Evolution and variation of gene modules associated with symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the nitrogen-fixing clade.}, journal = {Molecular plant}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2026.01.008}, pmid = {41566783}, issn = {1752-9867}, }
@article {pmid41564456, year = {2026}, author = {Arnull, J and Hashim, AS and Ganeshram, RS and Wilson, AMW and Moosa, H and Reay, DS and Ziyadh, AM and Tudhope, AW}, title = {Experimental nutrient enrichment during thermal stress reduces bleaching severity in an oligotrophic reef setting, Maldives.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {119305}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119305}, pmid = {41564456}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Coral bleaching events are intensifying with rising sea surface temperatures, yet the role of nutrient availability in influencing coral responses to thermal stress remains complex. Excessive nutrient enrichment often increases bleaching susceptibility, but moderate, balanced enrichment may provide physiological benefits. We tested this through a six-month in situ enrichment experiment on an oligotrophic reef in the Maldives during a mild bleaching event. Diffusers supplied either nitrogen-rich (High N; elevated N relative to P) or balanced nitrogen-phosphorus (High P; relative to typical Redfield N:P ratios) fertiliser to Pocillopora spp. colonies, and responses were assessed using bleaching surveys and stable isotope analyses (δ[15]N, δ[13]C, and C:N ratios) of host tissue and algal symbionts to monitor changes nitrogen assimilation strategies. Enriched colonies bleached significantly less than controls during peak heat stress. Isotopic signatures shifted toward fertiliser values, with δ[15]N reduced by up to 2 ‰ in symbionts and ∼ 1 ‰ in tissue, indicating assimilation of external nitrogen. Symbiont C:N ratios also declined under enrichment, consistent with reduced N limitation and altered metabolic balance within the symbiosis. Together, these results provide the first field evidence from the Indian Ocean that short-term nutrient enrichment in oligotrophic reef environments can reduce bleaching severity under mild heat stress by enhancing metabolic flexibility, i.e., the capacity of corals and their symbionts to adjust nutrient assimilation and internal resource use under stress. However, the long-term consequences of sustained or unbalanced nutrient exposure remain uncertain, highlighting the need for caution in management applications.}, }
@article {pmid41562275, year = {2026}, author = {Palaka, BK and Das, S and Kulkarni, KR and Abhilasha, A and Soyam, P and Roy Choudhury, S}, title = {Functional analysis of NFR1 delineates a conserved residue and a region of juxtamembrane domain essential for nodulation in chickpea.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erag031}, pmid = {41562275}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Root nodule symbiosis signaling is initiated by the perception of the rhizobial Nod Factors (NFs) by two plant Lysin motif (LysM) containing nod factor receptors (NFR1 and NFR5). Here, we identified the NFR1 homologue from chickpea and functionally established its role by a gene silencing approach. To achieve valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of CaNFR1, we evaluated a highly conserved residue in its activation loop and a specific region of the juxtamembrane (ΔJM) domain. The substitution of threonine with alanine at position 476 has significant implications, causing the loss of a phosphorylation event and disrupting the interaction with NFR5. The elimination of ΔJM domain of CaNFR1 also weakens the interaction strength with CaNFR5. Based on molecular docking and simulation studies, these structural alterations align with our yeast-based and in planta protein-protein interaction data, as well as a significant reduction in nodule number, size, and infection cell abundance after overexpression of CaNFR1 variants. Cross-species genetic complementation in lyk3 mutant of Medicago truncatula highlights the critical role of the evolutionarily conserved T476 in the activation loop and ΔJM domain of NFR1, in its interaction with NFR5, underscoring a crucial step in the receptor-mediated activation mechanism leading to root nodulation in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid41561036, year = {2025}, author = {Xie, J and Zheng, X and Chen, Q and Liang, X and Dong, H and Zhou, S and Yuan, X and Zhang, J}, title = {Comparative analysis of intestinal morphology and intestinal microbiota composition of bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeiana) at different growth stages.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1715163}, pmid = {41561036}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The intestinal microbiota is a complex and dynamic community that contributes to digestion and plays a crucial role in regulating immune health. In this study, post-metamorphic bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeiana) at different ages (1, 2, 3, and 4 months) were investigated. Growth performance assessment, intestinal histomorphological analysis, and 16S rRNA sequencing were employed to systematically examine the dynamics and diversity of microbial communities in the small intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). Results showed that bullfrog growth indices increased with age, with faster body weight gain during 2-3 months; notably, this was significantly positively correlated with intestinal morphological development (villus height and muscle layer thickness) (p < 0.05). In terms of microbial composition, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria were dominant phyla, while different intestinal segments harbored specific dominant genera. Among them, Cetobacterium was consistently detected throughout the growth period, suggesting it is likely the core symbiont in bullfrog intestines. Moreover, microbiota function varied with growth stages: at 1-2 months, Bifidobacterium and Cetobacterium synergistically participated in immune regulation and basic metabolism, whereas at 3-4 months, Weissella, Lactococcus, and Bacteroides became dominant, with their functions shifting toward efficient energy conversion. Additionally, Alpha diversity analysis showed a decreasing trend in the Simpson index with development, while Beta diversity analysis revealed that microbiota composition was similar among different intestinal segments at the same age but that significant differences existed in each segment during 2-3 months. Overall, this study reveals the specific distribution characteristics of probiotic microbiota in bullfrogs at different growth stages, thereby providing a scientific basis for screening growth-promoting frog-derived probiotics that match host physiological traits.}, }
@article {pmid41560754, year = {2025}, author = {Rudrapal, M and de Oliveira, AM and Singh, RP}, title = {Dietary polyphenols maintain human health through modulation of gut microbiota.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1710088}, pmid = {41560754}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {The symbiotic interplay between dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota constitutes a focal point in contemporary scientific investigations, with profound impact in human health and diseases. The human gastrointestinal milieu serves as the locus for a diverse consortium of microbial organisms, collectively constituting the gut microbiota, which intricately modulate host metabolism, immune responses, and overall homeostasis. Dysregulation of gut microbial composition and functionality, known as dysbiosis, has been implicated in the progression of a plethora of gastrointestinal and systemic maladies, encompassing inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic syndromes and neurological disorders, and so on. Polyphenols abundant in plant-derived food, exert multifaceted biological activities, encompassing antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, among many others. These polyphenolic metabolites inextricably interact with the gut microbiota, exerting modulatory effects on microbial composition and functionality, thereby promoting the symbiotic physiological relationships between microbe and human host. In reciprocal fashion, the gut microbiota serves as pivotal vectors in the metabolism and bioavailability of polyphenols, engendering bioactive signalling metabolites which regulate systemic physiological effects and thereby maintain host health. This review emphasizes the imperative of comprehensively delineating an interplay between polyphenolic metabolites and gut microbiota in maintaining host health, while reflecting potential interventions of protective health outcomes in disease conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41402734, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Q and Zhao, X and Yuan, X and Liu, ZJ and Zhang, Y}, title = {The regulatory mechanisms of CAM/CML gene family in governing mycorrhizal fungi in Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae).}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {100}, pmid = {41402734}, issn = {1471-2229}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Calmodulin (CAMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) play pivotal roles in sensing and decoding Ca[2+] signals, thereby regulating of various physiological processes. Although CAM/CML genes in numerous plants have been extensively studied, their specific functions and mechanisms in orchids remain unexplored. In order to reveal the characteristics of the CAM/CML family in Cremastra appendiculata, a comprehensive analysis was performed at the genome-wide level, focusing on its physicochemical attributes, phylogenetic associations, gene structure, Cis-acting elements, and qRT-PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 78 CAM/CML genes were identified in C. appendiculata, including five CAPPCAM and 73 CAPPCML, divided into ten subgroups (Subgroup I-X). Subgroups I and II contain one to four coding DNA sequences (CDS), while subgroup IX includes 9 genes with only one CDS and the remaining genes possess 4&#x2013;12 CDS. The collinearity analysis revealed seven collinear CAM/CML gene pairs between C. appendiculata and Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating the homology of CAM/CML genes between these two species. The cis-elements in the CAPPCAMs/CMLs promoter mainly enrich methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elements (202/1120, 18%). The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the CAPPCAM/CAPPCML gene family plays important roles in responding to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Notably, root tissues demonstrated a marked induction effect upon symbiosis, with gene expression regulation exhibiting distinct tissue specificity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study not only lays the foundation for clarifying the functions of such genes in mycorrhizal symbiosis of C. appendiculata, but also highlights its potential for biotechnology development.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-025-07889-6.}, }
@article {pmid41559069, year = {2026}, author = {Yoshioka, A and Shimada, YY and Omori, T and Uemura, NA and Takeshita, K and Ishigami, K and Morimura, H and Furubayashi, M and Kan, T and Wada, H and Kikuchi, Y and Nakane, D}, title = {Bacteria break through one-micrometer-square passages by flagellar wrapping.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {713}, pmid = {41559069}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {22H05066//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 22H05068//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 22H05066//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 22H05067//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 22H05068//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JPMJFR2411//MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/ ; }, mesh = {*Flagella/physiology ; Animals ; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Symbiosis ; Movement ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {Confined spaces are omnipresent in the micro-environments, including soil aggregates and intestinal crypts, yet little is known about how bacteria behave under such conditions where movement is challenging due to spatial confinement that limited effective diffusion. Stinkbug symbiont Caballeronia insecticola navigates a narrow gut passage about one micrometer in diameter to reach the stinkbug's symbiotic organ. Here, we developed a microfluidic device mimicking the host's sorting organ, wherein bacterial cells are confined in a quasi-one-dimensional fashion, and revealed that this bacterium wraps flagellar filaments around its cell body like a screw thread to control fluid flow and generate propulsion for smooth and directional movement in narrow passages. Physical simulations and genetic experiments revealed that hook flexibility is essential for this wrapping; increasing hook rigidity impaired both wrapping motility and infectivity. Thus, flagellar wrapping likely represents an evolutionary innovation, enabling bacteria to break through confined environments using their motility machinery.}, }
@article {pmid41558481, year = {2026}, author = {Keller, V and Calchera, A and Otte, J and Tuovinen Nogerius, V and Schmitt, I}, title = {Ubiquitous occurrence of the black fungus Melanina gundecimermaniae in the lichen Umbilicaria pustulata.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.12.046}, pmid = {41558481}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Lichen symbioses frequently include additional fungal associates beyond the canonical mycobiont (fungus) and photobiont (alga/cyanobacterium). Despite the prevalence and diversity of these lichen cohabitants, their geographic distribution and role within the lichen consortium remain poorly understood. Combining genomics, metagenomics, and advanced microscopy, we identified the black fungus Melanina gundecimermaniae as a constant cohabitant in the lichen Umbilicaria pustulata. We analyzed metagenomes from 149 individuals across 15 populations, spanning the Europe-wide range of U. pustulata. Additionally, we screened pooled metagenomes of U. pustulata and Umbilicaria phaea along five elevation gradients (Europe and North America). Genome mapping, using a near-complete reference genome of M. gundecimermaniae, revealed that the black fungus was present in 100% of the screened lichen metagenomes, with 0.85%-3.78% of reads mapping against the reference. Among all lichen-associated fungi, it was one of the most common. These findings indicate that the black fungus is widely distributed and associated with different lichen species, underscoring its potential ecological significance. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy, we confirmed the presence of M. gundecimermaniae within various structures of U. pustulata, including vegetative symbiotic propagules involved in dispersal. Elucidating its widespread occurrence across continents, consistent presence in U. pustulata, and ability to be dispersed together with the lichens' canonical partners, our findings suggest a potential interaction of M. gundecimermaniae that extends beyond incidental colonization. Our study contributes to the growing body of evidence that organismal complexity within lichens is a prevalent and largely unexplored dimension of the lichen symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41558455, year = {2026}, author = {González Ortega-Villaizán, A and Haro, R and Conchillo, LB and Guerrero-Galán, C and Pollmann, S and Benito, B}, title = {Transcriptional regulation of the Arabidopsis transportome by salt stress and symbiosis with Serendipita indica.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {231}, number = {}, pages = {111053}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111053}, pmid = {41558455}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Serendipita indica, a widely studied beneficial root-colonizing fungal endophyte, promotes plant growth under saline conditions by reducing Na[+] accumulation in host plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. This reduction in Na [+] levels likely contributes to salt detoxification, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that SOS1, a key Na[+] transporter and major determinant of salt tolerance in plants, is not involved in this reduction. To explore whether other plant transporters might participate in Na[+] reduction, we first characterized the full Arabidopsis transportome, with putative substrates and subcellular localizations, and performed a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the full set of transporter proteins. In this study, we investigated and excluded the possible contribution of HKT1, another relevant Na[+] transporter implicated in salt adaptation in Arabidopsis. By examining differentially expressed transporters under salt stress, we identified a subset of candidate genes potentially involved in Na[+] transport. Among these, we evaluated the role of CNGC10 and CNGC13 using mutant lines under both S. indica- and non-colonized conditions. Interestingly, both transporters appeared to be involved in the endophyte-induced decrease in Na[+] accumulation although, other, yet-unidentified transporters may also contribute to this phenomenon.}, }
@article {pmid41556683, year = {2026}, author = {Nassehi, D}, title = {Symbiotic intelligence in health care.}, journal = {Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke}, volume = {145}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4045/tidsskr.25.0694}, pmid = {41556683}, issn = {0807-7096}, }
@article {pmid41555417, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, L and Spaink, HP}, title = {The function of Toll-like receptor 2 in control of transcriptome responses to the microbiome and microbiome composition.}, journal = {Animal microbiome}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {5}, pmid = {41555417}, issn = {2524-4671}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a pivotal role in innate immunity and has recently emerged as a critical regulator of host-microbiome interactions. However, how TLR2 influences host transcriptional responses to colonized microbiome and microbial community dynamics remains largely unclear. A comparison between germ free (GF) and conventionalized zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae provides a valuable system to investigate how the microbiome influences host transcriptomic responses in a tlr2 mutant versus wild-type control. Vice versa, to understand the role of Tlr2 in regulating the microbiome, we have analyzed microbial community composition in both tlr2 mutant and wild-type zebrafish at larval and adult stages.<br><br>RESULTS: RNAseq analysis revealed that approximately 2.6% of the zebrafish genome (827 genes) exhibited transcriptomic alterations in tlr2 mutant larvae compared to the wild type under microbiome-colonized conditions, whereas around 2% of the genome (639 genes) showed differential expression under GF conditions. KEGG enrichment analyses show that under both microbiome-colonized and GF conditions major differences between the tlr2 mutant and wild type are related to metabolism. Furthermore, there is a striking difference in endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, including well-known markers for inflammatory bowel disease which are all downregulated in the mutant under the microbiome-colonized condition. Microbiome colonization elicited a broader transcriptional response in tlr2 wild-type larvae than in the mutant, with specifically the ferroptosis, apoptosis and inflammation related pathways differently regulated. In terms of how Tlr2 influences microbial composition, 16&#xa0;S rRNA gene sequencing showed large differences in beta diversity between the tlr2 mutant and wild type. The tlr2 mutant exhibited higher microbial alpha diversity during early development, whereas alpha diversity was higher in wild-type adults. For larvae at the genus level, tlr2 mutant larvae showed increased Chryseobacterium and Flectobacillus but reduced Gracilibacteria abundance relative to wild-type controls. For adult gut samples, the relative abundance of Cetobacterium was higher in the tlr2 mutants, indicating a developmental stage-specific restructuring of the microbiome.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: TLR2 not only modulates host transcriptional responses to microbial colonization, but also shapes gut microbial diversity, composition, and metabolic potential. Our findings highlight the critical role of TLR2 in orchestrating immune-metabolic homeostasis and provide new insights into its broader function in maintaining host-microbiota symbiosis across developmental stages.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-025-00502-z.}, }
@article {pmid41556134, year = {2026}, author = {Contreras Delgado, MA and Chibomba, V and Thomas, BR and Reynolds, AJ and Bilham, LJ and Miller, JB}, title = {Symbiosis signalling genes negatively regulate root responses to salt stress via the CCaMK-IPD3 module in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erag025}, pmid = {41556134}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Legumes are important sources of dietary protein and are key crops for sustainable agriculture because they fix atmospheric nitrogen via symbiotic interactions with rhizobia bacteria. However, legume plants are particularly sensitive to salt stress, with salinity negatively affecting development of the root nodule symbiosis. Genes that control salt-symbiosis crosstalk or trade-offs are largely unknown and poorly characterised. To assess the role of symbiosis signalling genes in salt stress, we analysed wildtype and symbiosis signalling mutants of Medicago truncatula grown in the presence of NaCl, sorbitol and/or rhizobia bacteria. We assessed root growth, plant biomass, nodule number and gene expression responses in plants exposed to stress. Our findings demonstrate that several symbiosis signalling genes play a previously undescribed role in regulating root responses to salt stress, including a calcium- and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) and its interacting partner and downstream transcription factor, IPD3. Our results also show that the identified responses to salt stress are due to sodium toxicity rather than osmotic stress. We conclude that symbiosis signalling genes, including the CCaMK-IPD3 signalling module, may mediate signalling crosstalk between salt stress and symbiosis. These findings open new research avenues to explore how the environment regulates the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41555761, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, L and Zhao, S and Tan, W and Zhang, M and Jia, M and Wei, G and Chou, M}, title = {Early nodulin-like protein MtENODL29 inhibits nodule senescence in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiag008}, pmid = {41555761}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {The early nodulin-like (ENODL) subfamily, part of the phytocyanin, arabinogalactan protein, and nodulin-like families, is involved in plant growth and stress resistance. However, its role in symbiotic nodulation remains poorly understood. In barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), we found MtENODL29 was strongly activated at the late stages of nodule development, particularly in the infection zone of nodules. Both RNA interference (RNAi) and mutation of MtENODL29 caused a considerable reduction in nodule numbers, an increase in cysteine protease activity, a dramatic decrease in leghemoglobin content, and signs of premature senescence in nodule cells, suggesting that disruption of MtENODL29 accelerates nodule aging. Transcriptome analysis of 7-dpi (day post inoculation) inoculated roots and 28-dpi nodules in enodl29 mutants showed significant downregulation of symbiotic genes, accompanied by differential expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and transport. MtENODL29 mutation also negatively impacted plant growth and development. MtENODL29 bound to MtnsLTP (non-specific lipid transfer protein), MtKCR (very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase), and MtSec61γ (gamma subunit of the translocase complex Sec61) through its ALR (arabinogalactan protein-like region) domain. MtENODL29 co-localized with these proteins in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Notably, MtnsLTP showed high expression in the nodules, similar to MtENODL29, while MtKCR and MtSec61γ were also highly expressed in the leaves and stems. These results suggest that MtENODL29 participates in membrane lipid modification and transport by interacting with MtnsLTP, MtKCR, and MtSec61γ, facilitating the formation of symbiosome membranes as alfalfa rhizobium (Sinorhizobium meliloti) strain 1021 are released into nodule cells. Moreover, MtENODL29 influences plant growth, highlighting its role in coordinating plant development and symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41555050, year = {2026}, author = {Nakayama-Imaohji, H and Tada, A and Ogiwara, S and Munyeshyaka, E and Tabassum, N and Mori, T and Fujikawa, R and Suzuki, K and Kuwahara, T}, title = {α-Amylase in Aspergillus oryzae-fermented rice promotes the growth of human symbiotic Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-36928-x}, pmid = {41555050}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {25K14867//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {Diet is one of the critical factors that govern the human gut microbiome. Fermented foods provide beneficial effects for human health by supplying diverse nutrients and digestive enzymes. We aimed to investigate the effect of fermented rice extract prepared with Aspergillus oryzae on the growth of human symbiotic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. After steamed rice was fermented by A. oryzae, a water-soluble fraction was prepared by centrifugation and used as rice-koji extract. The growth of F. prausnitzii in the media supplemented with 1% rice-koji extract was enhanced compared to that in a control medium. Fractionation of the rice-koji extract with an anion-exchange column and mass spectrometry analysis were conducted to identify the growth-promoting factors for F. prausnitzii. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the fractions showing a growth-promoting effect were rich in α-amylase from A. oryzae. The addition of purified A. oryzae-derived α-amylase and starch to the culture media increased the growth and butyrate production from F. prausnitzii. These findings suggest that A. oryzae-derived enzymes in fermented rice-koji possess a growth-promoting effect, enabling F. prausnitzii to efficiently uptake and utilize starch degradation products.}, }
@article {pmid41554938, year = {2026}, author = {Ouyang, H and Jiang, D and Hu, Y and Cheng, S and Zhang, Z and Shi, B and Wang, E and Xue, J and Shan, Y and Xu, L and Zou, Y and Weng, S and Li, H and Niu, H and Gu, M and Luo, L and Chao, S and Tan, P and Yao, Y and Wang, N and Fan, Y and Wang, ZL and Hua, W and Li, Z}, title = {Symbiotic transcatheter pacemaker for lifelong energy regeneration and therapeutic function in porcine disease model.}, journal = {Nature biomedical engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41554938}, issn = {2157-846X}, support = {T2125003//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 52373256//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 82100325//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; JQ20038//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (Beijing Natural Science Foundation)/ ; L212010//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (Beijing Natural Science Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Lifelong pacing is one of the ultimate goals of cardiac pacemakers. However, meeting the critical energy condition for lifelong service is a tremendous challenge. Here we report a symbiotic transcatheter pacemaker that regenerates electric energy from heart motion via electromagnetic induction and surpasses the critical energy condition for lifelong service. The pacemaker can be closely integrated with the body owing to favourable biocompatibility and hemocompatibility, and its small size enables interventional delivery. To minimize energy loss and eliminate mechanical collision and friction, we propose a straightforward magnetic levitation energy cache structure. The energy regeneration module has a near-zero boot threshold, high kinetic energy conversion efficiency and intracardiac root mean square output power. We show the energy regeneration and therapeutic function of the symbiotic transcatheter pacemaker over a month-long autonomous operation in a porcine model of brady-arrhythmia. These advances may provide a potential path to extend the service life of pacemakers to the level of the natural heart.}, }
@article {pmid41554441, year = {2026}, author = {Zheng, M and Wang, W and Yan, Z and Liu, Y and Wang, S and Dong, F and Zhao, C and Peng, S and Chen, Z}, title = {Low-carbon nature-based system for industrial wastewater treatment: harnessing H2/CO2 to drive robust algae-bacteria symbiosis.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {444}, number = {}, pages = {134039}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134039}, pmid = {41554441}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Aeration-free algae-bacteria symbiosis systems (ABSS) represent a promising low-carbon alternative for wastewater treatment, but stability is often compromised when treating toxic industrial effluents with a low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. This study proposes engineering the system with an oxygen-deprived H2/CO2 headspace to enhance its resilience and elucidates the underlying synergistic mechanisms. The headspace composition was optimized and the performance was evaluated under increasing quinoline stress. The optimized H2/CO2 atmosphere created a dynamically buffered reaction environment, achieving > 90 % total inorganic nitrogen removal. Under stringent oxygen-deprived conditions, the system demonstrated remarkable stability, removing 84 % total nitrogen at 100 mg/L quinoline. Mechanistic analysis elucidated a "dual-engine" denitrification enabled by H2, stress-induced algal-bacterial aggregation for physical protection, and an adaptive community shift dominated by the ecosystem engineer Zoogloea. This work revealed that aeration-free ABSS overcomes key metabolic bottlenecks in nature-based systems, offering a robust, low-carbon paradigm for toxic industrial wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41554027, year = {2025}, author = {Ireri, SW and Cao, M}, title = {CRISPR-Cas9-based Mutagenesis in the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum and the Maintenance of Mutant Lines.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {226}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/68932}, pmid = {41554027}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Mutagenesis ; *Rhabditida/genetics ; Microinjections/methods ; Gene Editing/methods ; }, abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genus Steinernema and Heterorhabditis maintain mutualistic interactions with Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus symbiotic bacteria, respectively. Together, these nematode-bacterium pairs infect and kill insect hosts that are primarily larvae from the orders of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, forming a tractable tripartite system for dissecting the molecular basis of mutualism and parasitism. A key step towards fully utilizing this model is the development of stable and transgenerational genetic tools in EPNs. Here, we demonstrate a reliable CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing platform in the emerging model Steinernema hermaphroditum, a species that is readily maintained in vivo and in vitro, and is highly amenable to gonadal microinjection. Importantly, its hermaphroditic reproduction greatly streamlines the generation and maintenance of homozygous mutant lines. We provide a detailed protocol for efficient, targeted gene disruption using microinjection-based delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes. As a proof of concept, we modified the conserved muscle-associated gene unc-22, generating a characteristic twitching phenotype that validates targeted mutagenesis in this system. This CRISPR-Cas9 platform opens the door to stable genetic manipulation in S. hermaphroditum, such as transgene expression, and provides a framework that can be extended to additional EPN species of agricultural and ecological importance.}, }
@article {pmid41553678, year = {2026}, author = {Scheifler, M and Wilhelm, L and Visser, B}, title = {Lipid Metabolism in Parasitoids and Parasitized Hosts.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {1494}, number = {}, pages = {445-477}, pmid = {41553678}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {Animals ; *Lipid Metabolism/physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology ; *Insecta/parasitology/metabolism ; Triglycerides/metabolism ; Larva/metabolism/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Parasitoids have an exceptional lifestyle where juvenile development is spent on or in a single host insect, but the adults are free-living. Unlike parasites, parasitoids kill the host. How parasitoids use such a limiting resource, particularly lipids, can affect chances to survive and reproduce. In part 1, we describe the parasitoid lifestyle, including typical developmental strategies. Lipid metabolism in parasitoids has been of interest to researchers since the 1960s and continues to fascinate ecologists, evolutionists, physiologists, and entomologists alike. One reason of this interest is that the majority of parasitoids do not accumulate triacylglycerols as adults. Early research revealed that some parasitoid larvae mimic the fatty acid composition of the host, which may result from a lack of de novo triacylglycerol synthesis. More recent work has focused on the evolution of lack of adult triacylglycerol accumulation and consequences for life history traits. In part 2 of this chapter, we discuss research efforts on lipid metabolism in parasitoids from the 1960s onwards. Parasitoids are also master manipulators of host physiology, including lipid metabolism, having evolved a range of mechanisms to affect the release, synthesis, transport, and take-up of lipids from the host. We lay out the effects of parasitism on host physiology in part 3 of this chapter.}, }
@article {pmid41553674, year = {2026}, author = {Lafont, R and Dinan, L}, title = {Insect Sterols and Steroids.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {1494}, number = {}, pages = {115-162}, pmid = {41553674}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {Animals ; *Insecta/metabolism/physiology ; *Sterols/metabolism/chemistry ; *Steroids/metabolism/chemistry ; Phytosterols/metabolism/chemistry ; Ecdysteroids/metabolism/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Insects are incapable of biosynthesising sterols de novo so they need to obtain them from their diets or, in certain cases, from symbiotic microorganisms. Sterols serve a structural role in cellular membranes and act as precursors for signalling molecules and defence compounds. Many phytophagous insects dealkylate phytosterols to yield primarily cholesterol, which is also the main sterol that carnivorous and omnivorous insects obtain in their diets. Some phytophagous species have secondarily lost the capacity to dealkylate and consequently use phytosterols for structural and functional roles. The polyhydroxylated steroid hormones of insects, the ecdysteroids, are derived from cholesterol (or phytosterols in non-dealkylating phytophagous species) and regulate many crucial aspects of insect development and reproduction by means of precisely regulated titres resulting from controlled synthesis, storage and further metabolism/excretion. Ecdysteroids differ significantly from vertebrate steroid hormones in their chemical, biochemical and biological properties. Defensive steroids (cardenolides, bufadienolides, cucurbitacins and ecdysteroids) can be accumulated from host plants or biosynthesised within the insect, depending on species, stored in significant amounts in the insect and released when it is attacked. Other allelochemical steroids serve as pheromones. Vertebrate-type steroids have also been conclusively identified from insect sources, but debate continues about their significance. Side chain dealkylation of phytosterols, ecdysteroid metabolism and ecdysteroid mode of action are targets of potential insect control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41553672, year = {2026}, author = {Visser, B and Scheifler, M}, title = {Insect Lipid Metabolism in the Presence of Symbiotic and Pathogenic Viruses and Bacteria.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {1494}, number = {}, pages = {419-443}, pmid = {41553672}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Lipid Metabolism ; *Wolbachia/physiology/metabolism ; Humans ; *Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology/metabolism/virology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/virology/metabolism ; *Insecta/microbiology/metabolism/virology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; }, abstract = {Insects, like most animals, have intimate interactions with microorganisms that can influence the insect host's lipid metabolism. In this chapter, we describe what is known so far about the role prokaryotic microorganisms play in insect lipid metabolism. We start exploring microbe-insect lipid interactions focusing on endosymbionts, and more specifically the gut microbiota that has been predominantly studied in Drosophila melanogaster. We then move on to an overview of the work done on the common and well-studied endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis, also in interaction with other microbes. Taking a slightly different angle, we then look at the effect of human pathogens, including dengue and other viruses, on the lipids of mosquito vectors. We extend the work on human pathogens and include interactions with the endosymbiont Wolbachia that was identified as a natural tool to reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Research on lipid metabolism of plant disease vectors is up and coming and we end this chapter by highlighting current knowledge in that field.}, }
@article {pmid41553401, year = {2026}, author = {Yuan, S and Leng, P and Zhang, H and Jin, F and Ke, D and Liang, W and Zhang, C and Huang, Y and Yang, Z and Chen, S and Chen, H}, title = {Nodule-specific cystatin GmCYS18 promotes soybean nodulation by inhibiting expression of the cysteine protease GmCYP17.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erag014}, pmid = {41553401}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Phytocystatins (plant cystatin) are a type of protease inhibitor widely studied for their specific and reversible inhibitory effects on cysteine proteases. The equilibrium between phytocystatins and their cysteine proteases plays key roles in biotic and abiotic stresses, plant immunity and so on. However, the roles of this balanced relationship in legume-rhizobium symbiosis remain poorly characterized. In the present study, we identified a nodule-specific cystatin gene GmCYS18 as a positive regulator of nodulation and nodule development in soybean. Over-expression of GmCYS18 increased Chlorophyll SPAD value, nodule number, plant height, weights of shoot, root and nodule, and the expression of nodulation marker genes, especially in the stable transgenic line GmCYS18-OX-1. Surprisingly, we found that GmCYS18 suppressed the expression of six root nodule symbiosis-related papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCP) in nodules. Furthermore, the GmPLCP gene, GmCYP17, which shows high homology to GmCYS9 that plays a negative regulatory role in soybean nodulation, was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi) system. The results showed that GmCYP17 inhibits nodulation, nodule development and the expression of nodulation marker genes in soybean. Our findings enriched the function of phytocystatins and provided insights into the correlation between cystatin and cysteine protease in nodule symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41551468, year = {2026}, author = {Cabell, EM and Hunter, CL}, title = {Spatial and host-specific structuring in symbiont community composition of an endemic Hawaiian octocoral, Sarcothelia edmondsoni (Verrill 1928).}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {e20549}, pmid = {41551468}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; Hawaii ; Animals ; *Anthozoa/parasitology/physiology ; *Dinoflagellida/genetics/physiology/classification ; Coral Reefs ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by climate-induced bleaching, yet some taxa-like the Hawaiian endemic octocoral Sarcothelia edmondsoni-exhibit notable stress tolerance. This study investigates whether distinct color morphotypes (blue and brown) of S. edmondsoni maintain stable or flexible symbiont associations that might underlie this resilience. Using high-throughput ITS2 sequencing and SymPortal analyses, we characterized Symbiodiniaceae communities across morphotypes on three Hawaiian Islands. Assemblages were overwhelmingly dominated (>99%) by Symbiodinium (Clade A), particularly S. tridacnidorum (ITS2 type A3), with blue morphotypes consistently hosting more diverse symbiont profiles. Dinoflagellate community composition varied significantly by morphotype and location, with no ITS2 profile shared across all morphotype-island combinations. Bray-Curtis analyses revealed strong ecological structuring, while UniFrac (a measure of evolutionary relatedness) indicated phylogenetic similarity, suggesting intragenomic or ecotypic divergence within a conserved lineage. Morphotype-specific associations may reflect environmental adaptation or host-symbiont specificity. The greater symbiont diversity in blue morphotypes, coupled with the lack of profile overlap among sites, points to fine-scale host-symbiont structuring shaped by local environmental conditions. These results demonstrate that Sarcothelia edmondsoni hosts morphotype- and location-specific Symbiodiniaceae communities within a conserved lineage, revealing fine-scale ecological structuring and potential symbiont ecotypes that may contribute to this species' resilience across variable reef environments. This study supports previous findings that symbiont community structure is shaped by the combined influence of host specificity and local environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41549649, year = {2026}, author = {Hassan, MA and Kibbe, RR and Muddiman, DC and Chang, CY}, title = {Integrating Remote Sensing and Metabolomics to Assess Synergistic Effects of Phosphate Deficiency, Drought, and AMF Symbiosis in Soybean.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {e70679}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70679}, pmid = {41549649}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {CRIS #8042-21660-001-00D//the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service/ ; R01GM087964/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; DE-SC0014664//ARS Research Participation Program, administered by ORISE through an interagency agreement between USDA and DOE/ ; //North Carolina State University/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Glycine max/physiology/microbiology/metabolism ; Droughts ; *Metabolomics/methods ; *Phosphates/deficiency/metabolism ; Plant Roots/physiology/microbiology/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; *Remote Sensing Technology/methods ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Genotype ; }, abstract = {Soybean growth and yield are susceptible to abiotic stresses such as phosphate (P) deficiency and drought. Symbiotic association of plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve water uptake, thereby increasing stress resilience. This study evaluates the interactive effects of P availability, drought, and AMF symbiosis on physiology, reflectance traits, roots, and metabolite responses in two soybean genotypes during the early reproductive stages. Under P deficiency (P-), AMF colonization significantly (p < 0.05) increased, enhancing root hair development and maintaining ~30% lower leaf water potential (Ψ) under drought stress. Drought significantly (p < 0.05) negatively impacted photosynthesis as well as triggered shifts in metabolite accumulation and reflectance-based vegetation indices in both P treatments. P- sufficient (P+) plants developed significantly higher biomass. Chlorophyll-related vegetation indices were more responsive to P during drought, showing 45%-60% reductions in P- plants compared with only 25%-35% in P+ plants. The ratio of red-to-far-red chlorophyll fluorescence also significantly decreased (10%) under drought, indicating altered canopy spectral balance and stress-induced pigment changes. Carbohydrates, jasmonic acid, and amino acids exhibited significant variations (p < 0.05) among genotypes and P treatment under drought. Interestingly, a metabolite involved in phylloquinone biosynthesis (C11H12O6) was strongly upregulated under drought in P- plants with a strong correlation (r = 0.72) to Ψ. These findings highlight the critical role of P in AMF symbiosis for drought resistance. The integration of remote sensing and mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling provides a comprehensive multiscale approach to link physiological and molecular responses, facilitating rapid and informed breeding decisions under diverse environmental stresses.}, }
@article {pmid41549602, year = {2026}, author = {Decelle, J}, title = {The Romantic Discovery of Radiolaria in the Ocean.}, journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology}, volume = {73}, number = {1}, pages = {e70062}, doi = {10.1111/jeu.70062}, pmid = {41549602}, issn = {1550-7408}, support = {//Natural History Museum/ ; }, mesh = {History, 19th Century ; Oceans and Seas ; *Marine Biology/history ; *Aquatic Organisms ; History, 20th Century ; *Seawater/parasitology ; *Rhizaria ; }, abstract = {Radiolaria are unicellular marine organisms (protists) that have been drifting in oceanic plankton for hundreds of millions of years. These mineral architects can build extraordinarily complex skeletons, which fascinated and puzzled naturalists observing water samples through rudimentary microscopes. In the 19th century, the discovery and study of Radiolaria are associated with scientific voyages and human adventures. Naturalists who studied medicine and anatomy in European universities were captivated by the morphology of Radiolaria and expressed a profound wanderlust to collect them in the ocean. These intrepid and workaholic adventurers devoted their restless lives to studying microscopic life, while also actively engaging in teaching and sharing their observations and hypotheses with students. This article aims to retrace the discovery of Radiolaria through the lives of prominent naturalists and marine biologists, primarily Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Thomas Henry Huxley, Johannes Müller, and Ernst Haeckel. It also highlights the intellectual and geographic influences that shaped their research, including figures such as Johannes Wolfgang von Goethe and Alexander von Humboldt, as well as places like Jena, Helgoland, Villefranche-sur-Mer and Italy, which served as sampling locations and sources of romantic and artistic inspiration. Pioneering work on Radiolaria played a central role in shaping several emerging concepts (e.g., cell theory, individuality) and fields (e.g., taxonomy, evolution of morphology, symbiosis). The discovery of Radiolaria therefore reveals that even the most elusive marine microorganisms can deeply transform our understanding of life.}, }
@article {pmid41548640, year = {2026}, author = {Chen, Z and Lou, J and Yan, M and Cui, R and Jin, Y and Zhang, M and Zhang, R and Mao, S and Chen, J and Sun, L and Lu, T and Qian, H}, title = {Environmental stress and symbiotic shifts: the impact of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on soil microbe-plant networks.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {127688}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127688}, pmid = {41548640}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) frequently detected at extremely high concentrations in soils near industrial contamination sources, yet plant-microbe responses under such extreme conditions remain poorly understood. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to PFOA at concentrations approaching the upper levels reported in contaminated soils (1, 10, and 100 mg/kg) to investigate integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and microbiological responses over a 14-day period. Plant growth was inhibited in a clear concentration-dependent manner, with progressive reductions in fresh biomass, root length, and rosette leaf number, and the strongest suppression observed at 100 mg/kg. PFOA exposure also induced oxidative stress, as indicated by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct dose- and pathway-specific response patterns. Only 37 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 1 mg/kg, whereas 2184 and 4999 DEGs were identified at 10 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. 10 mg/kg PFOA exposure predominantly activated antioxidant defense and adaptive stress-response pathways, including glutathione metabolism, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, MAPK signaling, and plant hormone signal transduction. In contrast, extreme exposure (100 mg/kg) was characterized by widespread repression of primary metabolic pathways, particularly photosynthesis, carbon fixation, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis, indicating metabolic collapse. Rhizosphere microbial communities responded more strongly than bulk soils to PFOA stress, exhibiting reduced α-diversity, enhanced β-diversity separation, enrichment of putatively tolerant taxa (e.g., Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Burkholderiaceae, and Ascomycota), and increased network connectivity. Overall, these results demonstrate coordinated plant and rhizosphere microbial responses to severe PFOA contamination, providing ecological insights into PFAS hotspot soils.}, }
@article {pmid41548558, year = {2026}, author = {Fan, X and He, J and Zhou, X and Xie, H and Wang, Y and Xie, X}, title = {A mycorrhiza-inducible phosphate transporter SlPT3 regulates phosphate uptake, iron homeostasis, and arbuscule development in tomato under combined nutrient stress conditions.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {125}, number = {2}, pages = {e70687}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.70687}, pmid = {41548558}, issn = {1365-313X}, support = {32170116//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32370108//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; KF2024-4//Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/ ; 2024TQ08A220//Guangdong Province Special Support Program for Young Top-notch Talents Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Solanum lycopersicum/metabolism/microbiology/genetics/physiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology/metabolism ; *Phosphates/metabolism ; *Iron/metabolism ; *Phosphate Transport Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Homeostasis ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Zinc/metabolism/deficiency ; Stress, Physiological ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; Glomeromycota/physiology ; Fungi ; }, abstract = {Interactions between phosphate (Pi) and zinc (Zn) or iron (Fe) nutrition in plants have been widely studied; however, the underlying mechanisms of their cross-talks in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants remain obscure. Here, we examine the physiological and molecular responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to the combination of Pi, Zn and/or Fe nutrient stresses during symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis, revealing the existence of a tripartite Pi-Zn-Fe cross-talk in AM symbiosis. Interestingly, the mycorrhiza-activated SlPT3, a member of the PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 (PHT1) gene family in tomato, is remarkably induced upon the simultaneous Pi and Zn deficiencies. Reverse genetics analysis revealed that SlPT3 not only contributes to Pi transport but is also essential for arbuscule development during Zn deficiency. Moreover, knockdown of SlPT3 leads to reduced Fe accumulation and arbuscule degeneration in mycorrhizal roots by integration of Pi and Zn deficiencies. In silico analysis indicated that the SlPT3 and its homologs contain the IRT (Iron-regulated transporter) domain across dicot and monocot species. Further heterogeneous expression of SlPT3 in yeasts can restore the Δpho84 defects in high-affinity Pi uptake and regulate iron (Fe[+2]) homeostasis in the fet3fet4 mutant. Collectively, SlPT3 serves as a context-dependent transporter that reshapes nutrient transport priorities in response to combined stresses, revealing a sophisticated mechanism for maintaining symbiosis under fluctuating soil nutrient conditions. These findings provide new avenues for exploring how arbuscular mycorrhizas integrate multiple nutrient stress signals into intricate plant development.}, }
@article {pmid41545149, year = {2026}, author = {Abdrabo, KAE and Phang, GJ and Fan, YH and Huang, YT}, title = {Phylogeny and ecological roles shaping yeast-hyphae morphogenesis in Ophiostomataceae.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {130}, number = {1}, pages = {101665}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101665}, pmid = {41545149}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Phylogeny ; *Hyphae/growth &amp; development/cytology/genetics ; *Ascomycota/growth &amp; development/genetics/classification ; Morphogenesis ; }, abstract = {The Ophiostomataceae family encompasses numerous species that exhibit yeast-hyphae dimorphism, including well-known pathogens like the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, blue-staining fungi, and sporotrichosis. This dimorphism is not only observed in pathogenic interactions but also plays a crucial role in symbiotic relationships, such as ambrosia fungi. The ability to switch between these morphological forms may contribute to their adaptability and ecological functions within different environments and host interactions. This study seeks to elucidate the intricate interplay between dimorphism and fungal lifestyles across the species within the Ophiostomataceae family. We investigated six Ophiostomataceae genera: Raffaelea, Harringtonia, Leptographium, Ophiostoma, Heinzbutinia, and Esteya, representing four contrasting fungal lifestyles: ambrosia, non-ambrosia, pathogenic, and non-pathogenic. Under standardized growth conditions using a chemically defined medium with DL-proline as the sole nitrogen source, all strains, except one, exhibited increased yeast morphotype growth (≥50%). Our tested species exhibited varied responses to inoculum size, highlighting inter-species variation in response to inoculum size effects. Moreover, we traced the evolutionary history of dimorphism across the Ophiostomataceae family. Our results suggest that dimorphism was likely a trait of the common ancestor of Ophiostomataceae. Our analyses revealed that the dimorphic trait shows a strong phylogenetic signal, i.e., its presence or loss is conserved within specific phylogenetic lineages. Moreover, we found that dimorphism and ambrosia lifestyle are evolutionarily correlated across the Ophiostomataceae phylogeny. This study deepens our understanding of how the interplay between dimorphism and lifestyle has shaped the evolutionary trajectory of the Ophiostomataceae.}, }
@article {pmid41544079, year = {2026}, author = {Dupuis, S and Lingappa, UF and Purvine, SO and Chiang, L and Gallaher, SD and Nicora, CD and Lipton, MS and Merchant, SS}, title = {Mono-mix strategy enables comparative proteomics of a cross-kingdom microbial symbiosis.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {e0340253}, pmid = {41544079}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Proteomics/methods ; *Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/metabolism/physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Proteome/metabolism ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Coculture Techniques ; }, abstract = {Cross-kingdom microbial symbioses, such as those between algae and bacteria, are key players in biogeochemical cycles. The molecular changes during initiation and establishment of symbiosis are of great interest, but quantitatively monitoring such changes can be challenging, particularly when the microorganisms differ greatly in size or are intimately associated. Here, we analyze output from label-free, data-dependent acquisition (DDA) LC-MS/MS proteomics experiments investigating the well-studied interaction between the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the heterotrophic bacterium Mesorhizobium japonicum. We found that detection of bacterial proteins decreased in coculture by 50% proteome-wide due to the abundance of algal proteins. As a result, standard differential expression analysis led to numerous false-positive reports of significantly downregulated proteins, where it was not possible to distinguish meaningful biological responses to symbiosis from artifacts of the reduced protein detection in coculture relative to monoculture. We show that data normalization alone does not eliminate the impact of altered detection on differential expression analysis of the cross-kingdom symbiosis. We assessed two additional strategies to overcome this methodological artifact inherent to DDA proteomics. In the first, we combined algal and bacterial monocultures at a relative abundance that mimicked the coculture, creating a "mono-mix" control to which the coculture could be compared. This approach enabled comparable detection of bacterial proteins in the coculture and the monoculture control. In the second strategy, we enhanced detection of lowly abundant bacterial proteins by using sample fractionation upstream of LC-MS/MS analysis. When these simple approaches were combined, they allowed for meaningful comparisons of nearly 10,000 algal proteins and over 4,000 bacterial proteins in response to symbiosis by DDA. They successfully recovered expected changes in the bacterial proteome in response to algal coculture, including upregulation of sugar-binding proteins and transporters. They also revealed novel proteomic responses to coculture that guide hypotheses about algal-bacterial interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41413692, year = {2025}, author = {Carrascosa-Robles, &#xc1; and Pascual, JA and Trinchera, A and Testani, E and Fontaine, S and Sanchez-Moreno, S and Supronienė, S and Sail, S and Rasmussen, J and Hanegraaf, M and Ros, M}, title = {The Influence of Agroecological Intensification on Dominant and Rare Microbial Communities Across Diverse European Countries.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {89}, number = {1}, pages = {29}, pmid = {41413692}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Intensive land use leads to the degradation of agroecosystems, resulting in long-term losses in agricultural productivity. In contrast, sustainable management is known to improve soil fertility directly and indirectly through changes in the soil microbiota, which plays a fundamental role in agroecosystems by influencing nutrient biogeochemical processes and through symbiotic relationships with crops. In this study, we used amplicon sequencing to investigate changes occurring in dominant and rare sub-communities of bacteria and fungi in agricultural soils from seven European countries under different number of agroecological cropping systems: one and two sustainability-promoting practices or none. Both sub-communities were structured along a latitude gradient, reflecting bioclimatic differences across Europe, especially the fungal communities. Differences in the bacterial and fungal sub-communities’ structure were greater under the 2SP treatment than under 1SP, particularly within the fungal dominant sub-community, which changed by sustainability-promoting practices across more sites. In both fungal and bacterial communities, we identified specific taxa associated with carbon and nutrient cycling, pathogen suppression, or plant growth promotion.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00248-025-02655-5.}, }
@article {pmid41543903, year = {2026}, author = {Yin, S and Jarosz, DF and Ting, AY}, title = {Towards CRISPR-based editing of the mitochondrial genome in yeast.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {3}, pages = {e2505894123}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2505894123}, pmid = {41543903}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {NA//Stanford University (SU)/ ; NA//Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI)/ ; }, mesh = {*Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Editing/methods ; *Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; }, abstract = {Mitochondria, which evolved from symbiotic bacteria, possess their own genomes (mtDNA) and support independent transcription and translation within the organelle. Given the essential role of mtDNA in energy production, metabolism, as well as cellular homeostasis, and the high density of confirmed pathogenic mutations that map to mtDNA, there is a pressing need for versatile methods to study and manipulate this genome. Although CRISPR technology has revolutionized the editing of nuclear genomes, it has not been successfully extended to mtDNA, primarily due to the challenge of delivering single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) across both outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Here we develop a survival-based reporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to screen for potential RNA import motifs. We identify a 40-nucleotide aptamer (IM83) that facilitates sgRNA entry into the mitochondrial matrix, enabling CRISPR editing by a mitochondrially-localized adenine base editor. We show that mitochondrial import of IM83 is ATP-dependent and enhanced by the tRNA synthetase Msk1. Further investigations identify barriers to efficient CRISPR editing of mtDNA, including loss of membrane potential associated with mitochondrial targeting of the base editor. These insights lay the groundwork for future improvements in CRISPR-based editing of mtDNA in eukaryotes.}, }
@article {pmid41543262, year = {2026}, author = {Gautam, CK and Senanayake, G and Pease, AB and Salem, MA and Rabia, AH and Prüß, BM and Geddes, BA}, title = {Host-specific fluorescence dynamics in legume-rhizobium symbiosis during nodulation.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0215425}, doi = {10.1128/aem.02154-25}, pmid = {41543262}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The legume-rhizobium symbiosis is a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture due to its ability to facilitate biological nitrogen fixation. Still, real-time visualization and quantification of this interaction remain technically challenging, especially across different host backgrounds. In this study, we systematically evaluate the efficacy of the nitrogenase system nifH promoter (PnifH) in driving expression of distinct fluorescent reporters; superfolder yellow fluorescent protein (sfYFP), superfolder cyan fluorescent protein (sfCFP), and various red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) within root nodules of determinate (Lotus japonicus-Mesorhizobium japonicum) and indeterminate (Pisum sativum-Rhizobium leguminosarum) systems. We show that PnifH-driven sfYFP and sfCFP yield strong, uniform, and reproducible fluorescence in nodules of both systems, facilitating reliable quantification of nodulation traits and strain occupancy. In contrast, RFPs including monomeric (mScarlet-I, mRFP1, mARs1) and multimeric (AzamiRed1.0) variants exhibited weak or inconsistent signals in pea. Notably, fluorescent labeling did not impair rhizobial competitiveness for root nodule occupancy, and PnifH-driven sfYFP and sfCFP reporters enabled robust multiplexed imaging in single-root and split-root assays. In the lotus, mScarlet-I worked robustly and facilitated a tripartite strain labeling system. Complementing our molecular toolkit, we established a deep learning-based analytical pipeline for high-throughput, automated quantification of nodulation traits, validated against standard ImageJ analysis. Altogether, our results identify PnifH-driven sfYFP and sfCFP as robust, broadly applicable reporters for legume-rhizobium symbiosis studies, while highlighting the need for optimized red fluorophores in some contexts. The integration of validated promoter-reporter constructs with state-of-the-art computational approaches provides a scalable framework for dissecting the spatial and competitive dynamics of plant-microbe mutualisms.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The legume-rhizobium symbiosis is central to sustainable agriculture through its capacity for biological nitrogen fixation, yet tools for real-time, quantitative visualization of this interaction remain limited. Here, we demonstrate that the nifH promoter (PnifH) effectively drives expression of superfolder yellow (sfYFP) and cyan (sfCFP) fluorescent proteins in both determinate (Lotus japonicus-Mesorhizobium japonicum) and indeterminate (Pisum sativum-Rhizobium leguminosarum) nodules. These reporters enable robust, reproducible fluorescence without impairing rhizobial competitiveness, supporting multiplexed imaging and quantitative nodulation analyses. By contrast, red fluorescent proteins exhibited host-dependent variability, underscoring the need for improved red fluorophores. Integration of validated promoter-reporter constructs with a deep learning-based image analysis pipeline establishes a scalable framework for high-throughput assessment of nodule occupancy and symbiotic dynamics. This work provides a practical molecular and computational toolkit for dissecting plant-microbe mutualisms across diverse host systems.}, }
@article {pmid41542384, year = {2026}, author = {Stick, DJA and Kennington, WJ and Castro-Sanguino, C and Duffy, SL and Gilmour, JP and Thomas, L}, title = {Acute Heat Priming Dampens Gene Expression Response to Thermal Stress in a Widespread Acropora Coral.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {e72938}, pmid = {41542384}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Physiological plasticity is fundamental for resisting environmental change. As climate change accelerates and environmental stressors become more frequent, understanding how habitat-forming species shift their physiology to match their environment is essential for predicting broader ecosystem responses. In this study, we examined whether prior exposure to sub-bleaching heat stress influenced the gene expression responses to a subsequent thermal challenge in a common reef-building coral. We primed Acropora corals from the World Heritage-listed Ningaloo Reef (WHNR) to acute (24 h) sub-bleaching temperatures (+5°C from the mean monthly maximum MMM, 32°C) before subjecting them to a more intense thermal challenge (+6°C from MMM, 33°C), and assessed the physiological and transcriptional responses in both naïve (no prior preconditioning) and primed corals compared to controls. Both groups mounted large gene expression responses to heat stress (33°C), which returned to baseline after a recovery period (16 h) at control temperatures (27°C, MMM), with no visible signs of physiological stress. However, primed corals showed a dampened stress response relative to naïve corals, marked by a 28% decline in differentially expressed genes and an overall reduction in intensity of expression of those genes compared to controls. Similar patterns were observed in the symbiotic partners, which showed a dampened response within the primed corals compared to the controls, despite no detectable declines in photosynthetic performance within either treatment. Our results show that short-term preconditioning of corals is associated with transcriptional dampening of key stress response genes, and that corals are capable of rapid transcriptional recovery and resilience to recurrent heat stress.}, }
@article {pmid41540599, year = {2026}, author = {Delers, A and Bennion, A and Guillory, A and Frances, L and Krol, E and Bonnafous, F and Medioni, L and Serrania, J and Peyraud, R and Fournier, J and de Carvalho-Niebel, F and Becker, A}, title = {Rhizobial motility preference in root colonization of Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70897}, pmid = {41540599}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {ANR-10-LABX-4//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0026-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-24-CE20-6206//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; BE 2121/9-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {Tunnel-like infection thread (IT) structures support root colonization by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria in most legume species. These tip-grown structures are key to directing rhizobia from root hairs to developing nodules, where they are hosted to fix nitrogen. Rhizobia likely progress inside ITs by combining growth and motility by modes not yet defined. Here, we tackled this question by combining mathematical modeling, live cell imaging, and bacterial mutant phenotyping in Medicago truncatula. Modeling the motion of fluorescently-labeled Sinorhizobium meliloti inside root hair IT compartments estimated slow movement (2-6 μm h[-1]), compatible with passive rather than active motility. Consistent with this model, flagella-less S. meliloti mutants were impaired in active swimming motility in vitro, yet could colonize host roots and nodules in planta. By contrast, mutation in the rhizobactin 1021 siderophore rhbE biosynthesis gene affected surface motility in vitro and host root and nodule colonization. This mutation also promoted the formation of branched ITs in root hairs, which ultimately resulted in impaired nodule development and infection. In line with the slow motion of S. meliloti inside ITs estimated by modeling, our findings suggest that rhizobia favor flagella-independent surface translocation to reach developing nodules in M. truncatula.}, }
@article {pmid41540283, year = {2026}, author = {Bueno, RS and Catania, V and Auteri, M and Grilli, E and di Iorio, T and di Sarra, A and Castaldi, S and Quatrini, P}, title = {Patterns and Drivers of Plant Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Traits Across a Pedo-Climatic Gradient in Mediterranean Agroecosystems Under Desertification Risk.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02689-9}, pmid = {41540283}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Desertification is a global concern, reducing vegetation cover and soil fertility. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AM), the most common plant-fungi association, can enhance plant fitness and stress tolerance. Despite its significance, comprehensive data on community-wide patterns and drivers of plant AM traits are limited in the Mediterranean, one of the regions most vulnerable to desertification. We examined four traits: colonization frequency, intensity, arbuscule abundance, and spore density in the rhizosphere of 20 plant species across ten agroecosystems in desertification-prone areas of Italy, Spain, and Portugal. We analysed whether these traits varied across Raunkiær's plant life forms and were affected by vegetation cover, soil properties, precipitation, and temperature, both overall and regionally, to explore potential context-dependency. All plants showed a high frequency of AMF colonization, with an average intensity of 54%, indicating obligate AMF interactions, and arbuscule abundance was significantly correlated with spore density. These traits were significantly higher in microhabitats dominated by trees and shrubs compared to those dominated by herbaceous plants. Phanerophytes (perennials) presented lower trait values than therophytes (annuals), while the highest values were found in hemicryptophytes. Lampedusa, a region with hotter and drier climate conditions in Southern Europe, had significantly lower AMF trait levels, though Spanish site values resembled those in Sicily more than Portugal. Soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and the overall positive interaction between precipitation and temperature significantly influenced all AMF traits. However, the magnitude and direction of soil and climate related effects differed among regions, indicating strong context dependency. Our study contributes to better define indicators for monitoring desertification and evaluating restoration efforts while highlighting the need of site-specific evaluations and careful interpretation of broad generalisations.}, }
@article {pmid41538935, year = {2026}, author = {Lu, YZ and Sha, HY and Di, C and Zhu, GC}, title = {A cross-kingdom survival strategy: A methanotroph recruits a microalga for synergistic detoxification of metronidazole.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {503}, number = {}, pages = {141127}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141127}, pmid = {41538935}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Conventional treatments poorly remove persistent antibiotics like metronidazole. This study presents a sustainable methanotroph-alga (Methylocystis bryophila and Tetradesmus obliquus) co-culture for its degradation. The system exhibited potent synergy, with a degradation rate constant (0.067 d[-1]) that was 2.48- and 3.72-fold higher than in the respective monocultures. This enhancement stems from a "reciprocal synergistic amplification" model, which we identify as a cross-kingdom survival strategy. When faced with the antibiotic threat, the prokaryotic bacterium secretes metabolites that induce a mixotrophic shift in its immune eukaryotic partner, effectively "recruiting" the alga for detoxification. This transforms the alga into a photocatalyst factory, producing potent extracellular organic matter (EOMs) driven by triplet states ([3]EOMs*). In return, algal-produced oxygen boosted the bacterial methane monooxygenase activity by 127 %. This work reveals a novel defensive function for a symbiosis previously known for anabolic purposes (e.g., biofuels). By elucidating how a "safe" enzymatic pathway and an effective, partner-mediated photodegradation pathway are integrated, this study offers a new paradigm for designing intelligent microbial consortia for complete pollutant detoxification.}, }
@article {pmid41538015, year = {2025}, author = {Otjacques, E and Paula, JR and Ruby, EG and Xavier, JC and McFall-Ngai, MJ and Rosa, R and Schunter, C}, title = {Developmental and transcriptomic responses of Hawaiian bobtail squid early stages to ocean warming and acidification.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {292}, number = {2061}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2025.1636}, pmid = {41538015}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//'la Caixa' Foundation/ ; //Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e a Tecnologia/ ; //Excellent Young Scientists Fund/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Decapodiformes/growth &amp; development/genetics/physiology/embryology ; *Transcriptome ; Hawaii ; *Seawater/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate Change ; Symbiosis ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Aliivibrio fischeri/physiology ; }, abstract = {Cephalopods play a central ecological role across all oceans and depths. However, under the current climate crisis, their physiology and behaviour are impacted, and we are beginning to comprehend the effects of environmental stressors at a molecular level. Here, we study the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes), known for its specific binary symbiosis with the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri acquired post-hatching. We aim to understand the response (i.e. developmental and molecular) of E. scolopes after embryogenetic exposure to different conditions: (i) standard conditions (control), (ii) increased CO2 (∆pH 0.4 units), (iii) warming (+3°C), or (iv) a combination of the two treatments. We observed a decrease in hatching success across all treatments relative to the control, and elevated temperature shortened the developmental time. Using transcriptomics, we identified modulation in metabolic pathways and energy production, at the expense of development under increased CO2. In addition to finding differentially expressed genes related to RNA editing, we also identified several splicing events linked to phenotypic plasticity in response to increased CO2 and temperature. The data also suggest that the initiation of the symbiosis may be negatively affected by these environmental drivers of change in the biosphere, although the animal may counter these via coping mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid41536842, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, L and Liu, J and Zhou, Z and Wang, W}, title = {Integrated transcriptome and translatome analyses reveal the early regulatory network of Brassica napus roots in response to the growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417.}, journal = {Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, pages = {8}, pmid = {41536842}, issn = {1572-9788}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Interactions between plant roots and complex microbial communities are critical for plant environmental adaptation. Pseudomonas simiae WCS417, a Gram-negative plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR), is a model organism in plant-microbe interaction research and featured in over 750 studies since the 1990s. However, the translatome dynamics induced by WCS417 remain poorly understood. This study employed an integrated multi-omics approach, combining transcriptome (RNA-seq) and translatome (RNC-seq) analyses, to systematically investigate the transcriptional and translational regulatory networks in Brassica napus roots during early colonization by WCS417. Our results demonstrate that WCS417 significantly promotes lateral root formation, suppresses primary root elongation, and increases plant biomass. At the molecular level, WCS417 inoculation triggered extensive changes in gene expression and translation at 30 min and 6 h post-inoculation, affecting key processes including phytohormone signaling, cell wall remodeling, immune responses, and abiotic stress adaptation. Notably, although transcript levels of some immune-related genes were downregulated, their translation ratios was significantly enhanced, suggesting that plants maintain basal immunity while facilitating symbiotic establishment. Furthermore, WCS417 dynamically regulated genes involved in nitrogen/phosphorus uptake and core low-temperature response transcription factors in Brassica napus roots. These findings reveal a multi-layered regulatory mechanism by which WCS417 optimizes root system architecture and balances immunity with growth in Brassica napus, providing new insights into plant-microbe interactions.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-025-01628-3.}, }
@article {pmid41536851, year = {2024}, author = {Altamia, MA and Appiah-Madson, HJ and Falco-Poulin, R and Huettel, B and Rubin-Blum, M and Dubilier, N and Gruber-Vodicka, HR and Leisch, N and Distel, DL}, title = {Wooden steps to shallow depths: A new bathymodiolin mussel, Vadumodiolus teredinicola, inhabits shipworm burrows in an ancient submarine forest.}, journal = {Deep-sea research. Part I, Oceanographic research papers}, volume = {204}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41536851}, issn = {0967-0637}, support = {R01 AI162943/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Large mussels of the mytilid subfamily Bathymodiolinae are common inhabitants of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, where gill-borne symbionts allow them to utilize energy-rich compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methane to support abundant growth. This subfamily also includes smaller symbiont-bearing mussels found on deep-sea wood and organic deposits. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that wood association is ancestral to bathymodiolin evolution. This observation led to the "wooden steps" hypothesis, which proposed that wood and other large organic deposits have acted as evolutionary steppingstones, introducing the progenitors of the modern vent and seep Bathymodiolinae to their remote environments. Although this hypothesis implies an evolutionary trajectory from shallow to deep water, no bathymodiolin species that grows and reproduces at depths less than 100 m has yet been formally described. Here we describe a new bathymodiolin genus and species, Vadumodiolus teredinicola, found growing and reproducing at a depth of 18 m in uninhabited shipworm burrows in the remnants of an ancient submerged bald cypress forest off the coast of Alabama. These results demonstrate that the bathymodiolin radiation has not been limited to deep water and that specific association with wood has led to the successful invasion of both deep and shallow marine environments.}, }
@article {pmid41536600, year = {2025}, author = {Lemmond, B and Bonito, G and Healy, R and Van Wyk, J and Dawson, HA and Noffsinger, CR and Stephens, R and Sow, A and Trappe, JM and Orihara, T and Mleczko, P and Kaounas, V and Smith, ME}, title = {Phylogenomics, trophic ecology, and systematics of the truffle-forming Morchellaceae.}, journal = {Persoonia}, volume = {55}, number = {}, pages = {59-91}, doi = {10.3114/persoonia.2025.55.02}, pmid = {41536600}, issn = {0031-5850}, abstract = {The family Morchellaceae contains four truffle-forming genera: Fischerula, Imaia, Kalapuya, and Leucangium. In North America, some Imaia, Kalapuya, and Leucangium species are highly regarded gourmet edible fungi. In this study, we address longstanding questions about the evolution, systematics, and trophic mode of these fungal genera. We used high-throughput sequencing and a custom genome assembly pipeline to sequence and assemble 41 new genomes of epigeous and hypogeous Morchellaceae genera and outgroup taxa from the sister family Discinaceae. Phylogenomic reconstructions based on high-quality de novo genomes and published reference genomes support a single transition from epigeous to hypogeous habit within the Morchellaceae. These results are corroborated by phylogenetic evidence from LSU, tef1, and rpb2 with a larger dataset of specimens and publicly available sequences. We also provide direct morphological and molecular evidence that one species of Leucangium from North America forms ectomycorrhizas on Pseudotsuga menziesii in a natural habitat. Stable isotope analysis further supports the hypothesis that other species of truffle-forming Morchellaceae also obtain carbon via ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Phylogenetic and morphological analysis supports the description of two new species and one new combination of Leucangium as well as one new species and one new combination of Imaia from North America. We also discuss additional, undescribed diversity detected in our phylogenetic analyses of these genera derived from fungarium specimens, mycophagous mammal scat samples, and other environmental samples. Citation: Lemmond B, Bonito G, Healy R, Van Wyk J, Dawson HA, Noffsinger CR, Stephens R, Sow A, Trappe JM, Orihara T, Mleczko P, Kaounas V, Smith ME (2025). Phylogenomics, trophic ecology, and systematics of the truffle-forming Morchellaceae. Persoonia 55: 59-91. doi: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.55.02.}, }
@article {pmid41536161, year = {2026}, author = {Turnlund, AC and O'Brien, PA and Rix, L and Ferguson, S and Boulotte, N and Jeong, SY and Webster, NS and Diaz-Pulido, G and Wahab, MA and Lurgi, M and Vanwonterghem, I}, title = {Bacterial Communities Associated With Crustose Coralline Algae Are Host-Specific.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {e70213}, doi = {10.1002/mbo3.70213}, pmid = {41536161}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {//Australian Government Research Training Programme/ ; //UQ Graduate school/ ; //the Reef Restoration and Adaptation Programme/ ; }, mesh = {*Rhodophyta/microbiology/classification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; *Microbiota ; Symbiosis ; Coral Reefs ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Anthozoa/microbiology ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Crustose coralline algae (CCA) comprise hundreds of different species and are critical to coral reef growth, structural stability and coral recruitment. Despite their integral role in reef functioning, little is known about the diversity and structure of bacterial communities associated with CCA. We address this knowledge gap by characterising the surface microbial communities of 15 Indo-Pacific CCA species across eight different families from the Great Barrier Reef, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. CCA microbial community composition was distinct and found to primarily differentiate by algal host species. When looking at the core bacterial communities, divergence across CCA microbiomes was additionally correlated to host phylogeny. CCA from similar light environments and depths also had more similar microbial communities, suggesting the potential role of environmental parameters in influencing microbial community organisation. The fundamental descriptions of CCA bacterial communities for a wide range of Indo-Pacific species presented here provide essential baseline information to further inform CCA microbial symbiosis research.}, }
@article {pmid41536069, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, Y and Bao, H and Lei, Y and Zou, Z and Yuan, L and Li, H and Zhu, H and Xin, D and Staehelin, C and Cao, Y}, title = {Rhizobial effector NopM mediates the ubiquitination of the Nod factor receptor NFR5 and promotes rhizobial symbiosis in Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101717}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2026.101717}, pmid = {41536069}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {Bacterial pathogens and most nitrogen-fixing rhizobia employ type III effectors (T3Es) as potent tools to manipulate plant signaling pathways, thereby facilitating infection and colonization. However, how rhizobial T3Es regulate legume symbiosis remains elusive. Here, we show that NopM, a T3E from Sinorhizobium fredii NGR234, contributes to infection and nodulation in Lotus japonicus Gifu. The loss of nopM in an NGR234ΔnopT mutant reduced infection and nodulation in L. japonicus, and expression of NopM under the control of L. japonicus NIN promoter enhanced these processes. NopM associated with the NF receptors NFR1 and NFR5 and physically interacted with their cytosolic domains in vitro, and selectively mediated ubiquitination of NFR5. Expression of NopM in hairy roots of NFR5-HA transgenic plants correlated with increased NFR5 protein abundance relative to the inactive NopM variant. Taken together, our work suggests that NopM-dependent effects on symbiosis are associated with increased NFR5 abundance, expanding our understanding of rhizobial T3E functionality and the co-evolution of legume-rhizobium symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41535669, year = {2026}, author = {Yang, L and Yang, A and Wang, Y and Liu, J and Qian, X and Ding, G and Xing, X}, title = {Seed Metabolites Recruit Beneficial Pseudomonas During Imbibition to Promote Protocorm Development in the Terrestrial Orchid Gymnadenia conopsea.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70385}, pmid = {41535669}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {32170013//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021-I2M-1-031//CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine/ ; XZ202402ZD0002//Science and Technology Project of Xizang Autonomous Region/ ; ZB2417//Chinese Medicine Resource Project of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology/ ; }, abstract = {Orchids rely on symbiotic microorganisms for nutrient acquisition throughout their life cycle, from seed germination to plant maturity. In the terrestrial orchid Gymnadenia conopsea, beneficial Pseudomonas species have been previously identified as associated with seed germination and enriched in protocorms. Yet, the specific metabolites that mediate this microbial recruitment remain unknown. In this study, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that seed imbibition activates the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis along with starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, resulting in increased secretion of trehalose and sinapyl alcohol. These metabolites were found to attract Pseudomonas sp. and facilitate their colonisation. We further assessed the effects of these metabolites in the presence of the germination-promoting fungus Ceratobasidium sp. GS2, with or without Pseudomonas. Our results indicated that trehalose enhanced protocorm development when combined with the fungus, and this effect was significantly strengthened by the addition of Pseudomonas. In contrast, sinapyl alcohol promoted protocorm development only when both the fungus and Pseudomonas were present. These findings uncover a metabolite-mediated synergy that coordinates beneficial microbes to orchestrate early development in G. conopsea, advancing our understanding of metabolite-fungus-bacteria interactions and benefiting cultivation practices.}, }
@article {pmid41535558, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, M and Ding, R and Jia, T and Wu, Z and Hussain, M and Wang, L and Gan, GY and Zhang, J}, title = {Synergy of FeNPs and PGPR Strain Enhances Nitrogen Fixation by Linking Root Metabolites and Rhizosphere Microbiome Assembly in Alfalfa.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70387}, pmid = {41535558}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {32471768//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22ZD6NA007//Key Science &amp; Technology Project of Gansu Province, China/ ; }, abstract = {Increasing evidences show plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) benefit legume-rhizobium symbiosis, and iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) act as rhizobia microenvironment stabilizers. However, few studies explored if their combination exerts synergistic effects on the symbiosis in legume. Here, we compared the effects of FeNPs, Pseudomonas rhizovicinus M30-35, and their co-application (Fe + M) on alfalfa growth, nitrogen fixation, root metabolites, and rhizosphere microbiome. Compared with FeNPs and M30-35, Fe + M increased shoot height, root length, root activity, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 63.2% and 45.4%, 61.1% and 70.6%, 56.2% and 47.1%, 20.1% and 18.6%, and 41.1% and 30.6%, respectively; the nodule number, nitrogenase activity, ureide content, and leghemoglobin content rose by 29.6% and 31.4%, 58.5% and 78.7%, 20.4% and 15.1%, and 9.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Metabolomic analysis showed that Fe + M enhanced the accumulation of benzenoid compounds in roots, while microbial co-occurrence network analysis indicated reduced complexity and connectivity of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities. Importantly, core microbes, such as Hydrogenophaga, Nocardioides, unidentified_Mitochondria, and Scedosporium, were positively associated with benzenoid compounds, which contribute to nutrient cycling in the rhizosphere. Our findings demonstrate that FeNPs and PGPR strain together achieve synergistic effects on the nitrogen fixation in alfalfa.}, }
@article {pmid41533915, year = {2026}, author = {Pang, J and Wei, Z and Zhang, Z and Xu, X and Peng, Y and Chen, Q and Wei, Y and Liu, J and Zhang, Y and Shi, Q and Wang, Z and Zhang, Y and Chen, K and Zhou, M and Lu, X and Liang, Q}, title = {Genomic Landscape Reveals Correlation of Endosymbiont Ralstonia With Acanthamoeba Keratitis Severity.}, journal = {Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {17}, doi = {10.1167/iovs.67.1.17}, pmid = {41533915}, issn = {1552-5783}, mesh = {Animals ; *Acanthamoeba Keratitis/microbiology/parasitology/diagnosis/genetics ; Mice ; *Acanthamoeba/genetics/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Ralstonia/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Cornea/parasitology/pathology ; Male ; Genome, Bacterial ; Severity of Illness Index ; Genomics ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: To identify the basic genomic profile of Acanthamoeba, obtain information on Acanthamoeba endosymbionts, and analyze the correlation between these endosymbionts and the prognosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) patients.<br><br>METHODS: Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on 30 cornea-derived Acanthamoeba strains. Pan-genome analysis was performed, and endosymbionts were identified by metagenomic analysis. Gimenez staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and transmission electron microscopy were used to prove the existence of endosymbionts. Linear discriminant analysis effect size was used to associate endosymbiont species with AK clinical prognosis. The correlation between the endosymbiont Ralstonia and pathogenicity was experimentally validated by assessing the biological characteristics of Acanthamoeba and by performing clinical and histopathological evaluations in AK mouse models.<br><br>RESULTS: Whole genome sequencing revealed that the Acanthamoeba genome size was 37.1-105.0 Mb and GC content was 53.9%-60.5%. Pan-genomic analysis indicated an open state of the Acanthamoeba genome. Metagenomic analysis identified the presence of endosymbionts within Acanthamoeba, notably the endosymbiont Ralstonia, which was associated with poor prognosis at the genus level (P = 0.047). Acanthamoeba harboring the endosymbiont Ralstonia exhibited an increased migration area, enhanced adhesion, and had a more pronounced cytopathic effect. The size of clinical scores and corneal ulcers showed a significant increase in mouse models induced by Acanthamoeba with endosymbiont Ralstonia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Whole-genome sequencing highlighted the symbiotic relationship between Acanthamoeba and associated microorganisms. The presence of the endosymbiont Ralstonia influenced the biological characteristics of Acanthamoeba and was correlated with clinical poor prognosis in AK, suggesting its potential as a target for clinical intervention.}, }
@article {pmid41533245, year = {2026}, author = {Alami, S and Laadraoui, C and Kaddouri, K and Lamrabet, M and Chaddad, Z and Mnasri, B and Courty, PE and Missbah El Idrissi, M}, title = {Mesorhizobium maamorense sp. nov., a novel symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from nodules of Ononis repens in the Moroccan Maâmora forest.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {119}, number = {2}, pages = {38}, pmid = {41533245}, issn = {1572-9699}, mesh = {*Mesorhizobium/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Morocco ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Fabaceae/microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Forests ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Genome, Bacterial ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; }, abstract = {Mediterranean wild legumes, including Ononis repens, represent an underexplored reservoir of rhizobial diversity with ecological and agronomic significance. In this study, three novel bacterial symbionts, namely, Mesorhizobium sp. strains ORM16[T], ORM5.1, and ORM12.1, were previously isolated from root nodules of O. repens in the Maâmora forest near Rabat, Morocco. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing placed all three strains within the genus, Mesorhizobium, closely related to Mesorhizobium opportunistum WSM2075[T]. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using housekeeping genes (recA, atpD, and glnII) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) further confirmed the distinct taxonomic position of ORM16[T], with average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of 87.63% and 31.2%, respectively, both of which were below the species delimitation thresholds. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of canonical nod genes on chromosomal DNA. The type strain, ORM16[T], is a gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium with moderate tolerance to salinity, osmotic, and thermal stress. Chemotaxonomic data highlighted the characteristic fatty acid profiles of this strain, which distinguished it from its closest relatives. Given this strain's genetic, phenotypic, and symbiotic uniqueness, we propose Mesorhizobium maamorense sp. nov., with strain ORM16[T] as the type strain (= DSM120599[T] = CCMM B1359[T]). Its genomic distinctiveness makes ORM16[T] an ideal candidate for expanding our knowledge of Mesorhizobium diversity, conducting taxonomic research, and exploring novel biotechnological applications in nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid41532692, year = {2026}, author = {Ueno, AC and Casas, C and Breitenberger, FL and Molina-Montenegro, MA and Ramos, P and Schnyder, H and Gundel, PE}, title = {Memory of Survivors: A Seedborne Endophyte Mediates the Impact of Severe Drought on Plant Maternal Fitness and Progeny.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {e70738}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70738}, pmid = {41532692}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {ANID-FONDECYT 11230971//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient&#xed;fico y Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; }, mesh = {*Seeds/physiology/microbiology ; *Droughts ; *Endophytes/physiology ; Symbiosis ; *Lolium/physiology/microbiology ; Seedlings/physiology/microbiology ; Germination/physiology ; *Epichloe/physiology ; Starch/metabolism ; Water/metabolism ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {Drought events can have long-lasting effects on plant performance and progeny traits. We investigated how an early, severe drought at the seedling stage affected plant fitness and seed traits in Lolium multiflorum, and whether these responses were modulated by symbiosis with the vertically transmitted fungal endophyte Epichloë occultans. Drought caused significant mortality, and the symbiosis with the endophyte improved survival independently of plant biomass. Surviving plants fully recovered aboveground biomass and seed production only in the presence of the endophyte. Isotopic analyses indicated that only non-symbiotic plants showed reduced stomatal conductance during seed set, which likely explains their lower seed production. Seeds from drought-exposed symbiotic plants had higher concentrations of compatible solutes (mannitol and sorbitol) and starch. However, symbiotic seeds from drought-exposed plants showed reduced germination under intermediate water potential. This response was associated with a drought-induced increase in the base water potential (Ψb). Alternatively, constant hydrotime was positively associated with starch content. Our results suggest that endophyte symbiosis enables recovery from early drought via osmotic adjustment and photosynthetic maintenance, with intergenerational responses mediated by changes in seed biochemical composition and germination. These findings highlight the role of vertically transmitted endophytes in plant memory of stress and drought resilience across generations.}, }
@article {pmid41531093, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, SE and Dong, ZF and Zhang, AH and Min, W}, title = {[Effect of Biodegradable Mulching Film on Soil Microbial Community in Cotton Field was Revealed Based on Metagenomics].}, journal = {Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {650-662}, doi = {10.13227/j.hjkx.202411219}, pmid = {41531093}, issn = {0250-3301}, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; *Gossypium/growth &amp; development ; Metagenomics ; Soil/chemistry ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Agriculture/methods ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Biodegradable mulching films （BMPs） have been widely used as an alternative to conventional plastic mulching films （CMPs）. However， the long-term effects of BMPs on soil microbial community structure remain unclear. Therefore， in this study， we set up two treatments， CMPs and BMPs， and conducted a field experiment with 26 a of CMPs and 11 a of BMPs coverage. Using metagenomics technology， the effects of BMPs on soil microbial community structure in cotton fields in arid areas were investigated. The results showed that compared with those under the CMPs treatment， the BMPs treatment significantly reduced soil water content （SWC）， bulk density （BD）， and available phosphorus （AP） by 25.00%， 12.50%， and 12.09%， respectively， but significantly increased soil porosity （SP） by 10.07%. The BMPs treatment （124） significantly reduced the number of unique species compared with that in the CMPs treatment （182）. At the phylum level， the BMPs treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and significantly decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. At the genus level， the BMPs treatment significantly increased the relative abundances of Nocardioides， Solirubrobacter， and Nitrospira and significantly decreased the relative abundance of Sphingomonas. Meanwhile， the proportion of positive correlations and the average degree between microbial communities in the BMPs treatment were increased significantly by 16.32% and 8.71% compared with those in the CMPs treatment， respectively， reducing the modularization degree of the microbial community by 1.89% and promoting the symbiotic relationship and stability of the microbial community. The BMPs treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of genes such as xylA， narG/nxrA， and nasA and significantly decreased the relative abundance of genes such as accA， frdA， nirB， nrtA， gcd， and phoR， promoting carbon degradation， denitrification， and assimilative nitrate reduction processes and inhibiting dissimilatory nitrate reduction and inorganic phosphorus solubilization processes. Soil SWC and AP were the key environmental factors affecting microbial community composition. Biodegradable mulching film increased the complexity and stability of soil microbial communities compared with traditional mulching film， and soil SWC and AP were the key environmental factors affecting the composition of microbial communities.}, }
@article {pmid41529463, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, X and Wang, X and Hou, Y and Liu, G}, title = {An adaptive framework for symbiotic environmental fragility and geohazards risk: A case study of Gaizhou City, China.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {309}, number = {}, pages = {119704}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119704}, pmid = {41529463}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {The ecological environment is an important context for geohazards formation. Traditional geohazards risk assessment mostly focuses on the physical characteristics and pays insufficient attention to long-term impact on the ecological environment. This paper considers environmental fragility from a 'current-sensitive-responsive' perspective, comparing the entropy power, projection pursuit, and random forest methods to identify the optimal model. It also proposes a 3D matrix to establish an adaptive framework for geohazards ecological risk, tailored to scenarios of frequent geohazards in environmental fragile mountainous regions. The results were validated using Gaizhou City: Random forest achieves better zoning performance and accuracy, making it the optimal model for environmental fragility. The area classified as very high risk zoning is only 28.35 km[2] using 3D matrix, with a high geohazard areal density of 0.35 point/km[2]. With less than 0.3 % of the total area, it accommodates 10.6 % of the region's geohazard inventory, fully demonstrating its effectiveness. The townships of Kuangdonggou and Shizijie were key control units, and it was recommended that a combination of engineering and ecological measures be prioritized. The improvement method may provide a new perspective on the synergistic management of the ecological environment and geohazards.}, }
@article {pmid41528196, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, L and Gong, J and Li, Y and Wang, C and Malik, K and Chen, L and Zhang, J and Li, N and Liu, R and Zhao, Q and Tian, M and Wang, J and Yi, Y}, title = {The Cd-Tolerance of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Is Linked with the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Composition and Rhizosphere Soil Metabolite Profiles.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c08317}, pmid = {41528196}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) poses a serious threat to plant growth, so the selection and breeding of Cd-tolerant pepper cultivars are effective methods to reduce Cd hazards. This study identified C. annuum G03 as a Cd-tolerant cultivar, evidenced by its superior leaf physiological activity under Cd stress compared to the sensitive C. annuum C07. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed a more complex bacterial symbiotic network in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root endophyte of C. annuum G03, enhancing its buffering capacity against Cd stress. Furthermore, correlation analysis between rhizosphere bacteria and metabolites indicated that Armatimonadota and Bdellovibrionota were the key functional bacteria of C. annuum G03. They can influence the levels of key metabolites such as nerolidol, glutathionylspermine, and alpha-linolenic acid, thereby reducing antioxidant damage and Cd ion uptake in plant roots. These findings provide valuable insights into the microbial mechanisms underpinning the tolerance of pepper to Cd stress.}, }
@article {pmid41527705, year = {2026}, author = {Armijo-Godoy, G and Pochet, I and Kraiser, T and Medina, MP and Gras, DE and Zúñiga, A and González, B and Gutiérrez, RA}, title = {NSP1 and NLP9 Mediate a Beneficial, Non-Canonical Interaction Between Arabidopsis thaliana and Sinorhizobium meliloti Under Nitrogen Deficiency.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erag005}, pmid = {41527705}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Nitrogen is as a crucial macronutrient necessary for plant development. Legumes form well-known symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, but non-leguminous plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana also gain advantages from these associations without developing nodules. This study examines the relationship between A. thaliana and Sinorhizobium meliloti when conditions contain extremely low nitrogen levels. According to our findings, functional evidence consistent with biological nitrogen fixation from S. meliloti enhances plant growth and root system development. The plant growth response needs two essential regulatory genes, NSP1 and NLP9, which become active exclusively in nitrogen-deficient conditions. Microscopy showed bacterial colonization on the root epidermis, and subsequent analysis identified NSP1 and NLP9 as mediators of plant signaling, which modulate the host program to allow S. meliloti's nitrogenase activity. NSP1 controls the induction of NLP9, indicating a conserved signaling pathway resembling that found in legumes. The study discovered a non-canonical interaction beyond nodules that regulates bacterial nitrogen fixation functionality and improves A. thaliana survival during nutrient scarcity. The research expands our comprehension of how plants interact with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and indicates conserved molecular systems that allow non-leguminous plants to form advantageous relationships under severe nitrogen scarcity.}, }
@article {pmid41527218, year = {2026}, author = {Tao, S and Wu, X and Zhang, Z and Xu, P}, title = {Molecular Dialogue Across Kingdoms: The Role of Trans-Kingdom Peptides in Plant-Associated Interactions.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70378}, pmid = {41527218}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {32372718//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32202470//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021C02041//Key Research Program of Zhejiang Province/ ; LY24C150006//Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province/ ; 2023YW16//Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang/ ; }, abstract = {Small signaling peptides have emerged as central mediators of biological communication within and between species. In this review, we propose and define the concept of trans-kingdom peptides (TKPs) as short, bioactive peptides produced by one organism that exert specific physiological effects in another, often across taxonomic kingdoms. We summarize recent progress in identifying plant- and microbe-derived TKPs that function in symbiosis, parasitism, plant-microbe interactions, herbivory, and host-virus dynamics. TKPs modulate host defense, developmental programs, microbial community structure, and abiotic stress responses through highly specific interactions with conserved receptor systems. We highlight known peptide families mediating legume-rhizobia nodulation, nematode parasitism, and microbial immune suppression, as well as newly discovered viral- and insect-derived peptides that manipulate plant immunity. We discuss how they shape coevolutionary dynamics between hosts and interacting organisms. Finally, we outline current challenges and potential applications of TKPs in agriculture, biomedicine, synthetic biology, and environmental sustainability. Altogether, by framing their emerging properties and biological significance, we aim to provide a conceptual foundation and encourage interdisciplinary research into this expanding frontier of plant biology and inter-organismal communication.}, }
@article {pmid41524916, year = {2026}, author = {Nehra, R and Dhanda, S and Singh, K and Singh, H and Bharti, PK}, title = {The symbiotic Wolbachia in Anopheles and its role in reducing the transmission of Plasmodium: updates and prospects.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {2}, pages = {121}, pmid = {41524916}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Anopheles/microbiology/parasitology ; *Wolbachia/physiology ; Animals ; *Malaria/transmission/prevention &amp; control/parasitology ; *Symbiosis ; *Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/parasitology ; *Plasmodium/physiology ; Humans ; Mosquito Control/methods ; }, abstract = {Reducing malaria transmission and the prospects for vector control include multi-pronged strategies, such as interrupting the parasite cycle in both vectors and mosquitoes. Effective vector control remains essential to prevent malaria transmission. This is all the more important as problems such as resistance to insecticides and the lack of a highly effective malaria vaccine remain. New generation vector control measures and optimised products are essential to address the public health needs for malaria eradication. Strategies to reduce malaria transmission include the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS) and other measures. Recent studies have shown that Wolbachia pipientis, a bacterium that acts as an intracellular endosymbiotic in host cells, is becoming increasingly popular as a new method of control for Anopheles mosquitoes, both for cytoplasmic incompatibility and for pathogen blocking. Anopheles gambiae, the infection rate ranged from 8 to 24% in the wild population of the same study in the case of An. coulzzi (WAnga) in Ghana, with a prevalence of 4%. Various studies have successfully identified Wolbachia in several species of Anopheles. A highly infected Anopheles species A population in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) showed a 91% infection rate (strain wAnsA). Broader surveys list additional species hosting natural Wolbachia, including An. funestus, An. moucheti, An. melas, An. nili, An. coustani, An. dirus, An. baimaii, An. hyrcanus, and An. sinensis, among others, totalling around 31 Anopheles species. In Anopheles stephensi, researchers achieved stable maternal transmission of the wPip strain with a 100% infection frequency in the transinfected line across generations. The infection caused nearly complete cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and moderate fitness costs. Previous experimental infections using the wAlbB strain in An. stephensi similarly established CI and partial protection against Plasmodium infection. Wolbachia has been detected naturally at low prevalence (~ 1.4%) in field-collected An. culicifacies samples in India. However, these infections are often rare and may not lead to a high blocking effect of the pathogens. Despite the notable progress in demonstrating the CI and moderate inhibitory effect of the pathogen in several Anopheles trans-infected lines, the remaining setbacks include persistent, mother-transmitted infection with a high population replacement or suppression potential that will be relevant for widespread use. This comprehensive evaluation identified the need for further research on host-symbiotic interactions, improved genetic engineering tools and comprehensive long-term field evaluations to fully realise the potential of Wolbachia as a vector control tool for malaria.}, }
@article {pmid41524487, year = {2026}, author = {Iglesias, J and Colla, D and Serrangeli, JS and Lozano, MJ and Falduti, O and Brignoli, D and Medici, I and Althabegoiti, MJ and Lodeiro, AR and Abdian, PL and Paczia, N and Becker, A and Soler-Bistué, A and Perez-Gimenez, J and Mongiardini, EJ}, title = {Role of Tad pili during the transition from planktonic to biofilm state in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0000825}, doi = {10.1128/jb.00008-25}, pmid = {41524487}, issn = {1098-5530}, abstract = {Free-living soil bacteria can exist in two main states: planktonic, as motile single cells, or sessile, within biofilms. In biofilms, bacterial cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix that provides protection from environmental stresses and enhances long-term survival. The transition from planktonic to biofilm states sometimes involves surface sensing and attachment, processes commonly mediated by flagella and pili. In this study, we investigated the role of Type IVc Tad pili in surface sensing, adhesion, and biofilm formation in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybean. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that Tad pili are widely distributed and highly conserved within the Bradyrhizobium genus. While pili deletion in other model organisms typically reduces biofilm formation, we found that deletion of the most conserved genomic cluster encoding Tad pili in B. diazoefficiens led to increased adhesion to abiotic surfaces and impaired motility-indicative of a physiological shift toward a biofilm-associated state. These findings suggest that Tad pili may play a sensory or regulatory role, potentially influencing cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. Furthermore, we identified a link between Tad pili and intracellular c-di-GMP levels. Together, these results highlight the critical role of Tad pili in the physiology of B. diazoefficiens and offer new insights into bacterial surface adaptation, with potential applications in agriculture and biotechnology. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving biofilm management strategies and developing new approaches to enhance bacterial survival in soil and inoculant formulations, ultimately optimizing legume symbiosis.IMPORTANCEBiofilm formation is essential for bacterial survival in soil environments. In this study, we investigated the role of Tad pili in the biofilm-forming capacity of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens and their connection to the second messenger c-di-GMP, a key regulator of the transition between planktonic and sessile states. Bacteria used in agricultural inoculants are typically in the planktonic state, yet survival and persistence are optimized in the sessile state. Our findings may contribute to the development of strategies that promote the transition to the biofilm lifestyle in inoculant formulations, thereby enhancing bacterial viability in storage and soil and improving symbiotic performance with host plants.}, }
@article {pmid41524133, year = {2026}, author = {Santos, YR and Andréo-Filho, N and Lopes, PS and Leite-Silva, VR}, title = {A review of skin microbiome and new challenges to cosmetic microbiome-friendly formulations.}, journal = {International journal of cosmetic science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ics.70073}, pmid = {41524133}, issn = {1468-2494}, abstract = {Human skin is a complex ecosystem that hosts diverse species of microorganisms. Unbalanced conditions caused by intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors can lead to dysbiosis, presenting symptoms, such as dryness, high transepidermal water loss, reduced barrier protection, premature ageing, and in severe cases, inflammatory dermatoses. Strategies to maintain the skin microbiome balance are becoming increasingly suggested, with prebiotic, probiotic, or postbiotic ingredients promoting the diversity and relative abundance of important microorganisms. Topical products directly influence this balance, both traditional ingredients and specific active ingredients. The concentration and combination of these ingredients, as well as the pH of the final product, are extrinsic characteristics that can affect homeostatic skin condition. Focused on repairing or preserving the skin microbiota, microbiome-friendly cosmetics are gaining prominence in the cosmetics industry, with a focus on reducing or replacing ingredients with adverse effects on skin microbiota or adding positive compounds for the microbiota. This review approaches the main characteristics of the skin microbiome, in symbiosis and dysbiosis, elucidates strategies for skin microbiota rebalance, and addresses the challenges of developing microbiome-friendly products through studies of the interaction between skin microbiome and substantial classes of cosmetic ingredients, such as surfactants, lipophilic compounds, preservatives, fragrances, vitamins, and UV filters. The presented findings elucidate the relationship between the host, the skin microbiome, and the use of cosmetics, which could serve as a tool for the development of microbiome-friendly cosmetics. Given the growing popularity of this topic, we also highlight the need for further research focused on the dynamics between the skin microbiome and cosmetic ingredients.}, }
@article {pmid41523595, year = {2025}, author = {Liang, T and Tan, X and Zhang, G and Li, X and Qiang, Z and Fu, K and Luo, X and Li, C}, title = {Study on the structure of root nodules of Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.-Mazz. and the isolation and identification of rhizobia.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {431-439}, pmid = {41523595}, issn = {1342-4580}, abstract = {Hedysari Radix, a significant Chinese herbal medicine from Northwest China's arid region, is renowned for its unique tonic effects in traditional Chinese medicine practices. This plant, a member of the Leguminosae family, forms a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. However, the Hedysarum polybotrys-rhizobium symbiotic system remains underexplored. The root nodule structure of H. polybotrys was examined using an optical microscope (OM). This examination revealed that its root nodules consist of meristematic zone, infection zone, nitrogen fixation zone, and senescence zone, arranged from top to bottom. This structure suggests that the root nodules of H. polybotrys belong to the indeterminate nodule category. In the fields of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fields emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), significant differences were observed between infected and un-infected cells. Rhizobium, identified via 16S rRNA technology and classified as the genus Mesorhizobium through phylogenetic analysis. Reinoculation of rhizobium into H. polybotrys seedlings resulted in nodule formation on the roots. Notably, inoculated plants exhibited a considerable increase in nodule number, leaf count, leaf length, aboveground height, aboveground fresh weight, root length, and root diameter compared to uninoculated controls, demonstrating that rhizobium inoculation enhances plant growth.}, }
@article {pmid41520955, year = {2026}, author = {Liévano-Romero, K and Rodríguez-Posada, ME and Gardner, SL}, title = {A NEW SPECIES OF TRICHOLEIPERIA (NEMATA: TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA: MOLINEIDAE) FROM LAMPRONYCTERIS BRACHYOTIS (CHIROPTERA: PHYLLOSTOMIDAE) IN COLOMBIA.}, journal = {The Journal of parasitology}, volume = {112}, number = {1}, pages = {12-20}, doi = {10.1645/25-21}, pmid = {41520955}, issn = {1937-2345}, mesh = {Animals ; Colombia/epidemiology ; *Chiroptera/parasitology ; *Trichostrongyloidea/classification/anatomy &amp; histology/isolation &amp; purification/ultrastructure ; *Trichostrongyloidiasis/veterinary/parasitology/epidemiology ; Female ; Male ; Intestine, Small/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Tricholeiperia albae n. sp. is described from the small intestine of the yellow-throated big-eared bat, Lampronycteris brachyotis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Morphologic comparisons and a review of nematode parasites of neotropical bats indicate that this represents an undescribed species. Herein, we describe this species as new and show that this is a novel bat-parasite association. More than 50 species of bats have been reported from the Apure-Villavicencio dry forests ecoregion, but little is known of the parasite fauna. Continued exploration of new localities in Colombia underscores the need for trained researchers in parasite sampling and preservation. This work is enabling new collaborations using interdisciplinary approaches to understand symbiotic relationships in representative Colombian ecosystems, including those that were inaccessible before the Colombia peace agreement.}, }
@article {pmid41520083, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, Z and Li, Y}, title = {Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of China's important agricultural heritage systems.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-35287-x}, pmid = {41520083}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {24BA136//Shanxi Provincial Art Science Planning Project/ ; 102699901008//Doctor Foundation for Working in Shanxi Province/ ; }, abstract = {Agricultural heritage systems, a paradigm of harmonious symbiosis between humans and the natural environment, contain rich biodiversity and embody distinctive cultural values and historical significance. Macro-level spatial analysis is essential to understand agricultural heritage systems. This study is based on 188 China's Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (CIAHS) (2013-2023), utilizing spatial analysis methods such as the nearest neighbor index, standard deviational ellipse, kernel density analysis, and Geodetector to examine the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of CIAHS. The results show an uneven distribution of CIAHS, characterized by significant regional discrepancies and an overall clustered spatial pattern. This pattern can be attributed to the combined effects of natural environmental factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation, topography, and water resources) and human environmental factors (e.g., economy, population, transportation, government response, and residents' attention), which interact synergistically. Among these factors, government response, temperature, and residents' attention play relatively greater roles in shaping the overall pattern. The study of the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of CIAHS will enhance the understanding of the geographical evolution and regional variations of these resources, thus providing a scientific basis for their preservation and sustainable development.}, }
@article {pmid41519975, year = {2026}, author = {Christoffersen, SN and Østergaard, SK and de Jonge, N and Pertoldi, C and Sørensen, JG and Noer, NK and Kristensen, TN and Nielsen, JL and Bahrndorff, S}, title = {Arctic Insects Show a Highly Dynamic Microbiome Shaped by Abiotic and Biotic Variables.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02685-z}, pmid = {41519975}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Arctic regions are inhabited by terrestrial ectotherms that have adapted to an extreme environment where food resources are limited. The host associated microbiome may partly explain their ability to live under these conditions, but very little is known about the microbiome of Arctic ectotherms. We investigate how the bacterial community of the Greenlandic seed bug (Nysius groenlandicus) and damsel bug (Nabis flavomarginatus) is affected by different abiotic and biotic factors (time, acclimation temperature, humidity, and diet) under both field and laboratory conditions. We found large differences in the bacterial composition and diversity between the two species including species-specific presence of potentially symbiotic bacteria. The bacterial community of both species changed across the season, which may be explained by the changing climatic conditions, such as temperature and humidity. This was further supported by results from the laboratory experiments. We also found that diet changed the bacterial composition in both species and that bacteria could be transferred from prey to predator. Together, these results show that the bacterial community of some Arctic insects are highly dynamic and modulated by different abiotic and biotic factors, suggesting that the microbiome plays an important role for these organisms to persist in an extreme and resource-limited Arctic environment.}, }
@article {pmid41519240, year = {2026}, author = {Wei, X and Qiao, B and Zhang, S and Cui, J and Zhang, R and Mu, T and Zhang, G}, title = {MeJA regulates plant root growth, development and phosphorus uptake to adapt to low phosphorus stress.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {112986}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2026.112986}, pmid = {41519240}, issn = {1873-2259}, abstract = {Phosphorus, as an essential element for sustaining plant life activities, faces irreversible depletion in global reserves. The strong fixation tendency of phosphorus in soil leads to insufficient bioavailability, becoming a critical limiting factor for modern agricultural development. Although methyl jasmonate (MeJA) plays roles in various stress responses, its systemic regulatory mechanisms in coordinating root development and phosphorus metabolism networks under phosphorus deficiency remain unclear. This article systematically elucidates the MeJA-mediated low-phosphorus adaptation mechanism. At the physiological level, jasmonic acid enhances the activation of insoluble phosphorus in the rhizosphere by inhibiting primary root growth, promoting lateral root and root hair development, and synergistically boosting root secretion. At the molecular level, MeJA optimizes phosphorus uptake and transport by regulating the operation of phosphorus transporter families (PHT1, PHO1, PHT5). At the signaling level, MeJA connects phosphorus signaling with the jasmonic acid pathway through the PHR1-JAZ-MYC2 module, forming a regulatory network that coordinates root development, phosphorus transport, and mycorrhizal symbiosis. This study is the first to explain the efficient phosphorus acquisition mechanism mediated by MeJA from a systems biology perspective, providing a new paradigm for the genetic improvement of crop phosphorus efficiency. Subsequent research will focus on deciphering the molecular basis of phosphorus sensing in plants, clarifying the interaction mechanisms between MeJA and phosphorus signaling pathways, and developing synergistic strategies based on plant-microbe interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41518895, year = {2026}, author = {Das, A and P, N and Chowdhury, D and Das, A and Manna, R and Bodakhe, SH}, title = {Chronic stress, gut dysbiosis, and cholesterol metabolism: Implications for Alzheimer's disease.}, journal = {Journal of neuroimmunology}, volume = {413}, number = {}, pages = {578853}, doi = {10.1016/j.jneuroim.2026.578853}, pmid = {41518895}, issn = {1872-8421}, abstract = {Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative neurological condition that gradually worsens and is the predominant type of dementia evident in millions of individuals globally. The intricate origin and development of this condition includes multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, alterations in gene expression, and activation of detrimental pathways. Chronic stress can adversely affect brain structure and function, leading to diminished cognitive ability, impaired decision-making, and poor mood regulation. The gut-brain axis, influenced by dietary and early life variables, significantly affects the control of stress responses. The human microbiota forms a symbiotic interaction with the host, impacting protective cell barriers, metabolic processes, and immune functions in the intestines. Chronic stress and high-cholesterol diets can alter gut microbiota composition, influencing behaviour, immune responses, and intestinal function. Oxysterols affect gut health and inflammation through the alteration of tight junctions and the stimulation of proinflammatory bacterial proliferation. This review provides a thorough explanation of the structure and function of the dietary stress system, its relationship with the central nervous system (CNS) and endocrine axis, and evidence connecting stress to the core processes of stress-related illnesses impacting AD. A thorough comprehension of the complex interplay among chronic stress, gut dysbiosis, and Alzheimer's disease progression could provide novel insights for the formulation of targeted therapeutic interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41518618, year = {2026}, author = {Stelate, A and Shik, JZ}, title = {Protocol for generating protoplasts from the leafcutter ant symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus.}, journal = {STAR protocols}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {104331}, doi = {10.1016/j.xpro.2025.104331}, pmid = {41518618}, issn = {2666-1667}, abstract = {We present a protocol to isolate viable protoplasted cells of the basidiomycete fungal mutualist (Leucoagaricus gongylophorus) obligately farmed by leafcutter ants. We describe steps for culturing actively growing mycelia, enzymatic digestion of fungal cell walls under osmotic stabilization, and purification of protoplasts (plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm and organelles). We then detail procedures for assessing viability and wall removal using microscopy and fluorescent staining.}, }
@article {pmid41518539, year = {2026}, author = {Kou, C and Li, D and Liu, Z and Gao, W and Zhang, W and Xiong, L and He, L and Li, M and Shu, A and Ma, J and Gao, Z}, title = {Rare Microbial Taxa Dominate the Microecological Landscape of Cadmium Exposure in Rice Rhizosphere.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02690-2}, pmid = {41518539}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2301301, 2017YFD0301601//This study was supported by National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BAB215012//The Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377309, 42407427//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SDAST2024QTA012//The Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; SKL81103//The Funding for the 'First Class Discipline' Construction Project of Shandong Agricultural University/ ; }, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil is a growing problem, posing a significant threat to soil microorganisms and plant growth. Understanding how Cd exposure disrupts the evolution of soil microbial communities and the mechanisms underlying community remodeling requires further investigation. In this study, the rice rhizosphere treated with 0 (CK), 2.5 (LC), 5 (MC), and 15 (HC) mg kg[-1] Cd was used as a model and combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing to systematically evaluate the response patterns of rice rhizosphere microbial communities under Cd gradient treatments. The study found that rice rhizosphere microbial communities responded to Cd exposure with a unimodal pattern of "low-promotion and high-suppression". LC treatment significantly increased the alpha diversity of rare fungal taxa and significantly enriched rare genera such as Candidatus Solibacter and Penicillium. Network analysis further confirmed that LC treatment significantly enhanced symbiotic relationships within and across rare taxa. The assembly of abundant bacterial and fungal taxa was consistently dominated by stochastic diffusional constraints, while rare taxa were primarily driven by deterministic homogeneous selection. In summary, rice rhizosphere microbial communities showed specific response patterns under Cd gradient treatment. Rare fungal taxa, as core members, actively responded to Cd exposure, made prominent contributions to shaping the community composition, and played a crucial role in maintaining the complexity and stability of the microbial network.}, }
@article {pmid41518271, year = {2026}, author = {Yan, W and Chen, J and Mateen, A and Tang, LB and Li, J and Chen, G and Mei, Y and Bao, Z}, title = {Root-Nodule-Inspired Cobalt Selenide with Sulfur-Doping-Induced Phase Transition for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.}, journal = {ACS applied materials &amp; interfaces}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsami.5c19431}, pmid = {41518271}, issn = {1944-8252}, abstract = {The root-nodule system in legumes enables efficient biological nitrogen fixation through symbiotic interactions and hierarchical mass transport. Inspired by this natural architecture, we synthesized a cobalt selenide (CoSe) catalyst supported on carbon nanofibers (CoSe@C) that mimics this root-nodule structure. This unique design promotes rapid electron transport and facilitates efficient catalytic conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) to Li2S. Through controlled sulfur doping, the initial hexagonal phase of CoSe (h-CoSe) underwent a phase transition to an orthorhombic structure (o-CoSeS), which exhibited a high-spin state due to an increased density of unpaired electrons in the Co d-orbitals. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that this electronic configuration enhances orbital hybridization between Co d-orbitals and LiPSs p-orbitals, thereby strengthening LiPS adsorption and accelerating the redox kinetics. When o-CoSeS supported on carbon nanofibers (o-CoSeS@C) was used to modify the separator in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, the battery delivered an initial discharge capacity of 1509 mAh g[-1] at 0.1 C and maintained an ultralow decay rate of 0.057% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1 C. The exceptional cycling stability stems from the synergy between the biomimetic hierarchical network, which facilitates mass/charge transport, and the optimized electronic structure of the Co active sites, which boosts catalytic activity. This work proposes a novel biomimetic strategy for designing high-performance catalysts for Li-S batteries and provides atomic-level insights into the regulation of transition-metal electronic states for catalytic optimization.}, }
@article {pmid41517850, year = {2026}, author = {Shin, D}, title = {Perioperative Nutritional Treatment for Patients With Gastric Cancer: Focusing on Recent Controversial Issues.}, journal = {Journal of gastric cancer}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {92-105}, doi = {10.5230/jgc.2026.26.e1}, pmid = {41517850}, issn = {2093-5641}, mesh = {Humans ; *Stomach Neoplasms/surgery/complications/therapy ; *Perioperative Care/methods ; *Nutritional Support/methods ; *Malnutrition/etiology ; Nutritional Status ; Quality of Life ; Postoperative Complications/prevention &amp; control ; Nutrition Therapy/methods ; }, abstract = {Despite the many advances in treatment methods for gastric cancer, it remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with treatment outcomes intrinsically linked to the nutritional status of the patient. Malnutrition is a frequent and severe complication in patients with gastric cancer, arising from a confluence of factors including tumor-induced anorexia-cachexia syndrome, mechanical obstruction, and the metabolic stress of anti-cancer therapies including surgery and chemotherapy. Historically, nutritional support has often been a secondary consideration compared with surgical intervention or chemotherapy. However, a growing body of evidence has repositioned perioperative nutritional treatment as a cornerstone of comprehensive gastric cancer management. It is known that malnutrition can result in poorer clinical outcomes, including increased susceptibility to treatment-related toxicity, higher rates of postoperative complications, diminished quality of life, and a reduction in overall survival. Further, the paradigm shift toward proactive nutritional screening and assessment as standard clinical practice has allowed for timely and individualized prehabilitation. We conclude that advancements in nutritional science have fundamentally transformed gastric cancer management. The integration of tailored nutritional strategies throughout the journey of a patient from diagnosis through treatment and into survivorship is no longer just supportive, but a therapeutic modality in its own right. This symbiotic relationship emphasizes the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach, where oncologic and nutritional care are seamlessly interwoven to optimize patient outcomes and redefine the standards of gastric cancer treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41517189, year = {2026}, author = {Grigore-Gurgu, L and Leuștean-Bucur, FI and Bahrim, GE}, title = {Genetic Engineering and Encapsulation Strategies for Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Enhanced Functionalities and Delivery: Recent Advances and Future Approaches.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods15010123}, pmid = {41517189}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {GI 7960/2025//"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati/ ; }, abstract = {This review addresses the recent advances made through various genetic engineering techniques to improve the properties of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, not only for industrial applications, but also for the health-related benefits. However, due to the strict regulations on microorganisms intended for human consumption, concerning the insufficient characterization degree of the newly isolated strains and the lack of data regarding the safety of the genetically modified (GM) variants, the feasibility of bringing such L. rhamnosus strains to the market and their safety prospects were evaluated. Given their multiple in vivo functions in the contexts of synbiotic and symbiotic functionality, L. rhamnosus strains are more than classic probiotics and need furthermore attention. In the functional food context, this review highlights the impact of L. rhamnosus derived bioactives on the human gut-organ axis, pointing out recently demonstrated molecular mechanisms of action with the host's gut microbiome to reduce the negative effects of obesity and its related metabolic disorders, as well as depression and Parkinson's disease, as the major challenges confronting humans today. Beyond that, considering L. rhamnosus delivery and its postbiotics accessibility to consumers via functional foods, notable progress was made to enhance their stability by developing various encapsulation systems, which are also emphasized.}, }
@article {pmid41515080, year = {2026}, author = {Cruz, GKGD and Souza, JADS and de Brito Neto, JF and Sousa, CDS and Brito, SL and Souza, MGM and Mesquita, EF and Macedo, RS and Cruz, RLO and Andrade, VVL and Pereira, WE and Pereira, RF}, title = {Impact of Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Azospirillum brasilense Co-Inoculation on Nitrogen Metabolism, Nutrient Uptake, and Soil Fertility Indicators in Phaseolus lunatus Genotypes.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15010135}, pmid = {41515080}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), an important legume in semiarid environments, often exhibits low yield, requiring strategies to enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nutrient-use efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of single and combined inoculation with Bradyrhizobium elkanii (strain BR 2003) and Azospirillum brasilense (strain Ab-V5) on nitrogen metabolism, nutrient uptake, plant growth, and residual soil fertility in P. lunatus. Four varieties were subjected to four treatments: control (nitrogen fertilization), single inoculation with B. elkanii or A. brasilense, and co-inoculation. All inoculation strategies significantly increased root nodulation, nitrogen assimilation, and the accumulation of key macronutrients. Root nodulation increased from 1 to 12 nodules per plant in the control treatments to up to 277 nodules per plant under inoculation, while shoot nitrogen content increased by up to 91% in 'Raio de Sol' and 87% in 'Cearense'. Increases in P and K were also observed, including a 48% increase in shoot P in 'Manteiga' and up to a 100% increase in shoot K in 'Raio de Sol', whereas root K increased by up to 90% under co-inoculation. The 'Raio de Sol' and 'Manteiga' varieties exhibited the most pronounced increases in growth and biomass. Additionally, inoculation improved post-cultivation soil indicators, including pH and available P and K in specific genotype-microbe combinations, and reduced electrical conductivity. These results demonstrate the strong contribution of microbial inoculation to nitrogen assimilation and nutrient acquisition, supporting its use as a promising alternative to conventional nitrogen fertilization in lima bean cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid41515063, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, Y and Wang, D and Ma, Y and Wang, X and Xu, K and Li, X and Shangguan, X and Cao, H and Kang, G and Li, C}, title = {Silencing of the Mycorrhiza-Inducible Phosphate Transporter TaPT3-2D in Wheat Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility and Impairs Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15010118}, pmid = {41515063}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32102487//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32372621//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32441052//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 252102111164//Department of Science and Technology Planning Project of Henan Province/ ; 252102111149//Department of Science and Technology Planning Project of Henan Province/ ; 242102110299//Department of Science and Technology Planning Project of Henan Province/ ; 252102110299//Department of Science and Technology Planning Project of Henan Province/ ; 252102110322//Department of Science and Technology Planning Project of Henan Province/ ; }, abstract = {The interplay between phosphate (Pi) signaling and defense pathways is crucial for plant fitness, yet its molecular basis, particularly in wheat, remains poorly understood. Here, we functionally characterized the plasma membrane-localized high-affinity phosphate transporter TaPT3-2D and demonstrated its essential roles in Pi uptake, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, and fungal disease resistance. Quantitative analyses showed that TaPT3-2D expression was strongly induced by AM colonization (165-fold increase) and by infection with Bipolaris sorokiniana (54-fold increase) and Gaeumannomyces tritici (15-fold increase). In contrast, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of TaPT3-2D reduced Pi uptake and mycorrhizal colonization. Moreover, TaPT3-2D-silenced plants exhibited increased susceptibility to biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic fungi, accompanied by reduced expression of pathogen-related genes. The simultaneous impairment of Pi uptake, AM symbiosis, and defense responses in silenced plants indicates that TaPT3-2D functionally couples these processes. Functional complementation assays in low-Pi medium further revealed that TaPT3-2D partially rescued defective Pi uptake in mutant MB192 yeast, supporting its role as a high-affinity phosphate transporter. Collectively, these results identify TaPT3-2D as both a key regulator of individual pathways and as a molecular link connecting Pi homeostasis, symbiotic signaling, and disease resistance in wheat.}, }
@article {pmid41515048, year = {2025}, author = {Ramírez-May, AG and Rivera-Cruz, MDC and Mendoza-López, MR and Acosta-Pech, RG and Trujillo-Narcía, A and Bautista-Muñoz, C}, title = {The Use of Rhizospheric Microorganisms of Crotalaria for the Determination of Toxicity and Phytoremediation to Certain Petroleum Compounds.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15010103}, pmid = {41515048}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Microbial toxicity tests in the rhizosphere play an important role in the risk assessment and phytoremediation of chemical compounds in the environment. Tests for the inhibition of nodule number (NN), Rhizobia in the rhizosphere (RhR), Rhizobium in nodules (RhN) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) are important to evaluate the toxicity as well as the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), 15 linear alkanes (LAs), and total linear alkanes (TLAs). The inhibition and removal was evaluated at 60 (vegetative stage, VS) and 154 days (reproductive stage, RS) of the life cycle of Crotalaria incana and Crotalaria pallida in soil with four doses of CRO (3, 15, 30, and 45 g/kg) plus a control (16 treatments). Results indicated that RhN and five structures of the AMFs present an index of toxicity (IT < 1), and the microbiological variable is inhibited by the CRO. RhR exhibits a hormesis index (IT > 1) that is stimulated by the CRO in the VS and RS for C. incana and C. pallida. The highest removal of TPHs (77%) was in the rhizosphere of C. incana in the RS with 45 g/kg of CRO. C. pallida removed the greatest amount of TLA (91%). There was a positive correlation between the RhR and the removal of TPHs, TLA, and LAs (higher molecular weight). It could be argued that symbiotic microorganisms are significant for use in toxicity testing, and the rhizosphere of C. incana and C. pallida can be used for the phytoremediation of HTPs and ALs in loamy-clay soil contaminated with CRO.}, }
@article {pmid41514960, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Yu, Y and Zulu, L and Xu, N and Pan, Y and He, W and Liu, X and Rao, Q}, title = {Gut Symbiont-Driven Adaptive Evolution of Herbivorous Insect-Plant Interactions and Its Ecological Implications.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants15010014}, pmid = {41514960}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {The interaction between plants and phytophagous insects is one of the most complex relationships in ecosystems. By acting as direct third-party participants, gut symbionts redefine this binary antagonistic relationship. This article reviews the roles of gut symbionts in the adaptive evolution of phytophagous insects, highlighting their important roles in degrading plant secondary metabolites, modulating plant defense responses, promoting insect nutrient absorption, and shaping immune phenotypes. Gut symbionts not only enhance the adaptability of insects by degrading plant defense compounds, but also significantly influence their physiological adaptation by manipulating plant defense signaling pathways, regulating the immune system of insects, and promoting their rapid adaptation to external stress. When insects are confronted with environmental changes or shifts of host plants, the dynamic plasticity of the gut symbionts provides them with evolutionary advantages. Reviewing the mechanism of action of intestinal symbiotic bacteria in the adaptive evolution of insects is helpful to deepen our understanding of the ecological interaction process between insects and plants.}, }
@article {pmid41514837, year = {2026}, author = {Li, L and Zhang, H and Zhan, L and Guan, W and Hu, J and Wei, Z and Wu, W and Wu, Y and Xing, Q and Wu, J and Li, Z and Liu, Q and Chen, J and Yuan, A and Guo, D and Ouyang, K and Yang, J and Hu, W and Zhao, X}, title = {Synergistic Regulation of Bile Acid-Driven Nitrogen Metabolism by Swollenin in Ruminants: A Microbiota-Targeted Strategy to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani16010149}, pmid = {41514837}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {32160804//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32202762//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32360855//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32460886//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20224BAB215037//Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20252BAC240611//Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20224ACB205007//Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 20232BBF60009//Key Project Under the Key R&amp;D Program of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {The annual nitrogen loss from the livestock production sector poses a significant threat to the global natural environment. Therefore, it is urgent to focus on improving the nutrient utilization efficiency of ruminants and promoting the sustainable development of livestock production. Twelve 60-day-old Ganxi goats with similar body weights were selected and randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups. The control group was fed only a basal diet, while the treatment group was supplemented with 32 mg/d of Swollenin. The experiment lasted for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, the goats were euthanized, and their intestinal contents were collected, rapidly frozen, and stored at -80 °C for subsequent metagenomic and metabolomic analyses. In the Swollenin group, we observed changes in gut microbiota structure and significantly enhanced feed conversion efficiency compared to the control group. Notably, genera such as Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Bifidobacterium exhibited significantly higher abundance. Following Swollenin supplementation, the gene abundance associated with the secondary bile acid biosynthesis pathway in the intestinal tract of young goats was significantly higher. The levels of primary bile acids (BAs), including taurocholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and glycochenodeoxycholic acid, were significantly lower, while the concentrations of secondary BAs such as ursodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid were significantly higher. The abundance of nitrogen-fixing and nitrogen-assimilating genes in the gut of young goats in the Swollenin group was significantly higher. Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis revealed a strong correlation between bile acid metabolism and nitrogen metabolism pathways. These results suggest that nutritional regulation may serve as a preventive strategy to optimize the symbiotic development of animals and their gut microbiota, ultimately improving nitrogen utilization.}, }
@article {pmid41514766, year = {2025}, author = {Dvoretsky, AG and Dvoretsky, VG}, title = {First Record of Amphitrite cirrata (Polychaeta: Terebellidae) in Association with the Barents Sea Red King Crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Malacostraca: Lithodidae).}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani16010078}, pmid = {41514766}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {The introduced red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus holds significant commercial value in the Barents Sea. This species is recognized as a host for a wide variety of symbiotic organisms, including polychaetes. In July 2015 and 2025, a total of 12 specimens of the marine terebellid polychaete Amphitrite cirrata were discovered inhabiting the gills of two red king crabs in Dalnezelenetskaya Bay, Barents Sea. This study represents the first documented occurrence of an association between these benthic species. Colonization of the red king crab by Amphitrite cirrata offers several advantages to the polychaetes by providing access to suitable feeding conditions, increased mobility, and protection from potential predators. However, this association poses disadvantages to the host crabs, as it results in tissue damage and an elevated concentration of sand particles within their gills.}, }
@article {pmid41514295, year = {2026}, author = {Sun, Y and Huang, Q and Zhou, Y and Zhou, G and Xu, J and Zhong, S and He, T and Jiang, Y and Liu, S and Zhong, D and Lu, G and Li, T and Li, Y}, title = {Aedes albopictus gut symbiotic bacterium Bacillus cereus improves its deltamethrin resistance.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-025-07229-5}, pmid = {41514295}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {YSPTZX202004//Research project of Hainan academician innovation platform/ ; 824RC516//Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; XRC220012//Talent Introduction Fund of Hainan Medical University/ ; 82060379//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XSTS2025163//Academic Enhancement Support Program of Hainan Medical University/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive vector for a variety of pathogens. The intensive use of insecticides has led to the widespread insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus populations worldwide, compromising disease vector control efforts. We investigated whether the mosquito gut symbiotic bacterium Bacillus cereus reduces deltamethrin susceptibility in Ae. albopictus and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.<br><br>METHODS: World Health Organization (WHO) standard tube bioassays were conducted to assess deltamethrin resistance status in both laboratory and field Ae. albopictus populations before and after oral infection with Bacillus cereus_HL4.2 (B. cereus_HL4.2). We measured enzymatic activities of three major detoxification enzyme families (cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases [GSTs], and carboxylesterases) as metabolic markers. Transcriptomic profiling via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified genes differentially expressed upon B. cereus infection, with subsequent validation by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. In vitro assays assessed the direct deltamethrin-degrading capacity of B. cereus_HL4.2, and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled bacterial strains tracked bacterial persistence and transmission through mosquito developmental stages.<br><br>RESULTS: Oral infection with B. cereus_HL4.2 significantly increased the survival rate of laboratory-susceptible Ae. albopictus after deltamethrin exposure (from 7.6&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.0% to 31.3&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;4.3%) upon lethal insecticide exposure. B. cereus_HL4.2 infection elevated detoxification enzyme activities: cytochrome P450s increased 1.39-fold and GSTs increased 1.21-fold. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of genes related to the cAMP signaling pathway and purine metabolism following B. cereus_HL4.2 infection, while genes associated with ABC transporter and sensory signaling pathways were primarily downregulated. In vitro studies demonstrated that B. cereus_HL4.2 possesses direct deltamethrin-degrading capacity. GFP-tracking confirmed that B. cereus_HL4.2 colonizes the mosquito gut during larval development and persists through adult emergence.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus cereus_HL4.2 infection reduces deltamethrin susceptibility in Ae. albopictus primarily through two complementary mechanisms: (i) metabolic upregulation of detoxification enzymes and related genes, and (ii) direct enzymatic degradation of deltamethrin. Genetically modifying B. cereus_HL4.2 may offer a potential strategy for managing insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.}, }
@article {pmid41512111, year = {2026}, author = {Gunasekaran, D and Sicard, A and Almeida, RPP and Bennett, GM}, title = {Characterizing a novel Symbiopectobacterium purcellii MEX strain at the early stages of establishing a symbiotic relationship.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evaf252}, pmid = {41512111}, issn = {1759-6653}, abstract = {Insects ally with microbial symbionts for a diversity of services. The range of these interactions is wide, spanning from beneficial to pathogenic and facultative to obligate. In many cases, such insect-microbial interactions veer towards mutual dependency with integrated physiologies. This evolutionary outcome is relatively common in insects that depend on microbes to fill gaps in their nutritional ecologies (e.g., plant-sap feeding). However, the initiation and transition towards such dependent symbiotic interactions are difficult to observe in nature. Identifying these events can provide key insights into the origins and evolutionary processes that shape symbiotic interactions. Here, we report on a novel interaction between a leafhopper (Typhlocybinae: Empoasca mexicana) and a bacterium, Symbiopectobacterium purcellii MEX strain (S-MEX). To characterize this symbiont, we assembled and annotated its complete genome. We compared its content and structure to the genomes of other Symbiopectobacterium. The S-MEX genome is unique among members of this genus. It is the largest yet sequenced at 5.3 Mb, encoding 6,838 genes (∼25% more than other strains). S-MEX's genome has significantly expanded due to the proliferation of insertion sequences and 2,723 identifiable pseudogenes-processes generally seen as accelerators of genome reduction and emerging host dependence. S-MEX and other Symbiopectobacterium strains have a core set of 818 genes shared in >90% of strains, of which S-MEX has uniquely lost 36 genes. Taken together, we hypothesize that due to expansion of IS elements, extensive pseudogenization, and loss of genes in important free-living functions, S-MEX is in the early stages of establishing a host-dependent symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41510614, year = {2026}, author = {Destierdt, W and Deconninck, G and Crespo, JE and Moyer, E and Foray, V and Chabrerie, O and Pincebourde, S}, title = {Temperature overrides nutritional cues for optimal oviposition decision in a polyphagous invasive insect.}, journal = {The Journal of experimental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.251743}, pmid = {41510614}, issn = {1477-9145}, support = {ANR-20-CE02-0011//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, abstract = {Polyphagous insects rely on multiple cues to choose oviposition sites, including substrate temperature and nutritional quality that often do not coincide. We examined how females of the invasive fly Drosophila suzukii make oviposition decisions when temperature and nutrition mismatch, and whether infection with the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia influences these choices. We first quantified female performance (egg number, offspring development time, survival, and mass) on four fruit purees at three ambient temperatures. We then assessed oviposition preferences when either substrate temperature or fruit quality varied independently. Finally, we conducted multi-choice experiments combining thermal and nutritional cues to test which most strongly drives oviposition. Both temperature and fruit quality affected offspring performance. While females were not always choosing the most favorable fruit, they consistently prioritized thermally optimal sites, even when these were nutritionally suboptimal. This behaviour gave partial support to the preference-performance hypothesis, which mainly held for temperature -the factor with the strongest effect on offspring development and survival in no-choice tests. Wolbachia infection enhanced offspring survival and reduced development time. It also altered oviposition patterns, leading to a more even distribution of eggs across fruit, though females maintained their preference for thermally favourable sites. Our findings suggest that the invasive success of D. suzukii could partly result from its capacity to select oviposition sites that maximise offspring performance under variable conditions. More broadly, they highlight the need to study behavioural decisions under conflicting environmental constraints to understand how behavioural flexibility contributes to individual fitness and population persistence in changing environments. French Abstract Les insectes polyphages s'appuient sur de nombreux signaux pour choisir leurs sites de ponte, notamment la température du substrat et sa qualité nutritionnelle, qui ne coïncident pas toujours. Cette étude analyse le choix de ponte des femelles de la mouche invasive Drosophila suzukii lorsque ces signaux sont contradictoires, ainsi que l'effet de l'infection par la bactérie symbiotique Wolbachia. L'étude s'est déroulée en quatre étapes : (i) la mesure des performances des descendants (nombre d'œufs, temps de développement, survie, masse de la progéniture) sur quatre purées de fruits à trois températures ambiantes ; l'évaluation des préférences de ponte lorsque (ii) la qualité du fruit ou (iii) la température du substrat variaient indépendamment ; et (iv) des tests à choix multiples pour déterminer le signal influençant le plus le choix de ponte. La température et la qualité du fruit impactent toutes deux la performance de la descendance. Bien que les femelles ne choisissent pas toujours le fruit le plus favorable, elles privilégient systématiquement les sites les plus chauds, thermiquement optimaux, même lorsqu'ils sont nutritionnellement sous-optimaux. Ce comportement soutient l'hypothèse préférence-performance, la température étant le principal facteur déterminant pour le développement et la survie. L'infection par Wolbachia augmente la survie et réduit le temps de développement, tout en modifiant les choix de ponte avec une répartition plus homogène entre les fruits, sans altérer la préférence pour les sites chauds. Ces résultats suggèrent que le succès invasif de D. suzukii pourrait découler de sa capacité à sélectionner des sites de ponte maximisant la performance de la descendance en conditions environnementales variables. Ils soulignent également l'importance d'étudier les décisions comportementales face à des contraintes antagonistes pour comprendre la contribution de la flexibilité comportementale à la valeur sélective des individus et à la persistance des populations.}, }
@article {pmid41509587, year = {2026}, author = {Satria Wibawa, IGK and Narisawa, K}, title = {Dark Septate Endophytes Support Komatsuna Growth Under High Temperature Stress and Greenhouse Farming.}, journal = {Mycobiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {68-77}, pmid = {41509587}, issn = {1229-8093}, abstract = {Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) is one of the most common leafy vegetables in Japan. In recent years, the frequent occurrence of abnormally high temperatures is becoming a threat for komatsuna as it is vulnerable to high temperature stress. In natural ecosystems, most plants coexist with endophytic fungi as a strategy to adapt to stressful environments. Among known symbiotic fungi, there are dark septate endophytes (DSEs), which are unique due to their prevalence under stressed environmental conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the use of DSEs to improve komatsuna growth using a greenhouse farming system, as a practice to improve sustainable agriculture. We examined the effect of inoculation with three DSE isolates: Phialocephala fortinii KS.F.6 (Pf), Exophiala pisciphila KS.F.3.4 (Ep) and Veronaeopsis simplex Y34 (Vs), on the growth of komatsuna under high temperature stress. The preliminary experiment showed that inoculation with isolates Ep and Vs reduced the heat injury index and increased the number of surviving plants under 35 °C heat stress. Furthermore, the greenhouse experiment showed that Ep and Vs increase the number of leaves, fresh weight, and dry weight of komatsuna. This is considered the first report of DSE symbiosis potential for komatsuna high-temperature-stress mitigation and growth performance induction.}, }
@article {pmid41508829, year = {2026}, author = {Mangalakkadan, A and Roychowdhury, A and Chennakesavulu, K and Kumar, R}, title = {Phosphate Starvation Response 1 (PHR1): A versatile master regulator shaping plant resilience beyond phosphate deprivation.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erag002}, pmid = {41508829}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {In the last two decades, AtPHR1 and its homologs in Arabidopsis and other plant species have emerged as undisputed master regulators of phosphorus starvation response (PSR). The role of SPX proteins as the negative regulators of PHR1 activity and binding of this transcription factor to the P1BS element of the target Pi starvation inducible genes during the regulation of PSR is well established. Given the centrality of phosphate in cell structure, metabolism, and functioning, and modulation in the expression of hundreds of genes upon Pi starvation, the roles of PHR1 proteins are anticipated beyond atypical PSR. The newly emerged evidence implicates PHR1 in the direct regulation of processes such as hypocotyl-root-cotyledon growth during early seedling establishment, nitrogen-phosphorus balance, anthocyanin and proline biosynthesis, jasmonic acid responses, mycorrhizal symbiosis, and abiotic stress adaptation. These diverse functions of PHR1 seemingly arise from the well-distributed roles among PHR1 homologs within a species and their dynamic interactions with other regulatory proteins. In this review, we explore recent advances revealing PHR1's involvement in a wide array of plant processes, including hormonal cross-talk, abiotic and biotic stress responses, and developmental regulation. We take cues from emerging research across multiple crop species to provide a timely synthesis of PHR1's multifaceted functions and its potential as a target for crop improvement under nutrient and environmental constraints.}, }
@article {pmid41508465, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, Y and Li, Y and Sun, Y and Fan, Y and Hang, G and Kwok, LY and Li, W and Sun, Y and Sun, Z}, title = {The effect of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis on the survival rate and metabolic dynamics of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis in co-fermented milk.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {118041}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118041}, pmid = {41508465}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Lactococcus lactis/metabolism/physiology ; *Bifidobacterium animalis/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; Fermentation ; Probiotics ; Animals ; *Cultured Milk Products/microbiology ; Microbial Viability ; *Milk/microbiology ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {Multi-strain co-fermentation holds promise for enhancing the functionality and quality of probiotic dairy products, but strain compatibility is critical to its success. This study employed an integrated multi-omics approach (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) to investigate how two Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains (BL19 and IMAU11823) modulate the viability, metabolic behavior, and sensory attributes of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bbm-19 during milk fermentation and 28-day refrigerated storage. BL19 significantly enhanced Bbm-19 survival by upregulating energy metabolism and ribosomal pathways, increasing γ-aminobutyric acid, and promoting the accumulation of lysine and arginine, metabolites strongly correlated with probiotic resilience. Concurrently, amino acid biosynthesis was suppressed, suggesting metabolic prioritization toward stress adaptation. In contrast, IMAU11823 accelerated carbohydrate metabolism and activated amino acid biosynthesis and stress-response pathways, diverting pyruvate away from energy generation and triggering apoptotic responses, ultimately compromising Bbm-19 viability. Sensory evaluation revealed superior odor, texture, and overall acceptability in the BL19 group, consistent with its positive impact on microbial and metabolic stability. In contrast, the IMAU11823 group exhibited inferior texture and lower acceptability, coinciding with metabolic shifts that favored competition over symbiosis. Multi-omics correlation analysis revealed distinct strain-specific regulatory networks in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. This work presents the first systems-level characterization of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis-Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis interactions in fermented milk, demonstrating that metabolic compatibility, not merely co-inoculation, determines co-culture performance. These findings provide a mechanistic foundation for the rational design of high-performance, multi-strain probiotic dairy products with enhanced stability, functionality, and sensory quality.}, }
@article {pmid41508452, year = {2026}, author = {Kozikova, D and Martínez-Lüscher, J and Antolín, MC and Goicoechea, N and Pascual, I}, title = {A consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria modulates wine grape ripening and composition under climate change conditions.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {118027}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.118027}, pmid = {41508452}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Vitis/microbiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Climate Change ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Fruit/microbiology/growth &amp; development/chemistry ; *Wine/analysis/microbiology ; Carbon Dioxide ; Temperature ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; }, abstract = {If no major changes in CO2 emissions policy take place, atmospheric CO2 and temperature are expected to increase in the coming decades, negatively affecting grape composition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been reported to increase plant resilience to various stresses. This study aimed to assess whether the association of young grapevines with AMF, co-inoculated with bacteria (PGPRs), can mitigate the effects of climate change on grape composition. Two-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon plants grafted onto R110 rootstock, either inoculated with a consortium of AMF and PGPRs (+M) or with only PGPRs (-M), were exposed to two CO2 levels (ambient CO2, AC, or 700 ppm, EC) and two temperatures (ambient temperature, AT, or ambient temperature increased by 4 °C, ET) in a factorial design (2x2x2). Plants under ET experienced about 5 heat waves and 21 days with maximum temperatures above 40 °C, 2 heat waves and 4 days above 40 °C in AT. ET reduced berry mass, total soluble solids, and acidity in the must; these differences were less pronounced in +M. Grapes under ET had lower concentration of anthocyanins but these were more methylated (malvidins) and coumaroylated, regardless of the CO2 level and AMF inoculation. The concentration of total amino acids and yeast assimilable N decreased under EC, whereas ET decreased the relative abundance of proline. co-inoculation of AMF and PGPRs increased the concentration of total and aroma precursor amino acids, especially under ACAT, and proline abundance, thus partially counteracting the effects of both EC and ET. Co-inoculation of AMF and bacteria helped attenuate some of the effects of climate change on grape berry ripening and primary metabolite composition.}, }
@article {pmid41508410, year = {2026}, author = {Olympia, RP and Gupta, N and Chardavoyne, P and Erdman, M and Boehmer, SJ}, title = {Developing "SYMBIOTIC" Relationships With Urgent Care CentersImproving the Referral Process Through Preparedness and Quality Improvement Initiatives.}, journal = {NASN school nurse (Print)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1942602X251403000}, doi = {10.1177/1942602X251403000}, pmid = {41508410}, issn = {1942-6038}, abstract = {Because of the widespread availability of urgent care centers (UCCs) and the non-emergent nature of many illnesses and injuries occurring in students who attend school, referrals to UCCs may be an option in the management of students without a primary care provider and with certain health insurance providers. Optimizing the care of these students involves several steps for the school nurse: (a) becoming familiar with the capabilities of the UCC in your community, and (b) establishing a collaborative relationship between the school and UCC through closed-loop communication and quality improvement initiatives.}, }
@article {pmid41507251, year = {2026}, author = {Alina, N and René, S and Christos G, A and Cornel, A and Tobias, E}, title = {The stored product beetles Lasioderma serricorne and Stegobium paniceum are associated with a flexible and hidden diversity of Symbiotaphrina symbionts.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-34676-y}, pmid = {41507251}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {The stored product pests Lasioderma serricorne and Stegobium paniceum (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Anobiinae) have been described to harbour Symbiotaphrina kochii and Symbiotaphrina buchneri yeast-like symbionts (YLS) respectively, based on axenic cultivation from symbiotic organs. While the nutritional benefits provided by the YLS are well characterized, molecular studies focusing on variability or stability in the systems are lacking. Here we address that research gap by investigating the diversity and stability of Anobiid - Symbiotaphrina symbiosis in multiple populations. Amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from collected and lab-reared populations revealed that populations from different origins were associated with similar YLS strains. These associations remained stable during rearing. However, only one L. serricorne population was associated with Sy. kochii, the others were associated with Sy. buchneri. Most St. paniceum samples were associated with a Symbiotaphrina species that could neither be identified as Sy. buchneri, nor Sy. kochii. Cultivation and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the partial rRNA operon of YLS revealed a novel Symbiotaphrina clade. Our results indicate more flexible associations than previously assumed, however only with members of the genus Symbiotaphrina. The ecological relevance needs further analyses, but highly variable in vitro growth could indicate extensive differences in YLS capabilities.}, }
@article {pmid41507155, year = {2026}, author = {Fukui, T and Muro, T and Matsuda-Imai, N and Kaneda, T and Kosako, H and Hiraki, H and Shoji, K and Fujii, T and Suzuki, Y and Toyoda, A and Itoh, T and Kiuchi, T and Katsuma, S}, title = {Complete transition from chromosomal to cytoplasmic sex determination during prolonged Wolbachia symbiosis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {104}, pmid = {41507155}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {JP17H06431//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP22H00366//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP24H02289//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP21J12325//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP24KJ0036//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; P23KJ0468//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP22H04925 (PAGS)//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP22H04925 (PAGS)//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP22H04925 (PAGS)//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP17H06431//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP24H02278//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; }, mesh = {*Wolbachia/physiology/genetics ; Animals ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; Male ; Female ; *Sex Determination Processes/genetics ; *Moths/microbiology/genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/genetics ; *Sex Chromosomes/genetics ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia infection causes male-specific death in Ostrinia furnacalis, but its removal from infected strains results in female-specific death instead of restoring 1:1 sex ratio, suggesting that cytoplasmic Wolbachia, not the host genome, primarily determines femaleness in infected strains. This phenomenon is a striking example of the evolutionary outcome of cytoplasmic sex determination, potentially arising from prolonged host-symbiont co-evolution. Although we recently identified Oscar, the Wolbachia-encoded male-killing effector targeting the host masculinizing factor OfMasc in Ostrinia moths, inactivation or loss of the host's endogenous feminizer remains unknown. Here we identify a W-linked primary feminizer, OfFem piRNA, which targets an mRNA encoding an OfMasc-interacting protein Ofznf-2. We demonstrate that Ofznf-2 is essential for both masculinization and dosage compensation. We also show that OfFem piRNA is entirely absent in the Wolbachia-infected lineage, providing molecular evidence that a male-killing Wolbachia hijacks the host feminizing piRNA function by acquiring the Oscar protein during prolonged endosymbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41506431, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, K and Wang, W and Guo, B and Liu, B and Shi, W and Wu, L and Tian, Q}, title = {Optimizing Composite Wetlands Operation via Intermittent Aeration: Integrating Algae-Bacteria Symbiosis and Functional Fillers for Actual Sewage Treatment.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {123706}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2026.123706}, pmid = {41506431}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {A composite wetland integrated with algae-bacteria flocs and functional fillers was developed in this study, and the impacts of aeration mode on its performance for treating actual rural sewage and the synergistic mechanisms among different purification pathways was also investigated. Compared to the system with single enhancement, the composite wetland significantly enhanced the removals of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Although moderate aeration could promote the proliferation of algae-bacteria flocs, the hydraulic disturbance caused by continuous aeration could easily lead to biofilm shedding. In contrast, intermittent aeration created alternating aerobic-anoxic-anaerobic conditions that facilitated simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and biological phosphorus removal. As a result, the composite wetland under intermittent aeration (CEWs-I) demonstrated the optimal and most stable purification efficiency. Its average removal rates for COD, TN, and TP reached 83.65%, 82.91%, and 91.71%, respectively, with effluent concentrations consistently below 30.0, 7.0, and 0.35 mg L[-1], meeting the Class 1A discharge standard. Microbial analysis revealed that CEWs-I achieved the maximum biofilm biomass, microbial diversity, and a balanced community of functional bacteria and native algae. This work demonstrates that under optimized intermittent aeration, the synergistic integration of native algae-bacteria flocs with functional fillers provides an efficient and stable solution for decentralized wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41504661, year = {2025}, author = {Gomez-Gutierrez, SV and Singh, J}, title = {When Mutualism Turns Parasitic: How Alfalfa Balances Cooperating and Cheating Rhizobia.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {798-799}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-11-25-0157-CM}, pmid = {41504661}, issn = {0894-0282}, }
@article {pmid41504011, year = {2026}, author = {Kordaczuk, J and Wojda, I}, title = {Insect olfactory proteins: A comprehensive review with a special emphasis on the role of odorant-binding proteins in insect immunity.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.70204}, pmid = {41504011}, issn = {1744-7917}, abstract = {The insect olfactory system is essential for survival, enabling the detection of chemical cues critical for feeding, reproduction, and avoiding threats. Semiochemicals, including pheromones and allelochemicals, are processed through specialized organs, primarily the antennae and maxillary palps, which contain sensilla housing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) transport volatile compounds to odorant receptors (ORs) on sensory neurons, initiating precise signal transduction. Rapid signal termination, vital for sensitivity, is achieved by odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs) that prevent receptor saturation. Evolutionary adaptations optimize OBPs and ORs for species needs, such as the detection of foreign odors. Environmental factors, including temperature, nutritional state, and circadian rhythms, further modulate olfactory sensitivity. In this review article, we underline the interaction between olfactory proteins and insect immunity. Reports coming from different laboratories, point to the role of olfactory proteins in defense response, including its cellular, humoral, and behavioral aspects. Beyond chemosensitization, the olfactory system contributes to insect immunity by regulating pathogen recognition and immune signaling. OBPs interact with Toll-like receptors, regulating antimicrobial responses and gut microbiota stability. Symbiotic bacteria influence OBP expression, linking olfaction to systemic immunity. Finally, some odorant-binding proteins and chemosensory proteins possess direct antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, the insect olfactory system integrates sensory and immune functions through molecular and neuronal components, reflecting its evolutionary versatility. Blood-feeding insects, for example, Aedes aegypti or Rhodnius prolixus, exhibit heightened detection of host odors during reproductive cycles, while starved insects prioritize food-related cue.}, }
@article {pmid41503922, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, ZJ and Xiao, LJ and Gibson, DI and Zheng, H and Li, L}, title = {Interaction and co-evolution among parasites, host insects, and gut microbiota.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.70213}, pmid = {41503922}, issn = {1744-7917}, abstract = {Insects, the most diverse group of animals, inhabit almost all environments on Earth. They are susceptible to a wide range of parasites, including entomopathogenic protozoans, nematodes, and ectoparasitic mites. These parasites manipulate host physiology via immunomodulation, endocrine disruption, and metabolic reprogramming. The long-term coexistence of insects and parasites has driven the evolution of intricate survival strategies. Insects deploy morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to mitigate infection risks, whereas parasites counter with sophisticated mechanisms enhancing transmission and reproductive success. Emerging evidence indicates symbiotic microbiota as critical mediators in this evolutionary arms race, modulating infection outcomes through microbial-host-parasite crosstalk. Here, we review recent research progress on the effects of parasites on the development, reproduction, immunity, and behavior of insect hosts; the evolutionary dynamics between insects and parasites; and the interactions of host-parasite-microbiota in insects. Compared to mammals, insects provide a simple model system for elucidating conserved molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite-gut microbiota interactions. This paradigm not only advances fundamental understanding of evolutionary parasitology but also pioneers microbial-based biocontrol approaches, offering sustainable alternatives for agricultural pest management and economic insect conservation.}, }
@article {pmid41503361, year = {2025}, author = {Uddin, MN and Hartog, C and Murray, E and Loveless, JB and Roberson, L and Aslan, A and Cubas, F and Rowles, LS}, title = {Advancing Circular Bioeconomy through a Systems-Level Assessment of Food Waste and Industrial Sludge Codigestion.}, journal = {ACS environmental Au}, volume = {5}, number = {5}, pages = {479-489}, pmid = {41503361}, issn = {2694-2518}, abstract = {Disposal of food waste (FW) in landfills remains an unsustainable practice for organic waste management. Simultaneously, pulp and paper mills produce significant amounts of recalcitrant organic waste that is difficult to decompose due to its high lignocellulosic content. In this study, we developed an innovative approach to improve the digestion of pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) by amending FW to produce a low chemical oxygen demand (COD) sludge while recovering methane in the process. This codigestion process was evaluated through lab-scale biogas production experiments coupled with a comprehensive economic and environmental sustainability assessment. Biomethane production results revealed that the FW-PPMS codigestion methane yield was 36% higher on average than the PPMS monodigestion. Additionally, metagenomic analysis revealed that microbial communities for both systems transitioned from highly heterogeneous to more adapted uniform communities after digestion. Improved microbial communities contributed to higher COD removal (92%) in the FW-PPMS system compared to monodigestion (80% removal). The sustainability analysis revealed that the codigestion of FW-PPMS had median costs of 236.64 USD·tonne[-1]·day[-1] and emissions of 228.30 kg CO2 eq·tonne[-1]·day[-1], a significant reduction compared to directly disposing the FW in landfills (median costs of 405.13 USD·tonne[-1]·day[-1] and emissions of 556.27 kg CO2 eq·tonne[-1]·day[-1]). A nationwide contextual analysis revealed that out of six regions, the US Northeast had the lowest median costs and emissions, while the Mountain Plains region had the highest, highlighting the importance of geographical and infrastructural factors in implementation. Overall, codigesting FW with PPMS is revealed to be a sustainable waste management option to decrease landfill disposal of valuable organic waste.}, }
@article {pmid41502986, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, H and Song, X and Zhou, Q and Yin, Y and Yang, Y and Zhang, J and Cui, Y and Bu, L and Su, Y and Su, Y}, title = {Discoveries in non-symbiotic environments: Dynamic changes and potential contributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cigar tobacco fermentation.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100533}, pmid = {41502986}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are key species in plant-microbe interactions, and this study is the first to suggest their dynamic survival in the fermentation system of cigar tobacco. To explore the functional significance of AMF in cigar tobacco fermentation, this study focused on the Yunxue variety of cigar tobacco. We combined multi-time point sampling over a 35-day fermentation process and used Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene high-throughput sequencing to analyze the AMF community structure in the fermenting material. Diversity indices, species correlation networks, and Mantel tests were employed to explore the relationship between AMF and chemical components. The results showed a significant dynamic succession in AMF OTUs within the fermenting material throughout the fermentation process, identifying 22 species (comprising 524 OTUs), with Paraglomus being the predominant species. Core functional flora included OTU217 and OTU88, whose abundance variations aligned with the generation of volatile flavor compounds. AMF diversity peaked during the mid-fermentation stage and exhibited a negative correlation with total nitrogen, total sulfur, and reducing sugars, indicating that sugar and nitrogen metabolism were driving factors in the reorganization of the AMF community. The observations suggest that us to propose that Glomus-group-B-Glomus-lamellosu-VTX00193 may have a marked increase in abundance towards the end of fermentation, suggesting its crucial role in the degradation of complex organic compounds. Analysis specific to different tobacco varieties revealed a significant increase in the number of OTUs unique to Yunxue 6, with fluctuations in total acidity content significantly associated with changes in AMF abundance. The findings suggest a the regulatory role of AMF in modulating the chemical composition of cigar tobacco leaves through carbon and nitrogen metabolism, with Paraglomus and Glomus identified as core functional funga. These results suggests the importance of further research on confirmation of AMF, if any, in the tobacco fermenting process.}, }
@article {pmid41501863, year = {2026}, author = {Noda, T and Harumoto, T and Katsuno, T and Moriyama, M and Fukatsu, T}, title = {Cockroach bacteriocytes migrate into the ovaries for vertical transmission of the bacterial endosymbiont Blattabacterium.}, journal = {Zoological letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40851-025-00257-0}, pmid = {41501863}, issn = {2056-306X}, support = {JPMJER1902//Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology/ ; JP24H02294//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP24K08935//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP22KJ1191//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP21J20814//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41501262, year = {2026}, author = {Carofano, I and Martinez-Sañudo, I and Riegler, M and Hancock, DL and Morrow, JL and Mazzon, L}, title = {Detection of a Conserved Bacterial Symbiosis in non-frugivorous Australian Fruit Flies (Diptera, Tephritidae, Tephritinae) Supports its Widespread Association.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02686-y}, pmid = {41501262}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {DOR2271053/22//Universit&#xe0; degli Studi di Padova/ ; }, abstract = {Several insect lineages, including some fruit flies, have evolved mutualistic associations with primary symbiotic bacteria. Some species of Tephritinae, the most specialized subfamily of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) harbour co-evolved, vertically transmitted and non-culturable bacterial symbionts in their midgut, known as Candidatus Stammerula spp. (Enterobacteriaceae). While such associations have previously been reported in the Palearctic and Hawaiian Archipelago, their occurrence in Australasia had not been investigated. In this study we assessed the genetic diversity of eight Australian fruit fly's species from six genera belonging to the Tephritini tribe using mitochondrial markers (16 S rRNA and COI-tRNALeu-COII genes) and compared their bacterial diversity using the 16 S rRNA gene. We detected the presence of specific symbiotic bacteria in all sampled species. Analysis of bacterial 16 S rRNA showed that, with one exception, all Australian symbionts clustered in a well-supported monophyletic clade with Ca. Stammerula detected in Palearctic and Hawaiian Tephritini. Distinct Stammerula lineages were identified in several taxa, while two species, Trupanea prolata and Spathulina acroleuca shared identical symbiont sequences and the same host plant. Notably, Australian and Palearctic Sphenella spp. harboured closely related symbionts. The cophylogenetic analysis revealed a substantial congruence between host and symbiont tree, supporting a history of cospeciation and suggesting biogeographic links between Australasian and Palearctic taxa. Overall, the results expand the geographic knowledge of Tephritini-Ca. Stammerula association and highlight a global pattern of co-diversification.}, }
@article {pmid41501153, year = {2026}, author = {Yamborko, N and Schwab, L and Polerecky, L and Davoudpour, Y and Berthelot, H and Musat, N and Milferstedt, K and Hamelin, J and Richnow, HH and Vogt, C and Stryhanyuk, H}, title = {Restoration of deuterium marker for multi-isotope mapping of cellular metabolic activity.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {883}, pmid = {41501153}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Deuterium/metabolism ; *Isotope Labeling/methods ; Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion/methods ; Biomass ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Investigation of cellular metabolic activity with stable-isotope probing (SIP) implies the admittance of an isotope tracer into the metabolic pathway. Incubation with several isotope-markers (multi-isotope tracing) is required to trace nutrient metabolization and elucidate inter-cellular interactions in complex hosts and environmental communities. To cope with the lability of cell nutrition, deuterium in heavy [2]H2[16]O water is employed as a substrate-independent general tracer of metabolic activity. However, the spatially-resolved deuterium tracing is hampered by detection limits due to its relatively low ionization yield and mass-interference issues. In the present work, we comprehensively assess the quantitation of deuterium incorporation into biomass employing the outstanding capabilities of nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry facilitating quantitative analysis of metabolic activity with single-cell or subcellular resolution. The effect of ion-probe-induced material relocation on the acquired pattern in [2]H enrichment has been considered. Analytical expressions are suggested for the restoration of the deuterium fraction from the unresolved C2[2]H-C2[1]H2 mass-interference. Application of the suggested principle of equal relative assimilation and the multi-isotope tracing with the [2]H-marker on a phototrophic symbiotic consortium paves the way to sensing the metabolic interplay among cells, recognition of homeostatic and shifted nutrition, checking for completeness of isotope-labelling and elucidation of nonlabelled substrate contribution.}, }
@article {pmid41500605, year = {2026}, author = {Tanaka, N and Kuriki, K and Okubo, T and Enoeda, Y and Konno, A and Nakamura, S and Sato, T and Yokota, SI and Yamaguchi, H}, title = {Symbiont- and Bacterial Cell Size-dependent Backpacking and Grazing of Acanthamoeba.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25024}, pmid = {41500605}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology/cytology ; *Acanthamoeba/microbiology/physiology ; Legionella pneumophila/physiology ; }, abstract = {On solid media, Acanthamoeba harboring the endosymbiotic bacterium (Neochlamydia) carries live Escherichia coli on its cell surface without phagocytosing this bacterium, and defends against infection by Legionella pneumophila of a small size in an endosymbiotic bacterium-dependent manner. This implies the presence of an unknown protective mechanism. Therefore, we exami-ned the physical properties of the carried bacteria using transposon insertion mutants that had lost the "backpack" on solid media. A mutant was selected from a library in which the nhaA gene, encoding a Na[+]/H[+] antiporter, was disrupted. The knockout mutant was longer than the parental strain and was gradually consumed by symbiotic amoebae. Similarly, the NhaA-knockout mutant strain was longer and lacked the backpack. The complementation of nhaA restored bacterial cells to their normal size, and the backpack phenomenon reappeared. Using E. coli elongated by a treatment with mitomycin C, the backpack was not evident, and enlarged bacteria were consumed by symbiotic amoebae. Therefore, symbiotic amoebae protected themselves from intruders by not engulfing small bacteria in an endosymbiosis-dependent manner. The present results propose a novel countermeasure by phagocytic cells against intruders that involves the recognition of bacterial sizes and is dependent on endosymbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41500269, year = {2026}, author = {Forni, G and Martelossi, J and Morel, B and Pistone, D and Bandi, C and Montagna, M}, title = {Large-scale phylogenomics reveals convergent genome evolution across repeated transitions to endosymbiosis in Enterobacterales.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108532}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108532}, pmid = {41500269}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {Symbiogenesis stands among the major transitions in the history of life on Earth. Over the past three decades, extensive research has focused on specific host-symbiont associations to investigate their genome evolution. However, the idiosyncratic sequence evolution of endosymbionts has made it challenging to establish a robust phylogenetic framework for identifying broad-scale evolutionary patterns. Here, we establish the first genome-scale phylogenomic resolution for the Enterobacterales order, encompassing both free-living and endosymbiont species, and provide an analysis of gene loss and acquisition dynamics at scale. By examining over 200 genomes, we show remarkable consistency in phenomena previously known from scattered observations: a spike in gene loss invariably accompanies the shift to endosymbiosis, followed by a slower but continuous rate of gene erosion; gene acquisition processes are reduced after the lifestyle shift. Furthermore, convergence in gene family loss across independent and distantly related symbiotic lineages is observed, with genes having conserved functions and evolving under strong constraints lost at lower rates. Our results unify scattered observations into a broad-scale view of the consequences of endosymbiont genome evolution and highlight the roles of gene essentiality and dispensability in shaping convergent evolutionary trajectories.}, }
@article {pmid41499395, year = {2026}, author = {Ansaldo, E and Yong, D and Carrillo, N and McFadden, T and Abid, M and Corral, D and Rivera, C and Farley, T and Bouladoux, N and Gribonika, I and Belkaid, Y}, title = {T-bet-expressing Tr1 cells driven by dietary signals dominate the small intestinal immune landscape.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {2}, pages = {e2520747122}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2520747122}, pmid = {41499395}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {NA//HHS | NIH | NIAID | Division of Intramural Research (DIR)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Intestine, Small/immunology ; Interleukin-10/metabolism/immunology ; *T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism/immunology/genetics ; T-bet Transcription Factor ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology ; *T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Diet ; Immunity, Mucosal ; }, abstract = {Intestinal immunity defends against enteric pathogens, mediates symbiotic relationships with the resident microbiota, and provides tolerance to food antigens, safeguarding critical nutrient absorption and barrier functions of this mucosal tissue. Despite the abundance of tissue resident activated T cells, their contributions to these various roles remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a dominant population of IL-10 producing, T-bet-expressing Tr1 T cells, residing in the small intestinal lamina propria at homeostasis. Remarkably, these intestinal Tr1 cells emerge at the time of weaning and accumulate independently of the microbiota displaying similar abundance, function, and TCR repertoire under germ-free conditions. Instead, the small intestinal T-bet[+] Tr1 program is driven and shaped by dietary antigens, and accumulates in a cDC1-IL-27-dependent manner. Upon activation, these cells robustly express IL-10 and multiple inhibitory receptors, establishing a distinct suppressive profile. Altogether, this work uncovers a previously unappreciated dominant player in homeostatic small intestinal immunity with the potential to play critical suppressive roles in this tissue, raising important implications for the understanding of immune regulation in the intestine.}, }
@article {pmid41498165, year = {2025}, author = {Jin, Y and Chen, Z and Malik, K and Li, C}, title = {Foliar Epichloë gansuensis Endophyte and Root-Originated Bacillus subtilis LZU7 Increases Biomass Accumulation and Synergistically Improve Nitrogen Fixation in Achnatherum inebrians.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11070466}, pmid = {41498165}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {32201445, 2021M701525, 2024M761243, 22JR5RA434, 22ZSCQD01, 22JR5RA532, lzujbky-2022-kb02, lzujbky-2023-49 and [2021]794//The work supported by the National Science Foundation of China, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Gansu Province Outstanding Doctoral Students Project, Intellectual Property Plan (Targeted Organization) Project of Gansu Administration for Market/ ; }, abstract = {Although drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) can be simultaneously infected by the foliar endophyte Epichloë gansuensis and colonized by Bacillus subtilis, it remains unclear whether Epichloë endophyte symbiosis influences B. subtilis colonization, as well as how their interaction affects nitrogen fixation and assimilation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether E. gansuensis endophyte infection facilitates the colonization of B. subtilis in the roots of host plants, with a focus on understanding the interaction effects of the E. gansuensis endophyte and B. subtilis on plant growth and nutrient absorption. In this study, we measured the colony growth rate of B. subtilis LZU7 when co-cultured with E. gansuensis strains. In addition to an in vitro test, we investigated the root colonization of Epichloë endophyte-infected plants (E+) and Epichloë endophyte-free plants (E-) with the GFP-tagged B. subtilis LZU7 in an inoculation test. Furthermore, we evaluated the interactions between E. gansuensis endophyte symbiosis and B. subtilis LZU7 colonization on the dry weight, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen converting-enzyme activity, and nutrients for E+ and E- plants by labeling with [15]N2. The results showed that the growth rates of B. subtilis LZU7 were altered and increased in a co-culture with the E. gansuensis endophyte. A significantly greater colonization of GFP-tagged B. subtilis LZU7 was detected in the roots of E+ plants compared with the roots of E- plants, suggesting that E. gansuensis endophyte symbiosis enhances the colonization of beneficial microorganisms. The combination of E. gansuensis endophyte symbiosis and B. subtilis LZU7 inoculation significantly altered the expression of the nitrogenase (nifH) gene, thereby promoting increased biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The E. gansuensis endophyte infection and inoculation with B. subtilis LZU7 significantly increased δ15NAir in plants. Co-inoculation with the E. gansuensis endophyte and B. subtilis LZU7 significantly elevated NH4[+] accumulation in the roots, depleted the NH4[+] availability in the surrounding soil, and showed no measurable impact on the foliar NH4[+] content. The observed alterations in the NH4[+] content were linked to nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that promoted nitrogen fixation, thereby enhancing nitrogen uptake and contributing to greater biomass production in A. inebrians. Our findings highlighted the fact that a foliar symbiosis with the E. gansuensis endophyte enhances the recruitment of beneficial bacteria, and that the resulting interaction significantly impacts nitrogen fixation, assimilation, and allocation in host plants.}, }
@article {pmid41497673, year = {2025}, author = {Katchieva, PK and Katchieva, KK and Kipkeeva, FI and Kharaeva, ZF and Smeianov, VV}, title = {Kefir revisited: Insights from the North Caucasus.}, journal = {World journal of experimental medicine}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {112191}, pmid = {41497673}, issn = {2220-315X}, abstract = {Kefir is a probiotic fermented milk product, distributed throughout the world from the North Caucasus, formed by fermenting milk with kefir grains. Kefir grains represent a striking example of microbial symbiosis between bacteria and fungi. Despite the extensive shifts in microbial composition during milk fermentation, the composition of kefir grains remains relatively constant. The evolutionary origin of such a stable symbiont remains unclear. There are multiple reports of differences between commercial kefir-like products and kefir prepared according to traditional techniques by fermenting milk with indigenous kefir grains. Modern research is aimed at studying the health properties of kefir and kefir grain components. To accurately represent the evolutionary origin of kefir grains, the characteristics of important species or consortia for the development of new promising products, it is essential to study the composition of samples of historical kefir origin, particularly the Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkarian Republics of the North Caucasus.}, }
@article {pmid41497614, year = {2025}, author = {Marquez Alcaraz, G and Narayanan, S and Alcock, J and Ayers, JD and Baciu, C and Berman, HL and Dunn, RR and Fortunato, A and May, A and Maley, CC and Siegel, J and Yavari, B and Aktipis, A}, title = {Does Fermentation Enhance Beverage Safety? Kombucha's Resistance to Microbial Invasion Suggests a Protective Role.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.64898/2025.12.23.696228}, pmid = {41497614}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Does fermentation enhance the safety of beverages? This study investigates kombucha's resilience to microbial invasion from human hands. Kombucha, an ancient fermented tea, relies on a biofilm known as a symbiotic community of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and a starter culture to ferment sweet tea, producing various metabolites including gluconic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. While fermented foods have been historically associated with potential health benefits, direct evidence comparing the prevalence of human pathogens in fermented versus non-fermented beverages has been lacking. To address this, we conducted a citizen science experiment at Arizona State University, introducing swabs from people's palms into both kombucha and a sweet tea control. Over 30 days, we monitored the bacterial and fungal composition using 16S and ITS rRNA sequencing. Our findings reveal that kombucha maintained a relatively stable microbial profile and physical appearance, with a typical SCOBY biofilm developing. In stark contrast, the sweet tea experienced a dramatic change in microbial composition and was visibly compromised by rapidly growing microorganisms. Importantly, this suggests that the complex microbial ecosystem of kombucha can limit the growth of foreign microbes introduced from human hands. Given that human pathogens were absent from the kombucha while present in the tea samples, our results indicate that the antimicrobial properties of fermentation byproducts and the physical barrier of the SCOBY may contribute to this resilience. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying kombucha's resistance to microbial invasion.}, }
@article {pmid41496470, year = {2026}, author = {Badri Abdulhadi Mohammed Al-Haidari, D and Chavoshi, E and Al-Kellabi, H and Baharlouei, J}, title = {AMF-mediated modulation of growth and chlorophyll content in two ornamental plant species under lead stress.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2025.2612198}, pmid = {41496470}, issn = {1549-7879}, abstract = {Lead (Pb) contamination in soil presents a major threat to plant health and ecosystem integrity, particularly in urban areas with ornamental plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) mitigates heavy metal toxicity, but comparative data across ornamental species are limited. This study investigated Rhizophagus irregularis effects on Pb uptake and physiological traits in ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus) under five Pb levels (0-200 mg Pb/kg soil) in a greenhouse using a factorial experimental design. Results showed that AMF reduced Pb translocation from roots to shoots in both species. At 200 mg/kg Pb, root Pb concentrations decreased from 67.8 ± 3.2 mg/kg to 54.6 ± 2.9 mg/kg in ornamental cabbage, and from 63.2 ± 3.0 mg/kg to 51.7 ± 2.8 mg/kg in gladiolus due to AMF inoculation. Chlorophyll content and shoot biomass also declined less severely in AMF-treated plants. Notably, gladiolus plants exhibited higher AMF colonization (70.2% at 0 mg/kg Pb) and maintained greater stability in growth and chlorophyll content than ornamental cabbage, indicating a species-specific variation in symbiotic efficiency and Pb stress tolerance. These results highlight species-specific benefits of AMF under Pb stress and underscore the potential of integrating diverse ornamental and crop species in phytoremediation strategies based on their symbiotic compatibility.}, }
@article {pmid41496451, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, P and Jiang, F and Xue, Z and Bu, F and Zhu, W and Zhang, Y and Wen, T and Li, Y and Zhang, P and Cai, Y and Niu, C and Li, S and Zhou, Y and Cheng, X}, title = {The Medicago SPX1/3-PHR2 Network Relays Phosphate Signaling to Orchestrate Root Nodulation-dependent Nitrogen Acquisition by Controlling Flavonoid Biosynthesis.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101695}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2026.101695}, pmid = {41496451}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {The formation of symbiotic associations with rhizospheric microbes is an important strategy for sessile plants to acquire nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Root exudate plays a key role in shaping the rhizosphere microbiome. Depending on their needs for nitrogen or phosphorus, plants can adjust the composition of root exudate to attract the appropriate microbes. Flavonoids, a group of secondary metabolites, have been well studied for their role in shaping the root microbiome, particularly in mediating root nodule symbiosis in legumes. However, the mechanism by which plants regulate the absorption of microbe-mediated nitrogen and phosphorus remains unclear. Here, we show that the Medicago truncatula phosphate starvation response regulatory network SPX1/3-PHR2 controls flavonoid biosynthesis to recruit nitrogen-fixing microbes for nitrogen acquisition. Nitrogen-fixing microbes, including rhizobia, were fewer recruited in the rhizosphere of the spx1spx3 double mutant. This was caused by lower flavonoid levels in the root exudate compared to wild-type plants R108. Further results indicate that the control of flavonoid biosynthesis is exerted via PHR2, the interacting transcription factor of SPX1/3. Under phosphate-limiting conditions, PHR2 suppresses the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes to reduce root nodule symbiosis levels. Under phosphate-sufficient conditions, the interaction between SPX1/3 and PHR2 releases this suppression, thereby promoting root nodule symbiosis. We further showed that PHR2 can bind to the promoter regions of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in yeast. We propose that the SPX1/3-PHR2 network can modulate root nodule-dependent nitrogen acquisition in response to phosphate levels. Thus, the SPX1/3-PHR2 module contributes to maintaining a balance in microbe-mediated nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition for optimal plant growth.}, }
@article {pmid41494429, year = {2026}, author = {Guo, H and Hua, Y and Chen, B and Lian, J and Wang, L and Hu, S and Kong, Q and Wu, H}, title = {Exploring utilization of modified ferrous sulfide-based materials in constructed wetlands to enhance nitrogen removal: Performance, microbial species interactions and community assembly mechanisms.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {292}, number = {}, pages = {125326}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2026.125326}, pmid = {41494429}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Constructed wetlands (CWs), as an ecological remediation technology, have been widely applied in purifying nitrogen-containing wastewater. However, their denitrification efficiency is often limited in low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) wastewater due to insufficient electron donors. This study innovatively prepared two different ferrous sulfide-based materials, namely sodium alginate (SA) coated ferrous sulfide (FeS) (CW2: SA@FeS400), as well as FeS and zero valent iron (CW3: SA@Fe[0]-FeS), and used them as the substrates in CWs. Moreover, long-term denitrification performances of different CWs, as well as their impact on denitrification enzyme activity, electron transfer activity, and microbial community composition were further explored. Results showed that CW2 (73.93 %) and CW3 (73.61 %) had higher nitrate removal efficiencies compared to control group (CW1: 45.53 %). As hydraulic retention time and carbon-to‑nitrogen ratio (C/N) decreased, the nitrate removal efficiency in CW2 was relatively stable and high, while nitrate removal efficiencies in CW1 and CW3 significantly decreased. FeS-based materials enhanced the electron transfer activity and denitrifying enzyme activity of CWs, as well as enriching functional microorganisms. Additionally, FeS-based materials can significantly enhance the nitrogen removal by promoting the redox cycling of FeS and strengthening the synergistic symbiotic relationships among nitrifying bacterial communities. This study could provide a new insight for the optimization of inorganic electron acceptors in CWs to improve the nitrate removal from low C/N wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid41494276, year = {2026}, author = {Romo-Araiza, A and Márquez, LA and Rocha-Botello, G and Galván, EJ and Ponce-Lopez, T and Fernández-Presas, AM and Jasso-Chávez, R and Cueto, MF and Bustamante-Laguna, D and Alfaro-González, A and Pérez-Arreola, A and Aguirre-Rivera, C and Mejía, II and Ibarra-Garcia, AP and García-Vences, E and Rodriguez-Barrera, R and Cruz-Martinez, Y and Albores-Méndez, EM and Vargas, MA and Rodriguez-Serrano, LM and Ibarra, A}, title = {Symbiotic (L. acidophilus and Agave Inulin) Prevents Cognitive Impairment in High-Fat Diet/STZ Rats.}, journal = {Archives of medical research}, volume = {57}, number = {4}, pages = {103368}, doi = {10.1016/j.arcmed.2025.103368}, pmid = {41494276}, issn = {1873-5487}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes has been linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and an imbalance in the gut microbiota, all of which contribute to neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Gut microbiota influence inflammation and produce various substances, including butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that promotes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is essential for memory. This study investigated whether prebiotics, probiotics, or a combination of both (symbiotics) could improve memory in diabetic rats.<br><br>METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control; diabetic and obese (induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin); diabetic and obese with prebiotics (inulin); diabetic and obese with probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus); and diabetic and obese with symbiotics (inulin + L. acidophilus). Treatments lasted 42 d. Memory performance was evaluated using the Morris water maze (spatial memory) and the Eight-arm radial maze (working memory). After testing, hippocampal tissue was analyzed for inflammatory markers (TNF-&#x3b1;, IL-10), BDNF, and butyric acid.<br><br>RESULTS: Diabetes impaired memory and increased neuroinflammatory markers. All supplemented groups showed improved memory. The symbiotic group exhibited the most pronounced benefits, with higher levels of BDNF, IL-10, and butyric acid, and reduced TNF-&#x3b1;. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that diabetes reduced the firing frequency of CA1 pyramidal cells and decreased the synaptic strength in the hippocampus. Symbiotic supplementation preserved these neuronal and synaptic functions.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Symbiotic treatment effectively countered diabetes-induced cognitive deficits by reducing neuroinflammation, increasing neurotrophic support, and maintaining synaptic plasticity. These results imply that altering the gut microbiota through symbiotic supplementation may be an effective approach to prevent or mitigate diabetes-associated cognitive decline.}, }
@article {pmid41494259, year = {2026}, author = {Seberi Riseh, R and Vatankhah, M and Hassanisaadi, M and Khandani, Y and Skorik, YA}, title = {Chitosan-based biostimulants for improving soil health, water and nutrient availability.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1013}, number = {}, pages = {181305}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181305}, pmid = {41494259}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Chitosan-based biostimulants have gained significant attention as potential solutions for improving soil health and optimizing nutrient uptake in agricultural systems. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, exhibits unique properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and plant growth-promoting effects, making it an attractive candidate for improving soil health. Chitosan-based biostimulants interact with soil microorganisms, stimulating their activity and promoting beneficial symbiotic relationships. This interaction enhances nutrient cycling, improves soil structure, and increases water-holding capacity. In addition, chitosan-based biostimulants are critical for enhancing root development, increasing nutrient solubility, and facilitating ion exchange, thereby improving nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency. By improving nutrient availability, these biostimulants increase crop productivity and reduce fertilizer use. In addition to their effects on soil health and nutrient uptake, chitosan-based biostimulants have demonstrated the potential to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses. They help plants cope with stress by improving water and nutrient availability, enhancing antioxidant defenses, and regulating stress-responsive genes. While the benefits of chitosan-based biostimulants are evident, further research is needed to optimize their efficacy and ensure their safety for long-term use. This review highlights the role of chitosan-based biostimulants in agricultural systems, focusing on biotic and abiotic stress and on improving soil health.}, }
@article {pmid41493865, year = {2026}, author = {Yan, Y and Zhu, Z and Zheng, S and Xu, H and Zhao, Y and He, K and Zhao, Y}, title = {HarmoFGL: Harmonizing GNN Latent Factors for Federated Graph Learning.}, journal = {IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems}, volume = {PP}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1109/TNNLS.2025.3648828}, pmid = {41493865}, issn = {2162-2388}, abstract = {Federated graph learning (FGL), as a privacy-preserving paradigm for distributed graph data training, aims to resolve graph data isolation issues under the framework of federated learning (FL). Despite the significant efforts made by existing FGL methods, two key challenges are still not well addressed: 1) how to mitigate graph heterogeneity in clients arising from feature deviation and structural deviation and 2) how to devise a favorable aggregation mechanism to maximize the client's benefit from collaborative training with privacy preserving. To tackle these issues, we take a perspective of latent factor and propose a HarmoFGL framework by Harmonizing graph neural network (GNN) latent factors for Federated Graph Learning, achieving cross-client federated training by coordinating personalized aggregation and client-level representation in a symbiotic space. To alleviate feature deviation, an implicit feature crossing (IFC) approach is proposed through the disentanglement of higher order feature dependency into client-universal and client-specific interactions. As for the graph heterogeneity induced by structural deviation, we establish a cross-client symbiotic parameter space spanned by GNN latent factors, on which a client-level representation is derived to characterize the inherent properties of clients. On the server side, on the basis of client relevance-driven personalized parameter aggregation, graph Laplacian regularization on client-level representations is implemented for collaborative training. Experimental results on five public graph datasets and two medical datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of HarmoFGL.}, }
@article {pmid41493715, year = {2026}, author = {Habibi, S and Seerat, AY and Aryan, S and Yasuda, M and Agake, SI and Ohkama-Ohtsu, N and Mortuza, MF and Yokoyama, T}, title = {The genetic diversity, symbiotic efficiency, and drought resilience of rhizobia associated with mung bean in central and northern regions of Afghanistan.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {27}, pmid = {41493715}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {25292209//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41493584, year = {2026}, author = {Kirichek, EA and Tsyganova, AV and Flores-Félix, JD and Velázquez, E and Tsyganov, VE}, title = {Symbiotic compatibility between Rhizobium laguerreae and its host.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {2}, pages = {91}, pmid = {41493584}, issn = {1432-072X}, support = {23-16-00090//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 23-16-00090//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Rhizobium/genetics/physiology/classification ; *Pisum sativum/microbiology/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Genotype ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {The efficiency of interaction between legumes and rhizobia depends on the genotypes of both partners, which may lead to inefficient symbiosis. This study examined interactions between three pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes and six Rhizobium laguerreae strains classified into three genospecies (gsN, gsO, gsR) via whole-genome phylogenetic analysis. The peculiarities of interaction between each pea genotype and each strain were studied at histological and ultrastructural levels. Both normally developing symbioses and those with various disruptions in the infection process, bacterial release, differentiation of bacteria into bacteroids, and the ability of bacteroids to maintain their functional activity were identified. It was shown that cv. 'Rondo' was the most successful in forming symbioses with R. laguerreae strains, in turn, strain AMPS05 was the most effective on all three pea genotypes studied. Thus, the efficiency of interaction in symbioses formed between pea and R. laguerreae strains depends on the genotypes of both partners.}, }
@article {pmid41493061, year = {2026}, author = {Liu, H and Xu, J and Xie, F}, title = {Autoactive MtDMI1 Reprogrammes Immunity and Development in Tomato via Ethylene Signalling.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pbi.70533}, pmid = {41493061}, issn = {1467-7652}, support = {2024YFA0918200//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; XDB0630103//Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 32170243//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32300212//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The Common Symbiosis Signalling Pathway (CSSP) underpins interactions between plants and microbes, yet its potential for crop improvement remains underexplored. Here, we investigated the gain-of-function mutant SPD1 (MtDMI1[S760N]), which constitutively activates the symbiotic signalling pathway in Medicago truncatula, by expressing it in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom). Heterologous expression of SPD1 constitutively activated ethylene biosynthesis, leading to broad-spectrum resistance against fungal, bacterial, and vascular pathogens. Beyond immunity, SPD1 reprogrammed tomato development, accelerating seed germination, flowering, and fruit ripening, while reducing arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation and primary root growth. Transcriptome analysis revealed constitutive activation of ethylene biosynthesis and immune marker genes, consistent with increased ethylene emission and amplified ROS and MAPK response to both pathogenic and symbiotic elicitors. Ethylene inhibitor AVG reversed both immune activation and root defects, confirming a central role of ethylene signalling in SPD1-mediated reprogramming. Our findings show that an autoactivate legume symbiotic component can reprogramme defence and development traits in a non-legume via ethylene signalling, highlighting SPD1 as a promising tool for breeding early-maturing and disease-resistance crops.}, }
@article {pmid41489776, year = {2026}, author = {Han, P and Guo, D and Zhang, M and Wu, X and Mu, D and Shi, Y and Zhao, R and Zheng, T and Li, X}, title = {Integrated multi-omics reveals microbial and metabolic mechanisms driving enhanced fermentation quality in cigar tobacco leaves with exogenous additives.}, journal = {Bioresources and bioprocessing}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {41489776}, issn = {2197-4365}, abstract = {Natural exogenous additives (EA) suitable for the tobacco fermentation need to be developed to enhance the fermentation quality and economic value of low-grade cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs). This study analyzed the impacts of three compound Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) on metabolites and microorganisms during CTLs fermentation. The results manifested that EA facilitated the degradation of total sugar, starch and protein, while enhancing the accumulation of reducing sugar in CTLs. Furthermore, EA raised contents of free amino acids (FAAs), while Asp, Glu, Ser and His were found to be key differential FAAs of CTLs. During fermentation, the total contents of volatile flavor components (VFCs) initially increased and then declined. Furthermore, EA contributed to more harmonious compositions of VFCs by promoting the formation of neophytadiene, ketones, esters and aldehydes, as well as facilitating nicotine degradation. According to variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1 and odor activity value (OAV) > 1, 7 key differential VFCs were identified. EA enhanced positive microbial interactions and led to a more stable and coordinated symbiotic network. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified 9 genera as differentially dominant microorganisms in CTLs, which were closely associated with chemical compositions and key differential flavor metabolites. In addition, EA promoted cigar tobacco characteristics (CTCs) by altering bacterial alpha diversity and influencing the assembly of dominant microbial communities. Overall, this study offered theoretical insights into the innovative applications of CHM in CTLs fermentation, and presented new perspectives for enhancing CTLs quality and customizing flavor profiles.}, }
@article {pmid41488311, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Ke, J and Yang, H and Liu, X and Zhang, J and Huangfu, M and Liu, J and Zhu, W and Wang, A and Chen, RW and Li, X}, title = {Seasonal dynamics of Galaxea fascicularis holobiont from physiological to transcriptional responses and implications for natural resilience.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1707108}, pmid = {41488311}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Monitoring seasonal changes in coral holobionts throughout the year is essential for understanding coral resilience and symbiotic responses. Previous studies have focused on short-term or specific seasonal changes, limiting their ability to capture annual variations. This study on Galaxea fascicularis in the South China Sea integrates physiological, symbiotic, and transcriptomic analyses across all seasons. In spring, upregulation of Symbiodiniaceae photosynthetic genes and lipid synthesis genes enhances coral photosynthesis and lipid accumulation, promoting growth and reproduction. During July-September, seawater temperatures at the Wuzhizhou Island approached the coral bleaching alert level 2. Summer heat stress reduced photosynthetic capacity, shifted corals to heterotrophy (Δ[h-z 13]C < 0), and increased MDA content threefold. Signaling pathways, antioxidant systems, and immune pathways were activated. Coral recovery began in autumn and winter after the summer heat and reproduction. In autumn, autotrophy increased, and immunity was activated to repair oxidative damage. In winter, processes for skeleton growth, energy storage, and metabolism were enhanced. Endosymbiotic Durusidinium remained stable, while Endozoicomonas abundance decreased in summer. In winter, potential pathogenic bacteria like Acinetobacter increased. These findings highlight the coral holobiont's synergistic response to seasonal changes, validating coral resilience and guiding artificial restoration strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41488302, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, S}, title = {Mechanisms of gut microbiota in host fat deposition: metabolites, signaling pathways, and translational applications.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1675155}, pmid = {41488302}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Obesity and metabolic diseases are global health challenges, with gut microbiota playing a critical role in host fat deposition through symbiotic interactions. In recent years, the gut microbiota, as an important factor regulating fat deposition, has received widespread attention. Numerous studies have confirmed that gut microbes influence host fat accumulation by regulating energy metabolism, inflammatory response, and gut barrier function. In this review, we summarized the key roles of gut microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids, tryptophan metabolites, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in host epigenetic regulation and lipid metabolism, and explored their regulatory mechanisms through mediated signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, transforming growth factor beta/SMAD3 pathway (TGF-β/SMAD3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). In terms of translational applications, we described the research progress and application potentials of intervention strategies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and fecal transplantation in obesity control and animal production. Finally, we proposed the current bottlenecks and translational challenges in obesity control by precision nutrition and microecological intervention, and look forward to future directions. This review provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth understanding of the interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism, and serves as a reference for the prevention and control of metabolic diseases by developing nutritional intervention strategies for animals.}, }
@article {pmid41487361, year = {2025}, author = {Vyas, V and Singh, S and Choudhary, S and Bhoi, TK and Dey, P and Saraswat, A}, title = {Pheno-morphological and biochemical characterization of root nodules and associated root nodulating bacteria from Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre in the arid regions of India.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1717750}, pmid = {41487361}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is a resilient leguminous tree valued for its biofuel potential and ability to flourish in marginal soils due to symbiotic nitrogen fixation by root-nodulating bacteria (RNB). Understanding the phenomorphological, soil, and biochemical characteristics of its associated RNB is essential for enhancing productivity in arid regions. This study aimed to characterize RNB isolates associated with P. pinnata and assess how soil properties and nodule biochemistry influence plant growth in the arid ecosystems of western Rajasthan.<br><br>METHODS: Twenty RNB isolates (PP-01 to PP-20) were collected from P. pinnata nodules across arid sites. Rhizospheric soil samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameters, including pH, EC, organic carbon, and nutrient contents. Nodules were examined for morphology and nitrogen-fixing activity. Biochemical profiling of isolates included phenolics, tannins, FRAP, and total antioxidant capacity. Seedling growth responses to individual isolates were evaluated under controlled conditions. Statistical analyses included multiple regression, stepwise regression, PCA, and hierarchical cluster analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Soils were alkaline (pH 8.2-9.1) with moderate EC (1.18-1.89 dS m[-]&#xb9;) and heterogeneous nutrient availability. Nodules exhibited diverse morphology with active nitrogen fixation. Seedling growth differed significantly among isolates, with PP-18, PP-19, and PP-20 showing the highest performance. Biochemical traits varied widely; isolates PP-08, PP-09, PP-14, and PP-20 demonstrated superior antioxidant activity. Multiple regression identified nitrogen, potassium, pH, organic carbon, tannin, and antioxidant content as positive contributors to growth, while phosphorus, phenol, and EC were negative predictors (R&#xb2; = 0.85). Stepwise regression indicated nitrogen, pH, organic carbon, and tannin as the most influential variables (R&#xb2; = 0.61). PCA explained 98.8% of the total variance and distinctly separated isolates based on biochemical and growth characteristics. Cluster analysis grouped the twenty sites into three clusters corresponding to soil fertility gradients.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The study demonstrates that both soil nutrient status and nodule biochemical composition jointly regulate P. pinnata growth under arid conditions. High-performing isolates, particularly PP-18, PP-19, and PP-20, possess favourable physiological and biochemical attributes supportive of plant growth. The strong discriminatory power of PCA and clustering highlights the ecological differentiation among isolates across fertility gradients. These results underscore the potential of selecting site-specific, elite RNB strains to enhance P. pinnata productivity, soil fertility, and sustainable agroforestry in arid landscapes.}, }
@article {pmid41487052, year = {2026}, author = {Körnig, J and Beneš, V and Manthey, C and Reichelt, M and Kunert, G and Paetz, C and Kutzschbach, J and Lampe, P and Kaltenpoth, M and Beran, F}, title = {Glucosinolate hydrolysis products suppress entomopathogenic nematodes in vitro but do not protect sequestering flea beetle larvae in vivo.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70482}, pmid = {41487052}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Max-Planck-Gesellschaft/ ; //Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the biological control of insect pests can be influenced by the host's chemical defenses. Phyllotreta flea beetles, among the most destructive pests of Brassica crops, deploy highly reactive glucosinolate hydrolysis products as a defense against natural enemies. Here, we investigate the susceptibility of EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria to glucosinolate hydrolysis products and assess how this defense shapes the interaction between the horseradish flea beetle, Phyllotreta armoraciae, and EPNs.<br><br>RESULTS: Glucosinolate hydrolysis products were detected in uninjured P. armoraciae larvae but not in adults, and their levels were unaffected by EPN infection. EPNs and their bacterial symbionts were susceptible to glucosinolate hydrolysis products in vitro, with EPN immotility rates ranging from 35% to 96% and bacterial growth suppression from 20% to 85% at biologically relevant concentrations. However, reducing the levels of glucosinolate hydrolysis products in larvae, either by silencing myrosinase gene expression or by feeding on different Arabidopsis genotypes, did not make them more susceptible to EPNs. Nevertheless, the food plant influenced larval susceptibility to EPNs and the relative abundance of EPN bacterial symbionts in infected larvae.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Although glucosinolate hydrolysis products are toxic to EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria, they did not protect P. armoraciae larvae from EPN infection. However, the larval food plant influenced EPN susceptibility and bacterial community composition, highlighting the role of host plant traits in shaping insect-EPN interactions. These findings provide new insights into the limitations of EPN-based biocontrol against glucosinolate-sequestering pests. &#xa9; 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41486108, year = {2026}, author = {Jiang, M and Qu, J and Cao, W and Zou, X and Liu, J and Li, M}, title = {Beauveria bassiana acts as a beneficial endophyte in tea crops, modulating microbial communities and metabolic pathways to enhance plant growth.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-025-08004-5}, pmid = {41486108}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {Nos. 32160026 and 32060038//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; QianKeHe-ZK[2022]034//the Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province/ ; [2020]9//the Talent Fund of Guizhou University/ ; 20230093904557141120//the Guizhou Dashahe Nature Reserve Management Bureau/ ; ZhongYanQianKe 2024XM16//Science and Technology Project of the China Tobacco Guizhou Industry Limited Liability Company/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41484525, year = {2026}, author = {Papazoglou, AS and Stefanaki, AS and Linos, D}, title = {Gut Microbiome Care as a Gateway to Mental Well-being and Theological Restoration.}, journal = {Journal of religion and health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41484525}, issn = {1573-6571}, abstract = {Recent research has highlighted the profound connection between the gut microbiome and overall human health, particularly its impact on mental well-being. The potential of "psychobiotic" interventions to foster resilience and emotional stability is especially promising. Methodologically, this article offers a philosophical-theological exploration that interprets current microbiome research in dialog with Christian theological sources, emphasizing how human-microbe symbiosis shapes both mental health and theological understandings of the human person. The intricate relationship between the microbiome, mental health, and brain function, in turn, affects spirituality and challenges anthropocentric notions of human identity. Certain anthropological and theological perspectives suggest that the gut microbiome can be viewed as a divine gift that enhances human flourishing through symbiosis. Within this framework, the human person appears as a holobiont-a composite of body, soul, and microbial life-created for communion with God and others. As steward and priest of creation, the human-holobiont is called to actively participate in the divine work of creation and redemption through relational communion with others, including fellow humans, the natural environment, and the microbiota. Integrating scientific insights with theological reflection, this article proposes that microbiome care contributes not only to mental well-being but also to spiritual restoration and ecological ethics. A non-egocentric eco-Christological ethic could thus honor microbiome care as integral to human personhood and divine relationship, fostering harmony between humanity, creation, and the divine.}, }
@article {pmid41484454, year = {2026}, author = {Ibrahim, M and Khalil, AM and Attia, H and Alseekh, S and Mohamed, AF and El-Yamany, MF}, title = {Gut Microbiome-Sphingolipid Metabolism-Brain Axis Interactions: Neuroprotective Effects of Amitriptyline as Functional Inhibitor of Acid Sphingomyelinase in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy.}, journal = {Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {3}, pmid = {41484454}, issn = {1557-1904}, mesh = {Animals ; *Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/physiology ; Mice ; *Amitriptyline/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Tauopathies/metabolism/drug therapy ; *Brain/drug effects/metabolism ; *Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Sphingolipids/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; }, abstract = {Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). The gut microbiota (GM) is symbiotic with the host and altered in neurodegenerative diseases. Amitriptyline (AMI) is a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) which is abnormally highly expressed in brains of Alzheimer patients. Little data is known about the role of colonic ASM in management of tauopathy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of AMI on reversing gut dysbiosis, ceramide levels, colonic inflammation and intestinal barrier disruption in tauopathy through the bidirectional gut-brain axis. P301S transgenic mice were administered AMI for 35 days. Colonic ASM, ceramides, inflammation and membrane integrity were assessed besides fecal microbiome analysis and serum lipopolysaccharides to assess intestinal membrane disruption. Levels of hippocampal P-tau, protein phosphatase 2 A and neurogenesis were assessed along with cognitive behavior. AMI treatment significantly reduced colonic ASM, ceramide levels, increased abundance of Harryflintia, Dubosiella, and Parasutterella and decreased abundance of Lactobacillus, Lachnoclostridium, Oscillibacter, Oscillospiracea UCG-003, Colidextribacter, Roseburia, Butyricicoccus, and Sphingomondales. In contrast, P301S mice displayed an altered GM profile with enriched Firmicutes and Clostridia, and low proportions of Bacteroidota- a phylum associated with intestinal barrier protection-, and Ruminococcaceae. Also, AMI treatment decreased inflammation and restored colonic membrane integrity with subsequent decrease in serum lipopolysaccharides, P-tau in hippocampus and improvement in cognitive behaviour and neurogenesis. The current results indicate that AMI has neuroprotective effects against tauopathy through modulation of ASM activity, associated ceramide levels, GM composition, colonic inflammation and membrane integrity through bidirectional gut-brain axis.}, }
@article {pmid41483745, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Y and Lou, X and Chen, H and Xu, T and Tang, M}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation enhances Robinia pseudoacacia performance in zinc-contaminated soils via improved nutrient use and stress mitigation.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {231}, number = {}, pages = {111008}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.111008}, pmid = {41483745}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are recognized for their ability to mitigate the effects of zinc (Zn) stress in plants, though the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings were exposed to varying levels of Zn stress (0, 500, and 1000 mg kg[-1]) with or without inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis to explore how AMF symbiosis affects Zn uptake, phosphorus (P) acquisition, abscisic acid (ABA) distribution, and photosynthetic performance. Compared with the control, 500 mg kg[-1] Zn reduced shoot and root biomass by 35 % and 28 %, respectively, whereas 1000 mg kg[-1] Zn caused stronger inhibition, with reductions of 60.8 % and 56.0 %. Root P decreased by 25 % and 40 %, ABA distribution was altered, and photosynthetic rate and PSII efficiency declined. AMF inoculation mitigated these effects: Zn accumulation in roots and shoots decreased by 35 %, with higher root-to-shoot Zn ratios, which indicates enhanced Zn sequestration in roots. AMF-colonized plants also showed improved P uptake (40.4 %-75.1 %), increased ABA levels in roots (52.5 %-169.6 %), and alleviated reductions in biomass, net photosynthetic rate, and PSII efficiency under Zn stress. Additionally, the expression of photosynthesis-related genes (RprbcS, RppsbA, and RppsbD) was significantly upregulated in AMF-colonized plants. These findings suggest that AMF enhance tolerance to Zn stress in Robinia pseudoacacia by limiting Zn translocation to shoots, improving P acquisition, modulating ABA allocation, and maintaining photosynthetic efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid41483287, year = {2026}, author = {Ismet, MS and Aprilia, S and Bengen, DG and Radjasa, OK}, title = {Exploring the interaction between symbiotic bacteria from seagrass-associated sponges and biofilm-forming bacteria.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41483287}, issn = {1618-1905}, abstract = {Marine sponges rely on their intricate and varied bacterial communities to sustain their ecological balance and health. The structure and role of bacterial communities are affected by environmental factors and sponge species. One ecological function of symbiotic bacteria is to prevent the formation of biofilms by pathogenic bacteria that could potentially compromise sponges' health. This study investigates the antibiofilm activities of symbiotic bacteria isolated from seagrass associated sponges residing under dynamic conditions. Bacteria were isolated from various sponge species from seagrass ecosystem and assessed for their capacity to inhibit biofilm-forming bacteria discovered on submerged wood and fiber panels in contaminated marine habitats. A double-layer experiment was conducted utilizing Zobell 2216E media to evaluate antagonism among 44 bacterial isolates derived from nine sponge species. Twenty-five isolates exhibited inhibitory activity against five biofilm-forming bacteria, with FP2 being the most substantially inhibited strain. Eight symbiotic bacteria exhibited high to very high antibiofilm activity. Statistical analysis revealed groupings of bacteria with similar inhibition patterns, indicating a potential association with specific inhibitory mechanisms. The 16 S rRNA sequencing research revealed that the symbiotic bacteria are categorized into the Firmicutes and α- and γ-Proteobacteria groups, with potential unique strains identified. The findings suggest that bacteria from seagrass-associated sponges and their secondary metabolites could aid in the development of compounds for biofilm prevention and management.}, }
@article {pmid41483168, year = {2026}, author = {Prasad, B and Kumar, P and Dubey, RC}, title = {Advances in rhizobial technology: driving sustainable agriculture in the 21 st century.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {2}, pages = {81}, pmid = {41483168}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Agriculture/methods/trends ; *Crops, Agricultural/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Rhizobium/physiology/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Soil Microbiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Agricultural Inoculants ; }, abstract = {Rhizobial technology has become a transformative tool for environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture. Rhizobia are key nitrogen-fixing bacteria that enhance soil fertility and reduce reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. In addition to nitrogen fixation, they act as effective plant growth promoters by producing phytohormones, mobilising nutrients, and improving root development. Advances in bioinoculant engineering now support efficient symbiotic associations in both leguminous and non-leguminous crops, offering a green strategy to boost agricultural productivity. Rhizobia also help plants withstand abiotic and biotic stresses, and many strains display strong biocontrol abilities by producing antimicrobial compounds and suppressing phytopathogens. However, their field performance can be inconsistent due to poor survival during storage, competition with native microbes, environmental conditions, and limited farmer awareness. To overcome these challenges, strategies such as co-inoculation with compatible microbes, encapsulated formulations, genetic enhancement, improved agronomic practices, pathogen management, and farmer awareness are being developed to increase inoculant stability and effectiveness. Overall, rhizobial technology serves as a cornerstone of smart, sustainable farming, supporting food security, environmental protection, and the restoration of soil health for future green agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41482813, year = {2026}, author = {Baine, Q and Martinson, VG and Martinson, EO}, title = {Evidence for Cascading Host-Associated Differentiation in Insect Gall Trophic Networks.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, pages = {e70223}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70223}, pmid = {41482813}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {2021744//National Science Foundation/ ; //University of New Mexico/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; *Food Chain ; *Plant Tumors/parasitology ; Biodiversity ; Symbiosis ; *Insecta/genetics ; *Diptera/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The generation and maintenance of biodiversity are strongly influenced by adaptations to symbiotic interactions. In antagonistic host-parasite systems, such as phytophagous insects on plants, the prevalence of host-associated differentiation (HAD) may be underestimated as a key driver in parasite diversification. Even less well understood is how HAD may cascade up the food chain to influence diversification in higher trophic levels. Gall-inducing insects, which exhibit strong plant host specialisation, create microhabitats that support diverse associated communities that include predators, parasitoids and inquilines. In this study, we investigate whether HAD in gall-inducing Aciurina flies extends to their associates, resulting in a pattern of cascading HAD. We analysed genomic and ecological data across parasitoid species from three functional guilds, testing for host-driven divergence. Our results reveal that cascading HAD in Aciurina galling systems occurs in endoparasitoids, with no evidence for it in generalist ectoparasitoids and inquilines, underscoring that different types of interactions have different impacts on diversification. Additionally, evidence for host-specific cryptic species within the dominant endoparasitoid allowed us to formally describe Eurytoma trixa, Eurytoma ericameria and Eurytoma luminaria as new species. These findings provide strong evidence of multiple cascading HAD events within a galling insect community and highlight the compounding influence of gall inducers, as ecosystem engineers, on biodiversity.}, }
@article {pmid41482520, year = {2026}, author = {Cathebras, C and Gong, X and Andrade, RE and Vondenhoff, K and Keller, J and Delaux, PM and Hayashi, M and Griesmann, M and Parniske, M}, title = {A novel cis-element enabled bacterial uptake by plant cells.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41482520}, issn = {2055-0278}, support = {170483403//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 413956898//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 258665719//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 258665719//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 170483403//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {The root nodule symbiosis of plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria is phylogenetically restricted to a single clade of flowering plants, which calls for as yet unidentified trait acquisitions and genetic changes in the last common ancestor. Here we discovered-within the promoter of the transcription factor gene Nodule Inception (NIN)-a cis-regulatory element (PACE), exclusively present in members of this clade. PACE was essential for restoring infection threads in nin mutants of the legume Lotus japonicus. PACE sequence variants from root nodule symbiosis-competent species appeared functionally equivalent. Evolutionary loss or mutation of PACE is associated with loss of this symbiosis. During the early stages of nodule development, PACE dictates gene expression in a spatially restricted domain containing cortical cells carrying infection threads. Consistent with its expression domain, PACE-driven NIN expression restored the formation of cortical infection threads, also when engineered into the NIN promoter of tomato. Our data pinpoint PACE as a key evolutionary invention that connected NIN to a pre-existing symbiosis signal transduction cascade that governs the intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and is conserved throughout land plants. This connection enabled bacterial uptake into plant cells via intracellular support structures such as infection threads, a unique and unifying feature of this symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41481414, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, J and Kang, W and Downs, CA and Zhou, Y and Zhou, Z and Tang, Z and Zhao, H and Chou, LM and Wu, F}, title = {Nitrate Aggravates While Ammonium Mitigates Thermal Bleaching in Corals through Divergent Lipid-Mediated Pathways and Stress Response.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c13276}, pmid = {41481414}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {The increased input of inorganic nutrients, particularly dissolved inorganic nitrogen, has been associated with heightened susceptibility of reef-building corals to thermal bleaching; however, how nitrate and ammonium differentially modulate this response remains unclear. In the present study, we combined cellular physiology, transcriptomics, and quantitative lipidomics to test how nitrate or ammonium enrichment alters coral responses to ocean warming. The findings indicated that nitrate enrichment and an elevated temperature acted synergistically to aggravate oxidative stress and exacerbate bleaching. Under heat stress, nitrate reduced photosynthetic membrane lipids, ceramides, and coenzyme Q, lowering photosynthetic efficiency in Symbiodiniaceae, and induced upregulation of genes for pro-inflammatory lipid biosynthesis in the coral host. By contrast, ammonium enrichment and elevated temperature acted antagonistically to reduce susceptibility to bleaching. Under heat stress, ammonium increased photosynthetic membrane lipids and photosynthetic efficiency in Symbiodiniaceae, while in the coral host, it decreased pro-inflammatory lipids, increased ceramide levels, upregulated genes involved in heat shock protein 70 orthologues, and re-established symbiosis. These divergent effects indicate that nitrate and ammonium activate distinct lipid-mediated pathways and stress responses that differentially regulate coral susceptibility to heat stress, with important implications for managing nitrogen pollution under ocean warming.}, }
@article {pmid41480148, year = {2025}, author = {Lu, Z and Xia, R and Xu, A and Gu, J and Cai, H and Liu, Y and Koonin, EV and Li, M}, title = {Oxygen-adaptive plasticity of Asgard archaea dependent on terminal oxidase and globin.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.11.07.685452}, pmid = {41480148}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {The oxygenation of ancient Earth is thought to have driven eukaryogenesis, beginning with the endosymbiosis of an aerobic alphaproteobacterium (proto-mitochondria) with an archaeal host. Given that the archaeal host likely evolved from within Asgard archaea (phylum Promethearchaeota), the metabolic traits of Asgard archaea could provide key insights into eukaryotic origins. Although Asgard archaea cultured to date are obligate anaerobes, their genomes encode oxygen-adaptive proteins, suggesting they might be oxygen-tolerant. Here, we demonstrate that some Asgard archaea, in particular, Hodarchaeales , the closest known relatives of eukaryotes, and Kariarchaeaceae , exhibit oxygen adaptation mediated by terminal oxidase and globin. Phylogenetic analysis reveals long-term vertical evolution of terminal oxidases in Asgard archaea, suggesting ancient adaptation to molecular oxygen. By contrast, globin was likely acquired by Asgard archaea via horizontal gene transfer from facultative aerobic Chloroflexales bacteria. Heterologous expression of the Asgard globin enhances aerobic growth of Haloarchaea and Escherichia coli in the presence of terminal oxidase-dependent electron transfer chain, suggesting that Asgard growth benefits from ambient oxygen. The Asgard globin gene is embedded in an oxygen-sensitive bidirectional promoter region, with one promoter driving oxygen-induced globin expression, and the other anaerobically activating expression of two enzymes, PdxS and PdxT, involved in a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis. The Asgard globin and promoter region exhibit high functional robustness across archaea and bacteria, and could contribute to the symbiosis between the Asgard and aerobic bacterial partners. These findings highlight the oxygen-adaptive plasticity of Asgard archaea and its potential contribution to eukaryogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid41479564, year = {2025}, author = {N Kukaev, E and Tokareva, AO and Krogh-Jensen, OA and Lenyushkina, AA and Starodubtseva, NL}, title = {Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Very Preterm Infants.}, journal = {Acta naturae}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {38-51}, pmid = {41479564}, issn = {2075-8251}, abstract = {The development of a symbiotic gut ecosystem is a crucial step in postnatal adaptation. The gut microbiome of very preterm infants is characterized by an overall instability, reduced microbial diversity, and a predominance of Gram-negative Proteobacteria, all factors associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the key bacterial metabolites that are essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, supporting immune development, enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, and reducing inflammation. This review examines the role of gut microbiota and SCFAs in neonatal NEC, with a focus on potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Clinical studies have consistently demonstrated a significant decrease in total SCFA levels and individual bacterial metabolites in preterm infants with NEC. This finding has been corroborated by various experimental models. Clarification of the role of SCFAs in NEC pathogenesis, determination of their diagnostic utility, and assessment of the feasibility of developing comprehensive pro- and postbiotic formulations require multi-center, multi-omics investigations that include a large cohort of very preterm infants.}, }
@article {pmid41478567, year = {2025}, author = {Katoh, T and Suzuki, R and Kataoka, S and Kawasaki, J and Kamio, K and Komeno, M and Yoshioka, S and Rasmussen, AT and Kimura, I and Katayama, T and Ashida, H}, title = {Unique bifunctional α-sialidase/β-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum acting on the Sd[a] antigen.}, journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {111121}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111121}, pmid = {41478567}, issn = {1083-351X}, abstract = {Sd[a] antigens [GalNAcβ1-4(Neu5Acα2-3)Galβ1-O-R] are present at the non-reducing termini of O-glycans of colonic mucins of human. Previously, we reported characterization of two glycoside hydrolase family 33 (GH33) α-sialidases, SiaBb1 and SiaBb2, from a symbiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum dwelling in the human intestines. In this study, we identified a third α-sialidase SiaBb3 from B. bifidum, that is distinguished from the above two sialidases by its possession of additional GH123 β-N-acetylgalactosaminidase domain within the same polypeptide. The purified recombinant SiaBb3 efficiently converted GM2 ganglioside [GalNAcβ1-4(Neu5Acα2-3)Galβ1-4Glcβ1-ceramide], sharing the same terminal trisaccharide structure with the Sd[a] antigen, to lactosylceramide by releasing Neu5Ac and GalNAc in the presence of 0.1% sodium cholate. Hydrolysis of the GM2 oligosaccharide proceeds with the initial release of Neu5Ac, followed by the liberation of GalNAc, which was revealed by monitoring the reactions performed using catalytically inactive mutants for each domain of SiaBb3 and by analyzing the reactions of wild-type SiaBb3 on fluorescence-labeled oligosaccharides. Notably, the order of hydrolysis was reversed compared to that employed by mammalian lysosomal enzymes for GM2 degradation. Comparative O-glycomic analysis using fecal mucin as a substrate unequivocally demonstrated that SiaBb3 targets the Sd[a] antigen of mucin O-glycans. The GH33-inactive SiaBb3 mutant retained Sd[a] antigen-containing O-glycans intact, indicating that initial hydrolysis of Neu5Ac is essential for the subsequent removal of GalNAc. Taken together, these results indicate that SiaBb3 is a bifunctional enzyme specialized for the complete degradation of Sd[a] antigens in host mucins.}, }
@article {pmid41478517, year = {2025}, author = {Balakrishna, CB and Rajkhowa, TK and Jayappa, K and Risatti, GR}, title = {Natural syndemic infection between African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) leads to shifting of ASFV tissue tropism to lungs with exacerbated presentation of the disease.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105872}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2025.105872}, pmid = {41478517}, issn = {1567-7257}, abstract = {African swine fever (ASF) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) are two of the most devastating and economically important transboundary diseases of pig. The current epidemic-to-pandemic situation of ASF and the unavailability of broadly effective vaccine against PRRS raise the possibility of these highly pathogenic viruses circulating simultaneously in the same pig population. This study is reporting natural occurrence of syndemic infections of ASF and PRRS in pig population of Mizoram, India. The syndemic infections resulted in high mortality in the affected crossbred pigs, while the indigenous Zovawk pigs revealed some degree of tolerance. The symbiosis between the two viruses resulted in extensive tissue damage in wider range of body systems with multiple organ failure leading to more severe acute disease. The absolute quantification of both the viruses in various organs revealed distinct tissue tropism and suggested shifting of ASFV tissue tropism towards lungs tissues in the naturally occurring syndemic infection of PRRSV and ASFV. The phylogenetic analysis based on the B646L gene of ASFV and the ORF7 gene of PRRSV identified the circulating strains in genotype II ASFV and lineage 8 of PRRSV 2. Our findings underscore the complexity of co-infections in natural cases and emphasize the importance of integrated diagnostics and targeted disease management strategies for the swine population to combat this emerging situation.}, }
@article {pmid41478046, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, Y and Yang, Y and Ding, J}, title = {A solid-state membrane potentiometric microsensor for in situ sensing of NH4[+] in soybean root nodules.}, journal = {Talanta}, volume = {301}, number = {}, pages = {129321}, doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2025.129321}, pmid = {41478046}, issn = {1873-3573}, abstract = {Soybean-rhizobia symbiotic nitrogen fixation, a process in which rhizobia mediate biological nitrogen fixation by converting inert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into biologically available forms (e.g., ammonium, NH4[+]), has been extensively investigated. However, non-invasive, in situ monitoring methods for this process remain lacking. Herein, we report a solid-state membrane potentiometric ammonium ion-selective microelectrode (NH4[+]-ISμE) for the in situ detection of NH4[+] in soybean root nodules. A Prussian blue analogue with ion channels, which enables the specific insertion/extraction of NH4[+] ions while excluding interfering cations, was electrodeposited on a carbon fiber to fabricate the microelectrode. The cation sorption capability and ion selectivity of the thin film were explored by modulating the intercalation/deintercalation process and reducing the interfering cations within the framework. The NH4[+]-ISμE exhibits a Nernstian response to NH4[+] over the concentration range of 1.0 × 10[-6] to 1.0 × 10[-3] M, with a detection limit of 6.2 × 10[-7] M. This sensor enables in situ, real-time detection of NH4[+]-the direct product of biological nitrogen fixation in the legume plant-rhizobium symbiotic system. The release of NH4[+] ions in soybean root nodules during nitrogen fixation was successfully monitored. Overall, this work provides a simple and versatile tool for studying and monitoring biological symbiotic nitrogen fixation processes.}, }
@article {pmid41477507, year = {2025}, author = {Mahdavi, Z and Daylami, SD and Fadavi, A and Mahfeli, M}, title = {Application of RSM- CCD methodology and image J. for modeling and optimization of orchid protocorm encapsulation.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e42744}, pmid = {41477507}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Synthetic seed technology is an excellent method for large-scale production of unique hybrids, valuable and unstable genotypes, and genetically modified plants that unable to produce plants that require symbiosis of mycorrhiza fungi for seed germination. This technology is now considered as an efficient way to propagate and store several important commercial orchids. The evaluation of physical properties of synthetic seeds has been recognized as one of the critical aspects for seed quality enhancement, which resulted in higher germination and viability at storage duration. The main aim of this study was to optimize the encapsulation conditions to reach the physical properties of Phalaenopsis orchid synthetic seeds using the response surface methodology. A device was designed to control the dripping of alginate for a given temperature in order to wrap the protocorm. The central composite design has been used to investigate the effect of encapsulation variables on the physical properties of orchid synthetic seed such as volume, sphericity Index (SI) and Concentricity Index (CI). Four independent variables were considered to optimize the physical properties of orchid synthetic seed including two sodium alginate solution temperature (4 and 25 °C), three calcium chloride solution temperature (25, 30, and 35 °C), three alginate droplet height (10, 13, and 16 mm), and three stirring rate of calcium chloride solution (zero (no stirring), 1, and 2 rpm). To determine the synthetic seeds, digital images were taken, and response variables were extracted using the image J processing platform. The ANOVA results showed significant effects of linear and interaction terms of models on all studied factors (P < 0.001). The results indicate that stirring rate has most significant effect on the synthetic seed sphericity Index (p < 0.0001). The results showed that the optimum values of volume, sphericity Index and concentricity Index CI were 1285.27 mm[3], 0.927 %, and of 2.436 mm, respectively, with a desirability of 0.756. Optimum conditions for orchid protocorm encapsulation were obtained with stirring rate of 0.83 rpm, droplet height of 10 mm, high calcium chloride solution temperature of 35 °C, and sodium alginate solution temperature of 25 °C. In general, results showed that the use of image J and the response surface methodology is a useful tool to obtain the optimal physical properties of synthetic seeds. The modeling and optimizing of physical characteristics of synthetic seed can be developed for encapsulation of any explants of plant species.}, }
@article {pmid41477501, year = {2025}, author = {Govindharaj, GP and Choudhary, JS and Panda, RM and Basana-Gowda, G and Annamalai, M and Patil, N and Khan, RM and Banra, S and Srivastava, K and Mohapatra, SD}, title = {Bacterial communities in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) showed significant variation among the developmental stages with functional diversity.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {e42776}, pmid = {41477501}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Nilaparvata lugens, a major rice pest, hosts an essential microbiome, yet its dynamic changes across developmental stages remain poorly understood. This study analyzed the bacterial community across developmental stages using V3-V4 amplicon sequences of 16S rRNA gene. The microbiome was classified into 20 phyla, 38 classes, 77 orders, 155 families, and 273 genera, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes dominating phyla. Families Morganellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Moraxellaceae were prevalent across all stages, while Anaplamataceae was dominant in all the developmental stages except males. Key genera included Arsenophonous (5 %), Bacillus (5 %), and Acinetobacter (3 %), with Wolbachia (11 %) abundant in all developmental stages except in males. The shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between the developmental stages of N. lugens were only 40 OTUs, and higher unique OTUs were found in the late instar stage (89 OTUs), and the lowest unique OTUs were found at the male stage (64 OTUs). Functional prediction indicated roles in carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism, as well as membrane transport, signaling, DNA replication and repair. These findings highlight stage-specific microbiome variations, laying the foundation for microbiome-based pest management techniques.}, }
@article {pmid41477208, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, Y and He, Z and Zhou, J and Wang, H}, title = {Effects of different rice straw returning methods in karst paddy fields on soil bacterial community structure and rice yield: a mechanistic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1710332}, pmid = {41477208}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The effective utilization of crop straw can contribute to sustainable agricultural development. However, how different straw return methods regulate soil fertility and rice yield via bacterial communities in karst paddy fields remains elusive. This field study investigated five straw return treatments [deep plowing (PD); rotary tillage with incorporation (RTM); field rapid composting, (FRC); no-till mulching (NT); and bioreactor (BR)] and a blank control CK (no straw return, fertilizer only) on soil physicochemical properties, bacterial community structure, and rice yield, combined with 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Results indicate the following: (1) all straw incorporation treatments significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient content (p < 0.05), NT and BR treatments increased soil organic matter (SOM) by 38.2 and 36.4%, respectively, compared to CK, while total nitrogen increased by 42.1 and 48.4% with NT; (2) although RTM treatment did not achieve the highest SOM accumulation, it yielded the highest rice yield of 30.37 kg/plot (a significant increase of 13.2% compared to CK), revealing that yield is jointly regulated by soil physicochemical properties and bacterial communities; (3) straw return treatments did not significantly affect bacterial α-diversity (intergroup differences in Shannon index and Chao1 index, p > 0.05), but significantly influenced β-diversity, symbiotic network structure, and community assembly processes. BR treatment formed a complex and stable microbial network structure, while NT exhibited a highly modular community structure (modularity = 0.66); (4) bacterial community assembly under straw return was dominated by deterministic processes, with homogenous selection accounting for 45 and 42% in NT and BR treatments, respectively, significantly higher than CK (28%, p < 0.05); (5) pathwise linear structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) confirmed that TN (path coefficient 0.97, p < 0.001) and bacterial β-diversity (path coefficient 0.83, p < 0.001) were the most critical factors influencing rice yield. This study elucidates the mechanisms by which different straw return methods drive soil functions by reshaping bacterial community assembly and interaction networks. It provides theoretical support for optimizing straw return technologies in karst paddy fields, such as applying RTM for "yield-priority" scenarios and NT for "Rapid fertilization" scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid41476963, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, S and Zheng, L and Zhuang, X and Wang, M and Zou, Y}, title = {Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the microbiome in premature ovarian insufficiency.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1734367}, pmid = {41476963}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; *Primary Ovarian Insufficiency/therapy/microbiology/metabolism/etiology ; Female ; Animals ; *Microbiota ; Ovary/metabolism/microbiology ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {The postponement of childbearing age has become a global issue. Factors such as increased work pressures on women and environmental changes have led to a rising incidence and younger onset of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). POI not only impacts patients' reproductive function but also heightens the risk of depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, premature mortality, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. Exploring effective prevention and treatment strategies for POI can slow ovarian ageing and safeguard female reproductive health. Microbiome research confirms that most human tissues and organs form dynamic, interactive systems with symbiotic microbes that play a crucial role in female reproductive function. Previous studies on the microbiome and female reproductive health have rarely focused on POI. The proposed 'Microbiota-Ovary Axis' aims to establish an integrated regulatory framework. This theoretical model systematically elucidates how microbial signals influence ovarian function through four core pathways: the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, metabolism and endocrine regulation, immunoregulation, and oxidative stress. Evaluating the efficacy of dietary modifications, probiotics, and microbiota transplantation in animal models and preliminary clinical studies will establish a robust theoretical foundation for developing microbiota-targeted innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for POI, thereby enhancing reproductive health throughout the female lifespan.}, }
@article {pmid41476473, year = {2025}, author = {Ceccarini, MR and Mazzarella, N and Visone, S and Santonicola, P and Camera, A and Cieri, F and La Rocca, F and Matino, I and Zampi, G and Valeri, MC and Damiani, F and Escaray, FJ and Ruiz, OA and Martens, S and Beccari, T and Di Schiavi, E and Paolocci, F}, title = {Different Neuroprotective Activities of Proanthocyanidin-Enriched Fractions of Lotus Species.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {50}, pages = {61480-61493}, pmid = {41476473}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {Flavonoid-rich Lotus species are promising sustainable sources of bioactive phytochemicals due to their adaptability, high biomass production, and symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium spp. Among flavonoids, many beneficial effects for human health, ranging from antioxidant activities to the inhibition of carcinogenesis, are attributed to proanthocyanidins (PAs). This study compared the neuroprotective properties of leaf extracts from PA-rich Lotus corniculatus (Lc), PA-depleted Lotus tenuis (Lt), and Lc × Lt interspecific hybrid (Lh2) with intermediate PA levels. Acetone-soluble and -insoluble fractions from Lc and Lh2 contained flavan-3-ols and PA oligomers, while Lt lacked these compounds. Neuroprotective assays in SH-SY5Y cells and Caenorhabditis elegans revealed that Lc and, although to a lesser extent, Lh2 extracts enhanced cell viability and reduced motoneuron degeneration, whereas Lt extracts exhibited cytotoxicity and did not induce motoneuron viability rescue in C. elegans. Further analysis confirmed that pure flavan-3-ols, which represent the main components of the acetone-soluble fraction in Lc and Lh2, and cyanidin, which derives from the hydrolysis of their insoluble fractions, significantly promoted neuronal survival, while the flavonol quercetin showed no protective effects. These findings highlight the neuroprotective potential of PA-rich Lotus spp. and suggest their application as novel sources of health-promoting phytochemicals.}, }
@article {pmid41475601, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, J and Liu, Y and Zhang, Q and Zhang, H and Ni, BJ and Lv, W}, title = {Multi-omics dissection of yeast-centric fungal-bacterial synergies in food-processing wastewater: insights from four full-scale treatment plants.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {443}, number = {}, pages = {133911}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133911}, pmid = {41475601}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Fungal presence and ecological roles in activated sludge at municipal wastewater treatment plants are increasingly recognized, yet their diversity and functional contributions-especially of yeasts-in treating food-processing wastewater remain underexplored. High-throughput ITS and 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenomics, together with FUNGuild, were used to analyze microbial community structure, functional microorganisms, co-occurrence patterns, interkingdom interactions, functional pathways, and the distributions of degradation enzymes and functional genes for characteristic pollutants among four full-scale food-processing plants (seafood, pastry, orange-canning, and vegetable-oil refining). Community diversity and structural differences shaped by wastewater types, associated with metabolic traits and enzyme-secretion. Saccharomycetes emerged as the dominant fungal class; bacteria displayed more even class-level and genus-level distributions than fungi across plants, combining LEfSe (LDA > 4, p < 0.05) to reveal plant-specific environmental-driven taxa, mainly included members of Saccharomycetales among fungi. Module-based co-occurrence networks indicated symbiotic interactions among yeasts; predominant cooperation of fungal-bacterial interaction network, in which yeasts exhibited the highest degree among fungi; strong correlations between Saccharomycetales and functional genes. Metabolism was the most abundant functional pathway. "Undefined Saprotroph" was the most widespread fungal functional guild. We annotated 86 degradation enzymes and 150 functional genes targeting eight pollutant categories (proteins, lipids, starch, pectin, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitosan), elucidating plant-specific distributions and enzymatic synergies. These multi-plant comparisons disentangle conserved from plant-specific features of catabolism. Overall, this study elucidates microbial diversity, interactions, and functional potential in food-processing wastewater treatment, reveals yeasts as keystone microbes for pollutant degradation, and provides actionable insights for treatment strategies and process optimization.}, }
@article {pmid41472809, year = {2025}, author = {Orgeas-Gobin, S and Piquet, B and Marie, B and Andersen, AC and Tanguy, A and Duperron, S}, title = {Symbiont retention and holobiont response under simulated sulfide deprivation in Lucinid clams from seagrass beds.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1637201}, pmid = {41472809}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Bivalves of the family Lucinidae thrive in sulfidic sediments thanks to their chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts. However, how different Lucinidae species respond to sulfide deprivation and associated symbiont loss remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the responses of Lucinoma borealis and Loripes orbiculatus, two species that co-occur in temperate seagrass beds, exposed to prolonged sulfide starvation. Using metabolomics, ultrastructural TEM analyses and 16S rRNA-based metabarcoding, we monitored and compared responses in gills and visceral mass over a 4-month period. Both host species as well as their symbionts survived sulfide-free conditions. Hosts tissues displayed limited impact on ultrastructure and metabolites. Despite decrease in numbers and activity level, symbionts remained present throughout the experiment and no evidence for bacteremia or infection was detected. Our results also revealed differences, in particular in host apoptosis response, suggesting species-specific stress strategies. Altogether, both holobionts can survive extended low-sulfide periods without critical damage and without completely losing their symbionts. These could be adaptations to the extended low-sulfide periods that are associated with low primary production and the cold season in seagrass beds. Adaptations could involve a switch in the symbionts' physiological state to preserve a dormant symbiotic population. These findings highlight the importance of stress tolerance mechanisms in coastal Lucinidae, and raise questions about the nature of host-symbiont dependency in these periods.}, }
@article {pmid41472294, year = {2025}, author = {Mandal, E and Noirungsee, N and Disayathanoowat, T and Kil, EJ}, title = {TSWV Infection Differentially Reshapes the Symbiotic Microbiome of Two Frankliniella Thrips Species.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v17121625}, pmid = {41472294}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {0//Gyeongkuk National University/ ; }, mesh = {*Thysanoptera/microbiology/virology ; Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Microbiota ; *Tospovirus/physiology ; Serratia/genetics ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Insect Vectors/virology/microbiology ; Metagenomics ; Plant Diseases/virology ; Wolbachia/genetics ; }, abstract = {Vectoring tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) by two well-known thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande and F. intonsa Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is facilitated in different ways. Symbiotic bacteria positively influence thrips fitness, but the interaction between these bacteria and tospovirus inside the thrips' body remains unknown. Metagenomic profiling of symbionts in nonviruliferous and viruliferous Frankliniella thrips was performed to elucidate the interactions between symbiotic bacteria and the virus. A total of 97 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified by profiling the microbes, where Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum, with a high richness in Serratia spp. F. occidentalis showed lower variation in bacterial diversity between nonviruliferous and viruliferous treatments than F. intonsa. RT-qPCR validation for Serratia and Escherichia revealed opposite abundance patterns between the two thrips species. In contrast, Enterobacteriaceae and Pantoea showed similar patterns with higher abundance in nonviruliferous conditions. Wolbachia was detected exclusively in F. intonsa, with a higher bacterial titer in the viruliferous sample. Our findings suggest that TSWV association may influence the abundance of different bacterial symbionts within the thrips' body, potentially via induction of antimicrobial peptides in response to viral invasion, and to our knowledge this is the first report addressing this tripartite interaction. These findings improve our understanding of how virus-symbiont association contributes to thrips vector competence.}, }
@article {pmid41471939, year = {2025}, author = {Luo, Z and Zhou, Y and Wang, X and He, L and Jia, T}, title = {Effects of Endophytic Fungi and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Microbial Community Function and Metabolic Pathways in the Rhizosphere Soil of Festuca rubra.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471939}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Numerous studies have shown that there are many uncertainties associated with the interactions of nitrogen with plants and microorganisms. In particular, the effects of symbioses between plants and various microorganisms on soil microbial community function remain unclear. Metagenomic sequencing was used to explore the changes in microbial community composition, function and metabolic pathways in rhizosphere soil and the associated influencing factors under different nitrogen levels caused by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation of F. rubra infected with endophytic fungi and nonendophytic fungi. Plant nutrient allocation (aboveground/belowground), soil pH, and enzymatic activities significantly modulated the functional profiles of the bacterial, fungal, and archaeal communities within these rhizospheres. Soil β-glucosidase activity had the greatest effect on the cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COG) function of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community, and soil L-leucine aminopeptidase had the greatest effect on the COG function of the rhizosphere soil fungal and archaeal communities. The contributions of AMF colonization to the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) functions of bacteria and archaea in the rhizosphere soil were greater than those of F. rubra infection with endophytic fungi, and AMF colonization improved the metabolic pathways, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, microbial metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and carbon metabolism of bacterial and archaeal communities in the rhizosphere soil of F. rubra. The effects of endophytic fungi and AMFs on the function and metabolic pathways of symbiotic rhizosphere soil microbial communities were heterogeneous. This study revealed that considering both biotic and abiotic factors is essential for predicting the maintenance of soil ecosystem function by plant-fungal symbionts.}, }
@article {pmid41471884, year = {2025}, author = {Reis, MNO and Vitorino, LC and Moreira, MA and Macedo, AS and de Sousa, LF and Lourenço, LL and Bessa, LA}, title = {Supplementation with Mo, Co, and Ni Enhances the Effectiveness of Co-Inoculation with the Rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens in Soybean.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471884}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Efficient biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is crucial for sustainable soybean productivity. Current strategies involve the use of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens and co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria like Azospirillum brasilense. To further optimize BNF and plant performance, we investigated the effect of co-inoculation with A. brasilense and B. diazoefficiens combined with the strategic application of the micronutrients Molybdenum (Mo), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) on soybean grown under greenhouse conditions. We evaluated plant growth, photosynthetic parameters, accumulation of N, nitrate reductase activity, and nifH gene expression at the R1 reproductive stage. Our main finding was that the co-inoculation combined with the simultaneous application of Mo, Co, and Ni significantly maximized vegetative growth, photochemical efficiency, and BNF. Specifically, this triple supplementation increased nifH gene expression (0.22) compared to the inoculated control (0.003), leading to a substantial enhancement of photosynthetic parameters, including photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and net carbon assimilation (A). For example, the total dry mass was 14.36 g in the Mo + Co + Ni + AZO + BRADY combination and 6.50 g in the non-inoculated and non-micronutrient-treated plants. The total N content was also higher in the plants treated with Mo + Co + Ni + AZO + BRADY (73.20 g kg[-1]). Crucially, the data also demonstrated that excessive levels of Co impaired the symbiosis, underscoring the necessity of precise dose management. These results confirm the strong synergistic potential of combining microbial co-inoculation with targeted mineral nutrition as a high-impact, sustainable strategy for boosting soybean productivity.}, }
@article {pmid41471876, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Gong, L and Gao, Z and Dong, D and Li, X}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Sponge-Associated, Seawater, and Sediment Microbial Communities from Site F Cold Seep in the South China Sea.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {}, pmid = {41471876}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {42176114//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZR2023MD100//the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; CAS-TAX-24-30//Biological Resources Programme, Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Microbial communities at Site F cold seep, ubiquitous in both the environment and the associated fauna, demonstrate clear habitat-specific partitioning. Metagenomic sequencing and binning demonstrated a striking partitioning of microbial taxa at the cold seep: whereas the sponge-associated microbiome was distinctly enriched with specialized sulfur- and methane-oxidizing bacteria that were rare in the environment, it simultaneously exhibited a significantly reduced archaeal content, lower α-diversity, and a simpler overall community structure compared to the sediment and seawater communities. Distinct evolutionary lineages and varying abundances were observed among the microbiomes from seawater, sediment, and sponges. Furthermore, their Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) exhibited significant differences in genomic features, including genome size and GC content. The sponge-associated microbiome exhibits lower diversity but maintains a high abundance of key functional genes, particularly those involved in sulfur cycling (e.g., apr, dsr, metZ), indicating enhanced metabolic efficiency in energy conservation and nutrient acquisition. This study reveals that the seawater, sediment, and sponge-associated microbiomes exhibit genome simplification and functional specialization in the cold seep environment, with varying lifestyles driving structural optimization and functional remodeling of the symbiotic microbiomes.}, }
@article {pmid41470739, year = {2025}, author = {Pereira de Moraes Carvalho, C and Oliveira, AF and Rouws, LFM and Dos Santos Dourado, F and Reed Rodrigues Coelho, M and Alves, BJR and Zilli, J&#xc9;}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Nodulation Potential of Bradyrhizobium Strains in Cowpea and Soybean.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41470739}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {465133/2014-2//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; E-26/201.074/2022//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; E-26/210.303/2021//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; 01.22.0080.00//Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos/ ; }, abstract = {Bradyrhizobium is a genetically diverse genus that forms symbioses with numerous legumes, including major crops such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and soybean (Glycine max). Understanding the genetic and symbiotic diversity of native strains is essential for improving inoculant technologies and enhancing biological nitrogen fixation in tropical agricultural systems. This study investigated Bradyrhizobium strains associated with these two legumes grown in adjacent tropical soils in Brazil to elucidate their genetic relationships, taxonomic placement, and host compatibility. A total of 34 Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from cowpea and soybean nodules were characterized using multilocus phylogenetic analyses (16S rRNA, gyrB, recA, and nodC). Selected strains underwent whole-genome sequencing for comparative analyses based on average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH). Cross-inoculation assays were performed to evaluate nodulation capacity and symbiotic efficiency on both hosts. The strains displayed high genetic diversity, forming multiple phylogenetic clusters. Most grouped within the B. elkanii superclade, whereas several occupied divergent lineages, some potentially representing new taxa. Genome-based analyses supported these findings, showing intracluster ANI values above 95-96% and intercluster values below 94%. A distinct group of cowpea-derived strains exhibited high symbiotic efficiency but low genomic similarity to known type strains, suggesting the presence of a novel species with potential use in inoculants. In contrast, some soybean-derived strains were genetically identical to commercial inoculants, indicating persistence or re-isolation from previously inoculated soils. Notably, strain BR 13971, isolated from soybean, nodulated both hosts efficiently, demonstrating a broad host range and suggesting a unique symbiovar. Cross-inoculation assays showed that soybean-derived strains effectively nodulated cowpea, whereas cowpea-derived strains did not nodulate soybean, indicating asymmetrical host compatibility. Particularly for cowpea, strains BR 10926 and BR 10750 demonstrated higher symbiotic efficiency than the strains currently recommended for this crop. Overall, these findings enhance the understanding of Bradyrhizobium diversity in tropical soils and highlight promising native strains for future inoculant development.}, }
@article {pmid41470716, year = {2025}, author = {Jarin, AS and Khan, MAR and Apon, TA and Islam, MA and Rahat, A and Akter, M and Anik, TR and Nguyen, HM and Nguyen, TT and Ha, CV and Tran, LP}, title = {Plant Responses to Heavy Metal Stresses: Mechanisms, Defense Strategies, and Nanoparticle-Assisted Remediation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {}, pmid = {41470716}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Heavy metal (HM) contamination threatens environmental sustainability, food safety, and agricultural productivity worldwide. HM toxicity adversely affects plant growth, reducing germination rates by 20-50%, impairing seedling establishment, and inhibiting shoot and root development by 30-60% in various crops. HM disrupts key physiological processes, including photosynthesis, stomatal regulation, membrane integrity, nutrient uptake, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities. These disruptions largely result from oxidative stress, caused by the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which damage cellular components. To counteract HM toxicity, plants deploy a complex defense network involving antioxidant enzymes, metal chelation by phytochelatins and metallothioneins, vacuolar sequestration, and symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which can retain 40-70% of metals in roots and reduce translocation to shoots. At the molecular level, MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) signaling pathways, transcription factors (e.g., WRKY, MYB, bZIP, and NAC), and phytohormonal crosstalk regulate the expression of stress-responsive genes expression to enhance HM stress tolerance. Advances in nanotechnology offer promising strategies for the remediation of HM-contaminated soils and water sources (HM remediation); engineered and biogenic nanoparticles (e.g., ZnO, Fe3O4) improve metal immobilization, reduce bioavailability, and enhance plant growth by 15-35% under HM stresses, although excessive doses may induce phytotoxicity. Future applications of nanotechnology in HM remediation should consider nanoparticle transformation (e.g., dissolution and agglomeration) and environmentally relevant concentrations to ensure efficacy and minimize phytotoxicity. Integrating phytoremediation with nanoparticle-enabled strategies provides a sustainable approach for HM remediation. This review emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary framework linking plant science, biotechnology, and nanoscience to advance HM remediation and safeguard agricultural productivity.}, }
@article {pmid41468802, year = {2025}, author = {Montalbetti, E and Seveso, D and Farina, S and Bava, S and Carta, E and Castellano, L and Galli, P and Isa, V and Louis, YD and Marzaioli, R and Moccia, D and Papa, S and Rutigliano, FA and Tamburello, L and Arrigoni, R}, title = {Wildfire ash undermines the physiology of the Mediterranean coral Cladocora caespitosa.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {215}, number = {}, pages = {107817}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107817}, pmid = {41468802}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Wildfires represent a natural disturbance phenomenon whose frequency and intensity are expected to increase due to climate change-driven heatwaves, droughts, and anthropogenic pressure. This is particularly concerning in fire-susceptible areas, such as the Mediterranean basin, raising concerns about ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. While wildfire impacts have been extensively investigated in terrestrial environments, little is known about their effects on marine organisms. Here, nubbins of the temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa, an endemic key ecological species in the Mediterranean Sea, were subjected to a 93-h exposure to four environmentally relevant wildfire ash concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 g L[-1]) under controlled laboratory conditions. Coral responses were assessed through oxidative stress biomarkers (activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GR, and LPO levels) and bleaching parameters (chlorophyll a and c2 concentration and Symbiodiniaceae density). A fluctuating response of SOD, a significant decrease in CAT activity, and an increase in GR activity were observed, suggesting oxidative stress overwhelming primary defenses. This interpretation was supported by a significant increase in LPO, indicating oxidative damage to cellular structures, possibly exacerbated by elevated metal concentrations in the ash. Symbiodiniaceae density decreased significantly across all tested ash concentrations, while chlorophyll content per cell increased, potentially reflecting photoacclimation to reduced light penetration caused by water turbidity. Overall, our results could indicate that C. caespitosa is vulnerable to wildfire ash exposure. These findings highlight wildfire ash as an emerging marine stressor, thereby broadening our understanding of wildfire impacts on benthic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41468393, year = {2025}, author = {Cecere, AG and Muriel-Mundo, C and Fisher, DJ and Miyashiro, TI}, title = {Transformation of Tn7 insertion elements across strains of Vibrio fischeri.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {e0338632}, pmid = {41468393}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Aliivibrio fischeri/genetics ; *DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; Animals ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; *Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods ; Symbiosis/genetics ; }, abstract = {Animals typically form symbiotic relationships with bacteria that contribute to their physiology and behaviors. The ability to genetically modify these bacterial symbionts is important for investigating the molecular mechanisms that promote symbiosis establishment and maintenance. However, the molecular tools developed for laboratory-adapted strains may fail when applied to non-canonical strains. Here, we report a method to expand the use of Tn7 site-specific transposon-insertion mutagenesis in Vibrio fischeri, which is the bioluminescent bacterial symbiont of the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes. In this protocol, the laboratory-adapted strain ES114 is used as a surrogate strain for introducing genetic information into the attTn7 insertion site. Genomic DNA extracted from the resulting strain is used as template for transformation of another strain, in which natural transformation is induced. As a proof of principle, this approach is used to complement an rpoN mutant with an IPTG-inducible rpoN construct in trans.}, }
@article {pmid41408134, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, G and Yang, T and Chen, Z and Zhang, W}, title = {Phosphorus-dependent shifts in acquisition strategies revealed by integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics in soybean roots.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1753}, pmid = {41408134}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {No. 32260804//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Under phosphorus (P) deficiency, soybean (Glycine max L.) adapts by modifying root architecture, increasing the release of organic exudates, and engaging arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. However, how these strategies trade off across a P gradient remains unclear. In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to examine five soybean cultivars under soil P supplies of 0 mg P kg[-1] (severe deficiency, P0), 30 mg P kg[-1] (moderate deficiency, P30), 60 mg P kg[-1] (mild deficiency, P60), 90 mg P kg[-1] (adequate, P90), and 120 mg P kg[-1] (excess, P120). Our results indicate that plant-available P is associated with shifts among three P acquisition strategies in soybean. In contrast to P90, the P30 treatment exhibited a 56–321% increase in AMF colonization and elevated expression of PPDK, accC, and FabI. The P0 treatment, meanwhile, was characterized by a 17–24-fold increase in organic acid exudation, a 35% increase in SRL, and upregulation of the genes pckA, MDH, aceB, and CS. Cultivars differed in their adaptive preferences: AM-dependent types were better suited to moderate P limitation, whereas fine-rooted cultivars were advantageous under severe P depletion. Overall, our findings reveal the regulatory networks underlying soybean P-acquisition strategies and highlight their breeding and management significance. This study provides a foundation for developing P-efficient soybean cultivars and for precision P management in sustainable agriculture.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-025-07957-x.}, }
@article {pmid41467478, year = {2026}, author = {Niazian, M and de Ronne, M and Beauchamp, CJ and Belzile, F and Torkamaneh, D}, title = {CRISPR-induced knockouts reveal a dual role for the soybean NFR5α gene in symbiotic nitrogen fixation and root hair development.}, journal = {The plant genome}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {e70143}, doi = {10.1002/tpg2.70143}, pmid = {41467478}, issn = {1940-3372}, support = {6548//Genome Canada/ ; 337003//Fonds de recherche du Qu&#xe9;bec - Nature et technologies (FRQNT)/ ; }, mesh = {*Glycine max/genetics/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; *Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/genetics ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Plant Root Nodulation/genetics ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen fixation in soybeans, facilitated by symbiotic interactions with rhizobia, is a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. However, the efficiency of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) varies due to natural genetic variation in SNF-related genes. Our study underscores the pivotal role of the GmNFR5α gene not only in nodulation but also in root hair development, which is crucial for effective nutrient uptake and plant yield. Through detailed genetic analyses and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based manipulations, we identified and characterized multiple knockout mutants, notably GmNFR5α-KO and combined GmNFR5α+GmROP6-KO, which exhibited significant reductions in root hair density and nodulation. These phenotypic changes correspond with the downregulation of key root hair development genes such as TTG, RHD1, RHD2, and KJK, establishing a clear link between GmNFR5α function and root hair formation. The potential of leveraging these genetic insights to improve nitrogen fixation in legumes and introduce SNF capabilities into cereal crops could revolutionize crop fertilization strategies, offering a sustainable solution to global agricultural challenges.}, }
@article {pmid41465675, year = {2025}, author = {Yan, XR and Li, JN and Sun, ZY and Yan, CC}, title = {An Insight into Biology, Function and Pest Management Guidance of Gut Microbiota in Spodoptera frugiperda.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16121237}, pmid = {41465675}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {32170473//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 25JCQNJC00080//Tianjin Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Gut microbial community research has garnered considerable attention due to its pivotal role in shaping diverse insect hosts' life-history traits, with key studies confirming that insect gut microbiota is vital for core physiological processes including growth, nutrient metabolism, nitrogen fixation, pheromone biosynthesis, and environmental adaptation. Findings highlight that integrating insect ecology understanding with gut microbial community characterization is indispensable for innovative pest management strategies. Notably, S. frugiperda, a globally destructive agricultural pest causing substantial annual economic losses, has been extensively investigated. Its host range is extremely wide, from staple food crops such as corn and rice to various cash crops. This review systematically synthesizes the prevalent diversity of its gut's dominant microbes, clarifies the important mechanism of gut microbiota in host stress adaptation (providing direct evidence for explaining the pest's stress resistance formation), draws the key conclusion that host-microbe interaction mechanisms can serve as key pest management targets to guide more targeted control technologies. We also discuss current limitations such as inadequate microbial function verification and unclear host-microbe molecular mechanisms while outlining future directions including focusing on microbial community dynamic changes under multiple environmental stresses and functional microbe screening and application.}, }
@article {pmid41465624, year = {2025}, author = {Remmal, I and El Yamlahi, Y and Bel Mokhtar, N and Galiatsatos, I and Loukovitis, D and Dionyssopoulou, E and Britel, MR and Stathopoulou, P and Maurady, A and Tsiamis, G}, title = {Analysis of the Bacterial Microbiota in Wild Populations of Prickly Pear Cochineal, Dactylopius opuntiae in Morocco.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16121184}, pmid = {41465624}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {FAO/IAEA Contract 22662//FAO/IAEA/ ; }, abstract = {Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), the wild cochineal scale, is a major pest of prickly pear crops worldwide. This study characterized the bacterial community structure of D. opuntiae from four Moroccan regions using targeted PCR and full-length 16S rRNA MinION sequencing. We report the first detection of Wolbachia (16.6% prevalence) in D. opuntiae, with infection rates varying geographically from 0% (Rabat) to 53.3% (Ouazzane). Spiroplasma was detected at a lower prevalence (3.3%) and exclusively in males. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Wolbachia sequences likely belong to supergroup B, based on their similarity to reference sequences, while Spiroplasma sequences were placed within the poulsonii-citri complex. MinION sequencing revealed Candidatus Dactylopiibacterium as the dominant taxon (97.7%), consistent with its role as an obligate symbiont. After removing this dominant species, we uncovered a diverse bacterial community, including Flavisolibacter, Pseudomonas, Phyllobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Brevibacillus. Beta diversity analysis showed significant geographic variation (PERMANOVA p < 0.008), with distinct communities across regions. Females harbored a more specialized microbiome dominated by Flavisolibacter (except in Agadir), whereas males and nymphs showed Pseudomonas dominance. Core microbiome analysis revealed no universal genera across all groups, with females displaying a more restricted core than males and nymphs. The detection of reproductive symbionts, combined with geographic and sex-specific microbiome patterns, provides valuable insights into the potential roles of these bacteria in host adaptation and their implications for microbiome-based pest management strategies. The complementary use of targeted and untargeted sequencing methods is essential for comprehensive microbiome characterization in this economically important pest.}, }
@article {pmid41465602, year = {2025}, author = {Aparicio Chacón, MV and De Keyser, A and Stuer, N and Leroy, T and Ceulemans, E and López-Ráez, JA and Goossens, A and Van Dingenen, J and Goormachtig, S}, title = {The Nuclear Effector RIRG190 Interacts with SAS10 to Regulate Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {24}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms262412178}, pmid = {41465602}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {BOF18-GOA-01301D24517//Ghent University "Bijzonder Onderzoekfonds"/ ; 1213520N//Research Foundation-Flanders/ ; 1279524N//Research Foundation-Flanders/ ; 1S14621N//Research Foundation-Flanders/ ; 1S09622N//Research Foundation-Flanders/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Symbiosis ; *Fungal Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; *Glomeromycota/physiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Protein Binding ; Fungi ; }, abstract = {Most land plants engage in a mutualistic interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), for which Rhizophagus irregularis is a model species. Like plant pathogenic fungi, AMF genomes encode hundreds of putative effector proteins. However, for only a few, the molecular mechanisms by which they alter the host's physiology are known. Here, we combined several reverse genetic approaches to unravel the role of the RIRG190 effector protein in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis. Using multiple heterologous tools, evidence is provided that the RIRG190 effector is secreted and localizes to the plant nucleus. Moreover, by means of yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and ratiometric bimolecular fluorescence complementation (rBIFC) assays, the data demonstrate that RIRG190 interacts with the protein Something About Silencing (SAS10), known to be involved in rRNA biogenesis in the nucleolus of cortical cells. Our findings suggest that rRNA biogenesis is a key process modulated by AMF, potentially to enhance plant metabolic activity, facilitating cell cycle progression, and to support the establishment of the symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41465260, year = {2025}, author = {Vladimirova, ME and Roumiantseva, ML and Saksaganskaia, AS and Kozlova, AP and Muntyan, VS and Gaponov, SP and Yurkov, AP and Zhukov, VA and Grudinin, MP}, title = {Mitogenome of Medicago lupulina L. Cultivar-Population VIK32, Line MlS-1: Dynamic Structural Organization and Foreign Sequences.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {24}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms262411830}, pmid = {41465260}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {agreement no. 075-15-2022-320, dated 20 April 2022//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, mesh = {*Genome, Mitochondrial ; *Medicago/genetics/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; Open Reading Frames ; Mycorrhizae ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; }, abstract = {This study presents the complete assembly and analysis of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Medicago lupulina L. var. vulgaris Koch, cultivar-population VIK32, line MlS-1, which forms an effective symbiosis not only with arbuscular mycorrhiza but also with the root nodule bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti. The assembly, generated using a hybrid sequencing approach, revealed sequences of putative horizontal origin. These include a highly conserved open reading frame (ORF), orf279, encoding a protein structurally homologous to maturase K, yet bearing remote similarity to bacterial reverse transcriptases and CRISPR-associated proteins. We also identified sequences homologous to mitovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and a fragment of the chloroplast 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), suggesting historical gene transfers from viruses and plastids. This work establishes a foundation for investigating the role of mitochondrial genome variation in key plant's phenotypic traits, such as the enhanced responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhiza observed in this agronomically valuable line.}, }
@article {pmid41464936, year = {2025}, author = {Choe, H and Shin, CY and Lim, JS and Park, JS and Park, JW and Kim, WJ and Park, YI and Ree, J}, title = {Evaluation of Potential Anti-Diabetic Synbiotic Formulation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus BST.L-601 Using db/db Mice.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {24}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods14244230}, pmid = {41464936}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {//Gyeonggido Business &amp; Science Accelerator (GBSA)/ ; }, abstract = {Probiotics have been studied for their potential to treat chronic diseases. This study examined the use of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus BST.L-601 as an anti-diabetic symbiotic with sweet potato for fermentation. The medium supplemented with sweet potato showed increased productivity and enhanced storability. The anti-diabetic effect of fermented BST.L-601 was evaluated using the C2C12 myotube and a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced db/db (Lepr[db]/Lepr[db]) mouse model. Treatment with heat-killed BST.L-601 increased glucose uptake by 125% and α-glucosidase inhibition in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity for myotubes. 8 weeks of oral administration of BST.L-601 led to anti-diabetic activities in various biomarkers in the mouse model, including lowered fasting blood glucose by 88% and elevated mRNA expression of glucose metabolism-related factors IRS-1 (510%) and GLUT4 (181%) from skeletal muscle. Moreover, the improvement of induced T2DM in mice was supported by blood serum analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed increased insulin and decreased glucagon secreted from β and α cells in the pancreas islet. Microbiota analysis demonstrated elevated microbiome diversity in mice treated with BST.L-601. Furthermore, the safety and probiotic properties of the strain were confirmed. These results suggest that BST.L-601 fermented with sweet potato could be a functional symbiotic used to improve diabetes, particularly T2DM.}, }
@article {pmid41464408, year = {2025}, author = {Takaoka, M and Igarashi, A and Yasaka, T and Sumikawa, Y and Yoshioka-Maeda, K and Honda, C and Matsumoto, H and Kugai, H and Futami, A and Yamamoto-Mitani, N}, title = {Consensus on Care Competencies for Community Citizens in Japan: A Modified Delphi Study.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {22}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph22121774}, pmid = {41464408}, issn = {1660-4601}, support = {JPMJPF2202//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Japan ; Delphi Technique ; Humans ; Consensus ; Female ; Male ; *Caregivers ; }, abstract = {Japan's rapidly aging population necessitates new approaches that enable citizens to actively participate in caring for themselves and others. However, a comprehensive framework defining the specific competencies needed for this critical community role has not yet been established. This study, therefore, aimed to define the novel concept of "care competency" and establish a consensus on its comprehensive component list for community citizens. We defined care competencies and developed a list using a modified Delphi technique (RAND/University of California, Los Angeles) involving 10 nursing researchers. Items were adapted from Japan's Model Core Curriculum for Nursing Education, and a total of 528 items were evaluated and refined. In this study, care competency was defined as the complex ability to acquire and utilize knowledge and skills, based on evidence and intentional choices, to maintain the well-being of oneself, loved ones, and people in the community. The Delphi process identified 151 care competency items. This study thereby presents a novel framework that provides a foundation for developing globally applicable educational programs to foster mutual support and effective caregiving.}, }
@article {pmid41463889, year = {2025}, author = {Lan, Z and Zhou, S and Wang, C and Liu, W and Liu, P}, title = {The Immune-Antioxidant Trade-Off Mediated by Actinobacteria Drives Niche Differentiation: Physiological and Gut Microbiota Responses of Two Cold-Adapted Brown Frog Species to Contrasting Peak Daily Habitat Temperatures.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {15}, number = {24}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani15243604}, pmid = {41463889}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {LH2022C049//Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; HSDBSCX2023-08//Harbin Normal University Doctorate Innovation Project/ ; }, abstract = {The fluctuating temperature poses challenges to the survival of amphibians. This study employed two cold-adapted brown frog species, Rana dybowskii and Rana amurensis, from high-latitude cold regions as research models. We explored the mechanism by which contrasting peak daily habitat temperatures affect their physiological function and symbiotic microbial community. The results indicate that these two cold-adapted brown frog species exhibit a common physiological response of enhanced immune capacity and suppressed antioxidant capacity when subjected to elevated temperatures. However, they demonstrate unique coping strategies and physiological regulatory effects on gut microbiota: R. dybowskii activates its immune system by reducing the abundance of Actinobacteria and inhibiting metabolic pathways, but the decrease in Bacteroidetes abundance impairs antioxidant efficacy. On the other hand, R. amurensis experiences impairment of antioxidant function due to the regulatory effects of a significant increase in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, a marked decrease in Bifidobacterium, and a decline in gut microbiota α-diversity. For the first time, this study reveals the adaptive mechanisms by which two cold-adapted amphibian species respond to the contrasting peak daily habitat temperatures, providing a scientific basis for understanding how ectotherms react to climate change and for predicting their population dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid41463713, year = {2025}, author = {Gastrell, S and Vollmer, W}, title = {Peptidoglycan LD-Transpeptidases.}, journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14121210}, pmid = {41463713}, issn = {2079-6382}, support = {2036936//National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {LD-Transpeptidases (LDTs) are a widely conserved class of peptidoglycan (PG) crosslinking enzymes in bacteria. They are sometimes overlooked as they often act secondary to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) under standard conditions. However, LDTs are essential in key pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile and are responsible for β-lactam resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Enterococcus faecium due their low affinity for penicillins and cephalosporins, allowing them to form LD-crosslinks when DD-crosslinking PBPs are inactivated. This role makes LDTs a promising target when developing new treatments for these pathogens. LDTs can perform different enzymatic reactions. Most commonly they reinforce the PG with 3,3-LD-crosslinks or, in a few cases, 1,3-LD-crosslinks, during stationary phase or stress responses. Some LDTs also incorporate endogenous and exogenous non-canonical D-amino acids into the PG. In many Gram-negative bacteria, specialised LDTs tether lipoproteins or outer membrane proteins (OMPs) to the PG to maintain cell envelope integrity; in some cases this regulates virulence factors. Specialised LDTs have also been implied to have roles in polar growth, toxin secretion, and symbiotic colonisation. Recent discoveries include novel subgroups of the major YkuD family and the identification of the VanW family; this has opened new research directions surrounding LDTs. We aim to understand LDTs and their roles to expand our knowledge of PG synthesis and modification and how these enzymes can be targeted for antibiotic treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41463457, year = {2025}, author = {Li, W and Cao, W and Wei, X and Hu, D and Yuan, K and Zhang, R and Yao, Y}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Symbiotic Bacterial Diversity and Sublethal Effects of Nitenpyram Against Two Different Cotton Aphids.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14121684}, pmid = {41463457}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {No. 2023A02009//Major Scientific R&amp;D Program Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; No. 2024B02003//the Key R&amp;D Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; No. 32360671//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic bacteria in insects are known to play crucial roles in detoxification metabolism and adaptation to host plant secondary metabolites. In the cotton-growing region of Xinjiang, China, the Ap. gossypii and the Ac. gossypii exhibit significant differences in sensitivity or resistance to pesticides. However, whether their detoxification-related symbiotic bacteria change under insecticide stress remains unclear. This study assessed the toxicity of nitenpyram to both aphid species and the effects of LC20 treatment on their growth, development, and reproduction. Bacterial community dynamics across generations (G0-G2) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The LC20 of nitenpyram reduced the longevity and fecundity of the parent generation in both species. In Ap. gossypii, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), and finite rate of increase (λ) increased in the G1-G2 generations, whereas these parameters significantly decreased in Ac. gossypii. By the G3 generation, biological parameters in both species showed no significant differences compared to the control. Nitenpyram disrupted the stability of symbiotic bacterial communities in both aphids. In Ac. gossypii, Sphingomonas, a genus with detoxification potential, was consistently suppressed in G1-G2, while the abundance of the primary symbiont Buchnera initially decreased sharply and subsequently recovered. In contrast, the bacterial community in Ap. gossypii remained largely stable. These findings indicate that sublethal concentrations of nitenpyram exert distinct transgenerational effects on the two aphid species and disrupt the stability of their symbiotic bacterial communities.}, }
@article {pmid41463440, year = {2025}, author = {Zuo, YW and Liu, YY and Jiang, YX and Li, WQ and Peng, Y and Zhou, SM and You, SQ and Liu, SQ and Deng, HP}, title = {Improving Soil Properties and Microbiomes by Mixed Eucalyptus-Cupressus Afforestation.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14121667}, pmid = {41463440}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX1297//General Program of the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Monoculture plantations of Eucalyptus in China have raised ecological concerns due to water depletion, soil degradation, and fire risk. Integrating Eucalyptus with Cupressus offers a sustainable approach to improving forest ecosystem health. In this study, we established five forest treatments, pure Eucalyptus (1:0), mixed Eucalyptus-Cupressus at three ratios (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2), and pure Cupressus (0:1), to assess their effects on soil properties, microbial diversity, and metabolomic profiles. Laboratory analyses revealed significant differences in physicochemical soil properties (such as water content (p < 0.05), pH (p < 0.001), organic carbon (p < 0.001), and nitrogen (p < 0.001)) among various groups within the mixed forests. Microbial community investigations highlighted a unique microbial signature in Eucalyptus-Cupressus mixed forests, especially when the tree ratio was 1:2, characterized by a rich (Chao1, p < 0.05) and diverse (Shannon, p < 0.05) array of bacterial taxa. The mixed Eucalyptus-Cupressus forest also exhibited an uplift in microbial communities, bacterial genera such as RB41, and fungal genera including Penicillium, Talaromyces, and Mortierella, which are associated with enhanced organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Interactive networks within microbial communities were revealed through co-occurrence and Spearman correlation analyses, highlighting potential symbiotic relationships and ecological complexities. Metabolomic analysis, coupled with pathway analysis, further illuminated metabolic shifts in the mixed forests, emphasizing alterations in key metabolic pathways such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Collectively, these results show that moderately mixed Eucalyptus-Cupressus forests improve soil fertility and microbial multifunctionality, providing a practical model for sustainable and resilient forest management in subtropical regions.}, }
@article {pmid41463367, year = {2025}, author = {Biţă, A and Scorei, IR and Soriano-Ursúa, MA and Pisoschi, CG and Biţă, CE and Dincă, L and Ştefănescu, S and Racu, MV and Pinzaru, I and Florescu, C and Hădăreanu, DR and Siloşi, CA and Neamţu, J and Gheonea, DI and Mogoşanu, GD and Zorilă, MV}, title = {Boron Bioavailability Revisited: From Plasma-Accessible Species to Microbiota-Accessible Complexes-Implications for Nutritional Essentiality.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biom15121711}, pmid = {41463367}, issn = {2218-273X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Boron/metabolism/pharmacokinetics/blood ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Biological Availability ; Animals ; Prebiotics ; }, abstract = {Boron (B) remains one of the least understood trace elements in human nutrition. Traditionally regarded as non-essential, its biological role has been reevaluated in light of emerging microbiome research. We provide a narrative synthesis of mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical studies to assess whether the colonic actions of B meet accepted criteria for nutritional essentiality. This review revisits B bioavailability through a dual-pathway framework distinguishing plasma-accessible boron (PAB)-small, fully absorbable species with transient systemic effects-from microbiota-accessible boron complexes (MABCs)-indigestible conjugates that reach the colon intact. Evidence indicates that PAB exerts short-term metabolic modulation, whereas MABCs act as prebiotic cofactors that stabilize microbial quorum sensing (autoinducer-2-borate; AI-2B), reinforce the colonic mucus barrier through borate-diol crosslinking, and support host-microbiota symbiosis. Deficiency or low intake of MABCs leads to dysbiosis, barrier fragility, and low-grade inflammation along gut-organ axes-effects reversible by MABC-rich diets. Analytical and clinical tools are proposed to discriminate between PAB and MABC pathways, including fecal B/speciation, AI-2B assays, and mucus-penetration markers. Recognizing B's essentiality as a microbiota-dependent nutrient reframes its nutritional assessment, guiding future dietary guidelines and prebiotic design toward the microbiome-mucus interface.}, }
@article {pmid41462414, year = {2025}, author = {Liya, F and Yuqing, L and Zhouni, H and Wenhui, Z and Tao, Z}, title = {Association between public space and resident outdoor activity behavior in urban areas surrounding lakes.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {44871}, pmid = {41462414}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {This study integrates Behavior Setting Theory with GIS spatial analysis to elucidate the association between public space characteristics and resident outdoor activity behavior in urban areas surrounding lakes, using Nanchang's Qingshan Lake as a case study. Applying this integrated framework, we systematically analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of resident activities, activity type preferences, and their interactions with the spatial environment. Employing multi-source data, we developed a dynamic "people-space" interaction model. The empirical findings led to the proposal of targeted micro-renewal strategies for public spaces surrounding lakes, focusing on five key aspects: enhancing safety and resilience, ensuring seamless connectivity, promoting ecological integration, creating narrative environments, and shaping spatial affordances. This research provides a scientific basis for improving the quality of public spaces surrounding urban lakes and resident well-being, offering actionable insights for the planning and design of similar urban waterfronts.}, }
@article {pmid41462019, year = {2025}, author = {Zi, H and Hua, Z and Wang, Y and Liao, Y and Bei, S and Cao, F and Delgado-Baquerizo, M and Li, X}, title = {Mycorrhizal colonization of dryland tree establishment depends on soil microbial cooperation.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-67797-z}, pmid = {41462019}, issn = {2041-1723}, abstract = {Mycorrhizal fungi serve as fundamental agents in forest establishment and progression, underpinning critical ecosystem functions through symbiotic root associations. Drylands, which cover nearly half of Earth's land, have limited forest establishment, and factors influencing mycorrhization in these stressful environments remain unclear. Here, we integrate large-scale field surveys along aridity gradients with greenhouse experiments and over 33,000 microscopic mycorrhizal observations, revealing that aridity significantly enhances mycorrhization. Mycorrhizal fungi undergo niche modification, whereby facilitative microbial interactions promote mycorrhization under aridity stress. We identify a core synthetic microbial community linked to mycorrhization and provide mechanistic evidence that this community facilitates mycorrhization through physical attachment to fungal hyphae and by alleviating soil metabolite inhibition that otherwise suppresses mycorrhization under arid conditions. In this work, our findings highlight the role of microbial interkingdom interactions in driving tree mycorrhizal colonization in arid regions, offering critical insights for guiding tree planting and restoration efforts in drylands.}, }
@article {pmid41460787, year = {2025}, author = {Li, S and Lam, JFI}, title = {Study on the policy implementation of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao joint graduate training program and regional talent development.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {e0338940}, pmid = {41460787}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Hong Kong ; Humans ; China ; *Education, Graduate ; Cooperative Behavior ; }, abstract = {To address the existing literature's neglect of the micro-mechanisms involved in implementing joint postgraduate training policies in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, this study applies resource dependence theory to examine the logic of organisational interactions and their impact on talent development. Based on an analysis of 47 joint cultivation projects through qualitative case studies, the study identifies symbiotic, dominant, and competitive dependency relationships among cooperative entities, shaped by differences in resource endowments, which profoundly influence the stability of cooperation models. Policy effectiveness is primarily achieved through two intermediary mechanisms: "resource integration," which consolidates financial, human, and knowledge resources, and "collaborative governance," which builds an institutionalised and organised collaborative network. Significant differences exist between "university-university" and "university-institute" models in terms of both resource integration and governance effectiveness. Policy implementation enhances the quality and scale of talent cultivation while simultaneously promoting the development of the regional innovation ecosystem. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of joint cultivation hinges on micro-governance grounded in resource dependence at the implementation level. Future policy optimisation should prioritise balanced resource allocation and the institutionalisation and standardisation of cooperation models, thereby facilitating the transformation of regional talent governance from a "policy-driven" to a "system-driven" approach.}, }
@article {pmid41460347, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Y and Zheng, C and Wang, S and Zhu, F}, title = {Variations in Nodule Microbial Communities and Their Association with Root-Colonizing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Medicago Sativa.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02687-x}, pmid = {41460347}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {2022YFF1302801//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2022YFD1900301//National Key Research and Development Program of China,China/ ; }, abstract = {Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), known as "Queen of forages", is valued to its high-nutritional quality and is a key member of Leguminosae family. Its productivity is largely attributed to mutualistic symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia, which facilitate nutrient exchange and plant growth. However, the coexistence and mutualistic interactions between rhizobia and AMF across alfalfa genotypes with differing yields in native soil remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the community composition of rhizobia and AMF colonizing alfalfa roots across different-yield varieties. Our results showed variations in dominant microbial taxa and the structural complexity of root-associated microbial networks among genotypes. Moreover, rhizobia exhibited no significant associations with AMF on genus level, however, negative correlations were observed among genera within the AMF community, and a comparable trend was identified among rhizobial taxa. In summary, our findings offer new insights into how native soil microbiota influence the dual symbiotic relationships of alfalfa, with implications for leveraging native microbial communities to enhance sustainable forage production.}, }
@article {pmid41459742, year = {2025}, author = {Kwon, Y and Choi, J and Kim, SH and Kim, PJ and Lee, SM and Cha, JK and Park, H and Kang, JW and Jo, SM and Kwak, YS and Kim, D and Kim, WJ and Lee, JH and Ryu, CM}, title = {Rice gs3 allele and low-nitrogen conditions enrich rhizosphere microbiota that mitigate methane emissions and promote beneficial crop traits.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf284}, pmid = {41459742}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Methane emissions from rice paddies represent a critical environmental concern in agriculture. Although genetic strategies for mitigating emissions have gained attention, the specific microbial and molecular mechanisms remain underexplored. Here, we investigated how the gs3 loss-of-function allele in the near-isogenic rice line Milyang360 modulates rhizosphere and endosphere microbial communities under distinct nitrogen regimes. Field experiments revealed that Milyang360 consistently reduced methane emissions compared with its parental line, Saeilmi, particularly under low-nitrogen conditions. Integrated plant transcriptomic and rhizosphere metagenomic analyses, including the reconstruction of Metagenome-Assembled Genomes, demonstrated that the gs3 allele upregulated genes related to root hair elongation or promoting microbial symbiosis. This physiological change limited substrate availability for methanogens and facilitated the colonization by beneficial microorganisms. Consequently, we observed a functional shift in the microbiome, characterized by the enrichment of methanotrophs and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This microbial restructuring was most prominent under low-nitrogen conditions, indicating a strong genotype by environment interaction. Our findings highlight the gs3 allele's dual role in reducing methane emissions and improving nitrogen use efficiency by recruiting a beneficial microbiome. This study provides a clear mechanistic link between a plant gene and rhizosphere ecology, offering a promising genetic target for developing sustainable, low emission rice cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid41459732, year = {2025}, author = {Nahar, N and Dong, PT and Tian, J and Grossman, AS and Hendrickson, EL and Kerns, KA and Davey, ME and Bor, B and McLean, JS and He, X}, title = {Ultrasmall episymbiont Nanosynbacter lyticus employs multiple ATP-generating metabolic pathways during horizontal transmission.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf288}, pmid = {41459732}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Saccharibacteria (formerly TM7) are a group of environmentally diverse, ultrasmall bacteria with highly reduced genomes belonging to Patescibacteria (formerly Candidate Phyla Radiation), a newly identified bacterial lineage accounting for over a quarter of microbial diversity. Nanosynbacter lyticus strain TM7x was isolated from the human oral cavity and was the first culture representative of Saccharibacteria. It displays an obligate episymbiotic lifestyle where TM7x lives on the surface of its bacterial host Schaalia odontolytica strain XH001. Saccharibacteria rely on host bacteria for growth. TM7x multiplies through budding division, and daughter cells can disassociate from host bacteria during their horizontal transmission stage and establish symbiosis with new bacterial hosts. However, how these metabolically constrained symbionts maintain their viability and infectivity during their horizontal transmission phase, when they are disassociated from hosts, remains poorly understood. By applying targeted mutagenesis using recently developed genetic tools for Saccharibacteria, we demonstrate that the TM7x-encoded arginine deiminase system (ADS) plays a critical role in ATP production and impacts TM7x-host bacterium interaction. Furthermore, we present the first empirical evidence showing that TM7x can uptake and utilize glucose via the glycolysis pathway. Glycolysis is particularly important for episymbiont ATP production under anoxic conditions during horizontal transmission between hosts. Our study demonstrates that TM7x employs two ATP-generating metabolic pathways, ADS and glycolysis, to ensure its viability and infectivity under different microenvironments when disassociated from its hosts during horizontal transmission, a critical phase of its life cycle.}, }
@article {pmid41457404, year = {2026}, author = {Jabbar, N and George, AP and Ramireddy, E}, title = {Phosphate Levels: The Hidden Gatekeepers of the Rice-Blast Pathosystem.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {e70712}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70712}, pmid = {41457404}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {0903063//PMRF/ ; }, mesh = {*Oryza/microbiology/metabolism ; *Phosphates/metabolism ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Magnaporthe/physiology ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Disease Resistance ; Signal Transduction ; }, abstract = {Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the staple food for more than half of the world's population, depends on a balanced phosphate supply to sustain its growth, development, and defense mechanisms. While phosphate is fundamental to plant metabolism, its specific role in the Rice-blast pathosystem remains an emerging area of research. Recent studies reveal that excess phosphate enhances disease severity, whereas phosphate deficiency restricts fungal entry, highlighting phosphate homeostasis as a hidden determinant of blast susceptibility. Paradoxically, the pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae can activate the phosphate starvation response (PSR) in rice, even under phosphate-sufficient conditions. This Mini Review integrates these seemingly conflicting findings into a unified framework linking phosphate signaling with pathogen-induced PSR. We further discuss how the M. oryzae Nudix effector (MoNUDIX) disrupts host phosphate signaling and propose that strengthening arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, alongside optimized fertilization, could restore phosphate balance and enhance resistance to blast disease in rice plants.}, }
@article {pmid41457400, year = {2026}, author = {Zhang, XQ and Zhang, YM and Huang, A and Ma, GH and Han, JJ}, title = {Polyploidization Alters the Plant Cell Wall Composition of Dendrobium catenatum Orchids.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {178}, number = {1}, pages = {e70711}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70711}, pmid = {41457400}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {32560036//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; C619300A101//the Young Talent Project of Yunnan/ ; C615300504053//the Caiyun Postdoctoral Innovation Project of Yunnan Province, China/ ; KFJJ21-04//the Yunnan Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization/State Forestry Administration Key Laboratory of Yunnan Rare and Endangered Species Conservation and Propagation/ ; KY(BS)202101//the Doctoral Program of Yunnan Forestry Technological College/ ; }, mesh = {*Cell Wall/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Dendrobium/genetics/microbiology/metabolism ; *Polyploidy ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Lignin/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Polyploid plants often present a variety of agriculturally advantageous traits, such as larger organs. Plant cell expansion is ultimately constrained by the cell wall, yet the impact of polyploidization on the cell wall architecture of orchids remains unexplored. Here, we employed Dendrobium catenatum (syn. D. officinale) as a model to dissect the impacts of polyploidization on phenotypic traits, cell size and cell wall composition. Compared with diploids, tetraploids of D. catenatum have larger organs underpinned by larger cells. The analysis of gene expression revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in the cell wall metabolism and DNA packaging pathways. The cell wall component lignin- and xylan-related transcripts were upregulated, whereas histone-variant genes were repressed. Compositional assays revealed that the contents of many cell wall components, such as lignin, are increased in tetraploids. Despite cell wall reinforcement, tetraploids remained colonized by the symbiotic fungus Serendipita indica, although fungal biomass was moderately reduced. Thus, polyploidization enlarges D. catenatum by reprogramming cell wall construction, while preserving the plant's ability to maintain fungal symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41457152, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, L and Gao, Y}, title = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis between Coprinellus disseminatus and Cremastra appendiculata, insights from gene expression.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-33845-3}, pmid = {41457152}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {32360078//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Qiankehe-zk[2025]566//Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program (Natural Science)/ ; GZZY-2025-076//the Guizhou Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; No. [2022]068//the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Guizhou Medical University/ ; NO. 22NSFCP16//the National Natural Science Foundation of China Cultivation Project of Guizhou Medical University/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41455887, year = {2025}, author = {Tariq, H and Dutilleul, P and Geddes-McAlister, J and Geitmann, A and Smith, DL}, title = {Plant growth-promoting Bacillus strains modulate early soybean development via proteome remodeling.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-025-07972-y}, pmid = {41455887}, issn = {1471-2229}, abstract = {Plant adaptation to environmental stress involves tightly regulated cellular, molecular, and biochemical responses. Among these, microbe-assisted strategies have gained attention, particularly the role of the plant microbiome (phytomicrobiome) in promoting growth and stress resilience. Soybean (Glycine max), a major agricultural crop, actively recruits beneficial microbes through root-secreted secondary metabolites, fostering symbiotic interactions with endophytic bacteria. However, the direct and indirect impacts of root-associated endophytes on plant development remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated three Bacillus strains (HT1, HT2, and HT3) isolated previously from the soybean root microbiome.16 S rRNA analysis indicates that HT1 and HT2 are closely related to the Bacillus velezensis and HT3 to the Bacillus thuringiensis lineage although more detailed analyses are warranted for genus identification. These strains were selected for their demonstrated plant growth-promoting and biocontrol activities. Bacillus-HT1 and HT2 significantly enhanced soybean seed germination, while Bacillus-HT3 promoted leaf area expansion significantly compared to the control, indicating strain-specific developmental effects. To elucidate the molecular basis of these effects, we conducted shotgun proteomic profiling of soybean leaves. Enrichment analysis revealed distinct functional signatures, with Bacillus HT1 and HT2 associated with pathways linked to cellular component organization, microtubule dynamics, and organelle function, and Bacillus-HT3 inducing broader enrichment of photosynthesis, chloroplast organization, and biosynthetic processes. These findings suggest that HT1 and HT2 promote early developmental transitions, while HT3 enhances vegetative growth through large-scale metabolic reprogramming. Notably, proteins such as anthranilate synthase and proteasome subunit alpha type were differentially abundant, pointing to the potential involvement of auxin biosynthesis and ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated regulation but, the actual roles of these pathways remain to be validated. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how specific Bacillus strains modulate soybean development at the molecular level and highlight their potential for use as bio-inoculants to enhance crop productivity and resilience under stress conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41455409, year = {2025}, author = {Rodriguez-Garcia, DR and Müller, LM}, title = {Signaling at the interface: The cell wall, peptides, and extracellular vesicles mediate partner communication during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Current opinion in plant biology}, volume = {89}, number = {}, pages = {102849}, doi = {10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102849}, pmid = {41455409}, issn = {1879-0356}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations of plants and Glomeromycotina soil fungi play a crucial role in all terrestrial ecosystems. In this mutually beneficial interaction, obligate biotrophic fungi acquire photosynthetically fixed carbon from the plant, while the mutualistic fungi enhance plant access to soil nutrients. AM fungi colonize the inner tissues of host roots, where they form specialized symbiotic structures (arbuscules) within fully differentiated cortex cells that are reprogrammed to host the microbe. Given the intimate nature of the interaction, extensive partner communication at the interface of plant and fungal cells is crucial for the development and functioning of AM symbiosis. The peri-arbuscular space, a specialized apoplast compartment surrounding the arbuscules, supports not only nutrient exchange between the symbiotic partners but is also the site of extensive partner crosstalk mediated by cell wall components, receptors, signaling peptides, and extracellular vesicles. Such signaling processes in the apoplast modulate plant immune responses to enable colonization by beneficial fungi, making this compartment a key player for the establishment and maintenance of AM symbiosis. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries related to the role of partner communication in the apoplast, with a focus on peptide and cell wall signaling, as well as extracellular vesicles.}, }
@article {pmid41454993, year = {2025}, author = {Sani, ZK and Shah, T and Basiru, S and Salmon, MA and Radouane, N and Legeay, J and Hijri, M}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigate cadmium toxicity in plants: A global meta-analysis.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {36}, number = {1}, pages = {2}, pmid = {41454993}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {Project AS FN 08//OCP Nutricrops/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/metabolism ; *Cadmium/toxicity/metabolism ; *Soil Pollutants/toxicity/metabolism ; *Plants/microbiology/drug effects/metabolism ; Biomass ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to alleviate cadmium (Cd) toxicity in plants; however, the conditions that maximize their efficiency remain poorly understood. While previous meta-analyses have documented general benefits of AMF in Cd-contaminated soils, none has systematically examined the interactive roles of soil pH, inoculant type, and plant biomass on Cd dynamics within the soil-plant system. Here, we present a comprehensive global meta-analysis (97 studies; >500 observations) using advanced statistical approaches, random-effects modeling, meta-regression, and structural equation modelling, to identify these key boundary conditions. AMF inoculation significantly (p < 0.0001) enhanced plant biomass, root and shoot length, and chlorophyll content, while markedly reducing shoot Cd concentration. Effects on antioxidant enzymes were variable and generally non-significant. Notably, AMF efficiency was strongly context-dependent: benefits were greater in acidic soils, and microbial consortia outperformed single-species inoculants in high-biomass plants by promoting root Cd immobilization. In contrast, total soil Cd concentration was a weak predictor of AMF effectiveness (meta-regression R[2] ≤ 2.03%), indicating that Cd bioavailability, largely determined by pH, is more critical than total metal load. Overall, our findings provide robust evidence that AMF symbiosis is a key bio-based strategy for mitigating Cd stress in plants. This study highlights soil pH, inoculant composition, and plant biomass as critical determinants of AMF efficiency and offers practical guidance for optimizing AMF-based phytostabilization and remediation in Cd-contaminated agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41454778, year = {2025}, author = {Zhu, J and Yu, M and Zheng, T and Zhang, J and Cao, G and Wu, X and Dai, C and Ullah, Y and Zhang, W and Jia, Y}, title = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi recruit hyphae-associated bacteria that metabolize thiamine to promote pine symbiosis.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf290}, pmid = {41454778}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with a wide range of terrestrial plants, acquiring carbohydrates for themselves and promoting nutrient uptake in their host plants. However, some ectomycorrhizal fungi cannot effectively obtain the thiamine necessary for growth from their host or synthesize it themselves. Ectomycorrhizal fungi can recruit hypha-associated microorganisms, which play a vital role in promoting nutrient absorption and ectomycorrhizal root formation, ultimately colonizing within fruiting bodies to form a unique bacterial microbiota. In this study, non-targeted metabolomics and whole-genome sequencing were employed to investigate the colonization characteristics of the hyphae-associated bacterium Bacillus altitudinis B4 on the mycelial surface of ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus clintonianus, as well as the synergistic promotion of thiamine synthesis and absorption by B. altitudinis B4 and the fungal mycelium, respectively. The results suggested that S. clintonianus first secreted ureidosuccinic acid and pregnenolone, recruiting the hyphae-associated bacterium B. altitudinis B4 to the mycelial surface. Subsequently, the ureidosuccinic acid secreted by S. clintonianus further stimulated B. altitudinis B4 to enhance thiamine production by increasing its biomass and upregulating the expression of related functional genes. Finally, S. clintonianus absorbed the thiamine secreted by the B. altitudinis B4, promoting fungal growth and increasing the colonization rate in association with Pinus massoniana. This study elucidates the thiamine acquisition mechanisms of ectomycorrhizal fungi, highlighting the critical role of bacterial partners in fungal nutrition and host-fungal interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41454425, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Hu, X and Sun, Z and Wang, J and Xu, H and Tian, Y}, title = {Control of tobacco Fusarium root rot by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HN11 and its influence on the rhizosphere microbial community.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70474}, pmid = {41454425}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {2018YFD0200300//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; 2015B020230012//Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Over the past few decades, Fusarium root rot has gradually become the most prevalent soil-borne disease affecting tobacco plants across various regions in China. Nevertheless, only a limited number of effective biological control agents are currently available for agricultural application. This study was designed to investigate the control efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HN11 against tobacco Fusarium root rot, as well as its influence on soil microbial diversity and community structure.<br><br>RESULTS: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HN11 was screened as a strain with superior control capacity, reducing the incidence of tobacco root rot in the field by 58%. Analysis of tobacco rhizosphere microbial communities revealed that HN11 inhibits the proliferation of pathogens such as some species of Fusarium, and interacts with symbiotic fungi including species of Conocybe, Pyrenochaetopsis, Echria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, facilitating a shift in fungal trophic modes from saprotroph to symbiotroph. In addition, it was found that HN11 significantly diminished the carbon metabolic function of bacteria, reduced the relative abundance of the dominant genera Sphingomonas and Gemmatimonas, altered the composition of soil bacterial communities while maintaining their diversity. Tracing the strain with green fluorescent labeling (HN11-sfGFP) demonstrated its capability to colonize tobacco roots. Furthermore, based on the knockout of the core genes of the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for different secondary metabolites of HN11, we hypothesized that bacillibactin siderophores can inhibit pathogenic fungi. The lack of difficidin and bacillaene may also be important in the inhibition of pathogenic fungi.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The interaction between Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HN11 and microbial communities in tobacco soil contributes to disease prevention and plant growth enhancement. &#xa9; 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41452003, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, B and Sun, T and Ji, K and Yang, Z and Wang, J and Zhao, Y and Yu, X and Tang, X and Xiao, H}, title = {Effects of the tidal dehydration stress on epiphytic bacterial community of the intertidal macroalga Sargassum thunbergii.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0194825}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01948-25}, pmid = {41452003}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Intertidal macroalgae and their epiphytic bacteria experience periodic dehydration-rehydration cycles due to tidal fluctuations. The influence of tidal dehydration on algal epiphytic bacteria remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of tidal dehydration on epiphytic bacterial communities of macroalga Sargassum thunbergii. While tidal dehydration had a small impact on the composition of the epiphytic bacterial community of S. thunbergii, it significantly influenced community diversity, abundance of dominant taxa, and some predicted functional genes. Specifically, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Granulosicoccus increased markedly, whereas that of Cyanobacteria, Litoreibacter, and Sva0996_marine_group decreased significantly. The abundance of Marinomonas exhibited a trend of initial decrease, followed by subsequent increase. Predictive functional analysis suggested that the bacterial community adapted to dehydration stress by regulating genes involved in energy, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism. The shifts in the bacterial community following dehydration stress may result from the inherent differential stress tolerance among bacterial taxa and host-mediated facilitation through algal metabolic adjustments that selectively favored specific groups. This study revealed the structural and functional response of the epiphytic bacterial community of macroalgae in intertidal zones to dehydration stress.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: The adaptive mechanisms of the intertidal macroalgal-epiphytic bacterial symbiotic system to periodic tidal dehydration stress play a crucial role in maintaining coastal ecosystem stability. Although numerous studies have investigated the effects of tidal dehydration on intertidal macroalgae, the impact of dehydration on the epiphytic bacteria has received much less attention. Our investigation revealed that tidal dehydration stress significantly alters both the community structure and metabolic functions of the epiphytic bacteria on Sargassum thunbergii. Notably, dehydration stress selectively enriched stress-tolerant bacterial taxa and induced metabolic reprogramming, particularly in energy, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling pathways. These microbial responses demonstrate not only bacterial stress adaptation strategies but also suggest potential host-mediated regulation within the algal-bacterial symbiotic system. These findings provide novel insights into the ecological adaptability mechanisms of intertidal ecosystems under environmental stress.}, }
@article {pmid41450947, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, B and Zhao, A and Chen, W and Zhou, Y and Zhang, W and Zhang, Y and Hou, Q and Yao, N and Zhang, S and Duan, J and Li, N and Cao, J}, title = {Microbiota-mediated modulation of radiosensitivity: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of oral and gut microbiota, metabolites, and probiotics.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1689735}, pmid = {41450947}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Radiotherapy is a cornerstone of comprehensive cancer treatment, yet its efficacy and toxicity exhibit considerable interindividual variation. Recent evidence highlights the microbiome-the collective genomes and metabolic products of symbiotic microorganisms in a specific environment-as a key bidirectional regulator of radiosensitivity. Radiotherapy can disrupt microbial community structure, while the microbiome and its metabolites profoundly influence tumor cell radiosensitivity and normal tissue radiotolerance by modulating DNA damage repair, immune responses, metabolic reprogramming, and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling. This review systematically examines the mechanisms and recent advances in understanding how oral and gut microbiota, their key metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs), and probiotics modulate radiosensitivity. By establishing a framework centered on "mechanism axis-evidence stratification-clinical translation," this paper aims to provide a theoretical foundation and identify potential targets for microbiome-based strategies to enhance radiosensitivity and protect normal tissues during radiotherapy.}, }
@article {pmid41449466, year = {2025}, author = {Malta, SM and Bernardes, LMM and Silva, MH and Santos, ACC and Batista, LL and Rodrigues, TS and do Prado Mascarenhas, FA and Zanon, RG and Espindola, FS and Mendes-Silva, AP and Ueira-Vieira, C}, title = {Drug Development.}, journal = {Alzheimer's &amp; dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association}, volume = {21 Suppl 5}, number = {}, pages = {e103543}, doi = {10.1002/alz70859_103543}, pmid = {41449466}, issn = {1552-5279}, mesh = {*Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; *Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; *Kefir ; *Drug Development ; Animals ; *Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Peptides/pharmacology ; Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Kefir is a probiotic-rich fermented milk beverage composed of a symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeasts. Emerging evidence has shown its neuroprotective potential, including that of its derived metabolites and fractions, in mitigating β-amyloid (Aβ42)-induced neurotoxicity in cultured neuronal cells and neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster models for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Building on these findings, we explored the in vitro effects of kefir-derived fractions and synthetic peptides on Aβ42 aggregation and disaggregation.<br><br>METHOD: Two kefir fractions, Ethyl Acetate (EtOAc) and <10kDa, and two kefir-derived peptides (KDPs) identified in our prior research were tested. For the preventive assay, A&#x3b2;42 (10 &#xb5;M) was co-incubated with kefir fractions (0.25 mg/mL) or KDPs (1, 10 and 100 &#xb5;M) for 24 hours, with fluorescence readings (Thioflavin T) taken hourly. For the treatment assay, A&#x3b2;42 was incubated alone for 48 hours to induce aggregation, followed by treatment with fractions or KDPs, with fluorescence readings taken after an additional 48-hour incubation. All experiments were performed in 96-well plates, with samples in quintuplicate. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA.<br><br>RESULT: Fluorescence intensity measurements revealed that, in the preventive assay, all treatments significantly reduced A&#x3b2;42 aggregation compared to the untreated control (p<0.0001). In the treatment assay, significant disruption of A&#x3b2;42 aggregation was observed with KDP-1 (p=0.0055) and KDP-2 (p<0.0001).<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential ability of kefir fractions and synthetic peptides to prevent and disrupt A&#x3b2;42 aggregation in vitro, supporting their therapeutic promise in neurodegenerative disorders. Further studies should explore their mechanisms of action and efficacy in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid41444279, year = {2025}, author = {Masood, B and Sheikh, TM and Raza, A and Waqas, RM and Elahi, A and Kırgız, MS and Nagaprasad, N and Ramaswamy, K and Muhammad, S}, title = {Effects of low calcium bentonite on the strength development of recycled aggregate concrete.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {44585}, pmid = {41444279}, issn = {2045-2322}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The negative environmental impact of high cement use and aggregate extraction can be minimized by the use of greener materials and recycled aggregate (RA) instead of conventional materials. In this study, the effects of a low-calcium bentonite (LCB) binder on the strength development and workability of recycled aggregate concrete are investigated. RA is used as 0, 50, and 100% by volume replacement of natural aggregate concrete (NAC), whereas bentonite is used as 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight replacement of cement for each level of RA. LCB addition significantly improved the 90-day compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths of normal and RA concrete, whereas at 28 days, the results of the LCB mixtures were comparable to those of the control. The RA mixtures had slightly reduced compressive strengths, similar tensile strengths, and superior flexural strengths to those of NAC after 90 days. Higher correlations between all strength results with successively higher RAs. These results can be attributed to the pozzolanic properties of LCB and their symbiotic relationship with the mortar adhered to the surface of the RA, along with greater bonding surface regions for the cement matrix. The response surface methodology (RSM) confirmed the trend in strength.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-28262-5.}, }
@article {pmid41448964, year = {2025}, author = {Turner, JH}, title = {Postphenomenology, Phronesis, and the Physician: Cancer Care in Radiogenomic Artificial Intelligence Theranostics.}, journal = {Cancer biotherapy &amp; radiopharmaceuticals}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1177/10849785251404799}, pmid = {41448964}, issn = {1557-8852}, abstract = {Postphenomenology examines the cultural dimension of human-technology relations whereby innovations, such as artificial intelligence (AI), re/shape our behavior and relation to reality. Generative AI is amoral and uncaring, but it is mediating evolutionary changes in human cognitive function, consciousness, and behavior. The role of phronesis, in the preservation of human values in the face of ChatGPT challenges, is explored here through the lens of theranostic nuclear oncology practice. Phronesis involves moral grounding, epistemic humility, and the integration of cognitive, affective, and contextual social expertise. Empathic, efficient care of the individual patient requires judicious symbiosis between the formidable epistemic capabilities of large language models, particularly in radiogenomics, radiomolecular biology, and tumor radiation dosimetry, and compassionate, responsible, accountable personal care by the doctor. Being cognizant of the strengths and limitations of AI, and the critical role of phronesis in personalized patient care, the physician can ensure optimal theranostic clinical oncology outcomes of human-AI collaboration.}, }
@article {pmid41446377, year = {2025}, author = {Daille, LK and Moreno-Pino, M and Hajdu, E and Trefault, N}, title = {Transcriptomic Insights Into the Immune Repertoire of an Antarctic Sponge.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e72786}, pmid = {41446377}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Antarctic marine sponges are essential components of the benthic fauna, playing a crucial role both through their own biological activities and their symbiotic relationships with diverse microorganisms. Yet, the transcriptional repertoire and the immune responses associated with interactions with microorganisms in this unique environment still need to be fully understood. Here, we investigated the transcriptional repertoire underlying the immune system processes of the Antarctic sponge Myxilla (Burtonanchora) lissostyla. We generated a de novo transcriptome and functional annotation for M. (B.) lissostyla, collected during the austral summer of 2019, 2020, and 2021. Our findings revealed an extensive transcriptional repertoire with a high and consistent expression of constitutive transcripts across the years. Key pathways related to immune response and homeostasis were the most expressed in the Antarctic sponge transcriptome, and a diverse array of immune receptors highlights the wide host immune repertoire. Low microbial abundance sponges share a vast repertoire of immune receptors, and a predominance of membrane-bound PRRs was detected mainly in M. (B.) lissostyla, indicating a broad range of receptors available for initial interactions and engagement with microorganisms. The functional repertoire unveiled here establishes baselines for assessing potential functional changes that may arise due to climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41445578, year = {2025}, author = {Jimi, N and Hookabe, N and Woo, SP and Kohtsuka, H}, title = {Two New Genera and Species of Polynoidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) Associated with Sea Urchins.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {e21}, pmid = {41445578}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Symbiotic relationships between polychaetes and marine invertebrates are well-documented, with echinoderms-primary starfish and sea cucumbers-as common hosts and sea urchins being more rarely involved. Although many sea urchins possess venomous spines that are effective defenses and make them suitable hosts for symbionts, the dense packing of these spines difficult hosting symbiotic polychaetes. In this study, we describe two new genera and species of polynoid polychaetes found in association with two different species of sea urchins, collected through dredging from Sagami Bay, Japan. Echinophilia gen. nov. is characterized by an elongated body, 12 pairs of elytra, subdistally inflated antennae and dorsal cirri. Paraechinophilia gen. nov., in contrast, has a non-elongated body, 12 pairs of elytra, not inflated antennae and dorsal cirri. Additionally, we provide insights into their phylogenetic relationships based on four gene sequences (COI, 16S, 18S, and 28S).}, }
@article {pmid41445342, year = {2025}, author = {Su-Fang, D and Yan-Qiu, Y and Zhao-Yang, Y}, title = {Research progress on the evaluation, screening, and mechanisms of salinity tolerance in Azolla.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {36}, number = {12}, pages = {3862-3870}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202512.035}, pmid = {41445342}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Salt Tolerance/physiology ; Salinity ; *Ferns/physiology/genetics ; *Salt-Tolerant Plants/physiology ; Cyanobacteria/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Ecosystem ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Soil salinization is a major challenge to global agriculture and ecosystems. Screening and breeding salt-tolerant plants is a key strategy for achieving the sustainable utilization of saline-alkali land. Azolla is a group of aquatic ferns with significant ecological and agronomic value. The obligate symbiotic system formed by Azolla and the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria has considerable potential for the sustainable remediation of saline-alkali environments. We synthesized recent advances in salinity-tolerance evaluation, screening of salt-tolerant germplasm, and the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms in Azolla. The available studies have preliminarily established a multidimensional evaluation system based on growth, morphological, physiological, and biochemical indicators, revealing significant differences in salinity tolerance among various germplasms. The salt-tolerance mechanisms of Azolla involve coordinated response across multiple levels, including regulation of cellular ion homeostasis, osmotic adjustment and metabolic remodeling, enhanced antioxidant defenses, and adaptive adjustments in host-cyanobacteria symbiotic interactions. Meanwhile, we identified the limitations in current research, including the lack of unified evaluation criteria, an incomplete understanding of the genetic basis of salt tolerance, and limited exploration of combined stresses and their mechanisms. Future studies should integrate gene editing, synthetic biology, and host-cyanobacteria symbiotic interactions, establish a coordinated screening system for salt-tolerant germplasm and symbiotic cyanobacteria, strengthen research on combined stresses, and systematically evaluate their field application potential and ecological benefits.}, }
@article {pmid41444292, year = {2025}, author = {Murashima, K and Nihei, N and Okuma, N and Maruyama, H and Watanabe, T and Shinano, T}, title = {Cesium accumulation in nodules is involved in mitigating cesium transfer to shoot.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {44449}, pmid = {41444292}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {23K21251//JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research B/ ; 26511006//JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C/ ; }, mesh = {*Plant Shoots/metabolism ; *Cesium Radioisotopes/metabolism ; *Glycine max/metabolism/genetics ; *Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; *Cesium/metabolism ; Potassium/metabolism ; *Soil Pollutants, Radioactive/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Biological Transport ; }, abstract = {Radiocesium ([137]Cs) transfer from soil to crops is largely regulated by soil potassium (K) levels owing to the chemical similarity between K and cesium (Cs). However, the mitigation of Cs translocation in soybean through soil K is lower than in other crops, highlighting the importance of clarifying soybean-specific Cs translocation mechanisms. Although root nodule symbiosis has been proposed to alter nutrient transport systems, its impact on Cs dynamics remains unclear. We hypothesized that Cs translocation mechanisms are altered under root nodule symbiosis. To elucidate these mechanisms, we conducted field experiments using three soybean genotypes with different nodulation abilities and analyzed their elemental distribution patterns. Additionally, hydroponic experiments using inoculated soybeans were conducted to investigate [137]Cs distribution. We found that Cs concentrations were consistently higher in nodules than in other organs. Radioisotope imaging also showed predominant [137]Cs accumulation in nodules. Covariance analysis revealed that Cs translocation to shoot was lower in genotypes with higher nodule formation under the same soil exchangeable K conditions. Furthermore, increased nodule formation, especially nodule number, was associated with reduced Cs translocation to shoot. These results suggest that nodules contribute to suppressing Cs translocation to shoot and provide new insights into Cs dynamics under root nodule symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41443137, year = {2025}, author = {Chai, D and Wang, Q and Yong, Q and Chen, C and Liao, Y and Pan, R and He, Y and Sun, K and Liu, B and Liu, R and Li, Z}, title = {Multidimensional development of gut-on-a-chip technology: from fabrication processes, models, gut microbiome to gut-organ axis.}, journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis}, volume = {271}, number = {}, pages = {117322}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117322}, pmid = {41443137}, issn = {1873-264X}, abstract = {Gut-on-a-chip (GoC) platforms integrate microfluidics and 3D culture to replicate the intestinal microenvironment, offering physiologically relevant alternatives to traditional models. Coupled with multi-organ chips (e.g., gut-brain/gut-liver axes), they unveil microbiome-regulated systemic crosstalk via metabolite signaling-a key yet unresolved mechanism. This review highlights multidimensional advances in organ-on-chip (OoC) technologies for intestinal research, covering fabrication methods (e.g., soft lithography, bioprinting) and their applications in physiological, patient-derived, or indirectly acquired GoC models. We also emphasize breakthroughs in biomimetic intestinal-microbiome symbiosis and spatiotemporal multi-organ integration (e.g., gut-X axis), enabling emulation of complex inter-organ signaling. Yet, critical challenges persist: reproducibility is limited by fabrication variability and cell heterogeneity; standardization lacks universal benchmarks for physiological relevance; and long-term culture stability (e.g. 7-10 days) is constrained by epithelial senescence and microbial imbalance. These gaps highlight needs for standardized protocols, quality control metrics, and strategies to sustain functional homeostasis. By bridging gaps between traditional models and human biology, GoC technologies establish transformative tools for mechanistic studies and therapeutic discovery in gastroenterology and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid41441634, year = {2025}, author = {Xin, Y and Pan, L}, title = {Targeting the Gut-Kidney Axis: Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Kidney Disease Management.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {17}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/toxins17120599}, pmid = {41441634}, issn = {2072-6651}, support = {LQ23H310002//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82304608//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82404750//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024KY798//Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Humans ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Animals ; *Kidney/drug effects/metabolism ; *Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Dysbiosis/drug therapy ; Uremic Toxins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The interaction between gut microbiota dysbiosis and CKD progression via the "gut-kidney axis" is increasingly recognized. Gut-derived uremic toxins (e.g., indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate) accumulate systemically, while beneficial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) decrease, contributing to inflammation, oxidative stress, and kidney fibrosis. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), including complex formulae, single herbs, and active ingredients, has long been used to manage CKD. Emerging evidence-primarily from animal studies-highlights its potential to alleviate the disease by modulating the gut microbiota. This review summarizes how TCM interventions re-establish gut microbial symbiosis by regulating microbial composition, reducing toxin load, and reinforcing intestinal barrier integrity, thereby ameliorating systemic inflammation and protecting kidney function. Targeting the gut microbiota represents a promising therapeutic frontier for CKD, and TCM offers a rich resource for developing novel microbiota-modulating strategies. However, future research must focus on validating molecular mechanisms, standardizing TCM preparations, and conducting rigorous clinical trials to facilitate clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid41440747, year = {2025}, author = {Essadki, Y and Casas-Rodríguez, A and Cascajosa-Lira, A and Diez-Quijada, L and Campos, A and Vasconcelos, V and El Khalloufi, F and Oudra, B and Cameán, AM and Jos, A}, title = {Metabolic Profiling and In Vitro Assessment of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Hydrodistillation-Derived Extracts from the Fruticose Lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. on Human Lymphocytes.}, journal = {Journal of xenobiotics}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jox15060201}, pmid = {41440747}, issn = {2039-4713}, support = {H2020-823860//Marie Sk&#x142;odowska-Curie Actions - MSCA/ ; PID2023-147444OB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; PRE2020-094412//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; FPU2019-01247//Ministerio de Universidades/ ; }, abstract = {Lichens are complex symbiotic systems known for synthesizing diverse secondary metabolites with documented antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities. The present study focused on Pseudevernia furfuracea, a species widely distributed across Moroccan habitats. Two hydrodistillation-derived extracts (HE1 and HE2) were analyzed through ultra-high-Performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to characterize their metabolite composition, and their effects were evaluated on Jurkat cells, a representative human cell line of the immune system. As the results of the characterization, the main compounds identified were Caprolactam, N,N-Diethylaniline, Erucamide, and 4-Isopropylaniline. Cytotoxicity assessment revealed that both HE1 and HE2 decreased the viability of Jurkat cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The mean effective concentrations (EC50) after 24 h of treatment were 53.79 ± 2.92 µg/mL for HE1 and 59.76 ± 2.01 µg/mL for HE2. Cell death mechanisms were further examined by flow cytometry, revealing that apoptosis predominated after 24 h of treatment, progressing mainly to late apoptotic stages after 48 h. In parallel, the expression levels of key cytokine genes, including IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were quantified at the mRNA level to evaluate potential immunomodulatory effects. Up-regulation was observed in IL-2 after exposure to both extracts for 24 and 48 h, and in the case of IFN-γ after exposure to HE2 for 24 h; in contrast, HE1 and HE2 produced down-regulation in TNF-α at 24 h. These findings suggest that HE1 and HE2 have immunomodulatory activity in Jurkat cells. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to clarify how HE1 and HE2 influence immune responses in human systems.}, }
@article {pmid41440706, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, M and Chen, J and Tang, X and Liu, S and Xing, H and Li, X and Cai, L and Xu, Z and Miao, W and Hu, X and Feng, Q}, title = {The Effects of Subalpine Forest Succession on Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity Vary with Soil Depth and Trophic Mode on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11120881}, pmid = {41440706}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2024ZYD0169//the Sichuan Science and Technology Program/ ; CAFYBB2025QF029//Fundamental Research Funds of CAF/ ; 2024YFD2201402//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Soil fungi play an indispensable role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions. However, how forest succession and soil depth interactively shape fungal community composition and diversity remains poorly understood. To address this, we investigated fungal communities across four successional stages and two soil depths (0-10 cm and 40-60 cm) in a subalpine forest on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that the soil fungal community composition of different trophic modes varied significantly with both succession and soil depth. The α-diversity of symbiotic and saprotrophic fungi responded to succession in a depth-dependent manner, while β-diversity across all trophic modes was primarily driven by species turnover. Soil properties and vegetation factors collectively explained 69.85-82.91% of the variation in soil fungal community composition, with their effects being dependent on both soil depth and trophic mode. Specifically, in topsoil, the β-diversity of symbiotic fungi was influenced only by soil property heterogeneity, whereas that of saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi was shaped by both vegetation and soil property heterogeneity. In subsoil, symbiotic fungal β-diversity was co-regulated by vegetation and soil properties heterogeneity, while saprotrophic fungal β-diversity was driven solely by soil properties heterogeneity. This study demonstrates that soil depth modulates the successional dynamics of soil fungal communities and highlights the trophic-dependent drivers of fungal assembly in forest soils.}, }
@article {pmid41440658, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, X and Liao, X and Mo, L and Ren, X and Li, Y and Hou, Q and Mok, SW and Huang, R and Sun, J and Zhang, X}, title = {Unraveling the Fungal Community Dynamics in Heat-Tolerant Coral Turbinaria sp. During Bleaching in South China Sea.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11120832}, pmid = {41440658}, issn = {2309-608X}, abstract = {Coral bleaching is a multifactorial stress response in which the breakdown of symbiosis with algal and bacterial partners has been well characterized, but the role of fungal communities remains largely unexplored. Here, we tracked the temporal dynamics of coral-associated fungi in Turbinaria sp. across three defined bleaching stages under natural thermal stress. In total, 161 genera from six phyla were detected. From the unbleached to partly bleached stage, fungal Simpson diversity declined, whereas observed richness slightly increased; putative pathogenic genera (e.g., Apiotrichum, Curvularia, Exserohilum, and Schizophyllum) rose sharply (39.44%→69.04%), whereas parasitic fungi decreased (33.01%→11.72%). From the partly to fully bleached stage, diversity rebounded. Co-occurrence networks became more complex initially (nodes 86→98; edges 454→809; average degree 10.56→16.51) but then collapsed below baseline (nodes 98→65; edges 809→196; average degree 16.51→6.03), indicating stress-driven restructuring. The proportion of positive correlations declined steadily (98.68%→93.82%→77.55%), suggesting a shift toward more competitive and unstable community structures under stress. Our findings demonstrate that fungal communities actively respond to thermal stress and exhibit distinct compositional and ecological shifts during bleaching, pointing to their overlooked but potentially significant role in coral health and deterioration. This study highlights the need to integrate fungal dynamics into the broader understanding of holobiont responses to coral bleaching.}, }
@article {pmid41440655, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, Q and Yuan, X and Chen, F}, title = {Co-Culture of Monascus purpureus and Aspergillus niger Isolated from Wuyi Hongqu to Enhance Monascus Pigments Production While Inhibiting Citrinin Production.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {12}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11120829}, pmid = {41440655}, issn = {2309-608X}, abstract = {Wuyi Hongqu (WYH), also called black-skin-red-koji, which has been utilizing as a fermentation starter for more than one thousand years in China, is a symbiotic combination of Monascus spp. and Aspergillus niger formed through long-term application and domestication. In this study, the strains of Monascus purpureus and A. niger isolated from WYH samples were used to investigate their mutual influence, especially the effects on three main secondary metabolites from M. purpureus, Monascus pigments (MPs), monacolin K (MK), and citrinin (CIT), using a double-sided Petri dish (DSPD). The results showed that co-cultivation of M. purpureus and A. niger strains was favorable to increase the MPs production while inhibiting the CIT production by M. purpureus, especially when M. purpureus strains (M1-1 or M9) were co-cultivated with certain A. niger strains (An1-2 or An9), respectively, and both Monascus strains hardly produced detectable CIT. The expression levels of CIT-related genes in M. purpureus M1-1 or M9 were greatly restricted when co-cultivated with A. niger An1-2 or An9 confirmed by RT-qPCR. This study provides important insights into the selection of WYH production strains and the effects of fungal interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41439551, year = {2025}, author = {Masuda, S and Shirasu, K and Kawaharada, Y}, title = {Diversity of the exopolysaccharide cluster I in the Bradyrhizobium genus.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnaf145}, pmid = {41439551}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {Bradyrhizobium, the largest rhizobial genus, is characterized by a variety of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) components such as penta- and tetrasaccharides, depending on the species. However, several genes involved in EPS synthesis remain unknown. In this study, we investigated whether 186 Bradyrhizobium strains possess homologous genes in the EPS cluster I, which is responsible for the synthesis of a pentasaccharide EPS by B. diazoefficiens USDA110. The absence of homologous genes in the B. elkanii and Photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium supergroups, in contrast to the B. japonicum supergroup, suggests that these lineages may utilize distinct and uncharacterized genes involved in tetrasaccharide EPS biosynthesis.}, }
@article {pmid41439237, year = {2026}, author = {Wang, J and Asif, A and Gu, F and Gu, S and Ding, Y and Gu, Y and Rafiq, MS and Hao, H}, title = {A naturally isolated symbiotic Lactobacillus murinus suppresses multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni via microbial metabolites.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {100520}, pmid = {41439237}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni (MDR C. jejuni), the leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, poses a significant threat to public health and food safety. The intestinal microbiota prevents MDR C. jejuni colonization, but the specific mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed a multi-omics analysis of the gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice, combined with in vitro experiments, to investigate the role of gut microbiota in C. jejuni colonization. Treatment with tylvalosin, a new macrolide, altered the gut microbiota composition, reducing Bifidobacterium longum communities and decreasing levels of short-chain fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-butyric acid, and i-valeric acid). This disruption of intestinal homeostasis facilitated C. jejuni colonization. Through metagenomic sequencing, we identified and isolated Lactobacillus murinus (L. murinus) from the mice's intestinal flora, which exhibited inhibitory activity against C. jejuni in vitro. Metabolomic analysis and in vitro validation further revealed the significance of L. murinus-derived metabolites. Our results indicate that L. murinus inhibits and kills C. jejuni in a co-culture system by secreting acids that synergistically induce apoptosis, leading to cell membrane disruption and the release of cellular contents.}, }
@article {pmid41435779, year = {2025}, author = {Monteiro, B and Ribeiro, N and Cabo Verde, S and Gama, S}, title = {Exploring Ga[3+] metal complexes of a tryptophan metabolite in microbiota exposed to ionizing radiation.}, journal = {Bioorganic chemistry}, volume = {169}, number = {}, pages = {109401}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.109401}, pmid = {41435779}, issn = {1090-2120}, abstract = {In the human body, bacteria coexist symbiotically under normal conditions. However, radiation can disrupt this balance, causing microbiota dysbiosis. This is particularly observed in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Recent research highlights microbiota-derived metabolites as critical signalling molecules or metabolic precursors, with shown radioprotective effects. Among these, 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (8-HQA), a tryptophan metabolite from the kynurenic acid pathway, has been studied for its chelation properties and radioprotective effects. Previous studies indicated the potential of 8-HQA for the complexation of cations, such as Ga[3+], to affect the bacterial metabolism. These results lead us to a deeper evaluation of the possible action on 8-HQA and its Ga[3+] metal complexes on microbiota exposed to ionizing radiation. Inactivation kinetics studies by ionizing radiation of individual and co-culture bacterial isolates from human microbiota were performed. The preliminary results indicated a radioprotective effect of Ga[3+]/8-HQA complex on Actinomyces viscosus and a potential preservation effect against gut microbiota species. Co-culture experiment provided a new perspective, revealing a potential symbiotic effect among oral cavity bacteria with increased survival rates under certain conditions compared to individual assays. This study further advances the assessment of the radioresistance of human microbiota bacteria in a tryptophan metabolite and its Ga[3+] complexes, contributing to a better understanding of bacterial inactivation patterns in the context of radiotherapy.}, }
@article {pmid41435671, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, J and Qiu, G and Chen, X and Zhang, J and Fu, C and Fu, Q and Chen, A and Zhang, J and Tong, W and Guo, B}, title = {Restricting roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cadmium uptake and translocation in tomato.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {501}, number = {}, pages = {140866}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140866}, pmid = {41435671}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis-mediated inhibition of cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants is a promising phytoremediating strategy featuring ecological friendliness, targeted regulation, and synergistic efficiency, although the underlying mechanisms still remain poorly understood. This study elucidates how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) restrict Cd absorption and translocation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), using a multidisciplinary approach that integrates physiological, Cd transference, and transcriptomic analyses. Results demonstrated that the AMF-incubated tomato exhibited higher chlorophyll levels, photosynthetic capacity, and better growth under Cd stress. AMF reduced Cd influx in epidermal cell of root tips by 77 % and altered Cd spatial distribution in root tissues. It also suppressed Cd xylem loading rate by 92 % and stele Cd content by 25 % in line with the decrease in Cd levels in xylem and phloem saps, collectively, reducing Cd concentrations in roots by 40 % and shoots by 38 %. Moreover, AMF maintained the nutrient homeostasis in Cd-stressed tomato, including P, Fe, and Mn. Transcriptomic analysis revealed AMF-driven molecular reprogramming: downregulating metal uptake transporters (SlIRT1/2) and translocation genes (SlOPT9), upregulating efflux pumps (SlABCG24, SlABCG50, etc.) and chelators (SlMTA, SlHIPP30/31), and modulating ion homeostasis via specific AMF-induced genes (SlPT4 and SlHA8) and other transporters (IRT and COPT). This study clarifies the multi-level regulatory mechanisms of AMF in mitigating Cd stress in tomato, providing critical insights for the application of AMF in phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils and the sustainable production of safe crops.}, }
@article {pmid41432416, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, B and An, L and Wu, M and Xu, J and Nie, Y and Wu, X-L}, title = {Metagenomics reveals potential interactions between Patescibacteriota and their phages in groundwater ecosystems.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0120425}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01204-25}, pmid = {41432416}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Patescibacteriota is a vast lineage composed of bacteria with ultra-small size, streamlined genomes, notable defects in core metabolic potential, and symbiotic lifestyle, which are widely detected in groundwater ecosystems. Increasing attention has focused on the physiological and ecological significance of Patescibacteriota, while the potential interactions between Patescibacteriota and their phages still need more exploration. Here, we collected 82 groundwater metagenomic data sets and further derived 1,162 phages with the potential to infect 2,439 groundwater Patescibacteriota metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Notably, the groundwater Patescibacteriota MAGs were predominantly infected by temperate phages, and viral operational taxonomic unit/host Patescibacteriota operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance ratios were significantly negatively correlated with the relative abundance of host Patescibacteriota OTUs. Intriguingly, the groundwater Patescibacteriota phages encoded various auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) that might promote symbiotic lifestyle and metabolic potential of host Patescibacteriota MAGs. These included AMGs associated with concanavalin A-like lectin/glucanases superfamily and O-Antigen nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, which could enhance surface adhesion of host Patescibacteriota MAGs. Moreover, AMGs related to the ABC transport system and the P-type transporter could strengthen metabolic exchange and uptake of essential nutrients from the surroundings. Additionally, AMGs involved in various metabolic pathways might alleviate metabolic deficiencies in host Patescibacteriota MAGs.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Here, we sought phages that were capable of infecting Patescibacteriota metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), and further explored the diversity and novelty of Patescibacteriota phages, as well as the mechanisms underlying phage-Patescibacteriota interactions in groundwater ecosystems. The abundance profiles of phage-Patescibacteriota interactions suggested that lysogenic infection may represent a mutually adapted strategy between Patescibacteriota and their phages in groundwater ecosystems. Furthermore, the groundwater Patescibacteriota phages possessed diverse auxiliary metabolic genes which might facilitate the symbiotic associations and metabolic exchange between host Patescibacteriota MAGs and other free-living microbes and expand the metabolic capabilities of host Patescibacteriota MAGs. This study elucidated the mechanisms of phage-Patescibacteriota interactions and the potential roles of phages in modulating the physiology and ecology of Patescibacteriota within groundwater ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41432295, year = {2025}, author = {Scott, TJ}, title = {The evolutionary potential of symbiosis.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jeb/voaf152}, pmid = {41432295}, issn = {1420-9101}, abstract = {Symbiosis is considered a source of evolutionary innovation. Example innovations that have evolved in symbioses include new organs, morphological adaptations, and metabolic abilities. However, it is unknown whether symbiosis is special with respect to generating innovation. In other words, does having a symbiotic partner tend to result in more innovation relative to not having a partner? Here, I argue that there are two gaps standing in the way of understanding the role of symbiosis in the evolution of innovation: 1) we have not rigorously quantified whether symbiosis tends to increase innovation and 2) we have not fully articulated evolutionary mechanisms that operate differently in symbiosis that could lead to more innovation. To overcome these gaps, I suggest that experimental evolution and comparative methods can be used to quantify whether symbiosis is a source of innovation. I then describe some unique features of symbiosis that promote (or hinder) the evolution of innovations through effects on evolvability. Measuring innovation and integrating concepts of evolvability into the study of symbiotic interactions will allow us to understand when and how symbiosis drives innovation.}, }
@article {pmid41432250, year = {2025}, author = {Veresoglou, SD and Halley, JM and Lambers, H}, title = {Seedling mortality in arbuscular mycorrhizal systems.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf285}, pmid = {41432250}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Glomeromycota are an ancient lineage of filamentous fungi that have been studied intensively because they associate with plant roots in a symbiosis, the arbuscular mycorrhiza, which may enhance nutrient acquisition. Agricultural practices in the Anthropocene pose unique challenges to glomeromycotan fungi that are currently underappreciated. Anthropogenic activities aiming at reducing crop mortality may have disrupted a mechanism that prevents exploitation of mycorrhizal plants by their fungal partners. By reducing crop mortality, it becomes difficult to control the population growth of glomeromycotan isolates that underdeliver to their plant hosts. Plant mortality could thus impact the way mycorrhizas function, rendering them an underappreciated case of an evolutionary trade-off with major implications for human wellbeing.}, }
@article {pmid41431834, year = {2025}, author = {Ivanov, S and Müller, LM and Lefèvre, FM and Harrison, MJ}, title = {Yeast two-hybrid-sequencing and bifluorescence complementation resources for assessing protein-protein interactions in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots: CKL2 as a case study.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70832}, pmid = {41431834}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2139351//U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; //Triad Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Reverse genetics, facilitated by CRISPR technologies and comprehensive sequence-indexed insertion mutant collections, has advanced the identification of plant genes essential for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. However, a mutant phenotype alone is generally insufficient to reveal the specific role of a protein in AM symbiosis, and in many cases, identifying interacting partner proteins is useful. To enable the identification of protein-protein interactions during AM symbiosis, we established a Medicago truncatula-Diversispora epigaea yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library which, through Y2H-sequencing (Y2H-seq) screening, can provide a rank-ordered list of candidate interactors of a protein of interest. We also developed a vector system to facilitate bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays (BiFC) in mycorrhizal roots so that protein interactions can be assessed in their native cell types and subcellular locations. We demonstrate the utility of a Y2H-seq screen coupled with BiFC in mycorrhizal roots, with a search for proteins that interact with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE-LIKE 2 (CKL2), a kinase essential for AM symbiosis. The Y2H-seq screen identified three 14-3-3 proteins as the highest ranked CKL2 interacting proteins. BiFC assays in mycorrhizal roots provided evidence for a CKL2-14-3-3 interaction at the periarbuscular membrane (PAM) in colonized root cells. Downregulation of 14-3-3 by RNA interference provides initial evidence for a function in AM symbiosis. Thus, CKL2 may utilize 14-3-3 proteins to direct signaling from the PAM. The Y2H and BiFC resources will accelerate understanding of protein functions during AM symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41429106, year = {2025}, author = {Ahammed, GJ and Li, X}, title = {Systemic regulation of plant root traits and root-mycorrhizal symbiosis by elevated CO2.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {110964}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110964}, pmid = {41429106}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Climate change, a major threat to global food security, has been accelerated by increasing atmospheric CO2 levels over the last two centuries. Numerous studies indicate that high atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) enhances carbon (C) sequestration in plant biomass, potentially aiding in its mitigation. Plant root characteristics are critical regulators of underground C inputs, soil nutrient acquisition, and water uptake. Roots directly interface with soil, while shoots perceive atmospheric CO2 via β-carbonic anhydrase, triggering systemic signals, such as hormone pathways, that influence root functions, including strigolactone secretion and mycorrhizal colonization. Recent research has begun to elucidate how eCO2 influences root morphology, root system expansion, and overall root functionality, including increased root:shoot ratios, respiration rates, rhizodeposition, and fungal colonization. This review aims to synthesize the current understanding of eCO2 effects on plant roots, with a particular focus on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. We highlight novel findings regarding the interactions between eCO2 and plant hormones, which play a crucial role in the systemic regulation of AM symbiosis. Finally, we outline potential future research directions that could enhance crop resilience to climate change, emphasizing the importance of integrating root biology and mycorrhizal interactions in sustainable agricultural practices.}, }
@article {pmid41428895, year = {2026}, author = {Vijayan, N and Briseño, J and Simakov, O and Nyholm, SV}, title = {Maintaining microbiota across diverse symbiotic organs in Euprymna scolopes: Insights into shared immune responses.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {123}, number = {1}, pages = {e2512903122}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2512903122}, pmid = {41428895}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {IOS2247195//NSF (NSF)/ ; 9349 and 12342//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF)/ ; 945026//EC | ERC | HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (ERC)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis/immunology ; *Decapodiformes/microbiology/immunology/genetics ; Female ; *Microbiota/immunology ; Aliivibrio fischeri/physiology ; Transcriptome ; Carrier Proteins ; }, abstract = {Many animals have multiple organs or tissues that are colonized by diverse microbiota. The female Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, has two organs with distinct symbiotic communities: the accessory nidamental gland (ANG) and the light organ (LO). The ANG hosts a bacterial consortium, whereas the LO has a binary relationship with Vibrio fischeri, housed in extracellular crypt spaces as part of the central core (CC). To understand how the host maintains distinct symbiotic communities, we used transcriptomics to identify immune-related genes that are uniquely and similarly expressed in the ANG and LO-CC compared to organs without a known microbiota. Genes such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins EsPGRP2 and EsPGRP3, cathepsin-Z, alkaline phosphatase, and acidic phospholipase exhibited significant upregulation in the symbiotic organs compared to other tissues like gills, skin, mantle, optic lobe, ovaries, and brain. Moreover, EsPGRP2 displayed distinct localization patterns within the ANG, inversely correlating with bacterial presence, whereas the protein was colocalized with V. fischeri in the LO-CC. Notably, 10 different galaxins (EsGal) were uniquely highly expressed in both the ANG and LO-CC, with EsGal1 messenger RNA predominantly localized to the LO-CC epithelium, while EsGal2 and EsGal3 were primarily found in the epithelia of ANG tubules. Furthermore, antimicrobial assays using partial peptides derived from EsGal1 and EsGal2 showed varying and distinct patterns of inhibitory activity for these peptides. In summary, our findings identify similar immune gene families expressed across functionally distinct symbiotic organs in E. scolopes, suggesting that common immunomodulatory factors may maintain distinct symbiotic niches in the host.}, }
@article {pmid41428079, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, T and Ge, S and Gan, R and He, S and Duan, F and Li, L}, title = {Effects of Straw Returning on Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Characteristics of Agricultural Soil.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {91}, pmid = {41428079}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {No. X2024098//Hunan University of Science and Engineering Institutional Research Project/ ; No. 23C0352//Department of Transportation of Hunan Province/ ; No. 2024JJ7201//Hunan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Regional Joint Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Agriculture/methods ; Bacteria/classification/metabolism/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Fungi/classification/metabolism ; Carbon/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Crop straw is one of the most abundant biomass energy sources in agricultural production. As the predominant method for utilizing this resource, straw returning to soil is crucial for enhancing soil quality and fostering sustainable agriculture. This review examines the comprehensive ecological impacts of straw returning, specifically examining its effects on soil physical structure, including aggregate stability and water retention capacity; nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus(P); soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation and stabilization; and the structure and function of soil microbial communities. Crucially, the review covers both bacteria and fungi, revealing changes in their overall abundance, species richness and diversity, community composition, and symbiotic network interactions. Furthermore, we analyses variations in the soil environment resulting from different straw returning practices, highlights current limitations such as the significant influence of management practices, soil types, climatic conditions, and potential short-term risks like nutrient fixation and greenhouse gas emissions, and proposes future research directions focused on optimizing returning patterns to synergistically enhance soil health and C sequestration, and elucidating the driving factors behind microbial community dynamics, key functional group activities, interspecies interactions, and network stability under straw input. Therefore, this review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on how straw returning influences soil physical and chemical properties, nutrient dynamics, and microbial communities, thereby providing a theoretical basis for designing efficient and sustainable straw management strategies that enhance soil health and carbon sequestration.}, }
@article {pmid41424887, year = {2025}, author = {He, N and Yi, C and Zeng, Q and Jing, W and He, W}, title = {Advancements in the Vaginal Microenvironment and Regression of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus.}, journal = {Indian journal of microbiology}, volume = {65}, number = {4}, pages = {1771-1780}, pmid = {41424887}, issn = {0046-8991}, abstract = {Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus is considered one of the main causes of cervical cancer. In recent years, there has been increasing concern about the health problems associated with HPV infection. To better understand the mechanisms by which high-risk human papillomavirus infection leads to cervical cancer, many studies have begun to explore the role of the vaginal microenvironment in this context. The female vagina is an open cavity with a special anatomical structure, which constitutes the first barrier to protect the vaginal microenvironment. At the same time, the female reproductive tract is a typical micro-ecosystem with a wide variety of microflora, which maintains a dynamic and balanced relationship of symbiosis, coexistence, and mutual control with the external environment and the host. Hormonal changes during the physiological cycle, especially estrogen, have an important influence on the structure and stability of the vaginal flora. In addition, the vagina has an important role in immune homeostasis, where the immune system plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, eliminating pathogens, and avoiding barrier damage. When a pathogen such as human papillomavirus enters the vagina, the immune system initiates an associated immune response to clear the virus and restore tissue health. However, in some cases, the immune system may not be able to effectively respond to human papillomavirus infection, leading to the development of persistent infections. Dysregulation of vaginal microecology may be an important factor in persistent human papillomavirus infection. This review focuses on this topic by describing the vaginal microenvironment, human papillomavirus, and the mechanisms involved in influencing the vaginal microecology causing persistent human papillomavirus infection and thus accelerating cervical carcinogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid41424680, year = {2025}, author = {Montejano, J and Nantongo, B and Klumpp, T and Djoyumm, TD and Lahiri, J and Watiti, D and Okechi, H and Wegoye, E and Simmons, C}, title = {Implementation of IOM in Uganda Utilizing the EPIS Framework: Report of a Symbiotic Collaboration.}, journal = {Journal of central nervous system disease}, volume = {17}, number = {}, pages = {11795735251408597}, pmid = {41424680}, issn = {1179-5735}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionately high burden of neurosurgical disease while facing severe shortages of trained neurosurgeons and anesthesiologists. Access to advanced technologies such as intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM), crucial for complex neurosurgical procedures, is virtually nonexistent due to infrastructural, educational, and financial barriers. This study describes the development and implementation of Uganda's first IONM program at Cure Children's Hospital of Uganda (CCHU), using the well validated Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) framework.<br><br>METHODS: In collaboration with the University of Colorado, a standardized non-traditional training pathway was created, combining remote and in-person instruction in neurophysiology, technical IONM applications, and anesthetic considerations. Over a 3-year period, the program enabled CCHU to safely perform more than 80 complex pediatric neurosurgical cases across 2&#xa0;years, incorporating modalities such as somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and electromyography (EMG). Surgical and patient outcomes were not tracked for the purposes of this implementation study.<br><br>RESULTS: Between March 2022 and October 2024, 80 surgeries were performed at CCHU that made use of IONM technologies. The vast majority of the surgeries were intracranial and included one awake tumor resection with direct cortical mapping (DCS). A smaller subsect of patients underwent spine surgery for either tumor removal or correction of spinal cord tethering. Due to the difficulty in patient outreach many patients were lost to follow-up, however, efforts are being made to track patients and examine their clinical outcomes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Despite resource limitations, this initiative demonstrated that IONM can be effectively integrated into LMIC healthcare settings, improving surgical safety and outcomes while contributing to local workforce development. The success of this program underscores the value of international partnerships and implementation science in bridging global neurosurgical disparities and suggests a scalable model for future adoption across similar contexts.}, }
@article {pmid41423613, year = {2025}, author = {Traoré, H and Gnambani, EJ and Hien, DFS and Yao, RK and Konkobo, M and Sodré, AF and Somda, MB and Ouedraogo, AS and Diabaté, A and Bilgo, E}, title = {Molecular characterization of potential Plasmodium-Blocking Serratia spp. bacteria in field-caught malaria mosquito in Burkina Faso.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-025-07191-2}, pmid = {41423613}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {ARISE-PP-FA-143//African Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: One of the alternatives for controlling malaria is using mosquito symbiotic bacteria to reduce Plasmodium transmission. Species of Serratia, a genus of the Enterobacteriaceae family, have been isolated from the midgut of mosquitoes and are commonly found in water, soil and plant surfaces. These bacteria have shown great promise in blocking the transmission of Plasmodium in mosquitoes. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the genus Serratia within the Anopheles gambiae complex from Burkina Faso.<br><br>METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected in three field sites located in Houet Province in western Burkina Faso (Dioulassoba, Vall&#xe9;e du Kou and Soumousso), transported to the laboratory and identified morphologically. The salivary gland, midgut, spermatheca, ovary of females and testis of males were dissected and their contents ground up. Different species of Serratia were identified by PCR targeting of the luxS gene of Serratia, followed by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing.<br><br>RESULTS: Molecular analyses identified the isolates as belonging to the genus Serratia, and phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that these strains are highly similar to one another but distinct from Serratia strains previously reported in neighboring countries such as Ghana and Nigeria. The overall prevalence of Serratia among malaria vectors was 13.3%. This prevalence varied according to the development stage of mosquitoes, locality of origin and mosquito organ. Only one Anopheles coluzzii mosquito was co-infected with Serratia and Plasmodium falciparum.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the presence of Serratia spp. in wild mosquitoes from Burkina Faso, we well as their potential use in malaria control.}, }
@article {pmid41421952, year = {2025}, author = {Hao, J and Guo, X}, title = {Group 3 innate lymphoid cells: guardians of intestinal homeostasis.}, journal = {Trends in immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.it.2025.11.008}, pmid = {41421952}, issn = {1471-4981}, abstract = {Intestinal homeostasis is crucial for overall health, and its maintenance relies on a complex and delicate interplay between intestinal epithelial cells, the gut microbiota, and the immune system. Among immune components, group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), which primarily reside in the intestinal microenvironment, play a crucial role in maintaining gut homeostasis. Through the expression of multiple effector molecules such as interleukin (IL)-22 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII), ILC3s orchestrate intestinal epithelial responses and regulate innate and adaptive immunity, thereby collectively promoting a symbiotic host-microbiota relationship, supporting immune tolerance, and providing protection against pathogens. This review summarizes current understanding of ILC3 functions in gut homeostasis, highlights their interactions with the microbiota and other cell types, and outlines how aberrant ILC3 activity contributes to disease pathogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid41421627, year = {2025}, author = {Kubáňová, M and Kirakci, K and Boudesocque-Delaye, L and Divoux, L and Kaňa, A and Zelenka, J and Ruml, T and Munnier, E and Lang, K and Verger, A}, title = {Blue-light activated molybdenum cluster-based photosensitizers in NaDES - formulated creams for dermatological photodynamic therapy.}, journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {126491}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126491}, pmid = {41421627}, issn = {1873-3476}, abstract = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT) emerges as an innovative strategy combining light and drug treatment. The most prevalent use of this therapy is for the elimination of cancerous and pre-cancerous cells. However, in recent years PDT has been shown to be a suitable approach to combat the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance through the photoinactivation of pathogenic bacteria. Photosensitizers predicated on octahedral hexa-molybdenum cluster (Mo6) complexes activated by blue light were formulated into semi-solid topical pharmaceutics containing three distinct types of Mo6 clusters as potential novel actives for cosmetics purposes. For the first time, semi-solid cosmetic formulations were developed utilizing natural deep eutectic solvents as carriers of these active compounds and tested for their stability, viscosity, skin penetration, and singlet oxygen formation. After that, negligible toxicity for human cells was confirmed using in vitro testing on HaCaT cell lines. Finally, photoinactivation of the most prevalent skin bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes was demonstrated under mild conditions that preserve viability of natural symbiotic skin microflora.}, }
@article {pmid41421358, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, J and Qian, X and Li, Q and Jin, Z and Liu, N and Zhao, J and Chen, W and Wang, S and Tian, P}, title = {Bacteriocin gene-mediated ecological adaptation of Bifidobacterium breve in the adult human gut.}, journal = {Cell genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101106}, doi = {10.1016/j.xgen.2025.101106}, pmid = {41421358}, issn = {2666-979X}, abstract = {The ecological persistence of Bifidobacterium breve across life stages reflects adaptive strategies beyond the classical infant- versus adult-type dichotomy, historically attributed to differential nutrient utilization. Here, comparative genomics revealed no major differences in shared carbohydrate-related genes or accessory genome content between infant- and adult-derived strains. Instead, a distinct type III lanthipeptide bacteriocin cluster, lanKC, was specifically detected in adult-derived isolates. Functional assays combining gene knockout, in vitro co-cultivation, and human intervention demonstrated that lanKC enhances strain-level competitive fitness and promotes community stability. Phylogenetic and metagenomic analyses of 5,475 lanKC homologs and 6,122 infant gut metagenomes further suggested a possible early-life acquisition via intra-genus horizontal gene transfer. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized genetic basis underlying B. breve adaptation to the gut environment and support a multi-factorial model in which metabolic flexibility and interference competition jointly sustain bifidobacterial persistence and host-microbe symbiosis throughout life.}, }
@article {pmid41419815, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Huang, J and Wen, M and Liang, H and Yang, Y and Qin, L and Shen, L and Huang, J and Huang, X and Mao, Z and Hu, F and Wu, C and Liu, S}, title = {Multi-omics interrogation of herbivorous phenotype acquisition in hybrid culter under a 30% crude protein diet.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-025-12375-2}, pmid = {41419815}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {Grant No. 2024JJ6314//Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province/ ; Grant No. 2023JJ40075//Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province/ ; Grant No. kq2402160//Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation/ ; Grant Nos. 32102781//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Grant Nos. 32293250//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Grants No. 2023WK2001//Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province of China/ ; Grants No. 2022RC1162//The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Herbivorous teleosts represent eco-efficient alternatives for sustainable aquaculture, yet the molecular drivers of herbivory in hybrid culter remain elusive. We investigated the hybrid culter (BTBT)-derived from Megalobrama amblycephala (blunt snout bream, BSB, ♀) and Culter alburnus (topmouth culter, TC, ♂)-exhibiting transitional herbivory.<br><br>RESULTS: Morphometric analyses revealed BTBT pharyngeal dentition (formula 2.4.5-5.4.2) and intestinal coiling (IL/BL&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.63) intermediate between parental phenotypes. After a 12-week 30% protein dietary intervention, digestive enzyme assays demonstrated BTBT's gut cellulase activity (76.02 U/g) mirrored herbivorous BSB (79.83 U/g; P&#x2009;>&#x2009;0.05) and exceeded carnivorous TC (47.71 U/g; P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The 16S rRNA profiling identified enrichment of cellulolytic Flavobacterium and elevated carbohydrate-metabolizing pathways in BTBT. Liver transcriptomics further revealed superior xenobiotic detoxification and glycolytic plasticity in herbivorous BTBT. Multi-omics correlation networks exposed synergistic host-microbiota interactions governing plant polysaccharide utilization and enteric homeostasis. Crucially, h6pd emerged as a nodal regulator, orchestrating NADPH-dependent glycolipid equilibrium, free radical scavenging, and xenobiotic metabolism.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings establish that herbivory in BTBT arises through tripartite adaptation: Digestive system structural adaptation, symbiotic microbiota-driven enzymology, and conserved regulatory genetics.}, }
@article {pmid41419485, year = {2025}, author = {Selmoni, O and Cleves, PA and Exposito-Alonso, M}, title = {Global coral genomic vulnerability explains recent reef losses.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-67616-5}, pmid = {41419485}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {12187//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Gordon E. and Betty I. Moore Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {The dramatic decline of reef-building corals calls for a better understanding of coral adaptation to ocean warming. Here, we characterize genetic diversity of the widespread genus Acropora by building a genomic database of 595 coral samples from different oceanic regions-from the Great Barrier Reef to the Persian Gulf. Through genome-environment associations, we find that different Acropora species show parallel evolutionary signals of heat-adaptation in the same genomic regions, pointing to genes associated with molecular heat shock responses and symbiosis. We then project the present and the predicted future distribution of heat-adapted genotypes across reefs worldwide. Reefs projected with low frequency of heat-adapted genotypes display higher rates of Acropora decline, indicating a potential genomic vulnerability to heat exposure. Our projections also suggest a transition where heat-adapted genotypes will spread at least until 2040. However, this transition will likely involve mass mortality of entire non-adapted populations and a consequent erosion of Acropora genetic diversity. This genetic diversity loss could hinder the capacity of Acropora to adapt to the more extreme heatwaves projected beyond 2040. Genomic vulnerability and genetic diversity loss estimates can be used to reassess which coral reefs are at risk and their conservation.}, }
@article {pmid41418636, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, L and Zheng, N and Li, Y and An, Q and Chen, C and Xiu, Z and Li, X and Wei, Y}, title = {Dynamic evolution of microbial colonization on indoor microplastics: polymer diversity-driven co-occurrence networks and health risks.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {207}, number = {}, pages = {109994}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2025.109994}, pmid = {41418636}, issn = {1873-6750}, abstract = {Microplastics (MPs), as ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments, pose health risks to humans through microbial colonization on their surfaces. This study systematically investigated the influence of MPs diversity (polymer type, aging, and morphological characteristics) on microbial colonization processes by simulating long-term exposure (90 days) in indoor air environments. Results demonstrate that aging significantly modulates initial microbial attachment by altering MPs surface properties (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area increased by 32.5%-60.1%, carbonyl index elevated 0.78-2.12-fold), with biodegradable polylactide (PLA) promoting biofilm formation due to its degradation characteristics (C/O ratio increased by 20.3%). Genus-level co-occurrence network analysis revealed that symbiotic networks on MPs surfaces were unstable and fragile, being influenced by polymer type, colonization duration, and MPs diversity, thereby facilitating potential pathogenic bacteria transmission (e.g., Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas). Mixed MPs exhibited enhanced adaptability with reduced modularity, where potential pathogenic bacteria became keystone nodes connecting modules. Furthermore, surface concentrations of phthalate esters (PAEs) on MPs increased significantly with exposure time (dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), etc. rose 4.1-40.2 fold). This study elucidates the synergistic "surface properties-co-occurrence network-potential pathogenic bacteria " mechanism through which indoor MPs amplify health risks, providing critical scientific basis for developing material property-based risk stratification strategies (e.g., classifying MPs mixtures as high-risk combinations).}, }
@article {pmid41418611, year = {2025}, author = {Du, R and Tang, M and Cao, S and Peng, Y}, title = {Overcoming temperature and substrate limitations of anammox via partial denitrification: Stable performance, microbial structure, and N2O mitigation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {291}, number = {}, pages = {125186}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125186}, pmid = {41418611}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {The widespread application of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process remains constrained by its narrow substrate range (nitrite-to-ammonia ratio of 1.32), sensitivity to low temperatures, and difficulty in controlling nitrous oxide (N2O). This study demonstrated that under different substrate types and proportions (nitrate-nitrite, NOx[-]-N), the partial denitrification coupled with anammox (PD/A) process with high nitrogen load (1.35 kg N/m[3]/d) still maintained stable nitrogen removal efficiencies (83.5 %∼98.5 %), even at long-term continuous cooling (29.4∼11.6°C) and persistent low temperature (15.1∼9.6°C). In the presence of coexisting NO3[-]-N and NO2[-]-N (NO3[-]-N: NO2[-]-N of 1:1), carbon sources were preferentially utilized for the reduction of NO3[-]-N to NO2[-]-N, effectively circumventing the strict substrate dependence inherent to anammox. The stable nitrogen removal of the PD/A process at low temperatures was attributed to the low activation energy (35.1 kJ/mol) of partial denitrification and the cold-resistant granular sludge, ensuring a highly efficient supply of the essential NO2[-]-N for anammox. Cold-resistant granule sludge provided a spatial environment for the synergistic symbiosis of partial denitrification, anammox, and other heterotrophic bacteria, facilitating anammox adaptation to persistent low-temperature conditions. Metagenomic sequencing revealed a high relative abundance of Candidatus Brocadia (14.9 %) within the granular sludge, while Thauera (18.0 %) dominated the flocculent sludge at low temperatures. It further revealed the cross-feeding relationship of the bacterial community between granular and flocculent sludge. Notably, N2O emissions from the PD/A process can be effectively regulated by controlling the COD/NO3[-]-N ratio, achieving a balance between improving nitrogen removal efficiency and mitigating N2O emissions. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the stable operation and N2O control of non-specifically dependent PD/A process under long-term low-temperature conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41418548, year = {2025}, author = {Han, G and Chen, H and Zhuo, L and Yu, H and Wu, N and Wang, M and Song, J and Li, C}, title = {Identification of a novel antimicrobial peptide Gp-AMP1 with broad-spectrum and exceptional stability from deep-sea mussel Gigantidas platifrons.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {501}, number = {}, pages = {147576}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.147576}, pmid = {41418548}, issn = {1873-7072}, abstract = {As crucial components of the innate immunity of animals, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a promising alternative to chemical antibiotics in both clinical and food-industry applications. Notably, deep-sea invertebrates-particularly those that form close symbiosis with specific bacteria-have emerged as a novel source for discovering unique AMPs. Here, a novel AMP, Gp-AMP1, was isolated from the deep-sea mussel Gigantidas platifrons, and characterized for its broad-spectrum bactericidal properties against multiple pathogenic or spoilage bacteria. Further investigations revealed that Gp-AMP1 effectively compromises bacterial cell membranes and elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, leading to bacterial cell death. Additionally, Gp-AMP1 demonstrates robust thermal and pH stability, low cytotoxicity, and minimal hemolytic activity, and could significantly inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria of pork. These findings highlight the potential of Gp-AMP1 as a promising antibiotic candidate for meat preservation and medical applications, while also underscoring the value of deep-sea invertebrates as a rich source of novel AMPs.}, }
@article {pmid41418478, year = {2025}, author = {Kaur, I and Saxena, V and Pathak, J and Agarwal, M and Katiyar-Agarwal, S}, title = {Plant tetraspanins: dynamic membrane players for bolstering crop stress resilience.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {110954}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110954}, pmid = {41418478}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Tetraspanins (TETs) are a conserved family of integral membrane proteins defined by a core architecture of four transmembrane domains, a small extracellular loop, and a larger extracellular loop that harbors conserved cysteine residues essential for intramolecular disulfide bonding and protein-protein interactions. In plants, the extracellular 2 (EC2) domain uniquely features a signature 'GCCK/RP' motif which may contribute to species-specific structural configurations and functional specializations. As essential components of cellular architecture, TETs also organize dynamic membrane complexes known as 'tetraspanin-enriched microdomains' (TEMs) or tetraspanin webs, which house a multitude of protein partners. Recent studies highlight the crucial roles of TETs in various plant functions such as development (root and leaf patterning, floral and seed development, and senescence), abiotic stress responses (drought, cold, and salt tolerance), defense mechanisms (immunity against fungal infestation), and cross-kingdom communication (facilitation of viral entry, symbiotic relationships of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizae or rhizobium). Molecular evidence suggests that TETs orchestrate these vital processes by modulating signal transduction pathways, maintaining hormone balance, cargo trafficking, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Investigating the intricate biological functions and molecular actions of TETs opens promising avenues for fine-tuning the plant architecture, improving crop resilience to abiotic stresses, and fortifying defense against pests and diseases. This review unveils the recent advancements in our understanding of plant TETs and examines strategies to exploit their potential for boosting agricultural productivity and sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid41416538, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, Z and Yuan, L and Wang, Y and Li, J and Peng, Y and Shen, H and Dong, W and Yu, Z}, title = {Living Hydrogel Bioreactors With Liquid Cavities Stabilize Microbial Consortia for Sustainable Algal Lipid Biomanufacturing.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e11039}, doi = {10.1002/smll.202511039}, pmid = {41416538}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {2024YFA0919100//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; T2322011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22408156//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20231273//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; BK20233003//Basic Research Program of Jiangsu/ ; SKL-MCE-22A06//State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering/ ; }, abstract = {Compartmentalized microbes and microbial consortia enable sustainable biomanufacturing, but the stability of these systems is frequently compromised by growth-rate mismatches and inhibitory metabolites. Here, we present living hydrogel bioreactors with liquid cavities that confine bacteria while permitting metabolite exchange with algae, thereby mitigating deleterious interactions and supporting lipid biosynthesis. A carbonate-bicarbonate buffer further stabilizes the culture environment. In a co-culture of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Chlorella vulgaris, hydrogel confinement alone improves algal viability and lipid yield, while further regulation with buffering increases lipid accumulation by over threefold relative to free co-culture. Integration into a continuous-flow photobioreactor sustains long-term symbiosis, maintains near-neutral pH, and achieves robust lipid productivity over extended operation. These results establish living hydrogel bioreactors as a platform for engineering stable, programmable microbial consortia in sustainable algal lipid biomanufacturing.}, }
@article {pmid41416106, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, X and Tannous, J and Rush, TA and Del Valle, I and Xiao, S and Maharjan, B and Liu, Y and Weston, DJ and De, K and Tschaplinski, TJ and Lee, JH and Morgan, M and Jacobson, D and Islam, MT and Chen, F and Abraham, PE and Tuskan, GA and Doktycz, MJ and Chen, JG}, title = {Utilizing plant synthetic biology to accelerate plant-microbe interactions research.}, journal = {Biodesign research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {100007}, pmid = {41416106}, issn = {2693-1257}, abstract = {Plant-microbe interactions are critical to ecosystem resilience and substantially influence crop production. From the perspective of plant science, two important focus areas concerning plant-microbe interactions include: 1) understanding plant molecular mechanisms involved in plant-microbe interfaces and 2) engineering plants for increasing plant disease resistance or enhancing beneficial interactions with microbes to increase their resilience to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Molecular biology and genetics approaches have been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to various beneficial and pathogenic microbes. While these approaches are valuable for elucidating the functions of individual genes and pathways, they fall short of unraveling the complex cross-talk across pathways or systems that plants employ to respond and adapt to environmental stresses. Also, genetic engineering of plants to increase disease resistance or enhance symbiosis with microbes has mainly been attempted or conducted through targeted manipulation of single genes/pathways of plants. Recent advancements in synthetic biology tool development are paving the way for multi-gene characterization and engineering in plants in relation to plant-microbe interactions. Here, we briefly summarize the current understanding of plant molecular pathways involved in plant interactions with beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. Then, we highlight the progress in applying plant synthetic biology to elucidate the molecular basis of plant responses to microbes, enhance plant disease resistance, engineer synthetic symbiosis, and conduct in situ microbiome engineering. Lastly, we discuss the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for advancing plant-microbe interactions research using the capabilities of plant synthetic biology.}, }
@article {pmid41415960, year = {2025}, author = {Nakhforoosh, A and Hallin, E and Wang, Z and Hogue, M and Mehlhorn, HH and Tingstad, G and Kochian, L}, title = {IMP[2]RIS, an automated plant root PET radiotracer gas delivery system for in-soil visualization of symbiotic N2 fixation in nodulated roots of soybean plants via PET imaging.}, journal = {Plant phenomics (Washington, D.C.)}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {100027}, pmid = {41415960}, issn = {2643-6515}, abstract = {The real-time and non-invasive visualization and quantification of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in nodulated roots of soybean plants using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, coupled with the application of [[13]N]N2 gas as a PET radiotracer, has been explored in only a few studies. In these studies, [[13]N]N2 was delivered to nodulated soybean roots suspended in air within gas-tight acrylic boxes, followed by two-dimensional (2D) PET imaging to visualize the assimilated [[13]N]N2 in the air-suspended root nodules. In this paper, we introduce the In-Media Plant PET Root Imaging System (IMP[2]RIS), a novel gas delivery system designed and constructed in-house. Unlike the previous methods, IMP[2]RIS allows for non-intrusive delivery and exposure of [[13]N]N2 gas to the nodulated roots of soybean plants grown in a clay-rich, soil-like and visually opaque growth medium. This advancement enabled in-soil, three-dimensional (3D) visualization of SNF in soybean root nodules using Sofie, a preclinical PET scanner. Equipped with automated controls, IMP[2]RIS ensures ease of operation and operator safety during the [[13]N]N2 delivery process. We describe the components and functionalities of IMP[2]RIS, supported by experimental results showcasing its successful application in efficient delivery and exposure of [[13]N]N2 gas to nodulated roots of three soybean plant cultivars that vary in rates of N2 fixation. The in-soil quantitative PET imaging of SNF, aided by IMP[2]RIS, holds promise for enhancing the integration of SNF as a functional phenotypic trait into breeding programs, aiming to enhance SNF efficiency by identifying breeding materials with high SNF capacities.}, }
@article {pmid41414024, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, XY and Hu, YQ and Lü, JT and You, LL and Wang, ZF and Dai, WC and Xie, YH and Gao, M}, title = {[Effects of Biochar Application on Bacterial Community Structure and Symbiotic Network Analysis in Acidic Purple Soil].}, journal = {Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue}, volume = {46}, number = {12}, pages = {8071-8081}, doi = {10.13227/j.hjkx.202412036}, pmid = {41414024}, issn = {0250-3301}, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; *Charcoal/chemistry/pharmacology ; Fertilizers ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Bacteria/classification/growth &amp; development ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microbiota ; Nitrogen ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {As an organic soil amendment, biochar plays a significant role in ameliorating soil acidification and promoting microbial activity. Through field experiments, the impact of biochar on the composition and functions of bacterial communities in acidic purple soil were evaluated. Four treatments were established： no fertilizer （CK）, conventional fertilization （F）, chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer （OF）, and chemical fertilizer combined with biochar （BF）. Using indoor analysis and Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology, we analyzed the changes in soil physicochemical properties, bacterial community diversity, community composition, bacterial network, and functional predictions under different treatments over time. The results indicated that biochar treatment significantly increased soil pH and the content of available nutrients （such as alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and readily available potassium） and significantly enhanced the α and β diversity of bacterial communities, particularly in the second year （P < 0.05）. After two years of biochar and organic fertilizer application, the complexity and stability of the soil microbial network were significantly reduced, promoting microbial synergism. Functional predictions showed that the BF treatment significantly improved key bacterial functions such as organic matter degradation, energy production and conversion, and amino acid transport and metabolism, but these functional activities significantly weakened in the second year. Additionally, the application of biochar significantly increased the relative abundance of Paeniglutamicibacter and Rhodococcus, which play key roles in organic matter degradation and energy production. Overall, biochar not only improved soil physicochemical properties but also enhanced bacterial community functions and diversity, thereby improving soil health and ecosystem functions. However, its long-term effects require continuous attention and maintenance, providing scientific evidence for achieving sustainable agricultural development.}, }
@article {pmid41412366, year = {2025}, author = {Yao, T and Xu, X and Xie, R and Zhou, C and Li, D}, title = {The biosynthesis and signaling regulation of strigolactones in plants.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {364}, number = {}, pages = {112947}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112947}, pmid = {41412366}, issn = {1873-2259}, abstract = {Strigolactones (SLs) are a category of small signaling molecules derived from carotenoids and act as a novel and essential plant hormone regulating plant developmental processes and environmental responses. They also function as root chemical signals, regulating the symbiotic as well as parasitic interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root parasitic plants. Since SLs were discovered, their functions have been widely studied through genetic, biological, and physiological approaches, and significant progress has been made, especially some breakthroughs in understanding the biosynthesis, transport, and perception. This review focuses on the synthesis and signal transduction of SLs, as well as their functions in plant growth and development and adaptability to abiotic stresses. It also elaborates on the interaction mechanisms between SLs and other plant hormones and explores the potential applications in sustainable agricultural development.}, }
@article {pmid41411282, year = {2025}, author = {Kellari, LM and Papadopoulou, KK and Dalakouras, A}, title = {Cross-kingdom RNAi: A universal mechanism of inter-organismal communication with many unknowns.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf543}, pmid = {41411282}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Cross-kingdom RNA interference (ck-RNAi) is a biological process in which small RNA (sRNA) molecules are transferred between organisms belonging to different kingdoms to silence specific genes. Although numerous instances of reciprocal ck-RNAi have been documented in plants, demonstrating a modulation of the interaction between plants and their pathogens, pests, or symbiotic partners, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. In this article, we distinguish between naturally occurring and transgene-based cases of ck-RNAi, examine the diverse mechanisms governing the transfer of primary ck-RNAi signals from donor to recipient organisms, and explore the prerequisites for their amplification and systemic spread. Finally, we highlight key unresolved questions concerning the mechanistic basis of ck-RNAi and offer a perspective on its potential role in co-evolutionary dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid41410807, year = {2025}, author = {Sarroukh, I and Ibriz, M and Yakkou, L and Lebkiri, N and Fokar, M and Iraqi, D and Gaboun, F and Diria, G and Abdelwahd, R}, title = {The Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation: a gateway for efficient CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in leguminous.}, journal = {Transgenic research}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, pages = {57}, pmid = {41410807}, issn = {1573-9368}, mesh = {*CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; *Gene Editing/methods ; *Transformation, Genetic/genetics ; *Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genetics ; }, abstract = {Climate change enhances the damaging consequences of abiotic and biotic stressors, leading to severe soil fertility loss and ecosystem degradation worldwide. Leguminous have contributed significantly to replenishing soil nitrogen via symbiotic nitrogen fixation, contributing approximately 15% of nitrogen input, which is crucial for soil health and enhancing crop production. There is an increasing integration of new biotechnological interventions, such as genome editing, including the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and transgenesis, in addition to classical breeding, to make agriculture more resilient. In this review, we examine several elements that influence the genetic transformation system employing Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains in leguminous to make it an ideal vehicle for CRISPR/Cas9 component delivery. The variables investigated in our study included the incubation period, co-cultivation duration, bacterial density, selectable marker, concentration, and growth regulators used. In addition, the selection and efficiency of the explant choice for transformation should be considered in future studies. However, there have been parallel recommendations for the gradual application of selectable markers such as kanamycin.}, }
@article {pmid41409709, year = {2025}, author = {Feng, M and Peng, S and Ciais, P and Goll, DS and Houlton, BZ and Wang, YP and Wang, Y and Liu, P and Fisher, JB and Regnier, P}, title = {Dramatic biases in terrestrial nitrogen fixation in Earth System Models revealed by natural isotope signatures.}, journal = {National science review}, volume = {12}, number = {12}, pages = {nwaf459}, pmid = {41409709}, issn = {2053-714X}, abstract = {Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the primary input of new reactive nitrogen to natural terrestrial ecosystems. However, this flux is poorly constrained due to its unclear drivers and associated control mechanisms. Here, we extend the existing theory of nitrogen (N) isotope mass balance to estimate BNF rates and then use a Bayesian approach to constrain the BNF rates in natural terrestrial ecosystems by using measurements of natural N-isotope ratios (δ[15]N) in plants (δP) and soil (δS). Together with pairwise δP and δS measurements from 18 forest sites covering diverse climates and thousands of δP and δS observations worldwide, we show that the spatial distribution of the fraction of symbiotic BNF relative to the total external N acquisition by plants (f BNFs) is primarily controlled by temperature (29%) and mycorrhizal fungi (14%), with colder climate and higher ectomycorrhizal fungi abundance leading to a lower f BNFs. We find a large discrepancy between the spatial distributions of isotope-based BNF and those simulated by using Earth System Models (ESMs) in the Sixth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Moreover, we constrain the global total BNF from natural terrestrial ecosystems as 78.2-89.8 Tg N yr[-1], suggesting a ≥18% underestimation of the global BNF in CMIP6 models. In addition to the temperature dependence found in previous laboratory studies, our isotope-based study suggests a competitive relationship between BNF and mycorrhizal N uptake as another important control mechanism. This complex interplay remains unresolved in ESMs and has the potential to improve BNF simulations in the next phase of CMIP.}, }
@article {pmid41409077, year = {2025}, author = {Černajová, I and Schmidtová, J and Schiefelbein, U and Grande, FD and Škaloud, P}, title = {Broad Ecological Niche in Seashore Lichens Emerges From a Stable, Selective Association With Generalist Algal Symbionts.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {15}, number = {12}, pages = {e72639}, pmid = {41409077}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {In mutualistic systems, the ability to associate with diverse symbionts of distinct physiological traits often facilitates broadening of the niche. In lichen symbiosis, this process remains understudied. While such flexibility has been demonstrated for some species, others associate only with symbionts of comparable characteristics. We investigated whether the broad niche of Hydropunctaria-a genus of seashore lichens inhabiting the supralittoral zone across a salinity gradient-is linked to algal symbiont turnover in response to the changing salinity. Using Sanger sequencing of lichen symbionts and Illumina metabarcoding of free-living algae, we assessed symbiont diversity, selectivity, and the presence of algal symbionts in the environment. Despite the presence of multiple potential algal partners in the surrounding environment, Hydropunctaria exhibited a highly specific and stable association with a single algal symbiont across a wide salinity range. This suggests that the ecological niche breadth in this symbiotic system is driven not by the ability to change partners in response to changing salinity, but rather by the association between generalist, euryhaline symbionts. Our findings also point to selective mechanisms beyond partner availability alone.}, }
@article {pmid41407369, year = {2025}, author = {Lirette, AO and Ishigami, K and Jung, M and Matsuura, Y and Kikuchi, Y}, title = {Caballeronia Gut Symbionts in Species of the Seed Bug Family Heterogastridae (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea).}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25061}, pmid = {41407369}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Heteroptera/microbiology/physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Bacteria/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Most phytophagous species of stinkbugs have mutualistic relationships with bacterial symbionts, which are often located within specialized midgut regions called M4. Heterogastridae, previously classified within the family Lygaeidae, are now classified as a family proper; however, the symbiotic organ's morphology and symbiont identity remain unclear. We herein investigated symbiotic systems from two heterogastrid species. The results obtained show that they possess two rows of midgut crypts akin to those of Coreoidea and consistently associate with Caballeronia symbionts of the SBE-α and Coreoidea clades. The present study clearly demonstrates that Caballeronia bacteria are symbionts of Heterogastridae and is the first to report a Coreoidea clade symbiont from the superfamily Lygaeoidea.}, }
@article {pmid41406967, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, J and Glukhov, E and De Clerck, O and Gerwick, WH and Donia, MS}, title = {Environmentally controlled production of pagoamide A in marine macroalgae by an intracellular bacterial symbiont.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.023}, pmid = {41406967}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Marine algae are a rich source of diverse molecules, most of which are thought to be produced by the alga itself. We recently reported the discovery of pagoamide A from a cultured marine macroalga collected from American Samoa. Here, we found that the production of pagoamide A is conditional upon environmental temperature. Using comparative metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and metabolomic analyses of algal cultures, we identified a nonribosomal peptide synthetase biosynthetic gene cluster (NRPS BGC) in the algal microbiome that varies in abundance between producing and non-producing conditions and whose architecture and biosynthetic logic match pagoamide A (named pag). pag belongs to a bacterium that we named "Candidatus Bryopsidiphilus pagoamidifaciens BP1," a new genus in the family Amoebophilaceae and a relative of amoeba, arthropod, and nematode endosymbionts. Ca. B. pagoamidifaciens lives intracellularly in its Bryopsis sp. algal host, harbors a reduced genome (1.7 Mbp), has lost most genes essential for free living, and is enriched in genes containing eukaryotic domains. By quantitatively monitoring longitudinal algal cultures under varying conditions for 9 weeks, we found that the abundance of both Ca. B. pagoamidifaciens and pagoamide A undergoes dramatic fluctuations in response to temperature changes. Finally, we discovered three additional strains of Ca. B. pagoamidifaciens that vary in their NRPS BGCs and eukaryotic domain-containing genes from algal samples of diverse geographical origins. Our findings suggest that symbiont-derived production of algal molecules is more common than previously anticipated and provide a unique case of environmental control of both symbiont and chemical levels in marine algae.}, }
@article {pmid41406936, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, J and Tang, L and Dong, J and Wang, S and Yao, J and Chen, X}, title = {From Root Exudate to Green Agrochemical: Comprehensive Review of Sorgoleone's Bioactivity and Synthesis.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c10234}, pmid = {41406936}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Sorgoleone, a lipophilic benzoquinone allelochemical exuded by sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] root, represents a promising multitarget botanical herbicide with significant potential for sustainable weed management. Sorgoleone inhibits weed growth through concurrent disruption of mitochondrial respiration, photosystem II electron transfer, carotenoid biosynthesis, and root H[+]-ATPase activity. It exhibits broad-spectrum activity against terrestrial weeds and aquatic plants, with heightened efficacy against small-seeded species and dicots. Environmentally, sorgoleone is also a biological nitrification inhibitor (BNI) that could suppress soil nitrification (enhancing nitrogen use efficiency by 15-20%) and enhances arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Due to its important bioactivities and potential application value, plant extraction, chemical synthesis, and biosynthetic synthesis have been explored to overcome production constraints of sorgoleone. This review provides a summary and discussion of the biological activities, herbicidal mechanisms, total synthesis, and biosynthesis of sorgoleone, serving as a basis for further research and applications.}, }
@article {pmid41403254, year = {2025}, author = {Nie, X and Liang, J and Bastías, DA and Zhang, X and Nan, Z}, title = {Foliar Epichloë fungal endophytes affected the soil biochemistry via changes in the expression of root genes and exudates within their host plants.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcaf330}, pmid = {41403254}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Soils are reservoirs of key nutrients and enzymes for plant fitness and ecosystem productivity. Epichloë fungal endophytes are well-known to shape plant performance, yet the mechanistic link between Epichloë-mediated changes on plant root genes and root exudates with soil biochemistry is not entirely clear. We studied the effect of the foliar endophyte of grasses Epichloë gansuensis (C.J. Li &amp; Nan) on the soil biochemistry and composition/abundance of host root genes and exudates. We hypothesized that Epichloë would affect soil biochemistry, and that these changes would be associated with endophyte-mediated alterations in root genes and exudates.<br><br>METHODS: Soil samples, root tissues, and root exudates were harvested from field plots of Achnatherum inebrians (Hance) Keng plants with and without E. gansuensis endophytes. We measured concentrations/activities of nutrients/enzymes in bulk and rhizosphere soils, together with the composition and expression of root genes and exudates that were determined via high resolution LC-MS and RNA-Seq.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Epichlo&#xeb; altered concentrations/activities of several nutrients/enzymes in both soil compartments (e.g., organic carbon, &#x3b2;-glucosidase), with larger effects in the rhizosphere soil than bulk soil. Epichlo&#xeb; also modified the expression of root genes (e.g., AHCY) and exudates (e.g., malate, ethylene), with several of the changes in root exudates aligned with the altered expression of root genes (e.g., high malate abundance was associated with enhanced expression of their biosynthesis genes). Many of the Epichlo&#xeb;-derived changes in soil nutrients and enzymes levels were functionally associated with the host plant release of bioactive root exudates affected by the endophyte.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Foliar Epichlo&#xeb; endophytes can shape soil biochemistry, root gene expression, and root exudate abundance, and the existence of functional links between soil biochemistry and root exudates in plant-endophyte associations.}, }
@article {pmid41403232, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, E and Bodawatta, KH and Tibpromma, S and Samarakoon, MC and Rapior, S and Chiu, CI and Han, L and Feng, J and Meegaskumbura, M and Zhao, Z and Poulsen, M and Karunarathna, SC and Promputtha, I}, title = {Host and microbial defenses against fungal invaders in a fungus-farming termite.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.70207}, pmid = {41403232}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {ERC-CoG771349//European Research Council Consolidator Grant/ ; 32260004//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //High-Level Talent Recruitment Plan of Yunnan Province/ ; }, abstract = {Fungus farming in termites is vulnerable to invasions by opportunistic and specialized fungi that may compromise the Termitomyces fungal crop that these termites rely on for food. Both termite and symbiont defenses contribute to suppressing such fungal infections, and here we build on past efforts to help understand these defenses. We demonstrate that gardens without Macrotermes annandalei termites are rapidly colonized by weedy fungi, initially dominated by opportunistic Aspergillus and Trichoderma molds and later by co-evolved Xylaria that outcompete these molds. In some cases, termite presence suppresses molds but not Xylaria infections. We then demonstrate that termite burying behavior, a defense response to weeds, increases in the presence of Termitomyces, suggesting that the perception of weeds as threats is most pronounced when there is a risk of garden exposure. The burying response was strongest toward Aspergillus and Trichoderma, suggesting that coevolved Xylaria may to some extent evade this defense. Lastly, we document antifungal properties of Bacillus and Burkholderia bacteria, and 21 fungi isolated from the symbiotic environment, in support that both hosts and fungistatic microbes contribute to keeping fungal gardens free from unwanted fungi. Although our findings suggest a multi-partnered defense, further work is needed to determine the compounds responsible and their ecological significance in protecting termite gardens.}, }
@article {pmid41403133, year = {2025}, author = {Su, Z and Zhou, S and Yu, S and Ning, X and Fu, Q and Fu, Q and Zhao, Q and Ma, J and Niu, C and Kong, Y and Peng, Y and Ming, Z}, title = {Structural basis of OsCERK1-mediated signal activation and transduction in rice immunity and symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101677}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101677}, pmid = {41403133}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {Chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (OsCERK1) from Oryza sativa plays a pivotal role in coordinating both symbiotic and immune responses by recognizing fungal chitin fragments of varying lengths. Although the extracellular domain of OsCERK1 has been extensively characterized for chitin recognition, the structural basis for intracellular activation and signal transduction remains unresolved. In this study, we determined nine crystal structures of the truncated OsCERK1 cytoplasmic kinase domains in phosphorylated or dephosphorylated states, either nucleotide-free or bound to ADP, ATP, or the ATP analog AMP-PNP. Structural analyses revealed that OsCERK1 consistently adopts an intermediate conformation defined by an αC-helix-out and DFG-in configuration, regardless of its phosphorylation or nucleotide binding state. Functional assays demonstrated that both the symbiotic receptor OsMYR1 and the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsRLCK185 serve as substrates that allosterically enhance OsCERK1 activity, with OsMYR1 exhibiting a stronger activation capacity. This enhancement correlates with substrate binding affinity, whereas phosphorylation does not consistently increase this affinity. Notably, the intermolecular autophosphorylation of OsCERK1 markedly elevates its catalytic activity. Additionally, we identified T479, T484, and Y492 in the activation segment as essential for OsCERK1's catalytic activity and substrate phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings support a dual regulatory model in which autophosphorylation enhances catalytic capacity, while substrate binding facilitates allosteric activation. Our study provides structural insights into OsCERK1 activation and proposes a mechanistic framework for receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling in plant immunity and symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41402494, year = {2025}, author = {Jones, VAS and Dörr, M and Siemers, I and Rupp, S and El Hilali, S and Brites, S and Surm, JM and Maegele, I and Gornik, SG and Ferguson, M and Guse, A}, title = {Integrins mediate symbiont-specific uptake in cnidarian larvae.}, journal = {EMBO reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41402494}, issn = {1469-3178}, support = {724715//EC | H2020 | PRIORITY 'Excellent science' | H2020 European Research Council (ERC)/ ; 101152260//EC | Horizon Europe | Excellent Science | HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)/ ; }, abstract = {Endosymbiosis between dinoflagellate algae and cnidaria is fundamental for coral reef health. Appropriate symbiont selection is required for sufficient host nutrient acquisition and could be tailored to increase cnidarian stress tolerance. Previous research suggested glycan-lectin interactions facilitate symbiont uptake; however, blockage of such interactions does not fully inhibit symbiosis establishment, suggesting other receptors are at play. Here, we use a combination of cnidarian model systems and human cell lines to determine if phagocytic integrins facilitate symbiont recognition and uptake. Integrins are highly expressed in the gastrodermal tissue of the host, where symbiosis takes place, and symbiont uptake alters the expression of integrins and downstream signaling molecules. Blockage of integrin binding sites with competitor peptides reduces symbiont uptake, while uptake of non-symbiotic algae, or uptake in a non-symbiotic cnidarian, is unaffected. Finally, overexpression of phagocytic integrins in human cells increases symbiont uptake, and mutation of the active binding site abolishes uptake. Our findings reveal integrins as important receptors for symbiosis establishment and shed light on the evolutionary functions of integrins during phagocytosis.}, }
@article {pmid41400116, year = {2025}, author = {Hutmacher, F and Einhellig, C and Klink, S}, title = {Birthday memories: an experimental think-aloud study on autobiographical remembering in the digital age.}, journal = {Memory (Hove, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/09658211.2025.2602077}, pmid = {41400116}, issn = {1464-0686}, abstract = {In today's digital world, people are documenting their lives more extensively than ever before. To investigate how this pervasive (digital) documentation shapes the way individuals reconstruct and recall personally relevant events, we conducted a preregistered experimental think-aloud study in which participants (N = 40; German sample) were asked to remember their birthdays from 2019 and 2024 in as much detail as possible. Participants completed the study in their usual home environments and were allowed to consult any external resources that they wanted to consult. The results demonstrate that participants almost exclusively used digital external resources. Moreover, participants relied more heavily on external resources when recalling the more distant birthday. Importantly, the use of external resources was an overall adaptive strategy, insofar as it helped participants gain new insights that went beyond what they could recall from internal memory alone. This provides further evidence that integrating information stored in one's mind and information stored in the environment is a potentially beneficial and symbiotic process.}, }
@article {pmid41396465, year = {2025}, author = {Bhardwaj, A and Bhatt, U and Parihar, S and Soni, V}, title = {Beyond osmoprotection: the expanding roles of proline in plant signalling and development.}, journal = {Biologia futura}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41396465}, issn = {2676-8607}, abstract = {Proline, traditionally recognized as an osmoprotectant, has emerged as a multifunctional metabolite intricately involved in plant signaling and developmental regulation. Beyond its classical role in osmotic adjustment, proline modulates redox homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, and metabolic reprogramming under stress conditions. Recent studies reveal its function as a signaling molecule that integrates stress perception with phytohormonal pathways such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and auxin. Proline also influences key developmental processes including root and shoot morphogenesis, floral induction, pollen fertility, embryogenesis, and seed maturation by coordinating redox cues and gene regulation. Furthermore, its participation in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and legume-rhizobia symbiosis underscores its role in plant immunity and microbe interactions. Advances in understanding proline transport, mitochondrial catabolism, and gene regulation highlight its centrality in linking metabolic and signaling networks. This review consolidates current insights into the expanding roles of proline in plant signaling and development, emphasizing its potential as a metabolic hub for improving stress resilience and growth optimization in crops.}, }
@article {pmid41395946, year = {2025}, author = {Jansen, D and Bens, L and Wagemans, J and Green, SI and Hillary, T and Vanhoutvin, T and Van Laethem, A and Vermeire, S and Sabino, J and Lavigne, R and Matthijnssens, J}, title = {Hidradenitis suppurativa patients exhibit a distinctive and highly individualized skin virome.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0129025}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01290-25}, pmid = {41395946}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurring skin lesions. Despite ongoing research, the exact cause underlying initiation and progression of disease remains unknown. While prior research has linked the skin microbiota to HS pathology, the role of viruses has remained unexplored. To investigate the skin virome, metagenomic sequencing of viral particles was performed on 144 skin samples from 57 individuals (39 HS patients and 18 controls). It was found that the virome is not only linked to BMI, but also to the presence and severity of HS, marking a diverging viral profile in the progression of disease. Despite no differences in alpha-diversity, HS patients exhibited a significantly higher beta-diversity compared to healthy controls, indicating a more personalized virome with reduced viral sharing among patients. We identified distinct groups of commonly shared phages, referred to as the core phageome, associated with either healthy controls or patients. Healthy controls displayed a higher abundance of two core Caudoviricetes phages predicted to infect Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus, comprising normal skin commensals. In contrast, HS patients carried previously uncharacterized phages that were more prevalent in advanced stages of the disease, which likely infect Peptoniphilus and Finegoldia, known HS-associated pathogens. Interestingly, genes involved in superinfection exclusion and antibiotic resistance could be found in phage genomes of healthy controls and HS patients, respectively. In conclusion, we report the existence of distinct core phages that may have clinical relevance in HS pathology by influencing skin bacteria through mechanisms such as superinfection exclusion and antibiotic resistance.IMPORTANCEAn increasing body of research showed that the microbiome has an important role in complex human disease. In line with this, here, we analyzed a longitudinal HS cohort and found a relationship between the skin virome and HS pathology. This relationship was defined by distinct groups of phages associated with either healthy controls or HS patients, yet, in both instances, capable of enhancing bacterial fitness. In healthy individuals, these phages were widely shared, fostering symbiosis by ensuring stability of the commensal skin microbiota. Conversely, in HS patients, these phages revealed a more individualistic nature and could contribute to dysbiosis by providing antibiotic resistance genes to bacterial pathogens. Overall, these findings point to a potential clinical significance of the virome in understanding and addressing HS pathology.}, }
@article {pmid41393895, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, D and Liu, S and Zhao, P and Nian, F and Li, J and Han, N and Yang, S and Yu, J and Deng, X and Liu, Y}, title = {AMF-mediated rhizospheric interactions by soil microbiota and metabolites in intercropping of tobacco and maize to regulate the soil nutrients.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1683474}, pmid = {41393895}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form the root symbiotic network of co-cultured plants roots and hyphae thus promote plant growth. Maize is often intercropped during the harvesting period of tobacco in tobacco-growing areas in China. AMF Colonization has been shown to be an effective approach for regulating the synergistic growth of Nicotiana tabacum and maize.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, pot experiments were conducted, and samples were analyzed using 16S rDNA and ITS high-throughput sequencing for bacteria and fungi, respectively,and LC-MS/MS widely targeted metabolomics of soil. Differences in microbiota and metabolites in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco and maize, as well as their correlations with the agrochemical properties of soil at the vegetative stage of crop growth, were investigated under AMF colonization to clarify the feedback regulation of plant growth by AMF inoculation and rhizosphere interactions between Nicotiana tabacum and maize.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that the growth of tobacco and maize inoculated with AMF was better than that of uninoculated plants, and this was related to the enhancement of plant nutrient uptake by AMF and root interactions between the two crops, which resulted in significant increases in the content of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K) in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco. The stem girth of tobacco and the biomass of maize were significantly higher under intercropping than monoculture, as intercropping increased the relative abundances of Penicillium, Trichoderma, Blastomonas, and Sphingomonas in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco and maize; the abundance of Penicillium was higher in rhizosphere soil of AMF inoculated treatments. AMF inoculation and intercropping cultivation respectively led to the down-regulation of differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco and maize. Additionally, pH and organic matter are key environmental factors influencing soil microbial communities.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Overall, intercropping and AMF inoculation mediated rhizospheric interactions by soil microbiota and metabolites in intercropping can regulate plant growth and improving the content of N, P, and K in rhizosphere soil. Our findings provide new insights with implications for AMF application on interactions between the root systems of tobacco with maize or other plants during the tobacco harvesting period.}, }
@article {pmid41393889, year = {2025}, author = {Roy, A and Bhattacharjee, B and Hallan, V}, title = {Dancing with the enemy: symbiotic relationships between plant RNA viruses and their hosts.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1716996}, pmid = {41393889}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {While many plant viruses cause diseases that reduce crop yield, quality, and overall plant health, not all viruses are purely detrimental. Under certain conditions, some can confer beneficial effects, including improving abiotic stress tolerance, enhancing immunity, or even increasing pollination efficiency. RNA viruses, though most often associated with disease, can also establish symbiotic relationships with their hosts that are mutualistic, commensal, or conditionally beneficial depending on environmental factors. This mini-review summarizes how mild viral infections can protect plants against more severe pathogens (cross-protection), induce signaling and epigenetic changes that enhance stress tolerance, and serve as tools for gene delivery and crop improvement. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of RNA viruses to support plant adaptation and survival, offering innovative possibilities for sustainable agriculture and climate resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41392920, year = {2025}, author = {Thakur, R and Gulati, A and Gulati, A}, title = {Broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential of endophytes from the roots of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze in the Western Himalayas.}, journal = {Future microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1080/17460913.2025.2597688}, pmid = {41392920}, issn = {1746-0921}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endophytes are symbiotic microbes residing within plant tissues and protect plants against pathogens. Tea is a highly valuable and economically important commercial crop. However, little is known about the diversity and potential functions of endophytes in tea plantations. This study explored the diversity and antimicrobial potential of endophytes from the tea roots of the Kangra valley in the Western Himalayas.<br><br>METHODS: Endophytes were screened for antimicrobial activity using agar over-lay and agar well assay.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 71 endophytes were isolated from the tea roots. Out of these, 19 bacteria and 16 fungi showed antimicrobial activities against one or more pathogens. Bacterial isolates with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity belonged to genera Bacillus, Burkholderia, Dyella, Lysinibacillus, Pantoea, Rhodococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, and Terracoccus. Fungal endophytes with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity showed closest identity with Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bjerkandera, Chaunopycnis, Coprinellus, Cryptosporiopsis, Fusarium, Guignardia, Hypocrea, Leptosphaerulina, Mucor, Penicillium, Thanatephorus, and Xylaria.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the potential of tea endophytes as a source of natural bioactive compounds.}, }
@article {pmid41392229, year = {2025}, author = {Bernal, SPF and Soares, C and Ottoni, JR and da Costa Silva Gonçalves, C and Lima, N and Passarini, MRZ}, title = {Caracterização taxonômica integrativa de comunidades bacterianas e fúngicas de tripas de cupins e areia de folhas.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {10}, pmid = {41392229}, issn = {1678-4405}, support = {205/2021/PRPPG//Triple Agenda institutional program/ ; }, mesh = {*Isoptera/microbiology ; Animals ; *Fungi/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; *Sand/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; *Mycobiome ; }, abstract = {The search for microbial cells from different sources is a crucial strategy for discovering new strains with biotechnological potential. Leaf litter fungi, which decompose organic matter, and symbiotic termite bacteria, which digest cellulose, can be harnessed for the development of biotechnologies focused on nutrient recycling, biofuel production, and organic waste treatment. The precise identification of these strains allows the use of their biological capabilities, promoting innovative and sustainable solutions to environmental challenges. In this study, filamentous fungi and bacteria recovered from soil with leaf litter and termite guts were characterized using an integrative taxonomy approach, including classical morphology, ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, MALDI-TOF MS, and FTIR. A total of nine filamentous fungi and nine bacteria were identified. After taxonomic analysis, the bacterial strains were identified as belonging to Rossellomorea marisflavi (n = 2), Bacillus subtilis (n = 2), B. amyloliquefaciens (n = 2), B. cereus (n = 1), Priestia megaterium (n = 1), and Pseudomonas azotoformans (n = 1). The fungal species were identified as Talaromyces mycothecaei (n = 3), Aspergillus fumigatus (n = 1), A. tubingensis (n = 1), A. hiratsukae (n = 1), Trichoderma sp. (n = 1), T. harzianum (n = 1), and Coniochaeta velutina (n = 1). This may be the first report of the isolation of Rossellomorea from the gut microbiome of termites. The results showed that the use of an integrative approach for the taxonomic characterization of microbial strains recovered from environmental samples can improve the accurate identification and understanding of microbial species associated with different environments, such as the termite gut and litter.}, }
@article {pmid41392060, year = {2025}, author = {Foster, SC and Tipton, L and Perrault Uptmor, KA}, title = {Evaluating chromatographic techniques for the aroma profiling of kombucha.}, journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41392060}, issn = {1618-2650}, abstract = {Kombucha is a fermented beverage made from the addition of a symbiotic community of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) to a sugary base tea. Despite the odors associated with kombucha, few studies have examined its chemical aroma profile. The mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from tea and its fermentation is typically examined using one-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). More complex samples benefit from the higher resolution and separation capacity of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS), which separates analytes based on their affinity for two distinct stationary phases. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of GC-TOFMS to GC×GC-TOFMS, to use VOC data to differentiate between kombucha products, and to establish an understanding of the VOCs originating from tea versus microorganisms. Samples were taken from 12 sources including two SCOBYs, one starter tea, and eight kombucha teas and analyzed using GC-TOFMS and GC×GC-TOFMS. GC-TOFMS detected 127 analytes across 15 compound classes while GC×GC-TOFMS detected 182 analytes across 17 compound classes. The enhanced separation power of GC×GC-TOFMS allowed for the resolution of coelutions that occurred in GC-TOFMS data. Statistical techniques including principal component analysis (PCA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), Fisher ratio, and fold change were applied to the VOC data. Locally produced products contained simple esters and acids while commercial brands contained terpenes and aromatic compounds. This work builds on the overall aim of linking VOC data from microbes and tea with the flavor profile of fermented foods as examined by advanced analytical techniques.}, }
@article {pmid41390897, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, C and Zhang, W and Richardson-Barlow, C and Zhang, Z}, title = {Navigating carbon neutrality: policy pathways and consistency on industrial decarbonization in China.}, journal = {Carbon balance and management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13021-025-00356-7}, pmid = {41390897}, issn = {1750-0680}, abstract = {Climate change has intensified global demands for industrial decarbonization and carbon neutrality. As the world's largest carbon emitter, China's policy approach is pivotal to international climate governance and the low-carbon transition. This study conducts the first systematic evaluation of China's industrial decarbonization policy framework established toward the carbon neutrality goal. Through a mixed-methods approach combining bibliometric analysis and Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) Index, we analyze 58 national policy documents comprising approximately 610,000 Chinese characters. Results across five key decarbonization pathways show notable disparities in policy consistency: carbon emission abatement achieves perfect consistency (PMC-Index = 9.07), reflecting China's prioritization of greenhouse gas emission controls, while energy efficiency (8.14) and scientific and technological innovation (8.12) demonstrate good consistency. By contrast, socio-economic risk mitigation (6.97) and circular economy (6.77) pathways only reach acceptable levels, revealing gaps in integrating just transition principles and industrial symbiosis. The asymmetric consistency stems from a misalignment across the five policy pathways, particularly the underdeveloped linkages between decarbonization, circularity, and socio-economic consideration. We recommend strengthening circular economy institutions through sector-specific material flow governance and industrial symbiosis networks, alongside proactive just transition policies such as skill development initiatives and compensatory mechanisms for vulnerable communities. This study contributes to theories of environmental governance and policy mixes, while offering globally applicable insights for reconciling emission reduction with industrial competitiveness and social equity.}, }
@article {pmid41390839, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, Y and Chen, L and Yang, W and Yue, T and Li, Q and Chen, K and Yuan, J and Li, X and Ott, T and Su, C}, title = {Symbiosome functionality in Medicago truncatula nodules requires continuous clearing of pectins from the symbiosome space.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-67404-1}, pmid = {41390839}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {301/590224002//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Central to the legume-rhizobium symbiosis is the formation of organelle-like symbiosomes where nitrogen-fixing bacteroids are enclosed by a host-derived symbiosome membrane. This creates the symbiosome space, which topologically resembles an apoplastic compartment within the cell. While the apoplast of plant cells is largely occupied by the cell wall, symbiosomes are devoid of cell wall polymers. Here, we describe a mechanism that functions to protect and maintain effective nitrogen fixation through the action of cell-wall-degrading enzymes that prevent accumulation of un-esterified pectin within symbiosomes. We identify two symbiotically-induced polygalacturonase (PG) genes in Medicago truncatula, SyPG1 and SyPG2, that are secreted into the symbiosome space. Silencing the expression of SyPG1/2 or editing SyPG1/2 via CRISPR-Cas9 both lead to nodule senescence and trigger excessive accumulation of un-esterified pectin in symbiosome containing cells. Additionally, we show that un-esterified pectins inhibit rhizobial growth both in vivo and in vitro. Together, our results provide evidence for a host-controlled cell wall clearance mechanism that is essential for symbiosome maintenance.}, }
@article {pmid41390744, year = {2025}, author = {Malik, K and Jousselin, E and Clamens, AL and Sugimoto, S and Wieczorek, K}, title = {Molecular phylogeny of the Acer-feeding aphid subfamily Drepanosiphinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the evolution of its endosymbiotic consortia.}, journal = {Zoological letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40851-025-00255-2}, pmid = {41390744}, issn = {2056-306X}, }
@article {pmid41390508, year = {2025}, author = {Niu, YD and Fan, QH and Wang, ZH and Wang, MK and Zhao, DS and Wang, MR and Wu, BX and Hong, XY and Bing, XL}, title = {Wolbachia enhances ovarian development in the rice planthopper Laodelphax striatellus through elevated energy production.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-67660-1}, pmid = {41390508}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {32020103011//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 32572809//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {The endosymbiont Wolbachia can both benefit host nutrition and manipulate host reproduction to its own advantage. However, the mechanisms of its nutritional benefits remain unclear. We show that Wolbachia enhances ovarian development in the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus by boosting energy production. Wolbachia-infected females have increased fecundity, accelerated ovarian development, and prolonged oviposition. Enhanced activity of mitochondrial complex I is linked to increased ATP production and the expression of energy metabolism-related genes. We further identify that Wolbachia-synthesized riboflavin is crucial for ATP production and ovarian development. A riboflavin transporter, slc52a3a, positively correlates with Wolbachia density and is required for normal ovarian maturation. Our findings demonstrate that Wolbachia-produced riboflavin drives energy production and accelerates ovarian maturation, thus improving host fecundity. This research reveals insights into symbiont-host metabolic interactions and underscores the role of nutrient delivery in symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41389518, year = {2025}, author = {Gallou, D and Begou, O and Gika, H and Sarli, V and Wilson, ID and Theodoridis, G}, title = {Quantitative profiling of aromatic amino acids and their host-microbial co-metabolites in human urine via UPLC-MS/MS.}, journal = {Journal of chromatography. A}, volume = {1766}, number = {}, pages = {466604}, doi = {10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466604}, pmid = {41389518}, issn = {1873-3778}, abstract = {The aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine are involved in many biochemical pathways and their metabolism and co-metabolism by the human and the gut microbiota results in the production of a number of metabolites. Many of these are phenols which are excreted in the urine after either sulfation or glucuronidation by the host. These metabolic processes can be dysregulated due to factors such as inflammation, disease, dietary and/or pharmaceutical interventions. Validated, quantitative methods for the analysis of aromatic amino acids and their metabolites may therefore provide insights into host-gut microbiota symbiosis and its association with pathological conditions. As sulfation is often the favored form of conjugation for phenolic compounds, the development of analytical methods would benefit from access to the sulfate conjugates as reference standards, which unfortunately are scarce. To overcome this limitation nine sulfate conjugates were synthesized using standard chemical routes and were subsequently purified by preparative HPLC. Following structure confirmation ([1]H NMR and MS/MS analysis) the standards were used along with 24 other analytes for the development and validation of a quantitative LC-MS/MS-based assay. The method used a CSH Phenyl-Hexyl column to separate and analyze 33 aromatic amino acids and their metabolites in urine. The method was validated and subsequently applied to the analysis of urine obtained from 20 healthy individuals to obtain information on the relevant concentrations in human urine.}, }
@article {pmid41388904, year = {2025}, author = {Orozco-Mosqueda, MDC and Glick, BR and Santoyo, G}, title = {Cross-talk within plant niches: endophytic and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for sustainable crop production.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsre/fuaf063}, pmid = {41388904}, issn = {1574-6976}, abstract = {World agriculture depends in part on the crop-associated microbiome for improved plant growth, health, and productivity. In particular, endophytic fungi (EF) with plant growth-promoting activities fulfill some of these roles and are central as bioinoculant agents. In the case of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), they form a symbiosis with their host plants, enhancing the uptake of water, phosphorus, nitrogen, and other micronutrients, while the plants provide them with photosynthates. This work reviews the differences in the colonization of internal plant niches between these beneficial fungi, as well as other distinctive ecological traits. It also explores mechanisms of seedborne vertical transmission in AMF and their classification. Genomic and transcriptomic advances in fungal endophytes are highlighted, shedding light on genes and expression profiles that define their lifestyle and plant associations. In addition, recent studies on their abilities to promote plant growth are analyzed, especially focusing on Trichoderma spp., Epichloë spp., Serendipita indica (formerly Piriformospora indica), and entomopathogens like Beauveria spp. and Metarhizium spp. Finally, the multiple interactions among EF, AMF, and other members of the plant microbiome-notably plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)-are discussed, emphasizing how these organisms synergistically benefit the host. A deeper understanding of these fungi and their plant-beneficial effects should facilitate commercialization and help farmers achieve sustainable production, especially under challenges posed by global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41388760, year = {2025}, author = {Cáceres-Mago, K and Salazar, MJ and Becerra, AG}, title = {Glomalin in phytoremediation: bibliometric insights, advances, and mechanisms for heavy metal sequestration in contaminated soils.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2025.2596166}, pmid = {41388760}, issn = {1549-7879}, abstract = {Heavy metal (HM) contamination, primarily derived from anthropogenic activities, poses a threat to ecosystems and a risk to food security and human health due to their toxic nature and potential for mobilization between environmental compartments. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy for the remediation of HM-contaminated soils that can be facilitated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). A key mechanism in this process involves glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by AMF, which plays a crucial role in stabilizing and sequestering HM in the soil. This review combines a bibliometric analysis identifying trends in scientific interest in glomalin-assisted phytoremediation with an evaluation of the current knowledge on HM sequestration in soils by glomalin, methodological aspects, and potential mechanisms involved. The reviewed information could be valuable for advancing future research and developing successful practices for remediating sites affected by toxic element pollution, addressing a global environmental contamination issue, and contributing to relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).}, }
@article {pmid41388680, year = {2025}, author = {Blázquez, M and de Gea, AB and Moya, P and Chiva, S and Pérez-Ortega, S}, title = {Green Algal Photobiont Diversity in Lichen Communities Under Forest Fragmentation.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {12}, pages = {e70220}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70220}, pmid = {41388680}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {PID2019-111527GB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; RYC-2014-16784//Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness/ ; }, mesh = {*Lichens/physiology/classification/microbiology ; *Chlorophyta/classification/physiology/genetics ; *Forests ; *Biodiversity ; Symbiosis ; Phylogeny ; Fungi/classification/genetics ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Habitat fragmentation is a critical issue for biodiversity conservation, disrupting ecological processes and species interactions. While its effects on many organisms are well studied, impacts on symbiotic systems remain poorly understood. Lichen symbioses, in particular, have been widely investigated, but most work has focused on the fungal partner. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess how forest fragmentation and structure influence photobiont diversity in epiphytic lichen communities. We analysed over 2000 thalli from 44 mycobiont species across 28 genera in a fragmented Mediterranean forest using high-throughput sequencing. We identified 33 algal species across three genera, including two putative undescribed taxa. Several lineages were newly recorded for Europe and the Iberian Peninsula, highlighting that green algal photobiont diversity remains substantially underestimated. Mycobiont identity emerged as the primary driver of photobiont community structure. In addition, forest structure and fragmentation variables were significantly associated with photobiont diversity. However, it remains possible that these effects drive photobiont diversity by directly influencing lichen holobionts. Overall, our results indicate that variation in green algal photobiont diversity is closely linked to the richness of their fungal partners, with any effects of fragmentation likely mediated through changes in mycobiont communities.}, }
@article {pmid41388512, year = {2025}, author = {Talamantes, DR and Phillips, C and Young, C and Wallace, JG}, title = {The relationships among alkaloid concentration, endophyte mycelial concentration and host genetics in the tall fescue Epichloë symbiosis.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-025-12331-0}, pmid = {41388512}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {1764127//NSF/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41387287, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, X and Wang, R and Mao, X and Dong, M and Chen, L and Li, Y and Sun, H}, title = {VcAMT14 Enhances Ammonium Uptake in Blueberries During Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70310}, pmid = {41387287}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//This study was supported by Jilin Provincial Development and Reform Commission Project (2023C0354-4), National Natural Science Foundation of China (32472695), and Jilin Science and Technology Development Programme Project (20250202007NC)./ ; }, abstract = {Ammonium (NH4 [+]) is a crucial nitrogen (N) form for plant growth. The functions of ammonium transporters (AMTs) in mycorrhizal plants and their role in mediating ammonium uptake and regulating N metabolism in blueberry are not fully understood. In this study, 19 VcAMT genes were identified in blueberry. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that nine VcAMT members exhibited root-predominant expression patterns, with significant upregulation following inoculation with the O. maius BL01. Notably, VcAMT14 was specifically upregulated during mycorrhizal symbiosis and under N regulation, and subcellular localisation analysis confirmed its protein is located at the plasma membrane. Functional analysis in yeast demonstrated that VcAMT14 mediates NH4[+] transport activity. Furthermore, inoculation with O. maius BL01 enhanced rhizosphere soil sucrase activity, soil urease activity, soil phosphatase activity, N content, GS/GOGAT enzyme activity, and the expression levels of related genes in blueberry plants, while simultaneously reducing soil pH. Conversely, VcAMT14 silencing resulted in significantly reduced NH4[+] content, GS/GOGAT enzyme activities, and the expression of related genes, along with an increase in the pH of the hydroponic nutrient solution. These findings suggest that VcAMT14 plays a crucial role in regulating N response in blueberry under ERMF symbiosis, providing important insights into the mycorrhiza-mediated N uptake mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid41387285, year = {2025}, author = {Zarehoroki, A and Vahidi, S and Sahebnasagh, A and Shahsavan, R and Nabi, A and Meybodi, MN and Saghafi, F}, title = {Investigating the Effect of Synbiotic and SperiGen Supplementations on Spermatogram in Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial.}, journal = {International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/iju.70255}, pmid = {41387285}, issn = {1442-2042}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Male infertility is influenced by a variety of etiologies, including quantitative and qualitative impairments in spermatogenesis. Antioxidants scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), which reduce sperm motility, cause damage to DNA, and lead to subsequent apoptosis in sperm cells. This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of oral Synbiotic and a multivitamin-mineral supplement for men helping to improve male fertility (SperiGen), as an antioxidant agent, on the spermatogram in idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (iOAT).<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on infertile males with iOAT. Totally, 73 patients with iOAT were blindly randomized into two groups; one group received SperiGen as an antioxidant agent in addition to placebo. In the next group, in addition to SperiGen, the patients received 500&#x2009;mg Synbiotic (FamiLact) on a daily basis. They continued their treatments for 3&#x2009;months. Semen parameters were measured before and after the intervention.<br><br>RESULTS: Supplementations with a combination of Synbiotic and SperiGen compared with SperiGen and placebo significantly increased the average change of sperm progressive motility (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.001), DNA fragmentation (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.001), and diminished the levels of non-motile sperm (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.018). Eventually, within-group analysis indicated that all parameters were significantly improved in both groups, except for non-progressive motility in the SperiGen and placebo group.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The combination of Synbiotic and SperiGen (an antioxidant supplement) appears to be much more effective than using an antioxidant alone in improving the DNA fragmentation, concentration, and progressive motility of sperm.<br><br>TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT20190810044500N6, 2020-09-05. https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/46773. https://trial.medpath.com/clinical-trial/7ad7a7af5cba37f3/evaluating-symbiotic-therapy-male-infertility.}, }
@article {pmid41387233, year = {2025}, author = {Evankow, AM and Howland, J and Lendemer, J and Munshi-South, J}, title = {Urban lichens as an emerging model for urban evolution.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70140}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.70140}, pmid = {41387233}, issn = {1537-2197}, }
@article {pmid41386783, year = {2025}, author = {HuangFu, N and Zhu, X and Tang, Z and Wang, L and Zhang, K and Li, D and Ji, J and Cui, J and Guo, Z and Luo, J and Gao, X}, title = {Gut Microbe-Driven Resistance Mechanisms in Propylea Japonica: Insights from Horizontal Gene Transfer and Oxidative Phosphorylation.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e20326}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202520326}, pmid = {41386783}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {CAAS-ZDRW202412//Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program/ ; 2022YFF1001400//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; Y2023QC23//Youth Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ ; 2023ZD04062//Agricultural Science and Technology Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Science and Technology Innovation 2030/ ; CARS-15-21//China Agriculture Research System/ ; }, abstract = {Insect-microbial symbiont relationships are widespread in nature and often involve lateral gene transfer. Although the evolutionary processes that allow insects to adapt to complex environments remain largely unknown, it is clear that symbiotic relationships have essential roles in these processes. Here, gut microbes-mediated regulation of Propylea japonica insecticide tolerance is found through modulation of a horizontally transferred gene (P. japonica Domain unknow funcation 1, PjDUF1) expression. However, this gene regulates the host capacity for dinotefuran tolerance by affecting the oxidative phosphorylation rate. This is confirmed by the RNAi-Mediated Silencing of PjDUF1. Importantly, evidence is found that PjDUF1 is donated from Acenitobacter via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The findings provide the first experimental evidence that HGT events are important for pesticide tolerance in a prominent natural enemy species. Further study of the evolutionary origins of key natural enemy tolerance genes will shed additional light on how insects have developed resistance to adverse environments, suggesting strategies for protecting insect species that provide critical ecosystem services.}, }
@article {pmid41385970, year = {2025}, author = {Ren, W and Wilson, GWT and Zhang, Y and Trussell, F and Xu, T}, title = {Impact of indigenous soil microbes on switchgrass tolerance to lead stress.}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {144797}, doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144797}, pmid = {41385970}, issn = {1879-1298}, abstract = {Lead (Pb) contamination of soil poses a significant and pressing environmental threat to a multitude of ecosystems. Phytoremediation assisted by the collaborative activities of rhizosphere soil microbes holds considerable promise for the removal of metal contaminants from affected sites. Nevertheless, there remains a substantial shortage of knowledge regarding the impact of indigenous rhizosphere soil microbes on plant strategies for Pb accumulation and Pb speciation within plant-microbial root associations. In this study, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) was grown in soils with varied Pb stress (0, 200, 800, 1400, and 2000 mg/kg), with and without native microbial inoculants, to investigate how plant-microbe interactions influence Pb transfer and speciation in native soils. Notably, our findings highlight the remarkable Pb tolerance of switchgrass. The plants sustained robust growth and resilience even at 2000 mg/kg, a concentration far exceeding the recommended Pb limit for human health. Native microbial inoculation significantly increased Pb retention in roots and reduced its translocation to leaves, likely due to a stable symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The combination of switchgrass and microbial inoculants altered soil pH and rhizosphere processes, consequently leading to changes in the bioavailability of Pb. A numerical model based on the mass balance equation predicted that over 80 % of bioavailable soil Pb could be removed within 120 days. Our study advances the understanding of Pb accumulation and transfer in plants and the benefits of inoculation with indigenous soil microbial communities, thereby laying the foundation for the development of enhanced phytoremediation strategies of efficient Pb removal from contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid41385376, year = {2025}, author = {Guyon, A and Staps, T and Badot, L and Schornack, S}, title = {Mutualist-pathogen co-colonization modulates phosphoinositide signatures at host intracellular interfaces.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {44}, number = {12}, pages = {116702}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116702}, pmid = {41385376}, issn = {2211-1247}, abstract = {The host membrane that surrounds intracellular microbes forms a critical interface, influencing whether interactions result in mutualism or pathogenesis. While phosphoinositide identities differ between pathogen and mutualist interface membranes, it is unclear whether these are modulated during co-colonization. To address this, we generated Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing biosensors for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and imaged root colonization by the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora palmivora and the mutualistic fungus Funneliformis mosseae. Binary host-microbe interactions revealed distinct patterns: PI(4,5)P2 was tip enriched at mutualist structures but evenly distributed around pathogen structures, while PI4P was largely absent from pathogen-associated membranes but was present at mutualist interfaces. Strikingly, co-colonization altered host membrane identity, triggering PI4P recruitment at pathogen haustoria and enhanced resistance to P. palmivora. These findings reveal that phosphoinositide signatures distinguish pathogenic and mutualistic interfaces and are dynamically remodeled during co-colonization, likely influencing interaction outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid41385354, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, J and Lee, DW}, title = {Burkholderia gut symbiont induces insect host fecundity by modulating Kr-h1 gene expression.}, journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e21988}, doi = {10.1002/arch.21988}, pmid = {41385354}, issn = {1520-6327}, abstract = {Full-length cDNAs of the Broad-Complex (BR-C) from Riptortus pedestris were cloned. Moreover, Kr-h1 and BR-C expression levels in apo-symbiotic and symbiotic host insects were compared to verify whether they are modulated by Burkholderia gut symbionts. Interestingly, Kr-h1 expression level was significantly increased in symbiotic females. To determine how Kr-h1 affects fecundity in insects, the biosynthesis of two reproduction-associated proteins, hexamerin-α and vitellogenin, was investigated in R. pedestris females. Hexamerin-α and vitellogenin expression at the transcriptional and translational levels decreased in Kr-h1-suppressed symbiotic females, subsequently reduced egg production. These results suggest that Burkholderia gut symbiont modulates Kr-h1 expression to enhance ovarian development and egg production of R. pedestris by increasing the biosynthesis of the two proteins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid41385173, year = {2025}, author = {Othman, AA and Mohamed Zain, NI and Eshak, Z and Adman, MA and Abd Latif, Z and Aboshanab, KM and Ahmad, A}, title = {Diversity of necrophagous flies and microbiome profiling of Phumosia promittens as a rainforest health indicator.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13568-025-01994-3}, pmid = {41385173}, issn = {2191-0855}, abstract = {Necrophagous flies play a critical role in decomposition and serve as bioindicators of environmental health and pollution. Malaysia's tropical rainforest ecosystems may host many necrophagous fly species, including unique blowflies and their associated bacteria. However, in many forest reserve areas, the diversity of these flies remains poorly studied. This study examines the diversity of necrophagous flies and their associated surface bacteria community, with a particular focus on Phumosia promittens (Walker in J Proc Linn Soc Lond Zool 4:90-96, 1859) in the Bangi Forest Reserve, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Sampling was conducted across three plots using baited traps, and collected flies were morphologically identified and processed under sterile conditions. Surface bacteria from P. promittens were isolated and analysed through metagenomic analysis targeting the 16S rRNA (V3-V4) amplicon sequencing gene to characterise their microbial communities comprehensively. Among 2,528 individuals collected, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) was the most dominant species overall, while P. promittens was the most abundant among native forest species, suggesting their ecological adaptability and potential as a bioindicator of healthy rainforest. Shannon-Wiener and Simpson's diversity of flies in the study location were 0.67 ± 0.11 and 0.29 ± 0.06, respectively. Meanwhile, the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson's diversity of bacteria from P. promittens were 5.64 ± 0.70 and 0.96 ± 0.02, respectively. Bacterial microbiome analysis revealed the presence of core genera, including Wohlfahrtiimonas, Dysgonomonas, Vagococcus, and Ignatzschineria, which are implicated in both ecological symbiosis and public health concerns. These bacteria may contribute to nutrient cycling, such as heavy metals and antibiotics. Notably, several of these genera are emerging zoonotic pathogens with antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the dual role of necrophagous flies as ecosystem contributors and disease vectors. The findings underscore the importance of monitoring native fly species and their microbiota to assess the integrity of forest ecosystems and potential public health risks.}, }
@article {pmid41383924, year = {2025}, author = {Qian, L and Tang, L and Xiao, J and Mao, L and Lv, P and Zhang, F and Zheng, Y}, title = {Maize/soybean intercropping facilitated phosphorus solubilization via shifted and synergistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal and bacterial communities in red soil.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1638043}, pmid = {41383924}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are key regulators of phosphorus (P) cycling in agricultural systems. However, under intercropping conditions, the mechanisms through which AMF hyphae and spores recruit specific bacterial taxa and synergistically solubilize insoluble P in red soils remain poorly understood.<br><br>METHODS: Through a greenhouse pot experiment, we investigated how the symbiotic relationship between AMF and crops varies across a gradient of P fertilizer levels (P0 to P250). We aimed to identify the P level that optimizes this symbiosis and to elucidate, via high-throughput sequencing and network analysis, the regulatory mechanism by which interactions between AMF and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) drive P solubilization.<br><br>RESULTS: Mycorrhizal colonization rate, hyphal length density (HLD), and spore density (SD) exhibited a hump-shaped response to increasing P fertilizer inputs, peaking at P150. IMS enhanced these parameters and also enriched the AMF taxon Glomus_f_Glomeraceae and eight key bacterial genera (e.g., Sphingomonas, Unclassified_f_Micrococcaceae, and Streptomyces). The relative abundance of Glomus_f_Glomeraceae was highest at P150, corresponding to the strongest AMF-crop symbiosis. Network analysis revealed a higher proportion of positive associations between AMF and bacteria in IMS than in monoculture.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that IMS facilitates P solubilization in red soil by shifting the AMF and bacterial communities toward a more synergistic state. Furthermore, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of how optimized P management in IMS can enhance AMF and bacterial cooperation to improve P use efficiency. These insights offer novel strategies for mycorrhizal function conservation and sustainable agroecosystem management.}, }
@article {pmid41383725, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, Y and Wu, H and Zhang, H and Ye, X and Chen, L and Ye, Y}, title = {Dexmedetomidine modulates gut microbiota and improves long-term survival in sepsis patients with pre-existing malignancies: a propensity-matched analysis.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1720867}, pmid = {41383725}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The interplay between sedative agents and the gut microbiome may influence long-term outcomes in sepsis, but data are scarce. This study compared the effects of dexmedetomidine vs. propofol sedation on long-term survival in mechanically ventilated sepsis adults, with an exploratory focus on the gut microbiome and pre-existing malignancies.<br><br>METHODS: In this multicenter, retrospective cohort study, 1,295 mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis (2013-2020) were analyzed. Propensity score matching (1:1) balanced 27 baseline covariates, producing 177 matched pairs. Primary outcomes were 30-day, 90-day, and 5-year mortality. Secondary outcomes included delirium/coma-free days, cardiovascular safety, and 6-month functional status. Subgroup analyses assessed pre-existing malignancies and high antibiotic exposure (&#x2265;7 days before enrollment) as proxies for microbiome disruption. Gut microbiota composition was characterized via 16S rRNA sequencing in a pre-specified subcohort (n = 89).<br><br>RESULTS: After matching, dexmedetomidine was associated with significantly lower 5-year mortality (34.5% vs. 45.2%; HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.52-0.79; p = 0.039). Survival curves progressively diverged beyond 180 days. No differences were observed in short-term neurological outcomes or cardiovascular safety. Subgroup analyses showed enhanced survival benefits with dexmedetomidine in patients aged >65, females, those with pulmonary-source sepsis, SOFA >10, baseline delirium, pre-existing malignancies (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.15-3.85; p = 0.015), and high antibiotic exposure as a proxy for gut dysbiosis (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.08-3.52; p = 0.028). Exploratory 16S rRNA analysis in a subset (n = 89) revealed that dexmedetomidine was associated with enriched beneficial genera such as Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium, while propofol correlated with increased Enterococcusand Escherichia/Shigella.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine sedation is associated with a significant 5-year survival benefit in mechanically ventilated sepsis patients, particularly among those with malignancies or factors predisposing to gut dysbiosis. The observed modulation of the gut microbiome toward a more symbiotic state provides a plausible mechanistic insight into these clinical findings, highlighting a potential role for microbiota-centric strategies in critical care.}, }
@article {pmid41382244, year = {2025}, author = {Bae, IH and Kim, H and Kim, SM and Lee, YH}, title = {Multi-meta-omics reveal unique symbiotic synchronization between ectomycorrhizal fungus and soil microbiome in Tricholoma matsutake habitat.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40168-025-02292-7}, pmid = {41382244}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {RS-2022-NR072199//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; RS-2025-00512558//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi establish symbiotic relationships with plant roots, enhancing nutrient uptake, improving plant health, and boosting ecosystem resilience. Although previous studies reported molecular interactions among plant-ECM fungi-surrounding microbes near plant roots, microbiome-wide metabolic shifts and associations with the fungi remain unclear.<br><br>RESULTS: Using Tricholoma matsutake as a model, we initially found that T. matsutake induced remarkable microbial community turnover linked to altered soil moisture, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels. Parallel with the compositional alteration, microbiome-wide metabolic capacities, including glutamate metabolism, oligopeptide transport, and siderophore activity, were enriched in the T. matsutake-colonizing soil compared to the soils where the fungus was not colonized. From metatranscriptome data, we found that T. matsutake induced functional remodeling in nitrogen metabolism. Notably, the fungus and soil microbiome were metabolically synchronized with the upregulation of nitrate reduction, glutamate biosynthesis, tryptophan biosynthesis, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis. Metabarcoding and metatranscriptome-guided microbial associations revealed potential T. matsutake helper bacteria consisting of Conexibacter and Paraburkholderia. Phage community analyses further showed that the colonization of the ECM fungus influenced phage distributions along with the increase in temperate phage populations. The differential expression of auxiliary metabolic genes also demonstrated that phages could influence bacterial fitness in response to T. matsutake colonization.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our multi-meta-omics-based approaches revealed unique environmental changes by T. matsutake compared to other mycorrhizal systems, as well as metabolic synchronization between the ECM fungus and surrounding microbiomes. These findings will expand our understanding of ECM symbiotic frameworks by highlighting integrated microbial and viral metabolic dynamics. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid41381084, year = {2025}, author = {Kashkouli, M and Khajehali, J}, title = {Effects of antibiotic treatments on symbiotic bacteria and life history traits of Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): implications for pest control strategies.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {118}, number = {6}, pages = {3190-3201}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaf136}, pmid = {41381084}, issn = {1938-291X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera/microbiology/growth &amp; development/drug effects/physiology ; *Symbiosis/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Life History Traits ; *Bacteria/drug effects ; Female ; Insect Control ; Male ; Nymph/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood are damaging agricultural pests, with control complicated by their high reproduction and resistance to treatments. This study investigates the effects of antibiotic treatments on the symbiotic bacteria and life history traits of these whitefly species using primer-specific PCRs, quantitative PCRs (qPCRs), and life table analyses. Results revealed that B. tabaci (isolate IUT1) hosts a diverse set of symbionts, including Portiera, Hamiltonella, Arsenophonus, and Rickettsia, while T. vaporariorum (isolate IUT2) carries only Portiera and Arsenophonus. The antibiotic treatments-tetracycline, rifampicin, and a cocktail of ampicillin, cefotaxime, and gentamicin-significantly altered the abundance of specific symbionts, with notable reductions of Rickettsia in B. tabaci and Arsenophonus in T. vaporariorum. In addition, ampicillin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, and tetracycline treatments resulted in significant decreases and increases of Portiera in both whiteflies, respectively. Antibiotic exposure also led to profound effects on whitefly preadult durations, fecundity, life expectancy, and some biological parameters including r, R0, and gross reproductive rate of whiteflies. Specifically, B. tabaci treated with rifampicin lost its ability to mature into adulthood, while T. vaporariorum treated with rifampicin was unable to lay eggs. Furthermore, treatment with ampicillin, cefotaxime, and gentamicin rendered both species of whiteflies incapable of egg-laying. A negative r value was also recorded in B. tabaci following tetracycline treatment. These results highlight the critical role of symbiotic bacteria in whitefly biology and provide insight into the potential consequences of disrupting these associations.}, }
@article {pmid41381056, year = {2025}, author = {Wei, Y and Liu, Q and Zhang, J and Ren, M and Luo, X}, title = {Transforming Barriers into Opportunities: Saline-Alkali-Tolerant Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Expansion.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c10327}, pmid = {41381056}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Global soil salinization and alkalization affect 10.7% of terrestrial ecosystems, critically threatening food security and ecological stability. Contemporary remediation strategies have evolved from traditional land reclaiming approaches to innovative biological solutions focusing on saline-alkali-tolerant (SAT) plant development, offering dual benefits of enhanced agricultural productivity and arable land expansion in marginal environments. However, significant knowledge gaps persist, especially regarding the systematic classification of SAT plant resources, their multilevel adaptation mechanisms, the identification of exploitable gene pools for precision breeding, and the synergistic interactions between microalgae and plants in soil amelioration. This perspective provides a comprehensive synthesis of the field spanning from fundamental research to practical applications. Notably, we propose a "microalgae-SAT plants-crop" tripartite symbiosis model that simultaneously facilitates ecological restoration through microbial-plant interactions, enables economic valorization of degraded lands, and promotes sustainable intensification of saline agriculture. By integrating molecular technologies with ecological engineering principles, this work provides both theoretical frameworks and implementable solutions for managing global saline-alkali land and promoting sustainable agricultural development.}, }
@article {pmid41380661, year = {2025}, author = {Pitsillides, F and Salem, H}, title = {An earful of fungi: Hearing organ repurposed for symbiosis.}, journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe}, volume = {33}, number = {12}, pages = {1999-2000}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2025.11.005}, pmid = {41380661}, issn = {1934-6069}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; Animals ; *Fungi/physiology ; Female ; Wasps/physiology ; *Heteroptera/microbiology ; Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {In a recent publication in Science, Nishino et al.[1] reveal the evolutionary co-option of an auditory structure into a newly identified type of symbiotic organ. This organ, found on the hindlegs of female stinkbugs, houses fungi that act as defensive symbionts by protecting eggs from parasitism by wasps.}, }
@article {pmid41380570, year = {2025}, author = {Bleil, BM and Granek, EF and Kirk, NL and Hladik, ML}, title = {Chronic, low concentration pesticide exposure alters reproduction and behavior in the intertidal sea anemone, Anthopleura elegantissima.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {224}, number = {}, pages = {119118}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.119118}, pmid = {41380570}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Widespread pesticide and herbicide use paired with frequent transport away from application sites has led to pesticide presence in nearly all terrestrial and aquatic environments globally. Pesticides have unintentional toxic effects on non-target organisms by interfering with cellular processes, behavior, feeding, reproduction, and disrupting endocrine processes. The aggregating anemone, Anthopleura elegantissima, is an important species along the North American Pacific coast due to its symbiotic relationships that contribute to high productivity, and its clonal abundance that structures the rocky intertidal habitat. Commonly used pesticides, atrazine, diuron, and carbendazim were previously detected in coastal waters of Oregon, U.S.A. This study examined the potential effects of these pesticides at environmentally relevant concentrations on reproduction, symbionts, and behavior of A. elegantissima over an eight-week period. Pesticides significantly decreased gonad development in all treatments, having the most significant effect in individual treatments of atrazine (p = 0.003), carbendazim (p = 0.003), and the mixture of all three pesticides (p = 0.008). All pesticide treatments significantly increased cloning behavior compared to the control, suggesting that cloning could be a stress response. Pesticide exposure also significantly increased tentacle retraction movement, suggesting possible metabolic or energy impairments. While other studies have previously found behavioral changes in anemones due to pollutants, our study is the first to document behavioral changes in anemones from pesticide exposure. All three pesticides significantly impacted a non-target marine invertebrate at environmentally relevant concentrations, which underscores the value of studies that focus on effects on marine invertebrates, paired with comprehensive pesticide monitoring in coastal areas.}, }
@article {pmid41380105, year = {2025}, author = {Montiel, J and García-Soto, I and Monroy-Morales, E and Lace, B and Robledo-Gamboa, M and Vestergaard, M and Sandal, N and Ott, T and Stougaard, J}, title = {The Lotus japonicus alpha-expansin EXPA1 is recruited during intracellular and intercellular rhizobial colonization.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {124}, number = {5}, pages = {e70639}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.70639}, pmid = {41380105}, issn = {1365-313X}, support = {IA200125//Direcci&#xf3;n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad&#xe9;mico, Universidad Nacional Aut&#xf3;noma de M&#xe9;xico/ ; IA200723//Direcci&#xf3;n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad&#xe9;mico, Universidad Nacional Aut&#xf3;noma de M&#xe9;xico/ ; 403222702//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 414136422//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; CBF2023-2024-834//Secretar&#xed;a de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; 834221//H2020 European Research Council/ ; OPP11772165//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Lotus/microbiology/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Mesorhizobium/physiology ; Agrobacterium/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; *Rhizobium/physiology ; }, abstract = {Most legumes establish a mutualistic association with rhizobia, a group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In Lotus japonicus, the symbiotic colonization occurs intracellularly, via root hair infection threads by Mesorhizobium loti, or intercellularly, with Agrobacterium pusense IRBG74. In both mechanisms, cell wall remodeling is presumably an essential process. In plants, α-expansins (EXPA) promote cell wall loosening by non-enzymatically triggering a pH-dependent relaxation. In this study, we show that LjEXPA1 is critical for the intracellular and intercellular symbiotic program in L. japonicus. Promoter activity and subcellular localization analyses revealed that EXPA1 is recruited at essential compartments and structures of epidermal and cortical cells in both mechanisms of rhizobial infection, such as the infection chambers, infection pockets, and transcellular infection threads. Additionally, EXPA1-YFP abundantly accumulated in dividing cortical cells during nodule formation. The expression profile of EXPA1 correlates with the symbiotic phenotype observed in homozygous mutants disrupted in the EXPA1 gene (expA1-1 and expA1-2). Infection thread formation and intercellular colonization were drastically reduced in expA1-1 and expA1-2 mutants, compared with wild-type plants. Similarly, nodule formation was significantly reduced in these mutants after M. loti or IRBG74 inoculation. Our results indicate that non-enzymatic cell wall remodeling by the α-expansin EXPA1 is crucial for the successful establishment of Lotus-rhizobia symbiosis, regardless of the infection mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid41365928, year = {2025}, author = {Liao, Z and Yang, H}, title = {Historical change and spatial relation of cultural memory in Guangzhou from the perspective of heritage representation.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {43506}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-21055-w}, pmid = {41365928}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2023GZGJ314//the Philosophy and Social Sciences of Guangzhou in the 14th Five-year Period(2023GZGJ314)/ ; No.910108005//a grant from the Guangzhou Huashang College(No.910108005)/ ; No.HSRHKC2024127//a grant from the Guangzhou Huashang College(No.HSRHKC2024127)/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Cultural memory fundamentally shapes urban collective identity, , yet it is seldom quantified at fine spatial scales. This study proposes the Heritage–Memory Symbiosis Loop (HMSL) as an analytical framework to examine Guangzhou, a historic trading hub in China with 446 state-listed heritage units. Each heritage unit is systematically classified within a “two representations–six memory-space” matrix, and a Cultural Memory Index (CMI) is computed and visualized as a spatialfield-energy surface. Subsequently, Kernel-density estimation, Moran’s I, and LISA analyses illuminate memory hotspots centered around the Yuexiu–Liwan core, while revealing the attenuation of spirituality-based memories in fringe districts undergoing gentrification. Field-energy gradients underpin the delineation of three protection zones: high-intensity “living museums” along dynastic trade routes, medium-intensity multipurpose belts, and low-intensity rural nodes. The CMI map constitutes the first point-level quantification of cultural memory for Guangzhou, elucidates the interplay between material and spiritual domains within the human–land system, and supplies a replicable methodology—including heritage inventory, memory zoning, and field-energy mapping— tailored for conservation strategies in rapidly urbanizing Asian cities.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-21055-w.}, }
@article {pmid41379853, year = {2025}, author = {Sankari, S and Arnold, MFF and Babu, VMP and Deutsch, M and Walker, GC}, title = {Exploiting peptide chirality and transport to dissect the complex mechanism of action of host peptides on bacteria.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {21}, number = {12}, pages = {e1011892}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1011892}, pmid = {41379853}, issn = {1553-7404}, abstract = {Elucidation of the complex mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is critical for improving their efficacy. A major challenge in AMP research is distinguishing AMP effects resulting from various protein interactions from those caused by membrane disruption. Moreover, since AMPs often act in multiple cellular compartments, it is challenging to pinpoint where their distinct activities occur. Nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides secreted by some legumes, including NCR247, have evolved from AMPs to regulate differentiation of their nitrogen-fixing bacterial partner during symbiosis as well as to exert antimicrobial actions. At sub-lethal concentrations, NCR247 exhibits strikingly pleiotropic effects on Sinorhizobium meliloti. We used the L- and D-enantiomeric forms of NCR247 to distinguish between phenotypes resulting from stereospecific, protein-targeted interactions and those caused by non-specific interactions such as membrane disruption. In addition, we utilized an S. meliloti strain lacking BacA, a transporter that imports NCR peptides into the cytoplasm. The bacterial protein BacA, plays critical symbiotic roles by possibly reducing periplasmic peptide accumulation and fine-tuning symbiotic signaling. Use of the BacA-deficient strain made it possible to distinguish between phenotypes resulting from peptide interactions in the periplasm and those occurring in the cytoplasm. At high concentrations, both L- and D-NCR247 permeabilize bacterial membranes, consistent with nonspecific cationic AMP activity. In the cytoplasm, both NCR247 enantiomers sequester heme and trigger iron starvation in a chirality-independent but BacA-dependent manner. However, only L-NCR247 activates bacterial two-component systems via stereospecific periplasmic interactions. By combining stereochemistry and genetics, this work disentangles the spatial and molecular complexity of NCR247 action. This approach provides critical mechanistic insights into how host peptides with pleiotropic functions modulate bacterial physiology.}, }
@article {pmid41379245, year = {2025}, author = {Namadara, S and Pragadeesh, ARU and Uthandi, S and Rangasamy, A and Malaichamy, K and Venkatesan, M and Narayanan, MB and Murugaiyan, S}, title = {Comparative metagenomic analysis of bacterial communities associated with two mealybug species, Phenacoccus saccharifolii and Dysmicoccus carens infesting sugarcane in Tamil Nadu, India.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, pages = {504}, pmid = {41379245}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {DABC/CPN001/ Kothari sugars-AGM,DNRM,CBE/2024//kothari sugars/ ; DABC/CPN001/ Kothari sugars-AGM,DNRM,CBE/2024//kothari sugars/ ; DABC/CPN001/ Kothari sugars-AGM,DNRM,CBE/2024//kothari sugars/ ; DABC/CPN001/ Kothari sugars-AGM,DNRM,CBE/2024//kothari sugars/ ; DABC/CPN001/ Kothari sugars-AGM,DNRM,CBE/2024//kothari sugars/ ; DABC/CPN001/ Kothari sugars-AGM,DNRM,CBE/2024//kothari sugars/ ; DABC/CPN001/ Kothari sugars-AGM,DNRM,CBE/2024//kothari sugars/ ; DABC/CPN001/ Kothari sugars-AGM,DNRM,CBE/2024//kothari sugars/ ; }, mesh = {*Saccharum/parasitology ; Animals ; India ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Hemiptera/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Metagenomics/methods ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; Phylogeny ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; }, abstract = {This study presents a comparative metagenomic analysis of the gut bacterial communities of two sugarcane-infesting mealybug species, Phenacoccus saccharifolii (WR) and Dysmicoccus carens (RR), from Tamil Nadu, India. Using Oxford Nanopore sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene spanning the hypervariable regions V1 - V9 and predictive metagenomics, differences in microbial diversity, taxonomy, and functional potential were assessed to explore the ecological adaptations of the gut microbiota in mealybugs. The D. carens gut microbiome showed higher species richness than P. saccharifolii (WR) (125 vs. 45 species, p < 0.05) but lower community evenness (0.43 vs. 0.61, p < 0.05), resulting in similar overall Shannon diversity (2.08 vs. 2.30) despite markedly different community structures, which may be influenced by their different feeding niches, including the sugarcane crown region, leaf sheath tissues, and basal stem and root portions. Both mealybug species exhibited contrasting bacterial community structures. D. carens (RR) harbored high abundances of endosymbionts (43.8%), Gilliamella (22.3%), Enterobacter (18.3%), and Candidatus Tremblaya (9.3%), representing a symbiont-dominated microbiome typical of many hemipteran insects. P. saccharifolii (WR) displayed a distinct profile with Serratia as the dominant genus (43.2%), followed by Enterobacter (20.1%), Klebsiella (14.6%), and substantially reduced endosymbiont abundances (14.8%). Beta diversity analysis revealed distinct community clustering of species, highlighting the variation driven by feeding habitat and host genotype. Functional profiling indicated largely conserved metabolic capabilities dominated by amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, which was a key to compensate the nutrient-poor phloem sap diet. The core microbiome identified several genera that form complex ecological networks, emphasizing their importance in community stability. These findings provide insights into the role of symbiotic bacteria in mealybug adaptation to different ecological niches within the sugarcane agroecosystem. Understanding these host-microbiome interactions may facilitate the development of targeted, microbiome-based biocontrol strategies for sustainable mealybug management in sugarcane cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid41378770, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, P and Sardina, J and Lu, H and Bruner-Montero, G and Currie, CR and Li, L}, title = {Proteome-Wide Analysis and Surface Protein Isolation for Secretome Characterization Reveal Insights into the Biology of the Leaf-Cutter Ant Acromyrmex echinatior.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05220}, pmid = {41378770}, issn = {1520-6882}, abstract = {Characterizing the proteome of an organism can provide critical insights into the proteins that regulate key biological processes such as development, physiology, and environmental interactions. While proteome-wide analyses reveal broad protein dynamics, spatially resolved approaches can uncover specific, localized functions. For example, the leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex echinatior secretes a unique protein layer that coats its exoskeleton and interacts with biotic and abiotic factors, including its symbiotic bacterium Pseudonocardia. In this study, to characterize both the whole-body proteome and the externally secreted cuticular protein layer of A. echinatior, we utilize a dual-layered proteomic approach. Using diaPASEF, we quantified 4,428 proteins across four early adult ages, uncovering distinct age-dependent protein clusters enriched in muscle development, lipid metabolism, and immune-related responses. We then developed an acid-based extraction method to isolate the externally secreted protein layer, identifying 323 secreted proteins via the ddaPASEF acquisition. Many of these proteins exhibited temporal abundance changes and were associated with functions, such as environmental stress response, microbial defense, and cuticle sclerotization. Notably, tropomyosin-family proteins were highly enriched in the external secretome and exhibited significant changes across early adult time points, potentially linking these ion-binding molecules to metal-enrichment processes occurring during this crucial stage. Together, this work reveals dynamic changes in the internal and surface proteomes of young adult A. echinatior ants and provides a methodological framework for further probing localized extra-cuticular protein function in complex biological systems.}, }
@article {pmid41377505, year = {2025}, author = {Huberman, LB and Villalobos-Escobedo, JM and Skerker, JM and Shi, R and Rico-Ramírez, AM and Adams, C and Arkin, AP and Deutschbauer, AM and Glass, NL}, title = {Construction of a randomly barcoded insertional mutant library in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.11.30.691285}, pmid = {41377505}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Filamentous fungi play key roles in ecosystems, agriculture, biotechnology, symbiosis, and disease, yet the large-scale characterization of gene function in these organisms remains limited by low transformation efficiencies and their multinucleate, syncytial cells, which complicate high-throughput screening strategies. To address the challenge of high-throughput screening in filamentous fungi, we developed methods to construct a genome-wide barcoded insertional mutant library in Trichoderma atroviride , a filamentous fungus widely used as a biocontrol agent against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Our strategy leveraged randomly barcoded transfer DNA insertions from plasmid libraries containing hundreds of millions of unique DNA barcodes and a broad host-range drug resistance marker delivered via Agrobacterium tumefaciens into T. atroviride . By optimizing transformation conditions, we achieved up to 600 independent transformants per infection event, resulting in a library of over 31,000 mapped insertions disrupting 7,104 of the 11,863 predicted genes in the T. atroviride genome. This resource establishes a scalable platform for high-throughput functional genomics in filamentous fungi, enabling both fundamental investigations of fungal biology and engineering approaches toward improved medical applications, biotechnology, and sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41375325, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Hossain, MS and Libault, M}, title = {Single-Cell Omics in Legumes: Research Trends and Applications.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {23}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14233615}, pmid = {41375325}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2414183, 2425989//U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 2022-67013-36144//U.S. Department of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA)/ ; }, abstract = {Legumes are important food crops and play a central role in sustainable agriculture through their ability to form symbiosis with rhizobia, soil bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, along with single-cell epigenomics, have enabled high-resolution analysis of gene expression dynamics and the prediction of cell-type-specific regulatory networks. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the use of single-cell omics in legumes, with a particular focus on how genes functioning in distinct cell types contribute to plant development, responses to pathogens, stress-induced plasticity, and the establishment of root nodule symbioses. Case studies in Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max, and Arachis hypogaea illustrate the shift from bulk to single-cell multi-omics. We conclude by outlining current limitations and future directions for building integrated legume cell atlases that will support translational research and crop improvement.}, }
@article {pmid41375270, year = {2025}, author = {Veršulienė, A and Garbaras, A and Kadžienė, G and Shamshitov, A and Toleikienė, M}, title = {Mycorrhizal Abundance and Its Interaction with Cereal Root Traits and Crop Productivity in Organically Managed Cereal/Legume Intercropping.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {23}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14233561}, pmid = {41375270}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {S-PD-24-39//Research Council of Lithuania/ ; }, abstract = {Mixed cropping may positively affect soil fertility and soil biological activities, such as those related to mycorrhizal colonization intensity (M%), which plays a vital role in the plant nutrient cycle and can improve tolerance to drought and pathogens. This plant and soil fungi symbiosis helps to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, promotes sustainable agricultural practices, and minimizes environmental impacts. However, field studies that clearly assess the effects of cereal/legume intercropping on mycorrhizal intensity and relate it to plant productivity, yield quality, and plant adaptation to climate change are lacking. This field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of cereals/legume intercropping on mycorrhizal colonization, and to explore its interaction with physical cereal root parameters and crop yield. Three main crops, spring barley, oat, and field pea, were grown as monocultures. For the spring barley and oat, the study also included two different fertilization levels (with and without organic fertilizers) and legume intercropping (field pea and red clover). The intercropping had a significant impact on spring barley and oat root length, diameter, and specific root length. The general average of root length and diameter was higher in oat-pea and barley-pea cropping systems. The most significant effect in root architecture parameters observed in red clover was when it was intercropped with barley or oat. The establishment of field pea intercrop significantly increased M% in spring barley and had a positive effect on the grain yields of both spring barley and oat. Meanwhile, red clover intercropping enhanced M% and grain yield in oats but had no such effect in barley. In both spring barley and oat, M% was positively correlated with grain yield.}, }
@article {pmid41373797, year = {2025}, author = {Bustos, D and Morales-Quintana, L and Urra, G and Arriaza-Rodríguez, F and Pollmann, S and Méndez-Yáñez, A and Ramos, P}, title = {Modulation of α-Mannosidase 8 by Antarctic Endophytic Fungi in Strawberry Plants Under Heat Waves and Water Deficit Stress.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {23}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms262311650}, pmid = {41373797}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {Fondecyt 1250346; Fondecyt 1240771; ANILLO #ATE220014//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; }, mesh = {*alpha-Mannosidase/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Fragaria/microbiology/enzymology/genetics ; *Endophytes/physiology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Hot Temperature ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; *Stress, Physiological ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Plant-microbe interactions exert a significant influence on host stress responses; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain inadequately understood. In this study, we characterize FaMAN8, an α-mannosidase from Fragaria × ananassa, to explore its role in adaptation to heat waves and water deficit, as well as its modulation by fungal endophytes. Transcriptomic analysis identified FaMAN8 as the sole α-mannosidase isoform highly conserved across reported sequences, with root-specific induction under conditions of heat stress, deficient irrigation, and endophytic colonization. Structural modeling revealed that FaMAN8 exhibits the canonical domain organization of glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38) enzymes, featuring a conserved catalytic architecture and metal-binding site. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations with the Man3GlcNAc2 ligand indicated a stable binding pocket involving key catalytic residues and strong electrostatic complementarity. MM-GBSA and free energy landscape analyses further supported the thermodynamic stability of the protein-ligand complex. Cavity analysis revealed a larger active site in FaMAN8 compared to its homolog JbMAN, suggesting broader substrate accommodation. Collectively, these findings identify FaMAN8 as a stress-responsive glycosidase potentially involved in glycan remodeling during beneficial root-fungus interactions. This work provides molecular insights into plant-microbe symbiosis and lays the groundwork for microbiome-informed strategies to enhance crop stress resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41373681, year = {2025}, author = {Moskal, K and Tomaszewski, B and Boczkowska, M}, title = {Epigenomics and Non-Coding RNAs in Soybean Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {23}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms262311527}, pmid = {41373681}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Glycine max/genetics/physiology ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; *Epigenomics/methods ; *Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; }, abstract = {This review presents soybean responses to drought, heat, and salinity within a signal-transcript-chromatin framework. In this framework, calcium/reactive oxygen species and abscisic acid cues converge on abscisic acid-responsive element binding factor (ABF/AREB), dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB), NAC, and heat shock factor (HSF) families. These processes are modulated by locus-specific chromatin and non-coding RNA layers. Base-resolved methylomes reveal a high level of CG methylation in the gene body, strong CHG methylation in heterochromatin, and dynamic CHH 'islands' at the borders of transposable elements. CHH methylation increases over that of transposable elements during seed development, and GmDMEa editing is associated with seed size. Chromatin studies in soybean and model species implicate the reconfiguration of salt-responsive histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in G. max and heat-linked H2A.Z dynamics at thermoresponsive promoters characterized in Arabidopsis and other plants, suggesting that a conserved chromatin layer likely operates in soybean. miR169-NF-YA, miR398-Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutases(CSD)/copper chaperone of CSD(CCS), miR393-transporter inhibitor response1/auxin signaling F-box (TIR1/AFB), and miR396-growth regulating factors (GRF) operate across leaves, roots, and nodules. Overexpression of lncRNA77580 enhances drought tolerance, but with context-dependent trade-offs under salinity. Single-nucleus and spatial atlases anchor these circuits in cell types and microenvironments relevant to stress and symbiosis. We present translational routes, sentinel epimarkers (bisulfite amplicons, CUT&amp;Tag), haplotype-by-epigenotype prediction, and precise cis-regulatory editing to accelerate marker development, genomic prediction and the breeding of resilient soybean varieties with stable yields.}, }
@article {pmid41369003, year = {2025}, author = {Lidoy, J and Minchev, Z and España-Luque, L and Benítez-González, AM and Ramos, A and García, J and Berrio, E and Nesterenko, O and Díaz-Ortiz, P and Meléndez-Martínez, AJ and Pozo, MJ and López-Ráez, JA}, title = {Carotenoid Biofortification in Field-Grown Tomato Fruits by Early Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14198}, pmid = {41369003}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Carotenoids are bioactive compounds with relevant health-promoting properties. Thus, a carotenoid-rich diet is essential for improving human health. Beneficial soil microorganisms are used in agriculture as biostimulants to promote plant growth and development and increase their tolerance/resistance to stress. However, their effects on fruit quality have been less studied. In the present study, we assess the impact of early inoculation of tomato seedlings with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis on carotenoid content in fruits under real agronomic production settings. We show that early inoculation of seedlings with AM fungi provides long-lasting benefits that impact fruit quality, increasing the content of the carotenoids lycopene and β-carotene. We also show that this increase is related to transcriptional upregulation of key genes of their biosynthesis pathway. Our results show that AM fungi, commonly used as biostimulants in agriculture, can also be used as a sustainable strategy for carotenoid biofortification in tomato production systems, contributing to the production of healthy "functional products".}, }
@article {pmid41367418, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Z and Kuang, X and Shan, G and Wu, J}, title = {Repeated Aedes albopictus bites reshape gut microbiota and repattern inflammatory readouts in a murine colitis model.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1702365}, pmid = {41367418}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The gut microbiota represents a stable and dynamic symbiotic community that maintains host health and shapes immune homeostasis. Environmental exposures can disturb this symbiosis, yet the impact of repeated vector biting on host microbial communities has not been explored. Here, we investigated how repeated Aedes albopictus mosquito bites influence gut microbiota composition and stability in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice were repeatedly exposed to mosquito bites over several weeks prior to DSS treatment, and fecal microbiota were profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing at baseline, during inflammation (day 7), and recovery (day 14). Mosquito biting acted as a "press disturbance," increasing microbial richness and community dispersion at baseline compared to unbitten controls. During DSS challenge, mosquito-exposed mice exhibited distinct microbial trajectories relative to DSS-only mice, including altered relative abundance of taxa such as Lactobacillus. These microbiota shifts were associated with changes in host inflammatory readouts, including elevated IL-6 during induction and partial normalization by day 14, as well as modest hematological adjustments. Our findings demonstrate that repeated vector exposure can reshape the gut microbiota, modulating the stability and composition of this core host symbiosis under inflammatory stress. These results highlight the sensitivity of symbiotic microbial communities to ecological perturbations and suggest that vector-host interactions may represent an underappreciated factor influencing host-microbe partnerships.}, }
@article {pmid41366724, year = {2025}, author = {Papachristos, K and Miller, WJ and Klasson, L}, title = {A co-speciation dilemma and a lifestyle transition with genomic consequences in Wolbachia of Neotropical Drosophila.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-025-12340-z}, pmid = {41366724}, issn = {1471-2164}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-term persistent symbiotic associations may result in co-speciation and can be inferred if species trees of hosts and symbionts are congruent in topology and divergence times. Co-speciation has been seen to occur relatively frequently in obligate associations, but is less common in parasitic or facultative ones, mainly due to the difference in horizontal transmission rates. The long-term vertical inheritance and close host association of obligate endosymbionts also generally result in smaller genomes than in facultative endosymbionts. Here, we investigate co-speciation and genome reduction using highly similar strains of the endosymbiont Wolbachia infecting Drosophila species from the willistoni and saltans groups, where only one strain, wPau, infecting D. paulistorum, is obligate.<br><br>RESULTS: We sequenced the Wolbachia genomes from five species of the willistoni and saltans groups and constructed phylogenies. Topological congruence was found between these Wolbachia strains and the nuclear DNA of their hosts, except for wPau and D. paulistorum, but full topological congruence was observed between Wolbachia and the host mitochondrial DNA. However, assuming temporal congruence, we estimated extremely low evolutionary rates in Wolbachia of 10[-&#x2009;10]-10[-&#x2009;11] changes/site/year. Additionally, the obligate wPau strain was found to have a larger genome than closely related facultative strains, mainly due to an ongoing expansion of an IS4 element. Furthermore, wPau has lost a large proportion of its prophage WO genes, but the cif genes, known to be involved in the CI phenotype, are intact. Finally, nine of the eleven genes from the prophage WO-associated Undecim cluster are uniquely duplicated.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The congruent topologies between Wolbachia and their willistoni and saltans group hosts indicate co-speciation. However, the high similarity between Wolbachia strains, which results in low mutation rate estimates, challenges this interpretation. Contrary to the expectations of the genome reduction theory, we observed an increase in genome size in the obligate wPau strain, potentially driven by a decreased population size. Finally, the duplication of the Undecim cluster, despite a major loss of other prophage-associated genes, suggests that the genes in the Undecim cluster are under strong selection and potentially play a role in the obligate association between wPau and their D. paulistorum hosts.}, }
@article {pmid41366253, year = {2025}, author = {Breselge, S and de Paula Dias Moreira, L and Skibinska, I and Yin, X and Brennan, L and Kilcawley, K and Porcellato, D and Cotter, PD}, title = {Water kefir multi-omics reveals functional redundancies despite taxonomic differences and the underappreciated contribution of yeast.}, journal = {NPJ science of food}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {265}, pmid = {41366253}, issn = {2396-8370}, support = {818368//European Union's Horizon 2020/ ; 818368//European Union's Horizon 2020/ ; SFI/12/RC/2273_P2/SFI_/Science Foundation Ireland/Ireland ; SFI/12/RC/2273_P2/SFI_/Science Foundation Ireland/Ireland ; USIRL-2019-1//HRB/SFI/ ; USIRL-2019-1//HRB/SFI/ ; SFI/16/RC/3835//Irish Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine/ ; TC/2018/0025//Food for Health Ireland/ ; NA-AGFOODDEVELAUTH20201216//Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutritional Sciences/ ; 101060218//European Union's Horizon Europe/ ; }, abstract = {Water kefir (WK) is a fermented beverage produced by a complex symbiotic community of microbes, including yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and acetic acid bacteria (AAB). Here, we combined shotgun metagenomics, NMR metabolomics, GC-MS volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis, and metaproteomics to investigate microbial succession, functional dynamics, and the roles of yeasts and Zymomonas in WK fermentations representative of two WK types, i.e., one dominated by yeast-LAB-AAB and another by Zymomonas. Metagenomic profiling revealed that yeast-LAB-AAB communities exhibited dynamic microbial succession, whereas Zymomonas-dominated communities remained stable. Despite differing microbial compositions, both fermentations maintained consistent global metabolic functions, although specialized metabolic pathways and VOC profiles diverged. Metaproteomic analysis revealed a strong underappreciation of yeast contributions in metagenomic datasets, with yeasts representing a larger fraction of the proteome than predicted by DNA-based abundance. Lentilactobacillus hilgardii was enriched on WK grains, suggesting a specialized niche role. Our findings highlight the value of integrating multi-omics approaches to uncover microbial activity and community function in fermented foods and offer insights for the design of tailored WK starter cultures.}, }
@article {pmid41365119, year = {2025}, author = {Fallah, SF and Afshar-Mohammadian, M}, title = {The physiological impacts of three AMF species and Bacillus thuringiensis (vegetative and endospore forms) in strawberry under different phosphorus availability.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {110901}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110901}, pmid = {41365119}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {The interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and Bacillus thuringiensis can enhance plant growth, yet their combined effects under varying phosphorus (P) conditions remain unclear. This study evaluated three AMF species, Funneliformis mosseae (AMF1), Funneliformis caledonium (AMF2), and Acaulospora langula (AMF3), in combination with vegetative and endospore forms of B. thuringiensis in strawberry grown under no P addition, insoluble P, and P-available conditions. Under insoluble P, vegetative B. thuringiensis produced the greatest growth improvements, particularly with AMF3 (up to 89 % above the uninoculated control) and AMF2 (up to 80 %). Dual inoculation with vegetative cells increased root length to 29.3 cm, biomass to 1.45 g DW, and total protein content to 2.1 mg g[-1] FW, though root P sometimes decreased (0.13 %), suggesting a growth-dilution effect. In contrast, In P-available soil, dual inoculation reduced AMF colonization (11 %), root length (16 cm), and biomass (0.45 g DW), but increased root P (0.19 %), reflecting indicating downregulation of symbiosis when external P is sufficient. PAL and POD activities were modulated by both P availability and bacterial form. FTIR analyses showed that vegetative cells enhanced polysaccharide deposition, whereas endospores increased lignin-associated features. Multivariate analyses (PCA, NMDS) identified P availability as the primary driver of plant-microbe interaction outcomes. Overall, the benefits of AMF-B. thuringiensis were most evident under conditions of insoluble P, emphasizing their potential to enhance nutrient uptake in low P soil.}, }
@article {pmid41363624, year = {2025}, author = {Gellért, C and Ebrahimkhalili, N and Siwakoti, S and Zhu, H and Kereszt, A}, title = {Not All Allies Are Welcome: Partner Discrimination in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-08-25-0108-FI}, pmid = {41363624}, issn = {0894-0282}, abstract = {The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between leguminous plants and soil bacteria, collectively termed rhizobia, is a major contributor of fixed nitrogen to the biosphere. The ability of legumes to secure nitrogen from the atmosphere underlies their ecological success and has made them important crops in both traditional and modern sustainable agriculture. Many genes directing the establishment and functioning of this beneficial interaction have been identified under laboratory conditions using a limited number of bacterial strains and plant species in pairwise combinations. Under natural and field conditions, however, plants encounter numerous potential partners, as soil microbiomes contain diverse bacteria equipped with the necessary toolkit for symbiosis. Consequently, legumes must possess mechanisms to select for or against specific partners. This review highlights how legumes employ elements of their immune system for the negative selection of rhizobia via processes resembling the gene-for-gene model of effector-triggered immunity in plant-pathogen interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41362231, year = {2025}, author = {Sánchez-Cañizares, C and Ledermann, R and McKenna, J and Underwood, TJ and Mendoza-Suárez, M and Green, R and Ramakrishnan, K and East, AK and Webb, I and Kirchhelle, C and Jorrín, B and Saalbach, G and James, EK and Moreira-Leite, F and Terpolilli, J and Poole, PS}, title = {Developmental fates and N2-fixing efficiency of terminally-differentiated versus undifferentiated bacteroids from legume nodules.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiaf613}, pmid = {41362231}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {Within legume root nodules, rhizobia differentiate into bacteroids, which reduce N2 into NH3 for secretion to the plant. Bacteroids may be swollen and terminally differentiated or non-swollen and can regenerate outside nodules. It is unclear why these different endosymbiotic lifestyles exist and whether they differ in symbiotic efficiency. Here, we compared N2 fixing bacteroids of the near isogenic strains Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli 4292 (Rlp4292) and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae A34 (RlvA34), nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) and Pisum sativum (pea), respectively. The larger bean plants fixed more N2, but peas fixed 1.6-3-fold more per unit nodule mass. Values per unit volume were similar between bean and pea because bean nodules are 2.7-fold denser (i.e., mass per unit volume). Bean nodules have higher numbers of smaller (∼1/5 the volume) bacteroids than peas. Bean bacteroids are denser (i.e., 2.5-fold protein per unit volume) although less closely packed than pea bacteroids (i.e. more space between bean bacteroids). Critically, pea bacteroids, fix N2 at higher rates versus bean per unit bacteroid protein, as protein expression is skewed towards N2 fixation and TCA-cycle enzymes. Pea bacteroids infect 1.6 times the percentage of nodule volume of beans (i.e., 14.2% versus 9.1%). Overall, the increased packing density of pea bacteroids, as well as the bias of their proteome to nitrogenase, associated N2 fixation processes, and dicarboxylate metabolism, contributes to their greater symbiotic efficiency, which is likely driven by plant antimicrobial peptides.}, }
@article {pmid41361370, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, J and Su, B and Miao, J and Li, S and Zhang, Q and Wang, F and Lin, Y and Lin, L}, title = {Whole-genome sequencing and analysis of the symbiotic Mycena sp. L02 with Gastrodia Elata.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-025-12405-z}, pmid = {41361370}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {CB22144SO29A//Major Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mycena is a widespread genus of mushroom capable of decomposing various dead plant substrates. Gastrodia elata is a fully mycoheterotrophic orchid whose seed germination depends on specific Mycena strains. However, only a few Mycena species are capable of inducing germination, necessitating the identification of novel germinating fungal resources.<br><br>RESULTS: The genome of Mycena sp. L02 was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) platforms. The final assembly spanned 160.06&#xa0;Mb, with 36,246 genes predicted and repetitive sequences accounting for 31.90% (46,496,154&#xa0;bp) of the genome. A total of 1,339 CAZyme genes were annotated, along with 3,772 genes involved in host-pathogen interactions, 88.33% of which were associated with loss of pathogenicity, reduced virulence, or unaffected pathogenicity. Comparative genomic analysis between germinating and non-germinating Mycena strains revealed that their CAZymes and PHI gene characteristics represent common traits shared across the Mycena genus, with no distinctive features identified. Furthermore, pathways enriched in unique gene families of the germinating fungi-such as glutathione metabolism, sulfur metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and inositol phosphate metabolism-may contribute to the germination of G. elata seeds.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The abundance of CAZymes and low-virulence genes in L02 ensures sufficient nutrient acquisition and may facilitate hyphal penetration of the lignin-rich seed coat of G. elata, thereby enabling successful symbiosis. Additionally, KEGG pathways enriched in the unique gene families of the germinating fungi may contribute to the stimulation of seed germination in G. elata. Overall, this study provides a valuable genomic foundation for screening high-performance germinating fungi and further investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the symbiosis with G. elata.}, }
@article {pmid41361240, year = {2025}, author = {Vondrák, J and Svoboda, S and Říha, P and Hauser, T and Kantnerová, V and Škaloud, P and Kubásek, J}, title = {Semilichen, an unjustly neglected symbiotic system between green biofilms and true lichens.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-30542-z}, pmid = {41361240}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {67985939//Akademie V&#x11b;d &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic systems of photosynthetic microorganisms and fungi are widespread in terrestrial biomes and lichens are probably the most advanced and complex. Conversely, the least complex systems are "green biofilms" with a completely unexplored mycobiome. We describe here a new system intermediate between green biofilms and lichens-semilichens. Light and fluorescence microscopy, eDNA sequencing, molecular phylogeny, Chlorophyll a fluorescence and [13]C labelling/metabolomics were used to study algal and fungal identity, morphology and physiology of the symbiosis. Tight contact between algae and a single predominant fungus (mycobiont) is revealed in semilichens. The algae are from the symbiotic lineages of Trebouxiophyceae and Ulvophyceae, the fungi belong to Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes and Lichinomycetes. Algae are alive and perform substantial photosynthetic activity. [13]C labelled photosynthates are partially converted into specific fungal polyols (arabitol, mannitol) demonstrating the C-flow from algae to fungi. The new symbiotic system was defined and compared with other terrestrial algal-fungal symbioses. It is characterized by minimalist environmental requirements and extremely low production of biomass. As a result, it also inhabits environments unfavourable for lichens. Our research supports the hypothesis that the long-term existence of algae and fungi in terrestrial conditions affected by frequent and repeated drying is likely dependent on their mutual coexistence.}, }
@article {pmid41361211, year = {2025}, author = {Lange, K and Blanckaert, A and Marcus Do Noscimiento, MI and Grover, R and Fine, M and Reynaud, S and Ferrier-Pagès, C}, title = {Extracellular enzymatic activities of octocorals and scleractinian corals under environmental stress.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {43351}, pmid = {41361211}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Anthozoa/enzymology/physiology/microbiology ; Animals ; *Stress, Physiological ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism ; Coral Reefs ; Carbon/metabolism ; Leucyl Aminopeptidase/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Extracellular enzymes, released by coral holobionts (coral host, symbiotic dinoflagellates and associated microorganisms) are involved in nutrient cycling and can serve as diagnostic indicators of coral health and reef ecosystem functionality. For example, α-glucosidases (α-Glu), Leucine-aminopeptidases (LAP) and alkaline phosphatases (APA), hydrolyze large molecules into assimilable nutrients containing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. This study investigated the extracellular activity (EEA) of these three enzymes in octocoral and hexacoral species under different environmental conditions. Results revealed that EEA from mucus-associated microbes was low, while entire coral holobionts exhibited significant activity. Furthermore, under identical environmental conditions and substrate concentrations, LAP activity was the highest, followed by APA and α-Glu, suggesting nitrogen and phosphorus limitation rather than carbon. Heat and light stress significantly influenced enzyme activities, with APA showing the strongest increase, reflecting an increased demand for phosphorus and adaptive strategies to mitigate phosphorus limitation. Finally, all three EEAs were much lower in octocorals than in hexacorals. By investigating the mechanisms controlling enzymatic activities in corals, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of coral physiology and nutrient metabolism in response to changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41358334, year = {2025}, author = {Benjamin, G and Pacoud, M and Boutet, S and Clement, G and Brouquisse, R and Gatti, JL and Poirié, M and Frendo, P}, title = {Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis induces differential accumulation of Medicago truncatula leaf defence metabolites in response to pea aphid infestation.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1670344}, pmid = {41358334}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Legume symbiosis with rhizobial nitrogen-fixing bacteria enables legumes to grow in nitrate-depleted soils. Rhizobial symbioses also induce systemic plant defence against bioaggressors. We investigated how nitrogen-fixing symbiosis (NFS) in the legume Medicago truncatula can prime plant defence against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. We analysed metabolite modification using both gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and defence pathway gene expression using qPCR in the leaves of both NFS and nitrate-fed [non-inoculated (NI)] plants after aphid infestation (Amp). The accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites was modulated by both NFS and aphid infestation. Sixty-two defence-related metabolites, such as salicylate, pipecolate, gentisic acid, and several soluble sugars, were differentially regulated by aphid infestation under both NFS and NI conditions. Nineteen metabolites, including triterpenoid saponins, accumulated specifically under NFS_Amp conditions. Gene expression analysis showed that aphid-infested plants exhibited significantly higher expression of chalcone isomerase, flavonol synthase, hydroxyisoflavone-O-methyl transferase, and pterocarpan synthase, while D-pinitol dehydrogenase was only significantly induced in NI-infested leaves. Our data suggest that NFS, in addition to being a plant nitrogen provider, stimulates specific legume defences upon pest attack and should also be considered a potential tool in Integrated Pest Management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41358162, year = {2025}, author = {Nicolas-Asselineau, L and Speth, DR and Zeller, LM and Woodcroft, BJ and Singleton, CM and Liu, L and Dueholm, MKD and Milucka, J}, title = {Occurrence and temporal dynamics of denitrifying protist endosymbionts in the wastewater microbiome.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {ycaf209}, pmid = {41358162}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Effective wastewater treatment is of critical importance for preserving public health and protecting natural environments. Key processes in wastewater treatment, such as denitrification, are performed by a diverse community of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. However, the diversity of the microbiome and the potential role of the different microbial taxa in some wastewater treatment plant setups is not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the presence and diversity of denitrifying bacteria of the candidate family Azoamicaceae that form obligate symbioses with protists in wastewater treatment plants. Our analyses showed that denitrifying endosymbionts belonging to the Ca. Azoamicus genus are present in 20%-50% of wastewater treatment plants worldwide. Time-resolved amplicon data from four Danish WWTPs showed high temporal fluctuations in the abundance and composition of the denitrifying endosymbiont community. Twelve high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes of denitrifying endosymbionts, four of which were circular, were recovered. Genome annotation showed that a newly described, globally widespread species, Ca. Azoamicus parvus, lacked a nitrous oxide reductase, suggesting that its denitrification pathway is incomplete. This observation further expands the diversity of metabolic potentials found in denitrifying endosymbionts and indicates a possible involvement of microbial eukaryote holobionts in wastewater ecosystem dynamics of nitrogen removal and greenhouse gas production.}, }
@article {pmid41356942, year = {2025}, author = {Alasbily, H and Mohamed, HH and Asheibi, A and Bazina, MS and Alkaseh, A and Ghaith, HM and Ali Fahmi, F}, title = {Probiotics in Periodontal Diseases: Mechanisms, Evidence Mapping, Limitations, and Future Directions.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {e96042}, pmid = {41356942}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Periodontal disease represents a spectrum of inflammatory disorders that impact the teeth's supporting tissues. It is initiated by the buildup of microbial plaque and sustained by dysbiosis, an imbalance in the oral microbiome that causes tissue damage and disturbs host-microbe homeostasis. These diseases can range from reversible inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis) to irreversible destruction of the periodontal apparatus (periodontitis). While scaling and root planing, with or without antimicrobials, can effectively reduce bacterial burden, mechanical debridement by itself may not restore microbial symbiosis and may allow disease-associated microbial populations to persist. Incomplete pathogen clearance from deep pockets, residual calculus, or inaccessible root surfaces frequently results in bacterial regrowth and disease progression. Probiotics have emerged as a possible alternative or supplement in periodontal therapy. Their possible benefits include microbial balance restoration in the oral cavity, as well as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and bone-preserving actions. Nonetheless, the strain-specific effects, dosage regimen, safety profile especially in certain patients and the absence of large-scale, long‑term randomized controlled trials to definitively establish their efficacy remain as concerns. This review discusses the mechanisms through which probiotics may influence periodontal diseases, systematically maps preclinical and clinical evidence, and highlights current limitations and future directions for their application in periodontal therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41356629, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, JH and Kim, Y and Park, JT and Lee, DH and Hee-Young, J}, title = {Morphological and Phylogenetic Characterization of Raffaelea xyleboricola sp. nov. from Xyleborus Beetles in Korea.}, journal = {Mycobiology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, pages = {867-876}, pmid = {41356629}, issn = {1229-8093}, abstract = {A fungal isolate was obtained from ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus sp.) collected using beetle traps placed in an apple orchard in Gunwi-gun, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequencing confirmed that the beetles belonged to the genus Xyleborus. The fungal isolate, designated ARI-25-A12, was subjected to morphological and molecular identification and characterization. On malt extract agar (MEA), colonies exhibited a white, fur-like surface, and hyphae penetrated the medium along the margins. As the colony matured, the center became dull yellow, and after 20 days of incubation, the colony diameter reached 49.6-56.0 mm. Morphologically, conidiophores were hyaline, simple or occasionally branched, and conidia were hyaline, thin-walled, unicellular, and globose. Conidia produced yeast-like sprout cells through a budding-like process, and the average conidial size was 5.2 × 5.2 μm (n = 100). Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU, SSU, and β-TUB gene sequences indicated that ARI-25-A12 is classified within the genus Raffaelea. Phylogenetic trees constructed from ITS sequences and a combined dataset of LSU, SSU, and β-TUB gene sequences consistently classified the isolate as a distinct lineage, clearly separated from previously reported Raffaelea species, with additional morphological differences supporting its distinct classification. Based on these results, ARI-25-A12 is described herein as Raffaelea xyleboricola sp. nov.}, }
@article {pmid41356477, year = {2025}, author = {Chakraborty, A and Roy, A and He, S and Castellano-Hinojosa, A and Asiegbu, FO and Coutinho, TA}, title = {Editorial: Forest microbiome: dynamics and interactions in the anthropocene era.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1729625}, pmid = {41356477}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid41356475, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, L and Liu, W and Wang, L and Zhang, K and Li, D and Ji, J and Luo, J and Zhu, X and Cui, J and Gao, X}, title = {Cross-generational ripples: sublethal fipronil exposure alters Binodoxys communis microbiome without lethal consequences.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1637234}, pmid = {41356475}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Fipronil, a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide, demonstrates high efficacy against Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid). However, its potential effects on Binodoxys communis, a key natural enemy of A. gossypii, remain largely unexplored. This study comprehensively assessed the safety of fipronil for B. communis, with particular emphasis on sublethal effects and associated microbiome alterations.<br><br>METHODS: We evaluated the sublethal effects of fipronil on the development of B. communis across parental (F0) and offspring (F1) generations. Furthermore, the alterations in the microbial diversity and community structure of B. communis were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Functional prediction of the microbiota was performed via PICRUSt2.<br><br>RESULTS: Indirect fipronil exposure significantly prolonged larval development in the parental generation (F0, p = 0.017), while showing no statistically significant impact on the offspring generation (F1). 16S rRNA sequencing revealed apparent alterations in the microbial community. In adults, the dominant genus shifted from Akkermansia to Muribaculum after 1 h exposure, while the dominant phylum showed significantly reduced abundance after 3 d. In larvae, the major phylum (Proteobacteria) remained unchanged, but the major genus shifted from Brevitalea to Vicinamibacter. Functional prediction indicated that the predicted genes were predominantly enriched in metabolic pathways (75% of the functional repertoire).<br><br>DISCUSSION: These results suggest that fipronil exposure induces previously unrecognized sublethal effects on a key natural enemy insect, primarily by disrupting its symbiotic microbiota, which may play a major role in host metabolism. Our findings highlight the ecological risks of fipronil and emphasize the need for pesticide risk assessments that consider sublethal effects on beneficial insects and their microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid41356471, year = {2025}, author = {Shigeta, K and Shiraishi, K and Schroll, M and Lauer, R and Keppler, F and Sakai, Y and Yurimoto, H}, title = {Methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii enhances the colonization of plant growth-promoting yeast Papiliotrema laurentii in the phyllosphere.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1677102}, pmid = {41356471}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Methanol-utilizing microbes are ubiquitous in the phyllosphere, where they assimilate methanol released from pectin, the major component of the plant cell wall. While methylotrophic bacteria Methylobacterium spp. are well studied for their symbiotic relationships with the host plants, the ecology and functional roles of methylotrophic yeasts on plants remain poorly understood. In the effort to isolate yeasts from 26 phyllosphere samples, we identified Candida boidinii as the only methylotrophic yeast, while the remaining isolates, categorized into 17 species in 12 genera, lacked this metabolic trait. To obtain insight into the role of methylotrophic yeasts in the phyllosphere, we investigated the interaction of C. boidinii with a plant growth-promoting yeast (PGPY), Papiliotrema laurentii, one of the identified yeast species during isolation. We found that the colonization of P. laurentii was enhanced by the presence of C. boidinii on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Co-cultivation assays revealed that the cell yield of P. laurentii was enhanced by C. boidinii during cultivation on pectin and that the methanol-utilizing ability and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity of C. boidinii contributed to this enhancement. Stable carbon isotope labeling of pectin methylester groups unambiguously confirmed their assimilation by C. boidinii, but not by P. laurentii. These findings suggest that C. boidinii not only survives in the phyllosphere by utilizing pectin-derived methanol but also contributes to the fitness of other yeast species through metabolic cooperation. This study provides new insights into the niche construction and survival strategies of phyllosphere methylotrophic yeasts, highlighting their potential role in shaping microbial community dynamics and promoting beneficial plant-microbe interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41353278, year = {2025}, author = {Guibert, I and Conti-Jerpe, IE and Pons, L and Tayaban, K and Sayco, SL and Cabaitan, P and Conaco, C and Baker, DM}, title = {Trophic niche partitioning in giant clams.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-025-09313-z}, pmid = {41353278}, issn = {2399-3642}, abstract = {Ecosystems are influenced by competition for limited resources, a driver of niche partitioning. Over time, the emergence of novel traits facilitating new resource exploitation can reduce competition. However, additional layers of complexity, like symbiosis, complicate our understanding of the patterns shaping reef communities. Therefore, empirical evidence of niche partitioning reducing competition in symbiotic benthic communities is limited. Using a unique common garden experiment, we examined the nutritional strategies of six giant clam holobionts and characterized their symbiont assemblages. Variation in trophic strategies confirmed trophic niche partitioning, as species fell along a continuum from highly heterotrophic to highly autotrophic. Tridacna gigas and T. derasa, listed as critically endangered and endangered, respectively, were the most autotrophic and fast-growing species. We found significant phylogenetic signals in trophic niche scores, growth rate, and shell length, indicating the role of natural selection in shaping giant clam nutritional ecology. We conclude that niche partitioning is a driver of giant clam evolution with benefits and costs; high autotrophy reliance results in greater growth rates yet may increase vulnerability to disturbances. Given the impact of human activities on giant clams, conservation efforts should focus on these ecosystem engineers, especially highly autotrophic and geographically constrained species.}, }
@article {pmid41352734, year = {2025}, author = {Li, X and Zhang, Z and Chen, D and Chen, Z and Li, L and Song, Z and Li, J and Li, W and Wang, E and Wang, R and Huang, R and Zhao, P and Sun, H and Cai, J and Zhang, L and Hu, H and Li, Y and Kang, Y and Ou, H and Xu, H and Cheng, X}, title = {Microbial mediators of environmental change in the Yellow River basin: Flavobacterium and pollution dynamics during the dry season.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {123509}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.123509}, pmid = {41352734}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {The Yellow River basin, densely populated and characterized by intensive industrial and agricultural activities, faces significant water quality concerns. However, the impact of different pollution sources (e.g., industrial, domestic, and mixed wastewater) on the microbial spectrum in sections of the Yellow River during the dry season remains unclear. This research seeks to address this knowledge gap by examining the variations of microbial community structure and ecology influenced by different pollution sources. Our results showed that pH, NO3-N, TP and turbidity differed significantly among the different pollution groups. Industrial pollution increased species richness, while domestic wastewater reduced microbial diversity. Flavobacterium abundance increased significantly with domestic pollution but decreased dramatically with industrial pollution. Specific genera linked to domestic pollution included Pseudarcicella and Denitratisoma, while industrial pollution was associated with Sulfurimonas Trichococcus, Halomonas, and fungal genera such as Fusarium. Network analysis revealed the pollutants disrupted the community structure and dissolved symbiotic interactions, thereby promoting the emergence of new dominant microorganisms. KEGG analysis found that domestic sources were associated with amino acid metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, while industrial sources enhanced activity in isoflavonoid biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Our findings provide a comprehensive microbial ecological analysis of the sediment-rich core industrial area of the Yellow River, shedding light on the impacts of different pollution sources and river section locations on microbial networks, offering valuable insights for ecological safety and protection.}, }
@article {pmid41352522, year = {2025}, author = {Torres de Farias, S and José, M}, title = {The Natural history of the transition between RNA to DNA in the early stages of life.}, journal = {Bio Systems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105671}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105671}, pmid = {41352522}, issn = {1872-8324}, abstract = {In this work we examine different hypotheses for the fixation of DNA as the principal informational molecule. The emergence of protein RNA-dependent RNA polymerases heralded the beginning of a process that ultimately culminated in the transition from RNA to DNA as the primary informational molecule. To understand this pivotal transition, it is necessary to examine the evolutionary history of nucleic acid polymerases, with particular emphasis on RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, RNA-dependent DNA polymerases, and DNA-dependent DNA polymerases. Instead of resolving the debates over single versus multiple origins of DNA, we adhere to the need to conceptualize early evolution as a dynamic network, driven by horizontal transfer, molecular innovation, and symbiosis between cells and viruses.}, }
@article {pmid41352348, year = {2025}, author = {Wagner, JM and Wong, JH and Millar, JG and Haxhimali, E and Brückner, A and Naragon, TH and Boedicker, JQ and Parker, J}, title = {Enforced specificity of an entrenched symbiosis.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.10.066}, pmid = {41352348}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {The Metazoa encompasses inordinate lineages of symbionts and ecological specialists that obligately depend on particular hosts. The maintenance and fidelity of these lifestyles are often posited to hinge on sensory tuning to host-derived cues, a paradigm supported by studies of neural function in host-specific models. We experimentally reconstituted a socially complex relationship between an obligately symbiotic rove beetle and its single, natural host ant species, permitting us to probe its sensory basis. We show that cuticular hydrocarbons-the ant's nestmate recognition pheromones-elicit host recognition by the beetle and the execution of ant grooming behavior, enabling the beetle to chemically mimic its host and infiltrate the nest as a parasitic impostor. The beetle also follows host trail pheromones, permitting inter-colony dispersal. Yet the beetle also performs these symbiotic behaviors with non-host ants separated by up to ∼95 million years, is able to socially assimilate into their colonies, and shows minimal sensory preference for its natural host over non-host species. Agent-based modeling reveals that the specificity of the beetle emerges not from sensory tuning but from physiological limits on dispersal and negative fitness interactions with alternative hosts, constraining the otherwise promiscuous beetle to its natural host. Recreating the in silico model with living insects empirically demonstrates specificity arising from these enforcing barriers. Our findings show how entrenched symbioses can obviate selection for taxonomically precise host recognition, with specificity emerging from forces external to the symbiont. Chance realization of latent compatibilities with alternative hosts may facilitate host switching, explaining the diversification and deep-time success of such taxa.}, }
@article {pmid41352302, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, J and An, M and Chen, Y and Li, X and Qu, G and Liang, J}, title = {Terpenoids are associated with cytokinin and auxin signaling during mycorrhiza formation in the Suillus bovinus-Pinus yunnanensis symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {110852}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110852}, pmid = {41352302}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Suillus bovinus is an ecologically significant wild ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms symbiotic associations with pine trees. Terpenoids are known to play a key role in interactions between fungi and plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of terpenoids on the formation of symbiotic associations with S. bovinus remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of S. bovinus terpenoids on root development and mycorrhizal formation in Pinus yunnanensis using physiological, transcriptomic, and phytohormone assays. Our findings revealed that terpenoids from S. bovinus were associated with alterations in the synthesis and signaling of cytokinin in P. yunnanensis, evidenced by changes in the expression of specific genes in the mevalonate synthesis pathway and signaling transduction, such as CKXs, AHP, and A-ARRs. Similarly, these terpenoids correlated with changes in auxin synthesis and signaling, indicated by modulated tryptophan levels and the expression of specific enzyme genes, such as GH3, AUX1, AUX/IAA, and SAUR. This suggests that terpenoids from S. bovinus may contribute to lateral root development and mycorrhizal formation in P. yunnanensis, potentially by influencing the relative levels of cytokinin and auxin. These results shed light on the potential involvement of terpenoids produced by S. bovinus in establishing symbiotic interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and their host plants, warranting further direct functional validation.}, }
@article {pmid41352299, year = {2025}, author = {Lin, J and Zhang, J and Guo, P and Jia, B and Chen, Y and Zhang, Z and Guo, W}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance maize tolerance to combined La-NaCl stress by restructuring the rhizosphere bacterial community.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {110849}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110849}, pmid = {41352299}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant rhizosphere microbes help alleviate the combined abiotic stress of plants. However, the microbial mechanisms by which AMF symbiosis improves plant tolerance to combined rare earth-salt stress remain unclear. We conducted a pot experiment to assess the effects of AMF on maize growth, nutrient contents, toxic ion accumulation, and rhizosphere bacterial community in La or combined La-NaCl stress (La-NaCl). The results revealed that in La and La-NaCl, AMF significantly increased plant biomass, P, Mg, and La contents (35.14 %-468.79 %), significantly decreased soil available P and K concentrations (6.52 %-28.30 %). In La-NaCl, AMF significantly increased Na[+] content (41.41 %-305.75 %) and decreased the concentrations and translocation rates of La and Na[+] of plants (13.50 %-56.55 %). Additionally, AMF significantly altered the rhizosphere bacterial community structure and significantly increased the Firmicutes abundance by 15.97 % (La) and 62.51 % (La-NaCl). Moreover, AMF increased the modularity of networks in La and La-NaCl, altered biomarkers and keystones in La (e.g., Noviherbaspirillum) and La-NaCl (e.g., Ramlibacter), thus reshaping the key microorganisms. Molecular ecological networks revealed that AMF strengthened the key microorganisms' positive correlation with plant indices in La-NaCl. The structural equation model further indicated that AMF can affect plant growth by regulating the composition, diversity, and network characteristics of rhizosphere bacterial community in La-NaCl. To summarize, the findings of this study improved our understanding of the underlying microbial mechanisms by which AMF promote plant resistance to combined La-NaCl stress.}, }
@article {pmid41352032, year = {2025}, author = {Fu, M and Xu, Y and Liu, X and Huang, T and Ma, B and Li, F and Shi, W and Zhang, H}, title = {Water lifting aerators control algal growth in drinking water reservoirs: Performance, mechanism and application.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {290}, number = {}, pages = {125022}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125022}, pmid = {41352032}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Artificial mixing has gained extensive attention owing to its strong applicability and effective inhibition of algae. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms by which water lifting aerators (WLAs) control algae growth. Here, a laboratory simulation of vertical light and temperature conditions in a reservoir was conducted to explore the mechanisms affecting algal growth. The mechanism of artificial mixing in controlling algae growth was investigated in situ. The results revealed that algal cell growth was inhibited under low temperature (15 °C, 5 °C) and lightless (0 lx) conditions, leading to suppressed synthesis of Chlorophylla and carotenoids, as well as reduced photosynthetic activity. Soluble microbial products content remained largely unchanged, whereas soluble protein content increased. After artificial mixing, nutrient and pollutant concentrations in the water, as well as algae density, were significantly reduced, and changes in algal community structure were observed. The interspecific relationships among the algae were primarily mutualistic symbiosis, which weakened at the action point after artificial mixing. Phosphorus (p < 0.05) and carbon (p < 0.05) contents significantly influenced algae community structure at the action point, with carbon (p < 0.05) content being a significant factor affecting algae abundance. The results provide a solid theoretical foundation for exploring the mechanism by which artificial mixing inhibits algae growth and proliferation, and offer scientific support for applying WLAs to control algae growth in drinking water reservoirs.}, }
@article {pmid41351674, year = {2025}, author = {Hikosaka, A and Nishimoto, A and Takeda, N and Hikosaka-Katayama, T}, title = {Occurrence of 12 Acoela Species in the Seto Inland Sea.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {540-555}, doi = {10.2108/zs240106}, pmid = {41351674}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; Phylogeny ; Japan ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Oceans and Seas ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Animal Distribution ; Species Specificity ; }, abstract = {The Acoela is a notable taxon in terms of the early evolution of bilaterians and the photosynthetic symbiosis between animals and microalgae. There are approximately 416 described species of Acoela worldwide, which are classified into 16 families. In total, 21 species have been reported in Japan, of which five have been reported in the Seto Inland Sea. We surveyed acoels in the intertidal zone of beaches along the Seto Inland Sea coast of Hiroshima Prefecture and collected specimens. A comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences and molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that they could be divided into 12 species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using 18S rRNA sequences suggested that these species belonged to five families: Convolutidae, Otocelididae, Dakuidae, Actinoposthiidae, and Isodiametridae. There have been no previous reports of Dakuidae or Actinoposthiidae in Japan and no reports of Isodiametridae in the Seto Inland Sea. These results suggested that the diversity of Acoela in Japan and the Seto Inland Sea is far richer than is currently known.}, }
@article {pmid41351672, year = {2025}, author = {Ikuta, T and Sugimura, M and Yuasa, A and Amari, Y}, title = {Successful Maintenance of Chemosynthetic Symbiotic Bacterial Abundance in Hydrothermal Mussels During Long-Term Rearing Experiments Exceeding 1000 Days.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {521-531}, doi = {10.2108/zs250041}, pmid = {41351672}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics ; *Mytilidae/microbiology/physiology ; Gills/microbiology/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Bivalvia/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria is a biological phenomenon that has enabled animals to adapt to deep-sea environments. The deep-sea vent mussel Bathymodiolus septemdierum harbors sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in its gills, which serve as its main source of nutrients. However, the establishment and maintenance of this symbiosis process remain poorly understood, partly because culturing deep-sea mussels and their symbionts is difficult and experimental studies are rare. In the present study, we aimed to establish a rearing method for B. septemdierum and investigate the effects of sodium sulfide (Na2S) addition and gas concentration control in rearing tanks. Three tanks were prepared: a normal tank (tank N), one with Na2S (tank S), and one with Na2S and control dissolved oxygen (tank SO). Mussels were maintained for more than 1000 days, and host survival, gill histology, and the abundance of symbionts were investigated. In tanks N and S, symbionts were depleted within a short period, whereas in tank SO, gill morphology and symbiont abundance were maintained at levels comparable to those of freshly collected individuals, even after 1000 days. However, the survival rate of the host did not correspond to symbiont maintenance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the symbiont RuBisCO exists in Form II, which is generally adapted to low-O2 and high-CO2 environments. These results suggest that the long-term maintenance of B. septemdierum symbionts is possible by adding Na2S and controlling the dissolved gas concentration. Further improvements in rearing methods could contribute to a deeper understanding of host-symbiont interactions in this unique deep-sea organism.}, }
@article {pmid41351265, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, J and Zhang, X and Fan, Z and Huang, Y and Cao, Y and Ren, J and Yang, L and Tian, J and Yu, Y and Kong, Z}, title = {Symbiosome membrane-localized cationic amino acid transporters support symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101636}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101636}, pmid = {41351265}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {Legumes engage in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia, wherein it is well established that host legumes supply dicarboxylates as a carbon source to rhizobia, while rhizobia reciprocate by providing ammonium to the host plants. Apart from the classical model, accumulating evidence suggests that amino acid exchange is also essential to legume-rhizobium symbiosis. However, it remains unclear whether amino acid transporters are present on the symbiosome membrane (SM) to mediate amino acid exchange in symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). In this study, we identified three amino acid transporters in Medicago truncatula-MtCAT1a, MtCAT1b, and MtCAT1c-belonging to a clade of the plant Cationic Amino acid Transporter (CAT) family known for transporting a wide range of amino acids. Notably, MtCAT1b and MtCAT1c are predominantly expressed in infected cells of nodules and are localized to the SM. Genetic analyses further demonstrate that both MtCAT1b and MtCAT1c are required for amino acid exchange on the SM, with additional evidence indicating that metabolism of bacteroids is disturbed in the mutant. Transport assays reveal that both MtCAT1b and MtCAT1c exhibit broad substrate specificity. Collectively, our findings identify MtCAT1b and MtCAT1c as key mediators of cross-kingdom amino acid exchange, essential for maintaining efficient SNF in root nodules.}, }
@article {pmid41350987, year = {2025}, author = {Du, E and Li, P and Chen, Y and Lin, H and Xu, Q and Huang, X and Gui, F}, title = {Positive feedback effect of rhizosphere Bacillus on the growth and defense of Ageratina adenophora.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1686}, pmid = {41350987}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {2024J0428//he Scientific Research Foundation of Education Department of Yunnan Province/ ; 202401AS070003//Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects/ ; }, mesh = {*Rhizosphere ; *Bacillus/physiology ; *Ageratina/growth &amp; development/microbiology/physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Animals ; Symbiosis ; Herbivory ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The formation of symbiotic relationships between invasive plants and soil microorganisms in invaded regions, which enhances their adaptive capacity has been extensively studied. Bacillus, as a representative soil beneficial microorganism, can be recruited by invasive plants to their rhizosphere to promote growth. However, it remains unclear how dominant Bacillus species in the rhizosphere changes, and what feedback effects these changes may have, when invasive plants encounter biotic resistance in the invaded region, particularly from plant competition and insect herbivory.<br><br>RESULTS: This study investigated the contents of Bacillus idriensis, B. mycoides, B. thuringiensis in the rhizosphere soil of Ageratina adenophora under different biotic resistance. It showed that B. idriensis exhibited the highest increase in the rhizosphere during plant competition, whereas B. thuringiensis showed the most significant increase under Aphis gossypii infestation. The effect of these Bacillus species on the competitive interactions between A. adenophora and native plant Rabdosia amethystoides were assessed. Inoculation with B. idriensis led to an 185.66% increase in biomass for monocultured A. adenophora and a 175.83% increase in mixed culture, thereby enhancing the positive effect of interspecific competition on the growth of A. adenophora. Additionally, the responses of A. adenophora to infestation by the generalist herbivorous A . gossypii following Bacillus inoculation were examined. B.thuringiensis inoculated significantly increased the levels of jasmonic acid, total phenols, flavonoids in A. adenophora infested by A. gossypii by 49.38%, 20.78%, 18.59%, while significantly reducing the survival rate and nymph density of A. gossypii, indicating enhanced resistance to the herbivore. B. idriensis improved the tolerance of A. adenophora to A. gossypii through growth promotion.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that the abundance of distinct Bacillus species in the rhizosphere of A. adenophora varies in response to diverse biotic resistance encountered in the invaded region. These rhizobacterial interactions generate specific feedback effects that collectively enhance the invasiveness of the species.}, }
@article {pmid41349338, year = {2025}, author = {Bastías, DA and Johnson, LJ and Jáuregui, R and Applegate, ER and Liu, X and Mace, WJ and Card, SD}, title = {Paenibacillus taichungensis strain E222: Mother and progeny plant growth promotion and association with an Epichloë fungal endophyte.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {230}, number = {}, pages = {110851}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110851}, pmid = {41349338}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {There are limited publications evaluating the effects of bacteria on plant-fungal symbioses. We evaluated the effects of a bacterium (designated strain E222) on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) symbiotically associated with an Epichloë endophyte. Within this tripartite symbiosis, E222 was characterised as an ectosymbiont of Epichloë sp. AR135, the latter a mutualistic endophytic fungus of L. perenne. We hypothesised that (i) E222 would promote host plant growth and not interfere with the in planta production of AR135-derived antiherbivore alkaloids and AR135 growth and (ii) the Epichloë hyphal colonisation of plant seeds would facilitate the E222 entry into the progeny seeds. Via whole genome analysis, E222 was identified as Paenibacillus taichungensis and predicted to possess plant growth-promoting traits. E222 was inoculated on seeds of perennial ryegrass associated with AR135 and the bacterium was systemically present in the subsequent seedlings. E222 promoted the growth of AR135-associated plants, as expected, but reduced AR135-derived alkaloid concentrations and decreased the AR135 biomass at an early plant stage. AR135, but not E222, was detected in the progeny seeds and in line with the absence of E222, growth of progeny seedlings was not affected by the bacterial inoculation of mother plants. The bacterial effects on plants and Epichloë may be explained by the predicted abilities of E222 to promote plant growth (e.g., auxin production) and compete with AR135 for alkaloid precursors (e.g., tryptophan).}, }
@article {pmid41349301, year = {2025}, author = {Li, C and Sun, H and Xi, Y and Li, Y and Wang, X and Huang, Z and Li, W and Zeng, X and Jia, Y}, title = {Phycosphere bacterial communities mediate arsenic accumulation and speciation in coastal macroalgae: Evidence from field investigation.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {501}, number = {}, pages = {140647}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140647}, pmid = {41349301}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Macroalgae are known to efficiently accumulate arsenic, however, the role of their phycosphere bacterial communities in modulating arsenic uptake and transformation remains poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of phycosphere bacterial communities on arsenic accumulation and speciation in three coastal macroalgae species: Laminaria japonica (brown alga), Ulva pertusa Kjellman (green alga), and Mazzaella japonica (red alga). Among the three, L. japonica exhibited higher total arsenic content than M. japonica and U. pertusa. Phycosphere bacterial communities differed significantly among the macroalgae species in both α- and β-diversity and were strongly correlated with variations in intracellular arsenic species. Functional gene predictions indicated enrichment of pst and GST genes in L. japonica and M. japonica, associated with enhanced arsenic uptake and detoxification, while arsC was more abundant in the U. pertusa phycosphere, suggesting a preference for arsenate reduction pathways. These findings reveal the distinct roles of phycosphere bacterial communities among different macroalgae and their influence on the conversion of inorganic to organic arsenic, providing new insights into arsenic biogeochemistry in marine macroalgae-bacteria symbiotic systems.}, }
@article {pmid41347882, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, Y and Zhang, F and Chen, X and Zhang, M and Chen, Z}, title = {Synergistic Interactions between Nitrogen Fixation and Phosphorus Uptake in Legumes: Insights from the Root Nodule Bacterium En1.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c08432}, pmid = {41347882}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {The synergistic interaction between symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation and phosphorus (P) nutrition in legumes remains poorly understood yet critical for mitigating grassland degradation under nutrient limitations. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we compared bacterial communities in root nodules, rhizosphere, and bulk soils of three wild legumes (Trifolium repens L., Medicago sativa L., and Indigofera amblyantha Craib). Nodules showed reduced bacterial diversity but shared core microbes derived from soil reservoirs, including Ensifer. We isolated an Ensifer strain (En1) and genomic analysis revealed genes specifically involved in nitrogen fixation and phosphate uptake. Functionally, En1 solubilized and mineralized phosphate (calcium phytate and calcium phosphate). Inoculation experiments confirmed that En1 enhances plant P acquisition. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism whereby nitrogen-fixing rhizobia directly facilitate P uptake, establishing a self-sustaining N-P coprovision system in legume-microbe symbiosis, offering a novel strategy for grassland restoration by concurrently addressing N and P limitations.}, }
@article {pmid41347246, year = {2025}, author = {Mishra, S and Shukla, AC and Craven, KD}, title = {Editorial: Microbial symbionts of lower plants.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1727008}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1727008}, pmid = {41347246}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid41346372, year = {2025}, author = {Villanueva-Castañeda, M and Antunez-Mojica, M and Tapia-Maruri, D and Ramírez, OCM and Delgado, RD and Barrera-Molina, AI}, title = {Development and Morphological/Microstructural Characterization of a Novel Synergic Synbiotic Co-Encapsulated Lactobacillus spp. Consortium and Kale Powder.}, journal = {Food science &amp; nutrition}, volume = {13}, number = {12}, pages = {e71314}, pmid = {41346372}, issn = {2048-7177}, abstract = {Kale, a nutrient-dense leafy green rich in bioactive compounds, has emerged as a promising prebiotic candidate for enhancing probiotic viability and functionality. This study investigated the effects of kale powder and its polyphenolic compounds on the growth and stability of a Lactobacillus spp. consortium. Growth kinetics experiments revealed that 1% kale powder significantly enhanced bacterial growth, with a pronounced increase observed after 5 h of incubation compared to the control. Furthermore, a synergistic synbiotic was successfully co-encapsulated using a 1.3% alginate-based matrix combined with 1% kale powder and Lactobacillus spp. consortium. Morphological characterization under varying temperature conditions demonstrated that co-encapsulated particles maintained structural integrity at 4°C and during freezing, while dehydration led to significant size reduction due to moisture loss. Encapsulation efficiency reached 93%, with the alginate matrix effectively protecting bacterial viability, as evidenced by only a 13% reduction in viability after storage at 4°C. Microscopic analyses confirmed the presence of polyphenols within the co-encapsulated system, with confocal microscopy revealing distinct autofluorescence attributed to phenolic compounds. Electron microscopy further showed that co-encapsulated particles remained intact under refrigeration and freezing but exhibited morphological changes after dehydration. Growth kinetics of the Lactobacillus spp. consortium in medium supplemented with kale-derived polyphenols indicated optimal growth at 0.4% concentration, while higher concentrations (0.6%) led to reduced growth, suggesting substrate inhibition. These findings highlight the dual role of kale polyphenols as prebiotic substrates and protective agents, underscoring their potential in developing stable and functional synbiotic delivery systems for probiotic applications.}, }
@article {pmid41345699, year = {2025}, author = {Yilmaz, A and Kasap, OE}, title = {Prevalence of Wolbachia in natural sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) populations from Türkiye and its potential role in mitochondrial divergence.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-025-07157-4}, pmid = {41345699}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {2211-A National PhD Scholarship Program//T&#xdc;B&#x130;TAK/ ; 101057690//European Commission/ ; 10038150 and 10038150//UK Research and Innovation/ ; TBAG 105T205 and SBAG 114S999//T&#xfc;rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara&#x15f;t&#x131;rma Kurumu/ ; 09D01601002 and 01001601001//Hacettepe University Scientific Research Unit/ ; W911QY-16-C-0160//AFHSB-GEIS/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of various pathogens, most notably Leishmania spp. Symbiotic bacteria have recently gained considerable attention owing to their effects on hosts and on other organisms co-infecting the same host. In this study, we investigated the natural Wolbachia infection status of sand fly taxa distributed in Türkiye and examined its potential role in driving the deep mitochondrial divergence observed within certain taxa.<br><br>METHODS: We analysed 858 sand fly specimens, mostly collected between 2005 and 2016, with additional samples obtained in 2023. Specimens were morphologically identified, and the mitochondrial cox1 gene was sequenced for DNA barcoding. For selected taxa showing marked mitochondrial divergence, species delimitation methods were applied, and genetic diversity indices and neutrality tests were calculated. Wolbachia infection was detected via PCR amplification of the wsp gene, and strain diversity was characterised using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of five housekeeping genes. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between infection status and mitochondrial lineage, sex or collection period.<br><br>RESULTS: Wolbachia infection was detected in 16.67% of specimens, occurring exclusively in Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. major s.l., Ph. tobbi, Ph. economidesi and Sergentomyia minuta. Analyses of wsp and MLST data identified all sequences as belonging to Supergroup A, with multiple strains present within and across host taxa. Infection among the five Ph. major s.l. lineages delineated by species delimitation was significantly associated with lineage, with lineages 3-5 showing a higher probability of infection. The reduced haplotype and nucleotide diversity, along with a significant negative deviation from neutrality observed in lineage 5, suggest a selective sweep likely driven by Wolbachia infection.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first comprehensive screening of Wolbachia infection in sand fly taxa distributed across T&#xfc;rkiye, during which several novel Wolbachia strains were identified. Our findings suggest a potential role of Wolbachia infection in driving lineage differentiation within certain sand fly taxa. However, further detailed investigations are required to elucidate the mechanisms by which Wolbachia influences sand fly diversification and to assess the broader epidemiological implications related to sand fly-borne diseases (SFBDs).}, }
@article {pmid41344242, year = {2025}, author = {Araújo, AS and Cavalcanti, IMF and de Almeida Campos, LA and de Souza, FRA and Gonçalves, DA and Teixeira, JAC and Nobre, C and Stamford, TCM}, title = {Enhancing coconut-based beverages with symbiotic microcapsules: Evaluation of physical-chemical traits and probiotic stability during gatrointestinal digestion.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {499}, number = {}, pages = {147359}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.147359}, pmid = {41344242}, issn = {1873-7072}, abstract = {This study highlights the effectiveness of ionic gelation combined with vibratory extrusion and chitosan hydrochloride coating as a robust strategy for the microencapsulation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG intended for application in complex food matrices. The developed symbiotic microcapsules demonstrated desirable morphological and structural characteristics and provided significant protection to the encapsulated probiotic under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. When incorporated into a coconut water-soluble extract, the microcapsules influenced the physicochemical properties of the food matrix, promoting increased acidity, soluble solids content, and lightness, while preserving probiotic viability above the critical threshold of 6 log CFU/mL throughout storage. The additional chitosan hydrochloride coating further enhanced the protective capacity of the capsules, improving resistance to extreme pH and bile salts during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. These results support the potential of this encapsulation approach to enhance the stability and functionality of probiotics in functional foods.}, }
@article {pmid41344091, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, H and Yang, W and Ali, S and Behan, AA and Chen, L and Li, W and Gao, W and Arain, MA and Nabi, F and Buzdar, JA and Li, Z}, title = {From ponds to pastures: Azolla as a functional and climate-smart feed resource for poultry and livestock.}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {105}, number = {1}, pages = {106168}, doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2025.106168}, pmid = {41344091}, issn = {1525-3171}, abstract = {The escalating challenge of securing sustainable, climate-resilient feed resources necessitates the exploration of novel alternatives. This review critically evaluates the potential of Azolla, a small aquatic fern, as a functional and climate-smart feed ingredient for livestock and poultry. Owing to its symbiotic association with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, Azolla achieves rapid biomass accumulation without external nitrogen input, thereby offering a uniquely low-carbon low-cost cultivation system. Nutritionally, Azolla contains 15-35 % crude protein (dry matter), and serve as a valuable source of essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and diverse bioactive compounds that may contribute to improved animal health and product quality. Evidence from feeding trials in poultry and other livestock species consistently demonstrate that Azolla supplementation significantly enhance growth performance, feed efficiency, egg and milk production, immune functions, and overall product attributes, while simultaneously lowering feed cost. Notably, its bioactive profile supports gut integrity, antioxidant capacity, and methane mitigation, emphasizing its dual potential to improve productivity and reduce the environmental footprint of animal agriculture. Azolla's adaptability across agro-climatic zones and capacity for year-round cultivation further reinforce its suitability as a climate-smart feed resource. Despite these advantages, constraints related to large-scale production, preservation, nutrient variability, and the presence of anti-nutritional factors highlight the need for standardized cultivation protocols and innovative processing technologies. This review consolidates current evidence on the nutritional, functional, and ecological value of Azolla and identifies key research priorities to support its broader adoption as a sustainable feed resource for livestock and poultry.}, }
@article {pmid41343712, year = {2025}, author = {Su, C and Wan, Y and He, D and Cai, T and He, S and Li, J and Wan, H}, title = {Acetobacter Protects DmDuox-Deficient Drosophila melanogaster from Impaired Detoxification.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c12535}, pmid = {41343712}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Dual oxidase (Duox) is essential for host physiological homeostasis. Loss of Duox disrupts host physiology and alters microbiota composition, potentially affecting the host tolerance to environmental stress. However, whether symbiotic bacteria can influence these detrimental effects remains unclear. This study investigated the role of symbiotic bacteria and DmDuox in regulating host detoxification gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Bioassays showed that silencing DmDuox increased D. melanogaster sensitivity to neonicotinoid insecticides, while axenic D. melanogaster displayed an even greater sensitivity. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene amplicons sequencing revealed DmDuox silencing significantly increased Acetobacter abundance, and reintroduction of the isolated Acetobacter oryzifermentans strain to axenic DmDuoxRNAi D. melanogaster reduced host insecticide sensitivity. Further studies showed that DmDuox and A. oryzifermentans regulated P450 gene expression and enzyme activity. These findings demonstrate that A. oryzifermentans protects DmDuox-deficient D. melanogaster from impaired detoxification and enriches the mechanism underlying the host-symbiont synergistic response to xenobiotic toxins.}, }
@article {pmid41342927, year = {2025}, author = {Vaessen, L and Russ, K and Kirchmair, M and Neuhauser, S and Schlick-Steiner, BC and Steiner, FM}, title = {How carton-nest fungi of the ant Lasius fuliginosus interact with each other and with the root-rot fungus Armillaria mellea.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2025.2568230}, pmid = {41342927}, issn = {1557-2536}, abstract = {Lasius fuliginosus, a fungus-growing ant species distributed across Europe, hosts various fungi inside its carton nests in trees, including the nest fungus SP1 of the order Chaetothyriales, as well as the nest fungi SP5 and SP4 of the order Venturiales. The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the fungal interactions inside the L. fuliginosus nests as well as of potential interactions around the nests, including the effects of Armillaria mellea-a root-rot fungus infecting potential host trees. We performed two types of confrontation experiments on Petri dishes between the isolated nest fungi and A. mellea. Firstly, using de Wit experiments, we tested the fungal species in pairwise combinations at three different initial confrontation concentrations. Secondly, a linear confrontation setup focused on differences in directional growth of the fungal species in pairwise combinations as well as on the development of A. mellea rhizomorphs. For the fungi SP1, SP5, and SP4, we found positive influences on each other (SP1 on SP5, SP4 on SP1 and SP5, and SP5 on SP1) alongside no influence (SP1 on SP4, SP5 on SP4). SP1 had a significantly negative impact on the surface growth and directional growth of A. mellea, and SP5 triggered the strongest rhizomorph development of A. mellea, possibly a stress reaction of the root-rot fungus. Armillaria mellea did not negatively impact any of the nest fungi and even promoted the surface growth of SP1. The de Wit setup and the linear setup turned out to be complementary and together facilitated first insights into potential roles of the nest fungi in this association of ants and fungi in trees. Follow-up studies will need to assess how these findings under Petri dish conditions transfer to conditions in natural habitat, in the presence of both the ant and the tree host.}, }
@article {pmid41342399, year = {2025}, author = {Xiang, T and Peak, SL and Huitt, EC and Grossman, AR}, title = {Distinct transcriptomic strategies underlie differential heat tolerance in Symbiodiniaceae symbionts.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf268}, pmid = {41342399}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Dinoflagellate algae in the family Symbiodiniaceae, symbionts of many marine cnidarians are critical for the metabolic integrity of reef ecosystems, which are increasingly threatened by environmental stress. The resilience of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis depends on thermotolerance of the partner organisms; coral hosts that harbor heat-resistant symbionts exhibit greater resistance to bleaching. Although coral responses to heat stress are well-documented, transcriptomic adaptation/acclimation of Symbiodiniaceae to elevated temperatures are limited. Here, we compare thermal responses of two species representing two genera of Symbiodiniaceae, Symbiodinium linucheae (strain SSA01; ITS2 type A4) and Breviolum minutum (strain SSB01; ITS2 type B1). SSA01 in culture maintained photosynthetic function at elevated temperatures and mounted a rapid transcriptomic response characterized by early downregulation of a JMJ21-like histone demethylase coupled with prompt upregulation of transcripts associated with DNA repair and oxidative stress, which would likely contribute to enhanced resilience to heat stress. In contrast, SSB01 experienced a decline in photosynthetic efficiency and a delayed transcriptomic response that included upregulation of transcripts encoding proteasome subunits and reduced transcripts encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis and metabolite transport. These findings indicate that a rapid and moderate transcriptomic response that results in increased expression of genes related to the synthesis and repair of biomolecules might be crucial for thermal tolerance in the Symbiodiniaceae whereas sensitivity to elevated temperatures may be reflected by increased protein turnover and a marked decline in anabolic processes. Understanding these differences is vital for predicting coral responses to warming seas and developing strategies to mitigate heat-stress impacts on reefs.}, }
@article {pmid41342220, year = {2025}, author = {Misaki, A and Suzuki, S and Maeno, S and Endo, A and Sasaki, Y and Enomoto, G and Yokota, K and Kajikawa, A}, title = {The response regulator FpsR controls the flagella-pili transition and mucosal colonization in Ligilactobacillus ruminis.}, journal = {Gut microbes}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2596807}, doi = {10.1080/19490976.2025.2596807}, pmid = {41342220}, issn = {1949-0984}, mesh = {Animals ; *Flagella/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Mice ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Fimbriae, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; *Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology ; Flagellin/metabolism/genetics ; Toll-Like Receptor 5/metabolism/genetics ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Humans ; Female ; }, abstract = {Ligilactobacillus ruminis is a flagellated lactic acid bacterium found in the intestines of various mammals, including humans. Although this species harbors a complete flagellar gene cluster, flagella formation has not been observed in human-derived strains, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we isolated a motility-acquired mutant of L. ruminis ATCC 25644 that exhibited full flagellation and a measurable chemotactic response under acidic conditions (pH 3.0). Whole-genome sequencing revealed a ~35 kb deletion encompassing multiple regulatory genes. Functional complementation identified a single response regulator, designated FpsR (flagellation-piliation switchover regulator), as a central switch that suppresses flagella formation while promoting pilus expression. The motility-acquired mutant displayed reduced pilus production, diminished adhesion to murine intestinal mucus and fibronectin, and increased susceptibility to acid (pH 3.0) and bile (0.25-0.5%), resulting in a complete loss of intestinal colonization in a murine model. Furthermore, while flagellin from the motile strain activated TLR5 and induced proinflammatory responses comparable to those of pathogenic bacteria, no such inflammation was observed in vivo, likely due to the strain's colonization failure. These findings reveal FpsR as a previously unrecognized genetic mechanism that coordinates motility and mucosal colonization in a human commensal bacterium and provide insight into how flagella are regulated and silenced in the gut environment to support host-microbe symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41341309, year = {2025}, author = {Chang, OC and Lin, WY}, title = {Genotype-specific modulation of drought tolerance by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in foxtail millet.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1696600}, pmid = {41341309}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Drought stress is a major environmental factor limiting crop productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as beneficial soil microbes, can improve plant growth and stress resilience; however, the effectiveness of this symbiosis is often influenced by the host plant's genetic background. In this study, we investigated the interaction between AM symbiosis and drought tolerance in two foxtail millet (Setaria italica) accessions with contrasting drought responses: the drought-tolerant ISE42 and the drought-sensitive TT8. Following a 14-day drought treatment, both accessions exhibited wilting, but AMF-colonized plants reduced malondialdehyde accumulation, indicating alleviated oxidative stress. Notably, only colonized ISE42 plants recovered upon rewatering. Although AMF colonization was confirmed by staining and qRT-PCR, AM symbiosis-conserved genes were strongly induced in ISE42 and TT8 only at 7 days post-treatment. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that AM symbiosis significantly enhanced the expression of genes involved in nitrogen transport, assimilation, lignin metabolism, and cellulose biosynthesis in ISE42, suggesting improved nutrient uptake and cell wall reinforcement as key mechanisms underlying enhanced drought tolerance. In addition, drought-induced stress hormone signaling pathways were downregulated in colonized ISE42 roots, pointing to AM symbiosis-mediated stress alleviation. Together, these results demonstrate genotype-specific effects of AMF on drought tolerance and recovery capability, and highlight the importance of considering host genetic variation in the application of AMF for crop improvement.}, }
@article {pmid41341062, year = {2025}, author = {Tan, EX and Nguyen, LBT and Jin, Y and Lv, Y and Phang, IY and Ling, XY}, title = {SERS Cheminformatics: Opportunities for Data-Driven Discovery and Applications.}, journal = {ACS central science}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {2034-2052}, pmid = {41341062}, issn = {2374-7943}, abstract = {Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique offering ultrasensitive, nondestructive molecular fingerprinting. However, challenges such as spectral overlap, noise, and signal variability, especially in complex mixtures, limit its reliability and reproducibility. With increasing volumes of complex SERS data, there is a pressing need for advanced tools to manage and interpret this information. Cheminformatics amalgamates chemical knowledge with computational methods to deliver solutions for spectral preprocessing, database management, molecular modeling, pattern recognition, and multimodal data integration. This Outlook presents a vision for uniting SERS and cheminformatics to enhance the reliability of (bio)-chemical analysis and discovery. We propose a conceptual framework built upon four interconnected pillars: (1) centralized SERS databases, (2) molecular modeling for mechanistic insights, (3) machine learning (ML) for spectral analysis, and (4) automation and artificial intelligence for expanding the SERS chemical space. Together, these four pillars form a dynamic, feedback-driven system that enhances interpretability, accelerates data-driven discovery, and facilitates real-time SERS analysis. The symbiotic relationship between SERS and cheminformatics positions this integration at the forefront of data-driven chemical research with transformative applications in materials science, catalysis, biomedical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.}, }
@article {pmid41340927, year = {2025}, author = {Samuel David, AV and María Del Rocío, PR}, title = {Termites and their gut microbiome in animal nutrition: Advances and biotechnological applications.}, journal = {Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui)}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {527-534}, pmid = {41340927}, issn = {2405-6383}, abstract = {Since the late 20th century, termites have attracted attention due to the vast potential of their gut microbiome and digestive enzymes, which enable them to efficiently degrade lignocellulosic biomass, making them a promising resource for animal nutrition, particularly for recovering fibrous waste. Termite gastrointestinal symbionts and enzymes are highly effective at decomposing plant fiber, thus positioning them as natural bioreactors with significant biotechnological potential. This review examines the evolving applications of termites in animal feed, including their incorporation as protein sources in diets for monogastric animals and fish, as well as the utilization of bacteria, fungi, and enzymes derived from their guts as additives to enhance the digestibility of agricultural byproducts in both ruminants and non-ruminants. Furthermore, recent developments have demonstrated the identification and heterologous expression of lignocellulolytic enzymes and metabolites with prebiotic and detoxifying properties. The diversity of termite species offers an exceptional source of microbial communities. These communities highly adaptable to various fibrous substrates due to their diet, which enhances their potential despite existing limitations in cultivation and process standardization. However, their gut microbiota remains an untapped resource with immense potential to improve feed efficiency, promote sustainability, and reduce reliance on conventional inputs. It is concluded that at larger scale in vivo studies are needed to fully realize the potential of these symbiotic systems in animal nutrition.}, }
@article {pmid41338748, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, Y and Shen, Z and Cao, Y and Luo, X and Yang, L and Lu, Q and Li, R}, title = {Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of color formation in Naematelia sinensis fruiting bodies through multi-omics approaches.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {129}, number = {8}, pages = {101667}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101667}, pmid = {41338748}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; *Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Transcriptome ; Metabolomics ; *Basidiomycota/genetics/metabolism ; *Agaricales/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Metabolome ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Color ; Multiomics ; }, abstract = {Naematelia sinensis fruiting bodies, a complex composed of Naematelia sinensis and Stereum hirsutum, exhibit unique characteristics due to the symbiosis of these two fungi and their distinct color features. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the coloration of N. sinensis fruiting bodies and the interactions between the two fungi remain poorly understood. In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic data from three variants of N. sinensis fruiting bodies-white fruiting bodies (control), yellow variant (treatment_1), and yellow fruiting bodies (treatment_2)-to investigate the relationship between the two fungi and color accumulation. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed overlap between control and treatment_1 but a clear separation from treatment_2, indicating the reliability of the data. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome has unveiled key metabolic pathways associated with pigment accumulation in N. sinensis fruiting bodies. These pathways include the biosynthesis of cofactors, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as the metabolism of tryptophan. In riboflavin metabolism, one gene (NAU27003364) was identified in N. sinensis, while three genes (STEHIDRAFT_95968, STEHIDRAFT_153579, and STEHIDRAFT_86958) were identified in S. hirsutum. The quantification of riboflavin and qRT-PCR results also indicated that most of them exhibited differences. This study represents the first multi-omics investigation into the functional pathways underlying color transformation in the fruiting bodies of N. sinensis, elucidating the regulatory interactions between N. sinensis and S. hirsutum. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of color transformation and the selective cultivation of fungal strains.}, }
@article {pmid41338345, year = {2025}, author = {Dong, T and Cui, Y and Zhang, L and Yang, J and Yang, C and Qian, W and Peng, Y}, title = {Photocatalyst-driven microalgal-bacterial symbiosis enables organic carbon-free and energy-efficient nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133744}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133744}, pmid = {41338345}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The sustainability of simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) is hindered by high aeration demands and external carbon input. Here, a g-C3N4-driven microalgal-bacterial symbiotic SND system was deployed in an 8 m[3] pilot-scale reactor for low-C/N practical wastewater. Photocatalyst-driven spatially structured bacterial-algal cooperation facilitated > 92.50 % total nitrogen removal, eliminating external carbon addition and reducing aeration energy by 38.10 %. Photocatalysis selectively enriched phototrophic Sphingomonadaceae, boosting EPS secretion by 2.77-2.99-fold. The resulting adhesive, oxygen-diffusion-limiting EPS matrix immobilized g-C3N4 and supported stratified biofilms hosting anaerobic denitrifiers, phototrophs, and microalgae. Oxygenic microalgae colonized the aerobic exterior, whereas denitrifiers occupied the anoxic core, mitigating oxygen-induced antagonism. Furthermore, photocatalysis potentially shifted algal metabolism to preferentially assimilate ammonium over nitrate, minimizing substrate competition with denitrifiers. This algal-bacterial synergy supported nitrification via algal oxygen. Meanwhile, denitrifiers, fueled exclusively by photogenerated electrons, activated narGHI and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to enable organic carbon-independent nitrogen removal.}, }
@article {pmid41338199, year = {2025}, author = {Yamada, T and Palm, NW}, title = {A host-centric view of the microbiota metabolome.}, journal = {Immunity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.006}, pmid = {41338199}, issn = {1097-4180}, abstract = {Host-associated microbes produce thousands of metabolites that influence diverse aspects of mammalian physiology, including the immune system. However, the organizing principles governing these interactions remain largely unclear. Here, we propose a host-centric teleological framework for classifying microbiota metabolites based on their impacts on host biology and co-evolutionary principles of host-microbiota symbiosis. We outline three broad functional categories of metabolite-mediated impacts on the host-niche expansion, perception, and (maladaptive) noise. We then discuss transitions between these categories over short and long-term timescales and define specific microbial features that may influence these transitions. Finally, because most microbial metabolites remain uncharacterized, we review approaches to discover novel bioactive microbial metabolites with a view toward comprehensive mapping of small molecule-mediated host-microbe interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41337959, year = {2025}, author = {Dong, D and Xie, Z and Wang, B and Ou, W and Tang, Y and Yang, J and Guo, Y and Fa, X}, title = {Effects of a forage-native multi-PGPM consortium symbiotic system on rhizosphere ecology and microbial regulation for remediating PAHs-contaminated very-high-altitude coal mines.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {501}, number = {}, pages = {140653}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140653}, pmid = {41337959}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The very-high-altitude coal mines face polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution, yet studies on microbial degradation of PAHs in this region remain scarce. In this study, a native multi-plant growth-promoting microorganism consortium (N-M-PGPM-C, comprising four Tibetan Plateau strains: Trichoderma, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Floccularia luteovirens) was constructed. Their effects on forage growth, PAHs degradation, rhizosphere microbes, and soil metabolites were systematically investigated via high-throughput sequencing and LC-MS/MS metabolomics. The results showed that the N-M-PGPM-C significantly improved forage growth (93.81 %-120.05 % increase in dry weight compared to single PGPM treatment), degraded aromatic compounds in the rhizosphere soil, and enriched seven plant-beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Lysinibacillus, Solibacillus). In addition, it promoted the colonization and proliferation of two strains from the N-M-PGPM-C (i.e., Trichoderma by 3.20-fold and Bacillus by 9.41-fold) by reshaping the rhizosphere microbial community. According to the metabolomic analysis, the N-M-PGPM-C modulated 114 metabolites, enriching pathways for bisphenol, toluene, and benzoate degradation. The metabolite 2'-deoxyguanosine was strongly correlated with the enrichment of seven plant-beneficial microorganisms such as Lysinibacillus and Solibacillus and synergized with Trichoderma and Bacillus. Laboratory validations confirmed that Trichoderma and Bacillus possess intrinsic PAH-degrading capabilities, and exogenous application of 2'-deoxyguanosine significantly alleviated PAH stress in forages. These findings reveal the mechanism by which the N-M-PGPM-C remediates PAH contamination through the forage- native multi-PGPM consortium symbiotic system, providing a promising strategy for ecological restoration in the very-high-altitude regions.}, }
@article {pmid41334814, year = {2025}, author = {López-Gutiérrez, JC and López-Hernández, D and Toro, M}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphorus-mobilizing Microorganisms Mediate Organic Phosphorus Cycling in Tropical Savanna Soils.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnaf135}, pmid = {41334814}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {In highly weathered tropical soils, organic phosphorus (Po) constitutes a primordial reservoir for plant P-nutrition. We studied the dynamics of Po fractions, soil phosphatase activity and P-mobilizing microflora in root compartments of non-mycorrhizal (rhizosphere and bulk soil) and mycorrhizal (mycorrhizosphere and hyphosphere) Urochloa brizantha plants growing in rhizoboxes with a low P-sorbing Entisol and a high P-sorbing Ultisol from native neotropical savannas. Inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi resulted in an improvement in plant P-status, particularly in the high P-sorbing soil, that coincided with transformations in more recalcitrant P fractions, a higher phosphatase activity and a higher proportion of P-solubilizing and P-mineralizing organisms in mycorrhizal compartments. We provide evidence for a mycorrhizospheric effect in low P-fertility soils that allows plants to access specific P-pools via symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, }
@article {pmid41333292, year = {2025}, author = {Turudu, V and Kutlu, I and Gulmezoglu, N}, title = {Biochemical and molecular responses of maize to low and high temperatures in symbiosis with mixed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cultures.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {e20419}, pmid = {41333292}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {*Zea mays/microbiology/metabolism/genetics/physiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Hot Temperature ; Lipid Peroxidation ; *Cold Temperature ; Temperature ; Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Minerals/metabolism ; }, abstract = {In this study, changes in mineral element concentrations, physiological parameters, and gene expression of heat shock proteins were investigated in maize plants subjected to mycorrhiza under low and high temperature stress. The application of seven different temperatures (5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, and 45 °C) under five different mixed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) culture treatments (M0, M1, M2, M3, and M4) constituted the factors of the experiment. With the application of mycorrhiza, the plant dry weight was found to be the highest at 25 °C, and the M3 group was applied. The highest values in mineral element concentrations were detected at 25 °C in the maize plant, where M4 had N, P, K, Ca, and Fe concentrations; M3 had Cu and Mn concentrations; and M2 had Mg and Zn concentrations. Lipid peroxidation gradually increased with temperature changes in all the applications, and the protective effect of proline was more pronounced at high temperatures than at low temperatures. Antioxidant enzyme activities were altered by applications of mycorrhiza and temperature. For all mycorrhiza applications, the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 reached a maximum at 10 °C, 40 °C, and 45 °C. It has been revealed that low- and high-temperature applications in maize plants cause serious changes in the mycorrhizal symbiosis on the basis of investigated parameters, and these changes occur at different levels depending on the temperature changes and the differences between mixed AMF cultures. However, it can be said that the M3 application has the capacity to facilitate the growth of maize even in conditions of low (-10 °C) and high (45 °C) temperature.}, }
@article {pmid41331913, year = {2025}, author = {Jannesar, M and Bassami, B and Dalir, G and Sheikhzadeh, S and Tabrizchi, J and Seyedi, SM}, title = {Rice miRNA-mediated trans-kingdom gene regulation in pathogenic and symbiotic fungal interactions.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-025-12386-z}, pmid = {41331913}, issn = {1471-2164}, }
@article {pmid41331875, year = {2025}, author = {Kong, L and Mao, Y and Zheng, R and Feng, Y and Chen, B and Wu, X and Zhu, Q and Feng, J and Liu, S}, title = {Overlooked siderophore producers favor ammonium oxidation in global wastewater treatment plants.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40168-025-02290-9}, pmid = {41331875}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {523B2095//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; Nos. 52270016//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022YFC3203003//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Iron is essential for biological nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as a significant portion of microbial nitrogen-transforming enzymes require iron. However, iron bioavailability is a global challenge for nitrogen removal microbes in WWTPs, where it often exists in insoluble forms due to its complexation with various wastewater constituents.<br><br>RESULTS: Combined laboratory experiment and metagenomic analysis of 52 global WWTPs, we found that siderophore-producing bacteria (SPB) were previously uncharacterized dominant members in activated sludge. SPB enhance the iron uptake of activated sludge microbial communities by facilitating the transport of iron ions from insoluble sources into the cells. Of the 1328 total recovered metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from global WWTPs, 6.2% were identified as SPB, while 79.3% of MAGs could utilize siderophores, indicating widespread sharing of siderophores in WWTPs. Interestingly, nearly all ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) from WWTPs lacked siderophore-producing capacity, and exogenous siderophore (20&#xa0;&#xb5;M pyochelin) addition boosted ammonium oxidation rates by 28.2%. Moreover, strong indications were found for an association between AOB and the SPB in global WWTPs, suggesting their symbiotic interaction is a common and critical process to maintain ammonium oxidation performance. SPB in WWTPs were predominantly aerobic or facultative anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria, exhibiting low taxonomic diversity but high abundance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals SPB as previously overlooked but crucial contributors to biological nitrogen removal in global WWTPs, providing foundational insights into iron-based microbial cooperation within engineered systems. Modulating SPB activity based on their metabolic characteristics is a promising strategy to cope with low iron bioavailability issue for biological processes in WWTPs. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid41331684, year = {2025}, author = {Núñez-Pons, L and Cusano, LM and Chiarore, A and Mirasole, A and Teixidó, N and Efremova, J and Mazzella, V}, title = {Too hot for my bugs: mediterranean heatwave disrupts associated microbiomes in the sponge Petrosia ficiformis.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40793-025-00830-2}, pmid = {41331684}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {CN_00000033//National Biodiversity Future Center - NBFC/ ; CN_00000033//National Biodiversity Future Center - NBFC/ ; P05//EuroMarine-EMBRC 2020 call/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Global climate change exacerbates the incidence of marine heatwaves (MHWs), which have increased in intensity and frequency over the past years, causing severe impacts on marine coastal ecosystems. MHWs have already triggered mass mortalities of habitat-forming species, including corals, sponges and gorgonians, in temperate, tropical and polar seas. In the Mediterranean, these high peaks of temperature have been shown to affect several sponge species, and likely, their symbiotic microbial communities. During the summer of 2022, populations of the sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Poiret, 1789) were conspicuously observed with signs of thermal stress linked to a MHW around the Gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). These included depigmentation spots and tissue texture alterations, which often evolved in necrotic processes and eventual death. At the peak of the MHW, however, apparently thermoresistant sponges co-occurred with sensitive unhealthy specimens. In order to explore potential microbial drivers correlated with these divergent thermal-stress tolerances, Healthy and Unhealthy individuals were sampled along the coast of Ischia Island in early September 2022.<br><br>RESULTS: Prokaryotic community characterization based on the 16&#xa0;S rRNA gene revealed dissimilar compositions in Unhealthy versus apparently Healthy sponges. Increased alpha diversity richness and low evenness in thermosensitive sponges were due to an extensive presence of rare taxa, and to the introduction of potentially pathogenic groups (e.g., Vibrio spp.). Major microbial families regularly associated with P. ficiformis - SAR202, Caldilineaceae, Poribacteria or TK17, were replaced in thermosensitive specimens by professed opportunistic groups within Lentimicrobiaceae, Rhodobacteraceae or Flavobacteriaceae. In turn, conservancy of hub microbes and thermotolerant symbionts (e.g., Rhodothermaceae, Thermoanaerobaculaceae) in Healthy sponges were observed during this disrupting event. Unhealthy microbiomes reflected lower network stability with respect to Healthy holobionts, due to the inconsistency of functional keystone taxa and prevalence of transient microbes.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Dysbiotic shifts due to colonization of scavenger groups and opportunistic microbes, and interconnectivity loss characterized thermally stressed sponges. In contrast, resistant specimens retained keystone symbionts that could have ensured functional cooperation, and maintenance of prokaryotic community cohesion under thermal stress. The existence of stress-resistant phenotypes in sponge holobionts offers a glimmer of hope for species persistence, and their study may identify potential source populations for ecosystem recovery.}, }
@article {pmid41331417, year = {2025}, author = {Fiege, K and Asbun, AA and Boeren, S and Engelmann, JC and Villanueva, L}, title = {Membrane changes during syntrophic interactions of an archaeal-bacterial coculture.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12866-025-04509-z}, pmid = {41331417}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {735929LPI//Moore-Simons Project on the Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell/ ; 735929LPI//Moore-Simons Project on the Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell/ ; 024.002.002//Soehngen Institute for Anaerobic Microbiology (SIAM)/ ; 024.002.002//Soehngen Institute for Anaerobic Microbiology (SIAM)/ ; }, abstract = {Syntrophic interactions between bacteria and archaea are vital for anaerobic processes, relying on close cell-to-cell contact for efficient metabolite and electron transfer. Membrane-associated proteins and lipids likely play key roles in stabilizing these contacts, though little is known about membrane changes during syntrophy. These interactions are also central to theories of eukaryogenesis, where a symbiosis between an archaeal host - likely an Asgard archaeon - and a bacterial partner may have arisen from prior syntrophic interactions. Model systems of syntrophic microbes provide valuable insights into how such intimate associations could have led to the emergence of eukaryotic life. Here, we used syntrophic cocultures of the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris and the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis to investigate membrane changes during a syntrophic interaction involving cell-to-cell contact. Evolved cocultures after several generations under syntrophic conditions were analyzed by proteomics and transcriptomics to identify differentially expressed proteins connected to cell-to-cell interactions, as well as by lipid analyses to determine changes in the cell membrane of both syntrophic partners. These data suggest a higher impact on the archaeon M. maripaludis, affecting transmembrane, signaling, and lipid biosynthesis proteins. To investigate the impact of evolutionary adaptation, both partners were re-isolated from a non-evolved ancestral coculture (coculture after mixing species), as well as from evolved (several generations) cocultures. While lipid profiles had changed in the coculture due to evolutionary adaptation, isolates were found to revert their lipid composition to the wildtype profile when growing independent again. This in-depth analysis of a model syntrophic coculture provides clues on how interdomain cell-to-cell interactions might have led to membrane changes during early eukaryogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid41330321, year = {2025}, author = {McMillan, CK}, title = {Climate change: Nitrogen fixing trees contribute to permafrost thaw.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {35}, number = {23}, pages = {R1149-R1151}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.10.057}, pmid = {41330321}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {*Permafrost ; *Climate Change ; *Nitrogen Fixation/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Arctic Regions ; Root Nodules, Plant/physiology/microbiology ; Tundra ; }, abstract = {Siberian alder (Alnus hirsuta) is expanding into Arctic tundra, and a new study shows it can heat permafrost through symbiotic nitrogen-fixing root nodules. This discovery introduces a biologically mediated feedback in which plant-microbe partnerships actively engineer soil thermal balance.}, }
@article {pmid41329233, year = {2025}, author = {Guarino, M and Di Ciaula, A and Portincasa, P and De Giorgio, R}, title = {Narrative review on microbiota and sepsis: the host's betrayal?.}, journal = {Internal and emergency medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41329233}, issn = {1970-9366}, abstract = {Sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota, long considered a "less relevant" to human body health, it plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Disruption of the host-microbe balance contributes to impaired barrier integrity, microbial translocation, and dysregulated immune responses. This perspective raises the possibility that dysbiosis is not merely a consequence of critical illness, rather an active driver of septic progression. This narrative review explores the relationship between sepsis and gut microbiome. PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched from inception to September 2025. Recent studies have highlighted the triangular interplay between the intestinal barrier, gut microbiota, and immune system. Altered microbial composition and increased permeability foster systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction. Biomarkers such as diamine oxidase and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein are emerging as promising indicators of gut injury. Experimental therapies (i.e., faecal microbiota transplantation, targeted probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and personalized antibiotic regimens guided by microbial profiling) provide potential to modulate host-microbe interactions. Integration of microbiome analysis with multi-omics and advanced bioinformatics may enable stratification of septic patients by microbial signatures, paving the way for precision medicine approaches. Modulation of gut microbiota represents a novel therapeutic frontier in sepsis. Conceptualizing sepsis as a disease of disrupted host-microbe symbiosis may unravel new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Future research should aim at prioritizing high-quality trials, innovative designs, and equitable implementation to target microbiota to improve survival and recovery in patients with sepsis.}, }
@article {pmid41328923, year = {2025}, author = {Cazalé, A-C and Navarro, M and Doin de Moura, GG and Hoarau, D and Bellvert, F and Valière, S and Baroukh, C and Remigi, P and Guidot, A and Capela, D}, title = {Disruption of putrescine export in experimentally evolved Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum enhances symbiosis with Mimosa pudica.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0122525}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.01225-25}, pmid = {41328923}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Polyamines are essential molecules across all domains of life, but their role as signaling molecules in host-microbe interactions is increasingly recognized. However, because they are produced by both the host and the microbe, their dual origin makes their functional dissection challenging. The plant pathogen Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum GMI1000 secretes large amounts of putrescine both in vitro and in the xylem sap of host plants. In this study, we investigated the genetic changes underlying its experimental evolution into a legume symbiont. We showed that the paeA gene (RSc2277), which was repeatedly mutated during this process, encodes a putrescine exporter. Mutations in paeA completely abolished putrescine excretion in vitro and enhanced bacterial proliferation within nodules during interaction with the legume Mimosa pudica. When these mutations occurred in symbionts already capable of intracellular infection, they further increased bacterial load in nodules and allowed the detection of nitrogenase activity. In addition, paeA-mutated symbionts modulated host gene expression toward a more functional symbiotic state by repressing defense-related genes and inducing nodule development genes. These nodule development genes include genes encoding leghemoglobins and an arginine decarboxylase, a key enzyme in plant putrescine biosynthesis. These results indicate that bacterial and plant putrescine have distinct functions in legume symbiosis and highlight the complex role of polyamines in plant-microbe interactions.IMPORTANCERhizobia, the nitrogen-fixing symbionts of legumes, emerged through repeated and independent horizontal transfers of some essential symbiotic genes. However, these transfers alone are often insufficient to convert the recipient bacterium into a functional legume symbiont. In a laboratory experiment, we evolved the plant pathogen Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum into a nodulating and intracellularly infecting symbiont of Mimosa pudica. This transition required genomic modifications in the recipient bacterium to activate its acquired symbiotic potential. Here, we demonstrated that one of these key adaptive modifications is the inactivation of bacterial putrescine export. This polyamine, when produced by the microsymbiont, appears to act as a negative signal for the plant. This study provides new insights into the distinct roles of bacterial- and plant-derived putrescine in plant-microbe interactions, highlighting their functional divergence despite being produced by both organisms.}, }
@article {pmid41327776, year = {2025}, author = {Sokolova, IM and Sokolov, EP and Piontkivska, H and Timm, S and Amorim, K and Zettler, ML}, title = {Unravelling Hypoxia Tolerance: Transcriptomic and Metabolic Insights From Lucinoma capensis in an Oxygen Minimum Zone.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70194}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70194}, pmid = {41327776}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {03V01279//Bundesministerium f&#xfc;r Bildung und Forschung/ ; GZ INST 264/125-1FUGG//Hochschul-Bau-F&#xf6;rderungsgesetz/ ; //Mare Balticum Fellowship, Universit&#xe4;t Rostock/ ; RPIV00812019//National Commission on Research, Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {The lucinid clam Lucinoma capensis thrives at the oxygen minimum zone margins in the Benguela Upwelling System, where oxygen levels fluctuate dramatically. Understanding its adaptation to such extreme conditions provides key insights into survival strategies under fluctuating oxygen availability. We investigated the transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of L. capensis under normoxia, hypoxia, and recovery, focusing on the gills and digestive gland. Our findings highlight distinct organ-specific responses, with the gills showing strong transcriptional changes to oxygen fluctuations, in contrast to the more stable profile observed in the digestive gland. Under hypoxic conditions, the gills exhibited coordinated downregulation of protein synthesis, transposable element activity, and immune function, suggesting a tightly regulated energy conservation strategy and mechanisms to preserve symbiont stability and genomic integrity. Activation of prokaryotic metabolism in the gills supports the symbionts' role in host energy acquisition and sulfide detoxification during hypoxia. In contrast, the digestive gland showed minimal transcriptional shifts during anoxia, with upregulation of pathways supporting structural maintenance. Upon reoxygenation, the gills displayed an active and asymmetric recovery, characterised by rapid restoration of protein synthesis and gradual normalisation of protein degradation and immune functions. Despite significant transcriptomic changes, the metabolome remained largely stable, reflecting L. capensis's resilience to oxygen fluctuations. However, an overshoot in TCA cycle intermediates and derepression of previously downregulated pathways indicate that reoxygenation involves active metabolic reprogramming, not merely a return to baseline. This study highlights the specialised tissue responses and symbiotic contributions that enable L. capensis to thrive in one of the ocean's most challenging environments.}, }
@article {pmid41326395, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, L and Sun, Y and Ren, J and Gao, H and Xiao, G}, title = {Construction of waste-to-resource knowledge graph for industrial symbiosis identification using large language models.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-66599-7}, pmid = {41326395}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {RG10/23//Ministry of Education - Singapore (MOE)/ ; }, abstract = {Circular Economy offers a promising approach to achieve sustainability goals by circulating resources and closing resource loops. Industrial Symbiosis adopts similar concept in industrial systems that reduces raw material consumption and waste production through collaborative waste-to-resource exchanges. While waste-to-resource databases provide valuable knowledge for IS opportunity identification, existing databases are mainly constructed manually and are restricted by their sizes and scalability. In this work, we propose an automated framework to construct a Waste-to-Resource Knowledge Graph (W2RKG) from pertinent research papers using Large Language Models, which enhances coverage, scalability, and standardisation of the resulting database. The framework comprises a Retrieving Module, an Extraction Module, and a Fusion Module, that collectively transform unstructured text into a well-organised knowledge graph. The final constructed database contains 3518 waste entities, 4471 resource entities and 33,679 waste-to-resource relationships. Extensive experiments and evaluation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method and the overall high quality of the constructed database. The study, thereby, contributes an automatic framework for waste-to-resource database construction and provides a readily accessible W2RKG to support Industrial Symbiosis practitioners in identification applications.}, }
@article {pmid41326106, year = {2026}, author = {Chantab, K and Rao, Z and Zheng, X and Ngamhui, N and Han, R and Cao, L}, title = {Ascaroside-mediated modulation of host microbiota and survival in galleria mellonella by symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematode.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {106744}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106744}, pmid = {41326106}, issn = {1095-9939}, mesh = {Animals ; Symbiosis ; *Moths/microbiology/drug effects ; Larva/microbiology/drug effects ; Photorhabdus/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; *Nematoda ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; Hemolymph/microbiology ; Bacteria ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Microbial symbionts and host pheromones are recognized as important mediators in the interactions between insect and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). However, the influence of EPN-derived ascarosides and associated symbiotic bacteria on the insect's microbial community remains poorly understood. In this study, Galleria mellonella larvae were injected with nematode ascarosides (ascr#9 and ascr#11) and/or symbiotic bacteria (Photorhabdus luminescens) to investigate changes in the bacterial communities of larval haemolymph and gut. The result showed that the haemolymph was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia, while the gut microbiota was enriched with Bacilli. Burkholderiaceae and Enterococcaceae were the predominant families in the haemolymph and gut, respectively. Significant differences in bacterial community composition were observed across treatments. Notably, co-injection of ascarosides and P. luminescens significantly reduced the bacterial abundance of Ralstonia (commensal bacteria) and Photorhabdus (invader bacteria). The co-injection with ascarosides and symbiotic bacteria significantly contributed to prolonged host survival and sustained physiological stability compared to being exposed to bacteria alone. Mechanistically, ascarosides selectively upregulated the quorum sensing gene luxD in P. luminescens, suggesting that nematode pheromones modulate bacterial communication and collective behavior to regulate population dynamics. These findings indicate that ascarosides function as key microbial modulators, suppressing harmful bacterial growth and fostering a balanced community that supports host viability.}, }
@article {pmid41326105, year = {2026}, author = {Li, S and Li, S and Yang, D and Wen, C and Wen, J}, title = {Wolbachia-mediated regulation of EscrGST1 modulates pesticide resistance in Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {216}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {106743}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106743}, pmid = {41326105}, issn = {1095-9939}, mesh = {Animals ; *Wolbachia/physiology/drug effects ; Neonicotinoids/pharmacology ; *Insecticides/pharmacology ; *Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; *Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Weevils/microbiology/drug effects/genetics ; Pyrethrins/pharmacology ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism/genetics ; Nitro Compounds/pharmacology ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism/genetics ; Symbiosis ; RNA Interference ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia, a maternally transmitted intracellular symbiont widely distributed in arthropods, regulates diverse host functions including detoxification. Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as a specialist borer pest of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, it exclusively damages the host tree through larval boring and adult supplemental feeding, constituting a major wood-boring insect in China's forestry ecosystems. This study investigated the role of Wolbachia in modulating the detoxification capacity of E. scrobiculatus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses demonstrated that 21-day tetracycline treatment (15 mg/mL) effectively eliminated Wolbachia (99.96 % reduction). Compared to symbiotic controls, Wolbachia-depleted weevils exhibited significantly reduced activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), while carboxylesterase (CES) activity increased. Subsequently, transcriptomic analysis further revealed that Wolbachia-depleted weevils exhibited diminished expression of the detoxification gene EscrGST1 and reduced tolerance to the insecticides imidacloprid and cypermethrin. RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of EscrGST1 induced a compensatory increase in Wolbachia abundance during gene suppression, demonstrating a bidirectional regulatory mechanism between symbiont dynamics and host detoxification pathways. These findings demonstrate that Wolbachia mediates pesticide resistance in E. scrobiculatus by modulating EscrGST1 activity, providing novel strategies for controlling E. scrobiculatus, and offering new perspectives for developing pest control approaches through targeted disruption of symbiotic relationships.}, }
@article {pmid41324084, year = {2025}, author = {Zheng, P and Ding, P and Gao, WZ and Chen, X and Shi, L}, title = {The Jarman-Bell principle revisited: Gut microbiota facilitate body size-dependent nutritional strategies in herbivores.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100508}, pmid = {41324084}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {Body size is a key determinant of nutritional strategies in herbivores, yet the role of gut microbiota in mediating these strategies remains insufficiently explored. To address this gap, we examined two sympatric ungulates of contrasting body sizes in an arid ecosystem-red deer (Cervus elaphus, large-bodied) and goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa, small-bodied)-to test three predictions derived from the Jarman-Bell principle (JBP). We applied dietary DNA metabarcoding, plant nutritional profiling, and 16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbiota to assess how body size shapes macronutrient intake, microbial composition, and functional adaptations. Both species exhibited similar macronutrient ratios dominated by carbohydrates (∼88-90 %), supporting the nutritional balancing hypothesis. However, they differed in nutrient targets and microbial profiles: red deer consumed more non-structural carbohydrates and fats, with enriched gut microbial taxa (Paludibacter, Turicibacter) linked to energy metabolism, reflecting an energy maximization strategy. In contrast, goitered gazelles ingested more crude protein and harbored microbial taxa (Prevotella) associated with protein digestion, alongside immune-supporting microbes (Butyricicoccus, Coprococcus, and Victivallis), consistent with a protein maximization strategy. Red deer also demonstrated a greater microbial capacity for fiber degradation (Fibrobacter, Ruminococcus albus) and detoxification of plant secondary metabolites (Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Prevotella, Variovorax). Functional pathway analysis revealed enrichment in lignocellulose and terpenoid metabolism, indicating an adaptation to low-quality forage. In contrast, goitered gazelles showed limited microbial associations with fiber or phytotoxin regulation, suggesting weaker microbial-mediated adaptation to low-quality diets. These results demonstrate that body size governs distinct nutritional strategies in sympatric herbivores, mediated through differential gut microbiota composition and function. Larger species, such as red deer, exhibit enhanced microbial capacity for fiber and toxin regulation, allowing them to utilize lower-quality forage more efficiently.}, }
@article {pmid41322278, year = {2025}, author = {Hao, T and Su, H and Quan, Z and Zhang, R and Yu, M and Xu, J and Li, J and Li, S and Warren, A and Al-Farraj, SA and Yi, Z}, title = {Distinct evolutionary origins and mixed-mode transmissions of methanogenic endosymbionts are revealed in anaerobic ciliated protists.}, journal = {Marine life science &amp; technology}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {700-716}, pmid = {41322278}, issn = {2662-1746}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Methanogenic endosymbionts are the only known intracellular archaeans and are especially common in anaerobic ciliated protists. Studies on the evolution of associations between anaerobic ciliates and their methanogenic endosymbionts offer an excellent opportunity to broaden our knowledge about symbiosis theory and adaptation of eukaryotes to anoxic environments. Here, the diversity of methanogenic endosymbionts was analyzed with the addition of nine anaerobic ciliate populations that were newly studied by various methods. Results showed that diverse anaerobic ciliates host methanogenic endosymbionts that are limited to a few genera in orders Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriales, and Methanosarcinales. For the first time, anaerobic ciliates of the classes Muranotrichea and Prostomatea were found to host methanogenic endosymbionts. Distinct origins of endosymbiosis were revealed for classes Armophorea and Plagiopylea. We posit that armophoreans and plagiopyleans might have harbored Methanoregula (order Methanomicrobiales) and Methanocorpusculum (order Methanomicrobiales), respectively, as methanogenic endosymbionts at the beginning of their evolution. Subsequently, independent endosymbiont replacement events occurred in methanogen-ciliate associations, probably due to ecological transitions, species radiation of ciliate hosts, and vertical transmission bottlenecks of endosymbionts. Our results shed light on the evolution of associations between anaerobic ciliates and methanogens, and identifies the necessary preconditions for illustrating mechanisms by which endosymbioses between these partners were established.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-025-00295-9.}, }
@article {pmid41322272, year = {2025}, author = {Kim, JM and Choi, BJ and Bayburt, H and Lee, JK and Jeon, CO}, title = {Identifying potential keystone bacterial species within the phycosphere of marine algae and unveiling their metabolic characteristics.}, journal = {Marine life science &amp; technology}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {989-1007}, pmid = {41322272}, issn = {2662-1746}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Metabolic interactions between microbiomes and algal hosts within the phycosphere of marine macroalgae are drawing increasing attention due to their roles in food webs, global nutrient cycles, industries, and their potential as food resources. However, these relations remain poorly understood. In this study, 43 marine macroalgae, including red, brown, and green algae, were collected from the coastal areas of Korea. We identified the bacterial communities within the loosely and tightly attached environments (LAEs and TAEs, respectively) of the phycosphere, along with those in the surrounding seawater, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. β-Diversity analysis revealed significant differences between the bacterial communities among the three, with minimal variation related to sampling location or algal color. Indicator value analysis identified Pseudoalteromonas (in the LAE and TAE), Psychromonas (in the LAE), Marinomonas (in the LAE), and Litorimonas (in the TAE) as the dominant taxa in the phycosphere, in contrast to seawater. Network analysis suggested positive correlations among taxa within the same environments and negative correlations between those in the LAE and TAE, highlighting their distinct ecological conditions. Analysis using the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways revealed functional variations between the phycosphere- and seawater-residing microbes. The microbial taxa-function relationships were assessed through Spearman's rank-order correlation. Additionally, bacterial species belonging to the core taxa were isolated and their genomes sequenced. Their metabolic traits were analyzed via bioinformatics, recognizing key metabolic features essential for symbiotic interactions with algal hosts and survival within the phycosphere. The findings of this study advance our understanding of the marine algal phycosphere microbiome by detailing the metabolic characteristics of potential keystone species.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-025-00325-6.}, }
@article {pmid41321819, year = {2025}, author = {Jiang, J and Zhou, S and Song, J and Xia, C and Yang, X and Yang, K and Li, F}, title = {Diet-microbiome coevolution: the core mechanism for semi-aquatic adaptation and cross-habitat niche coexistence of the web-footed shrew (Nectogale elegans).}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1711143}, pmid = {41321819}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The adaptation of mammals to semi-aquatic niches represents a pivotal ecological transition, in which the coevolution of dietary specialization and gut microbiome is regarded as playing a fundamental role. However, the general mechanisms that link these traits to survival across habitats remain insufficiently investigated, particularly in small mammals with high metabolic constraints. Using the web-footed shrew (Nectogale elegans), a rare small mammal with extreme semi-aquatic specialization, this study supplements the understanding of host-microbe symbiosis in the process of small mammals adapting to new ecosystem. To address how diet facilitates semi-aquatic adaptation, we integrated benthic community surveys and dietary DNA metabarcoding. Our results showed that the web-footed shrew primarily utilizes benthic macroinvertebrates (Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera), consistent with the composition of local benthic biomass, and supplemented by Cypriniformes fish. Comparative analysis of DNA metabarcoding with sympatric terrestrial rodents further revealed that semi-aquatic shrews achieve niche differentiation through two complementary mechanisms: habitat partitioning (aquatic vs. terrestrial) and trophic level differentiation (secondary consumers of invertebrates vs. consumers of plants). This discovery extends niche theory, demonstrating how habitat-specific resource utilization shapes trophic stratification. Compared to the terrestrial group, the gut microbiome of the semi-aquatic shrew exhibited significant differences in both microbiome composition and functional potential: dominance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, reduced abundances of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), as well as selective enrichment of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism. These results reflect the high-fat, high-protein niche of semi-aquatic shrews. Additionally, the seasonal stability of the microbiome of the semi-aquatic shrew mirrors the consistency of benthic resources, and maintaining metabolic homeostasis is key to long-term adaptation to fluctuating environments. Overall, this study demonstrates a framework for semi-aquatic adaptation in small mammals: dietary specialization drives niche differentiation, which in turn selects for gut microbiome adaptation, optimizing habitat-specific resource utilization. This research underscores the role of diet-microbiome coevolution in enabling semi-aquatic adaptation, offering novel insights into ecological niche differentiation and specialization mechanisms in small mammals.}, }
@article {pmid41320831, year = {2025}, author = {Abbot, B and Field, S and Carneal, L and White Iii, RA and Buchan, A and West, C and Lee, L and Carter, ME}, title = {Comparative genomics reveals multipartite genomes undergoing loss in the fungal endosymbiotic genus Mycetohabitans.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evaf231}, pmid = {41320831}, issn = {1759-6653}, abstract = {Endosymbiotic bacteria extensively impact phenotypes of their eukaryotic hosts, while experiencing dramatic changes to their own genome as they become more host-restricted in lifestyle. Understanding the trajectory of such a genome has largely been done through study of animal-associated bacteria, especially insect endosymbionts. Yet, endofungal bacteria provide another natural experimental model for investigating how microbial genomes change when living inside of a host cell. Mycetohabitans spp. are culturable bacterial endosymbionts of the Mucoromycota fungus Rhizopus microsporus. To investigate the genome dynamics resulting from the endohyphal nature of this emerging model genus, we long-read sequenced and assembled new complete genomes to combine with previous assemblies, creating a global dataset of 28 complete Mycetohabitans genomes. All genomes were between 3.3 and 3.9 Mbp in size and were multipartite, structured into two conserved replicons with some strains having an additional plasmid. Based on evolutionary rate and gene content analysis of the different replicons, we termed the two major ones a chromosome and chromid. The differential presence of a third, mobilome-rich plasmid in some strains and the proliferation of transposable elements provide putative mechanisms for recombination or gene loss. The conservation of intact prophage and putative toxin-antitoxin systems, and extensive enrichment of secondary metabolite clusters in the Mycetohabitans genomes highlight the dynamic nature of this reducing genome. With fungal-bacterial symbioses becoming increasingly apparent phenomena, lessons learned from this symbiosis will inform our understanding of bacterial adaptation to novel hosts, and the process of microbe-microbe coevolution.}, }
@article {pmid41320684, year = {2025}, author = {Moraes, MP and Paraginski, JA and Mayer, NA and Bianchi, VJ}, title = {Effect of Substrate Type and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Quality of Own-Rooted 'Koroneiki' Olive Nursery Trees.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, pages = {51}, pmid = {41320684}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Olea/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Mycorrhizae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Soil Microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Fertilizers/analysis ; Biomass ; Symbiosis ; Trees/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to improve nutrient uptake and growth of perennial crops, including olive trees. In nursery systems, substrate type and microbial associations can strongly influence the establishment and quality of own-rooted plants. Evaluate the effects of different growing media and Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation on the growth and early vigor of own-rooted nursery trees of Olea europaea 'Koroneiki'. A completely randomized design was used with six treatments consisting of different substrate compositions - commercial substrates (Carolina Soil[®], Turfa Fértil[®], and Beifort[®] S-10B) - combined with two fertilizer doses (1 and 3 g dm[- 3] of controlled-release fertilizer), either with or without R. intraradices inoculation. Growth parameters assessed included plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, root volume and length, shoot and root fresh and dry biomass, shoot/root ratio, and Dickson Quality Index. Mycorrhizal colonization parameters (frequency and intensity) were also evaluated. Nursery tree height, root development, and biomass accumulation were significantly influenced by substrate composition and AMF inoculation (p < 0.05). Turfa Fértil[®] and Beifort[®] S-10B promoted greater height growth, while Carolina Soil[®] enhanced root volume and length. AMF inoculation improved dry biomass accumulation, particularly in Turfa Fértil[®]. The highest Dickson Quality Index values were observed in Carolina Soil[®] and Beifort[®] S-10B treatments, indicating greater structural robustness. Mycorrhizal colonization intensity was highest in Carolina Soil[®], suggesting favorable conditions for AMF symbiosis. Carolina Soil[®], with or without R. intraradices inoculation, and Beifort[®] S-10B proved to be the most effective substrates for enhancing early vigor and structural quality in 'Koroneiki' olive nursery trees.}, }
@article {pmid41319642, year = {2025}, author = {Li, XH and Wang, XD and Song, H and Chen, S}, title = {Endophyte synergistic phytoremediation is a sustainable solution for the removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {396}, number = {}, pages = {128126}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128126}, pmid = {41319642}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {In recent decades, rapid economic growth has exacerbated environmental pollution, necessitating sustainable remediation strategies. Phytoremediation, an eco-friendly biotechnology leveraging plant microbe interactions, has emerged as a promising solution. Endophytes, the symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting plants, play a pivotal role in enhancing phytoremediation efficiency by promoting plant growth, improving stress tolerance, and facilitating pollutant degradation. This review systematically examines the mechanisms by which endophytes synergistically enhance phytoremediation, focusing on: (1) growth promotion and nutrient acquisition mediated by phytohormones; (2) restructuring of soil microbial communities to improve soil health; (3) boosting metal tolerance and bioaccumulation in plants; and (4) enzymatic degradation of organic contaminants. Furthermore, we critically evaluate recent advancements in endophyte synergistic phytoremediation, highlighting its potential for large-scale application in mitigating heavy metals and organic pollutants. Despite its promise, challenges such as scalability, environmental variability, and mechanistic uncertainties remain. In this review, we identify key research gaps and propose future directions to optimize the interactions between endophytes and plants for sustainable environmental remediation. By integrating theoretical insights with practical applications, this review provides a comprehensive foundation for advancing phytoremediation technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41319531, year = {2025}, author = {Rodríguez-Caballero, G and Torres, P and Díaz, G and Roldán, A and Caravaca, F}, title = {Lower specificity of mycorrhizal associations in the invader Nicotiana glauca could mediate adaptive advantages over the native plant species during the drought season.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1009}, number = {}, pages = {181053}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181053}, pmid = {41319531}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Mycorrhizal associations involving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can play a critical role in the success of plant invasion processes, particularly under environmental stress conditions such as drought. This study investigated the effects of plant invasiveness, seasonal soil moisture (wet vs. dry seasons), and characteristics of invaded sites on AMF communities associated with the roots of the invasive species Nicotiana glauca and co-occurring native plants in Mediterranean semiarid ecosystems. High-throughput MiSeq sequencing identified 546 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of AMF, with members of the family Glomeraceae predominating in all samples. Native plants exhibited significantly greater AMF richness (the Chao1 richness estimator ranged from 21.8 under wet conditions to 40.4 under dry conditions) and diversity (the Shannon-Weaver diversity index ranged from 2.4 under wet conditions to 2.9 under dry conditions), whereas the AMF communities associated with N. glauca were less diverse and characterized by generalist taxa independently soil moisture (the Shannon-Weaver diversity index ranged from 2.0 under wet conditions to 2.1 under dry conditions). The rhizosphere of invasive plants exhibited higher enzymatic activities-including dehydrogenase, urease, and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (approximately 70 %, 33 %, and 26 % higher, respectively, than those in the rhizosphere of native plants)-with enzyme values remaining more stable across seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the AMF community composition was influenced by soil biochemical parameters, particularly the alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity related to phosphorus cycling. Moreover, rhizospheric soils of N. glauca displayed greater structural stability, especially during the dry season. These findings indicate that N. glauca supports resilient and functionally efficient AMF associations under varying water availability, which may enhance its ecological success in drought-affected environments.}, }
@article {pmid41318663, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, S and Zhao, Z and Ji, Y and Zhu, H and Sun, Y and Li, M and Yu, Q}, title = {Synthetic bacterium-facilitated colonization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for remodeling the rhizosphere microbiome and improving plant yield.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s40168-025-02189-5}, pmid = {41318663}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {32170102//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024YFD1701100//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; U23A20158//Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; NCC2022-PY-09//Foundation of Nankai University-Cangzhou Bohai New Area Green Chemical Research Institute/ ; 63253191//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFBs) play a critical role in biological nitrogen fixation for supplying essential nitrogen nutrients to plants in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Especially, these bacteria and Leguminosae plants form symbiosis to improve plant growth and soil fertility. Theoretically, the inoculation of NFBs into soils increases biological nitrogen fixation, but the efficiency of NFBs is frequently compromised by the low capacity of NFB root colonization. In this study, we introduced the synthetic bacterium EcCMC, which was genetically engineered to express the surface-displayed artificial polysaccharide (PS)-recognizing protein Cmc, to test if it can improve NFBs root colonization in representative Leguminosae plants, including Astragalus sinicus and Medicago sativa. Rhizosphere microbiomes, biochemical indicators, and plant yields were evaluated after 28 days in the three treatments, i.e., the control group without addition of any exogenous bacterium, the NFBs plus EcM (bacteria only expressing mCherry rather than Cmc) group, and the NFBs plus EcCMC group (n = 3).<br><br>RESULTS: Owing to its polysaccharide-binding capacity, EcCMC strongly bound to the surface of A. sinicus roots. This binding was followed by the increased recruitment of the exogenous NFBs, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Sphingomonas endophytica, on the roots. As revealed by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, a combined inoculation of EcCMC and the NFBs increased the relative abundance of both Rhizobiales and Sphingomonadales, two important bacterial groups involved in nitrogen fixation. Consistently, metabolomic analysis showed that the metabolites involved in nitrogen fixation remarkably accumulated in the rhizosphere soils inoculated with NFBs plus EcCMC. Moreover, inoculation of NFBs plus EcCMC increased the activity of nitrogenase from 10.8&#x2009;~&#x2009;11.3 to 16.2&#xa0;nmol/min/g (significant difference, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05, t-test), together with the total soil nitrogen levels from 217&#x2009;~&#x2009;258 to 414&#xa0;mg/kg (significant difference, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), and the soil organic matter levels from 19.5&#x2009;~&#x2009;20.8 to 23.6&#xa0;mg/kg (significant difference, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Consequently, the yield of A. sinicus was remarkably improved by the inoculation of NFBs plus EcCMC. Similar results were observed in the experiments using Medicago sativa.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds a novel light on a synthetic biology-assisted regulation of rhizosphere microbiomes for enhanced nitrogen fixation and soil fertility in Leguminous plants. The designed polysaccharide-binding protein may be used as a universal tool to promote plant growth and enhance crop resilience in the future. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid41315966, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, R and Li, K and Wang, D and Meng, W and Wei, X}, title = {Dual gradient dynamics: morpho-anatomical and symbiotic fungal communities in Fraxinus Mandshurica fine roots across root order and habitats.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-025-07675-4}, pmid = {41315966}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {145309629//Basic Research Business Fee Project for Provincial Undergrad-uate Universities in Heilongjiang Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The cooperation between fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi is of great significance in terms of adapting to harsh environments and acquiring resources. Nevertheless, how this cooperative relationship responds in different environments remains unclear. To understand the mechanisms of the interaction between root order structure and morphology and endophytic fungi in different habitats, we investigated the anatomical and chemical traits of first five order roots, as well as the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and the community structure of root-inhabiting fungi of Fraxinus mandshurica in the semi-arid and humid habitats of Northeast China.<br><br>RESULTS: In contrast to humid habitats, the fine roots of F. mandshurica in semi-arid habitats exhibited more conservative resource-acquisition traits, characterized by greater root diameter and tissue density alongside reduced specific root length, specific root surface area and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Concurrently, anatomical traits showed adaptations for symbiotic fungi association: cortical cell thickness, cell size and the ratio of cortical thickness to half of the stele diameter were higher in absorptive roots. The diversity of symbiotic fungi, represented by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization were significantly higher than those in humid habitats, enhancing resource acquisition. It is worth noting that in semi-arid habitats, not only do the absorptive roots of F. mandshurica habour a higher proportion of AMF, but AMF hyphae and vesicles were also observed in the transport roots. Moreover, AMF extending from absorptive roots to transport roots was detected, representing a novel resource-acquisition strategy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The semi-arid habitat promotes the development of conservative resource-acquisition traits in the fine roots of F. mandshurica and expands the spatial extent of root nutrient exchange. It also enhances the ability of fine roots to recruit symbiotic fungi and facilitates the extension of mycorrhizal fungal hyphae from absorptive roots to transport roots, thereby strengthening the response of roots and mycorrhizal fungi to adverse conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41314145, year = {2025}, author = {Li, X and Lin, X and Dong, Z and Zhou, R and Niu, Q}, title = {Biomass ratio regulates methane conversion and carbon fixation in a methanotrophs-microalgae symbiotic system: Efficiency optimization and mechanisms driven by co-metabolism.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {290}, number = {}, pages = {125016}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125016}, pmid = {41314145}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {The methanotrophs-microalgae symbiotic system for greenhouse gas treatment is a novel biological carbon fixation technology. However, practical applications are limited by low conversion efficiency, which arises from metabolic heterogeneity in growth rates and carbon-nitrogen resource utilization within the system. To improve metabolic stability of such symbiotic systems, this study systematically assessed CH4 metabolic fluxes by regulating the methanotrophs-microalgae biomass ratio, and further revealed synergistic mechanisms that enhance system stability. Experimental results indicated that at a methanotrophs to microalgae ratio of 1:5, the CH4 consumption rate peaked at 1.1 L CH4/d/g biomass. The extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory and the laser confocal revealed that the co-aggregation force of methanotrophs and microalgae was significantly enhanced at the optimal ratio. This enhancement was crucial for regulating the spatial mutualistic growth and metabolic interactions within the methanotrophs-microalgae symbiotic community. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) exerts a significant negative effect on methane consumption (-0.68***). Metagenomics results indicated that at the optimal methanotrophs-microalgae ratio, the relative abundance of genes associated with the methane oxidation center metabolic pathway increased by 1.38 times. This significantly enriched Type I methanotrophs (1.89 times) and Type II methanotrophs (1.51 times), while the relative abundance of genes involved in the PHB production pathway decreased by 16 %. This change accelerated the conversion and assimilation of methane carbon, ultimately improving the carbon fixation efficiency by 16 %. This study provided theoretical foundations and technical support for advancing the engineering application of methanotrophs and microalgae symbionts to achieve efficient, stable methane conversion and simultaneous carbon sequestration.}, }
@article {pmid41313925, year = {2025}, author = {Mechri, B and Guesmi, A and Tekaya, M and Chehab, H and Ben Hamadi, N}, title = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis drives a carbon-dependent metabolic reprogramming in olive tree rhizosphere and leaves.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {316}, number = {}, pages = {154661}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154661}, pmid = {41313925}, issn = {1618-1328}, abstract = {We investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis on the triacylglycerol fatty acids (TAGFA) profile in the rhizosphere of olive trees colonized by Rhizophagus (R.) irregularis. The TAGFA 16:1ω5 was used as a marker of AM fungal storage structures, whereas TAGFA 18:2ω6 was used as a marker of saprotrophic fungal storage structures. Our results showed that the rhizospheres of AM and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants differed significantly in their TAGFA composition, a finding reported here for the first time. In particular, root colonization by R. irregularis increased TAGFA 16:1ω5 by 76 % and decreased TAGFA 18:2ω6 by 45 %, suggesting that less carbon was allocated to saprotrophic fungal storage structures. This redistribution of carbon in AM plant rhizospheres strongly influenced the content of cyclopropyl fatty acids in microbial cytomembranes, which are widely used as classical indicators of nutritional stress in soil microorganisms. The cyclopropyl-to-precursor ratio decreased significantly in AM rhizospheres, indicating that AM symbiosis effectively alleviates microbial stress in olive rhizospheres. These marked changes in the AM rhizosphere were associated with metabolic rearrangements in olive leaves. AM symbiosis generally had a positive impact on amino acid levels, particularly those of the glutamate family (glutamic acid, arginine, ornithine, and glutamine). Metabolic reprogramming also enhanced other pathways of secondary metabolism, notably flavonoids (luteolin 7-O-glucoside and luteolin 7-O-rutinoside) and the secoiridoid oleuropein. Taken together, our results highlight the pivotal role of AM fungi in regulating the allocation of photosynthates from aboveground tissues to belowground structures, including roots and their associated mycorrhizal partners, thereby driving rhizospheric changes and priming the accumulation of defensive compounds in olive leaves. This may (1) decrease leaf water potential, making it more negative and thereby facilitating water movement from the stem to the leaves, and (2) enhance tolerance to environmental stresses.}, }
@article {pmid41312132, year = {2025}, author = {S, CB and Mahto, RK and Singh, RK and V, R and Singh, KK and Kushwah, S and Lavanya, GR and Kudapa, H and Kumar Valluri, V and Vemula, AK and Yadav, RR and Yadav, LB and Upadhyaya, HD and Hamwieh, A and Kumar, R}, title = {Genome-wide association studies identified novel SNPs associated with efficient biological nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1652315}, pmid = {41312132}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second most important food legume crop, capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) in symbiotic association with Mesorhizobium cicero through a process called biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). BNF shows promise in effectively diminishing reliance on exogenous nitrogen applications, enhancing soil sustainability and productivity in pulse crops. Notably, there are limited studies on the molecular basis of root nodulation in chickpea. In order to identify new sources of highly nodulating genotypes and gain deep insights into genomic regions governing BNF, a diverse chickpea global germplasm collection (284) was evaluated for nodulation and yield traits in four different environments in an augmented randomized block design. The genotypes exhibited significant trait variation, encompassing all traits under study. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of nodulation traits on yield within the chickpea population. The genotypes ICC 7390, ICC 15, ICC 8348, and ICC 2474 were identified as high nodulating across the locations. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified noteworthy and stable marker-trait associations (MTAs) linked to the traits of interest. For the traits number of nodules (NON) and nodule fresh weight (NFW), 65 and 109 significant MTAs were identified, respectively. In addition, two SNPs, Ca1pos289.52482.1 and 6_33340878, identified in our earlier studies were validated by independent population studies, which are crucial in evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the projections. Subsequent analysis revealed that a substantial proportion of these MTAs were situated within intergenic regions, with the potential to modulate genes associated with the focal traits. The candidate genes identified could be converted to Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers and exploited in marker-assisted breeding, accentuating their impact on future chickpea breeding efforts.}, }
@article {pmid41312105, year = {2025}, author = {Ye, K and Zheng, J and Dong, Z and Wang, S and Huang, S}, title = {Harnessing omics to decode the mechanisms of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.}, journal = {aBIOTECH}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {602-617}, pmid = {41312105}, issn = {2662-1738}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is predominantly observed in legumes, which form specialized structures termed nodules on their roots that contain symbiotic rhizobia. This mutualistic association provides reciprocal benefits: rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms, supplying essential nitrogen to their host plants, while obtaining reduced carbon in return. The increasing reliance on nitrogen fertilizers to satisfy escalating demands for food has prompted various approaches aimed at unravelling the mechanisms underlying symbiotic nodulation, seeking to transfer this capacity to non-nodulating crops. Transcriptome-based analyses have revealed that nodulation is a complex developmental program involving many genes. To comprehensively investigate this phenomenon, multiple omics technologies have been deployed and integrated, yielding exciting breakthroughs. In this review, we outline how omics have accelerated research in this area and discuss how advancements in technologies, such as artificial intelligence, could further deepen our understanding of nodulation.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-025-00208-5.}, }
@article {pmid41312095, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Q and Dong, Q and Chen, ZC}, title = {Nutrient storage and release in uninfected cells of soybean nodules support symbiotic nitrogen fixation in infected cells.}, journal = {aBIOTECH}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {790-802}, pmid = {41312095}, issn = {2662-1738}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) between legumes and rhizobia contributes to sustainable agriculture. In root nodules, infected cells (ICs) are the primary sites of rhizobial colonization and nitrogen fixation. However, the function of the neighboring uninfected cells (UCs) has received little attention and is poorly understood. In this study, we employed a symplastic tracing approach to elucidate the role of UCs in nutrient storage and transport within root nodules. We uncovered an extensive network of plasmodesmata connecting ICs and UCs, while direct IC-IC connections were absent. By artificially inducing callose deposition at plasmodesmata, we demonstrate that plasmodesmata permeability between ICs and UCs regulates nutrient import into ICs, thereby influencing nutrient homeostasis and the SNF ability of nodules. Furthermore, high nitrogen levels triggered callose deposition at plasmodesmata, restricting nutrient transport, which may represent one mechanism by which excessive nitrogen inhibits SNF. These findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of SNF and underscore the crucial role of UCs in optimizing nitrogen fixation efficiency.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-025-00247-y.}, }
@article {pmid41312060, year = {2025}, author = {Kim, IH and Wang, J and Ivanenko, VN}, title = {A new Hemicyclops (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Clausidiidae) associated with the scleractinian coral Galaxea from the South China Sea.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1260}, number = {}, pages = {93-109}, pmid = {41312060}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {The genus Hemicyclops Boeck, 1873 is known for its association with various marine invertebrates, including cnidarians, crustaceans, polychaetes, and sponges, with some species also occurring in planktonic communities. Here, we report the first association of Hemicyclops with the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Scleractinia, Euphylliidae). Hemicyclops cyanus sp. nov. is described based on a female specimen collected from this coral host in the lagoon (depth 10 m) of Dongsha Atoll, Pratas Islands, South China Sea. The new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by its characteristic genital double-somite, which bears prominent anterolateral expansions, and by the flexed, elongated exopodal segment of leg 5, which is more than three times longer than wide. In H. cyanus sp. nov., the paired spermatophores attached to the female are fused into a butterfly-shaped, highly modified complex with large lateral wings and a central tube into which the female urosome is inserted. To aid in species identification, we present the first comparative plate with schematic illustrations of the genital double-somites for the group of 25 species, including the type species.}, }
@article {pmid41310464, year = {2025}, author = {Batool, A and Wang, C and Xia, Y and Xiao, L and Ahmad, J and Liu, L and Ge, L and Chen, C}, title = {Transcriptional profiles of endophyte Serendipita indica associated with plant growth improvement in watermelon.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-025-07659-4}, pmid = {41310464}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {CARS-25-17//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; CARS-25-17//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; CARS-25-17//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; CARS-25-17//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; CARS-25-17//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; CARS-25-17//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; CARS-25-17//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; CARS-25-17//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Endophytes play an important role in improving the nutrient regime and growth status of host plants via symbiosis. Considering the importance of endophytes for maintaining good plant growth and development, we executed current study and investigated the effect of S. indica on watermelon plant growth, nutrient uptake efficiency and spatiotemporal variations in root-specific characteristics. Briefly, the surface sterilized seeds of three watermelon accessions were sowed on peat, perlite, and vermiculite media (3:2:1) in dark at 25 °C, the photosynthetic photon flux density 880 µmol/m[2]/s, 28[◦]C/21[◦]C day/night temperature and 68% relative humidity was maintained. The plants were inoculated with the endophyte S. indica at one-to two-leaf stage except the control plants. Serendipita indica was cultivated on Potato Dextrose Agar at 28 °C, and mass multiplied in 200 ml Potato Dextrose Broth after inoculating mycelial discs from freshly grown PDA and incubated at 28 °C with constant shaking at 150-200 rpm. After filtration, the viable fungal homogenate was used as inoculant, two weeks later the root fungal structures were observed. The morphological/physiological and molecular perspectives were determined as described in material method section.<br><br>RESULTS: The ZJU-accession (ZJU-197) with maximum colonization capacity has better plant growth (60.54%) and photosynthetic assimilation rate with maximum chlorophyll contents and more nutrients acquisition (N, P), thus making this symbiotic association helpful for watermelon plant physiological and morphological attributes. The endophyte S. indica upregulated Phosphomethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase domain proteins which are essential for the synthesis of secondary metabolites and participate in plant growth and nutrient uptake. Additionally, the colonized watermelon plants showed overexpression of dual affinity NRT1/PTR 7.3/6.3, similar to nitrate reductase and other metabolizing enzymes, thus making absorbed nutrients efficiently assimilated in the leaves to increase photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in biomass accumulation. Overexpression of genes facilitating nutrient uptake confirmed the influence of endophytes on nutrient acquisition in treated watermelon plants compared to that in untreated plants. The shared gene module enabled us to identify various auxin and secondary metabolite-regulated interlinked genes that contributed to watermelon plant growth induced by the S. indica inoculation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Improved watermelon plant growth and nutrients availability have been elucidated from different physiological and molecular perspectives, and the phenotypic and genotypic variations in various plant traits are the definitive explanations for our hypothesis. These results emphasize the synergistic effects of S. indica on the nutritional status and growth characteristics of watermelon plants through the upregulation of certain secondary metabolites and other plant processes.}, }
@article {pmid41309565, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, YX and Li, WH and Zhang, MY and Zhao, S and Lv, ZJ and Lin, HT and Liao, LS and Wang, XD}, title = {Organic parallel grouping crystals without grain boundary.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {10647}, pmid = {41309565}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {52173177//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 524B2169//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Organic crystal-based micro/nanostructures with morphology-driven photons/electrons transport characteristics demonstrate exceptional potential for the development of optoelectronic functional materials. However, the construction of continuities and lossless interfaces within multicomponent structures remains a significant challenge, primarily due to inherent material differences and current technology limits. Herein, organic parallel grouping crystals (OPGCs), which devoid of grain boundaries between crystals via a solution viscosity-induced binuclear co-growth strategy, are designed to enhance photon transmission efficiency. Notably, the symbiotic phenomenon among components within OPGCs is precisely regulated by manipulating the solvent viscosity to exceed 0.5 mPa·s through adjustments in factors such as the cooling rate, solvent type, concentration. Compared with the low photon transmission efficiency (2.1%) caused by the discontinuous splicing interface, the elimination of grain boundaries significantly enhances the interlayer photon transmission efficiency of OPGCs, resulting in an overlap degree-dependent adjustable transmission efficiency ranging from 21.3% to 54.9%. This symbiotic strategy demonstrates universality to small molecules, coordination compounds, and cocrystals, enabling the construction of parallel grouping structures comprising single- or multi-component crystals.}, }
@article {pmid41308222, year = {2025}, author = {Dorawa, P and Kolniak-Ostek, J}, title = {Green and roasted coffee as novel substrates for kombucha fermentation: Modulation of bioactivity and phenolic profile.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {498}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {147162}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.147162}, pmid = {41308222}, issn = {1873-7072}, abstract = {Fermentation of coffee beverages with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) is an emerging alternative to traditional tea-based kombucha. This study examined the effects of SCOBY fermentation on the chemical composition and bioactivity of infusions prepared from green and roasted beans of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. Fermentation for 14 days markedly altered the phenolic profile and enhanced the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase activities. Green C. canephora showed the highest antidiabetic and neuroprotective potential, while roasted coffees exhibited stronger antioxidant effects. Multivariate analyses (PCA and Pearson correlation) revealed close associations between phenolic transformation, sugar metabolism and biological functions. The results demonstrate that coffee, particularly in its green form, is a promising substrate for SCOBY fermentation and may serve as a basis for developing novel functional beverages with targeted health-promoting properties.}, }
@article {pmid41307238, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, Y and Liu, Y and Li, J and Yu, H and Yang, J and Li, Q and Lyu, L and Zhang, S}, title = {Adaptive Feeding Strategies Facilitate Resilience of Deep-Sea Cold Seep Molluscs Confronting Climate Change.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70190}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70190}, pmid = {41307238}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {42494884//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42306171//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; SCSIO202202//Development fund of South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; GML20190609//PI project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)/ ; 2025A1515010932//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2023B1212060047//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China/ ; }, abstract = {Molluscs living in dynamic deep-sea cold seep environments have evolved distinct feeding strategies for survival. Here, we present the chromosome-level genomes of two sympatric mollusc species with distinct feeding strategies, a symbiosis-dependent mussel Gigantidas haimaensis and a predatory snail Phymorhynchus buccinoides. Comparative genomic analysis revealed gene family expansions related to the bacterial component degradation (e.g., b4GalTs) in G. haimaensis, suggesting an adaptation to symbiotic life. Conversely, P. buccinoides exhibited gene family expansions associated with appetite regulation (e.g., ox2r) and the digestive system (e.g., sult1 and chst), indicating genetic modifications for deep-sea predation. Furthermore, we conducted an in situ experiment mimicking a scenario in which ocean warming and sea-level rise resulted in a mass methane leakage in deep-sea cold seeps. Interestingly, G. haimaensis increased its metabolic rate and exhibited transcriptional responses. However, P. buccinoides suppressed energy production and responses at translational and posttranslational levels, which is compatible with their distinct feeding strategies. Collectively, our results provide insights on the evolutionary basis and resilience mechanisms related to energy management, which may facilitate methane tolerance of molluscs in the deep-sea cold seeps threatened by climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41307056, year = {2025}, author = {Allen-Waller, L and Glass, BH and Jones, KG and Dworetzky, AG and Barott, KL}, title = {The temperate coral Astrangia poculata maintains acid-base homeostasis through heat stress.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {251528}, pmid = {41307056}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Heat stress can disrupt acid-base homeostasis in reef-building corals and other tropical cnidarians, often leading to cellular acidosis that can undermine organismal function. Temperate cnidarians experience a high degree of seasonal temperature variability, leading us to hypothesize that temperate taxa have more thermally robust pH homeostasis than their tropical relatives. To test this, we investigated how elevated temperature affects intracellular pH and calcification in the temperate coral Astrangia poculata. Clonal pairs were exposed to elevated (30°C) or control (22°C) temperatures for 17 days. Despite causing damage to host tissues and symbiont cells, elevated temperature did not affect intracellular pH or inhibit calcification in A. poculata. These responses contrast with those of tropical cnidarians, which experience cellular acidification and decreased growth during heat stress. Astrangia poculata therefore appears to have thermally resilient cellular acid-base homeostasis mechanisms, possibly because of adaptation to large seasonal temperature variations. However, we also observed tissue damage and lower egg densities in heat-treated individuals, suggesting that increasingly severe marine heatwaves can still threaten temperate coral fitness. These results provide insight into corals' nuanced adaptive capacity across latitudes and biological scales.}, }
@article {pmid41306926, year = {2025}, author = {Melis, S and Gammuto, L and Castelli, M and Nardi, T and Bisaglia, B and Duron, O and Cafiso, A and Botman, J and Lambert, O and Olivieri, E and Sprong, H and Plantard, O and Sassera, D}, title = {Genetic and genomic variability of Spiroplasma and Midichloria endosymbionts associated with the tick Ixodes frontalis.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {ycaf202}, pmid = {41306926}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Ixodes frontalis, an ornithophilic tick species, is widely distributed all over Europe exhibiting two genetically diverging haplogroups based on differences in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial gene. Despite its broad distribution, little is known about the presence of symbiotic bacteria in I. frontalis, while symbionts are generally widespread in ixodid ticks and responsible for important effects on host fitness. We collected I. frontalis from France and Italy (n = 277) and assessed that the most prevalent haplogroup was A (73%). We then investigated the presence of the symbionts, Midichloria mitochondrii and Spiroplasma ixodetis. They were both found at a high prevalence in adult ticks (66% and 77% respectively), while the number of positive immature ticks was significantly lower (18% for both). The experimental analysis of larvae hatched from egg clutches obtained from four females hints at vertical transmission of both symbionts. We obtained three genomes of Spiroplasma and one of Midichloria, and used them to perform comparative genomic analysis. Average nucleotide identity among available Spiroplasma or Midichloria genomes from I. frontalis are all extremely high, suggesting low genetic variability for both symbionts. Gene presence/absence analysis confirmed the presence of B vitamin synthesis genes in the genome of M. mitochondrii, and also showed the presence of the ETX/MTX2 gene, the RIP family and a partial Spaid-like gene in S. ixodetis. This gene repertoire indicates a nutritional role for Midichloria, while for S. ixodetis we hypothesize a role of this bacterium as a defensive symbiont or a manipulator of the host reproduction.}, }
@article {pmid41305496, year = {2025}, author = {Morgese, EA and Ferrell, BD and Toth, SC and Polson, SW and Wommack, KE and Fuhrmann, JJ}, title = {Comparative Analysis Reveals Host Species-Dependent Diversity Among 16 Virulent Bacteriophages Isolated Against Soybean Bradyrhizobium spp.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {17}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v17111474}, pmid = {41305496}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {1736030//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; P20 GM103446/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 1S10OD028725-01A1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*Bradyrhizobium/virology ; *Glycine max/microbiology ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification/physiology/pathogenicity ; Host Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Phylogeny ; Genome, Viral ; }, abstract = {Phages play a role in shaping ecosystems by controlling host abundance via cell lysis, driving host evolution via horizontal gene transfer, and promoting nutrient cycling. The genus Bradyrhizobium includes bacteria able to symbiotically nodulate the roots of soybean (Glycine max), providing the plant with a direct source of biologically fixed nitrogen. Optimizing this symbiosis can minimize the use of nitrogen fertilizers and make soybean production more sustainable. Phages targeting Bradyrhizobium may modify their hosts' genotype, alter phenotypic traits such as symbiotic effectiveness, and mediate competition among strains for nodulation sites. Sixteen phages were isolated against B. diazoefficiens strain USDA110 and B. elkanii strains USDA94 and USDA31. Comparative analyses revealed host species-dependent diversity in morphology, host range, and genome composition, leading to the identification of three previously undescribed phage species. Remarkably, all B. elkanii phages shared a siphophage morphology and formed a single species with >97% nucleotide identity, even when isolated from farms separated by up to ~70 km, suggesting genomic stability across geographic scales. In contrast, phages isolated against B. diazoefficiens had a podophage-like morphology, exhibited greater genetic diversity, and divided into two distinct species. Although no phages were recovered against the B. japonicum strains or native Delaware Bradyrhizobium isolates tested, some Delaware Bradyrhizobium isolates showed susceptibility in a host range assay. The phage genomes demonstrated features predicting phenotypes. The phage terminase genes predicted headful packaging which promotes generalized transduction. The B. elkanii phages all carried tmRNA genes capable of rescuing stalled ribosomes, and all but one of the phages isolated against the two host species carried DNA polymerase A indicating greater phage control of genome replication. State-of-the-art structural annotation of a hypothetical gene shared by the B. diazoefficiens phages, having a mean amino acid identity of ~25% and similarity of ~35%, predicted a putative tail fiber function. Together this work expands the limited knowledge available on soybean Bradyrhizobium phage ecology and genomics.}, }
@article {pmid41305123, year = {2025}, author = {Teng, S and Lin, X and Wang, Y}, title = {Robust Beamforming Design for Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in Multi-STAR-RIS-Aided C-HRSMA.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/s25226917}, pmid = {41305123}, issn = {1424-8220}, abstract = {This paper investigates a simultaneous transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-assisted cognitive hierarchical rate-splitting multiple access (C-HRSMA) system to enhance the system performance under imperfect channel state information (ICSI). By exploiting the natural user grouping afforded by the STAR-RIS and its distinct channel manipulation capabilities for the transmission and reflection users, we effectively mitigate inter-group common stream interference within C-HRSMA, consequently facilitating the achievement of higher spectral efficiency. Subsequently, the design is formulated as a non-convex optimization problem that incorporates the phase-shift matrix of STAR-RIS, the beamforming vector of the base station, and the common rate allocation vector. To address this non-convex problem, an alternating optimization (AO) technique is employed to decouple the primary problem and solve the subproblems using S-procedure and successive convex approximation (SCA). The simulation results validate that the proposed algorithm exhibits superior SE and EE performance against benchmark algorithms.}, }
@article {pmid41304966, year = {2025}, author = {Hontana-Moreno, N and Morales, D}, title = {Biological Activities of Novel Kombuchas Based on Alternative Ingredients to Replace Tea Leaves.}, journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {18}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ph18111722}, pmid = {41304966}, issn = {1424-8247}, abstract = {Background/Objectives: Traditional kombucha is produced by fermenting a sweetened infusion of Camellia sinensis leaves with a symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY). The growing interest in this beverage has driven the exploration of alternative substrates, including a wide range of plant-based raw materials, such as leaves, fruits, flowers, and seeds. Consequently, numerous products are being investigated for their differential properties, not only organoleptic but also nutritional and bioactive. This review aims to summarize recent advances in alternative kombucha research, focusing on the substrates used, their physicochemical and biochemical characteristics, and the biological activities studied. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to select articles related to alternative kombuchas. A critical analysis of their current state was carried out through the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) methodology. Results: The SWOT analysis led to the identification of strengths, including promising in vitro results and growing consumer interest; weaknesses, including a lack of animal studies, clinical trials, and approved health claims, and an excessive focus on antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds; opportunities, including substrate diversity, innovation, and consumer education; and threats, including elaboration risks, misinformation, competitors, and potential consumer rejection. Conclusions: Despite the promising results achieved to date, it is essential that the scientific community and the food industry continue efforts to generate robust evidence, particularly through clinical validation, in order to draw reliable conclusions regarding the benefits of alternative kombuchas for human health.}, }
@article {pmid41304609, year = {2025}, author = {Bojórquez-Armenta, YJ and Sarmiento-López, LG and Pozo, MJ and Castro-Martínez, C and Lopez-Meyer, M}, title = {Characterization of Endoglucanase (GH9) Gene Family in Tomato and Its Expression in Response to Rhizophagus irregularis and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14223458}, pmid = {41304609}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {A1-S-31400//Secretar&#xed;a de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; 20230746//Instituto Polit&#xe9;cnico Nacional/ ; }, abstract = {In this study, we report bioinformatics analysis of the endoglucanase GH9 gene family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using the SL5.0 genome, confirming the presence of 19 members that clustered into classes A, B, and C. To explore their potential role in plant-microbe interactions, we determined the transcriptional regulation of 10 SlGH9 gene members in tomato leaves and roots during interactions with the mutualistic root mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the foliar pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The upregulation of several SlGH9 genes in the leaves of mycorrhizal plants suggests that they are involved in cellulose remodeling and biosynthesis rather than its degradation. This would be consistent with the observed increase in foliar area. On the other hand, downregulation of some SlGH9 genes in leaves of pathogen-infected mycorrhizal plants suggests that these genes may play a role in the enhanced resistance observed by reducing cellulose degradation, thereby maintaining cell wall integrity. The potential involvement of endoglucanase genes in expansive growth (foliar area) and in defense in mycorrhizal and pathogen-infected plants may reflect a growth-defense trade-off.}, }
@article {pmid41304310, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, L and Zhang, J and Qiao, S and Xu, J and Li, J and Zhang, W and Yi, Q and Wu, Y and Wang, T and Bian, P}, title = {The Effects of Feeding ybfQ-Deficient Gut Bacteria on Radio-Tolerance in Symbiotic Caenorhabditis elegans: The Key Role of Isoscoparin.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112626}, pmid = {41304310}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {12135016//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 12475335//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 12075275//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; GXXT-2022-001//the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province/ ; 2022AH050727//the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee/ ; }, abstract = {It is inevitable for life on earth to be exposed to various types of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, underscoring the importance of radioprotection. The symbiotic interaction between gut microbiota and the host provides a strategy for protecting the organism against these stressors. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying this interaction remain poorly understood due to the complexity and diversity of gut microbiota. In this study, we employed a symbiotic experimental system involving Caenorhabditis elegans and Escherichia coli to systemically investigate the effects of bacterial genetic alterations on host responses to radiation exposure. Our findings revealed that deletion of the bacterial ybfQ gene (ΔybfQ) significantly enhanced worm tolerance to UV-B radiation. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated an enhanced antioxidant capacity in ΔybfQ-fed worms, as evidenced by reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restored oxidative homeostasis. Notably, ΔybfQ bacteria exhibited overproduction of isoscoparin, and exogenous supplementation with isoscoparin similarly enhanced worm radio-tolerance, underscoring its crucial role in ΔybfQ-mediated antioxidant of host worm. Both interventions retained their protective effects in IIS-deficient worms (daf-16). However, the protective effects of ΔybfQ feeding, but not isoscoparin treatment, were attenuated in daf-2 worms with a constitutively activated IIS pathway, accompanied by reduced bacteria gut colonization. Collectively, our results provide novel insights into the genetic basis of host-microbe interactions and propose a potential pharmacological strategy for radiation protection.}, }
@article {pmid41304279, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, M and Li, Q and Han, Y and Wang, Q and Yang, H and Li, H and Hu, C}, title = {Sulfur Cycling and Life Strategies in Successional Biocrusts Link to Biomass Carbon in Dryland Ecosystems.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112594}, pmid = {41304279}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {32370125//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41877419//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41877339//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; XDA17010502//Strategic Priority Research Program at the Chinese Academy of Science/ ; }, abstract = {Examining the changing patterns and underlying mechanisms of soil biomass carbon stocks constitutes a fundamental aspect of soil biology. Despite the potential influence of the sulfur cycle and the life strategies of organisms on community biomass, these factors have rarely been studied in tandem. Biocrusts are model systems for studying soil ecosystems. In this study, metagenomic analysis of biocrusts related to different life strategies from five batches over four consecutive years demonstrated that, in free-living communities, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) synthesis, via assimilatory sulfate reduction (ASR), is primarily coupled with the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate and Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycles. These pathways are affected by the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh), pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient levels. The decomposition of organic carbon (OC) via dissimilatory sulfate reduction (DSR) was accompanied by the production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which was influenced by the C/S ratio and moisture, whereas the synthesis of MBC by symbiotic communities was found to be affected by Eh and pH, and decomposition was affected by the C/S ratio. The MBC stock was influenced by all strategies, with resource strategies having the greatest impacts during the growing season, and the contribution of chemotrophic energy was most significant in free-living communities. In conclusion, the MBC in biocrusts is associated with both ASR and DSR and is facilitated by the A-, S-, and P-strategies under the regulation of the stoichiometric C/S ratio. The exploration of microbial life strategies and sulfur cycling in biocrusts within arid ecosystems in this study offers a new perspective on the patterns of change in soil biomass carbon stocks.}, }
@article {pmid41304215, year = {2025}, author = {Arruda, ISA and Cavalcante, CDS and Rubens, RS and Castro, LNPF and Nóbrega, YKM and Dalmolin, TV}, title = {Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Patients After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What Do We Know?.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112529}, pmid = {41304215}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {DPI/BCE n&#xba; 01/2025//University of Brasilia/ ; FAPDF n&#xba; 09/2023//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Apoio &#xe0; Pesquisa do Distrito Federal/ ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 can cause long-term symptoms, such as a post-infection syndrome, known as Long-COVID. Among the symptoms present during this period, the most reported are gastrointestinal symptoms. This study discusses the effects of changes in the gut microbiota of post-COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with significant alterations in gut microbial composition, disturbing its homeostasis and promoting a reduction in the abundance of beneficial symbiotic bacteria and an increase in the abundance of opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the composition of the gut microbiota may play a role in the prognosis of patients with post-COVID-19 infection. The microbiota of the intestinal tract and the respiratory tract influence each other; therefore, the gut-lung axis has attracted increasing interest in understanding COVID-19. Moreover, the brain-gut axis has been studied, since there have been reports of anxiety and depression along with post-COVID-19 gastrointestinal symptoms. Treatments options for intestinal dysbiosis in Long-COVID patients include probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. These treatments may serve as an approach to improve gastrointestinal symptoms during Long-COVID, increasing microbiome diversity, strengthening the integrity of intestinal barrier functions, and consequently influencing the treatment of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid41304149, year = {2025}, author = {Msiza, LJ and Ngmenzuma, TY and Mohammed, M and Jaiswal, SK and Dakora, FD}, title = {Cross-Infectivity of 11 Different Legume Species by 15 Native Rhizobia Isolated from African Soils.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13112463}, pmid = {41304149}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Selecting symbiotic rhizobia for use as inoculants in agriculture is a major challenge, though it is necessary for exploiting biological nitrogen fixation as an eco-friendly source of N in contrast to chemical N fertilizers which can pollute the environment. In addition to high symbiotic efficiency, bacterial strain ability to infect and effectively nodulate a wide range of host plants is also desired. Cross-infectivity studies are therefore important for identifying rhizobial strains that are highly effective with a broad host range. The legume/rhizobia symbiosis has the potential to contribute about 80% or more N to agricultural systems, thus providing a sustainable source of N in cropping systems. This study assessed the cross-nodulation, colony morphology, relative symbiotic effectiveness and N2 fixation of native rhizobial isolates from Africa that nodulate diverse legume species. The results showed that the rhizobial isolates differed significantly in symbiotic performance and relative symbiotic effectiveness. As a result, they differed markedly in nodulation and shoot DM induced in their host plants.}, }
@article {pmid41303664, year = {2025}, author = {Ershova, NM and Sheshukova, EV and Kamarova, KA and Alimova, AR and Savchenko, YY and Antimonova, AA and Komarova, TV}, title = {Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase/Hydrolase Downregulation Increases Nicotiana benthamiana Tolerance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms262211183}, pmid = {41303664}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {19-74-20031//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 125091010191-6//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation/ ; }, mesh = {*Nicotiana/virology/genetics/enzymology ; *Tobacco Mosaic Virus/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Glycosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; *Plant Diseases/virology/genetics ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Down-Regulation ; Disease Resistance/genetics ; }, abstract = {The biological functions of the multiple members of the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) protein family are rather diverse: XTHs are cell wall remodeling enzymes that participate in plant growth and development, are involved in responses to various environmental stresses and interactions with pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms. However, XTHs' role upon viral infection remains poorly understood. Here we identified and characterized Nicotiana benthamiana XTH (NbXTH) which is involved in responses to viral infection. We demonstrated that NbXTH is a positive regulator of intercellular transport. NbXTH suppression leads to the inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) local spread, resulting in the increased tolerance of N. benthamiana plants to TMV. Therefore, NbXTH could be regarded as a susceptibility factor.}, }
@article {pmid41303524, year = {2025}, author = {Valitova, JN and Khabibrakhmanova, VR and Babayev, VM and Khajrullina, AF and Gurjanov, OP and Gazizova, NI and Beckett, RP and Minibayeva, FV}, title = {Sterol Composition in the Lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and Lobaria retigera: Does Photobiont Matter?.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms262211041}, pmid = {41303524}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {22-14-00362P//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Lichens/chemistry/metabolism ; *Sterols/chemistry/analysis/metabolism ; *Ascomycota/chemistry/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; *Phytosterols/chemistry/analysis/metabolism ; Ergosterol ; Nostoc/chemistry/metabolism ; Cholesterol/analogs &amp; derivatives ; }, abstract = {The lipid composition of the mycobint and photobiont symbiotic partners of lichenized ascomycetes varies greatly. The aim of this study was to compare the profile of the major sterols in two closely related lichens from the genus Lobaria with different photobionts. The three-component lichen Lobaria pulmonaria has two photobionts. While the main photobiont is the chlorophycean alga Symbiochloris reticulata, this lichen contains small amounts of the cyanobacterium Nostoc. By contrast, the cyanobacterium Nostoc is the main photobiont in Lobaria retigera. Relatively loosely bound sterols were extracted using a chloroform-methanol mixture, and subsequently, more tightly bound sterols by alkaline saponification. The initial chloroform-methanol extraction step indicated that ergosterol is the principal sterol in both species, with phytosterols constituting a minor fraction. However, the addition of an alkaline saponification step to the standard protocol of sterol extraction greatly increases the release of tightly bound phytosterols, such as campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol from L. pulmonaria, but not from L. retigera. Therefore, the mycobionts and Nostoc mainly possess sterols extractable by the standard mixture of chloroform/methanol, while the chlorophycean algal photobiont contains tightly bound sterols. This observation could be important when studying the roles of sterols in the stress tolerance of lichens.}, }
@article {pmid41302914, year = {2025}, author = {Bykov, R and Shatalova, E and Andreeva, I and Khodakova, A and Ryabinin, A and Demenkova, M and Ilinsky, Y}, title = {Endosymbiotic Bacteria Spiroplasma and Wolbachia in a Laboratory-Reared Insect Collection.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16111168}, pmid = {41302914}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {24-24-00378//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Many insect and other arthropod species are maintained as non-model laboratory stocks and are used for fundamental and applied studies. Their biology may be affected by symbionts, such as Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. Thirty stocks of different insect species that are maintained at the Laboratory of biological control of phytophagous and phytopathogens in the Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies were screened to find Spiroplasma/Wolbachia-host associations. We used 16S rDNA and fusA loci for Spiroplasma characterization and five MLST genes for Wolbachia. Seven out of thirty stocks harbored symbionts. Five stocks were infected with only Wolbachia, one with only Spiroplasma, and one with both symbionts. Two stocks were occasionally characterized by false-positive signals of Spiroplasma infection that were explained by contamination from food sources, viz. infected insects. Five Wolbachia isolates belonged to supergroup B and one to supergroup A. Only the MLST haplotype of Nabis ferus was previously known (ST-522), while the other haplotypes contained new alleles. One Spiroplasma isolate was clustered in the Ixodetis clade and another was basal to the Apis clade. We noted the importance of non-model insects for fundamental studies of host-symbiont interactions and their significance for applied research and practice.}, }
@article {pmid41302872, year = {2025}, author = {Mu, K and Zhang, B and Cai, Z and Chen, J and Zhang, J and Su, J}, title = {Diversity and Influencing Factors of Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Tetranychus truncatus Sourced from Major Crops in Xinjiang.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16111126}, pmid = {41302872}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2022B02043//Key Research and Development Project of Autonomous Region/ ; U2003112//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024B02003//Key Research and Development Project of the Xinjiang/ ; }, abstract = {The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, situated in northwest China, boasts a unique geographical position and a consequent variety of environmental characteristics. T. truncatus is prevalent throughout this region as the primary pest affecting various crops. In this study, we analyzed the microbial community structures of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus collected from 17 regions and three host plants in Xinjiang using 16S rRNA sequencing. Through composition analysis of the endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus from Xinjiang, it was found that the dominant bacterial phyla were Pseudomonadota and Bacillota. At the genus level, in addition to Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Spiroplasma (common symbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus), the infection rate of Rickettsia in T. truncatus in Xinjiang was found to be 92.8%. The diversity of the endosymbiotic bacteria community in T. truncatus is shaped by both host plant species and geographical region. Specifically, the endosymbiotic bacterial diversity in T. truncatus populations on corn was significantly higher than that observed in populations on cotton and soybean (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we discovered the diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in T. truncatus was significantly higher in southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang (p < 0.05).}, }
@article {pmid41302101, year = {2025}, author = {Tan, Y and Ning, Y and Wang, S and Li, F and Cao, X and Wang, Q and Ren, A}, title = {Multilayered Regulation of Fungal Phosphate Metabolism: From Molecular Mechanisms to Ecological Roles in the Global Phosphorus Cycle.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life15111676}, pmid = {41302101}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {GHYF2024012//International Science &amp; Technology Cooperation Program of Hainan Province/ ; No. SCKJ-JYRC-2023-37//Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City/ ; No. ZDYF2024KJTPY005//Hainan ProvinceScience and Technology&#x2002;Special Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Phosphates are essential nutrients for living organisms, and they are involved in various biological processes, including lipid metabolism, energy synthesis, and signal regulation. Recent studies have elucidated the fundamental components and transport proteins of phosphate signaling pathways, thereby providing a more profound understanding of phosphate metabolism in fungi. In this review, we concentrate on synthesizing the recent findings concerning phosphate metabolism in fungi over the past five years. These findings include the role of phosphates in the global phosphorus cycle, their effect on fungal growth and development, the variations in PHO signaling pathways among different species, and their pivotal role in symbiosis with plants. A mounting body of research substantiates the notion that phosphates play a pivotal role in regulating fungal life activities through a multifaceted mechanism. This regulatory function encompasses the promotion of growth and development, adaptation to environmental variations among different fungal species, and the evolution of distinct regulatory factors and transport proteins. Consequently, this fosters fungal diversity.}, }
@article {pmid41302095, year = {2025}, author = {Shi, S and Yang, W and Tao, Z and Li, F and Wei, B and Yue, C and Deng, Y and Shang, L and Chai, Z and Tang, YZ}, title = {In Situ Harvesting and Molecular Identification for the Germinating Species Diversity of Dinoflagellate Resting Cysts in Jiaozhou Bay, China.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life15111670}, pmid = {41302095}, issn = {2075-1729}, support = {42406210//the National Science Foundation of China/ ; KFJ-SWYW047//the Key Research Infrastructures in the CAS Field Stations of the Chinese Academy of Science/ ; 2024YFF0506901//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; U23A203//the National Science Foundation of China/ ; ZR2024MD109//Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Dinoflagellate resting cysts are critical to dinoflagellate ecology, acting as a key seed source for initiating harmful algal blooms (HABs) through their germination. However, the in situ germination dynamics of these cysts remain poorly understood due to technical challenges. To overcome this, we utilized the Germlings Harvester (GEHA), an in situ germination device we designed, to collect water samples containing dinoflagellate cysts germinated from marine sediments in Jiaozhou Bay, China, after 5 and 20 days of incubation. By combining the GEHA with metabarcoding analysis targeting 28S rDNA-specific primers for dinoflagellates, we identified 44 dinoflagellate species spanning 31 genera, 18 families, and 7 orders. Of these, 12 species were linked to HABs or recognized as toxic, including Azadinium poporum, Alexandrium leei, Alexandrium pacificum, Akashiwo sanguinea, Karlodinium veneficum, Stoeckeria algicida, and Luciella masanensis. Additionally, five species were newly identified as cyst producers, and one symbiotic dinoflagellate, Effrenium voratum, was detected. Our results also found that germinated dinoflagellate species increased from 23 to 34 with extended incubation, and the ratio of mixotrophic to heterotrophic species was approximately 2:1 in the samples of in situ sediments and seawater outside GEHA, as well as across germination durations (Sg-5 d vs. Sg-20 d). These findings provide essential field evidence for the role of resting cysts in driving HAB formation in this region and highlight the efficacy of the GEHA-based approach for studying in situ cyst germination dynamics, offering a robust tool for monitoring, early warning, prevention, and forecasting of HABs.}, }
@article {pmid41301944, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, Z and Fei, J and Li, S and Wu, Y and Liu, P}, title = {From Compensation to Collapse: UVB-Driven Disruption of Host-Microbiota Homeostasis Exacerbates Amphibian Ecological Risk.}, journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI}, volume = {15}, number = {22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ani15223236}, pmid = {41301944}, issn = {2076-2615}, support = {KXB202310//the Scientific and Technological Innovation Ascend Plan of Harbin Normal University/ ; }, abstract = {The synergistic effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change are intensifying surface ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation, posing a severe threat to amphibians-one of the most endangered vertebrate groups globally. Xenopus laevis, with its cutaneous respiration and limited photoprotective mechanisms, exhibits high sensitivity to UVB, making it a suitable model for ecotoxicological studies. While UVB is known to cause DNA damage, immune suppression, and microbial dysbiosis, its mechanisms in multi-organ interactions, dose-response thresholds, and host-microbiome regulatory networks remain poorly understood. This study employed a gradient UVB exposure regime integrated with histopathology, oxidative stress assays, and 16S rRNA sequencing to systematically evaluate the effects of UVB on (1) cascade damage across skin, liver, and intestinal barriers; (2) immune cell distribution; (3) redox dynamics; and (4) microbial community structure and function. Our findings demonstrate that low-dose UVB activated compensatory antioxidant defenses without structural disruption, whereas exposure beyond a critical threshold induced nonlinear redox collapse, microbial dysbiosis, and multi-organ barrier failure, collectively exacerbating ecological adaptation risks. These results reveal a cross-scale mechanism by which UVB impairs amphibian health via disruption of host-microbe homeostasis, providing a conceptual and empirical framework for assessing species vulnerability under ongoing climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41301093, year = {2025}, author = {Pokharel, U and Neelgund, G and Ray, RL and Balan, V and Kumar, S}, title = {Biochar for Soil Amendment: Applications, Benefits, and Environmental Impacts.}, journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {12}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/bioengineering12111137}, pmid = {41301093}, issn = {2306-5354}, support = {02D48123//U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/ ; }, abstract = {The excessive use of chemical fertilizers results in environmental issues, including loss of soil fertility, eutrophication, increased soil acidity, alterations in soil characteristics, and disrupted plant-microbe symbiosis. Here, we synthesize recent studies available from up to 2025, focusing on engineered biochar and its application in addressing issues of soil nutrient imbalance, soil pollution from inorganic and organic pollutants, soil acidification, salinity, and greenhouse gas emissions from fields. Application of engineered biochar enhanced the removal of Cr (VI), Cd[2+], Ni[2+], Zn[2+], Hg[2+], and Eu[3+] by 85%, 73%, 57.2%, 12.7%, 99.3%, and 99.2%, respectively, while Cu[2+] and V[5+] removal increased by 4 and 39.9 times. Adsorption capacities for Sb[5+], Tl[+], and F[-] were 237.53, 1123, and 83.05 mg g[-1], respectively, and the optimal proportion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) removal was 57%. Herbicides such as imazapyr were reduced by 23% and 78%. Low-temperature pyrolyzed biochar showed high cation exchange capacity (CEC) resulting from improved surface functional groups. Although biochar application led to a yield increase of 43.3%, the biochar-compost mix enhanced it by 155%. The analysis demonstrates the need for future studies on the cost-effectiveness of biochar post-processing, large-scale biochar aging studies, re-application impact, and studies on biochar-compost or biochar-fertilizer mix productivity.}, }
@article {pmid41300498, year = {2025}, author = {Baldelli, S and Aiello, G and De Bruno, A and Castelli, S and Lombardo, M and Stocchi, V and Tripodi, G}, title = {Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Truffles: A Comprehensive Review.}, journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antiox14111341}, pmid = {41300498}, issn = {2076-3921}, support = {2022K272X8//Prin 2022/ ; }, abstract = {Truffles are edible symbiotic hypogeal fungi and highly prized worldwide for their unique aroma and rich nutritional profile. Belonging to the order Pezizales and family Tuberaceae, with the genus Tuber being the most notable, truffles contain a diverse array of bioactive compounds including phenols, terpenoids, polysaccharides, anandamide, fatty acids, and ergosterols. These compounds contribute to a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anticancer effects. This review comprehensively summarizes current scientific evidence on the biochemical composition, nutritional and aromatic properties, and biological activities of truffles, with special emphasis on their antioxidant and anti-tumor potential. Additionally, factors influencing truffle productivity and quality as well as advanced extraction and storage techniques to preserve bioactivity are discussed, highlighting their potential as valuable functional foods and sources of natural antioxidants.}, }
@article {pmid41300412, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Q and Zheng, J and Xing, Y and Guo, X and Qu, Y and Dong, Z and Yu, W and Zhang, G}, title = {Organic Mulching Enhances Soil Health and Fungal Diversity to Promote Growth of Aralia continentalis Kitag: A Sustainable Alternative to Conventional Fertilization in Agroecosystems.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14111624}, pmid = {41300412}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {20250203140SF//Key R&amp;D Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province/ ; ZKP202202//Climbing Project of Changchun University/ ; }, abstract = {Soil degradation from long-term chemical fertilization poses serious challenges to the sustainability of black soil agroecosystems in Northeast China, particularly for the cultivation of medicinal plants such as Aralia continentalis Kitag. To evaluate eco-friendly alternatives, we compared decomposed leaf mulching (LM), conventional fertilization (CF), and an untreated control (CK) in a five-year field experiment. LM significantly improved soil structure by reducing bulk density by 12.8% (p < 0.05) and increasing porosity by 15.6% while enhancing organic carbon and humus fractions by 23.4% and 31.7%, respectively. These changes promoted microbial biomass carbon by 28.2% (p < 0.01) and enriched beneficial fungi such as Mortierella, which correlated with nutrient mobilization and plant growth. Fungal richness and diversity were higher under LM (+18.4% and +12.6%, respectively), whereas CF reduced evenness and favored dominance of stress-tolerant taxa. Functional predictions indicated that LM sustained saprotrophic and symbiotic guilds, while CF weakened mycorrhizal associations. Structural equation modeling identified microbial community composition as a central mediator linking soil properties, microbial diversity, and biomass (R[2] = 0.78), with LM exerting the strongest cascading effects. At the plant level, LM achieved the highest above- and belowground biomass, outperforming CF and CK by 26.3% and 34.5%, respectively. Overall, decomposed leaf mulching represents a sustainable strategy to restore soil quality, enhance microbial diversity, and support medicinal plant cultivation in cold-region agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41300391, year = {2025}, author = {Oberprieler, C}, title = {Towards a Research Programme Aiming at Causes and Consequences of Reticulate Evolution.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14111601}, pmid = {41300391}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Evolution is reticulate. Reticulation increases diversity and complexity on the different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. In addition to the tendency for diversity and complexity to increase in unchecked evolutionary systems by ongoing divergence ('Zero-Force Evolutionary Law', 'Biology's First Law'), reticulate evolution, therefore, acts as a second mechanism for the establishment of evolutionary novelty and the rise in biodiversity and biocomplexity ('Biology's Second Law'). This provides the raw material for subsequent diversity-confining drift and selection processes. In order to fully appreciate reticulation processes as part of an updated paradigm of evolutionary biology, a research programme on the topic should encompass the identification of the fundamental evolutionary entities as vertices and the study of the relationships among these vertices as edges in the resulting network architectures. Additionally, along with surveys on the underlying determinants, this will lead to the study of emergent boundary conditions for reticulations and for the porosity of evolutionary entities. Finally, the programme should address the question whether there are equilibrium conditions between the complete fusion and complete isolation of evolutionary entities ('Goldilocks Zones') that foster reticulate evolution. As tools in this research programme, machine learning and modelling approaches, along with methods in the field of network reconstruction, transcriptomics, epigenetics, and karyology, are identified.}, }
@article {pmid41299971, year = {2025}, author = {Song, D and Zhong, X and Wu, Y and Guo, J and Song, L and Yang, L}, title = {From Artisan Experience to Scientific Elucidation: Preparation Processes, Microbial Diversity, and Food Applications of Chinese Traditional Fermentation Starters (Qu).}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {22}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods14223814}, pmid = {41299971}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {No.QianKeHeJiChu- ZD[2025]018//Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program (Natural Science)/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Qu was the core starter of traditional Chinese fermentation and had long relied on artisan experience, which led to limited batch stability and standardization. This review organized the preparation processes, microbial diversity, and application patterns of qu in foods from experience to science perspective.<br><br>METHODS: This work summarized typical process parameters for daqu, xiaoqu, hongqu, wheat bran or jiangqu, douchi qu, and qu for mold curd blocks used for furu. Parameters covered raw material moisture, bed thickness, aeration or turning, drying, final moisture, and classification by peak temperature. Multi-omics evidence was used to analyze the coupling of temperature regime, community assembly, and functional differentiation. Indicators for pigment or enzyme production efficiency and safety control such as citrinin in hongqu were included.<br><br>RESULTS: Daqu showed low, medium, and high temperature regimes. Thermal history governed differences in communities and enzyme profiles and determined downstream fermentation fitness. Xiaoqu rapidly established a three-stage symbiotic network of Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, and lactic acid bacteria, which supported integrated saccharification and alcohol fermentation. Hongqu centered on Monascus and achieved coordinated pigment and aroma formation with toxin risk control through programmed control of temperature, humidity, and final moisture. Wheat bran or jiangqu served as an enzyme production engine for salt-tolerant fermentation, and the combined effects of heat and humidity during the qu period, aeration, and bed loading determined hydrolysis efficiency in salt. Douchi and furu mold curd blocks used thin-layer cultivation and near-saturated humidity to achieve stable mold growth and reproducible interfacial moisture.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Parameterizing and online monitoring of key variables in qu making built a process fingerprint with peak temperature, heating rate, and moisture rebound curve at its core. Standardization and functional customization guided by temperature regime, community, and function were the key path for the transition of qu from workshop practice to industry and from experience to science. This approach provided replicable solutions for flavor consistency and safety in alcoholic beverages, sauces, vinegars, and soybean products.}, }
@article {pmid41299080, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, ZZ and Ma, RF and Gu, LC and Wang, LZ and Chen, T and Yang, P and Zou, JN and Zhu, JY and Wu, ZW and Zhou, YN and Shi, M and Shen, XX and Huang, JH and Chen, XX}, title = {Dual interference with host neuropeptide signaling allows parasitoid wasp to hijack host sugar metabolism.}, journal = {The EMBO journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41299080}, issn = {1460-2075}, support = {U22A20485//MOST | NSFC | National Natural Science Foundation of China-Zhejiang Joint Fund for the Integration of Industrialization and Informatization (NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund)/ ; 32272607//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 2023YFD1400800//MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs)/ ; 226-2024-00070//MOE | Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities)/ ; }, abstract = {Changes in host carbohydrate metabolism determine the outcome of host-parasite relationships, but the underlying mechanistic basis remains elusive. Here, we show that the parasitoid wasp Cotesia vestalis induces trehalose accumulation in its host, the moth Plutella xylostella, largely independently of insulin/adipokinetic hormone signalling and food intake. Instead, parasitoids rewire host carbohydrate metabolism via two pathways activated by the evolutionarily conserved short neuropeptide F (sNPF), a functional analogue of mammalian neuropeptide Y. Parasitoid-derived teratocytes secrete sNPF that interacts with the sNPF receptor (sNPFR) on host cells, and contributes to host hypertrehalosemia by promoting glycogenolysis in the fat body. We further find that a parasitoid-symbiotic virus induces expression of host-encoded sNPF, which stimulates glycolysis in the host midgut. Furthermore, we show that the host sNPF-sNPFR complex stimulates Gq/Ca[2+] signalling, while the parasitoid sNPF, exhibiting higher receptor affinity, triggers Gi/cAMP signalling. Molecular docking analyses suggest that the observed distinct receptor activation properties may be attributed to structural variations in the sNPF-sNPFR binding pocket. Collectively, our findings uncover an unexpected role of peripheral sNPFs in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during host-parasite interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41298861, year = {2025}, author = {Han, H and Zhang, K and Qian, Z}, title = {Adaptability analysis and spatial correlation characteristics of water-energy-food-ecology system in the Yellow River Basin from the perspective of symbiosis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {42266}, pmid = {41298861}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2025-ZZJH-052//2025 General Project of Humanities and Social Science Research of Universities in Henan Province/ ; 2024CJJ151//2024 Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning project in Henan Province/ ; 42301357//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Based on the symbiosis theory, the concept of compatibility within the regional water-energy-food-ecology (WEFE) system was proposed. An indicator system for adaptability analysis was constructed from three subsystems: coordination, stability, and sustainability. Using the co-evolution model and partial autocorrelation analysis, the spatiotemporal evolutionary patterns and spatial correlation patterns of WEFE adaptability in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) from 2011 to 2022 were assessed. The results indicated that: (1) The order of subsystem weights was: stability > sustainability > coordination. (2) The absolute adaptability of the indicator was significantly higher than the relative adaptability. The adaptability degree of the three subsystems increased to varying degrees. Overall, the adaptability of the WEFE system in the middle and lower reaches of the YRB was obviously higher than in the upper reaches. (3) In terms of system coordination, the coordination and stability subsystems improved, whereas the coordination of the sustainability subsystem gradually declined. (4) The adaptability levels of the WEFE system in the YRB had a random distribution. In terms of local spatial autocorrelation, there were significant spatial disparities and path dependencies in the WEFE system adaptability across the YRB. This study enhances the understanding of the symbiotic adaptability development among water resources, food, energy and ecology in the YRB and provides important insights for regional multi-resource collaborative management.}, }
@article {pmid41298464, year = {2025}, author = {Ricci, F and Bay, SK and Nauer, PA and Wong, WW and Ni, G and Jimenez, L and Jirapanjawat, T and Leung, PM and Bradley, JA and Eate, VM and Hall, M and Stubbusch, AKM and Fernández-Marín, B and de Los Ríos, A and Cook, PLM and Schroth, MH and Chiri, E and Greening, C}, title = {Metabolically flexible microorganisms rapidly establish glacial foreland ecosystems.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-66734-4}, pmid = {41298464}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {APP1178715//Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/ ; DE230101346//Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC)/ ; DE250101210//Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC)/ ; 101115755//EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)/ ; PID2019-105469RB-C22//Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n (Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#xf3;n)/ ; }, abstract = {An overriding question in ecology is how new ecosystems form. This question can be tested by studying colonisation of environments with little to no pre-existing life. Here, we investigated the functional basis of microbial colonisation in the forelands of a maritime Antarctic and an alpine Swiss retreating glacier, by integrating quantitative ecology, metagenomics, and biogeochemical measurements. Habitat generalists and opportunists rapidly colonise both forelands and persist across soil decadal chronosequences serving as proxies for temporal community dynamics. These microbes are metabolically flexible chemotrophic aerobes that overcome oligotrophic conditions by using organic and inorganic compounds, including atmospheric trace gases and sulphur substrates, for energy and carbon acquisition. They co-exist with metabolically flexible early-colonising opportunists and metabolically restricted later-colonising specialists, including Cyanobacteria, ammonia-oxidising archaea, and obligate predatory and symbiotic bacteria, that exhibit narrower habitat distributions. Analysis of 589 species-level metagenome-assembled genomes reveals early colonisation by generalists and opportunists is strongly associated with metabolic flexibility. Field- and laboratory-based biogeochemical measurements reveal the activity of metabolically flexible microbes rapidly commenced in the forelands. Altogether, these findings suggest primary succession in glacial foreland soils is driven by self-sufficient metabolically flexible bacteria that mediate chemosynthetic primary production and likely provide a more hospitable environment for subsequent colonisation.}, }
@article {pmid41297937, year = {2025}, author = {Endo, K and Mutoh, A and Satoh, M and Ogawa, K and Shimatani, K and Suzuki, N}, title = {Urban veterinary accessibility and community well-being in Japan: a cross-sectional analysis using regional indicators.}, journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1292/jvms.25-0396}, pmid = {41297937}, issn = {1347-7439}, abstract = {Access to medical care is important not only for humans, but also for companion animals. However, the distribution of veterinary services and their potential benefits to human well-being remain unclear. This study examined the relationship between veterinary clinics and community well-being in urban areas of Japan. The dataset included total 191 wards in Tokyo (a metropolitan city) and 19 ordinance-designated cities. Veterinary clinical locations were obtained from a high-resolution commercial database provided by ZENRIN Marketing Solutions Co., Ltd. Community well-being scores were obtained from the Digital Agency of Japan. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to predict the well-being scores based on the number of veterinary or human clinics per 100,000 residents. The results of veterinary clinics showed positive satisfaction with environmental symbiosis (β=1.17), natural disasters (β=1.04), community connections (β=1.00), self-efficacy (β=1.18), health status (β=1.32), employment and income (β=0.89), recreation and entertainment (β=0.91), culture and arts (β=1.53), abundance of educational opportunities (β=1.34), and business creation (β=1.03), while the results of human clinics showed negative satisfaction with public spaces (β=-0.69). Findings suggest that residents who place a high value on pets and the care they require may be attracted to areas with high concentrations of art, entertainment, education, and business resources. Although unmeasured confounding factors were related, this study posits a new assumption that the enrichment of animal welfare services is associated with regional well-being.}, }
@article {pmid41297850, year = {2025}, author = {Dell'Aglio, E and Ferrarini, MG and Rebollo, R}, title = {Epigenetics and non-coding RNAs in host-endosymbiont interactions: insights from Wolbachia and beyond.}, journal = {Current opinion in insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101464}, doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2025.101464}, pmid = {41297850}, issn = {2214-5753}, abstract = {Symbioses are widespread in nature and are among major evolutionary forces. Insects have recurrently established intracellular symbioses with bacteria, balancing between immune responses and homeostasis. The processes involved in endosymbiosis establishment, maintenance, and control have recently been associated with epigenetic pathways and non-coding RNAs, which are known to regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including development, differentiation, immune response, and metabolism. Using the well-studied Wolbachia-Aedes aegypti model as a reference, we summarize how these mechanisms influence host gene expression, endosymbiont maintenance, and antiviral defence. Beyond Wolbachia, only a few examples have provided functional evidence of the role of epigenetics in regulating natural insect-bacteria associations. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that epigenetic factors can act as mediators of host-endosymbiont coordination; however, determining if such factors are drivers or by-products of symbiosis establishment will require further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid41297327, year = {2025}, author = {Fuad, MTI and Dong, Y and Li, Z and Ge, M and Sharifuzzaman, SM and Liu, X and Zhang, X and Xu, Q}, title = {Seasonal gut microbiota and functional dynamics in brittle star (Ophiothrix exigua) from the Yellow Sea, China.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {213}, number = {}, pages = {107734}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107734}, pmid = {41297327}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {The gut microbiota forms a complex symbiotic community that performs essential functions for the host, including metabolism, nutrient absorption, and environmental adaptation, while being shaped by both environmental and intrinsic host factors. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of seasonal gut microbiota diversity in brittle stars, examining Ophiothrix exigua from the Yellow Sea using full-length 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. A total of 565 amplicon sequence variants were identified from gut samples, distributed across 20 phyla, 135 genera, and 46 species. The dominant phyla included Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetota, with Salinispira identified as the core genus. Seasonal variations in microbiota diversity were evident, with Caulobacter predominating in summer, and Kistimonas and Trichococcus driving winter community shift. Corresponding seasonal changes in gut microbiota functions and functional pathways were observed. Fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were enriched in winter, while aromatic compound degradation pathways showed elevated activity in summer. Although seawater microbiota exerted relatively minor influence on gut microbial diversity, correlations with abiotic factors such as pH were observed. This study highlights the intricate relationship between gut microbiota, environmental microbiota, and abiotic factors in shaping the seasonal gut microbiota diversity of O. exigua, contributing to a better understanding of the host-microbiome ecology of invertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid41297304, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, J and Wang, D and Ji, B and Li, A and Li, XY}, title = {Effect of Nitrosomonas europaea on Chlorella vulgaris in bio-hydrogels for startup of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge: Performance and microscopic mechanism.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {289}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {125023}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125023}, pmid = {41297304}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Algal-bacterial granular sludge technology holds significant promise for treating municipal wastewater with carbon emission reduction. However, its practical application has been constrained by the long startup period. In this study, bio-hydrogels co-encapsulating autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosomonas europaea) and photomixotrophic microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) were used in a microalgal-bacterial granules system (MBGS) for the treatment of low C/N wastewater. The operating conditions of the MBGS system included inoculation volume ratio of 1:6 (bio-hydrogel granules: wastewater), initial biomass of 0.33 g suspended solids (SS) /L, light intensity of 300 μmol/m[2]·s, and no aeration. The results showed that this strategy reduced the typical MBGS startup period to just 6 days, with biomass accumulation (1.53 g SS/L, >4 g SS/L after running 120 days) and efficient chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal (effluent COD <20.00 mg/L and TN <2.50 mg/L). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the symbiosis with Nitrosomonas significantly upregulated the expression of the PetH gene, which encodes a reductase (EC:1.18.1.2) in the photosynthetic system of Chlorella (log2 fold change=13.63), thereby enhancing the supply of NADPH required for the Calvin cycle. Concurrently, the expression of the rbcL gene, encoding the large subunit of Rubisco in Chlorella, was upregulated by 1.4-fold, which promoted photosynthetic carbon fixation. The symbiosis also suppressed heterotrophic metabolism in Chlorella, as evidenced by downregulation of 72.5 % of genes in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of encapsulating material biodegradation on the bio-hydrogel structure. In addition, cell proliferation of Chlorella was stimulated (over 13-fold upregulation of DNA replication licensing factors MCM5 and MCM6), which increased biomass and nutrient removal efficiency. Furthermore, a higher light intensity of 400 μmol/m[2]/s promoted a significant increase in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content (106.76 mg/g SS), improved granule stability (integrity coefficient < 20 %), and enhanced biomass production (4.68 g SS/L after 120 days of operation). These findings highlight a promising strategy for sustainable wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41297084, year = {2025}, author = {Cameron, CC and Gebbie, W and Bowman, C and Waters, ER and Kalyuzhnaya, MG}, title = {Characterization and description of plant-growth-promoting methanotrophic bacteria belonging to the genus of Methylocaldum.}, journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {126670}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2025.126670}, pmid = {41297084}, issn = {1618-0984}, abstract = {Arid soil microbiomes present untapped resources of microbial diversity. Here, we describe twelve isolates, all belonging to the Methylocaldum genus. Based on metagenomic studies, the isolates represent the major clades of methanotrophic bacteria inhabiting the arid biomes of Southern California, comprising up to 0.03 % of the total soil microbiota. Phenotyping of isolates indicates that they are obligate methanotrophic bacteria, some capable of methanol utilization. All strains can fix nitrogen, use nitrate and ammonia as a N-source, and have key genetic signatures of autotrophy, methylotrophy, and N2O assimilation. Based on the 16S rRNA phylogeny and whole -genome analyses, all strains are assigned to the species M. gracile. Three isolates from the rhizosphere of native Californian plants (Strains 0917, YM2 and S3V3) and GT1B-W are set apart from the other M. gracile strains, despite sharing <98 % of average nucleotide identity. Microbes isolated from plant rhizosphere display 150 unique genetic features and a series of tandem gene duplications predicted to contribute to their interactions with plants, including the 20-gene polyketide biosynthesis cluster and the TRAP C4-dicarboxylate transport system. Consistent with the genetic properties that may indicate an enhancement of plant-cooperation functions, the rhizosphere isolates support the survival of plants, Boechera depauperata and Arabidopsis thaliana, under drought conditions. Based on genetic and phenotypic characteristics, we propose to designate strains 0917, YM2, S3V3, and GT1B-W as a new subspecies of Methylocaldum gracile - Methylocaldum gracile subspecies dēsertum, L.n. dēsertum - a desert, to represent the native habitat of the species. The amended description of the M.gracile species is provided.}, }
@article {pmid41295393, year = {2025}, author = {Tame, A}, title = {Integrated Regulation of Immunity and Nutritional Symbiosis in Deep-Sea Mussels.}, journal = {Marine drugs}, volume = {23}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/md23110425}, pmid = {41295393}, issn = {1660-3397}, support = {JP24K18110//the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through KAKENHI/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis/immunology ; *Bivalvia/immunology/microbiology ; Gills/immunology/microbiology ; Immunity, Innate ; Phagocytosis/immunology ; Hemocytes/immunology ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {Deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus exhibit adaptability to nutrient-poor deep-sea environments by establishing nutritional intracellular symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria harbored within the gill epithelial cells. However, this poses a conflict for the innate immune system of the host, which must balance the tolerance of beneficial symbiotic bacteria with the need to eliminate exogenous microbes. This review synthesizes existing knowledge and recent findings on Bathymodiolus japonicus to outline the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing this symbiotic relationship. In the host immune system, hemocytes are responsible for systemic defense, whereas gill cells are involved in local symbiotic acceptance. Central to the establishment of symbiosis is the host's phagocytic system, which non-selectively engulfs bacteria but selectively retains symbionts. We highlight a series of cellular events in gill cells involving the engulfment, selection, retention and/or digestion of symbionts, and the regulatory mechanism of phagocytosis through mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, which connects bacterial nutrient supply with host immune and metabolic responses. This integrated model of symbiosis regulation, which links immunity, metabolism, and symbiosis, provides a fundamental framework for understanding how hosts establish and maintain a stable coexistence with microbes, offering a new perspective on symbiotic strategies in diverse organisms.}, }
@article {pmid41295187, year = {2025}, author = {Luna-Fontalvo, JA and Balocchi, O and Martínez, O and Alonso, M and Ferrada, E}, title = {Symbiosis Between Epichloë Fungi and Bromus Grasses: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Directions.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11110807}, pmid = {41295187}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {1220448//Agencia Nacional de Investigaci&#xf3;n y Desarrollo/ ; }, abstract = {Epichloë is a genus of endophytic fungi that forms systemic, vertically transmitted, and asymptomatic mutualistic associations with grasses in the subfamily Pooideae. These symbioses are non-pathogenic and are of considerable importance in agronomic and livestock systems due to their roles in enhancing host fitness under biotic and abiotic stress. Several studies have reported associations between Epichloë endophytes and species of the genus Bromus, a taxonomically complex group characterized by varying ploidy levels and frequent hybridization. Among its sections, Bromopsis includes the highest number of species naturally colonized by Epichloë fungi, while sections Bromus and Ceratochloa show lower infection rates. In South America, endophytes such as E. pampeana, E. tembladerae, E. typhina, and morphotypes of Neotyphodium spp. have been documented in species including B. auleticus, B. brachyanthera, and B. setifolius, where they appear to contribute to stress resilience. Although most findings originate from Argentina, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the diversity and distribution of these endophytes in native Bromus species across the continent. This review synthesizes the current understanding of Epichloë-Bromus interactions, emphasizing their ecological and agronomic relevance, particularly in South America. Key factors influencing the establishment of these symbioses are examined, and future research directions are proposed to advance the study of these associations.}, }
@article {pmid41295153, year = {2025}, author = {Jiang, S and Cheng, Z and Pan, H and Liu, S and Qu, H and Gao, M and Yang, L and Zhou, J}, title = {High Fire Drives the Reorganization of Taiga Soil Fungal Communities with Ascomycota as the Dominant Phylum After Long-Term Recovery.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11110772}, pmid = {41295153}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {GZ2024066//Guidance Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Key Research and Development Plan/ ; GZCG2023-024//Forestry and Grassland Ecological Protection and Restoration Funds Project/ ; CZKYF2024-1-A008//the Financial Special Project of Heilongjiang Province/ ; }, abstract = {Forest fires are key disturbance factors in forest ecosystems, and soil fungi play an irreplaceable role in post-fire recovery. This study focused on forest areas burned in 2000 in the Daxing'anling region of China, targeting long-term recovery sites with different fire intensities. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to analyze the structural characteristics of fungal communities and their environmental drivers. Results showed that compared with the control check (CK), the Shannon index of the low fire group (L) increased significantly (p < 0.05), while moderate (M) and high (H) fire groups reduced fungal diversity significantly. PCoA indicated significant differences in community structure (R[2] = 0.97, p = 0.001). In highly burned areas, the relative abundance of Ascomycota reached 94.17%, and Basidiomycota lost its dominance. Spearman analysis showed that pH, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, soil dehydrogenase, and soil urease were significantly positively correlated with fungal alpha diversity. RDA revealed that total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil water content, alkaline nitrogen, active potassium, and dissolved organic carbon had extremely significant effects on soil fungal community composition (p < 0.01). Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that symbiotic relationships dominated all groups. Networks in L and M groups were more complex, while that in H group was simplified and severely damaged. This study indicated that after long-term recovery, soil fungal communities in low fire areas returned to pre-fire levels; those in moderate and high fire areas did not recover, with high fire burns causing severe damage and community structure reorganization.}, }
@article {pmid41295138, year = {2025}, author = {Li, P and Liu, J and Zhang, S and Zhu, Y and Yin, X and Xing, L and Wei, D and Jin, L}, title = {Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Associated Bacterial Communities in Culture.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11110757}, pmid = {41295138}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {KJCX20230116; ZHS202306//Special Project for the Construction of Scientific and Technological Innovation Capacity of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish mutualistic symbioses with plant roots, enhancing plant growth and improving soil fertility through nutrient exchange. Among these, soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are critical for symbiosis formation, directly influencing nutrient uptake and translocation within the symbiotic system. This study aimed to examine the regulatory roles of N and P levels on AM fungal development and associated bacterial communities in culture. Sorghum was used as the host plant in pot experiments with two AM fungi, Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae, under varying N and P concentrations. The analyzed parameters included mycorrhizal colonization, propagule production, plant biomass, nutrient contents (N, P, and K), and bacterial community diversity. N3P1 treatment (150 mg/L N, 30 mg/L P) yielded the highest colonization rate, spore production, and arbuscule abundance in both AM fungal symbionts. At equivalent N and P concentrations, the N, P, and K contents in inoculated plants were significantly higher than those in controls. AM fungal inoculation markedly increased the bacterial diversity in the culture (Shannon index raised by 15.2-28.7%) and enriched beneficial taxa, such as Bradyrhizobium and Pseudomonas. N and P concentrations substantially influenced AM fungal symbiosis, with optimal development observed under N3P1 conditions. By regulating AM symbiotic establishment, N and P levels reshaped microbial community composition, providing theoretical guidance for industrialized AM fungal cultivation and inoculant production.}, }
@article {pmid41294327, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, J and Xu, S and Liu, J and Wang, Q and Han, L and Ji, M and Lei, C and Zhu, Q and Chen, H}, title = {The viral proteins of influenza A virus competitively bind to TRIM31 with MAVS to fine-tune the antiviral innate immunity.}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0189325}, doi = {10.1128/jvi.01893-25}, pmid = {41294327}, issn = {1098-5514}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose a serious threat to animals and humans, making it urgent to reveal more about IAV-host interactions. Tripartite motif protein 31 (TRIM31), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified as an agonist of the type-I interferon (IFN-I) response against RNA viruses by targeting mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). Here, we demonstrated that TRIM31 plays critical and novel roles in the life cycle of IAV. TRIM31 promoted the IFN-I signaling induced by IAV; however, it was surprisingly found that TRIM31 does not affect IAV replication. Instead, IAV replication was significantly promoted by TRIM31 in MAVS- or interferon receptor-deficient cells, suggesting TRIM31 may facilitate IAV replication in an interferon-independent manner. Mechanistically, TRIM31 interacted specifically with the basic polymerase 1 (PB1), acidic polymerase (PA), and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of different subtypes of IAV. The interaction between TRIM31 and the PB1, PA, and HA proteins enhances the stability and polymerase and membrane fusion activities of these viral proteins by catalyzing the K63-linked ubiquitination. Further, the PB1, PA, and HA proteins competitively bind to TRIM31 for IAV replication, leading to the attenuation of the TRIM31-MVAS complex-mediated IFN-I signaling activation. Therefore, the antiviral and proviral effects of TRIM31 reach a balance in IAV-infected cells, resulting in no significant impact on IAV replication. Our novel findings revealed an IAV-specific mechanism that IAV exploits TRIM31 to fine-tune the antiviral innate response and maintain the homeostasis of viral replication.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: During the long-term symbiosis with the host, IAVs have evolved a series of unique mechanisms to adapt to the host and support their own replication. The MAVS-mediated IFN-I signaling pathway is crucial for host cells to defend against RNA virus invasion, with TRIM31 functioning as a specific agonist for the activation of IFN-I antiviral response. In the present study, we demonstrated that IAV exploits TRIM31 to promote the stability and activity of viral proteins and reduces the positive effect of TRIM31 on the IFN-I response, thereby preventing TRIM31 from inhibiting IAV replication. Therefore, our results revealed a novel mechanism employed by IAV to adapt to host antiviral response and expanded our understanding of virus-host interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41294280, year = {2025}, author = {Ullah, I and Zhou, D and Khan, AR and Muhammad, M and Zhang, Q and Ma, J and Egamberdieva, D and Shurigin, V and Li, L}, title = {Unveiling the Adaptation Mechanisms of Symbiotic Microbial Communities in Glycyrrhiza glabra Under Extreme Environmental Conditions.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf291}, pmid = {41294280}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {Glycyrrhiza glabra is a medicinal legume species that is adapted to arid and saline environments, as well as climate stressors such as drought, salinity and extreme heat. This review highlights the latest developments in understanding the microbial communities associated with G. glabra, which enhance stress tolerance through nutrient acquisition, phytohormone modification, the production of antioxidants and osmotic regulation. This review synthesizes research on the distribution, diversity, and functionality of these microbial communities including endophytes, rhizobacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within the ecological context of degraded and marginal soils, which functionally enhances G. glabra as a model plant for studying plant-microbial interactions in extreme environments. We specifically highlight the microbial regulation of glycyrrhizin biosynthesis, a critical defense-related secondary metabolite with known therapeutic applications. Finally, we present an overview of new and emerging multi-omics tools that elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning these beneficial microbial interactions, and their potential in developing bio-inoculants for climate-resilient agriculture and providing a blueprint for harnessing native microbial partnerships to enhance plant survival, productivity, and soil restoration under climate uncertainty.}, }
@article {pmid41293613, year = {2025}, author = {Zecca, N and Lücking, L and van Dijk, HAJ and Manzolini, G}, title = {Techno-Economic Assessment of Industrial Symbiosis Between Steel and Urea Plants: The INITIATE Process.}, journal = {Energy &amp; fuels : an American Chemical Society journal}, volume = {39}, number = {46}, pages = {22293-22310}, pmid = {41293613}, issn = {0887-0624}, abstract = {The steelmaking and fertilizer industries accounted for approximately 10% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions in 2024. This study examines an industrial symbiosis concept, termed INITIATE, which integrates these two sectors to enhance resource efficiency and to reduce CO2 emissions. The proposed system utilizes process gases from steel production as a feedstock for urea synthesis, using the sorption enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) technology for simultaneous CO2 capture and production of a H2-N2 mixture. This stream is suitable for ammonia synthesis, which subsequently reacts with part of captured CO2 in a downstream urea production process. Two sizes of fertilizer production are analyzed: a small-scale configuration producing 224 turea/day and a large-scale case with a production capacity of 1500 turea/day. Simulation results indicate that the integrated symbiotic configuration of the INITIATE system enables substantial reductions in both the natural gas consumption and direct CO2 emissions. Under scenarios utilizing renewable electricity, the level of CO2 avoidance can reach up to 68%. The specific primary energy consumption per unit of CO2 avoided (SPECCA) ranges from -2.5 to 2.5 GJ/tCO2 . Negative values reflect a net reduction in primary energy demand, resulting from process integration and efficient resource utilization. From an economic perspective, the cost of CO2 avoidance is estimated at 24 €/tCO2 for the small-scale plant, increasing to 130 €/tCO2 for the large-scale configuration. Sensitivity analyses reveal that these costs are highly dependent on the prices of electricity and natural gas, with lower electricity prices and higher natural gas prices improving the economic performance of the INITIATE system compared with the base and reference cases.}, }
@article {pmid41292562, year = {2025}, author = {Ullah, F and Zaman, F and Ishfaq, M and Ullah, H and Wang, C and Zhifang, L and Geilfus, CM}, title = {Sustainable Greenhouse Tomato Production: Benefits of Inoculation With Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Under Low Nitrogen and Phosphorus Conditions.}, journal = {Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)}, volume = {6}, number = {6}, pages = {e70058}, pmid = {41292562}, issn = {2575-6265}, abstract = {The effects of overused chemical fertilizers, which threaten soil, plant, and human health, have always remained a topic of interest in theory and practice, emphasizing the judicious use of mineral nutrients. This study was aimed at reducing the harmful effects of excessive chemical fertilizer application and at exploring alternative approaches that can improve soil fertility without environmental and health damage. The experimental design involved a controlled greenhouse setup where tomato cultivars were inoculated with different AMF species under varying nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) doses. The tomato cultivars Rio Grande and Nadir were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species, including Glomus claroideum, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus fasciculatum, and Glomus mosseae-within a commercial greenhouse. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of these fungi on tomato growth physiology, yield, and fruit quality when subjected to varying doses of N and P. Glomus mosseae significantly increased plant height by 14%, stem diameter by 22.25%, dry matter by 23.59%, yield by 38.57%, N uptake by 16.40%, P uptake by 37.5%, potassium (K) uptake by 18.55%, chlorophyll a (Chl a) content by 15.18%, and chlorophyll b (Chl b) content by 25.19% when compared to untreated controls. Additionally, Glomus mosseae improved fruit diameter by 9.98%, fruit firmness by 18.45%, juice content by 15.20%, titratable acidity (TA) by 10.42%, and ascorbic acid concentration by 16.75%. The interaction between the N and P levels of 140:42 mg L[-1] and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) species Glomus mosseae resulted in the highest improvement in growth, yield, and fruit quality-related traits. Among the cultivars, Rio Grande exhibited the greatest root colonization, plant dry matter content, N, P, K uptake, plant height, Chl a, Chl b, and yield when compared to the control. In contrast, cultivar Nadir showed the highest stem diameter, fruit size, firmness, ascorbic acid, fruit juice contents, and TA. This study recommends that AMF inoculation in combination with a low N and P supply can be promising for improving tomato growth, productivity, and fruit quality on a commercial scale with minimum threats to the environment and human health. This study suggests the exploration of long-term sustainability and scalability of AMF inoculation methods in diverse agricultural settings.}, }
@article {pmid41292049, year = {2025}, author = {Tian, Z and Zhang, K and Sheng, S and Kan, C and Han, F and Sun, X}, title = {The Role of Lactate Metabolism in Tumors: From Metabolic Byproduct to Signaling Molecule.}, journal = {American journal of clinical oncology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1097/COC.0000000000001276}, pmid = {41292049}, issn = {1537-453X}, abstract = {Lactate, once viewed as a metabolic by-product of glycolysis, is now recognized as a central regulator in cancer biology. Accumulating evidence reveals that lactate actively participates in tumor progression by functioning as a metabolic fuel, signaling mediator, epigenetic modifier, and immune modulator. Tumor cells exhibit elevated glycolytic flux through the Warburg effect, producing large quantities of lactate through LDHA and exporting it through MCTs, which acidifies the tumor microenvironment and drives metabolic symbiosis, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. Lactate also stabilizes HIF-1α and activates the receptor GPR81, triggering signaling pathways that promote proliferation, invasion, and immune checkpoint expression. Epigenetically, lactate regulates histone acetylation and lactylation, modulating gene expression and supporting adaptive transcriptional programs. Immune suppression is reinforced through direct inhibition of effector T and NK cells and expansion of Tregs and MDSCs. Given its multifaceted role, lactate metabolism has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Inhibitors of LDHA, MCT1/4, and GPR81 are under active development and show synergistic potential with immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. This review summarizes current advances in lactate biology and therapeutic strategies, highlighting the need for personalized approaches that consider tumor-specific lactate dependencies and signaling contexts.}, }
@article {pmid41291109, year = {2025}, author = {Cohen, DD and Faigenboim, A and Elingold, I and Sher, Y and Galpaz, N and Minz, D}, title = {Dynamics in Microbial Communities Associated with the Development of Soil Fatigue in Banana.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02637-7}, pmid = {41291109}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Soil fatigue, well documented in various crops, presents a significant challenge to banana production by causing fast and then gradual declines in plant growth and yield over years of cultivation. Despite its impact on profitability, the underlying mechanisms driving soil fatigue remain poorly understood; however, a strong link to shifts in the soil microbiome has been suggested. We investigated the dynamics of microbial communities in relation to soil fatigue, using a novel semi-controlled outdoor experimental system. Soil at different stages of fatigue (0 to 42 months of banana cultivation) was generated in large containers filled with initially healthy soil. Banana plants grown in these soils were replaced with new plants which showed soil age-dependent growth. Three months postplanting, soil and root samples were collected for analyses of soil parameters and microbial community composition using bacterial (16S) and fungal (ITS) amplicon sequencing. We identified minor age-related shifts in mainly pH, potassium, and organic matter in the soil. While alpha diversity remained unchanged, significant shifts in bacterial and fungal community composition were observed in fatigued soils. Notably, the relative abundance of bacterial families such as Flavobacteriaceae, Pseudomonaceae, and Acidibacter increased, as did some fungal taxa (many from groups with known pathogens)-Ceratobasidiaceae (including Rhizoctonia), Dothideomycetes, and Stachybotryaceae. Simultaneously, the relative abundance of bacterial families with known beneficial members, including Gemmatimonadaceae, Moraxellaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Azospirillaceae, as well as symbiotic fungal taxa such as Glomeraceae and Lasiosphaeriaceae, declined. Thus, soil fatigue may be correlated to the proliferation of pathogenic populations and a loss of beneficial microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid41290716, year = {2025}, author = {Caesar, L and Barksdale, C and Valiati, VH and Newton, I}, title = {Spatial segregation and cross-kingdom interactions drive stingless bee hive microbiome assembly.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-66678-9}, pmid = {41290716}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {2022049//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; 2005306//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; }, abstract = {Studying host-associated microbiome assembly is key to understanding microbial and host evolution and health. While honey bee microbiome have been a central model for such investigations among pollinators, they overlook the diversity of eusocial dynamics and multi-kingdom interactions. Stingless bees-a diverse group of highly eusocial insects that includes managed species, varies in colony biology, and harbors a symbiotic yeast essential for larval development in at least one species-offer a valuable complementary system to study microbiome assembly under an eco-evolutionary context. Using amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, and microbial experiments, we investigate the drivers of microbiome assembly in stingless bee colonies. We reveal a spatially structured, site-adapted microbiome, where high microbial influx hive components are segregated from the brood, which harbors a stable, multi-kingdom community. We show that the brood microbiome is not only physically protected but also maintained through selective bacterial-fungal interactions and abiotic conditions shaped by bees and their symbionts, such as temperature and pH. Our findings uncover multi-layered mechanisms shaping eusocial superorganism microbiomes, from host biology to cross-kingdom interactions, while providing critical insights into microbiome maintenance of important pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid41290652, year = {2025}, author = {Lin, ZL and Gao, SM and Peng, SX and Tang, LY and Luo, ZH and Lao, XW and Zhang, SY and Shu, WS and Meng, F and Huang, LN}, title = {Biogeography and host interactions of CPR and DPANN viruses in acid mine drainage sediments.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {10492}, pmid = {41290652}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {*Geologic Sediments/virology/microbiology ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; China ; Virome/genetics ; Metagenomics ; Mining ; Metagenome ; Phylogeny ; Ecosystem ; Acids ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; }, abstract = {The CPR and DPANN superphyla are globally distributed in anoxic habitats including extreme environments. However, the biogeography and potential ecological functions of their viruses remain unexplored. Here, we recover diverse CPR/DPANN metagenomic viral genomes from 90 acid mine drainage (AMD) sediments sampled across southeast China. Our data reveal deterministic processes as the primary driver of virome assembly shaping the distinct distribution patterns of CPR and DPANN viruses. While lifestyle prediction shows higher lytic virus diversity associated with DPANN, both CPR/DPANN viruses likely use the Piggyback-the-winner (PtW) strategy to co-exist with hosts in AMD sediments, with CPR viromes exhibiting increased lysis in low host-density regimes under intensive acidity/salinity conditions. A subsequent metatranscriptomic analysis uncovers diverse functional genes encoded by CPR and DPANN viruses actively expressed in situ, potentially supplementing host metabolisms yet diverging in replication, transcription, and translation-related functions. Furthermore, partial correlation network analysis suggests that putative symbiotic hosts of the CPR/DPANN may confer protection against viral infection through enhanced antiviral defense. Our results highlight the complex interplays between viruses, DPANN and CPR organisms, and their symbiotic hosts.}, }
@article {pmid41290153, year = {2025}, author = {Spilmont, N and Zardi, GI and Nicastro, KR}, title = {Intertidal mussel-symbiont associations act as CO2 sinks during daily emersion.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {20250498}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2025.0498}, pmid = {41290153}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {//EMIMA experimental platform (Lille University)/ ; //FEDER/ ; //ANR/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; *Mytilus edulis/microbiology/physiology/metabolism ; *Cyanobacteria/physiology ; *Carbon Sequestration ; Carbon Cycle ; }, abstract = {Human activities have disrupted the global carbon cycle, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by tidal wetlands and submerged vegetation. This exacerbates climate challenges, including rising temperatures and ocean acidification. Coastal systems such as mangroves and seagrasses serve as key carbon sinks, promising for CO2 removal (CDR). Growing attention is being given to bivalves, whose calcification and reef-building activities shape coastal carbon dynamics. Most studies reduce bivalve impacts to a balance between individual CO2 emissions and the carbon stored in their shells and tissues, often overlooking species interactions-such as symbioses-that may modulate carbon fluxes. Here, we examined the mussel-symbiont holobiont using Mytilus edulis under emersion in a controlled chamber to quantify CO2 exchange. Mussels hosting cyanobacterial symbionts exhibited net atmospheric CO2 uptake during daily air exposure, a critical phase of the tidal cycle. To evaluate the potential significance at larger ecological scales, we combined laboratory-derived CO2 uptake data with field-based estimates of symbiont prevalence to model carbon fluxes at the mussel bed scale and compared them with values of established blue carbon systems. This research highlights the importance of species interactions in coastal carbon cycling and underscores the need to incorporate the mussel-symbiont holobiont into CDR models.}, }
@article {pmid41289393, year = {2025}, author = {He, T and Zhao, Y and Wang, X and Qiu, Y and Deng, J and Zhang, K and Xu, X and Zhao, Y and Qian, K and Wang, H and Bai, T and Zhang, Y and Feng, C and Guo, L and Chen, H and Guo, L and Wang, Y and Hu, S}, title = {Precipitation increase promotes soil organic carbon formation and stability via the mycorrhizal fungal pathway.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {48}, pages = {e2519072122}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2519072122}, pmid = {41289393}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {32371626//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; BK20240193//JST | Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation)/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/metabolism/physiology ; *Carbon/metabolism ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; *Rain ; Climate Change ; Grassland ; Biomass ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with roots of most terrestrial plants, playing a crucial role in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. While precipitation increase (Pi) is a major facet of climate change, its impacts on root- and AMF-mediated SOC formation and stability remain largely unexplored. Here, we combined a meta-analysis across global grasslands with a multiyear precipitation manipulation experiment in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau to disentangle the relative effects of roots and their associated AMF on microbial communities and SOC as influenced by Pi. We show that Pi induced tradeoffs between roots and AMF, and promoted SOC formation and stability via the mycelium- rather than the root-pathway, leading to an increase of 136% (±40) and 297% (±90) in mycelium-derived C and mineral-associated organic C (MAOC), respectively. Pi altered plant community composition, favoring subshrubs and forbs over grasses. Also, Pi reduced specific root length, but increased root diameter, tissue density, and root colonization and extraradical biomass of AMF. Furthermore, Pi-induced change in AMF shifted the soil bacterial community by favoring K-strategists, increasing bacterial necromass C and promoting MAOC accumulation. Our findings provide direct evidence that Pi enhances AMF-driven SOC sequestration by expanding the mycorrhizosphere and promoting microbiota with high C use efficiency, highlighting a key mechanism by which mycorrhizal fungi mediate SOC formation and stability under shifting precipitation regimes.}, }
@article {pmid41289084, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, H and Li, M and Zhong, Z and Seim, I and Wang, M and Lian, C and Zhuo, L and Wan, X and Wang, H and Han, G and Zhou, L and Zhang, H and Cao, L and Li, C}, title = {Function and Development of Deep-sea Mussel Bacteriocytes Revealed by SnRNA-seq and Spatial Transcriptomics.}, journal = {Genomics, proteomics &amp; bioinformatics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gpbjnl/qzaf109}, pmid = {41289084}, issn = {2210-3244}, abstract = {The deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems are among one of the most unusual ecosystems on Earth, where most megafauna form close symbiotic associations with chemosynthetic microbes to obtain nutrition and shelter from the toxic environment. Despite the diverse forms of symbiotic organs in these deep-sea holobionts, the function and development of bacteriocytes, the host cells harboring symbionts, are still largely uncharacterized. Here, we have conducted the in situ decolonization assay and state-of-the-art single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics to reveal the function and development of deep-sea mussel bacteriocytes. The bacteriocytes appear to optimize immune processes to facilitate recognition, engulfment, and elimination of endosymbionts. They also interact directly with them in carbohydrate and ammonia metabolism by exchanging metabolic intermediates via transporters such as SLC37A2 and RHBG-A. Bacteriocytes arise from three different proliferating cell types, and their successive development trajectory was delineated by multi-omics data and 3D reconstruction analyses. The molecular functions and the developmental processes of bacteriocytes were found to be guided by the same set of molluscan-conserved transcription factors and may be influenced by endosymbionts through sterol metabolism. The coordination in the functions and development of bacteriocytes and between the host and symbionts highlights the phenotypic plasticity of symbiotic cells, and underpins host-symbiont interdependence in adaptation to the deep sea.}, }
@article {pmid41288984, year = {2025}, author = {Hernandez-Benitez, EM and Martínez-Romero, E and Aguirre-Noyola, JL and Farias-Rico, JA and Ledezma-Tejeida, D}, title = {Computational inference of Rhizobium phaseoli transcriptional regulatory network predicts Transcription Factors involved in nodulation.}, journal = {Briefings in functional genomics}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/bfgp/elaf020}, pmid = {41288984}, issn = {2041-2657}, support = {IA204925//Universidad Nacional Aut&#xf3;noma de M&#xe9;xico, Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci&#xf3;n e Innovaci&#xf3;n Tecnol&#xf3;gica/ ; 2057038//Programa de Maestr&#xed;a en Ciencias Bioqu&#xed;micas, Universidad Nacional Aut&#xf3;noma de M&#xe9;xico/ ; //Secretar&#xed;a de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; }, mesh = {*Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; *Rhizobium/genetics ; *Plant Root Nodulation/genetics ; *Phaseolus/microbiology/genetics ; *Computational Biology/methods ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Symbiosis/genetics ; }, abstract = {Growth of the common bean plant Phaseolus vulgaris is tightly linked to its symbiotic relationship with diverse rhizobial species, particularly Rhizobium phaseoli, an alphaproteobacterium that forms root nodules and provides high levels of nitrogen to the plant. Molecular cross-talk is known to happen through plant-derived metabolites, but only flavonoids have been identified as nodulation signals, which act through the activation of the NodD Transcription Factor (TF). The identification of signals that mediate nodulation via TFs can aid in the rational design of biofertilizers that promote plant-bacteria symbiosis. Here, we identified 57 TFs in the R. phaseoli genome through sequence conservation from Escherichia coli, and predicted a transcriptional regulatory network comprising 16 TFs, and 1,371 target genes. We identified the regulatory interactions relevant to nodulation via transcriptome analysis, and hypothesize that PuuR is a TF involved in nodulation, potentially acting via its known binding metabolite putrescine. Sequence and structural evidence predict a model where putrescine acts as a signaling metabolite in nodulation via the TF PuuR, and the regulation of the nodI gene.}, }
@article {pmid41288789, year = {2025}, author = {Carrara, JE and Smith, AH and Heller, WP}, title = {Application of spent mushroom compost enhances wheat yield but reduces mycorrhizal associations and grain nutrient concentration.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {67}, pmid = {41288789}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {8072-12000-014-000-D//USDA-ARS in-house project/ ; }, mesh = {*Triticum/growth &amp; development/microbiology/metabolism/chemistry ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Composting ; Soil Microbiology ; *Agaricales ; Nutrients/analysis/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; Edible Grain/chemistry/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Developing management practices that enhance crop yield while maintaining soil health is the foremost objective of the regenerative agriculture movement. One avenue to achieving this goal is using biofertilizers and alternative soil amendments to supplement or replace agrochemicals. Here we report the results of a pairwise field trial of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) wherein we investigated individual and combined impacts of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and a spent mushroom compost amendment (herein mushroom compost). The symbiotic relationship between AMF and plants has been demonstrated to benefit the yield and nutritional quality of many crops by enhancing access to mineral nutrients and water. Mushroom compost, consisting of the devitalized residual substrate following harvest of edible mushrooms, is a byproduct of the mushroom industry and is comprised of a variety of nutrient-rich organic material inputs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to (1) determine the effect to which AMF and mushroom compost individually impact wheat yield and nutritional quality, and (2) examine if these effects are synergistic or antagonistic when both amendments are applied together. We found that mushroom compost addition, regardless of AMF inoculation, enhanced grain yield by ~ 40%, but reduced AMF root colonization level by ~ 25-40%. Additionally, despite yield increases, mushroom compost addition reduced grain phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations by ~ 10% and boron concentration by ~ 45%. In fact, grain P, K, and Mg concentrations were all correlated with mycorrhizal colonization level. These results suggest that while spent mushroom compost additions enhanced grain yield, this may have led to a mineral nutrient 'dilution effect' exacerbated by negative impacts on AMF colonization and community composition.}, }
@article {pmid41288749, year = {2025}, author = {Ndabankulu, KP and Zama, N and Suinyuy, TN and Magadlela, A}, title = {Soil Microbe Interaction and Extracellular Enzyme Activity Mediated by Encephalartos villosus in KwaZulu-Natal Scarp Forest Ecosystems.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {132}, pmid = {41288749}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {129403//National Research Foundation, South Africa/ ; 138091//National Research Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; South Africa ; Soil/chemistry ; Forests ; *Bacteria/classification/enzymology/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Rhizosphere ; Symbiosis ; Ecosystem ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Cycads are ancient gymnosperms that play a crucial role in the soil health of scarp forests through their symbiotic associations with nutrient-cycling bacteria. However, the abundance of cycads in scarp forests has been decreasing at an alarming rate, highlighting the importance of determining the role of these species in nutrient cycling, microbial dynamics, and soil health. This study examined soil nutrient and microbial dynamics associated with Encephalartos villosus across four scarp forest sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere zones (3-5 m away from the canopy) of mature plants. Results show that collection point did not influence soil nutrient and properties statistically; however, site-level variation was evident, with Hlathikhulu showing higher pH and nutrient concentrations, while Vernon Crookes exhibited lower pH and nutrient availability. Rhizosphere soils supported a greater diversity of nutrient-cycling bacteria, particularly taxa from the genera Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Luteibacter, and Pseudomonas with N-fixing, P-solubilizing, and N-cycling functions. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed that site differences, mainly driven by Mg, Ca, K, Zn, pH, and total cations, were stronger predictors of soil nutrient and microbial community variation than collection point alone. Enzyme assays showed that glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase were associated with community differences. These findings indicate that E. villosus enhances soil nutrient enrichment and microbial functional diversity in scarp forests, although the strength of these effects depends on local site conditions. Conservation of E. villosus is therefore critical, not only for species survival but also for sustaining soil fertility and ecosystem functioning in nutrient-limited scarp forest habitats.}, }
@article {pmid41288716, year = {2025}, author = {Chatterjee, A and Ghosh, P and Das, S and Sharaff, M and Mandal, S and Bhattacharya, PM and Chaudhuri, T and Pal, H}, title = {Mangrove derived coactive bacterial inoculant triggered biochemical traits rejuvenating plant cell function under salt stress.}, journal = {Plant cell reports}, volume = {44}, number = {12}, pages = {280}, pmid = {41288716}, issn = {1432-203X}, support = {IGSTC/Call 2019/CirCulTex/19/2020-2021/165//Indo-German Science and Technology Centre/ ; }, mesh = {*Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology/physiology/metabolism/drug effects ; *Salt Stress/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; *Plant Cells/metabolism ; Salt Tolerance ; }, abstract = {Novel endophytic bacterial consortium promotes the growth of Solanum lycopersicum surviving salt stress by differentially regulating the primary and secondary metabolic pathways. Crop yield is being impacted by global warming, which threatens food security. Salinization of soil or irrigation water is becoming increasingly prevalent in most agricultural terrain, especially around the coast. In India, it is estimated that approximately 10% of additional area is getting salinized, and around 50% of the arable land would be salt-affected by the year 2050. Finding innovative techniques that enable farmers to sustain production in an increasingly saline environment is crucial given the world's population expansion and the depletion of natural resources used in agriculture. Biostimulants are naturally occurring compounds or microorganisms that are used to promote plant functions, such as nutrient absorption, nutrient utilisation efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and the overall quality of the resulting agricultural products. In the present work, we evaluated the agronomic effectiveness of a novel formulated biostimulant consisting of four strains of endophytic bacteria isolated from the roots of mangrove plants of Sundarbans in a crop of great interest (Tomato) under controlled conditions and salt stress. Our research has shown that our product had a positive effect on the biochemical parameters in tomato plants under salt stress. The application of our biostimulant also increased osmolyte production and maintained Na[+]/K[+] homeostasis under salt conditions. Similarly, when exposed to salinity, the biostimulant increased the concentration of signature molecules, including primary metabolites, phenolic compounds, polyamines, and phytohormones inside the plant cell. This study enriched our body of knowledge by providing novel perspectives on the mechanism of salt resistance that endophytic microbes provide through symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41288338, year = {2025}, author = {Kamel Urmia, H and Koosha, M and Yakhchali, B and Moosa-Kazemi, SH and Oshaghi, MA}, title = {Environmental persistence and transmission dynamics of Serratia AS1 in mosquito habitats: advancing paratransgenesis for malaria control.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0184025}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01840-25}, pmid = {41288338}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Malaria remains a major global health challenge, particularly in developing countries, necessitating innovative control strategies. With rising resistance of Plasmodium to drugs and Anopheles mosquitoes to insecticides, paratransgenesis-using engineered symbiotic bacteria to deliver anti-pathogen molecules-offers a promising alternative. Translating this approach to field applications requires rigorous evaluation under semi-field conditions. We evaluated the environmental stability and transmission dynamics of Serratia AS1-mCherry, a paratransgenesis candidate, in Anopheles stephensi habitats under semi-field conditions in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Serratia AS1 successfully colonized mosquito midguts and ovaries, persisted in larval breeding water for 14 days, and remained stable on sugar-soaked cotton pads for 4-6 days. Transmission routes include transstadial, venereal, and vertical transmission, in addition to adult acquisition from larval habitats (sipping), demonstrating robust colonization and dissemination. Water-based delivery effectively disseminates Serratia AS1 among mosquito populations, highlighting its potential for paratransgenesis-based malaria control. This study establishes the feasibility of using Serratia AS1 with effector molecules in field settings, offering a sustainable strategy for managing vector-borne diseases.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Malaria remains a major health challenge, especially in developing countries where traditional control methods like insecticides and drugs are becoming less effective due to resistance. This study explores a promising new approach called paratransgenesis, which uses genetically modified bacteria to fight malaria. We tested a bacterium called Serratia AS1, which can live inside mosquitoes and spread through their populations. Our experiments showed that Serratia AS1 can survive in mosquito breeding sites and spread effectively among mosquitoes through multiple routes, such as larval water, sugar sources, and even from parent mosquitoes to their offspring. These findings suggest that Serratia AS1 could be used to deliver anti-malaria molecules to mosquitoes in the wild, offering a sustainable and innovative way to control the disease. This work brings us one step closer to using paratransgenesis as a practical tool to reduce malaria transmission and save lives.}, }
@article {pmid41287631, year = {2025}, author = {Kranawetter, C and Sumner, LW}, title = {Differential root zone secretions and the role of root border cells in rhizosphere manipulation.}, journal = {Phytochemistry reviews : proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {5639-5658}, pmid = {41287631}, issn = {1568-7767}, abstract = {Root tissues are broadly divided into mature tissue, elongation zone (developing tissue), root tip, and border cells. While each zone contributes individually to the overall root secretion profile, border cells are emphasized in this review due to their specialized secretory functions. Border cells are often overlooked in plant root focused studies, thus excluding an important component of root functionality. Border cells are a specialized cell type surrounding the root apical meristematic region of most plant species, with the exception of the Brassicaceae family that possess border-like cells. Both cell types share the commonality of complete detachment from the root tip and reliance on internal starch reserves to perform metabolic processes. However, border cells release from the root tip as single/individual cells whereas border-like cells separate as cohesive sheets. Furthermore, border cells, but not border-like cells, secrete a complex matrix consisting of mucilage, proteins, DNA, and metabolites. Many of these secreted compounds are bioactive (e.g. secreted mucilage supports microbial growth and DNA physically entangles pathogens) thus mediating symbiosis and pathogen defense. We are interested in metabolites secreted from individual root regions, with a heavy emphasis on those specifically arising from border cells. Border cell metabolite secretion is in need of further investigation, as current research indicates they secrete symbiosis-inducing, allelopathic, and defense oriented metabolites. This review will summarize current literature regarding metabolite secretions by specific root cell types and regions. In particular, it will focus on border cell contributions to the rhizosphere chemistry relative to other root tissue types.}, }
@article {pmid41286654, year = {2025}, author = {Benmrid, B and Idbella, M and Bonanomi, G and Khourchi, S and Gherardelli, M and Bargaz, A and Cherki, G}, title = {Drought-tolerant rhizobacterial consortia with diverse plant growth promoting traits enhance wheat and faba bean growth under water and low-P availability promising multi-traits.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {771}, pmid = {41286654}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {AS1-UM6P-Anhalt//OCP Group/ ; AS1-UM6P-Anhalt//OCP Group/ ; AS1-UM6P-Anhalt//OCP Group/ ; }, mesh = {*Triticum/growth &amp; development/microbiology/metabolism ; *Vicia faba/growth &amp; development/microbiology/metabolism ; Droughts ; *Phosphorus/metabolism/deficiency ; Plant Roots/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Rhizosphere ; *Bacteria/metabolism/classification/genetics ; Water/metabolism ; *Microbial Consortia/physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Staple crops like wheat and faba bean are increasingly subjected to multiple and simultaneous stresses, resulting in substantial yield reduction. Although vast available knowledge about the role of root-rhizosphere microbes in enhancing crop tolerance to single stress, few is known about the potential of bacterial consortia rationally assembled from strains with defined and complementary ecological functions to improve crop tolerance to combined drought and phosphorus (P) deficiency. This study evaluated wheat (Triticum durum) or faba bean (Vicia faba) morpho-physiological response to three functionally diverse drought-tolerant bacterial consortia (C7, C8, C9), in greenhouse conditions, under low-P well-watered conditions (rock phosphate (RP), 80% field capacity (FC)) or low-P drought conditions (RP, 40% FC).<br><br>RESULTS: Assessment of agro-physiological parameters identified consortium C8 as particularly effective, leading to significant increases in root biomass, leaf area, and shoot inorganic P content, of both wheat and faba bean plants under combined drought and low-P availability. This improvement is likely driven by bacterial traits related to drought tolerance, increased root biomass allocation, and enhanced rhizosphere P availability, as indicated by enhanced physiological traits related to leaf area, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), and chlorophyll content. Additionally, soil P availability and acquisition improved in response to bacterial inoculation that positively influenced faba bean nodulation, indicating that these bacterial consortia plausibly increased faba bean symbiotic effectiveness through optimizing P use efficiency as a potential mechanism among others. Additionally, the ability of bacterial consortia to produce phytohormones (e.g. Auxins) could partially explain induced root development and nodulation under water stress, given the key role of these phytohormones in root growth and rhizobia-legume symbiosis establishment.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings provide consistent evidence on the effectiveness of bacterial consortia - comprising functionally diverse PGP traits - in enhancing plant growth and nutrient acquisition under stressful conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41286598, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Y and Wen, H and Li, Q and Lu, Y and Zhang, Z and Sui, L}, title = {From function to omics: endophytic Beauveria bassiana promotes maize growth by activating phytohormone signaling pathways under elevated carbon dioxide.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-025-07763-5}, pmid = {41286598}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {32271683//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several entomopathogenic fungal (EPF) species can colonise and establish symbiotic relationships with plants as endophytes, which affects crop growth under elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) concentrations. However, how EPF facilitates eCO2 in plants is poorly understood, especially at the transcriptional and metabolic levels. Here, the authors used transcriptomics and metabolomics to examine the effects of a widely used EPF, Beauveria bassiana, on maize growth under eCO2, and how it regulated enzyme activity and endogenous hormone metabolism.<br><br>RESULTS: Beauveria bassiana colonisation significantly enhanced maize growth across CO&#x2082; concentrations. Key effects include: 39.64% greater leaf area than controls at ambient CO&#x2082; during S3. Significant developmental divergence in leaf area between S3-S4 under eCO&#x2082;, 11.8% higher 100-grain weight in eCO&#x2082;+Bb vs. eCO&#x2082; alone. Concurrent increases in stress-responsive enzymes and hormones aligned with omics-revealed activation of primary metabolic pathways (ZMA01100) and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways (ZMA01110).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that B. bassiana colonization modulates plant growth under eCO2 by regulating the expression of related genes, and in turn, enzyme activity and hormone metabolism. The findings of the present study offered a theoretical foundation for elucidating the interactions between EPFs and plants under climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41286473, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, H and Yang, Y and Zhang, H and Chen, X and Zhang, R and Hou, W and Zhang, G}, title = {Symbiotic N-Fixing Bacteria in the Root and Leaf of Typical Alpine Grassland Plants.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {127}, pmid = {41286473}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {Grassland ; *Plant Roots/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Plant Leaves/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Tibet ; *Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phylogeny ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Alpine plants in nitrogen-deficient environments can acquire nitrogen by associating with endophytic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that inhabit their roots and leaves to form symbiotic relationships. However, research is limited on nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities in the roots and leaves of alpine grassland plants, especially regarding the differences between various plant parts. In this study, we compared the root and leaf bacterial communities of four alpine plant families (Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae) in the alpine meadow ecosystem of Naqu, Tibet, using culture-based methods, 16S rRNA, and nifH gene pyrosequencing. The results showed greater bacterial diversity in the root compared to the leaf, and Fabaceae plants harbored a higher abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Interestingly, the roots and leaves of non-Fabaceae plants (Kobresia, Festuca ovina, and Leontopodium) also harbored abundant nitrogen-fixing communities such as Microbacterium, Curtobacterium, and Rhodococcus. Compared with subtropical environments, Cyanobacteria are important symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants of alpine ecosystems. These findings indicate that plant species and plant parts strongly influence the selection of bacterial populations. Understanding these microbial ecological functions in alpine grasslands provides scientific insights for optimizing agricultural practices and ecosystem management.}, }
@article {pmid41286138, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, XQ and An, XP and He, WX and Xu, XH and Hashem, A and Abd-Allah, EF and Wu, QS}, title = {Hairy Vetch Intercropping Attenuates Mycorrhizal Benefits to Walnut Growth and Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration via Glomalin.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {128}, pmid = {41286138}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {SCXX-XZCG-22016//Hubei Province '14th Five-Year' Major Science and Technology Aid Tibet Project/ ; ORF-2025-356//Ongoing Research Funding program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia/ ; }, mesh = {*Juglans/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; *Carbon Sequestration ; Plant Roots/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Carbon/metabolism/analysis ; Biomass ; *Agriculture/methods ; *Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; *Glycoproteins/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Intercropping is a prevalent soil management strategy within walnut orchards, while its impacts on the functionality of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in walnuts (Juglans regia) remain unclear, especially concerning soil carbon (C) sequestration via glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). This study aimed to explore the effects of inoculation with the AMF species Diversispora spurca and intercropping with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) on walnut biomass accumulation, soil water-stable aggregate (WSA) stability, leaf and root C (Cleaf and Croot) content, soil organic carbon (SOC), GRSP, and GRSP-contained C (CGRSP), in addition to the contribution rate of CGRSP to SOC. The intercropping treatment significantly inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization rate, soil hyphal length, and spore density in AMF-inoculated walnut plants. Individual AMF inoculation, rather than individual intercropping, significantly promoted shoot and root biomass accumulation, WSA stability, SOC, Cleaf and Croot, the levels of purified easily extractable (EEG), difficultly extractable (DEG), and total GRSP (TG), as well as their C contents. The combination treatment (AMF inoculation + intercropping) displayed limited benefits, improving just WSA stability without yielding synergistic advantages over individual treatments. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation significantly increased CGRSP, especially CDEG, while individual intercropping resulted in a reduction of CDEG. The combination treatment elevated both CDEG and CTG, albeit to a lesser extent than AMF alone. The contribution rates of CEEG, CDEG, and CTG to SOC were 0.33% - 0.53%, 1.16% - 1.78%, and 1.49% - 2.31%, respectively. Although AMF inoculation significantly increased the contribution rates of CDEG and CTG to SOC, this effect was diminished when combined with intercropping. Notably, CDEG, rather than CEEG, exhibited a significantly positive correlation with SOC and WSA stability. The findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of SOC sequestration in walnuts grown in controlled environments and offer a theoretical basis for the application of AMF in walnut cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid41285821, year = {2025}, author = {Karimzadeh, S and Safaie, N and Mojerlou, S and Ebrahimi, L}, title = {Identity and diversity of culturable endophytic fungi associated with Capparis spinosa L. in Iran.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {41502}, pmid = {41285821}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {*Endophytes/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; Iran ; *Fungi/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Endophytic fungi play a crucial role in plant health, contributing to stress tolerance, disease resistance, and ecological adaptation. However, the diversity and richness of endophytic fungal communities associated with Capparis spinosa L. in the Alborz, Tehran, and Qom provinces-ranging from semi-arid and slightly temperate to arid and desert climatic conditions-have not yet been investigated. Using morphological and molecular methods, we identified a diverse fungal assemblage comprising 3 phyla, 7 classes, 14 orders, 28 families, and 36 genera. Among the genera shared across all three provinces, Alternaria (28.8%) was the most dominant among the isolates, whereas Simplicillium (1.6%) was the least abundant. Analysis of the isolates using diversity indices revealed that species distribution in all three provinces tended toward evenness, with a similar pattern observed across different tissues. Qom exhibited the highest diversity and richness of fungal species. Additionally, a detailed comparison of different plant tissues revealed that roots consistently harbored the greatest variety and the highest number of isolates compared to stems, leaves, and fruits. Diversity metrics suggest a potential link between climatic gradients and endophyte diversity. These findings enhance our understanding of fungal-plant interactions and provide insights into the microbial contributions to C. spinosa resilience in harsh environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41285752, year = {2025}, author = {Schulz, F and Yan, Y and Weiner, AKM and Ahsan, R and Katz, LA and Woyke, T}, title = {Single-cell genomics reveals complex microbial and viral associations in ciliates and testate amoebae.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {10336}, pmid = {41285752}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {Single-Cell Analysis/methods ; Symbiosis/genetics ; *Amoeba/virology/microbiology/genetics ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Ciliophora/virology/microbiology/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Genomics/methods ; Giant Viruses/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Viruses/genetics/classification ; }, abstract = {Protists play important roles in nutrient cycling across ecosystems, yet the composition and function of their associated microbiomes remain poorly studied. Here, we use cultivation-independent single-cell isolation and genome-resolved metagenomics to investigate the microbiomes and viromes of more than 100 uncultivated ciliates and amoebae from diverse environments. Our findings reveal unique microbiome structures and complex associations with bacterial symbionts and viruses, with stark differences between ciliates and amoebae. We recover 117 microbial genomes affiliated with known eukaryotic endosymbionts, including Holosporales, Rickettsiales, Legionellales, Chlamydiae, and Babelota, and 258 genomes linked to host-associated Patescibacteriota. Many show genome reduction and genes related to toxin-antitoxin systems and nucleotide parasitism, indicating adaptation to intracellular lifestyles. We also identify more than 80 giant viruses from diverse lineages, some actively expressing genes in single-cell transcriptomes, along with other viruses predicted to infect eukaryotes or symbiotic bacteria. The frequent co-occurrence of giant viruses and microbial symbionts, especially in amoebae, suggests multipartite interactions. Together, our study highlights protists as hubs of microbial and viral associations and provides a broad view of the diversity, activity, and ecological importance of their hidden partners.}, }
@article {pmid41284260, year = {2025}, author = {Song, H and Dowdell, K and Delafont, V and Skerlos, S and Raskin, L}, title = {The Neglected Role of Heterotrophic Protists in Engineered Water Systems.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c04958}, pmid = {41284260}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Heterotrophic protists can be considered the dark matter of microbial communities in engineered water systems. They are ubiquitous and ecologically significant yet remain largely overlooked. Although a growing body of research demonstrates their pivotal roles (e.g., predation, symbiosis, and nutrient cycling) in microbial communities in natural ecosystems, their functions in engineered water systems are poorly characterized, and heterotrophic protists are frequently excluded from microbial analyses. This is largely due to methodological constraints that have only recently been overcome. Recent advances in imaging, high-throughput sequencing, and meta-omics approaches, combined with expanding reference databases, have revolutionized studies of protist diversity and functions in a wide range of natural environments. Drawing on research from the fields of protistology, microbial ecology, and environmental microbiology, this review explores how the well-documented ecological roles of heterotrophic protists in natural environments translate to engineered ecosystems, offering insights into their functions in water treatment. We critically evaluate recent literature to synthesize both beneficial roles and potential risks of heterotrophic protists in various water treatment systems, while identifying key knowledge gaps and proposing directions for future research. We advocate for a shift in perspective that recognizes heterotrophic protists as important players and call for their integration into microbial community characterization and ecological frameworks in microbial ecology studies of engineered water systems. This integration will transform our understanding of microbial communities in engineered water systems, ultimately enabling novel, mechanistic, and ecologically informed management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41282262, year = {2025}, author = {Geddes, B and Levin, G and Luu, C and Visich, N and Hoselton, S and Lipzen, A and Zhao, S and Li, L and diCenzo, G and Finan, T}, title = {Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis by Sinorhizobium meliloti drives a host-specific collapse in symbiosis with Medicago sativa.}, journal = {Research square}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-7715224/v1}, pmid = {41282262}, issn = {2693-5015}, abstract = {Naturally occurring root-nodule bacteria (rhizobia) vary substantially in their effectiveness at promoting growth of different plant hosts via symbiotic nitrogen fixation. These variations in rhizobial partner quality have important implications for the productivity of nitrogen-fixing symbioses in natural and agricultural ecosystems, yet we have a limited understanding of the genetic basis for this variation. In a case of host-specific reduction in symbiotic effectiveness (N 2 -fixation) with Medicago sativa , we identified the causative genetic elements from the pSymA replicon of Sinorhizobum meliloti HM006 and show them to be involved in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production in nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Transfer of this gene region to a strain that forms an effective symbiosis with Medicago sativa resulted in a complete loss of symbiotic N 2 -fixation. We showed the mechanism for symbiotic collapse is the diversion of succinate semialdehyde pools in the bacteroid to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) by an iron-containing dehydrogenase, GhbD. These findings reveal unexpected impacts of carbon metabolism changes in nodules on symbiont performance and provide a rare example of mechanism for variation in rhizobium partner quality, suggesting that host-specific metabolic incompatibility may be a key player in the variations in partner quality observed in nature.}, }
@article {pmid41281664, year = {2025}, author = {Lan, X and Zhang, F and Cui, G and Hu, B and Lai, Y and Lin, H and Huang, H and Zhou, D and Yu, M and Yao, G}, title = {Microbiota-directed lactic acid depleting nanoenzyme reactivates antitumor immunity and chemosensitivity in hypoxic tumor.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {102493}, pmid = {41281664}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {The acidification of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a major obstacle contributing to malignant progression and impeding therapeutic development. While traditionally attributed to anaerobic glycolysis, increasing evidence suggests that hypoxia-induced colonization of intratumoral symbiotic microbiota, particularly anaerobes, produce lactic acid (LA) metabolites serves as a significant contributor to TME acidification. Although antibiotic-based combination therapies have been explored for the hypoxic tumor treatment, the efficiency was restricted in reversing acidification-induced immunosuppression and chemoresistance. To tackle this challenge, we engineered a delivery platform (TML NPs) for lactate oxidase (LOX) and chemotherapeutic drug tirapazamine (TPZ) by modifying the carrier with metronidazole (MTZ), an antibiotic bearing hypoxia-responsive functional group. By directly targeting the symbiotic anaerobic bacterial metabolism, this strategy introduces a novel paradigm for modulating TME acidification, reversing the LA-mediated suppression of anti-tumor immune responses and chemosensitivity. Our strategy offers a promising translational platform for the precise treatment of TNBC and other hypoxic malignancies.}, }
@article {pmid41280275, year = {2026}, author = {Qi, X and Zhang, Y and Sun, Z and Wang, G and Ling, F}, title = {A simplified synthetic microbial community enhances resistance of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) to Aeromonas hydrophila infection through host immune activation.}, journal = {Synthetic and systems biotechnology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {407-418}, pmid = {41280275}, issn = {2405-805X}, abstract = {Bacterial diseases represent a major bottleneck in the sustainable development of aquaculture. The gut microbiota plays a vital role in host growth and health, including the enhancement of disease resistance. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of disease resistance in fish, the precise role of the gut microbiota in enhancing pathogen resistance in aquatic animals remains poorly understood. In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were used as a model to investigate the role of intestinal microbiota in modulating resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila. Individual crucian carp exhibited distinct clinical phenotypes following A. hydrophila infection. Specifically, significant differences were observed in the composition of the intestinal microbiota between fish displaying mild symptoms and those exhibiting severe phenotypic manifestations (α diversity: p < 0.01; β diversity: p = 0.001). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments demonstrated that fish with mild symptoms conferred enhanced resistance to A. hydrophila when their intestinal contents were transplanted into other individuals (p = 0.006). Further microbial analysis identified Cetobacterium (p = 0.013), Paraclostridium (p < 0.01), and Pseudomonas (p < 0.01) as key differential taxa. A simplified microbial community comprising these three strains was subsequently constructed. Feeding experiments confirmed that administration of this community significantly improved host resistance to A. hydrophila (p < 0.05) by activating intestinal immune responses and reinforcing the gut barrier. Overall, our findings underscore the potential of the microbial community as a novel strategy for disease prevention and control in aquaculture, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of microbiome-based therapies in fish health management.}, }
@article {pmid41279359, year = {2025}, author = {Chi, X and Wang, CH and Parisotto, YF and Nyberg, WA and Cabric, V and Gelineau, A and Cao, Y and Owen, DL and Ambjörnsson, J and Mathis, D and Eyquem, J and Brown, CC and Benoist, C}, title = {Decoding Peripheral Tolerance: TCR Rules for pTreg differentiation in the Gut.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.10.20.683415}, pmid = {41279359}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Peripheral differentiation of regulatory T cells (pTregs) promoted by foreign antigens encountered in barrier tissues is considered a unique contributor to immunological tolerance to obligate non-self, like food or symbiotic microbes. The relative importance of adaptive recognition via the T cell receptor (TCR) vs environmental small-molecule or neuroimmune cues, is poorly understood. We leverage CRISPR-based TCR editing to perform in primary T cells in vivo , with a large panel of TCRs, a screen to assess pTreg differentiation induced by self, microbial, or dietary antigens. All antigen classes drive pTreg differentiation, which varies with the origin of the TCR: TCRs derived from Tregs enable pTreg differentiation much more effectively than those from Tconv. TCRs recognizing self, microbial, or dietary antigens elicit distinct pTreg phenotypes, Helios[+], RORγ[+], or both. Mechanistically, these trace to different types of antigen-presenting-cell involved. That Treg-derived TCRs preferentially drive tolerogenic fate speaks to preferential drivers of tolerogenic therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41279009, year = {2025}, author = {Morgese, EA and Ferrell, BD and Toth, SC and Polson, SW and Wommack, KE and Fuhrmann, JJ}, title = {Comparative Analysis Reveals Host Species-Dependent Diversity Among 16 Virulent Bacteriophages Isolated Against Soybean Bradyrhizobium spp.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.10.06.680108}, pmid = {41279009}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Phages play a role in shaping ecosystems by controlling host abundance via cell lysis, driving host evolution via horizontal gene transfer, and promoting nutrient cycling. The genus Bradyrhizobium includes bacteria able to symbiotically nodulate the roots of soybean (Glycine max), providing the plant with a direct source of biologically fixed nitrogen. Optimizing this symbiosis can minimize the use of nitrogen fertilizers and make soybean production more sustainable. Phages targeting Bradyrhizobium may modify their hosts' genotype, alter phenotypic traits such as symbiotic effectiveness, and mediate competition among strains for nodulation sites. Sixteen phages were isolated against B. elkanii strains USDA94 and USDA31, and B. diazoefficiens strain USDA110. Comparative analyses revealed host species-dependent diversity in morphology, host range, and genome composition, leading to the identification of three previously undescribed phage species. Remarkably, all B. elkanii phages shared a siphophage morphology and formed a single species with >97% nucleotide identity, even when isolated from farms separated by up to ∼70 km, suggesting genomic stability across geographic scales. In contrast, phages isolated against B. diazoefficiens displayed podophage-like morphology, greater genetic diversity, and divided into two distinct species. Although no phages were recovered against B. japonicum strains or native Delaware Bradyrhizobium isolates tested, some Delaware isolates showed susceptibility during the host range assay. The phage genomes demonstrated features predicting phenotypes. Terminase genes predicted headful packaging among the phages which is critical for generalized transduction. The B. elkanii phages all carried tmRNA genes capable of recruiting stalled ribosomes and both phage groups carried DNA polymerase A indicating greater control of phage genome replication. State-of-the-art structural annotation revealed a tail fiber gene within a phage genome having the highest proportion (80.77%) of unknown genes. Together this work expands the limited knowledge available on soybean Bradyrhizobium phage ecology and genomics.}, }
@article {pmid41278752, year = {2025}, author = {Lubin, MB and Teixeira, DH and Belin, BJ}, title = {Characterization of chemotaxis in soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.10.14.682368}, pmid = {41278752}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Symbiotic relationships between nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and legumes provide nearly half of all biologically fixed nitrogen on Earth, playing a crucial role in sustainable agriculture. These relationships rely on bacterial navigation of complex, dynamic soil environments to reach their plant hosts. Central to this behavior are bacterial motility and chemotaxis, the ability to sense and move toward host-derived signals in the rhizosphere. In the soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110, motility is controlled by dual flagellar systems, and this strain contains three putative but uncharacterized chemotaxis operons (che1 , che2 , and che3). Using targeted deletions of all three predicted cheA genes, we show that cheA2 is the primary driver of chemotaxis toward soybean seed exudate in soft agar assays, and that the greater contribution of cheA2 vs. cheA1 in soft agar chemotaxis is due to its genomic context. Interestingly, we also found that B. diazoefficiens mutants that are incapable of chemotaxis in semisolid media retain wild type-like swimming speeds in aqueous media. These findings provide insight into how the agricultural inoculant B. diazoefficiens coordinates its chemosensory systems to respond to its host plant.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Chemotaxis is crucial for the establishment of beneficial plant-microbe associations, yet mechanistic studies of chemotaxis have been limited to a handful of soil bacterial models, namely Azospirillum brasilense , Sinorhizobium meliloti , and Rhizobium leguminosarum . These three models represent only a fraction of the diversity found among plant- beneficial bacteria and agricultural inoculants. The soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 is a commonly used soybean inoculant with exceptional nitrogen fixation efficiency, but the genetic control of chemotaxis in B. diazoefficiens has not been examined. Establishing B. diazoefficiens as a model of chemotaxis provides an opportunity to understand how multiple chemotaxis systems coordinate root colonization in this major agricultural symbiont and can enable comparative analyses of plant-microbe recognition strategies across agricultural bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41278148, year = {2025}, author = {Dely, A and Racicot, R and Samples, R and Giddings, LA}, title = {Draft genome sequence and metabolomics data for Streptomyces sp. ADLamb9 isolated from the rhizosphere of Lavandula dentata.}, journal = {Data in brief}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {112199}, pmid = {41278148}, issn = {2352-3409}, abstract = {Iron-chelating molecules or siderophores play pivotal roles in soil ecosystems, particularly in facilitating plant iron uptake as well as the phytoremediation of metal-polluted environments. Lavandula dentata, commonly referred to as French Lavender, is a valuable species for siderophore production due to its ability to thrive in iron-deficient Mediterranean soils by forming symbiotic relationships with siderophore-producing rhizosphere microbes. Here, we used a Chrome Azurol S (CAS) overlay assay to isolate a yellow-pigmented L. dentata rhizosphere siderophore-producing bacterium. This isolate also demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Genomic sequencing revealed that the isolate was Streptomyces sp. ADLamb9 with a genome size of 8.2 Mb and 71.77% GC content. antiSMASH analysis of the Streptomyces sp. ADLamb9 genome identified four putative siderophore biosynthetic gene clusters as well as the catecholate siderophore mirubactin. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) masses consistent with desferrioxamine B (561.3604 m/z), IC202C (517.3342 m/z), mirubactin (605.2207 m/z), as well as previously unreported desferrioxamine A1C. Notably, the presence of the rare earth element cerium differentially affected the accumulation of catecholate and hydroxamate siderophores, highlighting our incomplete understanding of the complex regulation and relationship between siderophore biosynthesis genes. These datasets, deposited at NCBI under the BioProject accession number PRJNA1224804, contribute to the broader scientific understanding of metabolite diversity and genomic features of Streptomyces sp. ADLamb9, providing insight into its use in bioremediation, especially in the presence of rare earth elements.}, }
@article {pmid41277186, year = {2025}, author = {Sinha, A and Kumar, S}, title = {Symbiotic Relationships Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Essential Oil-Producing Herbs: A Review of Recent Advances.}, journal = {Journal of basic microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70127}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.70127}, pmid = {41277186}, issn = {1521-4028}, support = {//The authors received no specific funding for this work./ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) significantly impact on the growth, nutritional intake, and secondary metabolite synthesis of essential oil-producing plants by forming crucial symbiotic relationships with their roots. Recent research findings that demonstrate the diverse functions of AMF in improving the amount and chemical makeup of essential oils are compiled in this article. In sustainable agriculture, particularly in organic farming systems that utilize minimal synthetic inputs, AMF and medicinal herbs have demonstrated a positive relationship. AMF also supports ecological stability by promoting biodiversity and enhancing soil structure. The molecular and pharmacological mechanisms underlying these plant-fungal interactions are still not fully known, however. This study highlights the need for further research into the mechanisms of action of AMF, the development of effective inoculation methods, and the evaluation of novel herb-fungus combinations. It also reveals present research gaps. These revelations will open the door to more environmentally friendly farming methods and the efficient use of AMF in the manufacture of essential oils. AMF and medicinal plants have a promising interaction in sustainable agriculture, especially in organic farming systems that employ fewer synthetic inputs. Additionally, AMF improves soil structure and encourages biodiversity, both of which support ecological stability.}, }
@article {pmid41276973, year = {2025}, author = {Luo, X and Yang, X and He, L and Wang, K and Gao, Y and Zhang, J and Yang, L and Li, Z and Zhao, X and Zhao, R and Zhao, S}, title = {Interaction Mechanisms between 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonic Acid (6:2 FTSA) and Soil-Soybean System: Insight from Biodegradation, Phytotoxicity, and Microbial Shifts.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c11903}, pmid = {41276973}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {As an important perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) substitute, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) has been widely detected in soil. However, the interaction mechanisms between 6:2 FTSA and the soil-plant system are still unknown. Here, we explored the biodegradation, phytotoxicity, and microbial impact of 6:2 FTSA in a soil-soybean system. The biodegradation of 6:2 FTSA in plants was mediated by both enzymes and coexisting microorganisms. 6:2 FTSA (2.97 nmol/g) inhibited soybean growth and caused oxidative damage, while soybeans enhanced their stress tolerance and metabolism of 6:2 FTSA by modulating genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, hormone signaling, oxidative stress, xenobiotic detoxification, and transmembrane transport. 6:2 FTSA affected rhizospheric and root endophytic microbial communities, with symbiotic fungi being more sensitive to 6:2 FTSA stress than bacteria. Five 6:2 FTSA-degrading rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial strains belonging to genera Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus, and Klebsiella were isolated and identified, with the rhizosphere bacteria exhibiting more effective degradation. Our findings reveal the ecological risks and detoxification mechanisms of emerging PFOS alternatives in soil-crop systems.}, }
@article {pmid41276563, year = {2025}, author = {Thériault, V and De la Rosa, CMA and Miard, S and Taubert, S and Picard, F}, title = {Impact of bacterial inactivation methods on Caenorhabditis elegans feeding and healthspan.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-27444-5}, pmid = {41276563}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {RGPIN-2024-06781//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Accurate bacterial inactivation methods are essential for nutritional and microbiota studies in Caenorhabditis elegans, to determine whether the observed effects arise from nutrients provided by ingested bacteria or from active symbiotic interactions. However, some inactivation methods alter bacterial palatability, complicating conclusions about their direct impact. We aimed to identify an effective method for inactivating the bacterial strain Escherichia coli OP50, the standard food source for most C. elegans experiments, that preserves normal behavior and physiology in C. elegans. We compared heat inactivation (65 °C for 35 min) with 0.5% paraformaldehyde (PFA) inactivation. Worms fed PFA-inactivated bacteria showed no food aversion, and maintained wild-type pharyngeal pumping levels, fertility rates, and lipid accumulation, closely resembling the behavior and physiology of worms fed alive E. coli OP50. In contrast, heat‑inactivated bacteria elicited strong food avoidance, reduced pumping activity, activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR[mt]), decreased lipid stores and fertility, and increased survival relative to the other groups. These findings demonstrate that 0.5% PFA inactivation more accurately preserves C. elegans physiological and behavioral traits than heat inactivation, making it a more suitable method for microbiota and nutritional studies.}, }
@article {pmid41276306, year = {2025}, author = {Tian, L and Gupta, A and Li, W and Wang, G and Jiang, D and Yan, Y and Jia, Z and Tran, LP and Tian, C}, title = {Utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis-related genes from host plants in biotechnology for sustainable agriculture.}, journal = {Critical reviews in biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1080/07388551.2025.2581883}, pmid = {41276306}, issn = {1549-7801}, abstract = {In recent years, interest in the role of nutrient cycling in sustainable agriculture has significantly increased. The potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMFs) in nutrient cycling and plant growth improvement has long been recognized. However, there have been only a few studies on the identification and exploration of AM symbiosis-related plant genes for sustainable agriculture. We have developed a new constructive model for using host plant-derived AM symbiosis-related genes to improve breeding and AMF utilization for sustainable agriculture, particularly in the context of climate change. This model include: 1) the discovery of AM symbiosis-related genes in crop wild-relatives for molecular breeding and 2) the screening and propagation of AMFs that can help improve water-use efficiency and nutrient-use efficiency by crops, thereby reducing chemical fertilizer use in agricultural production. The first approach uniquely facilitates the identification of host plant-derived AM symbiosis-related genes, such as CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (OsCERK1) from Dongxiang (DY) wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) (OsCERK1DY), MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS 1 (MLO1) from wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), and WRKY60 from wild soybean (Glycine soja), for breeding purposes. The second one involves identifying soil-borne AMF species, such as Rhizophagus intraradices and Glomus mosseae for practical applications in the field. This suggestive model presents an emerging biotechnological potential for engineering climate-resilient crops.}, }
@article {pmid41275102, year = {2025}, author = {Bruzzese, DJ and Gstöttenmayer, F and Weiss, BL and Khalil, H and Mach, RL and Abd-Alla, AMM and Aksoy, S}, title = {Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of the Spiroplasma glossinidia strain sGff reveal insights into host interaction and trypanosome resistance in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-025-12351-w}, pmid = {41275102}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {R21AI163969/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R21AI163969/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; D42017//International Atomic Energy Agency/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41274117, year = {2025}, author = {Imai, Y and Kimura, S and Kitajima, S and Sadato, N and Chiba, R and Hibino, H and Adachi-Akahane, S}, title = {Toward the promotion of "One Health" - part I: How do humans work to live together with humans, other organisms, and xenobiotics on Earth?.}, journal = {The journal of physiological sciences : JPS}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {100050}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphyss.2025.100050}, pmid = {41274117}, issn = {1880-6562}, abstract = {Thirty years from now, society will be transformed by dramatic advances in digital transformation, life infrastructure, and personalized medicine. People will communicate seamlessly in virtual spaces, and older adults will enjoy more fulfilling lives. Nevertheless, increasingly complex lifestyles will place immense pressure on ecosystems, affecting the environment and organisms and leading to serious health challenges. To address these issues, the Japanese Association of Anatomists, the Physiological Society of Japan (PSJ), and the Japanese Pharmacological Society have launched a collaborative initiative on "One Health". This framework aims to integrate the protection of flora and fauna with the health of humans, animals, and the planet, extending even to outer space. In the symposium held at 2025 APPW congress cohosted by PSJ, experts from multiple disciplines discussed how humans can coexist with microbes, xenobiotics, humans, and robots on Earth, fostering a sustainable and resilient future. This article summarizes this One Health symposium.}, }
@article {pmid41273130, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, XY and Li, DG}, title = {Immunoglobulin G and Aging: Biological Functions and Its Crosstalk with the Gut Microbiota.}, journal = {Rejuvenation research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1177/15491684251396176}, pmid = {41273130}, issn = {1557-8577}, abstract = {Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in physiological integrity, often accompanied by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), a key effector of humoral immunity, undergoes substantial structural and functional remodeling with age, particularly through changes in its glycosylation profile. These modifications shift IgG toward a proinflammatory state, linking it to inflammaging and multiple age-related diseases. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding how IgG contributes to immune aging, with a specific focus on its glycosylation-dependent functions, tissue accumulation, and bidirectional crosstalk with the gut microbiota. We also highlight the potential of IgG as a biomarker and therapeutic target in aging-related interventions. We discuss the dual functional architecture of IgG and how age-related glycan shifts-namely, increased agalactosylation, afucosylation, and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-enhance binding to activating Fcγ receptors, amplifying proinflammatory signaling. Experimental studies demonstrate that IgG accumulation in adipose tissue contributes to metabolic dysfunction via Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn)-dependent pathways. Additionally, sex hormones modulate IgG glycosylation patterns, partially explaining sex-specific differences in immune aging. The concept of "glycan clocks" has emerged as a tool to assess biological age and intervention responsiveness. Moreover, the gut microbiota plays a critical role in shaping the IgG repertoire, and aging disrupts this IgG-microbiota axis, resulting in altered mucosal immunity and systemic inflammation. Interventions targeting this axis-including microbiota modulation and glycoengineering-offer promising translational avenues for immune rejuvenation. Finally, we review emerging therapeutic strategies that leverage the gut-immune interface to mitigate aging-associated cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. IgG is not merely a biomarker but an active participant in the aging process, functioning at the intersection of immune regulation, microbial symbiosis, and systemic inflammation. Its age-associated transformation reflects broader changes in host immunity and highlights new opportunities for precision interventions in immunosenescence.}, }
@article {pmid41272488, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, R and Pan, H}, title = {Identification and functional evaluation of cyclin-dependent kinase genes reveals that CDKB1;1 and CDKB2;2 contribute to the balance of mitosis and endoreduplication in Medicago truncatula nodule.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1617}, pmid = {41272488}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {*Medicago truncatula/genetics/enzymology/microbiology ; *Mitosis/genetics ; *Root Nodules, Plant/genetics ; *Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; *Endoreduplication/genetics ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Symbiosis ; Protein Interaction Maps ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) critically regulate plant cell cycle transitions, including mitosis-to-endoreduplication switches essential for growth and adaptation. In Medicago truncatula, nodules form through symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. The terminal differentiation of bacteroids within nodule cells is critical for efficient nitrogen fixation. To maintain and optimize the functionality of these differentiated symbiosomes, host nodule cells undergo repeated rounds of endoreduplication. However, which CDKs are involved in regulating endoreduplication in nodule cells to support effective symbiotic nitrogen fixation remains largely unknown.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified and characterized 29 CDK genes (15 CDKs and 14 CDKLs) classified into eight conserved subgroups. These genes displayed diverse exon/intron structures and protein motifs, with CDKA, CDKB, and CDKL subfamilies showing strong conservation with Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression analysis revealed specific downregulation of CDKB1;1, CDKB2;2, and CDKL13 in nodule infection to fixation zones. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Gene ontology (GO) analyses demonstrated CDKB1;1 and CDKB2;2 involvement in cell cycle regulation. Overexpression of CDKB1;1 or CDKB2;2 disrupted endoreduplication and nitrogen fixation, with CDKB1;1 having the most pronounced effect, while CDKL13 appeared dispensable for symbiosis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our study presents the comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the CDK gene family in M. truncatula, demonstrating that the essential role of CDKB1;1 and CDKB2;2 downregulation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation and endoreduplication offers new insights into cell cycle regulation in nodules. It also identifies potential targets for improving nitrogen fixation efficiency in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid41271942, year = {2025}, author = {Dmitrieva, M and Shelkovnikova, V and Morgunova, M and Malygina, E and Imidoeva, N and Belyshenko, A and Telnova, T and Vavilina, T and Konovalov, A and Batalova, A and Lipatova, O and Listopad, A and Axenov-Gribanov, D}, title = {Genetic and biotechnological potential of thermophilic Streptomyces sp. isolated from Baikal freshwater psychrophilic sponge.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {41403}, pmid = {41271942}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {FZZE-2024-0003//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; FZZE-2024-0013//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, mesh = {*Streptomyces/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; *Porifera/microbiology ; Animals ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; Biotechnology/methods ; Biological Products/metabolism/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Temperature ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Microorganisms inhabiting extreme environmental conditions receive special attention because they possess different adaptations to adverse conditions. Currently, their biotechnological potential and ability to isolate biologically active metabolites have increased. The increasing mortality due to different diseases has become particularly important as one of the notable challenges in modern healthcare. This highlights the necessity of discovering new producers of natural products (NPs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic and biotechnological potential through the assessment of NP synthesis and genome annotation of the thermophilic strain Streptomyces sp. LPB2020-019-1HS. The thermophilic strain was isolated from the Baikal endemic cold water sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis. Subsequently, Streptomyces sp. LPB2020-019-1HS was cultivated at six temperatures ([Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, and [Formula: see text]C) in twelve nutrient media with different compositions (nutrient rich and nutrient poor). Using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry approaches, the synthesis of compounds by the strain was assessed at [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, and [Formula: see text]C. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated at all temperatures (from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]C). We demonstrated the presence of antibiotic activity against Bacillus subtilis for strains cultivated at 28 °C, [Formula: see text]C, and [Formula: see text]C. Additionally, we observed activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis when the strain was cultivated at [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, [Formula: see text]C, and [Formula: see text]C. Furthermore, the strain exhibited activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Candida glabrata when cultured at [Formula: see text]C. Overall, we found that Streptomyces sp. LPB2020-019-1HS produces a family of NPs related to Nocardamine and hypothesized that freshwater Actinobacteria have mechanisms for chelating iron ions, making them available for plants/sponges or other symbiotic organisms. Therefore, our research findings underscore the importance of studying extremophilic microorganisms from Lake Baikal in the context of developing new pharmaceuticals and biotechnological solutions for contemporary healthcare challenges.}, }
@article {pmid41271671, year = {2025}, author = {Shahul Hameed, UF and Balakrishna, A and Wang, JY and Alvarez, D and Momin, AA and Schwarzenberg, A and Al-Babili, S and Arold, ST}, title = {Molecular Basis for Catalysis and Regulation of the Strigolactone Catabolic Enzyme CXE15.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {10290}, pmid = {41271671}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {BAS/1/1056-01-01//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)/ ; }, mesh = {*Lactones/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Catalysis ; *Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protein Multimerization ; }, abstract = {Strigolactones (SLs) are pivotal plant hormones involved in developmental, physiological, and adaptive processes. SLs also facilitate symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger germination of root parasitic Striga plants. The carboxylesterase CXE15, recently identified as the SL catabolic enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana, plays a crucial role in regulating SL levels. Our study elucidates the structural and regulatory mechanisms of CXE15. We present four crystal structures capturing the conformational dynamics of CXE15, revealing a unique N-terminal extension (Nt) that transitions from a β-sheet in monomers to an intertwined helical structure in dimers. Only the dimeric form is catalytically active, as it forms a hydrophobic cavity for SLs between its two active sites. The moderate dimerisation affinity allows for genetic regulation through protein expression levels. Additionally, we identify an environment-controlled regulation mechanism. Under oxidising conditions, a disulphide bond forms between Cys14 of the two monomers, blocking the active site and inhibiting SL cleavage. This redox-sensitive inhibition of SL catabolism, triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to abiotic stress, suggests a mechanism for maintaining high SL levels under beneficial conditions. Our findings provide molecular insights into the regulation of SL homeostasis and catabolism under stress conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41270733, year = {2025}, author = {Wei, Z and Lan, Y and Meng, L and Wang, H and Li, L and Li, Y and Zhang, N and Lu, R and Cui, Z and Song, Y and Wang, Y and Li, Y and Yue, Z and Fan, G and Li, Q and Gu, Y and Liu, S and Qian, PY and Meng, L and Shao, C}, title = {Hologenomic insights into the molecular adaptation of deep-sea coral Bathypathes pseudoalternata.}, journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2025.10.020}, pmid = {41270733}, issn = {1934-6069}, abstract = {Deep-sea coral ecosystems support biodiversity and nutrient cycling through interactions with symbionts. However, their molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, hologenomic analyses of Bathypathes pseudoalternata are applied to uncover molecular adaptations underpinning host-symbiont interactions. Genomic evidence reveals that B. pseudoalternata exhibits adaptations in nutrient transport, immune response, and lysosomal digestion, reflecting its genomic adjustments for a stable symbiosis. Candidatus Nitrosopumilus bathypathes (78.43% ± 3.65%) is inferred to oxidize host-derived ammonia to synthesize amino acids and vitamins to provision the host. The presence of CRISPR-Cas and restriction-modification (R-M) systems suggests that Ca. Bathyplasma bathypathes and Ca. Thalassoplasma bathypathes (10.68% ± 2.99%) may protect the host from viral infections. Ca. Bathybacter bathypathes (8.39% ± 1.53%) is hypothesized to synthesize heme, lipoic acid, and glutathione, which serve dual functions as antioxidants and nutrients. These findings collectively provide insights into how the hologenome contributes to the survival of B. pseudoalternata in the extreme environment.}, }
@article {pmid41267536, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, J and Zhang, W and Guo, Q and Liu, X and Wei, C}, title = {Initially Coexisting Endosymbionts Migrate Into Different Tissues During Ontogeny of Host Cicadas.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, pages = {e70185}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70185}, pmid = {41267536}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {32270496//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025KYCXZ05//Northwest A&amp;F University Doctoral Candidates' Independent Innovation Research Project Funding/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Hemiptera/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Animals ; *Fungi/physiology ; }, abstract = {Endosymbionts play pivotal roles in driving ecological and evolutionary diversification of many insects, yet the morphogenesis and evolutionary origin of their specialised symbiotic organs (e.g., bacteriomes) remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the bacteriome morphogenesis in Cicadidae using microscopy-based methods. We revealed that bacteriomes originate either from both the original bacteriocytes that emerged after anatrepsis and the novel bacteriocytes that appeared during katatrepsis, or solely from the latter. Bacteriomes expand via "budding" proliferation to increase the bacteriome unit number, and bacteriome developmental patterns closely correlate with the presence/absence of the yeast-like fungal symbionts (YLS) and their colonisation dynamics. The obligate endosymbiont Karelsulcia and YLS, coexisting in bacteriomes during early stages of host ontogeny, may compete for ecological niches, potentially resulting in translocation of YLS into fat bodies. This indicates that bacteriomes may have initially functioned as immune organs like fat bodies, but evolved specifically for accommodating bacterial endosymbionts. The translocation of YLS from bacteriomes to fat bodies during the later development of host cicadas indicates that immune-mediated regulation occurs in such symbiotic organs as host insects mature. This study sheds light on how symbiont-host interactions shape the symbiotic organogenesis, which provides insights into adaptive evolution of specialised symbiotic organs in plant sap-feeding insects.}, }
@article {pmid41266970, year = {2025}, author = {Jin, L and Xu, Q and Miao, C and Zhan, J and Zhang, Y and Li, M and Cheng, J and Liu, P and Yang, Y and Zhou, H and Hu, Z and Li, F and Wu, C}, title = {Dynamic multi-omics analysis reveals the correlation between aroma compounds and symbiotic microbial community during tobacco leaf aging process.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-025-07765-3}, pmid = {41266970}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {110202102033//the Key Grant of China National Tobacco Corporation, China/ ; }, }
@article {pmid41266614, year = {2025}, author = {Wiles, EL and Kakumanu, ML and Schal, C}, title = {Wolbachia-supplemented B-vitamins are critical for blood digestion in the bed bug Cimex lectularius.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {40962}, pmid = {41266614}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2023348287//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program/ ; NC02639//U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Bedbugs/microbiology/physiology/metabolism ; *Wolbachia/physiology ; *Riboflavin/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Digestion ; Symbiosis ; *Vitamin B Complex/pharmacology ; Biotin/pharmacology ; Female ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont, acts as an obligate nutritional mutualist in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Wolbachia in C. lectularius (wCle) supplements B-vitamins, namely riboflavin (B2) and biotin (B7), which are deficient in the bed bug's diet of vertebrate blood. Experimental elimination of wCle significantly impairs fitness in bed bugs, resulting in slow development, low egg production and egg hatch rate, and smaller adult body size. Although this obligatory symbiosis has been well-documented, the specific physiological mechanisms by which wCle-supplemented B-vitamins promote bed bug fitness remain unclear. We hypothesized that B-vitamin deficiency impairs digestion in aposymbiotic bed bugs, and in this study we investigated the effects of wCle elimination on three digestive processes in the bed bug - diuresis, erythrocyte (red blood cell) lysis, and protein catabolism. Our results show that wCle elimination significantly slows both diuresis and protein catabolism. We also demonstrate that riboflavin is critical for the breakdown of hemoglobin, the main protein component of red blood cells, but not albumin, the main protein component of plasma. We propose that the lack of wCle-supplemented riboflavin results in systemic protein deficiency, driving various fitness-related deficits in aposymbiotic bed bugs. These findings enhance our understanding of bed bug digestive physiology and the wCle-bed bug nutritional mutualism, with broader implications for other blood-feeding arthropods.}, }
@article {pmid41266521, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, Y and Zhu, P and Xia, Y and Hassan, Z}, title = {The mutualistic symbiosis of public and scientific attention in science communication.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {41151}, pmid = {41266521}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {22YB013//Jiangxi Provincial Education Science '14th Five-Year Plan' 2022 General Topic: Research on Red Gene Inheritance of Contemporary College Students Based on Heart Stream Experience/ ; 2023JSYJC20//Public Security Ministry Technical Research Program/ ; G2024507002//Hebei Natural Science Foundation: Research on Modeling of Public Opinion Risks in Online Communities and Intelligent Governance Algorithms/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Symbiosis ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Models, Theoretical ; *Communication ; *Information Dissemination/methods ; *Science ; *Scholarly Communication ; }, abstract = {This study examines the bidirectional tension between public and scientific attention amid informatization, analyzing their mutualistic symbiosis to address science communication challenges. We constructed a mathematical model of mutualistic symbiosis in their relationship was developed based on the Logistic Model. Subsequently, numerical simulations were employed to investigate the evolutionary trends and patterns of scientific attention, public attention, and the effectiveness of science communication under varying modes of public attention and initial values of scientific attention. Furthermore, using "COVID-19" as a case study, an empirical analysis was conducted on to assess the correlation between public attention and scientific attention and evaluate the constructed mathematical Model, verifying its scientific validity and effectiveness. This study underscores the critical role of science communication in fostering advantageous interactions between scientific and public attention. Nonetheless, it is imperative to adopt tailored science communication strategies that accommodate diverse public attention modes and initial levels of scientific attention while selecting appropriate symbiotic models for specific contexts. This proposed approach ensures the effective dissemination of scientific information and fosters a robust science communication ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid41266356, year = {2025}, author = {Deng, Y and Zhao, H and Zhang, L and Yang, S and Zou, D and Ma, M and Hou, C}, title = {Symbiotic Enterococcus faecalis potentiates viral pathogenesis via fructose-1,6-bisphosphate-mediated insect gut epithelial damage.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {215}, pmid = {41266356}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {32300418//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32300418//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024RC1069//The Science and Technology of Innovation Program of Hunan Province/ ; CAAS-BRC-CB-2025-01//Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program/ ; GLKY-2022-16//Guangxi Forestry Science and Technology Promotion and Demonstration Project/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Enterococcus faecalis/physiology/genetics ; Bees/virology/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Larva/virology/microbiology ; Apoptosis ; }, abstract = {Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) is highly lethal to Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) larvae. While gut symbionts are known to regulate viral infection, their role in CSBV pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the field-collected honey bees, we found that the larvae had a substantially higher relative abundance of Enterococcus than pupae or adults. Metagenome sequencing analysis of field-collected larvae demonstrated that CSBV infection significantly induced more than 45-fold enhancement in the abundance of Enterococcus faecalis, an opportunistic pathogen implicated in the development of purulent cystic lesions. In microbiota-free (MF) bees, colonization with E. faecalis markedly suppressed phospholipid metabolism and elevated levels of 4-guanidinobutyric acid and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). These metabolic changes were associated with cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which worsened goblet cell damage and thereby facilitated CSBV infection, as indicated by metabolomics and pathological section analysis. Crucially, exogenous FBP administration directly enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis of gut in CSBV-infected MF bees, mirroring the CSBV susceptibility was mediated by E. faecalis. Our study unveiled a symbiotic bacteria's involvement in promoting RNA virus infection through metabolic reprogramming and epithelial barrier dysfunction, providing new insights into host-microbe-virus interactions in pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid41265612, year = {2025}, author = {Ranjbar, M and Ahmadpour, M and Kiani, M and Govahi, M}, title = {Myco-macromolecular symbiosis: Chitosan-folate ZnO nanoplatforms from Trametes versicolor for dual-functional oncological and antibacterial therapy.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {149140}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149140}, pmid = {41265612}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and cancer necessitates the development of novel, targeted therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to develop a multifunctional nanoplatform combining antibacterial and anticancer properties through green synthesis and strategic surface functionalization. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were biosynthesized using Trametes versicolor extract as a reducing and capping agent, then surface-functionalized with chitosan (Cs) for enhanced biocompatibility and conjugated with folic acid (FA) for targeted delivery. The NPs were characterized using multiple analytical techniques and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Cytotoxicity was assessed in cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and normal cells (MCF-10 A), followed by gene expression analysis of key oncogenic and apoptotic markers. Characterization confirmed the formation of crystalline, core-shell structures with successful ligand attachment. Cs-ZnO NPs demonstrated significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains compared to bare ZnO NPs. FA-Cs-ZnO NPs exhibited selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells while maintaining biocompatibility with normal cells. Gene expression analysis revealed down-regulation of cancer stemness genes (CD44, SOX2) and proliferation markers (mTOR, β-catenin), coupled with up-regulation of the apoptotic marker Caspase 3. This green-synthesized, dual-functional nanoplatform demonstrates promising potential for combined antibacterial and targeted anticancer therapy, warranting further in vivo evaluation for clinical translation.}, }
@article {pmid41265272, year = {2025}, author = {Jia, J and Xue, X and Wang, Z and Xiong, X and Hu, H and Wu, C}, title = {Phycosphere as a hotspot of antibiotic resistomes in aquatic environments.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {500}, number = {}, pages = {140513}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140513}, pmid = {41265272}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Algal-bacterial interactions represent fundamental ecological processes in aquatic environments, crucially governing nutrient cycling and energy flow within food webs. Beyond their ecological roles, the algal phycosphere has recently been identified as a critical hotspot for the proliferation and enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). It's reported that the total abundance of ARGs in the phycosphere of microalgae is up to 47-fold higher than in the surrounding water. However, a systematic understanding of how the phycosphere drives ARG dynamics in aquatic ecosystems remains limited. This review synthesizes current evidence to evaluate the mechanisms by which algae influence ARG proliferation within aquatic ecosystems. Findings indicate that in the phycosphere, algal-bacterial interactions shape ARG fate by modulating bacterial community composition. The symbiotic bacteria are specifically enriched in the phycosphere and play important roles in the proliferation of ARGs. Furthermore, exogenous factors (e.g., nutrients, antibiotics, microplastics, and warming) alter these interactions, thereby changing the phycospheric bacterial community and further affecting ARG evolution. Algal blooms typically enhance the dominance of key ARG hosts, promoting aquatic ARG proliferation. The review concludes by outlining research priorities essential for advancing mechanistic insights into algal-associated ARG dynamics.}, }
@article {pmid41265199, year = {2025}, author = {Li, X and Shi, F and Zhou, M and Su, H and Liu, X and Wei, Y and Wang, F}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi change toxic effects of different types of microplastics on Lactuca sativa L. by influencing plant metabolic processes.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {307}, number = {}, pages = {119443}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119443}, pmid = {41265199}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {Soil microplastics (MPs) pollution is becoming more serious, and symbiotic microorganisms in soil-plant systems may influence the environmental behavior and related plant responses to MPs stress. In this study, common primary plastic products were broken down into MPs to investigate the toxic effects and migration behavior of MPs on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Our findings show that symbiotic AMF reduce the uptake and toxic effects of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by increasing nucleotide metabolism and zeatin biosynthesis, resulting in a 20.64 % drop in PET uptake and an 11.43 % increase in lettuce biomass. In contrast, AMF promoted the absorption of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) by lettuce, inhibiting ascorbate metabolism and lysine biosynthesis, and causing poorer lettuce growth. The positive regulatory effect of AMF on the nutritional quality and health status of plants under PET stress shows that AMF have the potential to alleviate the toxicity of MPs to lettuce in farmland and to remediate the MPs-related pollution in agricultural areas.}, }
@article {pmid41262929, year = {2025}, author = {Asatulloev, T and Yusupov, Z and Cai, L and Chen, Q and Gurung, B and Tojibaev, KS and Sun, W}, title = {Comparative root associated microbial community analysis of Oreocharis mileensis, a resurrection plant species with extremely small populations.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1692695}, pmid = {41262929}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Plants dynamically interact with their microbiomes through phytohormonal signaling and defense responses, shaping microbial diversity and ecosystem function. While resurrection plants host growth-promoting and drought associated microbes, prior studies on different resurrection plants have been limited to localized sampling, potentially underestimating microbial diversity. We analyzed bacterial and fungal communities across five populations of Oreocharis mileensis, a resurrection plant, during hydrated and dehydrated states to examine population-level microbiome differences or affinity, identify microorganisms that may assist during plant desiccation, and assess their conservation across populations. We found that microbial composition was strongly influenced by compartment (bulk soil, rhizosphere, and endosphere) but exhibited only moderate drought-induced changes, suggesting that O. mileensis maintains a stable microbiome under stress. Core phyla (e.g., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Ascomycota) were conserved across populations, but genus-level core taxa varied relatively between populations, reflecting niche specialization and host genotype. Drought increased bacterial alpha diversity while reducing beta diversity, indicating homogenization driven by stress-tolerant taxa such as Actinobacteriota. Fungal responses differed, with increased beta diversity suggesting drought-enhanced compositional turnover. Key bacterial genera (e.g., Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Bacillus, Rhizobium) dominated hydrated states, while drought enriched Actinobacteria (e.g., Microlunatus, Rubrobacter) and other drought-resistant taxa. Fungal communities shifted from saprotroph-dominated hydrated states to symbiotic taxa (e.g., Paraboeremia, Helotiales) under drought conditions. Functional profiling revealed compartment-specific metabolic specialization, with drought enriching stress-response pathways (e.g., secondary metabolite biosynthesis, signal transduction). These findings demonstrate that O. mileensis microbiomes are structured by compartmental filtering and exhibit drought-driven functional plasticity, with conserved stress-adapted taxa potentially supporting host resilience. Overall, this study expands our understanding of microbiome assembly in resurrection plants and highlights candidate microbes for microbiome engineering to enhance crop stress tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid41262890, year = {2025}, author = {Chuang, PS and Hsu, TC and Lu, CY and Yu, SP and Liu, PY and Lim, SL and Chen, YH and Chiou, YJ and Yang, SH and Wang, PL and Tang, SL}, title = {Metabolic interactions between coral animal and endolithic bacterial communities.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {ycaf193}, pmid = {41262890}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Coral skeletons constitute sources of nutrients and energy for holobiont. Although bacteria predominate in endolithic microbiomes of corals, their ecological functions have long been masked by those of symbiotic microalgae. In the skeleton of Isopora palifera, previous studies showed the absence of microalgae and a green layer dominated by green sulfur bacteria. This system, which excludes a contribution from microalgae, provides a perfect model for studying the role of endolithic bacteria in corals. Using this model, we examined the metabolite profile and translocation of organic matter between coral tissue and skeleton. Chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry revealed distinct metabolic profiles in tissue and different skeletal layers. A stable isotope incubation experiment further demonstrated [13]C translocation between tissue and the green layer, but no translocation of [15]N. These findings suggest communication between the two compartments that is generally carbon-based, possibly in the form of carbohydrates and bioactive compounds, such as corticosterone and domoic acid. Nevertheless, some nitrogenous compounds appear to have an endolithic source, indicating a possible contribution of the skeleton to coral animal. Notably, antibiotic treatment greatly increased [15]N translocation in the tissue but not in the green layer. This highlights an important role of bacteria in nitrogen cycling in the holobiont and in establishing the nitrogen-limiting green layer. Altogether, this study provides the first data about coral skeletal metabolomes. Based on these findings, we propose a model of interactions between coral animal and skeletal bacterial communities, offering a new perspective on the ecological role of endolithic bacteria in corals.}, }
@article {pmid41261892, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, M and Michalik, A and Deng, J and Hu, Y and Łukasik, P}, title = {Contrasting genomic trajectories of Bartonellaceae symbionts of planthoppers.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evaf216}, pmid = {41261892}, issn = {1759-6653}, abstract = {Symbioses with microorganisms have shaped the nutritional biology and evolution of many insects. For example, several ant clades have adapted to nutrient-poor diets through symbiosis with a specific clade of bacteria in the family Bartonellaceae (Hyphomicrobiales), notorious for also including virulent vertebrate pathogens. Here we show that Bartonellaceae phylogenetically placed within the clade that has only encompassed ant symbionts to date - Candidatus genus Tokpelaia - have established as symbionts in four different clades of planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Genome size and contents indicate different levels of integration of these strains into the planthopper biology and their diverse roles. Symbionts infecting one of the clades have some of the largest genomes among Bartonellaceae, at ca. 2 Mb, two others are under 700 kb, and the fourth is reduced to barely 158 kb. The planthopper-associated Tokpelaia strains with larger genomes, similarly to ant symbionts, encode multiple amino acid and vitamin biosynthesis genes, complementing the degraded nutritional capabilities of their hosts' ancient heritable endosymbionts. Strikingly, the smallest Tokpelaia genome lacks any genes linked to essential amino acid biosynthesis, in contrast to all other known insect-associated bacteria with genomes of comparable size. We identified a single vitamin biosynthesis gene and iron-sulfur cluster assembly genes as its only putative contributions to the host biology. Our results broaden the host spectrum of non-pathogenic Bartonellaceae, indicating that they have contributed to nutrition and symbiotic consortium function in diverse diet-restricted host clades. They also highlight an unexpectedly broad range of evolutionary outcomes for this important bacterial group.}, }
@article {pmid41261810, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, L and Yang, Y and Martin, FM and Yuan, Z}, title = {Endophytes with mycorrhizal potentials: biological and ecological implications.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70772}, pmid = {41261810}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2022YFD2201900//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32471839//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CAFYBB2023QC001-02//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Nonprofit Research of Chinese Academy of Forestry/ ; Z25C010004//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Generally, the root mycobiome is dominated by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi with mutualistic potential to enhance plant fitness. In some cases, however, the distinction between the two biotrophic guilds is challenged by the ability of several endophytic fungi to colonize roots and transfer nutrients to the plants. With more research on harnessing plant-endophyte combinations using a gnotobiotic system, more endophytes endowed with mycorrhizal-like traits have been identified. They often benefit nonmycorrhizal plants by employing a set of responses to nutrient deficiency similar to those from mycorrhizal plants, orchestrate the development of ectomycorrhizal-like structures under controlled conditions, and share genetic traits with true mycorrhizal fungi, such as a lower content of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and gene networks reminiscent of mutualistic interactions. Based on these characteristics, we propose the term 'mycorrhizal-like endophytes' to describe these fungi, which likely represent a transitional state along the endophyte-mycorrhizal mutualistic continuum.}, }
@article {pmid41261196, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, WQ and Qiu, H and Sun, YP and Zhao, MW and Shi, L}, title = {Microorganisms' perception, scavenging, and adaptation to reactive oxygen species signals in microbe-plant interactions.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {12}, pages = {466}, pmid = {41261196}, issn = {1573-0972}, support = {No. CARS20//the China Agriculture Research System of the MOF and MARA/ ; (2024)171//the Project of Science and Technology Programs of Guizhou Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Plants/microbiology/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Signal Transduction ; Oxidative Stress ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Plant Immunity ; }, abstract = {Plant-microbial interactions represent a complex biological process in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) play central roles in both plant immunity and symbiosis establishment. ROS act as defense signaling molecules to activate immune responses and as symbiotic cues to regulate microbial colonization. To cope with plant-derived ROS, microbes have evolved sophisticated sensing and scavenging mechanisms; however, a systematic understanding of these responses remains limited. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics have revealed that microbes can directly sense ROS via transcription factors or indirectly perceive oxidative stress through bio macromolecular damage. They maintain intracellular redox homeostasis through enzymatic antioxidant systems-including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxiredoxin/thioredoxin (Prx/Trx)-as well as non-enzymatic mechanisms such as melanin and extracellular polysaccharides. This review systematically summarizes microbial ROS perception and scavenging strategies, highlighting functional distinctions and evolutionary adaptations in pathogenic infection versus symbiosis. These insights provide a theoretical framework for understanding plant-microbial interactions and suggest potential ROS-related strategies for improving agricultural productivity and ecological resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41257969, year = {2025}, author = {Arenas, F and Marqués-Gálvez, JE and Guarnizo, &#xc1;L and Andreu-Ardil, L and Morte, A and Navarro-Ródenas, A}, title = {Winter soil mycelium dynamics of Terfezia claveryi are shaped by rainfall and temperature in Mediterranean shrublands.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {40727}, pmid = {41257969}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {145/MSJD/22//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; 123/MTAI/22//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; R.D. 103/2019//Universidad de Murcia/ ; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; PRTR-C17.I1//Fundaci&#xf3;n S&#xe9;neca/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Shrubland ecosystems play a crucial role in Mediterranean forests, contributing to soil protection, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and ecosystem restoration. In semi-arid regions, mycorrhizal woody plants such as Helianthemum spp. form ectendomycorrhizal symbiosis with edible desert truffles, representing an emerging and sustainable crop with significant potential for rural development and economic diversification. Significant progress has been made in the breeding of Terfezia claveryi Chatin, but key aspects of its life cycle, such as the temporal and spatial behaviour of the soil mycelium, remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the seasonal dynamics of T. claveryi soil mycelium in plantations and wild areas of the Region of Murcia (Spain) using real-time quantitative PCR. The relationship between fungal biomass and host plant phenology and environmental parameters was also investigated. Our results showed that T. claveryi soil mycelium was higher in plantations than in wild areas, and in Xerolls than in Orthents soils. Fungal dynamics lacked seasonal or annual patterns; however winter mycelium showed a strong correlation with preceding agroclimatic variables, especially precipitation and maximum temperature. This research sheds light on the ecological processes underlying the desert truffle shrublands and offers practical implications for optimising T. claveryi cultivation strategies and promoting ecosystem restoration.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-24621-4.}, }
@article {pmid41259095, year = {2025}, author = {Morel Revetria, MA and Sanjuan, J and Berriel, V and Velázquez, E}, title = {Bradyrhizobium monzae sp. nov. isolated from a root nodule of the introduced legume Crotalaria ochroleuca in Uruguay.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {11}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.006973}, pmid = {41259095}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {*Bradyrhizobium/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; *Crotalaria/microbiology ; Uruguay ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Base Composition ; Genome, Bacterial ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; }, abstract = {A strain, namely Oc8[T], was isolated from a root nodule of Crotalaria ochroleuca in Uruguay. This strain induced effective nodules in roots of Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis and Cajanus cajan. Oc8[T] belongs to the genus Bradyrhizobium according to the results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and it forms an independent lineage within a cluster encompassing 13 described species of this genus. From them, the type strains closest related to the strain Oc8[T] with more than 99.5% similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequence were those of Bradyrhizobium ganzhouense, Bradyrhizobium cytisi, Bradyrhizobium guangdongense and Bradyrhizobium rifense (99.71%, 99.65%, 99.60% and 99.57%, respectively). A genome-based phylogeny showed that B. ganzhouense JCM 19881[T], B. cytisi CTAW11[T] and B. rifense CTAW71[T] were the closest type strains to the strain Oc8[T]. Values lower than the species cutoff of 95% and 70% were found after average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization calculation between the genome of the strain Oc8[T] and those available genomes of the closest related Bradyrhizobium species. These results, together with those of the symbiotic nodC gene analysis, support the affiliation of this strain to the symbiovar cyanophyllae of a new species of Bradyrhizobium for which the name Bradyrhizobium monzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Oc8[T] (=LMG 33261[T]=CECT 30885[T]).}, }
@article {pmid41258495, year = {2025}, author = {Gutiérrez-Sarmiento, W and Fosado-Mendoza, M and Lozano-Flores, C and Varela-Echavarría, A}, title = {The Body Wall Microbiome of the Terrestrial Slug Deroceras laeve Reveals Potential Endosymbionts and Shares Core Organisms with Other Mollusks.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s00248-025-02652-8}, pmid = {41258495}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {CBF2023-2024-834//SECIHTI/ ; IN211322//DGAPA-UNAM PAPIIT/ ; }, abstract = {The marsh slug Deroceras laeve is an invasive mollusk found in gardens, field crops, and wetlands. It lacks a protective shell, suggesting that microbial communities are associated with its adaptability to the environment. Here, we used a whole shotgun metagenomic approach to analyse the complex microbiome of D. laeve and compared it to that of other mollusks. This demonstrated the presence in D. laeve of bacteriophages such as Erwinia phage, Certrevirus, and Machinavirus, which target plant pathogen bacteria. In the Archaea domain the halophilics Halovivax and Halobaculum predominated, but also present were the methanogens Methanobacterium, Methanobrevibacter, Methanocaldococcus, Methanococcus, and Methanosarcina, involved in phosphate solubilization and methanogenesis during decomposition of organic matter. The Bacteria domain was dominated by γ-Pseudomonadota such as Buttiauxella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leclercia, and Pseudomonas which are producers of enzymes that degrade biomass and complex carbohydrates. Regarding the fungal community, filamentous or yeast ascomycetes predominated such as Debaryomyces, Puccina, and Pyricularia known as plant pathogens or associated with decaying organic matter. Consistent with these findings, functional analysis revealed enrichment in genes involved in fermentation and carbohydrate metabolism. Remarkably, regardless of species, ecosystem, and tissue type, we found that the core microbiome of the mollusks in this study is mainly structured by the Phyla Uroviricota, Euryarchaeaota, Pseudomonadota, and Ascomycota, with diversity at the genus level. This suggests ancient symbiotic interactions of these mollusks with specific types of microbes which may have been critical for adaptability to their environment.}, }
@article {pmid41257557, year = {2025}, author = {Ehsanzadeh, P and Feizabadi, S and Razmjoo, J}, title = {Enhanced grain yield of mycorrhizae-inoculated modern and ancient wheats across different salinities: the gains stem from physiological, photosynthetic, and root attributes.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1597}, pmid = {41257557}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {*Triticum/microbiology/growth &amp; development/physiology/genetics ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Salinity ; Plant Roots/microbiology/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Edible Grain/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis ; *Glomeromycota/physiology ; Genotype ; }, abstract = {The current salinization of soils and water resources not only reduces crop yield, but it may also alter the known beneficial symbiotic relationships in the rhizosphere of different plant species, including different types of wheat. Shedding light on the symbiotic association of the mycorrhizae (AMF) and ancient wheats under saline conditions may pave the way for tackling salt-induced penalties of wheat grain yield and, hence, solving the current global food security concerns. A two-year field experiment and a pot experiment were carried out, where 10 and 11 wheat genotypes (including modern bread and durum and ancient spelt and emmer wheats), respectively, were exposed to 0 -120 mM NaCl salinity and either left uninoculated or inoculated with AMF (Funnelliformis mosseae). Salinity suppressed plant chlorophylls by up to 20%, carotenoids by 33%, relative water content by 16%, K and P concentrations by 17 and 35%, respectively, grain yield by 19%, total plant dry mass by 7%, root length by 37%, volume by 49%, area by 35%, and root branching by 41%, while increasing Na accumulation by 35%, and proline concentration by 72%. The negative effects of salinity tended to be milder in some of the ancient emmer and spelt wheat genotypes. AMF inoculation ameliorated the adverse effects of salinity on photosynthetic attributes, rooting traits, grain yield components, total dry mass (7%), leaf relative water content (5%), K (21%) and P (23%) concentrations, while reducing the Na (6%) concentration under both saline and non-saline conditions. The maintained chlorophyll levels, root development, K and P concentrations, and total dry mass of the salt-stressed ancient emmer (and to a lesser extent spelt) genotypes were further sustained by AMF inoculation. Overall, findings from the field and pot experiments showed that AMF inoculation is effective in ameliorating salt damages in wheat. These findings depict AMF inoculation of ancient emmer, spelt, and Khorasan wheats as a promising practical strategy for tackling the ever-increasing threats of salt stress to wheat production and food security.}, }
@article {pmid41256368, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, A and Newhart, V and Flory, M and Alam, A}, title = {Pro-restitutive Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron reprograms the transcriptome of intestinal epithelial cells by modulating the expression of genes essential for proliferation and migration.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.09.30.679439}, pmid = {41256368}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {The mammalian intestine harbors a highly complex, very diverse, and numerically vast community of symbiotic microorganisms, which profoundly influence the development and maintenance of the intestinal barrier function. Alterations in microbial composition, known as dysbiosis, are observed in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), and gastrointestinal infections; however, the exact causal relationship between these changes and the resolution of intestinal inflammation and the repair of damaged mucosa remains unclear. Notably, IBD is not only marked by dysbiosis but also by changes in microbial metabolic pathways and metabolite landscape in the intestinal lumen. The small molecules and microbial metabolites present in the intestinal lumen have emerged as potential regulators of gut pathology, cancer, and mucosal repair. Investigating how altered microbiota and microbial metabolic activities influence intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) can provide insights into their role in the regeneration of mucosal epithelia and restoration of gut barrier functions. This knowledge can be harnessed to promote intestinal homeostasis, prevent relapse, and prolong remission of IBD. To dissect the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and IEC, we focused on the overrepresented bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron . Here, we show that B. thetaiotaomicron and Akkermansia muciniphila , the dominant members of gut microbiota, expand during the repair &amp; resolution phase of the chemically induced acute murine colitis. Furthermore, our bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the elevated relative abundance of B. thetaiotamicron was also accompanied by rewiring of bacterial metabolic programs towards the essential amino acid metabolism, polyamine synthesis and utilization, stress response mechanisms, cell envelope biogenesis, and nutrient scavenging. Our RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis of primary human colonic epithelial cells cocultured with B. thetaiotaomicron showed that B. thetaiotaomicron stimulates the expression of genes and pathways involved in different cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, lipid metabolism, migration, chemotaxis, and receptor expression. Our study emphasizes the crucial functions of the gut microbiome and metabolic activities in regulating the functions of intestinal epithelial cells during the repair of injured gut mucosa. Thus, these microorganisms and their metabolism hold promise as potential therapeutic agents.}, }
@article {pmid41254159, year = {2025}, author = {Guo, J and Chu, L and Ye, X and King, WL and Shao, J and Wang, Z and Liu, J and Chen, C and Yu, M}, title = {Low soil phosphorus and high symbiotic fungal richness inhibits plant aboveground biomass in fragmented forests in China.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1598}, pmid = {41254159}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {32101269//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 31930073//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; LQ22C030002//Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Phosphorus/analysis ; China ; *Forests ; *Symbiosis ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Biomass ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Biodiversity ; *Fungi/physiology ; Rhizosphere ; }, abstract = {Habitat fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity, and it usually leads to microclimate variations. Habitat quality (e.g. nutrients and moisture) and fungal symbioses play important roles in plant growth and ecosystem productivity. However, the impact of habitat fragmentation on plant aboveground biomass (AGB) is unclear. We examined the soil nutrients, rhizosphere fungal richness, and the AGB of 10 woody plant species on 10 islands of the same age but varying in size and isolation, in a land-bridge island system of subtropical China. Here we show that island size, soil nutrients, and fungal symbioses are key factors driving plant growth patterns in a fragmented island system. Plant AGB is positively correlated with soil phosphorus (P) but negatively correlated with richness of symbiotic fungi, suggesting that P content is more impactful than fungal symbiosis on plant growth in subtropical fragmented forests. Across all islands, low soil P and high symbiotic fungal richness lead to decreased plant AGB on small islands. These findings highlight the critical role of environmental filtering in shaping plant development within island fragments.}, }
@article {pmid41254011, year = {2025}, author = {Medina, S and Medrano-Padial, C and Guillén, S and Pérez-Través, L and Pérez-Novas, I and Periago, P and García-Viguera, C and Domínguez-Perles, R}, title = {SCOBY-based, innovative, and sustainable production of gallic acid from sucrose towards multipurpose applications.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {40536}, pmid = {41254011}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#xf3;n,Spain/ ; }, mesh = {*Gallic Acid/metabolism ; Fermentation ; *Sucrose/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; *Kombucha Tea/microbiology ; *Yeasts/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Kombucha is a traditional beverage obtained from the fermentation of sugared tea by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), whose metabolism contributes significantly to the phytochemical composition and health-promoting properties of the final product. Among the phenolics present, gallic acid stands out as a multifunctional molecule with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardio-protective activities, making it a compound of growing interest for the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. While gallic acid in kombucha has typically been attributed to plant-derived precursors, its potential de novo microbial origin has remained largely unexplored. In this work, robust evidence supports that SCOBY can synthesise gallic acid directly from sugars, without the contribution of tea or other plant materials. Metabolomic analyses combined with physicochemical characterisation (pH, ethanol, acetic acid, total soluble solids, sucrose, glucose, and fructose) revealed a linear increase in gallic acid production under standard fermentation conditions, associated with the microbial community's tolerance to high sugar concentrations and its metabolic capacity to generate bioactive phenolics. This finding highlights a previously unrecognised role of SCOBY as a natural cell factory for gallic acid production. In contrast to metabolic engineering approaches in model microorganisms such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas, our study demonstrates that a non-engineered microbial consortium can achieve this transformation simply and sustainably. These results open a novel route for the plant-free biosynthesis of gallic acid with potential applications across the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.}, }
@article {pmid41253823, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, J and Guo, Q and Han, X and Zhang, W and Huang, Z and Dietrich, CH and Wei, C}, title = {Genome degradation results in nested symbiosis and endosymbiont replacement in cicadas.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {10104}, pmid = {41253823}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; *Hemiptera/microbiology/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; *Genome, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Gradual genome degradation and fragmentation in primary nutritional endosymbionts have required symbiont-dependent hosts periodically to replace such symbionts over evolutionary timescales, yet the processes involved in de novo emergence of endosymbiosis and symbiont replacement are challenging to ascertain. Here we show that phylogenetic relationships of two ancient vertically-transmitted bacterial endosymbionts of cicadas, Hodgkinia and Karelsulcia, mirror host phylogeny, particularly indicating a single ancestral infection of cicadas by Hodgkinia with subsequent host-symbiont codiversification before being replaced by yeast-like fungal symbionts (YLS). We demonstrate a case of co-existence of Hodgkinia with Karelsulcia and a YLS, representing an advanced ongoing symbiont replacement process. In some individuals of the cicada Chremistica ochracea, the Hodgkinia is highly degenerated but colonizes (instead of neighboring) its partner Karelsulcia. The physical fusion of these two bacterial endosymbionts yields a nested symbiosis while the new YLS is recruited, probably preserving essential metabolic pathways necessary for host nutrition and facilitating continued vertical symbiont transmission. Such fusion may have provided refuge for the degrading bacterial endosymbiont and delayed symbiont replacement. Our study sheds light on adaptive and non-adaptive evolutionary mechanisms involved in symbiont loss and replacement, offering fresh insights into endosymbiotic origins of cellular organelles.}, }
@article {pmid41253704, year = {2025}, author = {Zecua-Ramirez, P and Dunken, N and Charura, NM and Llamas, E and De Quattro, C and Mandel, A and Langen, G and Dagdas, Y and Zuccaro, A}, title = {Autophagy restricts symbiosis-associated cell death and regulates colonization by Serendipita indica in Arabidopsis.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiaf590}, pmid = {41253704}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {Endophytic colonization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by the beneficial root endophyte Serendipita indica is characterized by an initial biotrophic phase, followed by a confined host cell death phase that facilitates fungal accommodation. However, the host molecular pathways that restrict S. indica proliferation and regulate symbiosis-associated cell death remain largely unknown. Our study demonstrates that autophagy, a key cellular degradation pathway that maintains homeostasis, is locally activated during colonization and is required to limit fungal proliferation and immunometabolic stress. Autophagy-deficient mutants exhibit elevated basal root cell death, increased colonization, and hypersensitivity to the fungal-derived purine metabolite 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo), an immunometabolic signal that modulates host cell viability and reprograms immune and metabolic responses via ENT3 (equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3)-mediated uptake. In ent3 and atg5 ent3 mutants, suppression of dAdo import reduces S. indica-induced cell death, confirming the central role of ENT3-mediated uptake. Despite increased colonization and stress sensitivity, autophagy-deficient plants retain S. indica-mediated root growth promotion, indicating that mutualistic benefits can occur independently of immunometabolic stress resilience. Based on these findings, we propose that autophagy-mediated pro-survival responses are essential for maintaining symbiotic homeostasis by integrating immunometabolic signals and preserving host cell viability.}, }
@article {pmid41253152, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Qiu, J and Liu, Z and Xiao, H and Wang, B and Dong, Y and Xiao, Y and Wang, Q and Dong, J and Cui, M}, title = {Phytate enhances gut Parasutterella colonization to alleviate radiation injury.}, journal = {Cell chemical biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.10.009}, pmid = {41253152}, issn = {2451-9448}, abstract = {Food as medicine shows promise for disease intervention or treatment. Here, we found phytate, an active ingredient of plant-based diets, exhibits properties in mitigating radiotherapy-related complications. Oral gavage of phytate restored hematogenic organ atrophy, elevated peripheral blood neutrophils and white blood cells, reduced inflammation, and improved gastrointestinal (GI) integrity in irradiated mice. Phytate intake modulated the gut microbiota, facilitating the colonization of symbiotic Parasutterella in GI tract, thus combating intestinal radiation toxicity. In vitro assays and untargeted metabolomics identified 3-phenyllactic acid (PLA) and N-acetyl-L-leucine (NL) as functional metabolites produced by Parasutterella. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models showed that PLA induces M2-like polarization in macrophages, while NL reduced oxidative stress, both counteracting radiation toxicity and working synergistically. Our findings offer mechanistic insights into phytate for alleviating radiation-associated complications and suggest that Parasutterella and its metabolites might be employed as promising probiotics or postbiotics for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.}, }
@article {pmid41251823, year = {2025}, author = {Della Mónica, IF and Godeas, AM and Scervino, JM}, title = {Hyphosphere interactions: P-solubilizing fungi modulate AMF phosphatase activity and mycorrhizal symbiosis via exudate-mediated communication.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {66}, pmid = {41251823}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {UBACyT 20020220400300BA//Secretar&#xed;a de Ciencia y T&#xe9;cnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires/ ; PIBAA 28720210100694CO//Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&#xed;ficas y T&#xe9;cnicas/ ; PICT 01283-2021//Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#xf3;n de la Investigaci&#xf3;n, el Desarrollo Tecnol&#xf3;gico y la Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; PINI 04/B253//Fundaci&#xf3;n de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue para el Desarrollo Regional/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/enzymology ; *Symbiosis ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; *Phosphorus/metabolism ; Acid Phosphatase/metabolism ; *Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism ; Daucus carota/microbiology ; *Glomeromycota/physiology/enzymology ; *Phosphates/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic associations with plant roots, enhancing water and nutrient absorption. Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) can solubilize and mineralize phosphorus, an essential nutrient with low bioavailability, and eventually interact with AMF. However, the understanding of how they interact in the hyphosphere, where root influence is absent, remains limited. Furthermore, the effect of PSF on the phosphatase activity of AMF, related to the P efficiency in acquisition and utilization, within the hyphosphere and mycorrhizosphere zones, remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of three different PSF (Talaromyces flavus, T. helicus, and T. diversus) exudates on extracellular acid phosphatases and alkaline phosphatases associated with intra- and extraradical AMF structures in the hyphosphere and mycorrhizosphere, in vitro. To achieve this aim, the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices was cultured with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots in a system using Petri dishes that mimicked the hyphosphere (with 2 sections: (a) with roots and AMF, and (b) with only AMF) and the mycorrhizosphere (with roots and AMF in the same place). Different concentrations of PSF exudates were placed in either the hyphosphere or the mycorrhizosphere, and at the end of the experiment (8 weeks), the phosphatase activity of the AMF was measured. This research highlights that the enzymatic activity of AMF is modulated by PSF exudates, depending on whether these exudates are present in the hyphosphere or the mycorrhizosphere. Exudates in the hyphosphere, where PSF are directly associated with AMF hyphae, have a more pronounced effect on AMF extraradical alkaline phosphatases than acid phosphatases, and promote symbiosis efficiency. In contrast, PSF exudates in the mycorrhizosphere had a neutral or negative effect on symbiosis efficiency, improving the extraradical alkaline phosphatases of AMF and the acid phosphatases of the roots. Also, the effect depends on the fungal identity. AMF act as mediators in this context, improving communication between the roots and the hyphosphere microbiome. When exploring the soil, the hyphae encounter compounds produced by microorganisms, thus establishing a complex network of interactions. These interactions enhance the symbiotic efficiency of AMF, modulating the host plant without direct contact. These results show that microbial interactions not only influence the efficiency of phosphorus transfer to plants but also have broader implications for soil health and fertility management.}, }
@article {pmid41251487, year = {2025}, author = {Kennedy, SJ and Risser, DD and Paul, BG}, title = {Diel expression dynamics in filamentous cyanobacteria.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0377924}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.03779-24}, pmid = {41251487}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Filamentous cyanobacteria of the Nostocaceae family can differentiate into multicellular forms to adapt to environmental stresses, and members can establish symbiosis with various embryophytes. Representative laboratory strains are typically grown under continuous light to maintain stable metabolic conditions; however, this departure from a natural diel cycle can result in extended stress. Early genomic examination of Nostoc punctiforme suggests the genetic potential for a circadian clock, but we lack insight into global cellular dynamics through the natural diel cycle for this model organism. Here, we comprehensively assess changes in expression of core cellular processes and the mobilome of accessory genetic elements during diel growth of N. punctiforme PCC 73102. The primary transcriptome confirmed that multicellular cyanobacteria precisely coordinate photosynthesis and carbon assimilation for cell division during the day, while control of DNA recombination and repair appeared to be sequestered to darkness. Moreover, we expanded the known repertoire of light-sensing proteins to uncover a putative regulator of circadian rhythm that itself exhibits striking oscillation between day-night expression. This was in sharp contrast to the arrhythmic pattern observed for a homolog of the canonical circadian input kinase in unicellular cyanobacteria. Looking beyond cellular coordination of diel growth, we uncovered dynamic mobile elements and, notably, targeted hypermutation by retroelements that are likely maintained for conflict mitigation, which is crucial for a multicellular lifestyle.IMPORTANCEModel strains of filamentous cyanobacteria are typically cultivated under controlled laboratory conditions that poorly reflect the natural environment, including growth under constant light. Our study addresses this discrepancy to provide a new benchmark for investigating gene expression in the model organism, Nostoc punctiforme. By analyzing changes in the global transcriptome over a diel cycle, we found a clear partition of cellular processes between periods of light and darkness, with metabolism dominating in the light and cell maintenance and repair processes dominating in the dark. In addition, an active mobilome of genetic elements was uncovered with dynamic expression patterns throughout a diel cycle. Our findings highlight the importance of considering diel cycles in cyanobacterial research and provide new insight into the regulatory complexity, genome plasticity, and adaptive mechanisms of these ecologically important organisms. Our study reinforces the need to consider the natural diel cycle in laboratory models of filamentous cyanobacteria, bringing new insights into their regulatory complexity and revealing adaptive drivers of genome plasticity that may enable members of Nostoc to occupy a wide variety of ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41251484, year = {2025}, author = {Hamm, JN}, title = {Nutrient availability affects optimal growth strategy in predatory DPANN.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0147525}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01475-25}, pmid = {41251484}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {The DPANN archaea comprise a major microbial lineage that appears to be primarily host dependent. Despite the relative ubiquity of DPANN archaea across the biosphere, our understanding of their ecological role is limited due to the absence of cultivated representatives for most DPANN lineages. The majority of cultivated DPANN species are characterized as mildly parasitic ectosymbionts due to reliance on physical interactions with host cells. However, Candidatus Nanohaloarchaeum antarcticus has been reported to adopt a predatory lifestyle, resulting in the lysis of large numbers of host cells. The factors influencing DPANN-host interactions that drive Ca. Nha. antarcticus to adopt an aggressive lifestyle, although other DPANN appear not to, remain unclear. Here, I present a framework for understanding the ecological pressures specific to the Ca. Nha. antarcticus-Halorubrum lacusprofundi system and why a more aggressive, predatory lifestyle improves population persistence compared with a lifestyle more similar to other DPANN.}, }
@article {pmid41251315, year = {2025}, author = {Yurchenko, OV and Chernyshev, AV}, title = {Spermatozoon Ultrastructure in the Symbiotic Hoplonemertean, Malacobdella japonica Takakura, 1897.}, journal = {Journal of morphology}, volume = {286}, number = {11}, pages = {e70101}, doi = {10.1002/jmor.70101}, pmid = {41251315}, issn = {1097-4687}, mesh = {Male ; Animals ; *Spermatozoa/ultrastructure ; Symbiosis ; Mitochondria/ultrastructure ; *Invertebrates/ultrastructure/physiology ; Acrosome/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; }, abstract = {The sperm morphology of Malacobdella japonica, a symbiotic nemertean living in the clam Spisula sachalinensis, has been examined using light and electron microscopy. In this species, the structure of the elongated spermatozoon, consisting of a straight head and a posteriorly oriented flagellum, is similar to that of Malacobdella grossa, as previously studied. In both species, the sperm head has an acrosomal complex, an elongated nucleus, and a neck region. The small acrosomal complex, including a thimble-like acrosomal vesicle, a post-acrosomal ring of electron-dense material, and a subacrosomal space, is located asymmetrically at the anterior end of the nucleus. However, there are some differences between the species in the structure and organization of the mitochondrial compartment. In M. grossa, the mitochondria are elongated along the nucleus and remain separate all along their length. In M. japonica, the mitochondria merge at the base of the neck region, forming a ring around the distal centriole. Above this area, they remain separate, similarly to the pattern observed in M. grossa. This finding suggests M. japonica to be an intermediate stage between M. grossa, distinguished by its unique separate mitochondria, and other hoplonemerteans that have a single, ring-like mitochondrion. We assume that the ultrastructure of spermatozoa in symbiotic nemerteans is shaped rather by the mode of fertilization than by their lifestyle. With external fertilization, without forming clutches, the lifestyle does not lead to the development of highly modified spermatozoa.}, }
@article {pmid41250913, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, H and Huang, S and Wang, J and Wang, T and Han, Q and Wu, K and Gao, Z and Shi, X and Tu, T and Wang, M and Huang, L and Chen, J and Liu, Y and Zhang, Y and Lin, G and Chen, Z and Chen, X}, title = {Soybean Auxin Transporter PIN3 Regulates Nitrate Acquisition to Improve Nitrogen Use and Seed Traits.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e11907}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202511907}, pmid = {41250913}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {2022YFA0912100//National Key Research, Development Program of China/ ; 32222009//National Natural Science Foundation-Outstanding Youth Foundation/ ; 133-725025010B//Funding for a World-Class Plant Protection Discipline/ ; 32300277//National Natural Science Foundation of China -Youth Fund Project/ ; 2022J01161//Natural Science Foundation of Fujian/ ; 2023J01482//Natural Science Foundation of Fujian/ ; SKLJPR2505//Joint Research Program of State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity/ ; }, abstract = {Enhancing nitrogen-use efficiency is essential for boosting crop yields and advancing sustainable agriculture, particularly in the absence of synthetic fertilizers. Despite the inherent nitrogen-fixation capacity of the staple legume crop soybean (Glycine max) by symbiotic rhizobia, improving nitrogen use has been challenging. Here, a role for the auxin-efflux transporters PIN3a and PIN3b in soybean nitrate acquisition is uncovered. PIN3a/b localizes to the plasma membrane, and high environmental nitrate induces PIN3a degradation and its accumulation at cell junctions. Disrupting PIN3 homologs results in auxin over-accumulation, impairs pavement-cell polarity, and enhances signaling via the transcription factors ARF and STF3/4. These transcription factors separately bind to and activate the NPF2.13 promoter, thereby strengthening nitrate uptake. pin3ab and pin3abd mutants have enhanced nitrate acquisition and resistant to high nitrate on pavement-cell growth. The elevated nitrogen accumulation translates to higher oil contents in pin3ab mutant seeds in an elite cultivar background across multiple years and field locations. The findings shed light on the regulation of nitrate uptake in crop-plant development and demonstrate the unexpected potential of manipulating auxin transporters to enhance soybean nitrogen-use efficiency and agronomic performance.}, }
@article {pmid41249874, year = {2025}, author = {Ruan, HQ and Li, CL and Dong, YJ and Yu, X and Ye, SM and Zhang, HY and Liu, J and Guo, RP and Zeng, W and Song, L and Xie, ZP and Staehelin, C}, title = {Exo-oligosaccharide signaling in Lotus japonicus roots promotes synthesis and secretion of symbiotic phenylpropanoids resulting in increased production of Nod factors in rhizobia.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70719}, pmid = {41249874}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology/ ; 10251027501000014//Guangdong Natural Science Foundation/ ; 31670241//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //Science Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/ ; }, abstract = {Besides lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod factors (NFs), rhizobial exo-oligosaccharides (EOS), derived from exo-polysaccharides (EPS), are symbiotic signals that promote nodule formation on legume roots. However, plant genes regulated by EOS signaling remain unidentified. Here, we used purified EPS and the rhizobial glycanase ExoK to produce EOS in vitro. EOS was applied to Lotus japonicus roots to identify genome-wide gene expression changes. Mutants of Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 and L. japonicus were used to investigate the symbiotic roles of EOS and NFs. Transcriptomic analysis showed that EOS induced the expression of many phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes, among other transcriptome alterations. EOS signaling occurred in both L. japonicus wild-type plants and mutants with impaired NF signaling, but not in epr3 mutant plants defective in the EOS receptor. Root exudates from EOS-treated plants showed increased genistein levels and enhanced activation of nodulation genes in NGR234, leading to higher NF production. Further experiments demonstrated that both EOS and NFs upregulate the expression of genes involved in flavonoid synthesis. Inoculation tests with NGR234 and its mutants revealed that EOS, rather than EPS, plays a role in promoting infection thread development in L. japonicus. In conclusion, we identified L. japonicus genes regulated by EOS signaling and found that EOS can stimulate the production of symbiotic phenylpropanoids that upregulate NF synthesis in rhizobia.}, }
@article {pmid41247772, year = {2025}, author = {Rawlings, TM and Guttridge, SA and Lucas, ES}, title = {New models of implantation: towards a whole better than the sum of parts.}, journal = {Human reproduction (Oxford, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/humrep/deaf223}, pmid = {41247772}, issn = {1460-2350}, support = {//Next-Generation Fellowship at the Loke Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge/ ; SBF0010\1091//Academy of Medical Sciences Springboard/ ; }, abstract = {Recent advances in the development of stem-cell-based embryo models and endometrial assembloids have fuelled understanding of their respective biology. However, a faithful combined approach is required to truly advance our understanding of implantation processes. This mini-review considers the most recent developments in producing reliable in vitro models of the human endometrium and human embryo, and the next steps required to combine their respective potential. While the fundamental biology of implantation is the primary driver of in vitro model development, the combined effort of embryo and endometrial models to generate new models of implantation provides the opportunity to manipulate either compartment to further understand the aetiologies of reproductive dysfunction. Through combining both systems, their efforts are symbiotic, each extending the relevance and utility of their counterpart to generate a whole greater than the sum of its parts.}, }
@article {pmid41247017, year = {2025}, author = {Carpentier, J and Derocles, SA and Chéreau, S and Marquer, B and Linglin, J and Lebreton, L and Legeai, F and Vannier, N and Cortesero, A and Mougel, C}, title = {Contrasting glucosinolate profiles in rapeseed genotypes shape the rhizosphere-insect continuum and microbial detoxification potential in a root herbivore.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0126925}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01269-25}, pmid = {41247017}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Plant secondary metabolites are key mediators of plant-insect-microbiome interactions, yet their role in structuring functionally relevant insect-associated microbial communities remains poorly understood. Here, we combined a factorial experiment using Brassica napus genotypes differing in glucosinolate (GLS) content with distinct succession to investigate the eco-evolutionary dynamics of the microbiota of the root herbivore Delia radicum. Amplicon sequencing and microbial culturing revealed that both rhizospheric and gut microbial communities are shaped by plant genotype and soil legacy, with a subset of bacterial taxa shared across compartments. Notably, Pseudomonas brassicacearum, harboring the isothiocyanates (ITC) detoxifying gene saxA, was consistently recovered from both plant and insect habitats. Functional assays confirmed its capacity to degrade 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a major toxic GLS hydrolysis product. Other gut-derived microbial isolates exhibited heterogeneous responses to PEITC, ranging from growth inhibition, promotion, or growth recovery after a prolonged lag phase. Despite the toxicity of ITC, insect fitness proxies were enhanced on GLS +plants, suggesting microbiota-mediated adaptation to host chemical defenses. Our findings reveal a plant genotype-specific filtering of environmentally acquired microbes and highlight the role of detoxifying symbionts in Delia radicum performance.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding how herbivorous insects adapt to plant chemical defenses is important in the context of new agricultural practices. This study highlights that the host plant genotype shapes not only rhizospheric and gut microbial communities but also promotes the acquisition of symbiotic bacteria capable of detoxifying harmful isothiocyanates. These findings reveal a functional microbial pathway for insect adaptation to plant defenses, with potential implications for pest management strategies. By uncovering the role of plant-associated microbiota, the acquisition of beneficial microbes, and their functional contributions to host fitness, this work provides a foundation for innovative agroecological approaches that leverage plant-microbe-insect interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41247016, year = {2025}, author = {Beilinson, V and Chen, GY and Hargadon, AC and Ruby, EG and McFall-Ngai, MJ}, title = {Strain matters: host responses reflect symbiont origin in the squid-vibrio symbiosis.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0049825}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.00498-25}, pmid = {41247016}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Understanding the cause and consequences of bacterial strain variation remains a challenge in the study of symbioses. While the diverse reactions of the host immune system to strain variants have been well studied in pathogenesis, much less is known about how strain variation influences beneficial associations. From the complex vertebrate gut microbiome to the more tractable invertebrate models of symbiosis, the host's cellular and molecular responses to this diversity remain largely a mystery. Here, we explore strain diversity in Vibrio fischeri, the bioluminescent bacterial symbiont of the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes. Phylogenetic analyses of the genomes of 62 V. fischeri strains, including 50 light organ-associated and 12 planktonic isolates, revealed several genes that were absent in planktonic strains, but uniformly present in symbiotic ones. To better understand the consequences of this diversity to the host, we selected five light-organ associated strains: three from E. scolopes but having different combinations of colonization factors, one from a congeneric squid host, and one from a marine fish. We colonized juvenile E. scolopes with these strains and, using RNAseq, found that (i) the most similar host transcriptomic responses occurred among the native E. scolopes strains, (ii) intermediate was the strain from the related squid, and (iii) least similar was the fish strain. Importantly, native strains downregulated immune-related genes more than non-native ones. Finally, host development was atypical or delayed when colonized by non-native strains. These experiments point the way to more targeted studies of the mechanisms underlying host responses to symbiont strain diversity.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Variation among strains of a bacterial species is a powerful factor underlying the intensity of host responses during pathogenic infections. Less is known about the cellular and molecular responses of host tissues to differences between the strains present in an animal's normal microbiome. We use a natural, species-specific, symbiosis to explore the influence of strain-level differences on host gene expression and morphogenesis. Analysis of symbiotic strains from squids and fishes, as well as free-living strains, shows that the carriage of colonization determinants, while critical to competitive success among strains of a species, has a minimal effect on the transcriptional response of the host. We provide evidence that a more important driver of normal gene expression during the development of symbiosis is the history of a strain's co-diversification with its host species. Such studies, using simple invertebrate models, allow the recognition of otherwise obscured interactions underlying the more complex microbiomes of vertebrates.}, }
@article {pmid41246383, year = {2025}, author = {Panthalil, BS and Vogts, A and Benavides, M and Harke, MJ and Hassenrück, C and Subramaniam, A and Montoya, JP and Voss, M}, title = {Novel pennate diatom symbionts support high N2 fixation rates.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {ycaf190}, doi = {10.1093/ismeco/ycaf190}, pmid = {41246383}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Diazotrophy is the most important nitrogen source in the oligotrophic surface ocean, but the organisms involved and their contributions are incompletely understood due to limited observations. Only diazotrophic organisms possess the nifH gene to reduce dinitrogen to ammonium, but their distribution and activity can only be quantified through sampling and experiments during research cruises. Some recent studies document small diatoms with symbionts able to fix nitrogen, a new source of biologically available nitrogen in addition to the well-known cyanobacterial species such as Trichodesmium or symbionts of haptophytes (UCYN-A) and diatoms (Diatom-Diazotroph Associations, or DDAs). Here, we document a very active symbiosis between small pennate diatoms such as Mastogloia and Haslea with rhizobial and cyanobacterial symbionts in waters of the Western tropical North Atlantic influenced by the Amazon River plume. We used NanoSIMS analysis of [15]N2 tracer experiments to quantify high rates of nitrogen fixation in generally abundant, symbiont-bearing pennate diatoms. This newly described symbiosis may contribute a previously unquantified flux of biologically available nitrogen to oceanic systems. Pennate diatoms and their symbionts may close a key gap in our understanding of the supply of nutrients to the ocean and provide a previously unknown biological sink for carbon dioxide.}, }
@article {pmid41246320, year = {2025}, author = {Dey, P}, title = {Genes, guts, and microbes: decoding host-driven microbial regulation using intestine-specific conditional knockouts.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1674913}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2025.1674913}, pmid = {41246320}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology/genetics ; Humans ; Dysbiosis ; Mice, Knockout ; *Intestines/microbiology/immunology ; *Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/microbiology/immunology ; *Host Microbial Interactions/genetics ; Mice ; }, abstract = {This narrative review underscores the influence of host genetics in actively regulating gut microbiota composition and function, highlighting the distinctive advantages of intestine-specific conditional knockout (cKO) models in gut microbiome research. In contrast to whole-body knockouts or germ-free animals, these precision models, enabled by Cre-loxP technology, eliminate confounding systemic effects to elucidate how localized host genes within intestinal cells regulate the gut microbial ecology. The review identifies three fundamental host-driven regulatory mechanisms through the analysis of specific gene deletions: (1) barrier integrity (e.g., mucus and junction proteins), (2) immune defenses (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and glycan synthesis), and (3) metabolic signaling (e.g., bile acid receptors and glucose transporter). These pathways jointly impose microbial symbiosis, and their disruption leads to dysbiosis characterized by increased abundance of pathobionts (e.g., Escherichia, Proteobacteria), directly connecting host genetics to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. This host-centric viewpoint emphasizes the gut as an active regulator, rather than a passive microenvironment for the microbiota, providing significant insights for creating tailored therapeutics that focus on host pathways to restore microbial balance in disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41245697, year = {2025}, author = {San-Blas, E and Morales-Montero, P and Bastidas, B and Půža, V and Machado, RAR}, title = {Heterorhabditis caligo n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae): A New Entomopathogenic Nematode from Pichilemu Sand Dunes, Chile.}, journal = {Journal of nematology}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {20250045}, doi = {10.2478/jofnem-2025-0045}, pmid = {41245697}, issn = {0022-300X}, abstract = {During a survey of the nematode biodiversity in the Petrel wetland (central Chile), a population of Heterorhabditis sp. was found in the coastal dune samples. Morphological, morphometric, and molecular studies indicated that this nematode belonged to the megidis group, and represented a novel species, which we named Heterorhabditis caligo n. sp. This nematode species resembles H. marelatus but it is different in the morphometrics of its infective juvenile in the following ways: pharynx length (135-150 μm vs. 120-138 μm), and the position of the excretory pore from the anterior end (105-128 μm vs. 81-113 μm). In males, the fourth and eighth pairs of the bursal papillae are shorter and do not reach the edge of the bursa in H. caligo n. sp., whereas all the papillae in H. marelatus reach the edge of the bursa. The excretory pore of amphimictic females of H. caligo n. sp. is located more posteriorly than in those of H. marelatus 193 (169-224) μm vs. 157 (139-178) μm, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the genus based on whole nuclear and mitochondrial genome sequences and on five gene markers showed a clear separation of Heterorhabditis caligo n. sp. from the other species, placing it within the megidis group.}, }
@article {pmid41242729, year = {2025}, author = {Takeguchi, Y and Shibuya, R and Kondo, M and Betsuyaku, E and Itakura, M and Minamisawa, K and Sugawara, M and Betsuyaku, S}, title = {Unipolar Polysaccharide-mediated Attachment of the N2O-reducing bacterium Bradyrhizobium ottawaense SG09 to Plant Roots.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25043}, pmid = {41242729}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {*Bradyrhizobium/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Plant Roots/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Arabidopsis/microbiology ; *Nitrous Oxide/metabolism ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; Glycine max/microbiology ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Multigene Family ; }, abstract = {Agricultural soils are an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O), which has greenhouse and ozone-depleting effects. Bradyrhizobium ottawaense SG09 is a nitrogen-fixing rhizobium with high N2O-reducing activity. Rhizobia form symbiotic nodules in leguminous plants. The initial physical attachment of bacteria to plant roots is a critical step in the establishment of symbiotic interactions. In the present study, we performed a microscopic anal-ysis using DsRed-expressing B. ottawaense SG09. We revealed that B. ottawaense SG09 attached to both the root surface and root hairs via single cellular poles. This polar attachment was observed not only to the symbiotic host soybean, but also to non-leguminous plants, such as Arabidopsis, rice, corn, and wheat. We identified and analyzed the unipolar polysaccharide (upp) gene cluster, which is proposed to be involved in the polar attachment of rhizobia, in the genome of B. ottawaense SG09. We established an Arabidopsis-based interaction assay and demonstrated that uppC and uppE play a critical role in attachment to both the root surface and root hairs.}, }
@article {pmid41242215, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, X and Yu, J and Liu, Y and Tan, L and Fu, M and Chen, Y and Xia, L and Zhang, S}, title = {Sexual dimorphism in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal-assisted zinc detoxification: female poplars emerge as superior phytoremediator through lignin-flavonoid pathways.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {229}, number = {Pt D}, pages = {110751}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110751}, pmid = {41242215}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient but becomes cytotoxic at elevated levels. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to enhance plant tolerance to potential toxic elements, but it is unclear how AM symbiosis mediates the sexually dimorphic responses to Zn toxicity in dioecious poplars. In this study, female and male Populus cathayana inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae were used to investigate the mechanisms of AM symbiosis to alleviate Zn toxicity. The results showed that non-mycorrhizal males exhibited greater resistance to Zn toxicity than females, primarily through the synthesis of organic acids. However, AM symbiosis altered defense strategies in both sexes, enhancing Zn tolerance through cysteine- and ethylene-mediated pathways. In female roots, AM symbiosis increased lignin (34.00 %) and flavonoid (77.47 %) accumulation, thereby enhancing Zn resistance and alleviating oxidative stress. Critically, AM symbiosis significantly upregulated the expression of metal chelation and transport genes (PcMT1d, PcZIP6 and PcZIP7) in females, resulting in higher Zn uptake and translocation efficiency. Zn accumulation in females increased by 44.26 %, while soil available Zn decreased by 44.19 %, highlighting their potential for phytoremediation. Therefore, this study clarifies the sexually differential mechanisms to Zn resistance in P. cathayana, and reveals the promising application of female P. cathayana and AM fungi in the remediation of Zn-contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid41241951, year = {2025}, author = {Van Nynatten, A and Cunning, R and Tietjen, KL and Baum, JK}, title = {Marine Heatwaves Transform Coral Symbioses With Enduring Effects.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {e70263}, doi = {10.1111/ele.70263}, pmid = {41241951}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {//British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund/ ; //Rufford Foundation/ ; //Pew Charitable Trusts/ ; NFRFT-2020-00073-BIOSCAN//New Frontiers in Research Fund (NFRF)/ ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; OCE-1446402//National Science Foundation (NSF) RAPID grant/ ; 10.13039/100000001//National Science Foundation (NSF) RAPID grant/ ; //National Geographic Society/ ; 10.13039/501100000196//Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)/ ; //Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives, University of Victoria/ ; //University of Victoria Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives/ ; //David and Lucile Packard Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Anthozoa/physiology ; *Coral Reefs ; Climate Change ; *Hot Temperature ; *Extreme Heat/adverse effects ; }, abstract = {Climate change-amplified extreme weather events are reshaping ecological communities globally. On coral reefs, heatwaves typically disrupt the obligate coral-algal symbiosis, with symbiont identity a prime determinant of coral resilience to these thermal extremes. Yet, whether heatwaves have long-term effects on coral symbioses remains unclear due to a lack of longitudinal symbiont data. Here, we report on a decadal coral symbiont survey (2013-2023), spanning the most prolonged tropical marine heatwave on record (2015-2016) and its aftermath. Concomitant with mass coral mortality, we document wholesale transformation of the symbiont assemblages in two coral species, the legacy of which was persistent for 7 years post heatwave. We also found evidence suggestive of a symbiont's local extinction, of local human disturbance impeding symbiont recovery, and of new coral recruits hosting symbiont assemblages distinct from survivors. Our study demonstrates heatwaves can have long-lasting impacts on symbioses raising concern for coral resilience to future heatwaves.}, }
@article {pmid41240368, year = {2025}, author = {Song, JH and Agake, SI and Tanabata, S and Cui, Y and Su, L and Montes-Luz, B and Xu, D and Stacey, G}, title = {Phloem-specific translational regulation of soybean nodulation: insights from a phloem-targeted TRAP-Seq approach.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiaf570}, pmid = {41240368}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {Soybean (Glycine max) root nodulation is a symbiotic process that requires complex molecular and cellular coordination. The phloem plays a crucial role not only in nutrient transport but also in long-distance signaling that regulates nodulation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phloem-specific regulation during nodulation remain poorly characterized. Here, we developed a phloem-specific Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification sequencing (TRAP-seq) system to investigate the translational dynamics of phloem-associated genes during nodulation. Using a phloem-specific promoter (Glyma.01G040700) combined with the GAL4-UAS amplification system, we successfully captured the translatome of soybean root phloem at early (72 hours post-inoculation, hpi) and late (21 days post-inoculation, dpi) nodulation stages. Differential expression analysis revealed dynamic translational reprogramming, with 2,636 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 72 hpi and 8,422 DEGs at 21 dpi. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses showed stage-specific regulatory shifts, including early activation of ethylene and defense pathways and late-stage enhancement of nutrient transport and vascular development. Transcription factor analysis identified GmbHLH121 as a key phloem-specific regulator of nodulation. Functional validation using RNAi knockdown and overexpression experiments demonstrated that GmbHLH121 negatively regulates nodule formation, likely acting downstream of or independently from early nodulation signaling pathways. Additionally, we uncovered dynamic regulation of cell wall-modifying enzyme (PME and PMEI) in the phloem, implicating their role in modulating plasmodesmata (PD) permeability and facilitating symplastic connectivity during nodulation. Our findings highlight the critical role of phloem-mediated translational regulation in coordinating root nodulation, emphasizing the phloem as an active regulatory hub for long-distance signaling and symbiotic efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid41240364, year = {2025}, author = {Khan, M}, title = {Gatekeeping symbiosis: Autophagy shapes Serendipita indica -Arabidopsis thaliana Interaction.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiaf593}, pmid = {41240364}, issn = {1532-2548}, }
@article {pmid41240200, year = {2025}, author = {Bashir, S and Zargar, SM and Husaini, AM}, title = {Epigenetic-modifications induced by plant-microbial interactions modulate plant immunity, Defense-response and mutualistic associations.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {86}, pmid = {41240200}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {*Plant Immunity/genetics ; *Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Plants/microbiology/genetics/immunology ; Mycorrhizae ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/genetics/immunology ; }, abstract = {Plants live in intricate ecological niches where they are in continual contact with a wide variety of microorganisms, including both beneficial symbionts and dangerous diseases. For plants to survive and be healthy, they must be able to discriminate between these various microorganisms and deploy the proper defenses. Recent studies show that epigenetic processes, in addition to traditional signaling pathways, are essential for regulating how plants react to microbial interactions. The comprehensive summary examines how epigenetic changes control plant immunity by regulating pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and defense priming. Additionally, we explore the role that these epigenetic variables play in the establishment and maintenance of mutualistic relationships with beneficial microbes such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and rhizobia. The paper also highlights how chromatin-based regulatory mechanisms and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) networks, such as microRNAs, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), facilitate two-way communication between microorganisms and plants. Recent developments in high-throughput sequencing and functional genomics have revealed the plasticity and memory capacity of the plant epigenome, providing intriguing opportunities for crop enhancement. Researchers are exploring the ability of epigenome editing techniques, such as synthetic transcriptional regulators and CRISPR-dCas9-based systems, to accurately modify stress-responsive genes. This review highlights the potential of epigenetic engineering as a sustainable strategy for enhancing plant immunity, stress tolerance, and symbiotic efficiency by elucidating the epigenetic frameworks that regulate interactions between microbes and plants.(Fig. 1).}, }
@article {pmid41239036, year = {2025}, author = {Casanova-Hernández, D and Pinacho-Pinacho, CD and Calixto-Rojas, M and Rubio-Godoy, M and Hernández-Velázquez, IM and Guevara-Avendaño, E and Méndez, O and Velázquez-Velázquez, E and Zamora-Briseño, JA}, title = {Challenging the paradigm: the Asian fish tapeworm (Schyzocotyle acheilognathi, Yamaguti 1934) lacks an intrinsic symbiotic bacterial community.}, journal = {International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41239036}, issn = {1618-1905}, abstract = {Schyzocotyle acheilognathi is an invasive generalist cestode with a high capacity for adaptation to multiple hosts and freshwater environments. Recent reports suggest that this parasite possesses an intrinsic symbiotic microbiota distinct from that of its fish hosts, and its presence induces gut dysbiosis in the host. In this study, we reassessed these ideas. For this, we collected naturally parasitized fish specimens from different locations in Mexico, encompassing different host species, including Cyprinus carpio, Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, Tlaloc hildebrandi, and Vieja hartwegi. We also tested whether this parasite induces a dysbiotic process in the gut bacterial community of Tlaloc hildebrandi. Parasites were identified based on morphological and molecular criteria, and their bacterial communities were characterized using metataxonomy. Our results revealed that S. acheilognathi does not harbor a consistent microbial community among the different host species surveyed. We also did not detect any dysbiotic effect on the gut microbiota of Tlaloc hildebrandi. These findings contradict previous data and provide evidence of the loose relationship between this parasite and bacteria, which we propose could be a part of its successful generalist strategy. The results presented herein offer a novel perspective on the quest for understanding the microbial ecology in generalist cestodes of freshwater fish.}, }
@article {pmid41238942, year = {2025}, author = {Cummings, J and Dahlin, KJ and Gross, E and Hauenstein, JD}, title = {Routing Functions for Parameter Space Decomposition to Describe Stability Landscapes of Ecological Models.}, journal = {Bulletin of mathematical biology}, volume = {87}, number = {12}, pages = {177}, pmid = {41238942}, issn = {1522-9602}, support = {2316455//Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences/ ; 1945584//Division of Mathematical Sciences/ ; 2331400//Division of Mathematical Sciences/ ; 00005696//Simons Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Changes in environmental or system parameters often drive major biological transitions, including ecosystem collapse, disease outbreaks, and tumor development. Analyzing the stability of steady states in dynamical systems provides critical insight into these transitions. This paper introduces an algebraic framework for analyzing the stability landscapes of ecological models defined by systems of first-order autonomous ordinary differential equations with polynomial or rational rate functions. Using tools from real algebraic geometry, we characterize parameter regions associated with steady-state feasibility and stability via three key boundaries: singular, stability (Routh-Hurwitz), and coordinate boundaries. With these boundaries in mind, we employ routing functions to compute the connected components of parameter space in which the number and type of stable steady states remain constant, revealing the stability landscape of these ecological models. As case studies, we revisit the classical Levins-Culver competition-colonization model and a recent model of coral-bacteria symbioses. In the latter, our method uncovers complex stability regimes, including regions supporting limit cycles, that are inaccessible via traditional techniques. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach to inform ecological theory and intervention strategies in systems with nonlinear interactions and multiple stable states.}, }
@article {pmid41238653, year = {2025}, author = {Wielkopolan, B and Szabelska-Beręsewicz, A and Obrępalska-Stęplowska, A}, title = {Bacteria associated with the cereal leaf beetle act as the insect's allies in adapting to protease inhibitors, but impair its development in laboratory condition.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {39944}, pmid = {41238653}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {UMO-2020/37/N/NZ9/02577//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coleoptera/microbiology/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; Larva/microbiology/growth &amp; development/drug effects ; *Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; *Bacteria ; Microbiota ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Edible Grain/parasitology ; }, abstract = {Oulema melanopus [L.] (cereal leaf beetle, CLB) is one of the most serious cereal pests. Plant protease inhibitors (PIs) are known for their insecticidal properties. The role of CLB-associated bacteria in insect adaptation to PIs is not yet known. We investigated the role of CLB-associated bacteria in adaptation to PIs, and whether the reduction of bacteria will affect the CLB development. We found a decrease in proteases activity in insects with a diminished bacterial community compared to those with an intact bacterial community. Thus, the study showed that the CLB-associated bacteria participate in the adaptation of CLB larvae to PIs. On the other hand, regardless of the type of PI used, ultimately a higher survival rates were recorded for larvae with a reduced bacterial community compared to insects with a natural microbiome in laboratory conditions. In such conditions, higher larval survival rates and a higher percentage of larvae reaching the pupal and imago stages were recorded in insects whose bacterial community was reduced. Since the CLB bacterial microbiome showed a negative impact on the development of the insect's host and its survival in response to PIs in laboratory conditions, it can be concluded that CLB-associated bacteria can be an ally of its insect host, but also an adversary when conditions are not optimal for symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41238138, year = {2025}, author = {Bae, S and Ha, GS and Cheong, DY and Baek, G}, title = {Evaluating the potential of treating organic acid-pretreated mixed fruit waste in a 13-L microbial electrolysis cell.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133641}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133641}, pmid = {41238138}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) offer a sustainable approach to producing hydrogen (H2) from organic waste. However, industrialization of MECs is hindered by a low H2 production rate (HPR), mainly due to inefficient mass transfer between microbes and electrodes. To overcome this limitation, efficient dual-chamber MEC reactor design and evaluation of various substrate applicability are essential. In this study, we investigated the potential of mixed fruit waste (MFW) as an MEC substrate and its impact on microbial community dynamics in a multi-stack MEC reactor designed for H2 production. To enhance microbial utilization, MFW was pretreated with eco-friendly organic acids (i.e., citric acid), achieving a high carbohydrate extraction efficiency of 82 %. Physicochemical analyses of MFW before and after pretreatment confirmed effective hydrolysis. MEC operation with 25 % MFW extract achieved a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 77 % and a maximum current density of 0.71 A/m[2] (16.36 A/m[3]). Organic components in the MFW extract, including 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furan derivatives, were completely decomposed during MEC operation. Notably, microbial community analysis revealed distinct spatial distributions across the anode's vertical positions. Fermentative bacteria predominated in the bottom section, while electroactive genera such as Geobacter and Comamonas dominated the top section, likely due to the upward flow and recirculation of the organic substrate introduced at the bottom. The proposed multi-stack MEC process enhanced substrate utilization and microbial symbiosis interactions, highlighting its potential for industrial-scale applications.}, }
@article {pmid41234736, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Q and Ma, S and Wang, R and Li, L and Zhang, Q and Ju, M and Gu, P}, title = {Diversity and drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere soil of wine grape in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia of China.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1700411}, pmid = {41234736}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are symbiotic microorganisms that exert positive effects on their host plants. However, their colonization and community diversity in wine grapes remain unclear.<br><br>METHODS: This study investigated roots and rhizosphere soils from Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines in vineyards in seven ecological regions at the eastern foot of the Helan Mountains in Ningxia, China. We employed Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing to analyze AMF community composition and diversity in the rhizosphere soil, and examined the effects of soil factors on AMF communities.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that the grapevine root system was colonized by AMF, with significant spatial heterogeneity in colonization rates and spore densities across the sample plots. Differences in the diversity of the AMF communities in the rhizosphere soil of wine grapes in the different sample plots were observed, and these AMF communities were further divided into three groups. In total, 168 operational taxonomic units were detected in the rhizosphere soil, corresponding to 40 AMF species from five orders, seven families, and seven genera. The Glomus and Glomus melanosporum were the dominant genus and species, respectively. Claroideoglomus and Glomus were identified as biomarkers. Soil pH and organic matter were key factors influencing AMF colonization, abundance, diversity, and community composition.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The grape rhizosphere in this region hosts a rich diversity of AMF. This finding provides a reference for the protection and commercial cultivation of AMF in wine grape rhizospheres.}, }
@article {pmid41233936, year = {2025}, author = {Modolon, F and N Garritano, A and J Hill, L and Duarte, G and Bendia, A and de Moura, R and Pellizari, V and Thomas, T and Peixoto, RS}, title = {Putative promiscuous symbionts in deep-sea corals and crinoids may contribute to nitrogen cycling.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {234}, pmid = {41233936}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {141954/2019-1//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; ANP 21005-4//Shell, Brazil/ ; BAS/1/1095-01-01 and FCC/1/1976-40-01//KAUST/ ; }, mesh = {*Anthozoa/microbiology ; Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Nitrogen Cycle ; Metagenomics/methods ; Microbiota ; Brazil ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Crinoids (feather stars) are frequently found in association with corals, yet the physiological and microbial interactions between these organisms remain poorly understood. Both corals and crinoids host symbiotic microorganisms, but the functional roles of these symbionts, particularly in deep-sea environments, are largely unexplored. This study characterizes the microbiomes of the deep-sea corals Desmophyllum pertusum and Solenosmilia variabilis and their associated crinoid Koehlermetra sp. (Thalassometridae) from the Campos Basin, Brazil, to investigate potential cross-host microbial interactions and their ecological implications. We used multiple approaches for this investigation, including amplicon sequencing surveys, genome-resolved metagenomics, and fluorescence in situ hybridization.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that the same endosymbiotic members of the families Endozoicomonadaceae and Nitrosopumilaceae inhabit both corals and the crinoids, suggesting promiscuity in host-symbiont relationships. Metagenomic analysis revealed a novel and dominant Endozoicomonas species (E. promiscua sp. nov.), whose genome encodes pathways for dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA). This metabolic capability could provide a substrate for ammonia-oxidizing archaea (Nitrosopumilaceae), indicating a potential cross-host nitrogen-cycling network. Shared microbial taxa between corals and crinoids further support the hypothesis of symbiont promiscuity, where metabolic redundancy may facilitate colonization across species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that nitrogen cycling plays a key role in structuring microbial symbioses in deep-sea coral-crinoid holobionts. The promiscuous distribution of symbionts across hosts implies that metabolic interactions, such as DNRA-driven ammonia provisioning, could underpin resilience in nutrient-limited environments. This study highlights the importance of microbial versatility in deep-sea ecosystems and provides new insights into how cross-host symbiosis may contribute to biogeochemical cycling in the ocean. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid41233919, year = {2025}, author = {Vohsen, SA and Gruber-Vodicka, HR and Osman, EO and Saxton, MA and Joye, SB and Dubilier, N and Fisher, CR and Baums, IB}, title = {Deep-sea corals near cold seeps associate with sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs in the family Ca. Thioglobaceae.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {232}, pmid = {41233919}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {ECOGIG//Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Corals are known for their symbiotic relationships, yet there is limited evidence of chemoautotrophic associations. This is despite some corals occurring near cold seeps where chemosymbiotic fauna abound including mussels that host sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs from the SUP05 cluster (family Ca. Thioglobaceae). We investigated whether corals near cold seeps associate with related bacteria and report here that these associations are widespread.<br><br>RESULTS: We screened corals, water, and sediment for Thioglobaceae using 16S metabarcoding and found ASVs associated with corals at high relative abundance (10 - 91%). These ASVs were specific to coral hosts, absent in water samples, and rare or absent in sediment samples. Using metagenomics and transcriptomics, we assembled the genome of one phylotype associated with Paramuricea sp. B3 (ASV 4) which contained the genetic potential to oxidize sulfur and fix carbon, and confirmed that these pathways were transcriptionally active. Furthermore, its relative abundance was negatively correlated with the stable isotopic composition of its host coral's tissue suggesting some contribution of chemoautotrophy to the coral holobiont.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We propose that some lineages of Thioglobaceae may facultatively supplement the diet of their host corals through chemoautotrophy at seeps or may provide essential amino acids or vitamins. This is the first documented association between chemoautotrophic symbionts and corals at seeps and suggests that the footprint of chemosynthetic environments is wider than currently understood.}, }
@article {pmid41233523, year = {2025}, author = {Dell, M and Kogawa, M and Streiff, AB and Shiraishi, T and Lotti, A and Meier, CM and Schorn, MA and Field, C and Cahn, JKB and Yokoyama, H and Yamada, Y and Peters, E and Egami, Y and Nakashima, Y and Tan, KC and Rückert, C and Alanjary, M and Kalinowski, J and Kuzuyama, T and Cardenas, P and Pomponi, S and Sipkema, D and Wright, A and Takada, K and Abe, I and Wakimoto, T and Takeyama, H and Piel, J}, title = {Chemical richness and diversity of uncultivated 'Entotheonella' symbionts in marine sponges.}, journal = {Nature chemical biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41233523}, issn = {1552-4469}, support = {22H05120//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; 16H06279//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP21H02635//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; JP22H05128//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; }, abstract = {Marine sponges are the source of numerous bioactive natural products that serve as chemical defenses and provide pharmaceutical leads for drug development. For some of the compounds, symbiotic bacteria have been established as the actual producers. Among the known sponge symbionts, 'Candidatus Entotheonella' members stand out because of their abundant and variable biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Here, to obtain broader insights into this producer taxon, we conduct a comparative analysis on eight sponges through metagenomic and single-bacterial sequencing and biochemical studies. The data suggest sets of biosynthetic genes that are largely unique in 14 'Entotheonella' candidate species and a member of a sister lineage named 'Candidatus Proxinella'. Four biosynthetic loci were linked in silico or experimentally to cytotoxins, antibiotics and the terpene cembrene A from corals. The results support widespread and diverse bacterial roles in the chemistry of sponges and aid the development of sustainable production methods for sponge-derived therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid41232537, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, B and Liu, R and Ramm, E and Tong, P and Dannenmann, M and Chen, Z and Zou, T and Shi, X and Chen, X and Haensch, R and Schloter, M and Rennenberg, H}, title = {Impaired sustainability of thawing permafrost peatland ecosystems by Siberian alder colonization.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.10.021}, pmid = {41232537}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Anthropogenic climate warming causes thawing of permafrost soil in pan-Arctic areas of the Northern Hemisphere, thereby triggering changes in ecosystem biodiversity and biogeochemistry. Here, we analyzed the consequences of Siberian alder colonization for the thawing of permafrost soil, soil microbial biodiversity, and the performance of neighboring peatland vegetation. We show, for the first time, that heat dissipation from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by alder-Frankia symbiosis in numerous nodule clusters accelerates the thawing of permafrost soil in alder forests. On an areal basis, a rough estimate of heat dissipation from BNF amounts to 4,330-34,630 MJ year[-1] per hectare. The maximum value of this estimate is of the same order of magnitude as the reported areal heat dissipation from microbial organic matter decomposition and accounts for ∼7.6% of the heat dissipation from this decomposition. Colonization by Siberian alder trees strongly modified microbial biodiversity in the top peat and organic soil layers and had nursing effects on dominant peatland plant species neighboring alder forests, as indicated by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures. These results reveal the mechanism of permafrost soil thawing attributed to BNF-mediated heat dissipation by Siberian alder forests at both the site-specific and ecosystem levels. They complement present knowledge on microbial-decomposition-driven soil heating and carbon release in permafrost regions under global warming. In addition, they show that colonization by Siberian alder has significant feedback on climate-change-mediated thawing of permafrost soil, thereby impairing the sustainability of pan-Arctic peatland ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41230826, year = {2025}, author = {Lextrait, G and Joardar, S and Cossard, R and Kikuchi, Y and Ohbayashi, T and Mergaert, P}, title = {Strict gut symbiont specificity in Coreoidea insects governed by interspecies competition within Caballeronia strains.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf240}, pmid = {41230826}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Host-bacteria symbioses are often specific and transgenerationaly stable. In hosts that acquire their symbionts from the environment across successive generations, selective mechanisms are required to identify and maintain beneficial partners from diverse environmental microorganisms. In Coreoidea stinkbugs, which house environmentally acquired symbionts in a specialized midgut region, bacterial competition plays a key role in shaping symbiont specificity whereby Caballeronia strains consistently outcompete bacteria of other genera. Here, we show that competition within the gut also occurs among Caballeronia strains themselves, driving specificity at a finer taxonomic scale. Specifically, the stinkbugs Riptortus pedestris and Coreus marginatus, when reared on the same soil sample, preferentially select for α- and β-subclade Caballeronia, respectively. Using a gnotobiotic infection system, we demonstrate that representative strains from the α-, β-, and γ-subclades can independently colonize the midgut of both insect species in monoculture. However, in pairwise co-culture infections, each host exhibits a marked selectivity for either α- or β-subclade strains, consistent with patterns observed in the soil inoculation experiment. In R. pedestris, we further find that interspecies competition outcomes are shaped by both priority effects and displacement mechanisms. At the molecular level, differences among symbionts in metabolic capabilities, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, and chemotactic behavior influence their competitive success in the gut. Finally, we show that in R. pedestris, the reproductive fitness benefits conferred by the symbiosis align with the observed strain specificity in the tested strain panel, suggesting a functional link between symbiont selection and host fitness, despite these processes occurring at distinct stages of the symbiotic relationship. Our findings highlight that the gut in Coreoidea species constitutes a multifactorial, species-specific selective environment that contributes to the colonization of the symbiotic midgut region by the best-adapted Caballeronia strain.}, }
@article {pmid41229147, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, L and Zhang, M and Tan, W and Yang, Z and Zhao, S and Jia, M and Wei, G and Chou, M}, title = {Uclacyanin MtUC1 Is Involved in the Regulation of Nodule Senescence in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {26}, number = {11}, pages = {e70171}, doi = {10.1111/mpp.70171}, pmid = {41229147}, issn = {1364-3703}, support = {41977052//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42377131//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U21A2029//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023YFD1900900//National Key Research and Development Plan Project of China/ ; 2024YFD1200200//National Key Research and Development Plan Project of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Medicago truncatula/genetics/metabolism/microbiology/physiology ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism/genetics/microbiology ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Mutation/genetics ; *Plant Senescence/genetics ; }, abstract = {Phytocyanins (PCs) are ancient plant-specific blue copper proteins that play an important role in plant growth and development, and stress tolerance. In this study, the role of MtUC1, a member of the uclacyanin subfamily of the PC family, was analysed in the nodule symbiosis of Medicago truncatula. MtUC1 was mainly expressed in the nodule interzone and strongly induced in the later nodule developmental stage. RNA interference (RNAi) and mutation of MtUC1 led to reduced root nodule formation and degeneration of bacteroids within nodules. Cysteine protease activity in the MtUC1-RNAi inoculated roots and uc1 mutant nodules was significantly increased, the leghaemoglobin content and the expression of nitrogen-fixing enzyme genes in the uc1 mutant nodules were significantly reduced, and the nodule cells showed signs of senescence, suggesting that MtUC1 expression is required to avert nodule senescence. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that many symbiotic genes were significantly downregulated, and the senescence/defence-related genes were significantly upregulated in roots 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) and in the nodules of the uc1 mutant at 28 dpi. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments showed that MtUC1 interacted with MtBI-1 (Bax-Inhibitor 1). Both MtUC1 and MtBI-1 were localised and co-localised to the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. In addition, MtBI-1 also showed a significantly high expression level in the mature nodules. In summary, MtUC1 may prevent the premature aging of root nodules by interacting with MtBI-1.}, }
@article {pmid41228649, year = {2025}, author = {Shavyrkina, NA and Gladysheva, EK and Zenkova, AA and Skiba, EA}, title = {From Low-Cost Miscanthus × giganteus to Valuable Bacterial Nanocellulose: A Complete Technological Cycle.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {17}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41228649}, issn = {2073-4360}, support = {grant No. 22-13-00107-P//The research was carried out at the expense of the Russian Science Foundation , https://rscf.ru/project/22-13-00107 (accessed on 10 June 2025)./ ; }, abstract = {The concept of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) production from low-cost cellulosic raw materials is evolving across the world, as it reduces the production cost of this valuable polymer and expands its technical applications. Miscanthus × giganteus is a widely recognized energy crop with high cellulose content, but its potential as a feedstock for BNC production is underexplored. The cellulose content in the biomass of Miscanthus × giganteus from the Russian breeding stock was 54% in the present study. The Miscanthus × giganteus biomass was subjected to chemical pretreatment by four different techniques: classical alkaline delignification and three authors' own methods using diluted nitric acid solutions at atmospheric pressure. The resultant substrates were then enzymatically hydrolyzed under identical conditions, yielding carbohydrate-based culture media on which bacterial nanocellulose biosynthesis was carried out using a SCOBY symbiotic culture. All the four chemical pretreatment methods were found to be extremely efficient because they provide a 28-31-fold increase in the biomass reactivity to enzymatic hydrolysis compared to untreated Miscanthus × giganteus. This study clearly demonstrates that it is most expedient to carry out the biomass pretreatment in a single stage using a dilute nitric acid solution in the BNC production technology from Miscanthus × giganteus. In this case, the substrate yield from the feedstock for subsequent hydrolysis was 50%, the recovery of reducing sugars from the Miscanthus × giganteus biomass reached its maximal value (65.2%), and the yield of BNC was 1.1-1.3 times higher compared to the other three methods of biomass pretreatment.}, }
@article {pmid41227388, year = {2025}, author = {Odo, TI and Saleh, M}, title = {O-GlcNAcylation: A Nutrient-Sensitive Metabolic Rheostat in Antiviral Immunity and Viral Pathogenesis.}, journal = {Cells}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/cells14211743}, pmid = {41227388}, issn = {2073-4409}, support = {RGPIN-2025-07017//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/metabolism/virology ; Animals ; *Viruses/pathogenicity/immunology ; *Acetylglucosamine/metabolism ; *Nutrients/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Glycosylation ; Hexosamines/biosynthesis/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Viruses account for the most abundant biological entities in the biosphere and can be either symbiotic or pathogenic. While pathogenic viruses have developed strategies to evade immunity, the host immune system has evolved overlapping and redundant defenses to sense and fight viral infections. Nutrition and metabolic needs sculpt viral-host interactions and determine the course and outcomes of the infection. In this review, we focus on the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), a nutrient-sensing pathway that controls immune responses and host-viral interactions. The HBP converges on O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic post-translational modification of cellular proteins, that emerged as a critical effector of immune cell development, differentiation, and effector functions. We present a broad overview of uncovered O-GlcNAc substrates identified in the context of viral infections and with a functional impact on antiviral immunity and viral restriction, or conversely on exacerbating viral-induced pathologic inflammation or viral oncogenesis. We discuss the clinical implications of these findings, current limitations, and future perspectives to harness this pathway for therapeutic purposes.}, }
@article {pmid41226121, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, Y and Zhao, L and Mi, N and He, J and Xu, J}, title = {Silicon@Carbon Composite with Bioinspired Root-Nodule Nanostructures as Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {30}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41226121}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {No. 24JRRM004//Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province/ ; No. 20JR10RA137//Youth Science and Technology Fund of Gansu Province/ ; No. 25YFGM001//Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province-Industry Project/ ; No.25YFGM002//Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province-Industry Project/ ; 2024QB-117//Young Doctor Support Project of Gansu Province/ ; No. QY-STK-2024A-141//Key Research and Development Program of Qingyang City-Industry Project/ ; HXZK2511//Crossing Research Project of Longdong University/ ; }, abstract = {Silicon (Si) is a promising high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries but faces challenges such as severe volume fluctuations during cycles and the formation of unstable solid-electrolyte interphase films on the electrode surface. To address these limitations, we developed a bioinspired Si@C composite anode through polydopamine-mediated self-assembly of aromatic polyamide nanofibers and nano-Si, followed by controlled pyrolysis at 1000 °C under N2. The resulting hierarchical architecture mimics the symbiotic root-nodule structure of legumes, featuring vascular bundle-like carbon frameworks and chemically bonded Si/C interfaces. The optimized composite delivers an initial capacity of 1107.0 mAh g[-1] at 0.1 A g[-1] and retains 580.0 mAh g[-1] after 100 cycles with 52.4% retention. The exceptional electrochemical properties arise from the optimized architecture and surface interactions. The nature-inspired carbon network minimizes ionic transport resistance via vertically aligned porous pathways while simultaneously boosting lithium-ion adsorption capacity. Furthermore, radially aligned graphitic ribbons are generated through controlled polyamide thermal transformation that effectively mitigates electrode swelling and maintains stable interfacial layers during cycling.}, }
@article {pmid41225918, year = {2025}, author = {Carmo-Filho, ADS and Rego, CHQ and Ribeiro, GFR and Alves, RM and Almeida, LA and Rodak, BW and Lavres, J and Gomes-Junior, FG}, title = {Seed-Applied Cobalt, Molybdenum, and Nickel Improve Nitrogen Metabolism in Soybean Plants Across Seed Vigor Levels.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41225918}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Cobalt, molybdenum, and nickel are elements directly involved in biological nitrogen fixation in legume plants. However, there is a lack of information about the effects of the interaction among these elements on seed vigor and plant development. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of these elements on soybean seeds with higher and lower vigor, focusing on nitrogen metabolism and plant development under controlled conditions. The two lots of soybean seeds (higher and lower vigor) were treated with doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mL kg[-1] of seeds of a liquid commercial product composed of cobalt, molybdenum, and nickel. At the full flowering stage, urease and nitrogenase activities, dry biomass of shoots, roots, and nodules, nitrogen concentration in shoots, plant height, number of nodules, and the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation (measured by nitrogen-15 isotopic ratio) were assessed. Urease activity increased by 191% in high-vigor seed plants and 65% in low-vigor seed plants. Nitrogenase activity was higher in higher-vigor plants. Nodule dry biomass increased by 42% in lower-vigor plants compared to the control treatment, while in higher-vigor plants, it decreased with increasing doses. Shoot biomass was 30% higher than the control at the 2 mL kg[-1] dose. In general, the best responses to the application of the elements in the evaluated variables were observed with the doses of 2 and 4 mL kg[-1]. It is concluded that the appropriate application of cobalt, molybdenum, and nickel on seeds enhances growth and symbiotic efficiency. However, excessive doses may cause phytotoxic effects.}, }
@article {pmid41225836, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Z and Wu, Y and Liu, X and Adnan, M}, title = {Gatekeepers and Gatecrashers of the Symplasm: Cross-Kingdom Effector Manipulation of Plasmodesmata in Plants.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41225836}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {20114BA205006//jiangxi natural science foundation/ ; S20258731//Key program of natural science foundation of jiangxi province/ ; jxsq2023101036//Talents Program of Jiangxi Province/ ; }, abstract = {Plasmodesmata (PD) are dynamic nanochannels interconnecting plant cells and coordinating development, nutrient distribution, and systemic defense. Their permeability is tightly regulated by callose turnover, PD-localized proteins, lipid microdomains, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) tethers, which together form regulatory nodes that gate symplastic exchange. Increasing evidence demonstrates that effectors from diverse kingdoms-fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, nematodes, insects, parasitic plants, and symbiotic microbes-converge on these same nodes to modulate PD gating. Pathogens typically suppress callose deposition or destabilize PD regulators to keep channels open, whereas mutualists fine-tune PD conductivity to balance resource exchange with host immunity. This review synthesizes current knowledge of effector strategies that remodel PD architecture or exploit PD for intercellular movement, highlighting novel cross-kingdom commonalities-callose manipulation, reprogramming of PD proteins, lipid rewiring, and co-option of ER-PM tethers. We outline unresolved questions on effector-PD target specificity and dynamics, and identify prospects in imaging, proteomics, and synthetic control of PD. Understanding how effectors reprogram PD connectivity can enable engineering of crops that block pathogenic trafficking while safeguarding beneficial symbioses.}, }
@article {pmid41225799, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, YY and Liu, JL and Wang, X and Cao, X and Liu, KH and Luo, YT and Chen, JY and Zhang, J and Fan, YH}, title = {A Review of the Regulatory Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Alfalfa Under Stress Conditions.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {21}, pages = {}, pmid = {41225799}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2022B02053-2//The Key R&amp;D Program Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region/ ; }, abstract = {Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a crucial plant for saline and alkaline soil development, which is crucial for managing the salinization of global land resources. It can withstand saline and alkaline stress and can fix nitrogen. By secreting phytohormones, fixing nitrogen, and boosting antioxidant capacity, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, rhizobacteria, and other inter-root biotrophic bacteria encourage alfalfa development and reduce salinity stress. Alfalfa's symbiotic association also encourages other plants to tolerate salinity and greatly boosts the amount of nitrogen in the soil. The mechanism by which inter-root growth-promoting bacteria mitigate saline and alkaline stress in alfalfa remains a prominent research focus. This paper reviews the current state of research on inter-root probiotic bacteria associated with alfalfa, utilizing literature mining to summarize the resource information of inter-root nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in saline-alkaline soils. We elucidate their nitrogen-fixing mechanisms and adaptive characteristics, explore their roles and potential applications in the improvement of saline-alkaline lands, and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of novel nitrogen-fixing bacterial fertilizers and restoration technologies for saline-alkaline environments.}, }
@article {pmid41225765, year = {2025}, author = {Luo, XB and Chen, XW and Zhai, FH and Zhang, X and Zhao, YX and Zhang, H and Li, HH and Xu, B and Ouyang, JX and Li, H and Rillig, MC}, title = {Enhanced chromium detoxification mediated by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus via arbutin-derived hydroquinone.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70734}, pmid = {41225765}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2021B1515020014//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; 42077298//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42107001//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42277211//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42322711//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42477118//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024A04J6285//Guangzhou Science and Technology Program/ ; }, abstract = {Chromium (Cr) is a highly toxic carcinogen, posing serious ecological and health risks. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, symbiotic partners of most terrestrial plants, transform highly toxic Cr(VI) into far less toxic Cr(III). However, how AM fungi mediate electron transfer and reduce Cr(VI) remains elusive. We employed metabolomics, functional group analysis, and electrochemical techniques searching for redox-active substances that reduce Cr(VI). Further, in vivo and in vitro tests were conducted to decipher the Cr(VI) reduction mechanism. The AM fungus increased lettuce yield by 24% and lowered soil Cr (initial total Cr = 120 mg kg[-1]) bioavailability by 11%. Cr(VI) increased arbutin in the presence of the AM fungus. Through enzymatic reactions catalyzed by glucosidase, arbutin was subsequently decomposed to glucose and hydroquinone (H2Q). Glucose can support energy metabolic activities, while H2Q directly provides electrons to Cr(VI), thereby producing Cr(III). Additionally, H2Q can mitigate oxidative stress by reacting with hydroxyl radicals and can mobilize iron as a potential nutrient. We first discovered a previously ignored electron transfer mechanism facilitated by AM fungi in reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III) for detoxification. Harnessing this fungal potential in real-world conditions can efficiently detoxify Cr in the food chain, simultaneously reducing health risks and enhancing crop yield.}, }
@article {pmid41225119, year = {2026}, author = {Suárez, LJ and Mera, J and Garzón, HS and Arce, RM and S Souza, JG and Shibli, JA}, title = {Immunomodulation Strategies in Oral Diseases: From Microbiome Manipulation to Pro-resolution Therapies.}, journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology}, volume = {1492}, number = {}, pages = {627-649}, pmid = {41225119}, issn = {0065-2598}, mesh = {Humans ; *Immunomodulation/drug effects ; *Microbiota/immunology/drug effects ; *Periodontitis/immunology/microbiology/therapy ; Animals ; *Mouth Diseases/immunology/microbiology/therapy ; Biofilms ; Peri-Implantitis/immunology/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Host-response and inflammatory processes commonly triggered by dental biofilms play a crucial role in the pathogenesis pathways of prevalent oral diseases, such as periodontitis and implant-related infections, which have been widely explored by scientific evidence. The role of the oral microbiome and the interaction between microorganisms and immune components in the onset and development of such inflammatory conditions has been a primary focus for scientists and clinicians and has opened new possibilities for therapeutic targets to modulate disease progression. Such knowledge and new strategies with the aim of promoting microbial transition to a symbiotic state or modulating immune response have paved the way for innovative approaches to control, treat, and prevent oral diseases. This chapter presents the concepts of immunomodulation related to oral diseases, including the initial changes in resolving the inflammatory response (pro-resolution of inflammation) and how inflammatory processes can be modulated by immune modulatory agents in periodontal and peri-implant diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41159561, year = {2025}, author = {Romero Picazo, D and Muccino, F and Kwasigroch, P and Hartmann, L and Hülter, NF and Dagan, T}, title = {Evolution of the Plant-Associated Pantoea was Accompanied by Plasmid Domestication Events.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {42}, number = {11}, pages = {}, pmid = {41159561}, issn = {1537-1719}, mesh = {*Pantoea/genetics ; *Plasmids/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Phylogeny ; Domestication ; Plants/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Plasmids are important drivers of evolutionary transformations and ecological adaptation in prokaryotes. Plasmids supplying the host with beneficial functions may become domesticated and gain a stable inheritance within the host lineage. Domesticated plasmids may comprise core genes that are present in all taxon members. The origin of plasmid core genes remains poorly understood and alternative scenarios entailing gene translocation or genetic redundancy are debated. Studying plasmid evolution in the plant-associated Pantoea, we show that the large Pantoea plasmids (LPP-1 and LPP-2) are domesticated. We infer that the LPP-1 was acquired in the ancestor of plant-associated Pantoea species. The LPP-2 acquisition is traced to the ancestor of plant growth-promoting species. We show that both plasmids are vertically inherited and the LPP-1 replication is furthermore coordinated with chromosome replication. Both plasmids harbor core gene families at the genus (LPP-1) or species (LPP-2) level. Using phylogenomics we infer a deep divergence between plasmid and chromosomal core genes, indicating rare gene translocation between the replicons. Our results suggest that the LPP-1 and LPP-2 acquisition introduced genetic redundancy with chromosomal genes, that was followed by successive waves of differential gene loss. The domestication of both plasmids likely contributed to species divergence in Pantoea.}, }
@article {pmid41223237, year = {2025}, author = {Robinson, C and Li, J and Li, R and Avila-Magaña, V}, title = {Heat stress disrupts early development and photosymbiosis in Cassiopea jellyfish.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {e0323922}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0323922}, pmid = {41223237}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Photosymbioses between Cnidarians and algae are widespread in marine ecosystems. The jellyfish Cassiopea-Symbiodinium symbiosis serves as a valuable model for studying host-symbiont interactions in photosymbiotic organisms. Despite its ecological similarity to coral symbiosis, the effects of rising sea surface temperatures on Cassiopea symbiosis, particularly during early developmental stages, remain unexplored. By exposing Symbiodinium cultures to heat stress and subsequently using these symbionts to colonize jellyfish polyps under ambient and elevated temperature conditions, we study the impact of heat on microbe-stimulating strobilation. We observed a significant reduction in chlorophyll concentration in heat-stressed Symbiodinium algae. Polyps colonized with these symbionts exhibited delayed strobilation under ambient conditions and failed to undergo strobilation under continued heat stress. Additionally, we found abnormal ephyra morphology and increased rates of asexual reproduction under heat stress. Our findings suggest that ocean warming may disrupt critical stages of Cassiopea strobilation and development, ultimately threatening their population stability under warming marine environments.}, }
@article {pmid41222742, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, S and Bi, Y}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance the quality of Polygala tenuifolia through metabolomic reprogramming.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {64}, pmid = {41222742}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {2022YFF1303303//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2022YFF1303303//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with most plants and play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of medicinal plants. Although AMF is widely applied to improve growth and pharmacological properties, their regulatory mechanisms in Polygala tenuifolia remain unclear. In this study, we systematically examined the effects of five AMF species on the growth and metabolism of P. tenuifolia through pot experiments, integrating phenotypic traits, physiological indices, and untargeted metabolomics. Among the tested fungi, Funneliformis mosseae significantly promoted plant growth and induced the highest accumulation of 3',6-disinapoylsucrose (DISS), a key bioactive metabolite. Metabolomic profiling revealed that AMF, particularly F. mosseae, reprogrammed root metabolism by modulating biosynthetic pathways related to unsaturated fatty acids, diterpenoids, and flavonoids. Correlation analysis revealed that DISS levels were strongly associated with AMF-induced growth promotion index (GPI), total chlorophyll, and flavonoid content, and closely linked to shifts in key metabolites within these pathways. These findings suggest that AMF enhance P. tenuifolia growth and medicinal quality through metabolic reprogramming. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting efficient AMF species for precision cultivation of medicinal plants and lays the groundwork for future exploration of gene-level mechanisms driving quality formation in P. tenuifolia.}, }
@article {pmid41222661, year = {2025}, author = {Bhatt, S and Kaur, J and Goswami, D and Saraf, M}, title = {Identification of distinct N-acyl homoserine lactone profiles in non-hemolytic plant-associated symbiotic and non-symbiotic rhizobacteria.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {208}, number = {1}, pages = {17}, pmid = {41222661}, issn = {1432-072X}, abstract = {Quorum sensing (QS) is a critical bacterial communication system in the plant rhizosphere regulating interactions and biofilm formation, which are essential for survival. While AHL profiles in rhizobacteria are important for sustainable agriculture, a comprehensive understanding of their diversity, particularly in beneficial, non-hemolytic strains, remains limited. This study addresses this gap by providing a comparative analysis of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) profiles and biofilm capabilities in a panel of symbiotic Ensifer meliloti and non-symbiotic Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella quasi-pneumoniae strains. For definitive taxonomic identification, the two MTCC strains (Ensifer meliloti RM and SINO) were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Initial biosensor screening confirmed AHL production in all tested strains. Four strong AHL producers were selected for in-depth analysis. While Autoinducer Type-II (AI-2) signaling was absent, all strains demonstrated robust biofilm formation. Detailed LC-MS/MS profiling revealed distinct AHL profiles for each strain, highlighting significant intra-species diversity. Notably, this study reports the first identification of N-3-oxo-hexanoyl-HSL (C6-oxo-HSL) in Ensifer meliloti strain RM (10499). Furthermore, the non-hemolytic Klebsiella strains exhibited a profile dominated by 3-O-C8-HSL and 3-O-C12-HSL, which significantly differs from profiles reported in pathogenic Klebsiella strains, suggesting a link between QS systems and bacterial lifestyle. The identification of these specific AHL signals in robust biofilm-forming, non-hemolytic bacteria underscores their potential as safe and effective bioinoculants for enhancing rhizosphere colonization and supporting sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41222147, year = {2025}, author = {Vogel, H and Weiss, B and Rama, F and Rinklef, A and Engl, T and Kaltenpoth, M and Vilcinskas, A}, title = {A multi-partner symbiotic community inhabits the emerging insect pest Pentastiridius leporinus.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0310325}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.03103-25}, pmid = {41222147}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {The planthopper Pentastiridius leporinus has emerged as a severe crop pest, rapidly expanding both its host plant range and the affected areas in central Europe. Originating as a monophagous herbivore of reed grass, P. leporinus recently adopted polyphagous feeding and is now a pest of sugar beet, potato, carrot, and onion, suggesting rapid ecological niche expansion. P. leporinus vectors two bacterial pathogens: the γ-proteobacterium Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus (CAP) and the stolbur phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (CPS), which are responsible for a range of disease syndromes, including syndrome basses richesses in sugar beet. We used long-read metagenomic sequencing to characterize the genomes of microbes associated with P. leporinus, resulting in the complete sequences of CAP and CPS, as well as obligate symbionts of the genera Purcelliella, Karelsulcia, and Vidania, and facultative symbionts Rickettsia and Wolbachia. The obligate symbionts are inferred to provide or contribute to the biosynthesis of 10 essential amino acids and to B vitamin. The genomes of CPS and CAP encode numerous pathogenicity factors, enabling the colonization of different hosts. Bacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed the tissue distribution, cellular localization, relative abundance, and transmission patterns of these bacteria. The intracellular presence of all obligate symbionts in bacteriomes, the intracellular presence of Wolbachia, and the intranuclear localization of Rickettsia suggest vertical transmission. CPS was restricted to salivary glands, suggesting strict horizontal, plant-mediated transmission, whereas CAP colonized all tissue types, allowing for horizontal and vertical transmission. Our data suggest that P. leporinus hosts an exceptionally broad range of symbionts, encompassing mutualistic, commensal, and pathogenic interactions.IMPORTANCEThe planthopper Pentastiridius leporinus has recently expanded its host plant range and emerged as a severe pest of sugar beet and potato crops in central Europe, which is exacerbated by its capacity to vector bacterial pathogens to its host plants. Because microbial symbionts may play an important role for both the host plant shifts and the transmission of pathogens, we used metagenomic sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization to characterize the microbial community associated with P. leporinus. We detected three bacteriome-localized obligate symbionts that together provision all essential amino acids and several B-vitamins to the host, as well as two intracellular bacteria with a broader tissue distribution. In addition, we infer localization, transmission, and putative pathogenicity factors for the two major phytopathogens that are vectored by P. leporinus. Our results reveal a complex community of symbiotic bacteria that likely shapes the interaction of this emerging pest with its host plants.}, }
@article {pmid41220333, year = {2025}, author = {Ruangwicha, J and Cheirsilp, B and Billateh, A and Suyotha, W and Songtipya, P}, title = {Intensifying Biovalorization of Squid Pen Waste to Produce β-Chitin and Bioactive Peptides through Co-Lactic Acid Fermentation and Enzymatic Post-Treatment.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13422}, pmid = {41220333}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {This study demonstrates the effective biovalorization of squid pen waste (SPW) to produce high-purity β-chitin and other valuable biomolecules following the biorefinery concept. Symbiotic colactic acid fermentation (Co-LAF) cultivated in mature coconut water was used to deproteinize SPW. The optimal conditions were 4% sugar content, 10% inoculum, and 12.5-fold liquid-to-solid ratio. This process not only deproteinized SPW into crude chitin but also provided a lactic acid yield of 20.26 ± 0.25 g/L and a soluble protein yield of 105 ± 3.6 mg/g-SPW with antioxidant activity toward the DPPH radical (54.2 ± 2.3 μmol-Trolox equivalent (TE)/g-protein). Crude chitin was post-treated using alkaline protease (10 U/mg-crude chitin), resulting in the maximum deproteinization of 98.1 ± 1.1%, a β-chitin yield of 28.2 ± 1.3%, and a soluble protein yield of 374.85 ± 2.1 mg/g-crude chitin with antioxidant activity (25.01 ± 0.28 μmol-TE/g-protein). The final β-chitin retained crystallinity (75.7%) and ∼100% degree of acetylation. These results suggest that Co-LAF and enzymatic post-treatment can effectively valorize SPW, potentially making a significant contribution to sustainable waste valorization.}, }
@article {pmid41220092, year = {2025}, author = {Gai, P and Liu, J and Wang, J and Bai, Y and Meng, W and Xu, L}, title = {Plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential of Parametarhizium and its genomic adaptations for cross-kingdom colonization.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70354}, pmid = {41220092}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {//Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Parametarhizium, a phylogenetically and morphologically distinct genus in Clavicipitaceae erected in 2021, represents an emerging model for multifunctional ecology (root colonizers, entomopathogens and saprophytes) in hypocrealean fungi.<br><br>RESULT: This study presents the first genomic characterization of Parametarhizium species (P.&#x2009;changbaiense and P.&#x2009;hingganense) and their beneficial effects on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), specifically addressing growth promotion and biocontrol potential. Comparative genomics revealed distinctive traits including compacted genomes, elevated GC content, expanded CAZymes (carbohydrate-active enzymes) and GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors). Notably, significant expansions in key glycoside hydrolase families (GH6, GH7, GH13, GH16, GH18) underpin adaptations for plant colonization, insect pathogenesis, and saprophytic nutrition. Functionally, both species enhanced the growth of common bean through root symbiosis, with P.&#x2009;changbaiense exhibiting biocontrol activity against Rhizoctonia solani.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings establish Parametarhizium not only as a novel clade in Clavicipitaceae with unique genomic signatures, but also as a promising candidate for developing multifunctional biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. &#xa9; 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41219846, year = {2025}, author = {Hsiao, WY and Yeh, CS and Liu, HI and Tung, L and Chang, TH}, title = {Genome-wide screen uncovers novel host factors for L-A virus maintenance and a potential mutualistic-symbiosis relationship in yeast.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {729}, pmid = {41219846}, issn = {1471-2180}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Viruses are traditionally viewed as intracellular parasites that exploit host resources to propagate, often at the host's expense. However, emerging evidence suggests more nuanced interactions, including potential mutualism. The L-A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, a non-lytic, cytoplasmic virus commonly found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, presents an intriguing case, as it lacks clear pathogenic effects in the absence of its M1 satellite.<br><br>RESULTS: To address how and why L-A persistently resides in its yeast host, we conducted a genome-wide screen using yeast deletion and temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant collections, covering approximately 93% of annotated genes, to identify host factors required for efficient L-A maintenance. This screen revealed 96 genes spanning diverse biological processes. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that L-A presence alters the host stress-response gene expression. Furthermore, competitive fitness assays under stress conditions demonstrated that L-A can enhance host resilience, suggesting a mutualistic relationship.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized virus-host mutualism, wherein L-A benefits its host under environmental stress. These results not only expand our understanding of persistent viral infections in eukaryotes but also challenge the canonical view of viruses as purely parasitic, offering new insights into virus-host co-evolution and endogenous viral persistence.}, }
@article {pmid41219593, year = {2025}, author = {Taibukahn, N and Ab Majid, AH}, title = {Differentiation in bacterial symbiont growth between insecticide treated and untreated tropical bed bug.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {118}, number = {12}, pages = {190}, pmid = {41219593}, issn = {1572-9699}, support = {203/PBIOLOGI/67116810//Fundamental Research Grant (FRGS)/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic bacteria are closely associated with insect adaptability and survival, particularly in species with nutritionally limited diets. In the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus, these microbial partners synthesize essential nutrients such as B vitamins and amino acids that are absent from blood meals. The global resurgence of bed bug infestations, fueled by increased international travel and insecticide resistance, has challenged conventional control methods. Microbial symbionts are increasingly suspected to contribute to resistance mechanisms, but their role remains poorly defined. This study investigated the impact of four insecticides-chlorfluazuron, tebufenozide, pyriproxyfen, and a combination of β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid-on the culturable bacterial symbionts of C. hemipterus using surface contact bioassays at concentrations of 100, 500, 1000, and 10,000 parts per million (ppm). Results showed a statistically significant reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) in treated groups (p = 0.01), with the greatest suppression observed at 10,000 ppm. A significant negative correlation was observed between CFU abundance and mortality in pyriproxyfen-treated groups (p = 0.005), suggesting a potential link between bacterial suppression and sublethal physiological effects. DNA sequencing identified Bacillus species-particularly B. cereus and B. thuringiensis-as predominant symbionts across all treatments, indicating core microbiota stability despite insecticidal stress. These findings highlight that while bacterial abundance can be reduced by insecticides, core symbionts persist, which may contribute to host resilience. This study provides foundational evidence for integrating symbiont-targeted strategies with existing chemical controls to improve bed bug management.}, }
@article {pmid41216943, year = {2025}, author = {Horbay, R and Syrvatka, V and Bedzay, A and van der Merwe, M and Burger, D and Beug, ST}, title = {From Mitochondria to Immunity: The Emerging Roles of Mitochondria-Derived Vesicles and Small Extracellular Vesicles in Cellular Communication and Disease.}, journal = {Journal of extracellular vesicles}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {e70192}, doi = {10.1002/jev2.70192}, pmid = {41216943}, issn = {2001-3078}, support = {#935202//Cancer Research Society/ ; #PJT-169126//Canadian Institutes for Health Research/ ; }, abstract = {According to the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondrial origin, an α-proteobacterium entered a prokaryotic cell and, through symbiosis, evolved into the mitochondria-the powerhouse of the cell. Like other bacteria, the α-proteobacteria generate their own extracellular vesicles (EVs), a trait that was passed onto the mitochondria, enabling them to generate mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs). MDVs, similar to small EVs (sEVs), are vesicles ranging from 30 to 200 nm in diameter and carry cargo for degradation by lysosomes and peroxisomes. MDVs share several features with sEVs, including targeted cargo degradation, biogenesis, packaging into multivesicular bodies, nucleic acid and protein transportation, induction of immune responses, and surface antigen presentation. MDVs may also be released from the cell in a manner similar to sEVs, potentially influencing intercellular communication and immune responses. Furthermore, the presence of MDVs presents opportunities for early disease detection, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In this review, we explore the differences and similarities between MDVs and EVs, including their roles in immunity.}, }
@article {pmid41216838, year = {2025}, author = {Yoshii, K and Liu, Z and Shimoyama, A and Hirayama, Y and Iemitsu, K and Node, E and Hosomi, K and Kiyono, H and Fukase, K and Kunisawa, J}, title = {Alcaligenes lipid A as a sublingual adjuvant to augment protective immune responses in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.}, journal = {International immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/intimm/dxaf066}, pmid = {41216838}, issn = {1460-2377}, abstract = {We previously identified Alcaligenes as symbiotic bacteria residing within Peyer's patches and demonstrated that their primary components, lipopolysaccharides, and their active center, lipid A, are excellent adjuvants for mucosal vaccination. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of Alcaligenes-derived lipid A as an adjuvant for sublingual immunization, a novel vaccination route. Mice sublingually immunized with Alcaligenes lipid A and ovalbumin (OVA) showed enhanced production of OVA-specific IgA in both the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, increased serum levels of OVA-specific and IgG antibodies were elicited through germinal center reactions in the draining lymph nodes without excessive inflammation at the administration sites. These results demonstrated superior efficacy not previously achieved through other routes of administration (e.g., intranasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular administration) or by existing adjuvants (e.g., CpG-ODN). In addition, sublingual immunization with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and lipid A led to an elevated CTB-specific IgG response in the systemic compartment and an elevated IgA response in the intestinal tract, effectively suppressing the diarrhea induced by oral challenge with cholera toxin. Furthermore, immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) plus Alcaligenes lipid A elicited strong PspA-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and Th17 responses, as well as IgA and IgG responses, in both the respiratory tract and the systemic compartment. These effects enhanced pneumococcal clearance in the lungs and subsequent protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Together, our findings suggest that Alcaligenes-derived lipid A is a potent sublingual vaccine adjuvant with potential efficacy against both respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41214905, year = {2025}, author = {Tagirdzhanova, G and Raistrick, J and Talbot, NJ}, title = {Chromosome-level genome assembly of the photobiont microalga Trebouxia sp. 'A48' from the lichen Xanthoria parietina.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70728}, pmid = {41214905}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//The Gatsby Charitable Foundation/ ; //The Halpin Family/ ; BBS/E/J/000PR9798/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {Lichens are symbiotic assemblies consisting of multiple organisms, chiefly a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism, or photobiont. Among diverse photobionts, the most prevalent is the chlorophyte alga Trebouxia. We produced a chromosome-level assembly of Trebouxia sp. 'A48', a photobiont of Xanthoria parietina. The genome was assembled into 20 contigs, of which 16 had telomeric repeats at both ends and likely represent complete chromosomes. We compared this genome with those of other Trebouxia species and analyzed it to investigate adaptations to the lichen lifestyle. We then used the genome to profile gene expression in axenic culture and in lichen thalli. The predicted secretome is enriched in hydrolases and redox enzymes and contains carbohydrate-binding proteins potentially involved in cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion. We identified genes potentially involved in carbon concentrating and confirmed two instances of ancient horizontal gene transfer from fungi. The genome and the strain of Trebouxia sp. 'A48' provide a resource for the community to research algal evolution and lichen symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41214514, year = {2025}, author = {Szczerba, A and Płażek, A and Kopeć, P and Surówka, E and Dubert, F}, title = {Mitigating soil drought effects in soybean with Bradyrhizobium Japonicum inoculants.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1533}, pmid = {41214514}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {HOR.zg.832.11.2017//Polish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development/ ; }, abstract = {Soybean is valued for its high protein content and its symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum. This study evaluated whether commercial inoculants could mitigate drought effects in soybean grown in pots at 20% (drought) and 70% (control) field water capacity. Inoculation with Rhizobium Bio-Gen improved photosystem II efficiency under water deficit, while Nitragina IUNG prevented drought-induced losses in water status, biomass, nodulation, and yield. Nitragina Biofood promoted the highest share of biologically fixed nitrogen under optimal watering (leaves: 65.5%; seeds: 57.0%) and further enhanced N2 fixation during drought (leaves: 79.9%; seeds: 57.8%). Across watering regimes, δ[13]C values were highest in leaves and lowest in pods and seeds, indicating drought-driven recycling of respired CO2. Overall, application of Nitragina IUNG in soybean cultivation can effectively mitigate the adverse effects of soil drought on yield, whereas Nitragina Biofood appears particularly well suited for crops intended as green manure or as preceding crops for winter cereals.}, }
@article {pmid41214457, year = {2025}, author = {Millanes, AM and Nogerius, VT and Freire-Rallo, S and Diederich, P and Periáñez, J and Westberg, M and Merinero, S and Johannesson, H and Wedin, M}, title = {Different Patterns of Frequency, Lichen Specificity and Thallus Location Between the Yeast and Filamentous Phases of Two Lichen-Inhabiting Basidiomycetes.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, pages = {e70203}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70203}, pmid = {41214457}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {CGL2016-803-71-P//Ministerio de Ciencia Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; PID2023-146866NB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; 2016-03589//Swedish Research Council/ ; 2022-02933//Swedish Research Council/ ; STI 2016-27 4.3//Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (administered by the Swedish Species Information Centre)/ ; STI 2020.4.3-231//Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (administered by the Swedish Species Information Centre)/ ; //Bergianus foundation/the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Many fungi have a dimorphic life cycle, alternating between unicellular yeast and multicellular filamentous phases. Although dimorphism is assumed for many lichen-associated basidiomycetes, the existence of a yeast stage has rarely been confirmed. Using taxon-specific PCR and FISH-CLSM, we studied Tremella hypogymniae and T. tubulosae Tremellomycetes), two presumably dimorphic species previously known only from their filamentous phase in galls on the lichens Hypogymnia physodes and H. tubulosa, respectively. We investigated their presence and frequency, lichen ranges and within-thallus distribution of life-cycle stages. We also explored the co-occurrence of both species with Cystobasidiomycetes-one of the most widespread lichen-associated yeast lineages-in the same lichen thalli. The filamentous phase of Tremella hypogymniae and T. tubulosae was confined to a single lichen species each, whereas the yeast phase occurred in several closely related lichens. Both phases co-occurred with various Cystobasidiomycete lineages. Filamentous structures were restricted to galls, whereas gall-free thalli contained Tremella yeasts in the cortex, soredia and medulla, and pseudohyphae in the cortex. The presence of yeasts in soredia suggests co-dispersal with other lichen symbionts. These findings reveal narrow specificity in the filamentous phase but broader associations in the yeast phase, pointing to complex interactions within the lichen symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41213871, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, S and Xiao, Y and Ao, B and Yan, Q and Wu, F and Han, Y and Jing, S and Qu, Y and Zhang, J}, title = {GRAS51 promotes legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation and salt tolerance of nodulation by directly regulating NIN expression.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiaf571}, pmid = {41213871}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {Abiotic stresses affect the symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia and nodule formation. Salt stress suppresses rhizobial infection, nodule development, and nitrogen fixation efficiency; however, the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we identified a GRAS transcription factor, designated MaGRAS51, that interacts with Nodulation Signaling Pathway 1 (MaNSP1) and jointly binds to the promoter of the Nodule Inception (MaNIN) gene to activate its expression. NSP1 and NIN genes are essential for rhizobial infection, nodule initiation, and symbiotic gene expression in legumes. Overexpression or knockdown of MaGRAS51 in Melilotus albus resulted in increased or decreased nodule number, respectively, which correspondingly led to the significant up- and downregulated expression of MaNIN. Interestingly, MaGRAS51 was highly induced by salt stress during nodulation and activated the expression of MaNIN by directly binding to its promoter independently, thereby maintaining symbiotic nodulation under salt stress. In conclusion, we identified a transcriptional activator of MaNIN and revealed the mechanism by which MaGRAS51 acts as a network node to coordinate the expression of MaNIN and symbiotic nodulation under salt stress conditions, providing insights to improve symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes under environmental stress conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41212995, year = {2025}, author = {Parker, BJ and Rozo-Lopez, P}, title = {Heritable Viruses as Hidden Drivers of Insect Phenotypes and Evolution.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013439}, pmid = {41212995}, issn = {1545-4487}, abstract = {Recent studies using metatranscriptome sequencing have revealed a diversity of viruses associated with insects. Researchers have used various approaches to establish patterns of transmission of insect-specific viruses and have shown that insects often harbor viruses that are inherited from parents to offspring. It remains unclear, however, whether heritable viral symbioses can be understood in the same ecological and evolutionary framework that has been established for bacterial symbiosis. We review studies showing beneficial and pathogenic effects of heritable viruses on their hosts, and we discuss additional ways that heritable viruses shape insect evolution. We also compare bacterial and viral symbiosis and review ways that this emerging field can be used for biocontrol of pests and insect-borne pathogens. Heritable viruses are a key part of the ecology and evolution of insects. A framework for studying symbiosis between insects and these microbes is important for a comprehensive understanding of insect biology.}, }
@article {pmid41212884, year = {2025}, author = {Luccioni, MD and Wyman, JT and Espinoza, EO and O'Connell, LA}, title = {Diet and chemical defenses of the Sonoran Desert toad.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {e0335661}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0335661}, pmid = {41212884}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The Sonoran Desert toad (Incilius alvarius) is the only animal known to secrete the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT as a chemical defense, but the source of 5-MeO-DMT in I. alvarius remains unknown. Some amphibians produce chemical defenses endogenously or through symbiotic interactions, while others acquire them from specialized diets. In this study we analyzed toxin gland secretions and diet profiles from wild I. alvarius and sympatric anurans from native and urban habitats around Tucson, Arizona to explore possible links between diet and 5-MeO-DMT production. All I. alvarius secreted high concentrations of 5-MeO-DMT, whereas other sympatric toads did not. The diet of I. alvarius was similar to that of sympatric anurans, indicating that I. alvarius does not exhibit relative dietary specialization. We found slight dietary differences between I. alvarius in native and urbanized habitats. Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that diet is not directly linked to 5-MeO-DMT production and support the alternative hypotheses that I. alvarius synthesizes 5-MeO-DMT endogenously or via a microbial symbiont.}, }
@article {pmid41212030, year = {2025}, author = {Vereau Gorbitz, D and Schwarz, CP and McMullen, JG and Cerón-Romero, M and Doyle, RT and Lau, JA and Whitaker, RJ and Vanderpool, CK and Heath, KD}, title = {Plasmid transmission dynamics and evolution of partner quality in a natural population of Rhizobium leguminosarum.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0249725}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.02497-25}, pmid = {41212030}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Many bacterial traits important to host-microbe symbiosis are determined by genes carried on extrachromosomal replicons, such as plasmids, chromids, and integrative and conjugative elements. Multiple such replicons often coexist within a single cell and, due to horizontal mobility, have patterns of variation and evolutionary histories that are distinct from each other and from the bacterial chromosome. In nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium, genes carried on multiple plasmids make up a third of the genome, are necessary for the formation of symbiosis, and underlie bacterial traits, including host plant benefits. Thus, the genomics and transmission of plasmids in Rhizobium underlie the ecology and evolution of this important model symbiont. Here, we leverage a natural population of clover-associated Rhizobium in which partner quality has declined in response to long-term nitrogen fertilization. We use 62 novel, reference-quality genomes to characterize 256 replicons in the plasmidome and study their genomics and transmission patterns. We find that, of the four most frequent plasmid types, two (types II and III) have more stable size, larger core genomes, and track the chromosomal phylogeny (display more vertical transmission), while others (type I and type IV, or symbiosis plasmid, pSym) vary substantially in size and shared gene content and have phylogenies consistent with frequent horizontal transmission. We also find differentiation in pSym subtypes driven by long-term nitrogen fertilization. Our results highlight the variation in plasmid transmission dynamics within a single symbiont and implicate plasmid horizontal transmission in the rapid evolution of partner quality.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding how bacterial genes move through natural populations is critical for understanding how bacterial traits evolve. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum live in symbiosis with plants and are a model for studying plasmid transmission and how mobile genetic elements impact the evolution of bacteria and plants. Here, we characterize the genomes of a natural bacterial population, then use novel approaches to show that mechanisms of gene transmission vary across multiple plasmid types that coexist within R. leguminosarum cells. We find that changes in the frequency of specific pSym types are associated with the decline of symbiotic partner quality in strains isolated from environments undergoing long-term fertilization. These results underscore the importance of plasmid transmission and evolution in shaping ecosystem processes like nitrogen cycling via bacterial-plant symbiosis. Our study provides a framework for probing plasmid dynamics within natural bacterial populations and how plasmid transmission affects genetic diversity and ecological interactions in bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41211985, year = {2025}, author = {Hypša, V and Martinů, J and Mahmood, S and Gupta, S and Nováková, E and Roth, S and Balvín, O}, title = {Dynamic but constrained: repeated acquisitions of nutritional symbionts in bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) from a narrow taxonomic pool.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0124725}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01247-25}, pmid = {41211985}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) harbor obligate bacterial symbionts that supplement their blood diet with missing nutrients, especially B vitamins. The primary symbiont, transovarially transmitted Wolbachia, is notable for a horizontally acquired biotin operon. Additional maternally inherited bacteria, including Symbiopectobacterium and Tisiphia, have been detected but are considered facultative and nonessential. However, nearly all current knowledge is derived from the human-associated Cimex lectularius, leaving symbiont diversity across more than 100 bed bug species largely unknown. Using amplicon and metagenomic data, we identified Wolbachia, Symbiopectobacterium, Sodalis, Serratia, and Tisiphia as candidate symbionts, with at least 16 independent acquisition events across the cimicid species, sometimes involving multiple strains per host. Phylogenetic comparisons indicated that some of these origins were followed by cospeciation. Wolbachia was present in most hosts except Cacodminae, where Symbiopectobacterium occurred as the sole symbiont, suggesting its obligate role. Analysis of 23 draft genomes revealed heterogeneity in size and gene content, consistent with varying stages of symbiotic reduction. Most lineages lost many biosynthetic pathways; only riboflavin and lipoic acid synthesis remained universally conserved. Our survey reveals a dynamic evolution of bed bug symbioses, with repeated symbiont acquisitions, cospeciation, and frequent coinfections. Despite independent origins, most symbionts belong to Wolbachia, Symbiopectobacterium, or Sodalis, implying unknown mechanisms shaping host specificity. Two points merit further study. First, Symbiopectobacterium as the sole obligate symbiont in Cacodminae suggests broader sampling may uncover greater symbiotic diversity. Second, uncertainties in biotin synthesis function call for deeper investigation into the evolution of this pathway in symbiotic bacteria.IMPORTANCEBed bugs are obligate blood-feeding insects that depend on bacterial partners to supply nutrients missing from their diet. Most previous research has focused on the human-associated species Cimex lectularius, leaving little known about symbiont diversity across other species. By surveying a broad phylogenetic range, we found that bed bugs have repeatedly acquired different bacteria as symbionts, including lineages not previously recognized as essential. Notably, finding Symbiopectobacterium as the sole symbiont in one subfamily shows that the nutritional partnerships in bed bugs are more dynamic than previously thought. At the same time, the majority of the 16 independent acquisitions involve only four bacterial genera, suggesting efficient mechanisms that constrain and shape bed bug-symbiont specificity.}, }
@article {pmid41211760, year = {2025}, author = {Layton, EM and Vance, MT and Hardy, RW and Newton, ILG}, title = {Complete genome sequence of Wolbachia strain wMel colonizing Drosophila melanogaster JW18 cells.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0064325}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00643-25}, pmid = {41211760}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {Wolbachia are widespread insect endosymbionts known for manipulating host reproduction, aiding vector-borne disease control, and influencing host evolution. Here, we provide the complete genome sequence of the Wolbachia strain wMel derived from the Drosophila melanogaster JW18 cell culture and assembled using a hybrid approach combining Illumina and Oxford Nanopore reads.}, }
@article {pmid41210642, year = {2025}, author = {Sankar, P and Govindaraj, K and Rajaram, PS and Rupert, S and Sathyanesan, J}, title = {In-vitro evaluation of probiotics isolated from traditionally fermented South Indian rice varieties using earthen pot.}, journal = {Journal of food science and technology}, volume = {62}, number = {12}, pages = {2372-2380}, pmid = {41210642}, issn = {0022-1155}, abstract = {An increasing demand for health-promoting foods beyond their nutrients and taste has led to a rise in recognition of probiotic rich fermented food. In this study, the probiotic bacteria isolated from three varieties of traditionally fermented rice water were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Upon identification, the isolates were characterized for their probiotic properties by evaluating their tolerance ability towards low pH, gastric juice, bile, and haemolytic activity. Four different probiotic species belonging to the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) group were grown during fermentation, namely, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus taiwanensis, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, and Lactococcus lactis ssp. tructae. All the isolates showed a higher survival rate at pH 3.0 and 0.3% bile. In simulated gastric juice at pH 2.5, the Lactococcus lactis (36.33%) from raw rice survived up till 60 min. The isolates from raw rice and parboiled white ponni rice maintained survivability in gastric juice at pH 3.0 for 15 min, whereas Lactococcus lactis from raw rice has a better tolerance for up to 60 min. Furthermore, the absence of β-haemolytic activity ensures the avirulent nature of the strain. Therefore, fermented rice water enriched in probiotics will improve the intestinal flora with beneficial bacteria via a symbiotic relationship.}, }
@article {pmid41209566, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, MC and Chen, CY and Hsu, YJ and Lin, SW and Tsai, YS and Chen, YL and Chen, CC and Huang, CC}, title = {Clostridium butyricum GKB7 increase Physical Performance and Improve Biochemistry Profile on Mice with Inherently Low Aerobic Capacity.}, journal = {International journal of medical sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {16}, pages = {4418-4431}, pmid = {41209566}, issn = {1449-1907}, abstract = {Introduction: This study investigates the effects of Clostridium butyricum GKB7 (CB), a product manufactured by Grape King Bio Ltd., on enhancing exercise performance and blood biochemistry in mice with intrinsically low aerobic exercise capacity. Methods: Using a low aerobic exercise capacity mouse model (n = 48), animals were divided into six groups (n = 8 per group) based on body weight balancing principles: Control group (Vehicle), Positive control group (BCAA), Low-dose CB group (CB-L; 0.01 g human equivalent dose), High-dose CB group (CB-H; 0.1 g human equivalent dose), Low-dose heat-killed CB group (HK-CB-L; 0.01 g human equivalent dose), and High-dose heat-killed CB group (HK-CB-H; 0.1 g human equivalent dose). After four weeks of continuous supplementation, aerobic endurance and balance-related tests were performed, including weight-loaded swimming to exhaustion, treadmill running to exhaustion, and rotarod running, along with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) assessments. The experimental protocol involved daily supplementation of CB in different dosages, followed by endurance performance assessments and biochemical analyses. Results: We evaluated the effects of four-week supplementation with live or heat-killed Clostridium butyricum GKB7 (CB; low/high dose) on performance and energy stores in mice with low innate exercise capacity. Both live and heat-killed CB improved aerobic endurance versus vehicle: weight-loaded swimming time increased 1.49-1.87-fold, and treadmill running time increased 1.16-1.22-fold (all p<0.05 vs vehicle; BCAA: 1.09-fold vs vehicle; no significant CB-BCAA differences on treadmill). Neuromotor performance also improved: maximum and average balance times increased 1.49-2.13-fold and 1.61-2.29-fold versus vehicle (p<0.05); heat-killed CB groups were higher than BCAA on balance (≈1.20-1.43-fold for maximum; 1.24-1.47-fold for average). CB elevated energy reserves versus vehicle, with hepatic glycogen increased 2.55-2.74-fold and skeletal muscle glycogen increased 1.18-1.24-fold (p<0.05). Additionally, both live and heat-killed CB increased gut microbiota diversity and enriched symbiotic beneficial taxa. Alpha diversity increased in HK-CB-L vs. CB-L/CB-H and BCAA (p<0.05); F/B ratio was lower in CB-L and CB-H vs. their heat-killed counterparts (p<0.05). LEfSe identified taxa enriched toward dominant/symbiotic beneficial bacteria. Collectively, CB-viable or heat-killed-enhances aerobic endurance, balance performance, and glycogen storage, with heat-killed CB showing advantages over BCAA on balance. Conclusions: Four-week supplementation of C. butyricum GKB7, significantly enhanced gut microbiota diversity and symbiotic bacterial proportions in mice with naturally low exercise capacity. Moreover, supplementation significantly improved aerobic endurance, balance performance, and glycogen storage, demonstrating its potential as an ergogenic aid.}, }
@article {pmid41207013, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, X and Wang, Q and Xu, Q and Wang, J and Lei, Z and Lee, DJ}, title = {Algal-bacterial granular sludge process for sustainable wastewater treatment: Technological advances and challenges.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {289}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {124906}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124906}, pmid = {41207013}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {The algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) process is a promising solution for sustainable wastewater treatment, owing to its synergistic contaminant removal, carbon sequestration potential, and reduced energy demand. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in the ABGS process, emphasizing key determinants of granule formation and stability under dynamic and static conditions. Existing knowledge and uncertainties throughout the entire treatment continuum are systematically discussed. Laboratory-scale explorations that rely on synthetic wastewater and batch operations fail to fully capture the complexity of real influent characteristics, geographic variability, and seasonal fluctuations. Sustaining a balanced algal-bacterial consortium is essential yet challenging, as uncontrolled proliferation disrupts community structure and diminishes efficiency in long-term practical operation. These limitations call for novel reactor designs and process optimizations that regulate mass transfer, dissolved oxygen (DO), and light availability while ensuring performance consistency at scalable capacities. Imbalanced algal-bacterial symbiosis may result in overestimated biodegradation performance, greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation claims, and underestimated N2O emissions, while the real environmental footprint and gene transfer risks still require further validation. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) strategies is crucial for predicting system performance, optimizing microbial activities, and enhancing system efficiency. Critical knowledge gaps and emerging opportunities for future research are also outlined. This review reconceptualizes ABGS as a biotechnological innovation and an integrated, scalable solution within the broader context of the circular bioeconomy.}, }
@article {pmid41206876, year = {2025}, author = {Catano, CP and DuBose, JG and Fuller-Hall, L and Chavez, J and de Roode, JC}, title = {Experimental Immigration Mediates Ecological Selection and Drift in Monarch Microbiome Assembly.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {28}, number = {11}, pages = {e70252}, doi = {10.1111/ele.70252}, pmid = {41206876}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {IOS-2202255//National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The distribution of biodiversity depends on processes operating across scales, yet multiscale paradigms have struggled to permeate host-microbiome research. Instead, host-microbiome research has focused on host selection and has struggled to explain the high variation in microbial composition across individuals. By integrating multi-scale ecological theory with experimental manipulation of bacteria colonizing monarch butterfly caterpillars, we test the hypothesis that immigration from the regional species pool alters the importance of niche selection and drift in causing variation in gut bacterial communities across individuals and through ontogeny. Higher immigration increased the dominance of certain bacteria, causing greater convergence in bacterial composition across the caterpillar life stage. Conversely, limited immigration made colonization more stochastic, resulting in more unpredictable variability in bacterial composition across individuals. Our study reveals that immigration mediates the balance between host selection and drift, demonstrating that processes operating at scales beyond the individual are underappreciated but critical for structuring host-microbiome symbioses.}, }
@article {pmid41206659, year = {2025}, author = {Siddiqui, R and Maciver, SK and Khan, NA}, title = {Beyond Predation: Potential Metabolic Roles of Intracellular Bacteria in Acanthamoeba Ecology.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnaf124}, pmid = {41206659}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {Although Acanthamoeba is well known as a reservoir and "Trojan horse" for other microbes, its relationship with intracellular organisms may extend beyond protection. Here, we discuss that certain bacteria contribute metabolically to the host, breaking down complex substrates and providing nutrients that expand its ecological adaptability. The proposed model reframes amoebae not only as predators and shelters, but also as metabolic consortia, with implications for environmental microbiology, protist ecology, and the evolution of opportunistic pathogens. Further studies using integrated multi-omics and co-culture approaches, combining metagenomic and metabolomic profiling of Acanthamoeba-bacteria interactions and transcriptomic analyses will help identify bidirectional metabolic exchange and functional gene expression within the symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41206514, year = {2025}, author = {Lopez-Raez, JA and Banasiak, J and Becana, M and Goormachtig, S and Lanfranco, L and Larrainzar, E and Lefebvre, B and Veneault-Fourrey, C and Frugier, F}, title = {Molecular mechanisms modulating beneficial plant root-microbe interactions: What's common?.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101592}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101592}, pmid = {41206514}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {In the current climate change context, there is a need to develop more sustainable agri-food strategies. As an alternative to the intensive use of chemically-synthesized fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and impact biodiversity, there is a growing interest in using beneficial microbes as biostimulants and/or bioprotection agents. However, their implementation in agriculture remains a challenge due to highly variable outcomes and benefits. Furthermore, there are major knowledge gaps about the molecular mechanisms regulating the different plant-microbe interactions. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms controlling the different beneficial plant root-microbe interactions, namely arbuscular mycorrhiza, the rhizobium-legume symbiosis, ectomycorrhiza, as well as fungal and bacterial endophytic associations. This includes the signalling pathways required for microbes to be recognized as beneficial, metabolic pathways that provide nutritional benefits to the plant, and the regulatory pathways modulating the extent of the symbiosis establishment depending on soil nutrient availability and plant needs. The aim is to highlight what are the main common mechanisms, as well as the knowledge gaps, in order to promote their use, either individually or in consortia, within the framework of sustainable agriculture that is less dependent on chemicals and more protective of biodiversity and water resources.}, }
@article {pmid41204768, year = {2025}, author = {Panthapulakkal Narayanan, S and Dotson, BR and Noack, L and Holla, S and Ren, S and Dörmann, P and Widell, S and Persson, S and Lager, I and Rasmusson, AG}, title = {Arabidopsis phospholipid modifications mediate cellulase-induced resistance to a fungal peptide antibiotic by imposing cell polarity.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70721}, pmid = {41204768}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2020.4.3 651//SLU Grogrund funding/ ; //Sven och Lilly Lawskis Fond f&#xf6;r Naturvetenskaplig Forskning/ ; 2020-05417//Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det/ ; CTS 2019:295//Carl Tryggers Stiftelse f&#xf6;r Vetenskaplig Forskning/ ; }, abstract = {Plant-symbiotic Trichoderma fungi attack microorganisms by secreting antibiotic membrane-permeabilising peptaibols such as alamethicin. These peptaibols also permeabilise plant root epidermis plasma membranes (PMs), but mild pretreatment with Trichoderma cellulase activates a unique cellulase-induced resistance to alamethicin (CIRA), via an unknown mechanism. We identify two Arabidopsis genes that are essential for the CIRA process: CIRA12 encodes a phosphatidylserine (PS) decarboxylase and CIRA13, a phospholipase Dζ, implying that specific changes in anionic membrane lipids mediate alamethicin resistance. Fluorescent sensors revealed that cellulase induced a laterally asymmetric decrease in PS and surface charge to outer periclinal root epidermal PMs. Consistently, the CIRA response was reversed by addition of lysoPS. CIRA13 is essential for vesicle trafficking, which in turn is crucial for CIRA induction. Overall, cellulase induces a cellular polarity with respect to phospholipids, not previously observed in plants, that is leading to increased lipid packing and preventing peptaibol permeabilization of the outer periclinal membrane.}, }
@article {pmid41204437, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Sunagawa, N and Kashima, T and Igarashi, K and Miyanaga, A and Fushinobu, S}, title = {Structural insights into lacto-N-biose I recognition by a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module from Bifidobacterium bifidum.}, journal = {FEBS letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/1873-3468.70217}, pmid = {41204437}, issn = {1873-3468}, support = {23H00322//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP22ama121001//AMED/ ; }, abstract = {Bifidobacterium bifidum, a predominant colonizer of the infant gut, utilizes lacto-N-biose I (LNB), a prominent component of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), through a dedicated metabolic pathway. Among a diverse set of extracellular glycosidases involved in HMO degradation, lacto-N-biosidase (LnbB) plays a pivotal role by releasing LNB. We investigated the structure and function of the carbohydrate-binding module family 32 (CBM32) domain located at the C-terminus of the glycoside hydrolase family 20 catalytic domain in LnbB. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that CBM32 binds LNB with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 98 μm. The crystal structure of the CBM32 complexed with LNB reveals the molecular basis for its specific recognition. Impact statement Bifidobacteria are beneficial gut microbes, and infant-associated strains establish symbiosis by degrading human milk oligosaccharides. This study uncovers the molecular mechanism by which Bifidobacterium bifidum captures lacto-N-biose I, a key disaccharide, functioning as a cross-feeder that promotes the growth of other bifidobacteria and supports the infant gut ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid41201327, year = {2025}, author = {DuBose, JG and Uhm, T and Bowen, J and Fiedorek, P and Hoogshagen, M and Haselkorn, TS and DiSalvo, S}, title = {The roles of dispersal limitation and pre-adaptation in shaping Paraburkholderia endosymbiont frequencies in social amoeba communities.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0161525}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01615-25}, pmid = {41201327}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Endosymbiotic interactions have long played fundamental roles in shaping the evolution and diversification of eukaryotes. However, we still have a limited understanding of how ecological processes govern the distribution of endosymbionts that are still segregating in host populations. To contribute to this understanding, here, we use the interactions between Paraburkholderia endosymbionts and their dictyostelid social amoeba hosts as a model system to investigate the role of dispersal, a fundamental ecological process, in shaping the distribution and evolution of endosymbiotic interactions. We first found that patterns of endosymbiont diversification were highly biogeographic, suggesting a significant degree of dispersal limitation. We then experimentally mediated the dispersal of several endosymbiont species into environments with multiple host species and found that each symbiont was able to sustain a high prevalence in each host population. The benefit/detriment of these mediated interactions did not change with increasing phylogenetic distance from what is suspected to be the focal amoeba host species in nature. Taken together, our findings suggest Paraburkholderia endosymbionts are generally pre-adapted to occupy a variety of dictyostelid host environments, and their distribution among host populations is subject to a high degree of dispersal limitation. Overall, our findings have significant implications for our understanding of how ecological processes facilitate and limit the evolution of endosymbiotic interactions.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Endosymbiotic interactions are ubiquitous in complex eukaryotes, as organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts represent the remnants of what were once free-living prokaryotes. However, how ecological processes facilitate the transition from free-living to host-associated is less understood. Selection is the most commonly invoked process to explain this transition: symbionts that are better at infecting hosts and potentially confer some benefit rise in frequency because they are selected for (and otherwise selected against). However, this only describes one fundamental process that can shape the ecology of symbiotic interactions. Here, we present evidence that the importance of dispersal (and its limitations) likely exceeds that of selection in shaping the distribution and frequency of Paraburkholderia endosymbionts in their dictyostelid social amoeba host communities. These findings highlight the need to consider regional ecological processes that operate at a scale beyond the individual when studying ecology and evolution of endosymbiotic interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41201244, year = {2025}, author = {Dregni, J and Lindsey, ARI and Ferrer-Suay, M and Celis, SL and Heimpel, GE}, title = {Wolbachia-mediated parthenogenesis induction in the aphid hyperparasitoid Alloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Charipinae).}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0130825}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01308-25}, pmid = {41201244}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Thelytokous parthenogenesis (thelytoky), in which females can produce female offspring without mating, can be caused by parthenogenesis-inducing endosymbiotic bacteria in the genus Wolbachia. This interaction is well known in hymenopteran parasitoids, where unfertilized eggs typically develop as males via haplodiploidy in the absence of parthenogenesis-inducing bacteria. We report on a case of thelytoky in Alloxysta brevis (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), a globally widespread aphid hyperparasitoid. A previous study had shown that sex ratios of this species collected in Minnesota (USA) were extremely female-biased, and we found here that unmated females reared from field-collected hosts produced female offspring without exposure to males. This result demonstrated thelytoky, and we tested for the role of bacterial endosymbionts by comparing offspring production of unmated females fed the antibiotic rifampicin to offspring production of control females not fed antibiotics. Antibiotic-fed females produced almost exclusively male offspring, and control females produced mainly females. This result showed that antibiotic treatment facilitated male production by unmated A. brevis females, thus implicating bacterial symbiosis in the expression of thelytoky. We then used full-length 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the identity of the symbiont. These analyses identified a Wolbachia strain from supergroup B and excluded other bacteria known to mediate parthenogenesis induction, such as Cardinium and Rickettsia. While Wolbachia had been previously detected by molecular analysis in this species, these are the first experiments demonstrating Wolbachia-mediated parthenogenesis in the figitid subfamily Charipinae. To our knowledge, this also constitutes the first documented case of endosymbiont-mediated thelytoky in any hyperparasitoid species.IMPORTANCEParthenogenesis induction in insects can have important environmental and economic consequences. This is especially true if pests or their natural enemies are affected. The case of Alloxysta brevis is of particular interest, as this species is a hyperparasitoid of aphids, meaning that they attack and kill primary parasitoids of aphids. The populations of many species of pest aphids are controlled by primary parasitoid species, and hyperparasitoids thus have the potential to interfere with this mechanism of control. The role of hyperparasitoid parthenogenesis in the suppression of aphids by primary parasitoids remains unexplored. Thus, the results of this set of studies provide a starting point for determining whether parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia in hyperparasitoids should be expected to improve or hinder biological control of pest aphids by primary parasitoids. The focus on A. brevis as a model for these questions could be particularly instructive, since it is a species of worldwide distribution that is involved in numerous economically important aphid-parasitoid interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41199996, year = {2025}, author = {Xie, D and Chen, H and Jia, N and Niu, F and Wang, X and Yu, J and Chi, D}, title = {Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Hylurgus ligniperda, including six new species from eastern China.}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {e169382}, pmid = {41199996}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {Hylurgus ligniperda is a highly successful invader among bark beetles (Scolytinae), and has become established in every continent where its host plants occur. Bark beetles maintain a close symbiotic relationship with ophiostomatoid fungi whose morphology is highly adapted for beetle dispersal, and the presence of these fungal symbionts actively facilitates successful bark beetle invasions. At present, the fungal community associated with H. ligniperda in the newly invaded eastern China is still unknown. The aims of this study were therefore to characterize the ophiostomatoid communities associated with H. ligniperda in China. To achieve this, a total of 435 ophiostomatoid fungal strains were isolated from 326 adult samples collected in galleries and traps. Through morphological analysis and multilocus phylogenetic approaches, 13 species across six genera (Ceratocystiopsis, Graphilbum, Hawksworthiomyces, Leptographium, Masuyamyces, and Ophiostoma) were identified, of which six species were described as new. Fungal recovery rates differed significantly between gallery-derived and trap-collected adults (χ[2] test, p < 0.01). Furthermore, comparative analysis of ophiostomatoid fungal communities associated with H. ligniperda across five continents revealed distinct and well-defined assemblage patterns in each geographical region. This study elucidates the symbiotic relationship between H. ligniperda and ophiostomatoid fungi during invasion, providing a theoretical foundation for further research on their cooperative invasion and colonization mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid41199726, year = {2025}, author = {Grillo, JF and Tirpitz, V and Reichert, J and Canesi, M and Reynaud, S and Douville, E and Ziegler, M}, title = {Coral Skeletal Cores as Windows Into Past Symbiodiniaceae Community Dynamics.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {31}, number = {11}, pages = {e70575}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.70575}, pmid = {41199726}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {469364832//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; ANR-22-CE02-0025//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; //German Academic Exchange Service/ ; }, mesh = {*Anthozoa/physiology ; Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Dinoflagellida/physiology/genetics ; Coral Reefs ; Palau ; }, abstract = {The symbiosis between the dinoflagellate Symbiodiniaceae family and reef-building corals underpins the productivity of coral reefs. This relationship facilitates the deposition of calcium-carbonate skeletons that build the reef structure thanks to the energy derived from photosynthesis. The loss of Symbiodiniaceae from coral tissues-resulting in coral bleaching-impedes coral growth and can lead to mass mortality if the symbiosis fails to recover. Given that Symbiodiniaceae communities are dynamic and can shift in response to environmental stressors in the decades to centuries-long lifespan of coral colonies, understanding these changes is crucial. Although the reconstruction of Symbiodiniaceae communities from coral skeleton records has recently been demonstrated as feasible, no studies have yet assessed reconstructions across different species and locations. Here, we present an approach to use coral skeletons for reconstructing the Symbiodiniaceae community on decadal and centennial scales and for resolving dynamics related to coral species and the environmental history of sampling locations. For this, we used dated coral skeleton cores from Porites lobata and Diploastrea heliopora, species commonly used as climate archives, sampled in Palau and Papua New Guinea. We also examined the effect of various DNA extraction protocols on community reconstruction. Here we show that the reconstructed Symbiodiniaceae communities significantly varied across all cores and DNA extraction methods, with decalcification-based protocols enhancing the retrieval of skeletal-bound DNA. Moreover, we observed distinct community dynamics related to the specific coral host and sampling location. Notably, associations of Symbiodiniaceae dynamics with past heat stress events were apparent in cores of both species from Palau. Our findings enable a deeper understanding of the temporal and spatial variability in Symbiodiniaceae communities, offering insights that may refine the use of paleobiological proxies in climate studies and reveal broader ecological trends and microbially aided adaptation pathways in corals.}, }
@article {pmid41199582, year = {2025}, author = {Büyüktaş, D and Lorberg, ES and de Vries, S}, title = {Evolution of molecular communication in the permanent Azolla symbiosis.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70699}, pmid = {41199582}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {515101361//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; 516452003//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; //Nieders&#xe4;chsisches Ministerium f&#xfc;r Wissenschaft und Kultur/ ; }, abstract = {Heritable symbioses exist across eukaryotes with different degrees of intimacy. In most cases, the symbionts are obligate and require inheritance for their survival. On the host side, symbiont retention can facilitate fitness benefits. Only rarely are these symbioses interwoven to the point that host survival relies on the symbiont. In land plants, the symbiosis of the water fern Azolla with its symbiotic cyanobacterium shows such a degree of high co-dependence. The symbiosis originated in the last common ancestor of Azolla and exists continuously for at least 60 million years with no evolutionarily stable, secondary loss of the symbiont reported. This is a feat achieved by interactions on an organellar-like level or those considered recent organelle acquisitions. Yet, Azolla's symbiont is extracellular. How can loss of autonomy concomitant with full co-dependence be accommodated in this extracellular symbiosis? Here, we synthesize what we know from the Azolla symbiosis on the consequences of evolutionary co-dependence and stable symbiont retention. We discuss the need for symbiotic integration into environmental responsiveness if host survival depends on symbiont well-being. Cross-organismal integration of environmental stress responses may be one of the key steps that favor this evolutionarily stable permanent integration.}, }
@article {pmid41198841, year = {2025}, author = {Corretto, E and Štarhová Serbina, L and Dittmer, J and Michalik, A and Schuler, H}, title = {Evolutionary dynamics of obligate endosymbiosis in the psyllid genus Cacopsylla.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1540}, pmid = {41198841}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Hemiptera/microbiology/genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Biological Evolution ; *Enterobacteriaceae/genetics/physiology/classification ; }, abstract = {Phloem-sucking hemipterans maintain obligate, heritable symbiotic bacteria to overcome nutritional deficiencies caused by their unbalanced diet. While some groups retain ancient primary symbionts, others supplement or replace them with additional symbionts conferring adaptive benefits. Here, we explore the diversity and evolutionary dynamics of multiple endosymbionts in psyllids of the genus Cacopsylla. While the primary symbiont Carsonella is found in all analysed species, the ancient co-primary symbiont Psyllophila is absent in Cacopsylla pyrisuga, which instead harbours a Sodalis symbiont with a larger genome, located in the syncytium of the bacteriome. Phylogenomic analyses demonstrated co-divergence of Carsonella and Psyllophila with their hosts, whereas the occurrence of closely related Sodalis across different psyllid lineages indicates several independent acquisitions. The presence of additional facultative Sodalis and Serratia symbionts further highlights the dynamic host-symbiont relationships in psyllids and their essential roles in insect niche adaptation and evolution.}, }
@article {pmid41198545, year = {2025}, author = {Stefano, GB}, title = {Adaptability Beyond Darwin: Microbial Evolution, Mitochondria, and the Thermodynamic Frontiers of Survival.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)}, volume = {30}, number = {10}, pages = {45962}, doi = {10.31083/FBL45962}, pmid = {41198545}, issn = {2768-6698}, mesh = {*Mitochondria/physiology/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; Thermodynamics ; Humans ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Bacteria/genetics ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Charles Darwin hypothesized that evolution is based on adaptations to a changing environment, and that organisms that developed even slightly favorable variations would ultimately be most likely to survive. This concept is clearly reflected in the life cycles of pathogenic species. While modern antibiotics, antiviral agents, and vaccines can successfully eliminate many pathogens and prevent infections, only susceptible strains are affected. Bacteria and viruses that can adapt and develop resistance mechanisms will survive and thrive in the absence of ongoing competition. We build on this framework by considering the evolutionary impact of microbial-mediated adaptations experienced by the host. For example, intracellular mitochondria, largely believed to be descendants of symbiotic ancestral bacteria, can be specifically targeted by viral pathogens. Taken one step further, we hypothesize that Darwinian theory may also apply to atoms and molecules, which are not "alive" by any conventional definition, but interact with one another and self-assemble according to the principles of thermodynamics that promote stability in defined environments. Building on these foundations, our hypotheses and conceptual framework will facilitate further exploration into the evolution of microbial mechanisms that modulate behavior, shape the development of the immune system, and promote host evolution.}, }
@article {pmid41197509, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Q and Zhang, T and Zhao, X and Zhang, H and Guo, M and Meng, X and Hou, N and Hao, Q and Li, L}, title = {Driving synergistic Fe-N-Plastic co-metabolism and functional microbial symbiosis via nZVI@RA for enhanced decontamination in constructed wetlands.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {500}, number = {}, pages = {140342}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140342}, pmid = {41197509}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Nanoplastics (NPs) significant challenges to nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands (CWs). Although nano-zero valent iron (nZVI)-based composites have shown potential in enhancing pollutant removal, the integrated mechanisms governing iron, nitrogen, and plastic metabolism, as well as their influence on the microbial network remain poorly understood. Here, we developed recycled aggregates-supported nZVI (nZVI@RA) and systematically investigated its impact on microbial nitrogen metabolism and plastic degradation within CWs. The results revealed that nZVI@RA profoundly reshaped the microbial symbiotic network, promoting Exiguobacterium and Bacillus as dominant genera and facilitating synergistic interactions. Mechanistically, nZVI@RA enhanced iron metabolism and electron transfer, leading to the upregulation of key genes and enzymes involved in nitrogen transformation (e.g., amoABC and nirKS) and NP degradation (e.g., styA and styC). These processes, coupled with superior adsorption capacity, improved removal efficiencies of COD (64.57 ± 3.57 %), TN (70.79 ± 4.19 %), and NPs (92.46 ± 3.66 %). Structural equation modeling revealed strong correlations between iron metabolism, microbial activity (0.82), nitrogen metabolism (0.51), and plastic degradation (0.40) in the nZVI@RA system, underscoring the central role of iron cycling. This study elucidates the critical function of nZVI@RA in orchestrating microbial interactions and optimizing pollutant removal, providing a foundation for advanced CW design.}, }
@article {pmid41197331, year = {2025}, author = {Fan, K and Wu, Y and Qin, Y and He, H and Lv, L and Li, G and Liu, J and Qin, R and Liu, H}, title = {Functional characterization of GmSRS14 in regulating root nodule development of soybean.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {315}, number = {}, pages = {154649}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154649}, pmid = {41197331}, issn = {1618-1328}, abstract = {SHORT INTERNODES (SHI)-related sequence (SRS) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that modulate hormone biosynthesis and signalling. Their contribution to legume-rhizobium symbiosis, however, remains largely unexplored. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses of legume SRS genes classified 12 subclasses and revealed soybean's evolutionary relationships, including large-scale gene duplication. GmSRS14 was specifically highly expressed in root nodules and localised in the nucleus only. Exogenous IAA modulates its expression at low concentrations (1 μM), while high concentrations (100 μM) decrease nodule expression. All ABA concentrations tested (10, 20 and 50 μM) inhibited nodule growth, nitrogenase activity and GmSRS14 expression. Functional validation via hairy root transformation demonstrated GmSRS14 overexpression (GmSRS14-OE) increased nodule number, weight, and nitrogenase activity, while GmSRS14 silencing (GmSRS14-RNAi) suppressed nodulation. This study provides a new idea for breeding soybean varieties with high efficiency of nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid41196415, year = {2025}, author = {He, Y and Yang, T and Mi, J and He, S and Yang, Z and Lu, S and Yue, K and Huang, Y and Song, L and Xiao, Y and Ren, Z}, title = {B.uniformis IM01-derived IAA alleviates asthma via AhR/NLRP3 pathways in mice.}, journal = {Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {388}, pmid = {41196415}, issn = {1420-9071}, support = {2023YFC0871200//the National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 33054//the National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ ; 29172//the National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism ; *Asthma/pathology/metabolism/immunology/drug therapy ; *NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism ; *Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Female ; Lung/pathology ; Interleukin-22 ; Tryptophan/metabolism ; Th2 Cells/immunology ; Interleukins/metabolism ; *Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic flora exhibits a strong association with the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. Certain Bacteroides species have demonstrated potential in ameliorating allergic conditions. However, the specific role of Bacteroides uniformis in allergic asthma and its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study demonstrates that oral administration of B.uniformis IM01 significantly enhanced the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), suppressed airway inflammatory cell airway infiltration and aberrant T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses, and improved the epithelial barrier function in a murine model of asthma. Mechanistically, B.uniformis IM01 upregulated tryptophan metabolism, elevating IAA levels in both colon and serum, which activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and induced interleukin-22 (IL-22) production. Activated AhR may inhibit NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and facilitate the splenic differentiation of Foxp3[+] regulatory T cells (Tregs), thus attenuating lung barrier dysfunction and improving allergic asthma symptoms. In summary, our results revealed that B.uniformis IM01 upregulated production of IAA to activate AhR leading to inhibited NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated immune responses, and ameliorated allergic asthma through the gut-lung axis.}, }
@article {pmid41195911, year = {2025}, author = {Pai, YC and Huang, CY and Lin, LY and Li, YH and Yu, LC}, title = {Infectious Carcinogens Derived from Intestinal Microflora: Mechanisms of Microbial Transitions from Eubionts to Pathobionts.}, journal = {Journal of physiological investigation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-25-00045}, pmid = {41195911}, issn = {2950-6344}, abstract = {A diverse community of microorganisms inhabits the gastrointestinal tract in a physiological state. While a symbiotic relationship exists between commensal bacteria and the healthy host, an imbalanced microbial population (dysbiosis) is associated with the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancers. The decline of beneficial microbes (eubionts) and the expansion of commensal-derived opportunistic pathogens (pathobionts) are widely recognized as key factors in the microbial etiology of various diseases. In particular, certain bacteria with emerging virulence elements are present in the gut microbiome and have been implicated as contributors to the development of colon cancer, such as Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Bacterial virulent factors, including lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae and adhesins, and toxins, promote oncogenesis through direct or indirect mechanisms. These microbial products modify host cellular functions, resulting in DNA damage, increased epithelial proliferation, and intensified inflammation, all of which ultimately contribute to tumor formation. Although the existence of pathobionts is generally accepted nowadays, an open question remains regarding why bacteria shift from harmless commensals to disease-causing pathobionts. Accumulating evidence suggests that host epithelial functions influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota by regulating oxygen availability in the lumen, providing antimicrobial defense, activating innate immune responses, synthesizing mucin glycoproteins, and establishing a physical barrier through the organization of microvilli. This review examines the various aspects of mucosal drivers that shape microbiota and provides evidence that intraepithelial stress plays a significant role in configuring colitogenic and tumorigenic microflora. Understanding the mechanisms by which microbes transition from eubionts to pathobionts that promote cancer progression is crucial for developing bacterial precision medicine. Identifying the roles of intestinal pathobionts and the critical time point for host-microbe interactions in tumorigenesis could lead to the development of new strategies for prevention and therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41195882, year = {2025}, author = {Lin, M and de Kruijff, M and Poulsen, M and Beemelmanns, C}, title = {Genome-Mining Based Discovery of Pyrrolomycin K and L from the Termite-Associated Micromonospora sp. RB23.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5c01051}, pmid = {41195882}, issn = {1520-6025}, abstract = {Natural products derived from symbiotic microbes remain a rich source of structurally diverse and bioactive molecules. In this study, we report de novo genome sequencing of the termite-associated isolate Micromonospora sp. RB23. Genome mining uncovered a type I polyketide synthase (T1PKS) biosynthetic gene cluster encoding five halogenases, predicted to produce pyrrolomycin-like antimicrobial compounds. Mass-spectrometry-based molecular networking facilitated the identification and isolation of N-methylated pyrrolomycin K and mycothiol-adduct, pyrrolomycin L. Structure elucidation was accomplished based on liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) alongside 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Based on the evaluated of antimicrobial activity, we propose that N-methylation and mycothiol-based conjugation in pyrrolomycins are possible detoxification mechanisms that play a role in enhancing self-tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid41195197, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, X and Long, L}, title = {The innovation paradox in human-AI symbiosis: ambidextrous effects of AI technology adoption on innovative behavior.}, journal = {Frontiers in artificial intelligence}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {1635246}, pmid = {41195197}, issn = {2624-8212}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: AI is radically changing workplace ecosystems in the midst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, making human-machine collaboration a need for organizations. The ambidextrous processes by which AI simultaneously encourages and constrains inventive behaviors need systematic examination, even though employee innovation is still essential for maintaining competitive advantage. In order to understand the paradoxical consequences of AI, this study builds a dual-path moderated mediation model based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) paradigm.<br><br>METHODS: Using a two-wave longitudinal design with a 3-month interval and multi-source data from 250 experts in China, we combined survey measurements with quasi-experimental manipulations. The following findings were obtained using structural equation modeling (SEM) and bootstrapping.<br><br>RESULTS: (1) AI technology adoption is a job resource that increases Felt Obligation for Constructive Change (FOCC), but it also acts as a job demand that inhibits innovation by creating a sense of job insecurity; (2) task crafting is a crucial boundary condition that amplifies the positive mediation path while attenuating the negative pathway.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Based on the aforementioned findings, this study highlights the importance of considering employees' psychological states and behavioral changes while fostering technological innovation, exposing the intricacy of artificial intelligence technology in HRM from both a subjective and objective standpoint. Job insecurity is a possible drawback of technology use, hence businesses should take appropriate steps to lessen employee uneasiness while using new technologies. Felt Obligation for Constructive Change, on the other hand, is a crucial strategy for encouraging creative behavior. To do this, managers must investigate and enhance employees' intrinsic motivation for their everyday tasks and foster a culture of creativity. Task crafting, as an effective self-management and driving factor, is also very important to reduce the negative effects of technology adoption and increase its positive effects. For this reason, businesses should support and encourage employees to improve their autonomy and flexibility, iterate on their work methods, and stimulate their ability to innovate. This will not only help employees develop their own skills but also give businesses a competitive edge and continuous innovation motivation.}, }
@article {pmid41194726, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, C and Peng, YL and Liu, XY and Cao, TT and Shi, M and Wang, ZK and Li, Q and Song, XZ}, title = {Effects of phosphorus addition on phosphorus acquisition strategies in Phyllostachys edulis rhizome roots.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {36}, number = {10}, pages = {3061-3068}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202510.004}, pmid = {41194726}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Phosphorus/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Rhizome/metabolism ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Poaceae/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Plant Roots/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {To elucidate the root phosphorus (P) acquisition strategies of Phyllostachys edulis to maintain high productivity under P deficiency, we conducted an in situ P addition experiment (0, 50, 100 kg P·hm[-2]·a[-1] defined as CK, low-P (LP), and high-P (HP) addition). We investigated the regulatory effects of P addition on morphological and physiological traits of rhizome root, root exudates, and mycorrhizal symbiosis characteristics. The results showed that P addition significantly increased specific root surface area (LP:19.1%; HP:23.4%), root nitrogen (LP:42.6%; HP:37.7%) and P contents (LP:83.8%; HP:115.3%), but significantly decreased phosphatase activity (LP:22.2%; HP:30.4%) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) infection rate (LP:24.1%; HP:25.3%). There were no significant differences between low-P and high-P treatments for these impacts. P addition significantly increased rhizosphere soil pH, citrate-P, enzyme-P, HCl-P and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and P in the rhizosphere soil. Notably, citrate-P, enzyme-P, and HCl-P contents in HP treatment were significantly higher than those in LP treatment. There were significant correlations between rhizosphere soil P fractions and specific root surface area, phosphatase activity, as well as AMF infection rate, indicating that rhizosphere soil P fractions were important drivers of P acquisition pathways in rhizome roots. Under P addition, rhizome roots shifted from a conservative pathway relying on "root exudation and mycorrhizal symbiosis" to an acquisitive pathway characte-rized by "high surface area".}, }
@article {pmid41194578, year = {2025}, author = {Kalem, M and Ozgan Kurt, A and Goktepeli, G and Onen, V and Ahmetli, G and Yel, E}, title = {Thermochemical treatment of waste polypropylene (PP) using marble sludge as catalyst-II: Evaluation of chemicals recovery potential from pyrolytic fluids.}, journal = {Waste management &amp; research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {734242X251385853}, doi = {10.1177/0734242X251385853}, pmid = {41194578}, issn = {1096-3669}, abstract = {In this study, waste polypropylene (PP) was pyrolysed together with marble processing industry effluents physicochemical treatment sludge (named as K1) catalyst, and the valuable component recovery and usage potential from resulting liquid and gaseous products were investigated. In the fixed bed pyrolysis reactor under inert conditions with N2 gas, the studied experimental variables were temperature and mixing ratio. The resultant liquid and gaseous fractions were characterized via GC-MS, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis and calorific value analyses. Liquid products contain predominantly paraffinic and olefinic, but minor aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs) and also minor amounts of oxygenated compounds with 20-30% K1 catalyst. Heating values of the liquid products were around 10 kcal.g[-1]. The gas products predominantly contain alkanes, alkenes and aromatic HC compounds with economic value such as benzene isotridecanol, heptanol, ketone and terpene. Ca and Mg carbonate structure of K1 catalyst increased the compound diversity in the pyrolysis gas, especially in the aliphatic groups. The detected low C number alkane compounds were pentane, heptane, cyclohexane and high C number long-chain n-alkane aliphatic compounds were docosane, hexacosane and hexatriacontane. The recoverable compounds are economically and environmentally important as they can be used in many industries such as cleaning, cosmetics, pharmacology and petrochemistry as feedstock. The proposed pyrolysis provided symbiotic solution to these two types of wastes and the resultant products of this application have potential for energy and compound recovery. Recovery methods can be further studied.}, }
@article {pmid41193803, year = {2025}, author = {Tsitsikli, M and Simonsen, B and Luu, TB and Larsen, MM and Andersen, CG and Gysel, K and Lironi, D and Krönauer, C and Rübsam, H and Hansen, SB and Bærentsen, R and Wulff, JL and Johansen, SH and Sezer, G and Stougaard, J and Andersen, KR and Radutoiu, S}, title = {Two residues reprogram immunity receptors for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41193803}, issn = {1476-4687}, abstract = {Receptor signalling determines cellular responses and is crucial for defining specific biological outcomes. In legume root cells, highly similar and structurally conserved chitin and Nod factor receptor kinases activate immune or symbiotic pathways, respectively, when chitinous ligands are perceived[1]. Here we show that specific amino acid residues in the intracellular part of the Nod factor receptor NFR1 control signalling specificity and enable the distinction of immune and symbiotic responses. Functional investigation of CERK6, NFR1 and receptor variants thereof revealed a conserved motif that we term Symbiosis Determinant 1 in the juxtamembrane region of the kinase domain, which is key for symbiotic signalling. We show that two residues in Symbiosis Determinant 1 are indispensable hallmarks of NFR1-type receptors and are sufficient to convert Lotus CERK6 and barley RLK4 kinase outputs to enable symbiotic signalling in Lotus japonicus.}, }
@article {pmid41193506, year = {2025}, author = {Voß, L and Keller, I and Schröder, R and Mehner-Breitfeld, D and Specht, A and Dräger, G and Rinne, J and Franke, J and Medina-Escobar, N and Herde, M and Brüser, T and Neuhaus, HE and Witte, CP}, title = {A plastid carbohydrate carrier mediates ribose recycling from nucleotide catabolism and glucose export from starch degradation.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {9747}, pmid = {41193506}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {452173586//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; 423879281//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; CRC175, project B03//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/ ; }, mesh = {*Plastids/metabolism ; Arabidopsis/metabolism/genetics ; *Starch/metabolism ; *Glucose/metabolism ; *Ribose/metabolism ; *Nucleotides/metabolism ; Phaseolus/metabolism/genetics ; *Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Glycine max/metabolism/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism ; Mutation ; Fructose/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/metabolism/genetics ; Biological Transport ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; }, abstract = {In plants, nucleotide degradation releases ribose in the cytosol. An unidentified transporter then brings the ribose into the plastids for phosphorylation. This process of ribose recycling is particularly prominent in root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) during symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In this biological context, we identified a plastid ribose transporter, which is an ortholog of the putative plastid glucose transporter (pGlcT) of Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that Arabidopsis mutants of At-pGlcT, but not of the related At-pGlcT2, accumulate ribose and fructose constitutively, whereas glucose accumulates only at night. Uridine feeding experiments leading to cytosolic ribose release indicated that At-pGlcT transports ribose from the cytosol into the plastids. Uptake assays with complemented Escherichia coli sugar transport mutants directly demonstrated that At-pGlcT transports ribose, glucose, and fructose. Ribose and fructose accumulation were also observed in CRISPR-induced bean nodule mutants of Pv-pGlcT. Additionally, our data show that ribose recycling is important for producing allantoin, a nitrogen fixation product used for nitrogen export from nodules to shoots. We conclude that pGlcT is a plastid facilitator for the import of ribose from nucleotide catabolism, for the export of glucose from nocturnal starch breakdown, and for cytosol-plastid fructose exchange in vivo.}, }
@article {pmid41192520, year = {2025}, author = {Sehrawat, A and Corpas, FJ}, title = {Pivotal role of Nitric oxide in regulating beneficial plant-microbe interactions under both physiological and stress conditions.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {112851}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112851}, pmid = {41192520}, issn = {1873-2259}, abstract = {Plant-microbe interactions involve a complex communication network, where microbes can serve as either beneficial partners or harmful pathogens. Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial signaling molecule that regulates plant growth and development, while enhancing tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. It does this by interacting directly with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulating antioxidant enzyme activity through post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as S-nitrosation and nitration. Additionally, NO affects transcription factors that regulate gene expression and modulates phytohormone signaling, which helps alleviate oxidative stress. NO plays a pivotal role in symbiotic relationships between plant roots and microbes. In legumes, it is essential for rhizobial recognition, root hair curling, infection thread formation, nodule initiation, development, and senescence. Similarly, NO supports positive interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which enhance nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, and improve plant resilience under stress. At the molecular level, NO regulates symbiosis-related gene expression and modifies proteins through PTMs such as S-nitrosation of nitrogenase and tyrosine nitration of glutamine synthetase and leghemoglobin, while maintaining cellular redox balance. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of NO signaling in beneficial plant-microbe interactions under both physiological and stress conditions. It further analyzes the specific sources, regulatory mechanisms, and molecular targets of NO, which remain poorly understood. In addition, it highlights the application of omics-based approaches to unravel these processes, offering insights that could guide the development of new strategies to enhance crop productivity through the targeted exploitation of symbiotic associations.}, }
@article {pmid41192114, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, B and Wang, H and Yang, Y and Wang, W and Zuo, M and Zhou, J and Tang, S and Zhai, R and Liu, S and Ai, Y and Guo, Z and Liu, R}, title = {Microbial metabolite tigloside alleviates osteoarthritis by repolarizing macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype through Trafd1 destabilization and Trafd1-mediated NF-κB/STAT6 signaling pathways.}, journal = {International immunopharmacology}, volume = {168}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {115747}, doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115747}, pmid = {41192114}, issn = {1878-1705}, abstract = {Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease among the middle-aged and elderly individuals, primarily characterized by synovitis and cartilage damage. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to manage OA, they fail to fundamentally prevent or alleviate cartilage damage and can cause severe gastrointestinal or cardiovascular side effects. Therefore, developing OA drugs that address both symptoms and underlying causes is of significant importance. Our study found that tigloside (TIG), a main metabolite derived from symbiotic actinomyces, could repolarize macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1 type to anti-inflammatory M2 type, suppress the release of multiple inflammatory factors and facilitate the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, thereby creating a favorable microenvironment for chondrocyte regeneration and extracellular matrix (ECM), and alleviating pain, synovitis and OA cartilage damage. Mechanistically, TIG competes with the signaling adaptor molecule Traf1 to bind at the middle region (aa 104-414) of Trafd1, disrupting the interaction between Trafd1 and Traf1. This disruption promotes the degradation of Trafd1 and Traf1 via proteasome-ubiquitination pathway, leading to a reduction in their protein levels. Consequently, the downregulation of Trafd1 further inhibits NF-κB signaling and M1 polarization while promoting STAT6 pathway and M2 polarization, resulting in the repolarization of macrophages from M1 to M2 type and the amelioration of OA. Importantly, these findings were further validated in human macrophages derived from OA patients. In summary, this study highlights the potential of TIG as a disease-modifying drug for OA, and identifies Trafd1 as a novel therapeutic target for OA treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41192042, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, J and Yin, H and Li, Y and Zhao, L and Guo, H and Xu, C and Shang, J and Fu, X and Ma, F and Song, R}, title = {Dynamic drivers of PAHs transformation in the spatial and temporal continuum of the rhizosphere: An analysis of plant-microbe synergistic mechanism.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {303}, number = {}, pages = {128380}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128380}, pmid = {41192042}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {The migration and transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil systems are inherently constrained by their low solubility, strong sorption affinity to soil particles, and limited bioavailability for biological uptake and degradation. As a critical ecological interface mediating plant-microbe interactions, the rhizosphere plays a pivotal role in facilitating PAHs mobilization and transformation processes. This review systematically examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of PAHs migration and transformation within rhizosphere systems under plant-microbe collaborative regulation, characterized by sequential temporal phases (initial desorption-solubilization, intermediate absorption-accumulation, and terminal degradation-transformation) and spatial stratification (rhizosphere soil-liquid interface, root surface microenvironment, and internal root tissues). We particularly emphasize the synergistic plant-microbe interactions that drive PAHs desorption, solubilization, phytoaccumulation, and biodegradation. Furthermore, we elucidate four potential mechanistic pathways: AHL analogs in root exudates activate bacterial quorum sensing systems to stimulate surfactant production and PAHs-degrading enzyme synthesis; Microbial-derived IAA enhances H[+] -ATPase activity in plants, facilitating PAHs/H[+] co-transport mechanisms; Coordinated AHL-IAA signaling promotes Ca[2+] uptake and upregulates root nodule symbiosis-related gene expression; ROS in root exudates activate bacterial c-di-GMP signaling pathways to enhance microbial colonization and PAHs-degrading enzyme production. We also analyze the practical limitations affecting rhizoremediation efficacy, including climatic conditions, soil heterogeneity, and variations in pollutant types, and propose corresponding future research directions toward the end of the article. This comprehensive analysis establishes a theoretical framework for understanding the mechanistic basis of plant-microbe synergism in rhizospheric PAHs remediation, offering a foundation for advancing rhizosphere engineering and phytoremediation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41191165, year = {2025}, author = {Steffen, GPK and Steffen, RB and Schú, AL and da Silva Sousa, TC and da Costa, LC and de São José, JFB}, title = {Impact of urea and Azospirillum brasilense on soybean nodulation and early growth.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {11}, pages = {437}, pmid = {41191165}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Glycine max/growth &amp; development/microbiology/drug effects ; *Azospirillum brasilense/physiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Bradyrhizobium/growth &amp; development/physiology/metabolism ; *Urea/metabolism ; *Plant Root Nodulation ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Leghemoglobin/analysis ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Fertilizers ; }, abstract = {The effects of isolated and combined inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (SEMIA 3079 and 5080) and Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-V5), with and without nitrogen fertilization, on nodulation and early soybean growth were evaluated in a greenhouse under controlled temperature and irrigation conditions, using non-sterilized soil. The experimental design included five treatments: (1) urea (200 kg ha[-1]); (2) B. japonicum; (3) A. brasilense; (4) co-inoculation (B. japonicum + A. brasilense); and (5) B. japonicum + 100 kg ha[-1] of urea. Evaluations were carried out 50 days after sowing and included plant height, shoot and root dry mass, number and fresh mass of nitrogen-fixing nodules, Falker chlorophyll index, and leghemoglobin content. Co-inoculation increased the number of nodules by 26.13% compared to B. japonicum alone (88 → 111 nodules), while A. brasilense alone also promoted nodulation (113.3 nodules), indicating synergy with native soil rhizobia. Higher leghemoglobin levels were observed in nodules under co-inoculation, suggesting enhanced symbiotic functionality, whereas urea application reduced this indicator. Nitrogen fertilization strongly suppressed symbiosis (-75.77% in nodule number and - 83.36% in nodule fresh mass; B. japonicum + N vs. B. japonicum), confirming the inhibitory effect of mineral nitrogen on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). It is concluded that co-inoculation with B. japonicum (SEMIA 3079 and 5080) and A. brasilense (Ab-V5) enhances nodule functionality and BNF in non-sterile soil conditions, providing a biological basis for reducing reliance on mineral nitrogen in soybean production systems.}, }
@article {pmid41190647, year = {2025}, author = {Bromfield, ESP and Cloutier, S}, title = {Analysis of the complete genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens 172S4, a highly efficient nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybeans, reveals large-scale genomic inversion.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0088925}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00889-25}, pmid = {41190647}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {We announce the complete genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens 172S4, a highly efficient nitrogen-fixing symbiont isolated from a soybean root nodule. The chromosome (~9.1 Mb) exhibits a large inversion (~5.3 Mb) and encodes genes for symbiosis, nitrogen fixation, N2O reduction, and hydrogen uptake, highlighting the potential of 172S4 for sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41189400, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, L and Liu, J and Xing, C and Qiu, X and Xia, J and Zhao, C and Dou, X and Feng, C}, title = {Conformation-Matched Symbiotic Noncovalent Sites Facilitated Supramolecular Nanotwists Featuring both P and M Sub-Helical Domains.}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e16712}, doi = {10.1002/anie.202516712}, pmid = {41189400}, issn = {1521-3773}, support = {2024YFB3814600//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 52533014//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52403193//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52373147//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52403161//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 25CL2900600//Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality/ ; GZB20240420//CPSF/ ; 2024M751970//Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 2024M762008//Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Living system can use homochiral blocks to simultaneously fabricate diverse structures with opposite chirality (e.g., right-handed α-helices and left-handed polyproline-II helices) for maintaining three-dimensional conformations and functions of biostructures, but realizing this process in artificial systems remains exceptional challenge due to difficulty in constructing precise noncovalent pattern for diverse chirality transfer. Herein, we report a strategy to fabricate helical nanofibers featuring P and M sub-domains by delicately introducing symbiotic noncovalent sites in the terminal of l-phenylalanine derivatives (LCN). Benefiting from the conformation match of LCN, two symbiotic sites (C≡N, Ar─Hortho) in terminal cyanophenyl group can synergistically form noncovalent with different sites (C≡N⋯Hmeta─Ar; Ar─Hortho⋯N≡C), resulting in a precise noncovalent network. Furthermore, these two noncovalent facilitate the simultaneous formation of M-type and P-type domains due to their opposite spatial direction. Similar phenomenon is also observed from symbiotic sites in another terminal hydroxy group (O, H), further confirming an unusual chirality transfer where molecular homochirality propagates to supramolecular domains with opposite handedness. Besides, these helical domains can further cooperatively organize into higher-order P-type helices, in which fiber longitudinal axes aligns with the screw axes of noncovalent-defined helices. This study accelerates the understanding of diverse chirality transfer based on homochirality in nature and takes into a realm of constructing helical nanostructures with diverse sub-helices by homochiral blocks.}, }
@article {pmid41189012, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, Z and Li, J and Bai, L}, title = {Ecological Modules Link Soil Aggregate Stability, Chemical Properties and Fungal Communities Under Plant Species-Based Revegetation.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {e70228}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70228}, pmid = {41189012}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {LJKMZ20221053//The Educational Department of Liaoning Province/ ; X2021012//Shenyang Agricultural University/ ; }, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Fungi/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Mycobiome ; *Plants/microbiology/classification ; Grassland ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {The establishment of native grassland species is widely implemented on abandoned land as a strategy to restore degraded soils. However, its effects on soil properties are highly species-specific, as plant-driven physicochemical changes subsequently reshape microbial community structure. The linkages between soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities following native grassland establishment remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the effects of 11 native grassland species on soil physicochemical properties and fungal community structure. Using co-occurrence network analysis, we elucidate how plants drive fungal community reorganisation through soil-mediated trophic pathways. The results showed that soil aggregate stability, chemical properties, and fungal communities differed significantly among the 11 species. Soil chemical properties, such as pH and EC, correlated with symbiotic fungi dominated modules; both soil aggregate stability and chemical properties were linked to pathogenic fungi dominated modules, while saprophytic fungi dominated modules displayed no linkage to either soil aggregate stability or chemical properties. These findings establish that fungal trophic modes govern species-dependent restoration outcomes via modular soil-microbe linkages, thereby offering predictive frameworks for species-specific management of abandoned soils.}, }
@article {pmid41188658, year = {2025}, author = {Nysanth, NS and Yadav, V and Gambhir, S and Pooniya, V and Sagar, D and Lama, A and Pal, KK and Swarnalakshmi, K}, title = {Endophytic Bacillus strains enhance chickpea growth and performance under controlled and field conditions.}, journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}, volume = {118}, number = {12}, pages = {186}, pmid = {41188658}, issn = {1572-9699}, support = {ICAR-Extramural project [12-174] and ICAR-AINP [21-30]//Indian Council of Agricultural Research/ ; }, abstract = {Endophytic Bacillus species are known to improve legume symbiosis and plant performance through an array of mechanisms. This study evaluated the potential of endophytic Bacillus strains (B. firmus, B. subtilis, and B. tequilensis) to promote growth and productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) grown under rainfed conditions. Among the Bacillus strains evaluated for in vitro plant growth-promoting traits, B. firmus exhibited the highest potential for phosphate solubilization (pH drop to 5.0) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production (28.9 PPM). Seed biopriming with Bacillus strains enhanced antioxidant accumulation in chickpea seedlings, with B. subtilis markedly boosting key antioxidant enzymes, while B. tequilensis and B. firmus exerted distinct tissue-specific effects, as revealed by principal component analysis (PCA). At the critical threshold of 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), which inhibit chickpea seed germination, B. firmus and B. tequilensis maintained viability and biopriming chickpea seeds with these strains restored germination (25% and 41.7%, respectively), whereas UnInoculated and B. subtilis bioprimed seeds failed to germinate. In a controlled pot study, B. firmus inoculation enhanced chickpea biomass, increasing root and shoot growth by 37.4% and 27.7%, respectively, over the UnInoculated control. Field study showed that co-inoculation of B. firmus with Mesorhizobium ciceri enhanced leghemoglobin content (79.6%), nodule biomass (69.0%), nutrient uptake (N: 13.8%, P: 20.3%), plant biomass (14%) and seed yield (8%) over the absolute control. Ordination analysis clearly indicated that co-inoculation of M. ciceri with B. firmus had the strongest effect on chickpea performance under field conditions. Our findings establish B. firmus as a promising bioinoculant for improving chickpea productivity under rainfed conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41188575, year = {2025}, author = {Botana, MT and Lewis, RE and Quaranta, A and Salamin, O and Revol-Cavalier, J and Oakley, CA and Feussner, I and Hamberg, M and Grossman, AR and Suggett, DJ and Weis, VM and Wheelock, CE and Davy, SK}, title = {Octadecanoids as emerging lipid mediators in cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1519}, pmid = {41188575}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {2022-00796//Vetenskapsr&#xe5;det (Swedish Research Council)/ ; }, abstract = {Oxylipin signaling has been suggested as a potential mechanism for the inter-partner recognition and homeostasis regulation of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, which maintains the ecological viability of coral reefs. Here we assessed the effects of symbiosis and symbiont identity on a model cnidarian, the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana, using mass spectrometry to quantify octadecanoid oxylipins (i.e., 18-carbon-derived oxygenated fatty acids). A total of 84 octadecanoids were reported, and distinct stereospecificity was observed for the synthesis of R- and S-enantiomers for symbiont-free anemones and free-living cultured dinoflagellate symbionts, respectively. Symbiont-derived 13(S)-hydroxy-octadecatetraenoic acid (13(S)-HOTE) linked to a putative 13(S)-lipoxygenase was translocated to the host anemone with a 32-fold increase, suggesting it as a biomarker of symbiosis and as a potential agonist of host receptors that regulate inflammatory transcription. Only symbiosis with the native symbiont Breviolum minutum decreased the abundance of pro-inflammatory 9(R)-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (9(R)-HODE) in the host. In contrast, symbiosis with the non-native symbiont Durusdinium trenchii was marked by higher abundance of autoxidation-derived octadecanoids, corroborating previous evidence for cellular stress in this association. The putative octadecanoid signaling pathways reported here suggest foundational knowledge gaps that can support the bioengineering and selective breeding of more optimal host-symbiont pairings to enhance resilience and survival of coral reefs.}, }
@article {pmid41188239, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Nie, MM and Li, DN and Bai, S and Liu, Q and Qin, DN and Li, QR and Zhou, BW and Zhuang, KX and Wu, X and Lu, JY and Shen, RF and Chen, ZC}, title = {Maintaining sulfur supply to the symbiosome delays nodule senescence in soybean.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {9736}, pmid = {41188239}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {*Glycine max/metabolism/microbiology/genetics/physiology ; *Sulfur/metabolism ; *Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism/microbiology ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation/physiology ; Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Reactive Nitrogen Species/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Rhizobium/metabolism ; Plant Senescence ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legume-rhizobia represents a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture. Identifying key factors involved in nodule senescence, is crucial for enhancing SNF by effectively extending the lifespan of nodules. Here, we reveal that sulfur (S), an essential element for SNF, plays a major regulatory role in the senescence of soybean (Glycine max) nodules. Blocking S input into the symbiosome by knocking out either S transporter genes SULTR2;1 or SULTR3;5, resulted in a significant decrease in glutathione levels. This reduction impairs the capacity for reactive nitrogen species scavenging, thereby accelerating nodule senescence. Notably, reducing reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production in rhizobia or increasing S input in soybean nodules through genetic manipulation, can effectively mitigate high nitrogen-induced nodule senescence. Our findings demonstrate that SULTR-mediated S input is a pivotal step in regulating nodule senescence, and provide insights for developing strategies to enhance SNF in legumes by delaying nodule senescence.}, }
@article {pmid41187913, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, LJ and Hembry, DH and Hao, K and Wu, YH and Yao, G and Sun, QL and Liu, TT and Luo, SX}, title = {Network structure variation across scales offers clues to the macroevolutionary persistence of specialized mutualisms.}, journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences}, volume = {292}, number = {2058}, pages = {20250926}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2025.0926}, pmid = {41187913}, issn = {1471-2954}, support = {//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Biological Evolution ; *Moths/physiology ; China ; *Pollination ; Ants ; }, abstract = {Highly intimate (symbiotic) mutualisms, such as ant-myrmecophyte and brood pollination mutualisms, are characterized by reciprocally specialized and modular network architecture and constitute evolutionary paradoxes. Few examples of these mutualisms are known, fewer are species-rich, and theory suggests that they should be vulnerable to extinction. However, no studies have examined their structure at both multiple local sites and regional scales. Here, we examine these phenomena using a brood pollination mutualism between leafflower trees (Phyllanthaceae: Glochidion) and leafflower moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Epicephala) across eight sites in tropical and subtropical China. We find that significant reciprocal specialization is conserved across local and regional scales in these networks, but we also find local-regional discrepancies in whether networks are significantly modular, resulting in adjacent local networks that differ in architecture. Interaction turnover is almost entirely due to species turnover rather than interaction rewiring among widely distributed species. Unexpectedly, we find that two regional networks are significantly nested, while none of the local networks are. Theory suggests that nestedness may confer robustness to species loss but also should not evolve in symbiotic mutualisms. The finding that some regional networks are nested in this system suggests a possible explanation for the macroevolutionary persistence of such specialized mutualisms.}, }
@article {pmid41187175, year = {2025}, author = {Chiwala, B and Makasa, M and Zulu, JM}, title = {Power and interest levels in safely managed sanitation services in Zambia: A stakeholder mapping.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {11}, pages = {e0335130}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0335130}, pmid = {41187175}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Zambia ; Humans ; *Sanitation/methods ; *Stakeholder Participation ; Qualitative Research ; Focus Groups ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Access to safely managed sanitation (SMS) in sub-Saharan Africa including Zambia remains a challenge. Variations in power and interest among stakeholder significantly influence access to SMS. However, there is limited contextualization of how power and interest levels among stakeholders influenced access to SMS. The study aimed to explore and analyze how stakeholders perceived their power and interest in the context of providing SMS. The study applied the Mendelow Stakeholder Matrix to identify, characterize and analyze the actors involved in the provision of SMS in peri-urban areas in Lusaka, Zambia.<br><br>METHODS: A narrative qualitative research design was employed in this study. Ninety-four (94) respondents participated in the study - 25 key informants who were representatives from Government Institutions/Departments, Cooperating Partners, NGOs and community level stakeholders; 60 discussants who participated in focus group discussions, while nine (9) community leaders took part in transect walks conducted in the target areas of Kanyama, Chawama and George. Nvivo14 was utilized for data management and analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: The main results suggested that stakeholders displayed interrelationships that were symbiotic as they depended on each other to deliver their mandates. Stakeholders categorized into Mendelow quadrants displayed varying levels of homogeneity in power and interest. In addition, some stakeholders such as the Local Authority shifted quadrants when seen to perform dual roles for example to implement and enforce the policies aimed at improved public health.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The stakeholders' quadrant position coupled with persisted changes in their positions influenced their capacity to contribute effectively to the implementation of strategies to enhance access to SMS. This equally meant that implementers of SMS interventions have to regularly assess their engagement mechanisms to foster dialogue and coordination among stakeholders. Policy implications, especially to Government, may mean allocation of adequate resources to key players to enable them deliver on their respective mandates. Similarly, implications to practitioners might be the need to periodically review stakeholders and forge alliances coupled with conducting multi-sectoral meetings aimed to streamline their functions for the successful delivery of SMS.}, }
@article {pmid41186346, year = {2025}, author = {Caruso, DJ and Zaferanloo, B and Palombo, EA and Moulton, SE}, title = {Development of antibacterial hydrogel using endophytic Alternaria fungus extract isolated from Australian native plant.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb01529d}, pmid = {41186346}, issn = {2050-7518}, abstract = {To address the problems associated with pathogenic bacteria in healthcare settings, the development of novel antibacterial materials is of high priority. For such purposes, endophytic fungi - symbiotic microorganisms residing within healthy plant tissues - represent a promising yet largely unexplored source of antibacterial compounds. In this study, an antibacterial extract derived from an endophytic Alternaria fungus previously isolated from Eremophila longifolia was incorporated within gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) to produce a novel antibacterial hydrogel. Whilst rheological and compression testing revealed the addition of the extract resulted in reduction in the crosslink density of the hydrogel, all GelMA-extract formulations produced a solid mechanical stable hydrogel. The GelMA hydrogel containing a range of extract concentrations demonstrated variable inhibition of bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) growth, with a concentration of 10 mg mL[-1] extract demonstrating complete inhibition over 24 h, while showing no toxicity toward brine shrimp nauplii, indicating good biocompatibility. The GelMA-extract demonstrated minimal rapid release from the hydrogel, followed by a slower release at longer times. As such, the developed hydrogel composite is promising for antibacterial applications in biomedical settings, while the results also highlight the potential for utilising endophytic extracts in the development of novel antibacterial materials.}, }
@article {pmid41186231, year = {2025}, author = {Banerjee, S and Saha, KK and Pramanik, K and Biswas, R and Parveen, M and Balachandran, S and Roubík, H and Mandal, NC}, title = {Biocontrol, plant growth-promoting, and bioremediation potential of Aeromonas veronii CMF from the gut of Chrysomya megacephala.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0162225}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01622-25}, pmid = {41186231}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {Gut system of chitinivorous insect Chrysomya megacephala was purposefully targeted to find unexplored microbial resources based on the rationale of their usual food habits. A phytobeneficial bacterial strain Aeromonas veronii CMF was successfully isolated and characterized up to genomic approaches. The gut isolate A. veronii CMF is a non-pathogenic strain, as proven by the negative results from the hemolysis and DNase tests. Antifungal enzyme production by the CMF exhibited 22.14 ± 2.12, 16.09 ± 0.476, and 1.89 ± 0.46 U/mL chitinase, protease, and β-1,3-glucanase production, respectively. Further, in vitro and in vivo studies also elucidate the effective utilization of such gut bacterial attributes against as many as nine plant pathogenic fungi, demonstrating plant growth-promoting (PGP) and root-colonizing activities with Cicer arietinum and Oryza sativa IR36, as well as heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) resistance, removal, and bioaccumulation potential. Hence, the current study revealed the potential of the gut symbiont CMF to respond against both the biotic and abiotic stresses with PGP attributes for sustainable agriculture.IMPORTANCEGut symbiont A. veronii CMF, with integrated antifungal (chitinase, protease, and β-1,3-glucanase activity), plant growth-promoting (including plant root colonizing potential), and bioremediational attributes can be harnessed as a biotechnological tool for sustainable agriculture and human welfare by fulfilling several sustainable developmental goals. On the basis of such multidimensional gut symbiotic attributes which are validated through genomic-phenotypic observations during this study, it can be suggested that this gut symbiont can perform the host beneficial attributes in the plant rhizosphere, i.e., the "plant gut system" and consequently act as "plant gut symbionts."}, }
@article {pmid41186223, year = {2025}, author = {Denisova, EY and Kirichek, EA and Tsyganov, VE}, title = {Genome sequence of a native nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium sp. strain RCAM1614 isolated from lupine nodules.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0104825}, doi = {10.1128/mra.01048-25}, pmid = {41186223}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {This report describes the genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain RCAM1614, which was isolated from the root nodules of Lupinus angustifolius L. in the Leningrad district of Russia. The genome has a size of 9.77 Mbp and shows 96.1% completeness, which enables precise taxonomic classification.}, }
@article {pmid41185456, year = {2025}, author = {He, L and Ge, S and Li, L and Mei, Y and Liu, R and Lin, R and Wang, L and Kang, H and Yu, J and Thomas, HR and Zhou, Y}, title = {SlWRI5a and SlHY5 co-activate SlFatM-mediated fatty acid biosynthesis during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70691}, pmid = {41185456}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2023YFD2300701//National Key Research and Development of China/ ; 32330094//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U21A20233//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; SN-ZJU-SIAS-0011//Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study/ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) is a ubiquitous mutualistic interaction between many terrestrial plants and fungi, with lipids playing a pivotal role in nutrient exchange. However, few genetic regulators of AMS have been functionally validated in tomato. To investigate candidate genes, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 and VIGS to generate knockout and knockdown lines. A comprehensive suite of molecular biology techniques, including yeast-1/2-hybridization, BiFC, ChIP-qPCR, and RNA-sequencing, was used to elucidate the regulatory roles of SlWRI5a, SlHY5, and SlFatM in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis and AMS in tomato. FA composition was analyzed using gas chromatography. In this study, we validated SlWRI5a and SlFatM as key regulators of 16-carbon FA biosynthesis during AMS in tomato and demonstrated physical interactions between SlWRI5a and SlHY5. SlHY5 expression was induced by AMS and promoted root FA biosynthesis. Finally, we demonstrated that SlWRI5a and SlHY5 can co-regulate SlFatM-mediated FA accumulation, thereby influencing AMF colonization efficiency in tomato. Our findings reveal the SlWRI5a/SlHY5-SlFatM regulatory module, offering new insights into lipid-mediated AMS in tomato. This work also highlights a novel role for HY5 during fungal symbiosis, underscoring its broader significance in plant-microbe interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41185303, year = {2025}, author = {Pérez-Bermúdez, I and Fiallos-Maravilla, N and Opazo-Navarrete, M and Petzold, G and Orellana-Palma, P}, title = {Exploring centrifugal-percolation as an innovative external force in block freeze concentration technology applied to peppermint infusion.}, journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)}, volume = {221}, number = {Pt 4}, pages = {117550}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117550}, pmid = {41185303}, issn = {1873-7145}, mesh = {*Mentha piperita/chemistry ; Centrifugation/methods ; Antioxidants/analysis ; Flavonoids/analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Polyphenols/analysis ; *Freezing ; *Food Handling/methods ; *Plant Extracts/chemistry/analysis ; }, abstract = {This study investigates the use of centrifugal-percolation block freeze concentration (CP-BFC) at three cycles to obtain concentrate fractions from peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) infusion. The process parameters, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds (total polyphenol (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, and HPLC analyses), and antioxidant capacity of the concentrated fractions were evaluated. After three CP-BFC cycles, the process parameters were close to 95 % and 66 % for efficiency of separation and solute yield, respectively. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the percolation system can be incorporated in the centrifugation step, and thus, both separation steps carry out a successful extraction of concentrate solutes (11.7 % w/w and 13.5°Brix) from the ice fraction, with TPC and TFC values of 13.21 mg gallic acid equivalents/mL and 15.93 mg catequin equivalents/mL, respectively. Vanillic acid, rutin, and kampferol presented the highest concentration among all the phenolic compounds. While, antioxidant capacity changes ranged until 47 and 206 μmol trolox equivalents/mL, for DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. These findings (high extraction and high concentration of solutes, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity) highlight the potential by adding a percolation system in the centrifugation process as a novel symbiotic strategy for high-quality liquid food concentration, effectively balancing process parameters and product quality, with potential for semi-industrial scale concentration of solutes and bioactive compounds. Therefore, centrifugal-percolation is an alternative external force to couple with BFC technology due to the double separation, since the process increased and preserved bioactive compounds to produce concentrated solutions with endless possibilities for multifarious food, medical, and pharmaceutical applications.}, }
@article {pmid41184748, year = {2025}, author = {Yoshioka, Y and Kawachi, M and Kawamitsu, M and Murzabaev, A and Satoh, N and Shinzato, C and Shoguchi, E}, title = {First genome sequences of the dinoflagellate Effrenium voratum strain isolated from the coral Hydnophora exesa in temperate Japanese region.}, journal = {BMC genomic data}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {83}, pmid = {41184748}, issn = {2730-6844}, support = {JP23KJ2129//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP20H03235//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JP23K26825//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Dinoflagellates are important unicellular eukaryotes found in freshwater and marine ecosystems. The Family Symbiodiniaceae is well-known as symbiotic algae in various marine organisms, including many endosymbiotic species living in cnidarian cells. In contrast, the genus Effrenium is non-symbiotic, exhibiting traits such as resting cyst formation and heterotrophic feeding. Effrenium strains have been used as controls in symbiosis-related comparative studies. The only described species, E. voratum, is cosmopolitan, and draft genomes of three strains have been reported. However, genomic data from strains originating in temperate Japanese regions are lacking. A high-quality draft genome of an additional E. voratum strain will provide valuable resources for molecular biology of symbiosis and comparative genomics on local adaptation in Symbiodiniaceae.<br><br>DATA DESCRIPTION: We describe the first draft genome (version 1) of E. voratum strain NIES-2908, which was isolated from the coral Hydnophora exesa in the temperate Japanese coastal water of Goto islands, Japan. Using PacBio HiFi sequencing, the genome was assembled to a total size of 1,006 Mbp, comprising 6,051 contigs. The GC content was 50.5%, and repetitive sequences accounted for 37.9% of the genome. Gene prediction identified 54,346 protein coding genes, with 68.4% completeness based on the BUSCO alveolate dataset.}, }
@article {pmid41184724, year = {2025}, author = {Eliassen, LK and Altin, D and Andersen, T and Riemann, L and Dunthorn, M and Titelman, J}, title = {Long Term Copepod Culture Houses a Rich Microbial Eukaryotic Community Including New and Known Symbionts.}, journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, pages = {e70053}, doi = {10.1111/jeu.70053}, pmid = {41184724}, issn = {1550-7408}, support = {315892//Norges Forskningsr&#xe5;d/ ; //Utdannings- og forskningsdepartementet/ ; }, mesh = {*Copepoda/microbiology/parasitology ; Animals ; *Symbiosis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; *Eukaryota/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Copepods, dominant marine zooplankton, are hosts to microbial eukaryotic symbionts, but the copepod eukaryome remains largely unexplored. We used 18S rRNA gene primers with reduced metazoan amplification to identify microbial eukaryotes in a culture of Calanus finmarchicus (Copepoda). Samples were taken from the inlet water (99.5% of reads from non-copepod sources) and the contents of the culture, which included ambient water (99.7%), bulk (many crushed copepods, 60.2%), individual copepods (1%-41%, mean = 7.4), and bulk fecal pellets (74%). The microbial eukaryotic community in the culture differed from the inlet water. The culture contained saprotrophs and bacterivores typical of eutrophic aquacultures and known parasites of copepods. Individual copepod eukaryomes varied in richness (8-33 operational taxonomic units, mean = 16.1) and revealed variation in non-copepod read yields related to specific taxa. Perkinsea, not previously reported in copepods, as well as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (Fungi), formed the core eukaryome (found in > 90% of individuals), indicating potentially important symbiosis. The small eukaryome, relative to reported microbiomes in C. finmarchicus, suggests that ecological inferences from microbiomes, which largely address bacteria, are not readily applicable to the eukaryotic microbes. The study underpins the need for investigations of eukaryomes.}, }
@article {pmid41183989, year = {2025}, author = {Kiyota, H and Watanabe, K and Oyama, H and Tachibana, M and Shimizu, T and Watarai, M}, title = {Legionella Confer Survival Benefits to Paramecium Hosts by Inhibiting Phagocytosis.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25022}, pmid = {41183989}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {*Phagocytosis ; *Paramecium/microbiology/physiology ; *Legionella/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis ; Microbial Viability ; }, abstract = {Legionella survive in the natural environment by remaining within protist host cells. Many protist species, including Paramecium spp., are potential hosts for Legionella. However, the factors and mechanisms involved in the establishment of this relationship are unknown. The advantages gained by Paramecium spp. when they maintain Legionella are also unclear, and the existence of these relationships has not been confirmed. In the present study, feeding with Legionella increased the number of Paramecium cells over time. However, the growth-promoting effect of Legionella was weaker than that of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which is considered the optimal bacterial feed for Paramecium. Phagocytosis was strongly inhibited in Paramecium cells fed Legionella, indicating that this relationship prevents the uptake of harmful organisms. The inhibition of phagocytosis was also observed when Paramecium cells were treated with the Legionella culture supernatant. Despite the inhibition of phagocytosis, the presence of live Legionella within host cells allowed Paramecium spp. to survive and even increase in number, as observed earlier. This result suggests that Legionella support the survival of Paramecium hosts from a nutritional aspect. Although it is difficult to definitively state whether the relationship between Legionella and Paramecium hosts is completely mutualistic, the present results provide one rationale for defining their relationship.}, }
@article {pmid41182813, year = {2025}, author = {Caiafa, MV and Rowe, MA and Healy, R and Lemmond, B and Nouhra, E and Pfister, DH and Sandoval-Leiva, P and Furci, G and Smith, ME}, title = {Unearthing two new ectomycorrhizal Pezizales truffle species from Nothofagaceae forests in southern South America.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2025.2562792}, pmid = {41182813}, issn = {1557-2536}, abstract = {Truffles are enclosed, hypogeous fruiting bodies that have evolved hundreds of times across different fungal groups. Truffles are particularly diverse within Pezizales, a large and diverse order of Ascomycota where truffle forms have evolved multiple times. The majority of truffle species are ectomycorrhizal symbionts of trees and rely on animals for dispersal. Because of their hypogeous nature, truffles remain understudied and many new taxa remain to be discovered. Due to their obligate symbiosis with host plants and their dependence on animal dispersal, ectomycorrhizal truffle species often show distinct host associations, are restricted to certain forest types, and have notable biogeographic distribution patterns. Here, we present morphological and phylogenetic evidence in support of two new truffle species associated with Nothofagaceae trees in southern South America, Geomorium nahuelbutense (Geomoriaceae) and Paragalactinia nothofagacearum (Pezizaceae). The closest described relatives of these species form aboveground, apothecial ascomata, suggesting that these taxa are derived from independent evolutionary events leading to the truffle morphology. Paragalactinia nothofagacearum is widespread in northern Patagonia and has been documented as an ectomycorrhizal associate of Lophozonia alpina (= Nothofagus nervosa) seedlings. In contrast, Geomorium nahuelbutense has only been found in a well-preserved coastal forest in Chile toward the northern extent of the range of Nothofagaceae in South America. This is a conservation priority area that has been heavily impacted by fires, deforestation, and other human activities. This species is known only from two modern collections from Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta and one preserved specimen collected by Roland Thaxter near Concepción, Chile, in 1906.}, }
@article {pmid41181086, year = {2025}, author = {Hiruma, K and Sugiyama, A}, title = {Preface to the special issue "Diverse Symbiotic Relationships between Plants and Microbes in the Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere".}, journal = {Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {189-191}, pmid = {41181086}, issn = {1342-4580}, }
@article {pmid41181081, year = {2025}, author = {Araragi, M and Songwattana, P and Teaumroong, N and Masuda, S and Shibata, A and Shirasu, K and Kawaharada, Y}, title = {Improved rapid and efficient hairy root transformation using Rhizobium rhizogenes in legume crops.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {279-288}, pmid = {41181081}, issn = {1342-4580}, abstract = {Hairy root transformation mediated by Rhizobium rhizogenes is a widely used tool for molecular analysis and root material for secondary metabolite production. However, this method is time-intensive, technically demanding, and exhibits low transformation efficiency. To address these limitations, we developed a rapid and efficient hairy root transformation system for legume crops, optimizing protocols with the soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivar Fukuyutaka. Sterilizing seeds with vapor of 5% sodium hypochlorite and germinating them in a double-tier container resulted in over 90% healthy, straight seedlings ideal for transformation, with 3- to 5-day-old seedlings showing the highest transformation rates. Exposing the plant shoot during co-cultivation by covering only the injection area, combined with low nitrogen levels in the hydroponic solution, significantly enhanced hairy root production, yielding up to 16 transgenic hairy roots per plant. Additionally, low nitrogen concentrations were crucial for promoting nodule formation in transgenic hairy roots. These optimized conditions were validated across 12 soybean, 1 cowpea, and 1 mungbean cultivars. The protocol's effectiveness was confirmed through the induction of symbiotic gene expression of GmEnod40a and GmErn1b using a promoter β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter system in transgenic hairy roots. Expression of these genes was detected in both premature and mature nodules, while GmErn1b expression was also observed in epidermal cells during early nodulation. This optimized hairy root transformation protocol, requiring under 22 days from seed sterilization to transgenic root induction and 61 days to expression analysis, offers a promising approach for efficient gene function studies in legume crops.}, }
@article {pmid41181077, year = {2025}, author = {Higashi, Y and Ambiru, H and Saito, H and Egusa, M and Miura, C and Tominaga, T and Kaminaka, H}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhiza-induced growth promotion and disease resistance are fine-tuned by growth-defense tradeoffs in Lotus japonicus and tomato.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {289-298}, pmid = {41181077}, issn = {1342-4580}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are representative symbiotic partners of plants, and trade nutrients with them. This symbiotic association confers plants with the agronomically beneficial traits such as plant growth promotion and stress tolerance. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are divided into two morphotypes, the Arum-type and the Paris-type, based on fungal structures within the host plant cells. Although the phylogeny of host plants typically determines the AM morphotype, the AMF, Rhizophagus irregularis and Gigaspora margarita, can form Arum-type AM and Paris-type AM, respectively, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this study, the traits resulting from the AM symbiosis and root transcriptomes between Lotus japonicus and tomato inoculated with these two phylogenetically distal AMF were compared. In L. japonicus, Arum-type AMs formed when colonized by both AMF, as expected. Shoot growth in both plants was significantly promoted when inoculated by these AMF, although the impact of G. margarita was greater than that by R. irregularis colonization. A transcriptome analysis of both plants inoculated by the two AMF strongly suggested changes in the expression levels of genes associated with defense response. AMF inoculation induced resistance against Fusarium diseases in both plants, but the level of disease resistance in Rhizophagus-colonized plants was higher than in Gigaspora-colonized plants. Thus, the colonized AMF identity, and not the AM morphotype, determines the level of AM-induced traits, plant growth promotion and disease resistance. Negative relationships between these two traits would exist as a growth-defense tradeoff to fine-tune the balance in response to limited resources, and to optimize fitness.}, }
@article {pmid41181076, year = {2025}, author = {Suwa, S and Ando, M and Kashiwagi, K and Kyotani, T and Hasegawa, K and Safiullah, H and Kifushi, M and Nishikawa, Y and Anai, T and Ohkama-Ohtsu, N and Takeyama, H}, title = {Single-cell Raman spectroscopic analysis of bacteroids in soybean nodules to observe the relationship between biomolecular constituents and symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {335-343}, pmid = {41181076}, issn = {1342-4580}, abstract = {Nitrogen fixation in soybean occurs as a result of symbiosis between the plant and rhizobia in the nodules. This process allows both the plant and the symbiont to acquire vital nutrition. To fully understand the symbiosis, many researchers have attempted to attain a deeper interpretation of the biomolecular behavior or enhance the nitrogen fixation activity of bacteroids. However, most studies have focused on forward and reverse genetics approaches to evaluate the contribution of a particular gene/enzyme in nitrogen fixation. Few studies have observed the bacteroids' overall biomolecular behavior in the nodules. Thus, we grew soybean plants and recorded acetylene reduction assay (ARA) results at several growth stages. Simultaneously, we analyzed the biomolecular compounds in the bacteroids in the nodules at the single-cell level by Raman microspectroscopy. Random forest regression, a machine learning method, was applied to discover the biomolecular contribution to the ARA, as it predicted ARA results with high accuracy. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biopolymer significantly contributed to predicting ARA results, suggesting its potential relevance in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean. Further studies related to PHB behavior will lead to a deeper understanding of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and may help achieve better control of this process to increase crop yields.}, }
@article {pmid41181073, year = {2025}, author = {Erdenetugs, E and Harada, S and Erdenetugs, E and Sentoku, T and Arai, M and Saito, K and Kobae, Y}, title = {Various types of mycorrhizal fungi sequences detected in single intracellular vesicles.}, journal = {Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)}, volume = {42}, number = {3}, pages = {299-307}, pmid = {41181073}, issn = {1342-4580}, abstract = {A diverse range of microbes have been observed to coexist in plant roots in the field, among which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) are universal and have recently been shown to be of two types: one belonging to the subphylum Glomeromycotina (G-AMF) and the other to the subphylum Mucoromycotina (M-AMF). These two types of mycorrhizal fungi are known to co-occur in roots. This is because, in addition to the morphological evidence, diverse ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences, including those of G-AMF, are detected in mycorrhizae colonized with M-AMF. However, it is difficult to physically distinguish between these AMFs, and amplification bias of G-AMF and M-AMF by PCR has hampered analysis of the detailed symbiotic behaviour of both AMFs. In this study, we isolated a single vesicle of lipid-accumulating AMF in the root and sequenced its rRNA gene by PCR using uniquely designed primers with reduced amplification bias. Notably, G-AMF and M-AMF rRNA gene sequences were detected in one vesicle. These results suggest new avenues for mycorrhizal research on the overlooked morphology of AMF vesicles and their mode of genetic co-occurrence of G-AMF and M-AMF.}, }
@article {pmid41180406, year = {2025}, author = {Xiong, Q and Zheng, L and Zhang, Q and Li, T and Zheng, L and Song, L}, title = {Comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses of Sphaeropleales.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1534646}, pmid = {41180406}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Sphaeropleales is a diverse group with over one thousand species described, which are found in a wide range of habitats showed strong environmental adaptability. This study presented comprehensive genomic analyses of seven newly sequenced Sphaeropleales strains with BUSCO completeness exceeding 90%, alongside comparative assessments with previously sequenced genomes. The genome sizes of Sphaeropleales species ranged from 39.8 Mb to 151.9 Mb, with most having a GC content around 56%. Orthologous analysis revealed unique gene families in each strain, comprising 2 to 3.5% of all genes. Comparative functional analysis indicated that transporters, genes encoding pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and antioxidant enzymes played a crucial role in adaptation to environmental stressors like salinity, cold, heavy metals and varying nutrient conditions. Additionally, Sphaeropleales species were found to be B12 auxotrophy, acquiring this vitamin or its precursors through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Phylogenetic studies based on 18S rDNA and the low copy othologues confirmed species identification and the relationships inside core Chlorophyta and between prasinophytes. Evolutionary analyses demonstrated all the species exhibited a large count of gene family expansions and contraction, with rapidly evolving and positive selected genes identified in terrestrial Bracteacoccus species, which contributed to their adaptation to terrestrial habitat. These findings enriched the genomic data for Sphaeropleales, particularly the genus Bracteacoccus, which can help in understanding the ecological adaptations, evolutionary relationships, and biotechnological applications of this group of algae.}, }
@article {pmid41179241, year = {2025}, author = {Sotomayor-Alge, A and Inda, LA and Ángel-Beamonte, E and Zabalgogeazcoa, &#xcd; and Catalán, P}, title = {Unveiling an asymmetric plant-fungal symbiosis: morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of a haploid Epichloë festucae strain associated with three polyploid cytotypes of the Iberian endemic grass Festuca rothmaleri.}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {e162692}, pmid = {41179241}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {The ecological and evolutionary outcomes of plant-fungal interactions are strongly influenced by genome size and ploidy, yet the ploidy level of both partners is rarely assessed simultaneously. Epichloë symbioses with Pooideae grasses are established model systems for exploring these dynamics, but associations between polyploid hosts and haploid endophytes remain poorly documented. In this study, the association of the Iberian endemic Festuca rothmaleri-which includes tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid cytotypes-with Epichloë fungal endophytes is documented for the first time. An integrative, method-rich framework combining cytogenetics, morphometrics, and multilocus phylogenetics revealed a strikingly asymmetric interaction, with all cytotypes harboring a single haploid strain of Epichloë festucae. Two methodological innovations were developed: (i) an image-based tool for automated measurement of asexual structures, including the novel metric "conidial area," and (ii) a flow cytometry protocol for estimating fungal genome size. Despite morphological variability, all fungal isolates shared similar genome sizes and formed a well-supported monophyletic lineage in a coalescent species tree based on nuclear loci sequences (actG, CalM, ITS, tefA, tubB). This work provides the first comprehensive characterization of a haploid Epichloë endophyte spanning multiple naturally distributed host ploidy levels and highlights a rare but promising system for future evolutionary, physiological, and ecological studies of plant-fungal interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41178244, year = {2025}, author = {Zhu, L and Liu, D and Wu, Y and Qi, M and Ai, Z and Sun, Y and Li, Z and Guo, D and Chen, H and Wang, W and Lin, F and Yuan, J and Ye, X and Zhang, Q and Zhang, W}, title = {Sugar Transporter GmSWEET38 Controls Nodule Development and Seed Yield in Soybean.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70269}, pmid = {41178244}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//This study was supported by the grants from the National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2022YFD1201700) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (KJJQ2024007) to Q.Z., and the National Natural Science Foundation (32171956) to W.Z./ ; }, abstract = {The transport of sugars produced by photosynthesis between source and sink tissues controls multiple biological processes in growth and development. However, the key factors, both genetic and environmental, that influence sugar transport and crop yield are largely unknown. We identified a plasma membrane-localized sugar transporter, GmSWEET38, that facilitates the translocation of sugars to seeds and nodules in soybean (Glycine max L.). GmSWEET38 exhibited both efflux and influx activities of sucrose and fructose in Xenopus oocytes. GmSWEET38 expression was high in the vascular system of roots and nodules, and overexpression of GmSWEET38 enhanced the sugar contents of roots and seeds, consequently promoting nodule development and seed production. Loss of GmSWEET38 function exerted the opposite effects. Intriguingly, GmSWEET38 specifically transported fructose into the rhizosphere, where it is used by beneficial bacteria. By modulating sugar transport and allocation to enhance symbiotic nitrogen fixation, GmSWEET38 can be used for the breeding of high-yielding soybean cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid41178122, year = {2025}, author = {Arumugam, B and Deotale, S and Chakravarty, I and Ninawe, Y and Dadhe, P and Deshpande, KY and Mandavgane, SA}, title = {Enzyme Treated Sapota Seed Dietary Fibre Is a Novel Prebiotic Feed Additive: In Vitro Studies.}, journal = {Biotechnology and applied biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/bab.70086}, pmid = {41178122}, issn = {1470-8744}, support = {//Department of Science and Technology, Government of India/ ; //Merino Industries Limited Hapur/ ; //SreePV Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The valorization of agro-industrial fruit by-products presents a sustainable strategy to enhance animal nutrition while reducing environmental waste. This study investigates the physicochemical attributes, dietary fiber profile, and prebiotic potential of the enzyme treated Manilkara zapota (sapota) seed powder (eSSP) for functional use in poultry feed. The eSSP flour demonstrated high crude fiber content (23.94 ± 1.86 g/100 g), with total dietary fiber comprising 83.45% insoluble and 16.54% soluble fractions. Enzymatic hydrolysis optimized at 6 h revealed peak concentrations of fermentable oligosaccharides, including galacto-oligosaccharides (12.06 ± 0.45%), manno-oligosaccharides (8.04 ± 0.30%), fructo-oligosaccharides (9.83 ± 0.25%), and xylo-oligosaccharides (10.83 ± 0.50%). Supplementation with e6SSP resulted in a significant increase in both qualitative and quantitative volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, indicating its prebiotic potential. Notably, the high xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) content (∼10%) contributed to elevated butyric acid levels in fermentation assays, reinforcing the stimbiotic properties of eSSP. Symbiotic assays with Lactobacillus casei confirmed the eSSP's capacity to support probiotic growth, while in vitro fermentation demonstrated enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate. Antioxidant profiling further validated the seed's bioactive potential, with total phenolic content of 767.65 ± 1.24 mg GAE/100 g and flavonoid content of 2223.6 ± 0.87 mg QE/100 g. These findings establish eSSP as a potent, cost-effective, and natural prebiotic candidate for improving gut health and sustainability in animal feed systems.}, }
@article {pmid41177671, year = {2025}, author = {Botero, LM and Al-Niemi, T and McDermott, TR}, title = {Observations Concerning Rhizobium tropici Bacteroid Phosphorus Stress Response During Symbiosis With Phaseolus vulgaris.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {e70220}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70220}, pmid = {41177671}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {923310//Montana Agricultural Experiment Station/ ; }, mesh = {*Phaseolus/microbiology/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; *Phosphorus/metabolism ; *Rhizobium tropici/metabolism/physiology/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism/genetics ; Stress, Physiological ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Bacteroid inorganic phosphorus (Pi) metabolism in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis differs between indeterminate and determinate legume nodules. In contrast to alfalfa bacteroids, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) bacteroids exhibit high levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP), the native reporter enzyme for the bacterial Pi stress response. [14]C and [32]Pi whole plant labelling techniques were used in conjunction with diagnostic mutants (lacking AP or lacking high affinity Pi transport) to assess the relative importance of the Pi stress response in Rhizobium tropici bacteroids during symbiosis. The AP- mutant was not defective for symbiosis and did not differ from wildtype bacteroids for Pi acquisition. [14]C-CO2 feeding to host plants revealed [14]C-carbon uptake and accumulation in AP- mutant bacteroids, and their nodules were increased relative to wildtype bacteroids, implying that organo-P compounds may account for meaningful levels of carbon exchange between symbionts. [32]Pi tracer experiments implied that the high affinity transporter is important to bacteroid Pi acquisition and symbiotic performance in determinate nodules, but that the symbiosome Pi concentration does not meet the capacity of the high affinity transporter. [32]P tracer work also illustrated that Pi taken up into the nodule does not remain in the nodule, but rather is redistributed to the host.}, }
@article {pmid41177652, year = {2026}, author = {Wu, L and Huang, Z and Fan, S and Zhen, L and Lv, J}, title = {Effects and interactions of freeze-thaw leaching on cadmium forms, soil chemical properties, and microbial community structure in cadmium-contaminated soil.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {70-81}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.02.048}, pmid = {41177652}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Cadmium/analysis/chemistry ; *Soil Pollutants/analysis/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Soil/chemistry ; Freezing ; Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Heavy metal contamination of soil is one of the major challenges to sustainable agriculture. This contamination can be transmitted through the soil food chain and poses a serious threat to human health. In this study, we found that freeze-thaw leaching (FTL) effectively complements the low removal rate of chemical leaching, and investigated the effects of different numbers of FTL on Cd contamination, soil chemical properties and microbial communities. The results showed that repeated FTL significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the total Cd content in the top soil (19.02 %-49.35 %) and subsoil (0.41 %-21.13 %) and promoted the transformation of Cd to a more stable form, mainly through various removal mechanisms such as complexation, ion-exchange, and chemical precipitation. This finding was supported by reductions in several soil properties, including pH, available potassium (AK), and available phosphorus (AP). FTL treatment initially increased the bioavailability of Cd compared to chemical leaching, but bioavailability of Cd progressively decreased as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased. Additionally, FTL reduced the richness and diversity of bacteria communities, destabilized ecological symbiotic networks, while increasing the richness and diversity of fungi in the soil. Various model analyses indicated that FTL treatment, available Cd, soil pH, AP and AK were the key drivers influencing the changes in microbial community structure. This study provides new insights and scientific bases for the effective management of heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils, the restoration of ecosystem health, and the improvement of soil sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid41177600, year = {2026}, author = {Ponce-Hernández, A and Carranza-Álvarez, C and Castro-Longoria, E and Hernández-Martínez, R and Martínez-Soto, D}, title = {Fungus Neosartorya (Aspergillus) fischeri improves the fitness, tolerance and absorption of heavy metals in Typha latifolia.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {160}, number = {}, pages = {218-230}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.05.049}, pmid = {41177600}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Metals, Heavy/metabolism/toxicity ; *Typhaceae/physiology/microbiology/metabolism ; *Soil Pollutants/metabolism/toxicity ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; *Aliivibrio fischeri/physiology ; }, abstract = {Heavy metal contamination is a global issue caused by anthropogenic activities leading to severe negative effects on the environment and human health. To address this problem, bioremediation strategies utilizing plants such as Typha latifolia and their symbiotic fungi have been adopted to remediate contaminated areas and mitigate the harmful effects of these pollutants. In this study, the endophytic fungus Neosartorya fischeri was isolated from the roots of T. latifolia plants growing in heavy metal-contaminated sites. N. fischeri colonized the epidermis and root cortex and showed high tolerance to toxic concentrations of silver (Ag) (1 mg/kg), copper (Cu) (60 mg/kg) and cadmium (Cd) (8 mg/kg). N. fischeri removed 8.7 % ± 0.5 % Cd from the medium, biosorbed 15.24 ± 0.2 mg/kg into its biomass, and enhanced the tolerance and bioaccumulation of Cd (184.18 ± 1.14 mg/kg) in plant roots. Moreover, N. fischeri produces siderophores, volatile compounds and solubilizes phosphates, which improve plant fitness. This was evidenced by a 28 % increase in photosynthetic pigments in T. latifolia plants colonized with N. fischeri. Additionally, N. fischeri inhibits the growth of important phytopathogens from the Fusarium genus. These findings highlight the important role of N. fischeri in enhancing the fitness and resilience of T. latifolia in hostile environments, demonstrating the potential of N. fischeri-T. latifolia association for the bioremediation of contaminated sites.}, }
@article {pmid41177409, year = {2025}, author = {Lin, S and Pan, M and Ma, Y and Chen, Z and Lyu, T and Dong, R and Ruan, R and Liu, S}, title = {Microalgae-mediated shaping of bacterial communities enhances antibiotic removal and antibiotic resistance control.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133577}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133577}, pmid = {41177409}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The microalgae-bacteria symbiosis sludge (MBSS) system offers a promising strategy for efficient wastewater treatment and nutrients upcycling. However, maintaining stable and effective performance facing antibiotic stress remains a significant challenge. This study explored the regulation strategy of microbial succession towards sulfadiazine (SDZ)-containing wastewater remediation while controlling antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spread in MBSS system. The MBSS achieved efficient SDZ removal of up to 99.8%, with an optimal microalgae-to-activated sludge inoculation ratio of 1:3. However, the highest nutrient upcycling efficiencies (33.7% for nitrogen and 98.6% for phosphorus) were observed at an inoculation ratio of 1:1. Metagenomics analysis revealed that genera Chlorella and Micractinium of Chlorophyta were strongly positively correlated with SDZ removal. Moreover, microalgae inoculation significantly modulated the microbial community structure, promoting the dominance of genera Rhodanobacter and Dokdonella in MBSS. This microbial succession could potentially facilitate bacterial co-degradation of SDZ and contribute to a substantially reduced level of ARGs (with the relative abundance of sul1 and sul2 decreasing to 22.9% post-treatment). Overall, the strategy of regulating microalgae inoculation in the MBSS significantly enhanced antibiotic removal and nutrient recovery while controlling the proliferation and spread of ARGs by directing microbial community succession.}, }
@article {pmid41175869, year = {2025}, author = {Flori, S and Mikus, F and Flaum, E and Moog, K and Guessoum, S and Beavis, T and Zwahlen, SM and Romero-Brey, I and Oorshot, V and Olivetta, M and Steele-Ogus, M and Yeh, E and ,  and Dudin, O and Schwab, Y and Dey, G and Vincent, F}, title = {Diatom ultrastructural diversity across controlled and natural environments.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.10.024}, pmid = {41175869}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Diatoms are ubiquitous aquatic microalgae critical to our planet and were among the pioneer model organisms in cell biology because of their large and transparent cell structure. However, their robust silica cell wall, which renders diatoms impermeable to many dyes and antibodies, as well as challenging for gene editing tools, likely hindered the broader establishment of diatoms as standard model species, despite their unique cellular physiology and remarkable ecological success. Here, we demonstrate that cryo-fixation combined with ultrastructural expansion microscopy (cryo-ExM) can overcome the silica barrier across diverse diatom species spanning over 80 million years of evolutionary time. We illustrate cryo-ExM's potential to provide scalable, cost-effective volumetric imaging of diatom ultrastructure in laboratory cultures, as well as field-collected samples from the pan-European TREC expedition. We first reveal striking similarities in interphase microtubule organization across diverse diatom species by characterizing cytoskeletal arrangements throughout cell cycles and populations, uniting both pennate and centric morphologies under shared principles. We further unveil diatom photosynthetic diversity through qualitative and quantitative comparative analyses of chloroplast and pyrenoid morphologies, demonstrating that each diatom species architects unique photosynthetic machinery. Using cryo-ExM on environmental samples further exposes intricate diatom symbioses, revealing tight spatial organization of ecological interactions. This methodology makes diatoms more accessible for modern and comparative cell biology research, providing new opportunities to investigate the cellular physiology of one of Earth's most successful photosynthetic groups.}, }
@article {pmid41175755, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, K and Cao, X and Geng, X and Huang, W and Liu, H and Yan, Z and Wu, Z and Yang, C and Tang, J and Zhou, Z}, title = {Microbiome dysbiosis and decreased survival in coral larvae exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of nanoplastics and sulfamethoxazole.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {499}, number = {}, pages = {140297}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140297}, pmid = {41175755}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Scleractinian corals are increasingly threatened by environmental contaminants such as nanoplastics (NPs) and antibiotics. The early life stages of corals are particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors, yet their impacts under environmentally relevant concentrations remain poorly understood. Here, we exposed Pocillopora damicornis larvae to NPs (100 μg/L) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX, 0.1 μg/L) for 48 h to assess their effects on larval survival, settlement, tissue structure, and bacterial symbionts. Exposure to NPs and SMX significantly reduced larval survival, caused tissue necrosis and mesenterial filament dissociation, and altered the composition of bacterial symbionts, such as a decrease in Pseudoalteromonas abundance. Compared to the single exposure group, co-exposure to NPs and SMX induced more severe tissue damage and broader functional shifts in microbial communities, including elevated methylotrophy, photoheterotrophy, photoautotrophy, and reduced anaerobic respiration. These findings suggest that coral larvae are highly sensitive to NPs and SMX, which can alter bacterial symbiont community to disturb nutrient cycling and energy metabolism, cause tissue damage, and ultimately impair larval survival, thereby threatening coral reef replenishment and recovery.}, }
@article {pmid41174857, year = {2025}, author = {Bhardwaj, A and Gupta, M and Bhattacharjee, O and Raul, B and Ghosh, AK and Nagalla, LVS and Yadav, P and Bandyopadhyay, K and Ranjan, A and Sinharoy, S}, title = {RSD-mediated suppression of NIN and NLP2 transcription is crucial for symbiotic nitrogen fixation.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70697}, pmid = {41174857}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {AB was supported by CSIR (09/803(0141)/2017-EMR-I)//Human Resource Development Centre, Council of Scientific And Industrial Research/ ; HRD-16016/23/2025-HRD-DBT-E-21386//Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council/ ; SPG/2022/000171-G//Science and Engineering Research Board/ ; 37WS(0043)/2023-24/EMR-II//Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India/ ; }, abstract = {Indeterminate nodules establish a developmental gradient along their longitudinal axis, separating cell differentiation from symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). The apex contains differentiating cells, while the differentiated leghemoglobin-rich cells of the nitrogen-fixation zone shield the rhizobial nitrogenase complex from oxygen to facilitate SNF. By combining biochemical, genetic, and genomic approaches, we demonstrate the pivotal role of the Regulator of Symbiosome Differentiation (RSD), a transcriptional repressor, in the transition from symbiosome development to SNF. Interacting Protein of DMI3 (IPD3) activates RSD expression in the invasion zone (ZII) and interzone (IZ). RSD interacts with Nodule Inception (NIN), and NIN-like protein 2 (NLP2) through a novel protein-protein interaction domain. RSD determines cell fate in ZII and the IZ by suppressing several targets of NIN and NLP2, including Leghemoglobins, Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich genes, and Symbiotic Cysteine-rich Receptor-like Kinase. Our findings underscore the critical role of RSD-mediated suppression of transcription in facilitating the transition from bacteroid differentiation to SNF.}, }
@article {pmid41174492, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, JH and Tang, F and Wang, YW and Liu, QY and Yi, FY and Zhang, ZQ and Gao, CP}, title = {Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal that the Rj4-mediated immunity network restricts soybean-rhizobia symbiosis.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {981}, pmid = {41174492}, issn = {1471-2164}, }
@article {pmid41174464, year = {2025}, author = {Lamrabet, M and Missbah El Idrissi, M}, title = {Comparative genomic analysis of native Bradyrhizobium spp. nodulating Retama dasycarpa in Moroccan semi-arid ecosystems: insights into symbiotic diversity and environmental adaptation.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {984}, pmid = {41174464}, issn = {1471-2164}, mesh = {*Bradyrhizobium/genetics/classification/physiology ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Fabaceae/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Morocco ; *Genomics/methods ; Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Ecosystem ; *Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Plant Root Nodulation/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Retama dasycarpa, a drought-resistant legume endemic to Morocco's High Atlas Mountains, thrives in harsh conditions due to its association with nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium strains. Despite the ecological significance of this symbiosis, the genetic diversity, symbiotic mechanisms, and stress adaptation strategies of these microsymbionts remain poorly understood. In this study we employed a comparative genomic approach to elucidate the genomic and functional traits of five strains isolated from R. dasycarpa nodules, with a focus on their symbiotic and stress-responsive gene repertoires.<br><br>RESULTS: Phylogenomic analysis revealed that four of the five strains likely represent novel Bradyrhizobium species, as indicated by average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values below species delineation thresholds. Genomic comparisons identified core symbiotic genes, including nod, nif, and fix genes, essential for nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Interestingly, strain RDT46 lacked canonical nod genes but retained a minimal Type III Secretion System (T3SS), suggesting alternative symbiotic pathways. Pangenome analysis of 56 Bradyrhizobium genomes highlighted an open pangenome with extensive accessory gene content, reflecting adaptive versatility. Stress adaptation genes, such as those involved in osmoprotectant synthesis, oxidative stress response, and heat shock, were conserved across the five strains, underscoring their resilience to semi-arid conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study uncovers previously unknown genomic diversity in R. dasycarpa-associated Bradyrhizobim spp., including evidence for non-canonical symbiosis mechanisms. The strains' genetic toolkit for stress tolerance highlights their potential as inoculants for revegetation of degraded semi-arid lands.}, }
@article {pmid41174113, year = {2025}, author = {Besharati-Fard, M and Moosawi-Jorf, SA and Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M and Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M}, title = {First report and diversity analysis of endophytic fungi associated with Ulva sp. from Iran.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {38264}, pmid = {41174113}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Iran ; *Endophytes/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Phylogeny ; *Ulva/microbiology ; *Fungi/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {Endophytic fungi are diverse microorganisms that colonize plants symbiotically without causing overt infections. While numerous studies have focused on endophytes in terrestrial plants, there are no prior reports of endophytes associated with algae in Iran. Samples of Ulva sp. were collected during the fall of 2022 from the Bandar Abbas Fishery Coast, Iran, and transported to the laboratory. Following surface sterilization, the samples were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 25 °C for 3 weeks. The resulting isolates were purified using the hyphal tip method. This study identified 33 fungal isolates from Ulva sp. collected at the Bandar Abbas Fishery Coast, Iran. Morphological and molecular analyses classified these isolates into 7 species across 6 genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Syncephalastrum. Aspergillus was the most abundant genus (34% of isolates), while Alternaria and Syncephalastrum were the least frequent (9% each). Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, β-tubulin, GAPDH, TEF, and LSU gene sequences supported the morphological identification of the isolates. Species identified included Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus caespitosus, Aspergillus terreus, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium digitatum, and Syncephalastrum racemosum. All species are reported here for the first time as endophytes of Ulva sp. in Iran. Furthermore, this study represents the first documentation of endophytic fungi associated with the marine alga Ulva sp. in Iranian waters. This research enhances understanding of the ecological interactions between fungal endophytes and marine algae in Iranian ecosystems, emphasizing the diversity of symbiotic relationships in aquatic environments.}, }
@article {pmid41172140, year = {2025}, author = {Xie, L and Lin, G and Ma, J and Deng, J and Yu, D and Zhou, L and Wang, QW}, title = {Canopy spectral cues affect plant growth and root-associated fungal communities of tree species with different mycorrhizal types.}, journal = {Tree physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/treephys/tpaf137}, pmid = {41172140}, issn = {1758-4469}, abstract = {Soil fungi establish symbiotic associations with plant roots, which provide nutrients in exchange for photosynthate from the host. Despite the recognized importance of fungal symbiosis, how root-associated fungal communities respond to light qualities remains unclear. In this study, we conducted on a novel spectral attenuation experiment involving seedlings of two temperate tree species, Quercus mongolica (ectomycorrhizal, ECM) and Acer mono (arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM). The experimental design incorporated five spectral treatments, including ambient full-spectrum as control and various attenuations of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. We quantified tree growth and root traits, and profiled root-associated fungal communities through high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that tree growth and root traits varied depending on tree species and spectral treatments. Blue light significantly promoted total biomass of Q. mongolica, but reduced root exudative carbon, sugar and phenolics. In contrast, A. mono showed no spectral changes in biomass and had the lowest root exudative sugar and phenolics in control. Higher root exudative carbon and phenolics were observed in A. mono than in Q. mongolica. Root-associated fungal communities also showed distinct responses to spectral treatments and tree species. Sob's and Chao1 indices of Q. mongolica fungal communities were significantly lower than those of A. mono under UV attenuation, and alterations in community structure were more pronounced in A. mono. These changes were strongly associated with root traits, particularly exudative carbon, sugar, and total phenolics. Within fungal communities, Q. mongolica was dominated by ECM and saprotrophic fungi, and A. mono by AM and saprotrophic fungi. The relative abundance of ECM fungi in Q. mongolica and that of AM fungi in A. mono was lowest when UV-B radiation was attenuated. In total, these findings highlight the crucial role of root traits and their interaction with fungi when exploring plant adaptation to varying light environments.}, }
@article {pmid41171549, year = {2025}, author = {Sojoudi, A and SoltaniToularoud, A and GoliKalanpa, E and Nematollahzadeh, A}, title = {Effects of Ensifer meliloti and Rhizophagus intraradices on alfalfa growth indices under cadmium sulfide nanoparticle stress.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41171549}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) are increasingly applied across various industries because of their unique properties. However, their accumulation in soil ecosystems and subsequent uptake by terrestrial plants can negatively affect plant growth. Beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere play an important role in mitigating the toxic effects of nanoparticles, thereby supporting plant health. Nevertheless, the role of these microorganisms in alleviating CdS-NP-induced stress in alfalfa remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the effects of different CdS-NPs concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 350 mg kg[-1] soil) on alfalfa, both in the presence and absence of Ensifer meliloti (a symbiotic bacterium) and Rhizophagus intraradices (an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus). The experimental treatments included a non-inoculated control, inoculation with E. meliloti or R. intraradices individually, and dual inoculation (R. intraradices + E. meliloti). Exposure to CdS-NPs in non-inoculated alfalfa induced significant oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased peroxidase and catalase activities, which were positively correlated with NP concentration (r > 0.90**). This stress reduced cell membrane stability, chlorophyll content and index, plant height, root length, biomass, and nodule number, with the strongest effects observed at 350 mg kg[-1] soil. In contrast, dual-inoculated plants showed improved growth, with cell membrane stability increased by 35%, chlorophyll content by 8%, chlorophyll index by 12%, nodule number by 37%, and POD and CAT activities reduced by 28% and 38%, respectively. Although no significant differences were observed between individual bacterial and fungal inoculations, bacterial inoculation was numerically more effective. These results demonstrated that microbial inoculation substantially enhanced alfalfa tolerance to CdS-NP toxicity and highlighted the need for further studies to investigate the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid41171541, year = {2025}, author = {Joseph, JS and Selvamani, SB and Thiruvengadam, V and Ramasamy, GG and Subramanian, S and Menon, G and Sivakumar, G and Manjunath, C}, title = {Gut microbiota profiling of Apis cerana indica across biodiversity hotspots in the Western Ghats, India.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {53}, number = {1}, pages = {35}, pmid = {41171541}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {Bees/microbiology ; Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; India ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Bacteria/genetics/classification ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The gut microbiome of honey bees plays a crucial role in regulating key physiological traits and metabolic processes, including digestion, detoxification, nutrient assimilation, development and immunity. However, information on the gut bacterial diversity of Apis cerana indica bee populations in India remains limited. This study aims to address this critical knowledge gap in Western Ghats, India with outcomes that may provide valuable insights for improving beekeeping practices in the region.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: To fill this gap, we investigated and characterized the gut bacteriome of A. cerana indica collected from two ecologically distinct regions within the Western Ghats. We employed a combination of next-generation sequencing (NGS) using the Oxford Nanopore platform and traditional culture-based methods targeting the 16S rRNA gene to analyze the microbial communities. Our results revealed that the gut bacterial communities of foraging A. cerana indica bees from both locations displayed unique and overlapping microbiome profiles. A total of 225 bacterial species across 30 bacterial orders were identified via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, with 92 species shared between the two sites. Prominent symbiotic bacterial groups included Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinomycetota. Notably, core bee-associated symbionts exhibited a negative correlation with pathogenic bacterial taxa.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings offer valuable insights into the ecological and functional roles of the gut microbiome in A. cerana indica, a native honeybee species of the Western Ghats. The presence of shared bacterial species across regions suggests their potential significance in formulating conservation strategies for indigenous bee populations.}, }
@article {pmid41170986, year = {2025}, author = {Mallikaarachchi, KS and Huang, JL and Madras, S and Cuellar, RA and Huang, Z and Gega, A and Rathnayaka-Mudiyanselage, IW and Nandana, V and Al-Husini, N and Saldaña-Rivera, N and Ma, LH and Ng, E and Christensen, K and Pendar, N and Li, S and Deleon, NR and Chen, JC and Schrader, JM}, title = {Sinorhizobium meliloti BR-bodies promote fitness during host colonization.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0249025}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.02490-25}, pmid = {41170986}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Biomolecular condensates are non-membrane-bound assemblies of proteins and nucleic acids that facilitate specific cellular processes. Like eukaryotic P-bodies, the recently discovered bacterial ribonucleoprotein bodies (BR-bodies) organize the mRNA decay machinery in α-proteobacteria; however, the similarities in molecular and cellular functions across species have been poorly explored. Here, we examine the functions of BR-bodies in the nitrogen-fixing endosymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti, which colonizes the roots of compatible legume plants. Similar to Caulobacter crescentus, assembly of BR-bodies into visible foci in S. meliloti cells requires the C-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of RNase E in vivo and in vitro, and foci fusion is readily observed in vivo, suggesting that they are liquid-like condensates that form via mRNA sequestration. Using Rif-seq to measure mRNA lifetimes, we found a global slowdown in mRNA decay in a mutant deficient in BR-bodies, indicating that compartmentalization of the degradation machinery promotes efficient mRNA turnover across α-proteobacteria. Although BR-bodies are constitutively present during exponential growth, the abundance of BR-bodies increases upon cell stress, whereby they promote resistance to environmental stresses. Finally, we show that BR-bodies enhance competitive fitness during Medicago truncatula root colonization and appear to be required for effective symbiosis, as mutants without BR-bodies failed to promote robust plant growth on nitrogen-free medium. These results suggest that BR-bodies provide a fitness advantage for bacteria during host colonization, perhaps by enabling better resistance against the host immune response.IMPORTANCEAlthough eukaryotes often organize their biochemical pathways in membrane-bound organelles, bacteria generally lack such subcellular structures. Instead, membraneless compartments called biomolecular condensates have recently been found in bacteria to organize and enhance biochemical activities. Bacterial ribonucleoprotein bodies (BR-bodies), as one of the most characterized bacterial biomolecular condensates identified to date, assemble the mRNA decay machinery via the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins. However, the implications of such assemblies are unclear. Using a plant-associated symbiont, we show that the absence of BR-bodies results in slower mRNA decay, sensitivity to environmental stresses, and ineffective symbiosis, suggesting that BR-bodies play critical roles in regulating biochemical pathways and promoting fitness during host colonization.}, }
@article {pmid41170502, year = {2025}, author = {Stepchuk, I and Pérez-Fortes, M and Ramírez, A}, title = {From Feedstock to Future Chemicals: Rethinking Carbon Sources in Industrial Propylene Clusters.}, journal = {ACS sustainable chemistry &amp; engineering}, volume = {13}, number = {42}, pages = {17869-17880}, pmid = {41170502}, issn = {2168-0485}, abstract = {The rising pressure to defossilize the chemical industry has driven research toward producing chemicals that use alternative carbon sources (ACS). However, the challenges and impacts of replacing already implemented processes and symbiotic relationships remain largely underexplored. This paper systematically assesses the impacts of defossilizing existing processes, both individually and simultaneously, in a propylene cluster in the Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Nine fossil-based processes and three ACS-based processes (i.e., CO2-based polyol, biopropylene glycol (bio-PG), and biomethyl-tert-butyl-ether (bio-MTBE)) were included in the assessment. Integrating a single ACS-based process enlarges the propylene cluster and results in an excess of upstream chemicals that are no longer required by the ACS processes. Still, relatively simple technologies can reduce total energy and water use, resulting in lower direct CO2 emissions and water consumption of the cluster. Deploying multiple processes in parallel can drive the full defossilization of the cluster, but it requires a complete overhaul. The results illustrate the extent to which combining ACS-based processes could change the layout of an existing petrochemical cluster, affecting its performance. The paper stresses the importance of assessing such deployments, considering the existing conditions in industrial clusters.}, }
@article {pmid41169718, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, Y and Yang, Y and Deng, S and Ying, Z}, title = {Role of Azolla in sustainable agriculture and climate resilience: a comprehensive review.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1661720}, pmid = {41169718}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Agriculture faces mounting challenges from climate change, soil degradation, and unsustainable agrochemical use, highlighting the need for eco-friendly solutions. Azolla, a fast-growing aquatic fern, has emerged as a multifunctional resource for sustainable farming and climate resilience. Through its symbiosis with Anabaena azollae, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers and improving soil health. Azolla also serves as a protein-rich feed for livestock and aquaculture, suppresses weeds and pests in rice systems, and supports water conservation. Beyond agriculture, it contributes to carbon sequestration, mitigates methane emissions, and shows promise in wastewater treatment, bioremediation, and as a feedstock for biofuels and bioplastics. However, large-scale adoption is limited by challenges such as short shelf life, ecological risks, and preservation constraints. This review synthesizes current knowledge on Azolla, emphasizing its biological and ecological functions, highlights practical applications across agriculture, livestock, aquaculture, and environmental management, and outlines key research priorities needed to overcome limitations and enable its integration into climate-smart agricultural and environmental systems.}, }
@article {pmid41168779, year = {2025}, author = {Boss, A and Toepfer, S and Erb, M and Machado, RAR}, title = {Genetic architecture of resistance to plant secondary metabolites in Photorhabdus entomopathogenic bacteria.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {975}, pmid = {41168779}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {GRS-079/19//Gebert R&#xfc;f Foundation/ ; 186094//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; }, mesh = {*Photorhabdus/genetics/metabolism/drug effects ; Animals ; *Secondary Metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Benzoxazines/pharmacology/metabolism ; Genome, Bacterial ; *Plants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis establish a symbiotic association with Photorhabdus bacteria. Together, they colonize and rapidly kill insects, making them important biological control agents against agricultural pests. Improving their biocontrol traits by engineering resistance to plant secondary metabolites (benzoxazinoids) in Photorhabdus symbiotic bacteria through experimental evolution has been shown to increase their lethality towards benzoxazinoid-defended larvae of the western corn rootworm, a serious crop pest of maize, and it is therefore a promising approach to develop more efficient biocontrol agents to manage this pest. To enhance our understanding of the genetic bases of benzoxazinoid resistance in Photorhabdus bacteria, we conducted an experimental evolution experiment with a phylogenetically diverse collection of Photorhabdus strains from different geographic origins. We cultured 27 different strains in medium containing 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA), a highly active benzoxazinoid breakdown product, for 35 24 h-cycles to select for benzoxazinoid-resistant strains. Then, we carried out genome-wide sequence comparisons to uncover the genetic alterations associated with benzoxazinoid resistance. Lastly, we evaluated the resistance of the newly isolated resistant Photorhabdus strains to eight additional bioactive compounds, including 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA), nicotine, caffeine, 6-chloroacetyl-2-benzoxazolinone (CABOA), digitoxin, fenitrothion, ampicillin, and kanamycin.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that benzoxazinoid resistance evolves rapidly in Photorhabdus in a strain-specific manner. Across the different Photorhabdus strains, a total of nineteen nonsynonymous point mutations, two stop codon gains, and one frameshift were associated with higher benzoxazinoid resistance. The different genetic alterations were polygenic and occurred in genes coding for the EnvZ/OmpR two-component regulatory system, the different subunits of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase, and the AcrABZ-TolC multidrug efflux pump. Apart from increasing MBOA resistance, the different mutations were also associated with cross-resistance to 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA), nicotine, caffeine, and 6-chloroacetyl-2-benzoxazolinone (CABOA) and with collateral sensitivity to fenitrothion, ampicillin, and kanamycin. Targeted mutagenesis will provide a deeper mechanistic understanding, including the relative contribution of the different mutation types.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals several genomic features that are associated with resistance to xenobiotics in this important group of biological control agents and enhances the availability of molecular tools to develop better biological control agents, which is essential for more sustainable and ecologically friendly agricultural practices.}, }
@article {pmid41167316, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, X and Zhang, Q and Wang, H and Li, M and Chen, J and He, Q and Dong, X}, title = {Revealing the dynamical effects of diurnal dynamics on community assembly in the electro-enhanced algal-bacterial symbiosis system for mariculture wastewater.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {123235}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.123235}, pmid = {41167316}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {This study evaluated the intrinsic effect of different light-dark cycles (H1-0L:12D; H2-3.5L:8.5D; H3-8L:4D) on mariculture wastewater degradation and nitrogen removal in Electro-enhanced Algal-Bacterial Symbiosis System. While chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal remained comparable (>72.9 %), H2 achieved 82 % total nitrogen removal, outperforming H1 (67 %) and H3 (68.8 %). The different nitrogen removal performance among the three systems was primarily attributable to the significant impairment of conventional nitrification and denitrification functions in both H1 and H3. Light/dark cycles caused a shift in the complexity and community structure. Microbial community assembly shifted from deterministic (R[2]=0.356, H1) to stochastic (R[2]=0.567, H3) selection with extended illumination. Crucially, H2, a unique balancer of both strategies (R[2]=0.54), enhanced bacterial-algal synergism and denitrification performance (denitrification efficiency increased 22.16 %) through stochastic-selected communities dominated by Tropicibacter (8.7 %) and Nitrogeniibacter (12.4 %), demonstrating light-cycle-induced ecological memory effects. These findings enabled engineered photoperiod control for energy-efficient mariculture wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41166108, year = {2025}, author = {Motnenko, A and Hawkins, JP and Ordoñez, PA and Oresnik, IJ}, title = {Sinorhizobium prairiense sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Phaseolus vulgaris isolated from Canadian prairie soil.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.006947}, pmid = {41166108}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {*Phaseolus/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Phylogeny ; *Symbiosis ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Sinorhizobium/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Plasmids/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Manitoba ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Three symbiotic bacteria (K101[T], C101 and M103) were obtained from nodule-trapping experiments using Phaseolus vulgaris, which was inoculated with soil samples from three distinct field sites in Manitoba, Canada. Here, we provide a phenotypic characterization and genomic analysis of these bacteria. Based on a core phylogeny (424 core genes), digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide alignment, these isolates group within the Sinorhizobium clade and are closely related to Sinorhizobium meliloti. Each strain contains four replicons that include a chromosome (3.5 Mb), a putative chromid (1.7 Mb) and two plasmids (plasmid A, 0.56 Mb; plasmid B, 0.77 Mb). The chromosome, chromid and plasmid B are closely related to the replicons found in S. meliloti, as shown by phylogenies constructed from the concatenation of either the parAB genes for the chromosome or the repABC genes for the chromid and plasmid B. The remaining plasmid was found to group with a plasmid from Sinorhizobium americanum. Consistent with this, the nodulation genes on this plasmid were also more similar to those in S. americanum, as seen in a phylogeny generated from the concatenation of the nodABC genes. Examination of the nodC phylogeny suggests a close association with the mediterranensis symbiovar. All three isolates were capable of symbiotic nitrogen fixation with P. vulgaris. Based on genomic and phenotypic data, we propose these isolates as a novel species within the Sinorhizobium clade, named Sinorhizobium prairiense sp. nov., for which the type strain is K101[T] (=LMG 33767[T]=DSM 118657[T]).}, }
@article {pmid41165958, year = {2025}, author = {Helmich, RE and Zettler, LW and Dvorak, CJ and DiSalvo, S}, title = {Fluridone stimulates in vitro seed germination of a rare hardy terrestrial orchid (Platanthera leucophaea).}, journal = {Botanical studies}, volume = {66}, number = {1}, pages = {37}, pmid = {41165958}, issn = {1817-406X}, support = {American Orchid Society//American Orchid Society/ ; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service//U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Seeds of temperate terrestrial (hardy) orchids are considered more difficult to germinate compared to their tropical epiphytic counterparts, presumably because they have higher levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in their seed coats which prevents seeds from germinating prematurely during winter dormancy. In nature, ABA is gradually broken down (stripped) by natural weathering, triggering germination. This process can be shortened artificially, however, by using chemical bleaching agents and cold-moist stratification with mixed results. In this study, we explored the use of fluridoneto break seed dormancy in a hardy orchid native to North America, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. This organic compound (IUPAC name: 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] pyridin-4(1H)-one) is a commercial herbicide that inhibits ABA biosynthesis. We added fluridone directly to agar media prior to seed sowing in vitro. Both symbiotic and asymbiotic germination techniques were applied that involved two different agar media, with and without added fluridone. Symbiotic germination was carried out using standard oatmeal agar inoculated with a mycorrhizal fungus (Ceratobasidium), whereas asymbiotic treatments utilized P723 agar medium.<br><br>RESULTS: Seedling development within some of the replicate plates progressed to Stage 3 in all treatments, but development was marked in all asymbiotic plates containing fluridone leading to leaf elongation, 385 days after sowing.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: As an herbicide, fluridone's use as a media additive to propagate a rare photosynthetic orchid seems counterintuitive, but its use in vitro to stimulate seedling development has the potential to benefit conservation efforts for this and possibly other hardy orchid species.}, }
@article {pmid41165784, year = {2025}, author = {Yoda, A and Kodama, K and Shimamura, M and Kyozuka, J}, title = {Spatial Localization of Strigolactone Biosynthesis and Secretion in Marchantia paleacea.}, journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcaf144}, pmid = {41165784}, issn = {1471-9053}, abstract = {Phosphorus is an essential nutrient critical for plant growth and development, yet its availability in soil is often limited. Consequently, most land plants establish symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to enhance phosphate uptake. Strigolactones (SLs) function as rhizosphere signaling molecules that promote AMF symbiosis, distinct from their role as phytohormones regulating various plant functions. We previously identified an SL in Marchantia paleacea and demonstrated that the SLs primarily serve as rhizosphere signals rather than phytohormones in M. paleacea due to the absence of cognate receptors. In this study, we investigate the spatial localization of SL biosynthesis and secretion in M. paleacea. We find that SL biosynthesis genes are predominantly expressed in the basal region of the thallus compared to the distal region. Using Citrine driven by the promoter of MpaCCD8B, an SL biosynthesis gene, we show expression in smooth rhizoids and the ventral epidermis adjacent to these rhizoids, under phosphate-deficient conditions. When plants are cultured on medium, fluorescence is also detected in parenchymal cells, where AMF colonization occurs. In soil conditions, AMF colonization enhances MpaCCD8B expression in parenchymal cells, where AMF colonize. Furthermore, we assess SL secretion through germination assay of root parasitic plant seeds, revealing that exudates from the basal and midrib region exhibit the highest activity. These findings underscore that SLs are synthesized in the basal ventral tissues of M. paleacea and secreted into the rhizosphere, facilitating effective communication with AMF.}, }
@article {pmid41165610, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, X and Xie, D and Chen, H and Jia, N and Jiang, L and Pan, Z and Wang, Y and Dai, Y and Chi, D and Yu, J}, title = {Effects of Hylurgus ligniperda (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)-microorganism symbiosis complex damage severity on physiological and defensive responses in Pinus thunbergii.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaf292}, pmid = {41165610}, issn = {1938-291X}, support = {2021YFD1400300//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {To explore the defense response of Pinus thunbergii to different damage levels of Hylurgus ligniperda, 4-yr-old P. thunbergii saplings were transplanted in pots in the field. After enclosing the base of the saplings with insect-proof nets, adult H. ligniperda were introduced for infestation. Terminal and lateral shoot growth of P. thunbergii were measured at 0, 20, 40, and 60 d post-release (dpr) of adult beetles, while samples were collected at 7, 17, 37, 57, and 67 dpr. At each sampling time point, the damage area inflicted by H. ligniperda on P. thunbergii and the pest population density were recorded. Based on the damage area, the trees were classified into five severity grades: healthy pines (no pest released), and those with damage areas of <1%, 1% to 5%, 5% to 20%, and >20%. Laboratory analyses assessed changes in defense-related indices, root vitality, and nutrient content across damage grades. Additionally, H. ligniperda adults were reared on bark from differently damaged trees to evaluate the impact of P. thunbergii defensive responses. Results revealed that H. ligniperda infestation significantly inhibited shoot growth in P. thunbergii, impairing tree development and ultimately causing death. An overall trend of initial increase followed by a decrease was observed in the tree's root vitality and defense indices with increasing damage, which ultimately failed to prevent H. ligniperda colonization. Furthermore, these defensive responses suppressed weight gain and reduced reserves of glycogen, protein, and free fatty acids in adult H. ligniperda, adversely affecting their development.}, }
@article {pmid41165394, year = {2025}, author = {Rozo-Lopez, P and Torres, V and Torres, J and Drolet, BS and Käfer, S and Parker, BJ}, title = {Heritable viral symbionts in the family Iflaviridae are widespread among aphids.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0160625}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01606-25}, pmid = {41165394}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Heritable microbes shape host phenotypes and serve as important drivers of evolution. While interactions between insects and bacterial symbionts have been extensively studied, the prevalence and evolution of insect-viral symbioses remain poorly understood. We discovered multiple new species of iflaviruses in aphids, an important model for research on symbiosis, and found these microbes to be widespread across aphid species. We show that iflaviruses are persistently maintained in asexual host lines without apparent fitness costs while being transmitted vertically from mothers to offspring. Using field data and phylogenetic evidence, we found that aphid iflaviruses move horizontally among host species, but laboratory experiments showed that horizontal transmission does not result in persistent infections. Using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, we discovered that viral infections localize in the host fat bodies and developing embryos. Surprisingly, we also found viral infections inside bacteria-housing cells called bacteriocytes, along with a positive correlation between viral and bacterial symbiont density. Together, our work suggests that iflaviruses are widespread heritable symbionts in aphids.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: In recent years, the rise of metatranscriptome sequencing has led to the rapid discovery of novel viral sequences in insects. However, few studies have carefully investigated the dynamics of insect-virus interactions to produce a general understanding of viral symbiosis. Aphids are an important model for understanding the evolution and molecular basis of symbiosis, but whether viruses are forming persistent symbiotic relationships with aphids remains unclear. Here, we show that heritable iflaviruses are a widespread but previously unrecognized part of the aphid heritable microbiome. Aphid iflaviruses are transmitted alongside bacteria from mothers to offspring, potentially via specialized bacteriocytes that house symbiotic microbes. Our findings suggest that aphids establish persistent relationships with iflaviruses and are likely coevolving with these viral symbionts.}, }
@article {pmid41164861, year = {2025}, author = {Fowler, JC and Moutouama, J and Miller, TEX}, title = {Increasing Prevalence of Plant-Fungal Symbiosis Across Two Centuries of Environmental Change.}, journal = {Global change biology}, volume = {31}, number = {11}, pages = {e70577}, doi = {10.1111/gcb.70577}, pmid = {41164861}, issn = {1365-2486}, support = {//Texas Ecolab Program/ ; 1754468//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; 2208857//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Climate Change ; *Epichloe/physiology ; *Endophytes/physiology ; *Elymus/microbiology ; *Poaceae/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Species' distributions and abundances are shifting in response to ongoing global climate change. Mutualistic microbial symbionts can provide hosts with protection from environmental stress that may promote resilience under environmental change; however, this change may also disrupt species interactions and lead to declines in hosts and/or symbionts. Symbionts preserved within natural history specimens offer a unique opportunity to quantify changes in microbial symbiosis across broad temporal and spatial scales. We asked how the prevalence of seed-transmitted fungal symbionts of grasses (Epichloë endophytes) has changed over time in response to climate change, and how these changes vary across host species' distributions. Specifically, we examined 2346 herbarium specimens of three grass host species (Agrostis hyemalis, Agrostis perennans, Elymus virginicus) collected over the past two centuries (1824-2019) for the presence or absence of Epichloë symbiosis. Analysis of an approximate Bayesian spatially varying coefficients model revealed that endophytes increased in prevalence over the last two centuries from ca. 25% to ca. 75% prevalence, on average, across three host species. Changes in seasonal climate drivers were associated with increasing endophyte prevalence. Notably, increasing precipitation during the peak growing season for Agrostis species and decreasing precipitation for E. virginicus were associated with increasing endophyte prevalence. Changes in the variability of precipitation and temperature during off-peak seasons were also important predictors of increasing endophyte prevalence. Our model performed favorably in an out-of-sample predictive test with contemporary survey data from across 63 populations, a rare extra step in collections-based research. However, there was greater local-scale variability in endophyte prevalence in contemporary data compared to model predictions, suggesting new directions that could improve predictive accuracy. Our results provide novel evidence for a cryptic biological response to climate change that may contribute to the resilience of host-microbe symbiosis through fitness benefits to symbiotic hosts.}, }
@article {pmid41163851, year = {2025}, author = {Rai, N and Kachore, A and Julka, JM and Panigrahi, A and Das, SP and Nan, FH}, title = {Symbiotic strategies: deciphering the role of gut microbiota in the nutrition and metabolism of fish and shellfish.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1639426}, pmid = {41163851}, issn = {2235-2988}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Fishes/microbiology/metabolism/physiology ; *Shellfish/microbiology ; Aquaculture ; *Symbiosis ; Probiotics ; Prebiotics ; Diet ; }, abstract = {The gastrointestinal microbiota is crucial for the health and physiology of aquatic organisms, influencing their nutrition, metabolism, and immune responses. This review compares the diversity and function of gut microbial communities in finfish and shellfish, highlighting differences between freshwater and marine species as well as variations within shellfish taxa. We examine how these microbes aid in digesting complex dietary substrates, assimilating nutrients, and synthesizing essential metabolites, all of which are vital for host health. The structure of these microbial communities is shaped by a complex interplay of environmental factors, such as water temperature, salinity, and pH, and host-specific factors, including genetics and diet. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions is key to improving gut health and nutrient use in aquaculture. This review also identifies future research directions, focusing on the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions. These strategies, combined with multi-omics approaches, have great potential to enhance the sustainability of aquaculture by improving growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and disease resistance in farmed aquatic species.}, }
@article {pmid41163484, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, S and Zuo, R and Zou, F and Wang, T and Chang, M and Masabni, J and Yuan, D and Xiong, H}, title = {Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis Enhances Mineralization of Phytate by Inducing Host-Derived Purple Acid Phosphatase Secretion in Castanea henryi.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {177}, number = {6}, pages = {e70614}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70614}, pmid = {41163484}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {32001309//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025JJ60143//National Natural Science Foundation of Hunan/ ; 2024RC1059//Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Acid Phosphatase/metabolism/genetics ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Phytic Acid/metabolism ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; *Fagaceae/microbiology/metabolism/enzymology/genetics ; Soil/chemistry ; Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; }, abstract = {Plant symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) promotes soil phosphorus (P) uptake, and studies have suggested that acid phosphatase (ACP) produced by ECMF promotes soil organic phosphorus (Po) mineralization and thus aids in plant P uptake. However, how the host plant plays a role, if any in this process, is not clear. We explored the response of the host plant, Castanea henryi, to phytate and its utilization mechanism after inoculation with Pisolithus orientalis LY-8. In this study, ECMF inoculation significantly enhanced plant biomass, and soil available phosphorus, labile organic phosphorus, moderately labile organic phosphorus content, and Po mineralization rate. After inoculation, the ACP activity of plant root tips was higher than the sum of the ACP secreted by uninoculated root tips and the ACP secreted by fungi. Besides, alkaline phosphatase, and root tip vigor were significantly increased after inoculation. Transcriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR revealed that the relative expression of ChACP genes, especially purple acid phosphatase (ChPAPs) and phosphorus transporter genes were significantly higher in the inoculated treatment than in the uninoculated treatment. These results indicate that ECMF can induce the expression of ChPAPs, thus affecting the secretion of ACP in the root system of C. henryi, which in turn strengthens the ability to mineralize soil Po and promotes plant growth. Our results provide new insights into the understanding of the mechanisms of the role of ECMF in plant P nutrient acquisition.}, }
@article {pmid41163404, year = {2025}, author = {Ricks, KD and Raglin, SS and Kent, AD}, title = {Signatures of local nitrogen adaptation in the Brachypodium distachyon root microbiome.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70684}, pmid = {41163404}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {NREC 2021-2-360190-334//Illinois Nutrient Research and Education Council/ ; ILLU-875-637//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; DE-SC0018420//Biological and Environmental Research/ ; }, abstract = {Plants associate with diverse microbiomes that impact their fitness, yet the contribution of the microbiome to plant adaptation is uncertain. As plant recruitment of its microbiome can be both highly variable and genetically determined, we hypothesized this recruitment process may be the result of adaptive evolution, and contributing to plant local adaptation. We investigated the evolution and adaptive benefit of plant-microbiome recruitment by characterizing the rhizosphere communities across a genotypic panel of Brachypodium distachyon in a common garden experiment. By linking microbial communities to their host genotype's historic environment, we identified signatures of selection on plant-microbiome recruitment. Plant-microbiome composition was significantly correlated with the host genotype's historic environment, with enrichment of microbial traits aligned to local resource conditions. For example, genotypes from low-nitrogen environments recruited communities enriched in nitrogen acquisition traits. In a complementary experiment evaluating plant nitrogen response, these same genotypes were well-adapted to low-nitrogen environments, contingent on the presence of key nitrogen-cycling microbes. These results suggest that local adaptation in plants may partially be mediated by recruitment of beneficial microbiomes. This perspective suggests that plant adaptation may be an emergent property of host-microbe interactions, where evolutionary responses favor traits that promote recruitment of locally beneficial microbiomes.}, }
@article {pmid41163130, year = {2025}, author = {Cole, J and Raguideau, S and Abbaszadeh-Dahaji, P and Hilton, S and Muscatt, G and Mushinski, RM and Nilsson, RH and Ryan, MH and Quince, C and Bending, GD}, title = {Comparative genomic analysis of a metagenome-assembled genome reveals distinctive symbiotic traits in a Mucoromycotina fine root endophyte arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {967}, pmid = {41163130}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {BB/T00746X/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; DP180103157//Australian Research Council/ ; DP180103157//Australian Research Council/ ; NE/S010270/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/S010270/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/genetics/physiology ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Plant Roots/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; *Endophytes/genetics ; *Genomics ; *Metagenome ; *Genome, Fungal ; Glomeromycota/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent evidence shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, as defined by the presence of arbuscules, is established by two distinct fungal groups, with the distinctive 'fine root endophyte' morphotype formed by fungi from the subphylum Mucoromycotina rather than the sub-phylum Glomeromycotina. While FRE forming fungi are globally distributed, there is currently no understanding of the genomic basis for their symbiosis or how this symbiosis compares to that of other mycorrhizal symbionts.<br><br>RESULTS: We used culture-independent metagenome sequencing to assemble and characterise the metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) of a putative arbuscule forming fine root endophyte, which we show belonged to the family Planticonsortiaceae within the order Densosporales. The MAG shares key traits with Glomeromycotina fungi, which indicate obligate biotrophy, including the absence of fatty acid and thiamine biosynthesis pathways, limited enzymatic abilities to degrade plant cell walls, and a high abundance of calcium transporters. In contrast to Glomeromycotina fungi, it exhibits a higher capacity for degradation of microbial cell walls, a complete cellulose degradation pathway, low abundances of copper, nitrate and ammonium transporters, and a complete pathway for vitamin B6 biosynthesis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These differences, particularly those typically associated with saprotrophic functions, highlight the potential for contrasting interactions between Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina fungi with their host plant and the environment. In turn, this could support niche differentiation in resource acquisition and complementary ecological functions.}, }
@article {pmid41163086, year = {2025}, author = {Mooney, R and Corbett, E and Giammarini, E and Rodgers, K and Donet, C and Mui, E and Ansari, ATA and Ransingh, A and Vernekar, PS and Walia, HK and Sharma, J and Connolly, J and Hursthouse, A and Mukherji, S and Mukherji, S and Henriquez, FL}, title = {The Microbial Trojan Horse and Antimicrobial Resistance: Acanthamoeba as an Environmental Reservoir for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {11}, pages = {e70193}, doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.70193}, pmid = {41163086}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {NE/T012986/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; BT/IN/Indo-UK/AMR-Env/01/SM/2020-21//Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, mesh = {*Acanthamoeba/microbiology ; *Bacteria/drug effects/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; }, abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is shaped by environmental pressures, yet the role of microbial predators such as Acanthamoeba in resistance dynamics remains poorly characterized. In this study, Acanthamoeba-associated bacterial communities (AAB) exhibited significantly higher multidrug resistance than sediment-associated bacterial communities (SAB) in a polluted estuarine system. All isolated amoebae belonged to the T4 genotype, suggesting selection for resilient host organisms. AAB displayed elevated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices and increased resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, particularly aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and β-lactams. Correlation analysis revealed that resistance in AAB, but not SAB, was associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) known to influence phagocyte survival, including arsenic, vanadium, and calcium. These elements may select for traits that confer metal and antibiotic resistance. The findings support a model where protists act as selective environments for AMR, favoring bacteria that possess enhanced tolerance mechanisms. This work provides the first direct evidence linking PTE exposure to the intracellular resistome of Acanthamoeba-associated bacteria. It underscores the need for AMR monitoring frameworks that include protist-bacteria interactions, with implications for One Health and environmental risk assessment strategies. Moreover, this approach is scalable for application in low/middle-income countries, where AMR burden is greatest and surveillance capacity remains limited.}, }
@article {pmid41162683, year = {2025}, author = {Lin, Y and He, J and Zhang, Q and Li, Y and Ke, J and Lin, C and Yao, B and Zhang, C and Tan, N}, title = {Aerococcus christensenii: an emerging pathogen associated with infections and bacteremia in pregnancy-genomic insights and pathogenicity evaluation.}, journal = {Functional &amp; integrative genomics}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {229}, pmid = {41162683}, issn = {1438-7948}, support = {868-000001033222//The Scientific Foundation for Youth Scholars of Shenzhen University/ ; 868-000001033222//The Scientific Foundation for Youth Scholars of Shenzhen University/ ; 868-000001033222//The Scientific Foundation for Youth Scholars of Shenzhen University/ ; }, mesh = {Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; *Bacteremia/microbiology ; Animals ; *Aerococcus/genetics/pathogenicity/drug effects/isolation &amp; purification ; Mice ; *Genome, Bacterial ; *Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Virulence/genetics ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; }, abstract = {Aerococcus christensenii (A. christensenii) is a symbiotic bacterium that primarily colonizes the vagina. Infections caused by A. christensenii are rare but can also pose a significant health threat. In this study, two rare cases of A. christensenii bacteremia in pregnant women complicated with chorioamnionitis were investigated; and two strains KSW23 and KWL24, which were isolated from blood samples, were analyzed for their genomic characteristics and pathogenic potential. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the genome sizes of KSW23 and KWL24 were approximately 1.6 Mb, and predicted multiple genes associated with pathogenicity (tuf, eno, plr/gapA, galU, galE, groEL, gndA, sugC, lplA1, mgtB, clpC, clpP, and lmb), antibiotic resistance (ermB and tet(M)), and mobile genetic elements (plasmid replicon repUS43 and transposon Tn6009). Correspondingly, these strains showed multidrug resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides, and Tetracyclines. Pangenome analysis revealed close evolutionary relationships and significant genomic conservation between these two strains and the previously isolated strains, especially with respect to genes related to pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. Notably, a mouse bacteremia model confirmed the pathogenicity and virulence of A. christensenii strains KSW23 and KWL24, which induced bacteremia and mortality, but not as strongly as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strain ATCC25923. Additionally, A. christensenii exhibited a robust survival ability in human blood comparable to those observed in S. aureus strain ATCC25923. To our knowledge, this study is the first genomic research on A. christensenii, and confirms the species' bloodstream invasive capacity and pathogenicity based on genomic studies and experimental validation. These findings underscore its role as a pathogen in the ascending genital tract in the obstetric population.}, }
@article {pmid41162617, year = {2025}, author = {Salama, SG and Marie, AH and Bedair, R}, title = {Floristic assessment and soil-vegetation dynamics in an arid zone: a case study of the old Katameya-Ain Sokhna Road, Eastern Desert, Egypt.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {37742}, pmid = {41162617}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Egypt ; *Soil/chemistry ; *Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Plants/classification ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {In the hyper-arid deserts of Egypt, where extreme environmental conditions prevail, understanding the symbiotic relationship between the sparse vegetation cover and the underlying soil is crucial for unraveling the mechanisms of plant survival and ecosystem functioning. This study investigates vegetation composition, environmental drivers, and their interactions in an unprotected area of Egypt's northern Eastern Desert, which has recently experienced substantial anthropogenic disturbances. Primary threats to vegetation include road construction, unregulated quarrying, and overexploitation of natural resources. To represent the habitats present in the study area, 20 stands were selected. In each stand, the existing plant species were recorded, soil samples were taken from each stand, and multivariate statistics (DCA) were conducted to show the relationship between the distinctive plant indicators for each stand, as well as the most influential soil factors in each stand. Then, the state of the vegetation cover in previous years (2014) was compared with the state in the study year (2024). A total of 75 plant species were documented, with Asteraceae (15 species) and Fabaceae (6 species) representing the most diverse families. Perennials (73%), chamaephytes (44%), and Saharo-Arabian species (71%) dominated the flora. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) revealed that the studied stands were divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D). Each group was ecologically similar to the other. Each group of stands had distinctive plant indicators and the soil factors most closely associated with them. Based on the IUCN Red List, conservation status assessments were provided for each species (65 species were unevaluated, while only 11% of the total species are classified as Least Concern, with no taxa appearing in the threatened category). The presence of invasive non-native taxa, such as Beta vulgaris and Centaurea calcitrapa, which threaten native biodiversity, was noted. Analysis of the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) revealed a reduction in vegetation cover between 2014 (SAVI range: -0.523911 to 0.860437) and 2024 (SAVI range: -0.574714 to 1.08698). The recorded plant species include 16 medicinal plants. Escalating habitat destruction and anthropogenic pressures underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies to safeguard biodiversity in this vulnerable region.}, }
@article {pmid41162221, year = {2025}, author = {Hodžić, A}, title = {The contribution of the Midichloria mitochondrii endosymbiont to Borrelia infection dynamics.}, journal = {Trends in parasitology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2025.10.003}, pmid = {41162221}, issn = {1471-5007}, abstract = {Recent studies have revealed a positive correlation between the presence of the Midichloria mitochondrii endosymbiont and Borrelia species in the tick vector, suggesting potential interactions that may influence pathogen infection and the transmission dynamics of Lyme borreliosis. This article discusses the possible mechanistic pathways underlying these interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41162177, year = {2025}, author = {Nam, Y and Seo, G and Kim, Y and Kim, SR and Kim, JN}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Microbial Communities and Biopolymer Production in Kombucha.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {e2508004}, doi = {10.4014/jmb.2508.08004}, pmid = {41162177}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {Cellulose/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Biopolymers/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Microbiota ; *Kombucha Tea/microbiology ; Yeasts/metabolism/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Ethanol/metabolism ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Phylogeny ; Acetobacteraceae/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {While the microbial diversity of kombucha has been previously investigated, only a limited number of studies have explicitly distinguished between the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and the liquid broth, and even fewer have directly associated microbial diversity with bacterial cellulose production. This study investigated the microbial communities present in commercially available kombucha products by using both culture-based and molecular analysis methods, along with metabolite profiling by chemical analyses. Culture-based methods identified key cellulose-producing strains, including Komagataeibacter intermedius, K. rhaeticus, and Novacetimonas hansenii, while next-generation sequencing revealed Komagataeibacter as the dominant bacterial genus in kombucha. Yeast communities in kombucha were predominated by Zygosaccharomyces bisporus and Z. parabailii. As fermentation progressed, all kombucha samples exhibited typical fermentation dynamics, characterized by progressive sucrose depletion and an increase in ethanol and acetate production. Given the promising industrial applications of bacterial cellulose, the biopolymer content of kombucha was evaluated. Among the kombucha samples, K2 showed the highest cellulose yield (4.50 ± 2.28 g), and N. hansenii was identified as the most efficient cellulose producer among the isolates. This integrative approach provides critical insights into the role of microbial communities in regulating kombucha fermentation. Specifically, this study delineated the core microbiota required for stable fermentation and identified strains with enhanced cellulose-producing capacity. Beyond defining the key microbial taxa associated with kombucha production, these findings underscore the industrial potential of kombucha-derived cellulose producers and present a strategy for optimizing bacterial cellulose yield in large-scale applications.}, }
@article {pmid41161318, year = {2025}, author = {Balmand, S and Rivard, C and Peignier, S and Santarella-Mellwig, R and Ghanem-Debbache, M and Maire, J and Engl, T and Galvão Ferrarini, M and Dell'Aglio, E and Soriano-Saiz, B and Dalverny, C and La Padula, V and Turunen, P and Rahioui, I and Vallier, A and Vincent-Monégat, C and Vierne, B and Parisot, N and Condemine, G and Da Silva, P and Jaurand, X and Schwab, Y and Kaltenpoth, M and Heddi, A and Zaidman-Rémy, A}, title = {Bacterial tubular networks channel carbohydrates in insect endosymbiosis.}, journal = {Cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2025.10.001}, pmid = {41161318}, issn = {1097-4172}, abstract = {Symbiosis is widespread in nature and plays a fundamental role in organism adaptation and evolution. In nutritional endosymbiosis, host cells accommodate intracellular bacteria and act as a "metabolic factory," requiring extensive metabolic exchanges between host and endosymbiont. To investigate the mechanisms supporting these exchanges, we used the association between the bacterium Sodalis pierantonius and the insect Sitophilus spp. that thrives on an exclusive cereal diet. Volume electron microscopy uncovered that endosymbionts generate complex membranous tubular networks (tubenets) that connect bacteria and drastically increase their exchange surface with the host cytosol. In situ high spatial resolution chemical analysis indicated that tubenets are enriched in carbohydrates, which are the main substrate used by bacteria to generate nutrients for the host. Multiple membranous structures favoring nutrient absorption are described in multicellular organisms. This work demonstrates that bacteria have convergently evolved a similar "biostrategy" that enhances nutrient acquisition by increasing membrane interface.}, }
@article {pmid41160691, year = {2025}, author = {Becker-Kerber, B and Brocks, JJ and Archilha, NL and Rodella, CB and Petkov, V and deAzevedo, ER and Pimentel, T and Garcia, R and Petts, D and Czas, J and Ardakani, OH and Chappaz, A and Albuquerque, &#xc2; and Ortega-Hernández, J and Lerosey-Aubril, R and Kipp, MA and Johnson, B and Thoury, M and Oliveira, CMA and Pimentel, HHLSM and Freitas, RO and Vicentin, FC and Borges, LGF and Almer, J and Park, JS and Polo, CC and Kerber, G and Del Mouro, L and Figueiredo, M and Prado, GMEM and Ahmed, S and Basei, MAS}, title = {The rise of lichens during the colonization of terrestrial environments.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {11}, number = {44}, pages = {eadw7879}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adw7879}, pmid = {41160691}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Lichens/physiology ; *Fossils ; *Ecosystem ; Biological Evolution ; Brazil ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The origin of terrestrial life and ecosystems fundamentally changed the biosphere. Lichens, symbiotic fungi-algae partnerships, are crucial to nutrient cycling and carbon fixation today, yet their evolutionary history during the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems remains unclear due to a scarce fossil record. We demonstrate that the enigmatic Devonian fossil Spongiophyton from Brazil captures one of the earliest and most widespread records of lichens. The presence of internal hyphae networks, algal cells, possible reproductive structures, calcium oxalate pseudomorphs, abundant nitrogenous compounds, and fossil lipid composition confirms that it was among the first widespread representatives of lichenized fungi in Earth's history. Spongiophyton abundance and wide paleogeographic distribution in Devonian successions reveal an ecologically prominent presence of lichens during the late stages of terrestrial colonization, just before the evolution of complex forest ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41160687, year = {2025}, author = {Okada, K and Fujiwara, T and Hirooka, S and Kobayashi, Y and Onuma, R and Miyagishima, SY}, title = {The closed nutrient recycling system in the Paramecium-Chlorella photosymbiosis contributes to survival under oligotrophic conditions.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {11}, number = {44}, pages = {eadz0004}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adz0004}, pmid = {41160687}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Paramecium/physiology/metabolism ; *Chlorella/physiology/metabolism ; *Nutrients/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Light ; }, abstract = {Endosymbiotic relationships between a heterotrophic host and a unicellular algal endosymbiont are observed across many eukaryotic lineages. Although these relationships are prevalent in oligotrophic environments, how they function and provide an advantage under such conditions remains largely unknown. To address these issues, we examined the behavior of the ciliate Paramecium bursaria hosting Chlorella endosymbionts under nitrogen- and prey-depleted conditions. The Paramecium host survived for up to 5 weeks while maintaining the number of Chlorella endosymbionts, whereas aposymbiotic Paramecium and free-living Chlorella either died or bleached, respectively, under the same conditions. In the symbiotic state, the host continuously fed on the endosymbionts without excreting nitrogenous waste into the medium, while the remaining endosymbionts continued to proliferate using heterotrophic metabolites from the host and light energy. Thus, the cyclical farming of endosymbionts by the host maintains a high concentration of nutrients within the closed system, providing a selective advantage in oligotrophic environments.}, }
@article {pmid41160089, year = {2025}, author = {Abuzahrah, SS}, title = {The microbiome of marine sponges located on the Saudi Arabia coast of the Red sea using high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {160}, pmid = {41160089}, issn = {2191-0855}, support = {PROJECT NO.: CRP/SAU24-02//International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)/ ; }, abstract = {Marine sponges (Porifera) from the Red Sea host diverse microbial communities that are integral to sponge health, nutrient cycling, and ecological resilience. Using high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we characterized the bacterial diversity and functional potential across several Red Sea sponge species. Our findings revealed that these microbiomes are dominated by Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Roseobacteraceae, with notable contributions from bacterial taxa involved in nitrogen fixation, organic matter degradation, and antimicrobial compound production. Functional predictions indicate that these symbionts support sponge nutrition, defense, and adaptation to the extreme Red Sea environment, including high salinity and temperature. Compared to sponge microbiomes from other marine regions, the Red Sea communities display unique taxonomic compositions and enhanced metabolic and defensive capacities. This highlights the essential ecological roles and potential biotechnological applications of these symbiotic assemblages. Our study underscores the significance of exploring sponge-associated microbiomes in understudied and extreme marine ecosystems. These results provide a foundation for future bioprospecting and work on adaptive mechanisms, emphasizing the value of Red Sea sponges and their microbiota for marine biotechnology and ecosystem resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41159495, year = {2025}, author = {Kurimoto, SI and Nishie, K and Kubota, T}, title = {Absolute Configuration of Symbiodinolactone A.}, journal = {Journal of natural products}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5c01163}, pmid = {41159495}, issn = {1520-6025}, abstract = {The absolute configurations at five stereogenic centers in symbiodinolactone A, a 12-membered macrolide isolated from the symbiotic marine dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. associated with an acoelomorpha Amphiscolops sp., were determined to be 7R,11R,12R,13R,14R. A combination of different techniques was applied in this regard such as Rychnovsky's method, Kishi's universal NMR databases, the modified Mosher's method, and comparison of the NMR data of the bis(S)-MTPA ester of a degradation product of symbiodinolactone A with those of synthesized reference compounds. In addition, symbiodinolactone A was found to exhibit cytotoxicity against L1210 murine leukemia cells.}, }
@article {pmid41159488, year = {2025}, author = {Ge, X and Li, N and Zhang, J and Fan, X and Chen, L and Zhao, N and Ren, A}, title = {Epichloë endophyte-infected Achnatherum sibiricum and neighbouring non-host grasses exhibit associational resistance to soil-borne diseases.}, journal = {Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/plb.70112}, pmid = {41159488}, issn = {1438-8677}, support = {32271586//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Grasses and Epichloë endophytes often form mutualistic symbiotic defence systems. Studies have shown Epichloë endophytes improve resistance of host plants to airborne diseases. However, whether endophytes affect soil-borne disease resistance of host or neighbouring non-host plants remains unclear. We used endophyte-infected (EI) and endophyte-free (EF) Achnatherum sibiricum as host grass, Leymus chinensis as non-host grass, and Rhizoctonia solani as pathogen to explore the effects of endophyte infection on disease resistance of host and neighbouring non-host grasses. To clarify the contribution of root exudates to disease resistance of the non-host grass, three different root separation methods were employed between host and non-host plants: plastic barrier (PB), nylon mesh barrier (NL, allowing root exudates to pass through), or no barrier (NB). Epichloë endophytes decreased the disease index (DI) of the host A. sibiricum and reduced pathogen abundance in both host roots and soil. The DI of L. chinensis was affected by the interaction between root separation and endophyte infection. Under NL and NB treatments, the DI of L. chinensis with an EI neighbour was significantly lower than that with an EF neighbour, indicating that endophytic fungi can alleviate disease in non-host plants by influencing root exudates. Additionally, endophytic fungi increased the content of total phenolic compounds and salicylic acid in L. chinensis through activation of host root exudates, which could be one reason for the reduced DI of L. chinensis. Upon analysing root exudate components of the host, we found 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DTBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were the main antifungal compounds mediated by endophyte infection. Epichloë endophytes improved soil-borne disease resistance of the host and enhanced resistance of the neighbouring non-host grass through host root exudates; overall, host and non-host plants showed "associational resistance" to soil-borne diseases. This study highlights that Epichloë endophytes could potentially serve as efficient biological control agents against R. solani-associated diseases in grassland communities.}, }
@article {pmid41158803, year = {2025}, author = {Totleben, L and Thomas, J and Austin, D}, title = {Drug-mediated disruption of the aging gut microbiota and mucosal immune system.}, journal = {Frontiers in aging}, volume = {6}, number = {}, pages = {1603847}, pmid = {41158803}, issn = {2673-6217}, abstract = {The human gut microbiota is comprised predominantly of bacteria, and also includes archaea, fungi, and viruses. The gastrointestinal epithelium, mucosal barrier, and mucosal immune system balance protection against infection at mucosal entry points with symbiosis and tolerance to non-harmful organisms and antigens. Aging is associated with notable changes in both gut microbiota and mucosal immunity, including reduced microbial diversity, increased proportion of pathobionts relative to commensals, immunosenescence, and chronic inflammation. These changes may disrupt gastrointestinal function and homeostasis and increase susceptibility to infection and inflammatory conditions. Multiple drug classes are also associated with disruption of the gut microbiota and mucosal immunity, including antibacterials, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), metformin, and steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. This review describes the mechanisms by which these drugs affect the gut microbiota and mucosal immunity to provide perspective of the concurrent effects of drugs and age-related changes.}, }
@article {pmid41158770, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, Y and Huang, D and Li, J and Sun, X and Zhang, Q and Zhang, R and Yang, R and Li, B and Kong, T and Xiong, Z and Huang, Y and Chang, Z and Su, Y and Shang, Y and Ghani, MU and Wang, Y and Sun, W}, title = {Investigation of the role of sulfide oxidation in the gill-associated microbiota of freshwater mussel Limnoperna fortunei.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1671425}, pmid = {41158770}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Limnoperna fortunei is a notable invasive freshwater species, altering structure and function of natural and engineered aquatic ecosystems. The host-associated microbiomes play a critical role in the survival and thriving of L. fortunei, with the gill-associated microbiomes being particularly significant due to their involvement in filter feeding, nutrient metabolism, and symbiosis. However, research on microbiomes associated with L. fortunei remains limited, and studies specifically focusing on gill-associated microbiota are scarce, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of their ecological roles.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, gill-associated bacterial communities of the L. fortunei were compared with their surrounding water microbial populations in the largest water diversion projects (the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project) to elucidate their environmental adaptations and potential contribution to their hosts. Analyses included assessing bacterial diversity and composition, conducting Neutral Community Model (NCM) analysis to explore community assembly processes, constructing an environmental-microbial co-occurrence network to identify key environmental factors, and performing metagenomic analysis of gill samples to investigate functional genes.<br><br>RESULTS: Significant variations were observed in bacterial diversity and composition between gills and surrounding water. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria Pirellula, SM1A02, and Roseomonas were significantly enriched in gill-associated microbiota. Neutral community model (NCM) analysis unveiled that the assembly of gill microbial communities was primarily governed by stochastic processes, constrained by determined processes. Moreover, environmental-microbial co-occurrence network identified reduced sulfur as the key factor shaping the composition of bacterial communities. Metagenomic binning of gill samples further revealed that metagenome assembled genomes associated with Pirellula within the phylum Planctomycetota contained functional genes related to sulfide oxidation and resistant to oxidative stress.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This study provides systematic insights into the microbial community diversity, assembly patterns, and functional characteristics of L. fortunei gill-asscociated microbiota, contributing to a mechanistic understanding of their ecological roles.}, }
@article {pmid41158324, year = {2025}, author = {Fatemi, S and Kriefall, NG and Yogi, D and Weber, D and Hynson, NA and Medeiros, MCI and Sadowski, P and Amend, AS}, title = {Microbial composition and function are nested and shaped by food web topologies.}, journal = {ISME communications}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {ycaf175}, pmid = {41158324}, issn = {2730-6151}, abstract = {Food webs govern interactions among organisms and drive energy fluxes within ecosystems. With an increasing appreciation for the role of symbiotic microbes in host metabolism and development, it is imperative to understand the extent to which microbes conform to, and potentially influence, canonical food web efficiencies and structures. Here, we investigate whether bacteria and their taxa and functional genes are compositionally nested within a simple model food web hierarchy, and the extent to which this is predicted by the trophic position of the host. Using shotgun and amplicon sequencing of discrete food web compartments within replicate tank bromeliads, we find that both taxonomy and function are compositionally nested and largely mirror the pyramid-shaped distribution of food webs. Further, nearly the entirety of bacterial taxa and functional genes associated with hosts are contained within host-independent environmental samples. Community composition of bacterial taxa did not significantly correlate with that of functional genes, indicating a high likelihood of functional redundancy. Whereas bacterial taxa were shaped by both location and trophic position of their host, functional genes were not spatially structured. Our work illustrates the advantages of applying food web ecology to predict patterns of overlapping microbiome composition among unrelated hosts and distinct habitats. Because bacterial symbionts are critical components of host metabolic potential, this result raises important questions about whether bacterial consortia are shaped by the same energetic constraints as hosts, and whether they play an active role in food web efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid41157958, year = {2025}, author = {Stillson, PT and Sim, SB and Corpuz, RL and Ravenscraft, A}, title = {Symbiont Gene Expression Predicts Insect Host's Response to High Temperatures.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70154}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70154}, pmid = {41157958}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {0201-88888-002-000D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; 0201-88888-003-000D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; 2040-22430-028-000-D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; 2019-67013-29407//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 2023-67013-39897//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 2024-67012-43746//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 2146512//National Science Foundation/ ; //University of Texas at Arlington/ ; }, abstract = {Microbial symbionts play crucial roles in host nutrition, defence, and detoxification. However, host-symbiont interactions are context-dependent, and environmental stressors can disrupt these benefits. Diverse hosts, including corals, insects and leguminous plants, have been shown to suffer under thermal stress due to the negative impact of high temperatures on their symbionts. This failure is often linked to a symbiont's poor transcriptional regulation of heat shock genes, causing vulnerability at high temperatures. In the bug-Caballeronia model system, insect performance at elevated temperatures varies based on the hosted symbiont species. Here, we explore the underlying mechanisms that drive this variation using comparative metatranscriptomics and two symbionts with contrasting host outcomes at high temperatures. We evaluated both host and symbiont transcriptional responses to elevated temperature, testing the hypothesis that symbionts conferring improved host outcomes at high temperatures will have more upregulated heat shock genes under thermal stress compared to those conferring worse host outcomes. Our findings reveal that host transcription did not change with different symbionts but rather only at different temperatures. Furthermore, symbionts had distinct gene expression profiles across temperatures. At 36°C, the heat-resistant symbiont not only increased expression of heat shock genes but surprisingly upregulated flagellar genes, which are normally turned off during symbiosis. This suggests that symbiont, not host, transcription underlies host benefits at low versus high temperatures and ultimately furthers our understanding of context dependence in the outcomes of symbiotic associations.}, }
@article {pmid41157763, year = {2025}, author = {Zhuang, H and Tang, X and Ning, Z and Zhou, C and Zhao, Q and Wang, H and Xing, Y and Zhang, A}, title = {The Impact of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Application and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Inoculation on Nitrogen Utilization in Intercropped Areca catechu L. and Vanilla planifolia Andrews.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {20}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14203207}, pmid = {41157763}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {322RC779//Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CATASCXTD202510//Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences for Science and Technology Innovation Team of National Tropical Agricultural Science Center/ ; 32360796//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 1630042025014//the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research fund/ ; ZDYF2025XDNY087//Science and Technology special fund of Hainan Province/ ; }, abstract = {Areca (Areca catechu L.) is an important economic crop in tropical regions, but excessive nitrogen application leads to low nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency (approximately 30%). Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) can be intercropped with areca to enhance land use efficiency. However, the impact of combined nitrogen reduction and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on the intercropping system of areca and vanilla remains unclear. This study examined the impact of nitrogen reduction (at levels of conventional fertilization, a 30% reduction and a 60% reduction) and the inoculation of AMF on the photosynthetic characteristics, physiological metabolism, and nitrogen utilization within an areca and vanilla intercropping system, employing a two-factor experimental design. The nitrogen reduction significantly inhibited SPAD value (chlorophyll content) (decreased by 46.21%), net photosynthesis (Pn) (decreased by 71.13%), and transpiration rate (Tr) (decreased by 44.34%) of vanilla without inoculation of AMF, but had little effect on the photosynthesis of areca. Inoculation with AMF, notably Funneliformis mosseae, alleviated the adverse effects of reduced nitrogen on vanilla. The net photosynthesis and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) significantly increased by 76.23% and 69.48%, respectively. Additionally, the nitrogen uptake efficiency of the areca was improved, with root vitality increasing by 39.96%. Additionally, AMF enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) (increased by 38.86% in vanilla) and nitrate reductase (NR) (increased by 53.77% in areca), promoting soil mineral nutrient activation and nitrogen metabolism. The nitrogen reduction combined with AMF inoculation can improve the nitrogen use efficiency of the areca and vanilla intercropping system, revealing its synergistic mechanism in the tropical intercropping system.}, }
@article {pmid41157245, year = {2025}, author = {Breivik, TJ and Gjermo, P and Opstad, PK and Murison, R and von Hörsten, S and Fristad, I}, title = {Brain Structures, Circuits, and Networks Involved in Immune Regulation, Periodontal Health, and Disease.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life15101572}, pmid = {41157245}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {The interaction between microorganisms in the dental microfilm (plaque) at the gingival margin, the immune system, and the brain is vital for gingival health. The brain constantly receives information regarding microbial composition and inflammation status through afferent nerves and the bloodstream. It modulates immune responses via efferent nerves and hormonal systems to maintain homeostasis. This relationship determines whether the gingiva remains healthy or develops into gingivitis (non-destructive inflammation) or periodontitis (a destructive condition), collectively referred to as periodontal disease. Factors associated with severe periodontitis heighten the responsiveness of this homeostatic system, diminishing the adaptive immune system's defence against symbiotic microorganisms with pathogenic properties, known as pathobionts. This leads to excessive innate immune system activation, effectively preventing infection but damaging the periodontium. Consequently, investigating the microbiota-brain axis is vital for understanding its impact on periodontal health and disease. Herein, we examine recent advancements in how the defence against pathobionts is organised within the brain, and how it regulates and adapts the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune balance, controlling microbiota composition. It also discussed how pathobionts and emotional stress can trigger neurodegenerative diseases, and how inadequate coping strategies for managing daily stress and shift work can disrupt brain circuits linked to immune regulation, weakening the adaptive immune response against pathobionts.}, }
@article {pmid41156846, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Y and Shang, Y and Wang, X and Li, X and Yu, Z and Zeng, Z and Chen, Z and Wang, L and Xiang, T and Huang, X}, title = {Metagenomics and In Vitro Growth-Promoting Experiments Revealed the Potential Roles of Mycorrhizal Fungus Humicolopsis cephalosporioides and Helper Bacteria in Cheilotheca humilis Growth.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13102387}, pmid = {41156846}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {31872181//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021QDL062//Research Start-up Funds from the Hangzhou Normal University/ ; 2025JCXK01//Interdisciplinary Research Project of Hangzhou Normal University/ ; }, abstract = {In mycorrhizal symbiotic relationships, non-photosynthetic myco-heterotrophic plants are unable to supply photosynthates to their associated fungi. On the contrary, they rely on fungal carbon to sustain their own growth. Mycorrhizal fungi can mediate plant interactions with the rhizosphere microbiome, which contributes to the promotion of plant growth and nutrient uptake. However, the microbial community and key microbial species that function during the growth of the myco-heterotrophic plant Cheilotheca humilis remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the microbial community associated with Cheilotheca humilis, which was confirmed via morphological characteristics typical of this plant species. Metagenomic analysis showed that the Afipia carboxidovorans was dominant at species level. Based on the LDA score, Bradyrhizobium ottawaense exhibited the higher abundance in the CH-B group (related to bud) while Afipia carboxidovorans was identified from the CH-F group (related to flower). Microbial co-occurrence networks showed that the Rhizobium genus, Herbaspirillum genus, and Cyanobacteriota were defined as core functional microbial species. To explore the potential microorganisms, metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of the rhizosphere microbiome identified 14 medium- and high-quality MAGs, mainly involved in carbon fixation, nitrogen transformation, and phosphorus metabolism, possibly providing nutrients for the plant. Furthermore, a total of 67 rhizospheric and 66 endophytic microorganisms were isolated and obtained. In vitro experiments showed that the mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHBs) Rhizobium genus and Pseudomonas genus possessed the ability of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and siderophores production. Most importantly, the mycorrhizal fungus Humicolopsis cephalosporioides was obtained, which could potentially produce cellulase to supply carbohydrates for host. The findings suggest the mycorrhizal fungus Humicolopsis cephalosporioides and helper bacteria have great potential in the growth of the myco-heterotrophic plant Cheilotheca humilis.}, }
@article {pmid41156827, year = {2025}, author = {Yüksel, E and Lahlali, R and Barış, A and Sameeullah, M and Ulaş, F and Koca, AS and Ait Barka, E and İmren, M and Dababat, A}, title = {Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Bioactive Compounds of Their Bacterial Endosymbionts Act Synergistically in Combination with Spinosad to Kill Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a Serious Threat to Food Security.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13102368}, pmid = {41156827}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {FAPD-2025-15290//Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit/ ; }, abstract = {As a staple food, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (Solanaceae) is one of the most produced food crops to ensure food security. The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major pest of potato, damaging both the growing and storage processes. In recent years, green pest control strategies have been gaining importance to reduce the adverse effects of chemicals and protect the environment. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and their bacterial endosymbionts (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp.) have been one of the top topics studied in sustainable pest control approaches. In the present study, the two most common EPN species, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and their bacterial associates, Xenorhabdus bovienii and Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii were evaluated against PTM larvae separately and in combination with spinosad. The survival rates of infective juveniles (IJs) of EPNs were over 92% after 72 h of direct exposure to spinosad. Co-application of EPNs and bioactive compounds (BACs) of endosymbiotic bacteria with spinosad induced synergistic interactions and achieved the maximum mortality (100%) in PTM larvae 48 h post-treatment. Spinosad and BAC combinations were highly efficient in controlling the PTM larvae and provided LT50 values below 23.0 h. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 29 compounds in total, 20 of which belonged to P. luminescens subsp. kayaii. The results indicate that the integration of EPNs and BACs of endosymbiotic bacteria with spinosad presents a synergistic interaction and enhances pest control efficacy.}, }
@article {pmid41156804, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, Q and Dong, P and Chen, M and Wang, H and Wang, L and Yuan, J and Hu, C and Liu, Z and Li, Y and Fan, Q}, title = {Soybean-Bupleurum Rotation System Can Optimize Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community via Impacting Soil Properties and Enzyme Activities During Bupleurum Seedling Stage.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13102346}, pmid = {41156804}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {the Youth Fund of the Shanxi Provincial Basic Research Program, Grant No.202203021212442;//Mengni Chen/ ; Sub-project of the Key Science and Technology Special Program with a "Revealing the Rank and Appointing the Leader" Approach in Shanxi Province, No. 202301140601014-01A//Hui Wang/ ; Surface project funded by the Shanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology, No. 202303021211103//Hui Wang/ ; Scientific Research and Development Fund of the Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, No.SJJCX2023-03//Peng Dong/ ; }, abstract = {To avoid continuous cropping problems with Bupleurum, we screened suitable preceding crops for rotation with Bupleurum through different crop rotations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find out the relationships between microbial community characteristics, soil properties, and enzyme activities under four different rotation patterns, including fallow-Bupleurum (CK), maize-Bupleurum (M), soybean-Bupleurum (So), and sunflower-Bupleurum (Su). Results indicated that under all four rotation patterns, So treatment significantly enhanced soil nutrients and enzyme activities compared to CK. So not only optimized the composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities but markedly enhanced microbial α diversity. Additionally, So exhibited high similarity in bacterial and fungal community composition with M, and featured complex symbiotic relationships within the soil microbial network. While no clear discrepancies were detected in the abundance of the top twenty metabolic pathways in the predictive functions of bacterial and fungal communities across four rotation patterns, the metabolic pathway function MET-SAM-PWY (methionine synthesis pathway) in bacterial communities and the metabolic pathway function VALSYN-PWY (valine synthesis pathway) in fungal communities were particularly prominent under the So rotation pattern. RDA suggested that soil properties (available phosphorus and pH) and enzyme activities (sucrase and alkaline phosphatase activities) were the driving forces for bacterial community composition, while soil properties (soil organic matter and available potassium) and enzyme activities (sucrase and catalase activities) regulated fungal community composition. Hence, the soybean-Bupleurum rotation pattern represents a cultivation practice more beneficial for the sustainable development of the bupleurum industry, which can significantly improve soil fertility and the micro-ecological environment.}, }
@article {pmid41156693, year = {2025}, author = {Aranda-Pérez, J and Sánchez-Aguilar, MDC and Cutiño-Gobea, AM and Pérez-Montaño, F and Medina, C}, title = {Cyclic di-GMP Modulation of Quorum Sensing and Its Impact on Type VI Secretion System Function in Sinorhizobium fredii.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13102232}, pmid = {41156693}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {PID2020-118279RA-I00//Spanish Minister of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU)/ ; PPIT2024-31787//FEDER program/ ; }, abstract = {Effective rhizobium-legume symbiosis depends on multiple molecular signaling pathways, integrating not only classical nodulation factors and surface polysaccharides but also diverse protein secretion systems. Among them, the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) has emerged as a key player, due to its dual roles in interbacterial competition and interactions with eukaryotic hosts, though its contribution to symbiosis remains unclear. Key regulatory messengers, including the main autoinducer of the quorum sensing (QS) systems, the N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), and the second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), modulate the transition between motility and biofilm formation, especially in the context of bacteria interacting with eukaryotes, including rhizobia. While c-di-GMP's impact on exopolysaccharide production in these organisms is well established, its influence on protein secretion systems, particularly in conjunction with QS, is largely unexplored. To contribute to the study of such interplay, we artificially increased intracellular c-di-GMP levels by overexpressing a heterologous diguanylate cyclase in three Sinorhizobium fredii strains of agronomic relevance. This engineering revealed strain-specific outcomes, since elevated c-di-GMP enhanced biofilm development in two strains, but reduced it in another. Furthermore, using β-galactosidase expression assays, we confirmed that both high c-di-GMP and/or AHL concentrations contribute to the transcriptional activation of T6SS. These results demonstrate a direct regulatory link between c-di-GMP, QS signals, and T6SS expression, shedding light on the multilayered control mechanisms that structure beneficial rhizobia-plant interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41156619, year = {2025}, author = {Sultankulova, KT and Kozhabergenov, NS and Shynybekova, GO and Almezhanova, MD and Zhaksylyk, SB and Abayeva, MR and Chervyakova, OV and Argimbayeva, TO and Orynbayev, MB}, title = {Metagenomic Profile of Bacterial Communities of Hyalomma scupense and Hyalomma asiaticum Ticks in Kazakhstan.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens14101008}, pmid = {41156619}, issn = {2076-0817}, mesh = {Animals ; Kazakhstan ; *Metagenomics/methods ; *Ixodidae/microbiology ; Male ; Female ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Cattle ; *Microbiota ; *Metagenome ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; }, abstract = {Ticks are important vectors of pathogens affecting humans and animals, posing a serious threat to health. For the first time, we studied the metagenomic profile of the microbial composition of Hyalomma scupense and Hyalomma asiaticum ticks in Kazakhstan. A total of 94 adult H. asiaticum and H. scupense ticks collected from randomly selected cattle in Kazakhstan in 2023 were analyzed. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using the Ion Torrent NGS platform. Taxonomic classification was carried out in the BV-BRC platform with the Kraken2 database. Metagenomic analysis revealed 26 bacterial genera, including both pathogenic and symbiotic taxa. In H. scupense, the dominant groups were Francisella (89.0%), Staphylococcus (76.0%) and Candidatus Midichloria (61.0%), while in H. asiaticum, they were Francisella (99.0% and 95.0%) and Helcococcus (65.0%). In male H. scupense, the proportion of Francisella reached 89%, whereas in females, it varied from 2% to 28%. In H. asiaticum, Helcococcus accounted for 65% in males compared to 11% in females. This is the first report on the metagenomic profile of the microbiota of H. scupense and H. asiaticum in Kazakhstan. The detection of pathogens indicates a risk of their transmission to humans and animals and highlights the need to develop new tick control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41155435, year = {2025}, author = {Kuprin, A and Baklanova, V}, title = {The Microbiome as a Protagonist of Xylophagous Insects in Adaptation to Environmental Conditions and Climate Change.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {20}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms262010143}, pmid = {41155435}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Insecta/microbiology/physiology ; *Microbiota ; *Adaptation, Physiological ; Ecosystem ; Symbiosis ; Forests ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; }, abstract = {Xylophagous insects represent a diverse group of species whose life cycles are trophically associated with wood at various stages of decomposition. In forest ecosystems, they play a pivotal role in wood degradation and biogeochemical nutrient cycling. Their remarkable adaptation to feeding on structurally complex and nutrient-poor woody substrates has been largely mediated by long-term symbiotic interactions with gut microbiota. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular and ecological mechanisms underlying insect-microbiota interactions, with particular attention paid to the impact of environmental stressors-including elevated temperature, shifts in moisture regimes, and pollution-on microbial community structure and host adaptive responses. We critically evaluate the strength of evidence linking climate-driven microbiome shifts to functional consequences for the host and the ecosystem. The ecological implications of microbiota restructuring, such as impaired wood decomposition, decreased disease resistance, facilitation of xylophagous species spread, and alterations in key biotic interactions within forest biocenoses, are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of multi-omics technologies and functional assays for a deeper, mechanistic understanding of microbiota roles. We also assess the potential and limitations of microbiome-based approaches for insect population management, with the overall goal of maintaining and enhancing the resilience of forest ecosystems under ongoing climate change.}, }
@article {pmid41154803, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, Y and Tian, T and Ji, J and Tan, L and Peng, K and Liu, Z and Zhao, W and Wang, C and Liu, F and Zhang, X}, title = {Dissecting the Functional Interplay Between Heme Oxygenase LjHO1 and Leghemoglobins in Lotus japonicus Nodules.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14101401}, pmid = {41154803}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2308085QC75//Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation/ ; 2023AH052250//Major Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Educational Committee/ ; 2022BSK023, 2022BSK030//Doctoral Startup Research Fund/ ; 2024XHX216//the industry-funded project/ ; }, abstract = {Heme metabolism is crucial for the function and longevity of legume nodules, with leghemoglobins (Lbs) serving as the primary heme sink and heme oxygenase (HO) mediating heme degradation. However, the precise functional relationship between HO and Lbs remains unclear. Here, we show that Lotus japonicus HO1 (LjHO1) is strongly induced in early-stage Lb-deficient nodules, but its expression gradually decreases during nodule development. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that LjHO1 is plastid-localized in uninfected cells of lb123 mutant nodules, consistent with its localization in wild-type nodules. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated a quadruple ho1lb123 mutant lacking LjHO1 and all three Lb isoforms in L. japonicus. Phenotypic analyses revealed that Lbs deficiency predominantly impairs nitrogen fixation, whereas loss of LjHO1 further reduces nodule formation. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that loss of Lbs strongly decreased heme accumulation, whereas LjHO1 deficiency slightly increased heme levels in nodules. These results demonstrate that Lbs are essential for heme accumulation and nitrogen fixation, while LjHO1 fine-tunes heme turnover, highlighting their complementary roles in maintaining nodule heme homeostasis and symbiotic efficiency.}, }
@article {pmid41154716, year = {2025}, author = {Kumru, E and Korkmaz, AF and Ekinci, F and Aydoğan, A and Güzel, MS and Akata, I}, title = {Deep Ensemble Learning and Explainable AI for Multi-Class Classification of Earthstar Fungal Species.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14101313}, pmid = {41154716}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The current study presents a multi-class, image-based classification of eight morphologically similar macroscopic Earthstar fungal species (Astraeus hygrometricus, Geastrum coronatum, G. elegans, G. fimbriatum, G. quadrifidum, G. rufescens, G. triplex, and Myriostoma coliforme) using deep learning and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques. For the first time in the literature, these species are evaluated together, providing a highly challenging dataset due to significant visual overlap. Eight different convolutional neural network (CNN) and transformer-based architectures were employed, including EfficientNetV2-M, DenseNet121, MaxViT-S, DeiT, RegNetY-8GF, MobileNetV3, EfficientNet-B3, and MnasNet. The accuracy scores of these models ranged from 86.16% to 96.23%, with EfficientNet-B3 achieving the best individual performance. To enhance interpretability, Grad-CAM and Score-CAM methods were utilised to visualise the rationale behind each classification decision. A key novelty of this study is the design of two hybrid ensemble models: EfficientNet-B3 + DeiT and DenseNet121 + MaxViT-S. These ensembles further improved classification stability, reaching 93.71% and 93.08% accuracy, respectively. Based on metric-based evaluation, the EfficientNet-B3 + DeiT model delivered the most balanced performance, with 93.83% precision, 93.72% recall, 93.73% F1-score, 99.10% specificity, a log loss of 0.2292, and an MCC of 0.9282. Moreover, this modeling approach holds potential for monitoring symbiotic fungal species in agricultural ecosystems and supporting sustainable production strategies. This research contributes to the literature by introducing a novel framework that simultaneously emphasises classification accuracy and model interpretability in fungal taxonomy. The proposed method successfully classified morphologically similar puffball species with high accuracy, while explainable AI techniques revealed biologically meaningful insights. All evaluation metrics were computed exclusively on a 10% independent test set that was entirely separate from the training and validation phases. Future work will focus on expanding the dataset with samples from diverse ecological regions and testing the method under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41154033, year = {2025}, author = {Gantner, M and Piotrowska, A and Kostyra, E and Hallmann, E and Ponder, A and Sionek, B and Neffe-Skocińska, K}, title = {Influence of Herbal Additives on the Physicochemical, Microbiological, Polyphenolic, and Sensory Profile of Green Tea-Based Kombucha.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {20}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods14203497}, pmid = {41154033}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {Kombucha is a functional beverage with growing popularity due to its health-promoting properties. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of herbal infusions on the quality of green tea-based kombucha. Four variants were prepared: a control (K1) and three experimental samples combining 70% green tea with 30% (v/v) Mentha spicata (K2), Hibiscus sabdariffa (K3), or Clitoria ternatea (K4). Fermentation lasted four days at 24 ± 1 °C. Physicochemical parameters, polyphenol profile (HPLC), microbiological safety, and sensory quality were assessed using QDA and electronic tongue analysis. K3 showed the highest polyphenol content (291 mg/L), especially catechins. K4 achieved the highest overall sensory quality due to its fruity aroma, balanced sweet-sour taste, and favorable microbiological profile. K2 had the lowest caffeine content (114 mg/L) and a distinct minty flavor. All samples were microbiologically safe. Herbal additives influenced fermentative microbiota: K3 had fewer acetic acid bacteria, while K4 had the highest lactic acid bacteria count. Electronic tongue analysis confirmed sensory panel results and revealed distinct taste profiles among the variants. Herbal infusions significantly enhance the nutritional and sensory properties of kombucha. Their use offers a promising strategy for developing functional beverages with tailored characteristics.}, }
@article {pmid41153433, year = {2025}, author = {Lalawmpuii, K and Jacob, SS and Tolenkhomba, TC and Behera, P and Lalmuanpuia, J and Lalremsanga, HT and Lalrintluanga, K and Lalchhandama, C and Biakzuala, L and Lalrinkima, H}, title = {Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Analyses of Rhipicephalus microplus from Mizoram, Northeast India: Insights into Genetic Diversity and Endosymbiont.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/genes16101216}, pmid = {41153433}, issn = {2073-4425}, mesh = {Animals ; India ; *Rhipicephalus/genetics/microbiology/classification ; Phylogeny ; *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; }, abstract = {Background/Objectives: In this study, we conducted molecular identification of R.microplus and explored the genetic diversity of R. microplus for the first time in Mizoram, a Northeastern Hill (NEH) state of India bordering Myanmar. Methods: To assess genetic variation and evolutionary relationships, we employed phylogenetic analyses, genetic divergence metrics, and haplotype network construction based on mitochondrial (COX1 and 16S rDNA) and nuclear (ITS-2 and 18S rDNA) markers. Additionally, multivariate Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) was used to visualize genetic differentiation among R. microplus populations. Results: Our analyses indicated that populations of R. microplus sensu lato from India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan form a closely related matrilineal lineage distinct from R. microplus sensu stricto, clustering within clade C of the COX1-based phylogeny. Globally, 24 COX1 haplotypes were recovered, with 1 haplotype identified in India. The Mizoram population exhibited a single 16S rDNA haplotype; however, intraspecific divergence was evident across India, with seven matrilineal haplotypes detected and nineteen globally. Further, five haplotypes were identified within R. microplus using the ITS-2 marker, while five haplotypes were observed within the Rhipicephalus genus using the 18S rDNA marker. Moreover, this study revealed the presence of Coxiella-like endosymbionts in 95% of the tick specimens analyzed. Conclusions: This study fills a critical knowledge gap by providing the first molecular documentation of tick diversity in Mizoram, a strategic region along the Indo-Myanmar border, and offers novel insights into the phylogeography and symbiotic associations of R. microplus and related tick taxa.}, }
@article {pmid41152548, year = {2025}, author = {Guedán, ML and Smykala, M and Käfer, S and Mueller, JS and Lohmus, K and Pieck, D and Engelen, B and Gerlach, G}, title = {Seasonal and spatial dynamics of the microbiome of the polychaete Lanice conchilega in the Wadden Sea.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {37731}, pmid = {41152548}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Polychaeta/microbiology ; *Seasons ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Ecosystem ; Germany ; Oceans and Seas ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Rapidly changing abiotic conditions, particularly temperature variations, pose adaptation challenges to many animal communities across the globe. Lanice conchilega, a key polychaete in the ecosystem of the German Wadden Sea, faces an increasing threat hampered by its limited mobility. The microbiome can alleviate stress, alter local environmental conditions, and provide new metabolic capabilities, contributing to host adaptation. To understand the potential roles of the microbiome of L. conchilega, we analysed a broad sample set via 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We compared the bacterial composition of the microbiome of L. conchilega with that of the surrounding sediment, and the effect of seasonality, zonation, tidal, and diurnal cycles. Our findings reveal a set of ASVs exclusive to the microbiome of L. conchilega. Community composition was mostly shaped by seasonality, slightly influenced by zonation, day/night cycles, and tides. Notably, Endozoicomonas ASVs were found only in the L. conchilega microbiome and were particularly abundant during summer. These bacteria, known for their symbiotic relationships, broad metabolic capabilities, and linked to heat resistance in corals, are predicted to contribute unique metabolic functions in L. conchilega. This work provides novel insights into the host-microbiome relationship of L. conchilega and highlights the potential role of symbionts in the environmental adaptation of these and similar animals.}, }
@article {pmid41151998, year = {2025}, author = {Li, D and Wu, J and Zeng, X and Xie, F and Lin, H and Chen, D and Wang, L and Li, Y}, title = {The Extracellular Loop2 domain of the rhizobia outer membrane protein MhOpa22 mediates symbiotic nodulation and nitrogen fixation.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiaf535}, pmid = {41151998}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {The Mesorhizobium huakuii opacity protein (MhOpa22) is essential for effective nodulation and nitrogen fixation in rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Astragalus sinicus AsGLP1 interacts with MhOpa22, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of MhOpa22 to mediate symbiosis remain elusive. This study demonstrated that the Loop2-3 domains of MhOpa22 interact with AsGLP1 in planta. Inoculating A. sinicus with different M. huakuii loop deletion mutants revealed that the Loop2 mutant gives rise to fewer root nodules and decreased nodule nitrogenase activity relative to inoculation with the wild-type strain. The Loop2 mutation also significantly affects ROS production and the coordinated expression of defense and symbiosis genes in host plant roots during early symbiosis. Furthermore, MhOpa22 was confirmed to be a membrane protein that exerts its function via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Taken together, these results provide molecular insights into the function of the outer membrane protein MhOpa22 and its critical extracellular Loop2 domain during symbiosis. MhOpa22 inhibits host defense responses through OMVs during early symbiosis and plays an essential role in rhizobial infection and nodule formation.}, }
@article {pmid41151337, year = {2025}, author = {Yurdunkulu, A and Bulut, MA and Göçen, A}, title = {From academics to Aidemics: Unpacking the human-AI symbiosis in higher education.}, journal = {Acta psychologica}, volume = {261}, number = {}, pages = {105796}, doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105796}, pmid = {41151337}, issn = {1873-6297}, abstract = {The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into higher education is reshaping both academic roles and organizational practices. This transformation is not merely technical; it also introduces psychological and ethical tensions as academics negotiate new forms of work. This qualitative study advances the concept of Aidemics-academics who efficiently, ethically, and critically employ AI to enhance their professional practice-and examines how AI reconfigures intellectual tasks while challenging traditional academic identities. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with twenty academics (informed by five pilot interviews), we show that Aidemics engage in a symbiotic, human-in-the-loop relationship with AI: they exploit efficiencies for routine tasks, yet safeguard creative and critical work, actively auditing AI outputs and setting clear boundaries of use. Participants also surface structural concerns-framed as AI colonialism-about the potential of AI to entrench power asymmetries and epistemic inequities in global knowledge production. Key challenges include hallucinations, erosion of human agency, and unequal access to AI tools. We argue for policies and professional-development strategies that preserve human agency and ethical judgment while enabling responsible, explainable, and context-sensitive AI use. The findings specify the competencies of Aidemics and outline supports for balanced human-AI collaboration at individual and institutional levels.}, }
@article {pmid41150878, year = {2025}, author = {Roces, F and Bollazzi, M}, title = {Nest Building in Leaf-Cutting Ants: Behavioral Mechanisms and Adaptive Value.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013337}, pmid = {41150878}, issn = {1545-4487}, abstract = {Leaf-cutting ants, which comprise more than 50 species distributed from Patagonia to North America, build the largest nests among ants. Workers forage plant fragments to cultivate a symbiotic fungus inside underground chambers, which serves as the primary food source for the colony. While digging the nest, workers respond to local cues such as soil temperature, moisture, and CO2 levels, resulting in the emergence of a nest architecture that provides a proper environment for fungus growth. Leaf-cutting ants have species-specific nest architectures, which evolved from a basal design consisting of a vertical tunnel and a few interconnected chambers. Some species developed, in addition, architectural innovations aimed at the control of both hygiene and nest climate, including waste chambers, ventilatory turrets, and a nest thatch. A fine-tuned climate control is achieved by the relocation of fungus gardens within the nest following the workers' environmental preferences and by nesting plasticity.}, }
@article {pmid41150726, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, M and Li, Q and Wu, F and Zhu, B and Lu, H and Zhang, D and Łukasik, P and Hu, Y}, title = {Symbiotic solutions for colony nutrition: Conserved nitrogen recycling within the bacterial pouch of Tetraponera ants.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {44}, pages = {e2514882122}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2514882122}, pmid = {41150726}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {32370448//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 2243200009//MOE | Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities)/ ; }, mesh = {*Ants/microbiology/physiology/metabolism ; Animals ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Microbiota/physiology ; Larva/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; *Bacteria/metabolism/genetics ; Urea/metabolism ; }, abstract = {While microbial symbioses are fundamental to the nutrition of many animal groups, current paradigms focus on symbiont functions at the host individual level. It remains unclear whether microbial symbioses can sustain colony-level fitness in social insects, whose ecological success depends on nutrient coordination across castes. Here, we investigate the specialized bacterial pouch, a symbiont-containing organ present exclusively in adult workers of Tetraponera nigra-group ants, revealing its crucial role in colony-wide nutrient provisioning. Using a combination of microscopy, amplicon and metagenomic sequencing, and [15]N-urea feeding experiments on four species in the group, we show that its adult-specific pouch-associated microbiota, primarily Tokpelaia, recycle nitrogen from urea and convert it into amino acids which are provisioned to adult workers and developing larvae. Disruption of this nitrogen-recycling symbiosis severely impairs larval growth and overall colony fitness. Our results show how caste-restricted microbial organs can centralize metabolic functions at the colony level, challenging individual-centric paradigms of host-microbe mutualism and providing insights into the pivotal role of microbial symbionts in superorganismal adaptation to nutritional constraints.}, }
@article {pmid41149927, year = {2025}, author = {He, JY and Xie, XY and Liang, ZQ and Zhang, JX and Liu, S and Zhao, XL}, title = {Comparative Symbiotic Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungal Strains from Different Hosts on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Dendrobium officinale.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11100737}, pmid = {41149927}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {31770740//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; HZU202528//Huizhou University independent innovation capability enhancement program author contributions/ ; }, abstract = {Compatible fungal partners of orchids can significantly enhance seed germination and increase seedling establishment under both in vitro and in situ conditions. This study isolated 14 Tulasnella isolates from five-year-old potted plants of three D. officinale cultivars. Three phylogenetically representative strains (Dca122, Dca222, and Dca113) and two additional orchid mycorrhizal fungus (OMFs, ML01 and Pi) were selected to evaluate their effects on D. officinale seed germination and seedling development in vitro, and subsequent seedling growth under greenhouse conditions. All five OMFs supported seed germination and seedling development in vitro. Notably, Dca113, Pi, and ML01 exhibited the most pronounced effects, producing protocorms 3-4 times larger in volume than controls. By day 25, 37.54%, 37.34%, and 42.6% of protocorms developed cotyledons with these isolates, respectively. Furthermore, after 120 days, ML01 and Dca113 treatments yielded 35.6% and 30.68% autotrophic seedlings with fully differentiated roots. Under greenhouse, ML01, Pi, and Dca122 significantly enhanced fresh weight accumulation, plant height, and stem node number in potted seedlings. In contrast, Dca222 primarily stimulated sprouting tillers and adventitious root formation. Our results demonstrate that the mycorrhizal effectiveness of OMFs from different hosts varies significantly in D. officinale. ML01 and Dca113 are ideal candidates for reintroduction programs due to their strong promotion of seed germination and rapid formation of rooted seedlings. ML01 proved the most effective OMF for enhancing growth in potted seedlings, while Dca222 demonstrated potential for co-inoculation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41149907, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, X and Sun, R and Hu, D and Yang, Y and Cheng, Z and Hu, P and Fei, Y}, title = {Serendipita indica Enhances Drought Tolerance in Phoebe sheareri Seedlings by Improving Photosynthetic Efficiency, Stimulating the Antioxidant Defense System, and Modulating Hormone Synthesis.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11100717}, pmid = {41149907}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {E [2025]TG 30//the Central Financial Forestry Science and Technology Extension Demonstration Fund/ ; 2023AFB298//General Program of the Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {In the context of contemporary climate change, drought is widely recognized as a major stressor affecting plant growth. While numerous studies have demonstrated that Serendipita indica enhances stress resistance in host plants and is widely used in agriculture, research on its symbiotic interactions with woody plants for improving drought tolerance remains limited. This study investigated the effects of S. indica inoculation on the growth of Phoebe sheareri seedlings under varying drought conditions-well-watered (WW), moderate drought (MD), and severe drought (SD)-and explored the physiological mechanisms underlying improved drought resistance. The results showed that under WW conditions, S. indica inoculation promoted seedling growth and development. Under MD and SD conditions, although drought stress inhibited growth, inoculation significantly increased plant biomass, root parameters, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, it alleviated drought-induced damage by reducing REC, MDA, H2O2, and O2[-] levels, while enhancing SOD, POD, and CAT activities, and increasing root ABA, GA, IAA, and CTK content. Under MD stress, adaptive changes in root architecture and hormone levels were observed, including increases in total root length, surface area, volume, average diameter, and elevated IAA and CTK levels-all of which were further enhanced by S. indica inoculation. In conclusion, symbiosis with S. indica improved drought tolerance in P. sheareri seedlings likely through enhanced photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and hormone regulation.}, }
@article {pmid41149186, year = {2025}, author = {Asad, U and Khalid, A and Lughmani, WA and Rasheed, S and Khan, MM}, title = {A Human Intention and Motion Prediction Framework for Applications in Human-Centric Digital Twins.}, journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biomimetics10100656}, pmid = {41149186}, issn = {2313-7673}, abstract = {In manufacturing settings where humans and machines collaborate, understanding and predicting human intention is crucial for enabling the seamless execution of tasks. This knowledge is the basis for creating an intelligent, symbiotic, and collaborative environment. However, current foundation models often fall short in directly anticipating complex tasks and producing contextually appropriate motion. This paper proposes a modular framework that investigates strategies for structuring task knowledge and engineering context-rich prompts to guide Vision-Language Models in understanding and predicting human intention in semi-structured environments. Our evaluation, conducted across three use cases of varying complexity, reveals a critical tradeoff between prediction accuracy and latency. We demonstrate that a Rolling Context Window strategy, which uses a history of frames and the previously predicted state, achieves a strong balance of performance and efficiency. This approach significantly outperforms single-image inputs and computationally expensive in-context learning methods. Furthermore, incorporating egocentric video views yields a substantial 10.7% performance increase in complex tasks. For short-term motion forecasting, we show that the accuracy of joint position estimates is enhanced by using historical pose, gaze data, and in-context examples.}, }
@article {pmid41148922, year = {2025}, author = {Li, TP and Hao, BR and Wang, CH and Xu, JJ and Wang, XT and Xie, JC and Wang, ZH and Ye, SC and Zhao, LQ}, title = {Biological Characteristics and Bacterial Community of Invasive Pest Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae).}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16101055}, pmid = {41148922}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {32301594//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {The sycamore lace bug Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), an invasive North American forest pest, owes its strong dispersal and adaptability to biological characteristics and symbiotic microbes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study examined its outdoor-collected (LYGO) and indoor-reared (LYGI) populations using morphological observation, biological parameter assessment, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Key findings include: (1) Nymphs develop through five instars, with body size increasing significantly across stages; growth accelerated during 4th and 5th instars, reflecting a pattern of "low-instar accumulation and high-instar acceleration". (2) Adult survival differed by sex, with females outliving males after 30 days; nymphs develop in 14.81 days, and each adult pair produced an average of 17 eggs, demonstrating a concentrated reproductive strategy; (3) Both populations shared dominant bacterial taxa (including the phyla Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria and the genus Cardinium) but diverged in non-dominant taxa; core microbial functions were conserved, while specific functions (e.g., glutathione S-transferase activity) varied. These results suggest a potential synergy between the insect's biological characteristics (efficient development, concentrated reproduction) and the adaptive functions of its associated microbes in enhancing its invasiveness. The study supplements its basic biological data and offers a new view of its ecological adaptability.}, }
@article {pmid41148869, year = {2025}, author = {Kucuk, RA and Trendle, BR and Jones, KC and Makarenko, A and Patel, V and Oliver, KM}, title = {Ecological Mercenaries: Why Aphids Remain Premier Models for the Study of Ecological Symbiosis.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16101000}, pmid = {41148869}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {2240392//U.S. National Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Aphids remain exceptional models for symbiosis research due to their unique experimental advantages that extend beyond documenting symbiont-mediated phenotypes. Nine commonly occurring facultative bacterial symbionts provide well-characterized benefits, including defense against parasitoids, pathogens, and thermal stress. Yet the system's greatest value lies in enabling diverse research applications across biological disciplines through experimental tractability combined with ecological realism. Researchers can create controlled experimental lines through symbiont manipulation, maintain clonal host populations indefinitely, and cultivate symbionts independently. This experimental power is complemented by extensive knowledge of symbiont dynamics in natural populations, including temporal and geographic distribution patterns-features generally unavailable in other insect-microbe systems. These advantages facilitate investigation of key processes in symbiosis, including transmission dynamics, mechanisms, strain-level functional diversity, multi-partner infections, and transitions from facultative to co-obligate relationships. Integration across biological scales-from genomics to field ecology-enables research on symbiont community assembly, ecological networks, coevolutionary arms races, and agricultural applications. This combination of experimental flexibility, comprehensive natural history knowledge, and applied relevance positions aphids as invaluable for advancing symbiosis theory while addressing practical challenges in agriculture and invasion biology.}, }
@article {pmid41148868, year = {2025}, author = {Dong, J and Yao, X and Zhang, Y and Wu, X and Liu, X and Zhang, H and Jiang, H and Hou, J and Yan, J and Sun, J}, title = {Gut Bacteria Mediate Aggregation Pheromone Release in the Borer Beetle Trigonorhinus sp.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16100999}, pmid = {41148868}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {32160372//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2020BS03014//Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation/ ; 2025SYFHH0087//Key Research and Technology Transformation Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Re-gion-Technology which supports the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin/ ; YZ2024002//Inner Mongolia Agricultural University experimental teaching equipment development and specimen making project/ ; LX2024-KYTD001//Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Internally Funded Research Project of the First-Level Discipline of Forestry/ ; }, abstract = {Gut microbial symbionts are increasingly recognized as key modulators of host insect physiology and behavior, yet their role in pheromone-mediated chemical communication remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated the wood-boring beetle Trigonorhinus sp., a pest of Caragana liouana, to determine the necessity of gut bacteria for male aggregation pheromone release. A combination of antibiotic-mediated bacterial depletion, quantitative PCR, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Y-tube olfactometry was employed. Antibiotic treatment resulted in a marked reduction in gut bacterial load and a concomitant decrease of more than 85% in the emission of two key pheromone components, 2,6,10,14-tetramethylheptadecane and heptacosane. Behavioral assays demonstrated that females no longer exhibited significant attraction to treated males. Furthermore, defined recolonization with a single cultured gut isolate, Acinetobacter guillouiae, was sufficient to rescue pheromone emission. This indicates that particular gut taxa, rather than microbial biomass alone, are essential for pheromone biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate a decisive role of gut bacteria in the chemical communication of Trigonorhinus sp. and highlight the potential of symbiont-targeted strategies for pest management.}, }
@article {pmid41148150, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, NN and Li, ML and Shi, WT and Jiao, J and Xu, YH and Tian, Y and Guo, JN and Chen, YQ and Tong, H and Tian, CF}, title = {Cyclic-di-GMP interferes with DNA-MucR-DNA bridging to derepress genes targeted by the xenogeneic silencer MucR.}, journal = {Nucleic acids research}, volume = {53}, number = {20}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/nar/gkaf1069}, pmid = {41148150}, issn = {1362-4962}, support = {2022YFA0912100//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32430004//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; SKLPERKF2403//Innovative Project of State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/ ; 2024TC014//Chinese Universities Scientific Fund/ ; //China Agricultural University/ ; }, mesh = {*Cyclic GMP/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *DNA, Bacterial/metabolism/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; *DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {The tradeoff between the benefits and costs of maintaining AT-rich accessory genes is vital in bacterial ecology and evolution. MucR is a conserved xenogeneic silencer for AT-rich accessory genes within α-proteobacteria, but its anti-silencing mechanisms remain unknown. By focusing on Sinorhizobium fredii, a facultative nitrogen-fixing microsymbiont of diverse legumes, this work reports that elevated c-di-GMP promotes the condition-dependent expression of various MucR1-targets, while downregulating the energy production and conversion pathway and reducing the NAD+/NADH ratio under both free-living and symbiotic conditions. Among the MucR1 targets responsive to c-di-GMP, an accessory module directing the biosynthesis of costly exopolysaccharides has been further studied. This anti-silencing process involves the sequential disruption of the DNA-MucR1-DNA bridging complex and the activation of a local transcriptional activator, CuxR. c-di-GMP directly binds to the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of MucR1, thereby facilitating intra- and inter-molecular interactions of MucR1. These interactions effectively alleviate the DNA-MucR-DNA bridging in the promoter region of target genes. This consequently enables the recruitment of the CuxR-c-di-GMP complex to the specific CuxR binding sites, which subsequently activates gene transcription. Collectively, accessory functions that are energetically costly and repressed by MucR1 can be harnessed by the ubiquitous messenger c-di-GMP through an integrated global-local signaling pathway.}, }
@article {pmid41147782, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, L and Yang, G and Zhang, C and Ji, B and Wu, D}, title = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and recycling in xylophagous insects: insights from gut microbiota of Apriona swainsoni larvae.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70323}, pmid = {41147782}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {81503115//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; JNFX2025192//Domestic Visiting Program for Young Key Teachers of Anhui Province/ ; BK2012816//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; 201409/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; CX (16)1005//Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Project/ ; 2023AH050727//Natural Science Foundation (Key project) of the University in Anhui Province/ ; 2024AH050921//Natural Science Foundation (Key project) of the University in Anhui Province/ ; HZR2436//Hefei Municipal Natural Science Foundation/ ; 2024A755//Anhui Postdoctoral Scientific Research Program Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Xylophagous insects, as nitrogen-limited organisms, face severe nutritional constraints due to the inherently low nitrogen content of lignocellulosic substrates-insufficient for growth. To alleviate this limitation, they rely on gut microbiota-mediated symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nitrogenous waste recycling. Apriona swainsoni, a model wood-boring cerambycid, exemplifies this adaptation: under extreme nitrogen scarcity in its xylem diet. While gut symbionts are hypothesized to overcome nitrogen limitation, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.<br><br>RESULTS: First, metagenomic sequencing and functional gene analysis revealed enrichment of nitrogenase and urease genes in the posterior hindgut (PHG). Metaproteomics detected the nitrogenase gene nifU but no urease proteins, identifying nitrogen fixation as the primary nitrogen limitation mitigation strategy in A. swainsoni larvae. Subsequently, in vivo/in vitro [15]N isotope tracing showed peak [15]N in the PHG (105.02% higher than the natural environment) and&#x2009;~&#x2009;25-fold greater [15]N incorporation in cultured Klebsiella oxytoca versus controls. Targeted amino acid profiling further demonstrated [15]N enrichment in both essential and non-essential amino acids, with a spatial gradient (intestinal tissues > extra-intestinal tissues > frass)-indicating efficient microbial conversion of nitrogen into host-utilizable amino acids. Importantly, we identified that intestinal microbiota primarily mediate ammonia-to-amino acid conversion via the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) pathway in the PHG. This is the first reported GS/GOGAT-mediated nitrogen fixation pathway in cerambycids.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive analysis of gut microbial nitrogen metabolism might elucidate a set of mechanisms by which some xylophagous insects may overcome nutritional constraints in nitrogen-deficient niches, via evolutionarily optimized host-microbe metabolic interactions. &#xa9; 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid41147741, year = {2025}, author = {Davis, BR and Lickwar, CR and Löhr, CV and Wen, J and Morash, M and Sweeney, MI and Reich, EL and Moore, PJ and Tobin, DM and Rawls, JF}, title = {Epithelial transcription factor Elf3 mediates host immune responses to microbiota and protects against aerocystitis in zebrafish.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0226725}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.02267-25}, pmid = {41147741}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Animals defend against infections and other diseases by adaptively responding to the microbiota they encounter. These adaptations are driven by changes in gene expression programs; however, our understanding of the transcription factors regulating host responses to microbiota remains limited. By leveraging gene expression and chromatin accessibility data from zebrafish and mice, we identified the epithelial-specific E74-like ETS transcription factor 3 (Elf3) as a conserved microbially responsive transcription factor. Transcriptomic analysis of gnotobiotic elf3 mutant zebrafish larvae revealed that elf3 is required for a normal host response to microbiota, including induction of immune response genes. Mutation of elf3 led to immune-related pathologies such as inflammation and infection of the swim bladder, granuloma formation, and reduced survival in adulthood. These results establish elf3 as an important mediator of host-microbe interactions in zebrafish.IMPORTANCEAnimals use epithelial barriers to protect themselves from the commensal and pathogenic microorganisms they encounter. These epithelia adapt their function in response to microbial-derived signals, and impairments in these adaptive responses can lead to infection and inflammatory disorders. Improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying host adaptation to microbes can thus be expected to lead to new approaches for promoting health in humans and other animals. Here, we identify the epithelial transcription factor E74-like ETS transcription factor 3 (Elf3) as a mediator of host-microbe interactions in zebrafish. Functional genomic approaches indicated that Elf3 is upregulated by microbiota in both mouse and zebrafish. Using elf3 mutant zebrafish, we find that elf3 mediates induction of host immune responses in larval stages and protects against immune-related pathologies and health deterioration in adults. These results advance our understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms mediating host responses to microbes and provide a new Elf3 deficiency model of epithelial and immune pathology.}, }
@article {pmid41147731, year = {2025}, author = {Jones, JA and Moczek, AP and Newton, ILG}, title = {The dung beetle microbiome complements host metabolism and nutrition.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0117225}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01172-25}, pmid = {41147731}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Many multicellular organisms rely on communities of microbial organisms to properly benefit from their diets, for instance, by assisting in the breakdown of complex polysaccharides, the synthesis of essential resources, detoxification, or even preventing putrefaction. Dung beetles commonly rely on herbivore dung as their main source of nutrition, a diet rich in recalcitrant, hard-to-digest plant polysaccharides yet poor in essential amino acids, which animals typically cannot synthesize on their own. The work presented here investigates the potential role of the host-associated microbial community in allowing these insects to thrive on their nutrient-poor diet. Specifically, we investigated whether the microbiota of the bull-headed dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus, may be capable of synthesizing amino acids and breaking down complex plant polysaccharides. To do so, we functionally annotated genes within metagenomically assembled genomes (MAGs) obtained via shotgun-metagenomic sequencing. The annotation of these MAGs revealed that bacteria found in association with O. taurus possess the metabolic potential necessary to bridge the gap between host metabolic needs and the limitations imposed by their diet. Specifically, O. taurus microbiota contain amino acid biosynthesis pathways and genes encoding cellulases and xylanases, both of which are absent in the beetle genome. Further, multiple functionally relevant bacterial taxa identified here have also been observed in other studies across diverse dung beetle species, possibly suggesting a conserved pool of dung beetle symbionts and metabolic functions.IMPORTANCEHost-symbiont interactions allow animals to take advantage of incomplete and/or challenging diets and niches. The work presented here aims to identify the physiological and metabolic means by which host-associated microbial species shape the ecology of one of the most speciose genera in the animal kingdom: dung beetles in the genus Onthophagus. Both larva and adult stages of most Onthophagus rely on herbivore dung, a diet rich in recalcitrant, hard-to-digest plant polysaccharides yet poor in essential amino acids, which animals typically cannot synthesize on their own. To utilize such a challenging diet, Onthophagus vertically transmits a maternally derived microbial community which supports normative development in immature individuals and maintenance and reproduction in adults. Taken together, Onthophagus' extraordinary diversity, complex ecology, and varied relationship with their microbial associates make them an ideal system to investigate mechanisms and diversification of host-diet-microbiome interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41147708, year = {2025}, author = {Mack, JM and Bely, AE}, title = {From Mud to Meat: Comparative Metabarcoding Reveals Two Different Evolutionary Paths to Carnivory in a Group of Meiofaunal Annelids.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70151}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70151}, pmid = {41147708}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Washington Biologist's Field Club/ ; 1923429//National Science Foundation/ ; //University of Maryland/ ; }, abstract = {Evolutionary transitions to carnivory represent profound shifts in feeding mode that are often accompanied by widespread changes in organismal function, behaviour and ecology. Such transitions have evolved numerous times among animals, and predator-prey interactions have been major drivers of animal evolution. Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance of carnivory, the evolutionary steps leading to this feeding mode are poorly understood. Although relatively rare, lineages that have recently adopted predatory lifestyles are particularly valuable for understanding the evolution of carnivory. The annelid genus Chaetogaster, composed of small freshwater oligochaetes, is unusual in having recently evolved carnivory not just once but twice, making it an excellent model to infer evolutionary steps from detritivory to carnivory. We performed a gut-content analysis of eight Chaetogaster species and a detritivorous outgroup, using 18S rDNA metabarcoding complemented by visual gut content assessment to infer diets. We found that species within the lineages presumed to be carnivorous had large fractions of animal metabarcoding reads, as predicted. Their closest relatives, however, differed in dietary profiles. We infer that the closest relatives of one carnivorous lineage, which are generalist predators, primarily feed on ciliates, while the closest relatives of the second carnivorous lineage, which are mollusc symbionts, are detritivores. Our data suggest that carnivory evolved two ways in Chaetogaster, with one transition mediated by ciliate feeding and a second mediated by symbiosis. Overall, this study suggests that carnivory can evolve from noncarnivorous ancestors through distinct evolutionary pathways, even among closely related lineages.}, }
@article {pmid41146004, year = {2025}, author = {Pu, SQ and Zheng, FL and Wu, QS and Hashem, A and Abd-Allah, EF and Zou, YN}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate leaf sugar profile in water-stressed trifoliate orange.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1456}, pmid = {41146004}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {ORF-2025-356//The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to Ongoing Research Funding program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Plant Leaves/metabolism/microbiology ; *Glomeromycota/physiology ; *Citrus/microbiology/metabolism/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Droughts ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Water/metabolism ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Fungi ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant drought tolerance partly by promoting soluble sugar accumulation, the mechanisms by which AMF colonization influences host sugar metabolism and associated gene expression under drought remain poorly understood. This study therefore examined the effects of inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (T.H. Nicolson &amp; Gerd.) C. Walker &amp; A. Schüßler on the growth, water status, sugar profiles, and the expression/activity of sucrose-associated genes in the leaves of trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata L.) under water stress conditions.<br><br>RESULTS: Over a 10-week water stress period, the root colonization by F. mosseae decreased by 14.36%, compared with ample water controls. Under water stress, F. mosseae inoculation significantly promoted plant growth performance (height, leaf number, and stem thickness), leaf water potential, nitrogen balance index, and chlorophyll index compared to those without inoculation. Ten sugar components (eight monosaccharides and two disaccharides) were detected. Inoculation with F. mosseae significantly elevated leaf contents of D-fructose, D-galactose, glucose, and inositol under both ample water and water stress conditions. It also increased leaf contents of D-arabinose under water stress, while decreasing the sucrose content under ample water conditions. The presence of the fungus boosted the acid invertase (AI) activity under water stress and up-regulated the relative expression of CtAI, CtNI, and CtSPS genes in leaves under both conditions. These gene expressions displayed a significantly positive correlation with root mycorrhizal colonization rate and glucose content, but a negative correlation with sucrose content.<br><br>CONCLUSION: F. mosseae modulated leaf sugar profiles in trifoliate orange under water stress, particularly by regulating sucrose synthesis and cleavage through modulating the expression of sucrose-associated genes. Since this study focused on a single AMF species and leaf response, further work should investigate diverse AMF species and sugar profiles in other plant tissues under water stress.}, }
@article {pmid41144501, year = {2025}, author = {Jiang, T and Li, C and Pan, Z and Wang, Y and Chen, X and Song, J and Zhu, K and Yang, Y and Hou, Y and Sun, L and Zhao, H and Liu, J and Gu, Y and Tao, B}, title = {Gut Microbiota-Decanoic Acid-Interleukin-17A Axis Orchestrates Hyperglycemia-Induced Osteoporosis in Male Mice.}, journal = {Diabetes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2337/db25-0471}, pmid = {41144501}, issn = {1939-327X}, support = {22YF1440000//Shanghai Sailing Program/ ; 82070865//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82201396//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82270931//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82301005//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Hyperglycemia (HG) is a well-established risk factor for secondary osteoporosis, primarily due to suppressed osteoblast activity. While gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has been implicated in various diseases, its role in HG-induced osteoporosis remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that HG mice develop low-turnover osteoporosis accompanied by reduced GM diversity. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from HG mice (GMHG-FMT) induced osteoporosis in recipient mice, independent of blood glucose levels. A depletion of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum was associated with bone loss, whereas supplementation with either microbiota of normoglycemic mice or B. pseudolongum alleviated osteoporosis in HG mice. Both HG and GMHG-FMT recipient mice exhibited elevated serum interleukin-17A (IL-17A) levels, and anti-IL-17A antibody treatment mitigated osteoporosis in the GMHG-FMT model. Furthermore, decanoic acid levels were elevated in the feces of HG mice and the serum of GMHG-FMT recipients. Decanoic acid promoted the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into T helper17 cells, leading to increased IL-17A production. These findings reveal a microbiome dysbiosis-driven decanoic acid/IL-17A axis in HG-induced osteoporosis and highlight the therapeutic potential of microbiome-associated targets.<br><br>ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS: This study investigated the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in hyperglycemia-induced osteoporosis, a condition with unclear mechanisms. We explored whether gut microbiota dysbiosis drives bone loss in hyperglycemia and identified key microbial and molecular pathways. Hyperglycemic mice showed disturbed gut microbiota symbiosis, decreased Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, and elevated decanoic acid, which promoted T helper 17 differentiation and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) production, leading to osteoporosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation from control mice, B. pseudolongum supplementation, and IL-17A blockade alleviated bone loss, highlighting both B. pseudolongum supplementation and IL-17A inhibition as potential therapeutic strategies for hyperglycemia-induced osteoporosis.}, }
@article {pmid41144277, year = {2025}, author = {Carvajal-Acosta, AN and Snook, JS and Szendrei, Z and Wetzel, WC}, title = {Effects of a heat wave event on the chemical ecology of species interactions in the potato agroecosystem.}, journal = {Environmental entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ee/nvaf104}, pmid = {41144277}, issn = {1938-2936}, support = {2020-67013-31919//Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive/ ; //US Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Heat waves, brief periods of unusually high temperatures, are increasing in frequency and intensity globally. Such extreme weather events can alter plant chemistry, disrupting species interactions that contribute to pest suppression or increase their performance. Yet, most heat wave studies focus on pairwise interactions, leaving us with a poor understanding of how complex agroecosystems respond to temperature extremes. We addressed this knowledge gap by simulating an experimental heat wave in the field on potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) and the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in the presence or absence of their mutualistic microbial symbionts and another pest, the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)). We assessed beetle performance alongside changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and glycoalkaloids from host plants. Beetle performance declined in the absence of their microbial symbionts and under aphid competition, but this effect was reversed under heat wave conditions. These results corresponded with a downregulation in glycoalkaloids, suggesting that potato prioritizes heat stress response over herbivore attack by divesting resources from the production of defensive compounds. The heat wave strongly affected VOCs composition, reducing emissions of multiple compounds while increasing others, but these changes were not directly linked with CPB performance. Overall, our results demonstrate that heat wave effects on crop-pest dynamics are dependent on the agroecological context and mediated by specialized metabolites. Importantly, under dual herbivore pressure, potato crops appear to prioritize coping with heat over defending against pests, underscoring the urgent need for pest management strategies that account for extreme climate events.}, }
@article {pmid41143515, year = {2025}, author = {Kulanthaivel, K and Rameshkumar, N}, title = {Wild rice-associated Vibrio promotes plant growth and exhibits genomic and phenotypic plasticity for plant adaptations.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0091025}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.00910-25}, pmid = {41143515}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Vibrio is an important marine heterotroph, primarily studied for its pathogenesis or symbiotic relationship with marine organisms and humans. However, little is known about the association of vibrios with plants in brackish environments and their potential benefits. To address this knowledge gap, we focused on Vibrio porteresiae MSSRF30[T] and brackish-grown Pokkali rice as our research subjects for this study. MSSRF30[T] displays multifaceted plant beneficial traits, including nitrogen fixation, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase production, and zinc and tricalcium phosphate solubilization. Further, MSSRF30[T] efficiently colonizes the host roots and significantly improves the Pokkali rice growth in nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-limiting brackish conditions, highlighting its plant growth-promoting ability, a trait previously not well recognized in vibrios. Additionally, MSSRF30[T] can utilize various carbon-rich substrates derived from plant roots, demonstrating its metabolic adaptation to the plant rhizosphere niche. Using in planta root transcriptome analysis and whole-genome sequencing, we provide the first insights into how MSSRF30[T] interacts with Pokkali rice in brackish conditions. Additionally, we have identified several genome features for a plant-associated lifestyle, previously unreported in this genus. These features include plant expansin, PEP-CTERM surface anchoring with exopolysaccharides, plant-associated Hrp-type three secretion system, ACC deaminase production, PQQ-independent glucose dehydrogenase pathway for phosphate solubilization, plant-derived sugar/organic acids utilization operons, carbohydrate utilization loci, and specific plant depolymerizing CAZymes. Notably, MSSRF30[T] lacks key genome features critical for the animal association. Overall, this study adds new knowledge in the field of Vibrio biology, especially Vibrio-plant beneficial interactions, a relationship largely underexplored.IMPORTANCEThe genus Vibrio comprises over 150 species of marine heterotrophic bacteria, many of which are opportunistic pathogens affecting humans and marine animals. Most research has predominantly focused on pathogenic Vibrio species, often overlooking the significance of other Vibrio species inhabiting other ecological niches, such as plants, a relationship largely uncharacterized. This study focused on V. porteresiae MSSRF30[T] and its relationship with brackish-grown Pokkali rice. We discovered that MSSRF30[T] possesses multiple plant growth-promoting traits, effectively colonizes roots, and enhances plant growth in brackish conditions. Additionally, MSSRF30[T] possesses several genome features commonly associated with plant-microbe interactions, previously unrecognized in Vibrio species, and lacks features typically associated with animal interactions, underscoring its specialized adaptation for plant niches. For the first time, this study highlights the beneficial interactions between Vibrio and plants, emphasizing their role in promoting plant growth and health in brackish environments.}, }
@article {pmid41143049, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Y}, title = {GPT is all you need.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1549755}, pmid = {41143049}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {The advent of Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models, exemplified by systems like ChatGPT, has begun to reshape how humans think, learn, and interact. This paper explores GPT's role as a cognitive scaffold, supporting structured thinking, conversational agility, emotional regulation, and interdisciplinary learning. Grounded in established psychological frameworks-Cognitive Load Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and Zone of Proximal Development-this work proposes theoretical mechanisms through which GPT may influence cognition, including neuroplasticity, meta-cognition, and implicit learning. While these claims remain speculative, the paper outlines future research pathways for empirically testing GPT's long-term cognitive impacts. It also introduces the concepts of multi-modal GPT and Hybrid AGI, defined as human-AI symbiosis systems that may extend cognition through sensory integration and co-adaptive learning. Limitations such as hallucination, surface-level learning, and cognitive overreliance are critically examined, alongside practical recommendations for educators, users, and developers. By offering a conceptual foundation and forward-looking agenda, this paper aims to catalyze interdisciplinary dialogue on GPT's evolving role in human cognition and learning.}, }
@article {pmid41141375, year = {2025}, author = {Safeer, AA and Kleijburg, FEL and Wösten, HAB and Baldus, M}, title = {Solid-state NMR spectroscopy reveals unique properties of Trichoderma harzianum cell wall components.}, journal = {Cell surface (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {100156}, pmid = {41141375}, issn = {2468-2330}, abstract = {Trichoderma harzianum is a saprophyte and a mycoparasite and is also capable of forming symbiotic connections with plants. This fungus interacts with the (a)biotic environment through its cell wall and as a mycoparasite secretes enzymes that degrade the cell wall polymers of its target fungi. The organization of the T. harzianum cell wall is not well known. We used solid-state NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to probe the molecular composition and architecture of the T. harzianum cell wall at the atomic level. Our results revealed that the inner core of the T. harzianum rigid cell wall phase is largely composed of chitin, which is complemented with a more mobile cell wall layer that contains β-(1,3)-glucan. The outer dynamic phase of the cell wall is mainly composed of α- and β-glucans, arabinan, mannan and proteins. The relative abundance of both rigid and dynamic cell wall components changed when T. harzianum was grown on isolated fungal cell wall material instead of glucose. Our results suggest that T. harzianum forms a cell wall that is chemically distinct from other fungal species to prevent harmful self-digestion by its secreted lytic enzymes that do degrade the cell wall of target fungi.}, }
@article {pmid41140402, year = {2025}, author = {Asad, S and Chen, M and Priyashantha, AKH and Gu, P and Liu, J and Shan, Z and Tibpromma, S and Niu, C and Qadir, M and Akhtar, M and Kan, X and Xu, Y and Liu, Z and Karunarathna, SC and Zhang, J}, title = {Mapping of plant-fungal interactions on agriculture perception: a bibliometric analysis and systematic review.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1612428}, pmid = {41140402}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {In nature, plants are always destined to interact with fungi. Thus, plant-fungal interactions are one of the unavoidable fields of study, particularly for agronomists. Fungi interact with plants in different lifestyles, pathogenic and symbiotic. Pathogenic relationships have adverse effects, causing devastating diseases in plants, while symbiotic interactions provide numerous benefits, promoting the growth and development of plants. The intricate relationship between fungi and plants has been the subject of extensive research, especially in the tropics, where there is a higher plant diversity and a strong positive correlation with fungi diversity. This extensive research has provided us with a wealth of knowledge about these interactions. In this study, we conducted a bibliometric analysis and systematic review, analyzing 733 research articles. A considerable growth was revealed in this field, particularly over the previous decade. Many studies during this period are concentrated in China, with a plethora of emerging researchers. More attention has been paid to genetic/molecular-based work over the last decade. In addition, researchers are promoting the use of plant-fungal interactions for sustainable agriculture, highlighting their crucial importance in mitigating crop stresses under both biotic (pests) and abiotic stresses, such as heavy metal pollutants, nutritional depletion, temperature rises, changes in water regimes, and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Considering future studies, further research is needed to elucidate the relationships between plants and fungi, particularly through multi-omics approaches. Network mapping and the influence of indigenous fungi on plant-fungal interactions are other, less-studied, important areas to focus on.}, }
@article {pmid41140005, year = {2025}, author = {Kokkoris, V}, title = {Mycelial dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70688}, pmid = {41140005}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {101076062/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 024.004.014//Exacte en Natuurwetenschappen, NWO/ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), similar to other filamentous fungi, develop extensive hyphal networks collectively known as mycelia. AMF mycelia are complemented by a variety of specialized structures such as spores, vesicles, and auxiliary cells, which together form integrated and functionally diverse AMF networks. AMF mycelia have long been conceptually fragmented, with research disproportionately focusing on the intraradical phase and especially on intraradical structures such as arbuscules, while usually neglecting the extraradical mycelial phase. Moreover, they are often examined from a plant-centric perspective, where they are usually viewed as mediators of nutrient transfer to host roots. However, AMF mycelia are now increasingly recognized as a crucial component of AMF integrated networks with complex structural, physiological, and ecological dynamics. To encourage broader investigation into this underexplored domain, I synthesize both recent advances and historically overlooked findings on mycelial morphogenesis, growth strategies, resilience, cellular coordination mechanisms, and inter-mycelial interactions. By reframing the mycelium as a single, responsive, and functionally central unit of AMF biology, I propose novel mechanisms that may shape mycelial function, highlight methodological opportunities, and suggest key open questions that must be addressed to fully understand how these hyphal networks function across scales.}, }
@article {pmid41139696, year = {2025}, author = {Montilla-Bascon, G and Cristescu, SM and Mur, LAJ and Prats, E}, title = {Phytoglobin Scavenging of Nitric Oxide Is Associated With Ethylene Reduction and Drought Tolerance in Oat (Avena sativa).}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {177}, number = {6}, pages = {e70597}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70597}, pmid = {41139696}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {PID2022-142574OB-I00//MICIU/ ; RYC2022-037656-I//MICIU/ ; QUAL21_023 IAS//Junta de Andaluc&#xed;a/ ; //FEDER/ ; //UE/ ; }, mesh = {*Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Droughts ; *Ethylenes/metabolism ; *Avena/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Drought Resistance ; }, abstract = {Drought stress significantly impacts crop productivity and plant physiology. Nitric oxide (NO) signalling is essential for drought tolerance. This study explores the relationship between in vivo NO levels, mediated by NO scavenging phytoglobin (encoded by Pgb, non-symbiosis associated hemoglobin), and drought tolerance in oat (Avena sativa). Real-time in vivo NO measurements suggested increased production under moderate to high water stress in the susceptible cultivar Flega compared to the resistant Patones. This elevated NO correlated with increased senescence in Flega. Conversely, the resistant cultivar Patones showed a marked increase in Pgb gene expression, which correlated with reduced NO levels in vivo. This suggested that Pgb acts as a protective mechanism against NO-induced stress. Water stress-induced NO increases fed into the polyamine pathway, leading to a significant rise in arginine decarboxylase (ADC) expression, leading to putrescine accumulation in the susceptible cultivar, whereas the resistant Patones maintained lower ADC expression and polyamine levels. Elevated in vivo ethylene production was also observed in the susceptible cultivar Flega, correlating with severe drought-induced senescence symptoms and linked to the naturally high NO levels in this cultivar. Assessment of other oat genotypes confirmed a negative correlation between Pgb expression and drought symptoms. These results underscore an important role of phytoglobins in modulating NO levels to counter drought in oat and suggest a potential target for genetic improvement of oat for drought tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid41138412, year = {2025}, author = {Hou, X and Chen, D and Li, M and Jiang, X and Shen, J}, title = {Structure-informed risk assessment of algal metabolic disruption by pyridine derivatives in algal-bacterial symbiotic systems.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {499}, number = {}, pages = {140165}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140165}, pmid = {41138412}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Pyridine derivatives are widespread nitrogenous pollutants in industrial wastewater. Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems (ABSS) provide a green and efficient approach for their treatment by coupling algal photosynthesis with bacterial degradation and nitrogen cycling. In ABSS, algae were more sensitive to toxic pollutants than bacteria, making their physiological tolerance the key to maintaining ABSS stability under high contaminant loads. However, conventional toxicity assessments often overlook sublethal metabolic effects on algae, thereby underestimating their impact on system performance. In this study, a mechanism-informed, structure-based screening framework was established to prioritize sublethal risk, with an application ratio (AR) introduced as a mechanism-linked endpoint. High predictive performance was obtained with a back-propagation neural network (R[2] = 0.972), and LUMO energy and log Kow were identified as the most influential descriptors by feature-importance analysis. Algal physiological assays showed trends consistent with AR-based predictions for three representative pyridine derivatives. Structure-dependent effects were observed, involving membrane permeability, redox imbalance, and enzymatic inhibition. Molecular docking and dynamics further showed that spatial complementarity in the CYP450 active site, rather than binding affinity alone, was the primary determinant of inhibition potency. Collectively, these results support the use of AR thresholds as a screening basis for classifying pollutants into actionable risk categories. This approach may facilitate pollutant prioritization, operational adjustment, and adaptive management of ABSS under complex wastewater conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41138376, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, C and Du, W and Meng, K and Chen, X and Zhang, H and Xu, M}, title = {Exploring the potential ecological risks of cadmium accumulation in coastal sediments: implications for diversity, function, and assembly of fungal community.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {395}, number = {}, pages = {127726}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127726}, pmid = {41138376}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Understanding how cadmium (Cd) accumulation affects microbial community assembly and species coexistence is critical for revealing the diversity and functional evolution of ecosystems under pollution stress. This study identified Cd as the predominant ecological risk factor in coastal sediments, as determined by the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (Er[i]). Its presence was significantly associated with alterations in fungal community diversity and structure. Elevated sedimentary Cd levels led to significant declines in fungal richness and diversity, shifts in community composition, and increased the relative abundances of pathogenic, symbiotic, and saprotrophic fungi. Under high Cd stress, fungal community assembly was primarily shaped by deterministic processes, characterized by strong environmental filtering, reduced niche breadth, and greater species homogenization, with only minor influence from dispersal limitation. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed declines in modularity, module count, and keystone taxa, indicating reduced network stability. However, the predominance of positive correlations suggested strengthened cooperative interactions and a degree of internal self-regulation within the fungal community. Overall, these findings offer novel insights into the ecological impacts of heavy metal contamination in marine sediments and underscore the value of microbial communities as indicators for pollution monitoring and ecological risk assessment.}, }
@article {pmid41138177, year = {2025}, author = {Casto-Rebollo, C and Pocrnic, I and Gorjanc, G and Ibáñez-Escriche, N}, title = {HoloSimR: a comprehensive framework for simulating breeding programs including the hologenome scenario.}, journal = {Journal of animal science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jas/skaf371}, pmid = {41138177}, issn = {1525-3163}, abstract = {Including microbiome information in breeding schemes may be helpful to improve the selection response of livestock populations. However, the complexity of the microbiome makes modelling across species and traits difficult. The estimation of the microbiability and the identification of the microbial species are highly dependent on the methodology used. Indeed, it is complicated to decide which is the best method because we fail to know the true underlying scenario. This study proposes an R package named HoloSimR for simulating the coevolution of the genome and the microbiota under a selection process. HoloSimR allows the user to explore the effect of the microbiota on the phenotypic response to selection and the effects of the environment, host genetics and symbiosis between microbial species on the composition of the microbiota. HoloSimR demonstrated strong computational performance even under complex simulation settings. To assess its efficiency, a divergent selection process was simulated over ten generations across three different scenarios. These scenarios integrated genetic, microbiota, and hologenome-based phenotypic models, including real data-based microbiota structure and heritability. The simulation of those scenarios took 68.42 minutes on a standard laptop with 16 GB of RAM. Despite the complexity, the package effectively reproduced real microbiota distributions, heritability structures, and interspecies correlations, confirming its scalability and robustness. HoloSimR provides a valuable research platform, allowing researchers to test hypotheses and develop new approaches in a controlled in silico environment before applying them to real-world breeding programmes. This ultimately advances our understanding of host-microbiota interactions in the context of animal breeding.}, }
@article {pmid41137887, year = {2025}, author = {Cao, Z and He, C and Li, J and Yang, K and Zhang, Y and Fan, X and Qi, D and Song, F and Chang, W}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant salt tolerance to salt stress using endogenous phytohormones.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {12}, pages = {334}, pmid = {41137887}, issn = {1432-072X}, support = {32571883//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; GA23B006//The-Key Research and Developmentand Guidance Program of-Heilongjiang Province/ ; C2018052//Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province/ ; 2022-KYYWF-1083//Special fund project of Heilongjiang University of: Basic ScientificResearch Business Expenses for Provincial Universities of Heilongjiang Province/ ; LH2024C091//Natural Science Foundation (Joint Guidance)of Heilongjiang Province/ ; LJGXCG 2023-088//Heilongjiang Province "Double First-Class" Discipline Collaborative Innovation Achievement Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/metabolism ; *Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; *Salt Tolerance ; *Salt Stress ; Symbiosis ; *Plants/microbiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Soil salinization poses a significant threat to global agricultural productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), forming symbiotic relationships with most terrestrial plants, play a pivotal role in enhancing host plant tolerance to salt stress. Endogenous phytohormones are central signaling molecules governing plant growth and stress adaptation. However, the current understanding of how AMF modulate these phytohormonal pathways to confer salt tolerance remains fragmented. This review synthesizes the mechanisms by which AMF regulate endogenous phytohormones to improve plant resilience under salinity, focusing on four key aspects: facilitating mycorrhizal symbiosis, enhancing water use efficiency, activating antioxidant defense systems, and improving photosynthetic performance. A critical insight emerging from this synthesis is the interplay between different hormonal pathways, yet the complexity of this multi-hormonal crosstalk mediated by AMF is still underexplored. We highlight significant knowledge gaps, particularly concerning the role of understudied phytohormones such as melatonin and peptide hormones, as well as the unresolved mechanistic links between AMF-induced hormonal signals and ionic homeostasis (e.g., Na[+]/K[+] balance and Ca[2+]/Mg[2+] nutrition). Finally, we propose future research directions focused on deciphering this comprehensive hormonal regulatory network. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for leveraging AMF technology to improve saline-alkali soil utilization and advance sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41137720, year = {2025}, author = {Reiss, K and Mander, &#xdc; and Öpik, M and Sepp, SK and Kanger, K and Schindler, T and Soosaar, K and Pihlatie, M and Butterbach-Bahl, K and Putkinen, A and Niinemets, &#xdc; and Espenberg, M}, title = {Temporal and spatial dynamics of microbial communities and greenhouse gas flux responses to experimental flooding in riparian forest soils.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiaf109}, pmid = {41137720}, issn = {1574-6941}, abstract = {Extreme rainfall and flooding are expected to increase in Northern sub-boreal habitats, altering soil hydrology and impacting greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes by shifting redox potential and microbial communities as soils transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. This study examined the effects of a two-week growing-season flash flood on bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities and microbial processes driving CH4 and N2O fluxes in riparian alder (Alnus incana) forests. Flooding reduced soil nitrate accumulation as determined by qPCR and promoted dinitrogen-fixing, nifH gene-carrying bacteria like Geomonas. Sequencing data showed that anaerobic bacteria (Oleiharenicola, Pelotalea) increased during the flood, while N2O emissions declined, indicating a shift towards complete denitrification to N2. However, drier patches within the flooded area emitted N2O, suggesting nitrification or incomplete denitrification. A diverse arbuscular mycorrhizal community was detected, including genera Acaulospora, Archaeospora, Claroideoglomus, Diversispora, and Paraglomus. Flooding increased the abundance of the fungal genera Naucoria, Russula, and Tomentella and the family Thelephoraceae, which symbiotically support alder trees in nitrogen uptake and carbon sequestration. Microtopographic differences of 0.3-0.7 m created spatial variability in GHG emissions during flooding, with some waterlogged areas emitting CH4, while others enhanced CH4 oxidation (determined by FAPROTAX) and promoted nitrification-driven N2O emissions in drier, elevated zones. We conclude that flash flooding during the active growing season significantly affects nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying microbes and alters symbiotic fungal community composition, creating spatial variability in GHG emissions.}, }
@article {pmid41137426, year = {2025}, author = {Alperovitz, CH and David, NB and Gross, A and Mizrahi, B}, title = {Living Materials Approach for In Situ Bio-Polymers Production Using Bacillus Paralicheniformis in Microneedles.}, journal = {Advanced healthcare materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e03630}, doi = {10.1002/adhm.202503630}, pmid = {41137426}, issn = {2192-2659}, support = {No. 515/20//Israeli Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Living biomaterials, which integrate live organisms with traditional macromolecular scaffolds, function as "live manufacturers" capable of sensing their environment, synthesizing, and releasing biomolecules while remaining stable under physiological conditions. While systems that produce small biomolecules continue to advance, in situ production and secretion of high-molecular-weight biopolymers remain relatively underexplored. Here, a microneedle (MN) patch system is presented encapsulating Bacillus paralicheniformis (B. paralicheniformis) - a non-pathogenic, Gram-positive bacterium known for its production of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA). The MNs are designed to painlessly penetrate the stratum corneum and reach the dermis. Bacteria are uniformly distributed within the patch, and their presence has minimal impact on the microneedles' morphology and mechanical integrity. Upon application, B. paralicheniformis is released from the MNs and successfully produced γ-PGA, with molecular weights ranging from 64 to 563 kDa. Growth studies revealed that Luria-Bertani (LB) medium supports optimal bacterial proliferation, while E medium enhances γ-PGA biosynthesis. In vivo studies confirmed that B. paralicheniformis colonized mouse skin following MN administration and secreted γ-PGA without eliciting toxicity or inflammatory responses. Given the increasing therapeutic use of biopolymers and proteins for treating chronic and acute skin conditions, this living bacterial delivery system offers a promising platform for sustainable and symbiotic dermal therapies.}, }
@article {pmid41135873, year = {2025}, author = {Tian, Z and Su, M and Yu, M and Huang, E and Hu, B and Chen, Y}, title = {KRAS/ACTN4/p65-NR2A axis mediates glutamine-glutamate metabolic coupling between schwann cells and pancreatic cancer promoting perineural invasion.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2025.10.030}, pmid = {41135873}, issn = {2090-1224}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits aggressive perineural invasion (PNI), a hallmark of poor prognosis observed in 70-100% of cases. Schwann cells (SCs), key components of the tumor microenvironment, drive PNI via multiple pathways, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the hypothesis that PDAC cells and SCs establish a glutamine-glutamate metabolic symbiosis to fuel PNI.<br><br>METHODS: Integrated approaches, including LC-MS metabolomics, isotopic tracing, co-culture systems, and in vivo models, were employed to analyze bidirectional metabolite exchange. Molecular assays and functional studies elucidated signaling pathways. The therapeutic potential of targeting glutamine transporters (SLC1A5/SLC7A5) and glutamate receptor NR2A was tested using inhibitors V9302 and PEAQX.<br><br>RESULTS: SCs secreted glutamine, which PDAC cells internalized via SLC1A5 and converted to glutamate. Glutamate activated SCs through NR2A, inducing ROS/NRF2-expression and upregulating glutamine synthetase (GS) and GLT-1, thereby regenerating glutamine to sustain the metabolic loop. KRAS-ACTN4-p65 signaling amplified this cycle by transcriptionally activating SLC1A5/SLC7A5 and GLS, while leucine uptake via SLC7A5 activated mTORC1 to promote invasion and PNI. In vivo, dual inhibition of SLC1A5/SLC7A5 (V9302) and NR2A (PEAQX) synergistically reduced tumor growth, PNI length, and improved sciatic nerve function in mice.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study identifies a reciprocal glutamine-glutamate metabolic symbiosis between PDAC cells and SCs as a driver of PNI, orchestrated by KRAS-ACTN4-NF-&#x3ba;B signaling and glutamate-NR2A-ROS-NRF2 pathways. Disrupting this axis with V9302 and PEAQX offers a novel therapeutic strategy to target PDAC's metabolic adaptability and neurotrophic microenvironment.}, }
@article {pmid41133767, year = {2025}, author = {Nakamura, Y and Hoshino, O and Saito, N and Nagatsuka, S}, title = {New Combination of the "Rhizarian Rider" Phenomenon, Brachyscelus crusculum Bate, 1861 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Brachyscelidae) and Odontosphaera sp. (Radiolaria, Collodaria, Collosphaeridae).}, journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, pages = {e70052}, doi = {10.1111/jeu.70052}, pmid = {41133767}, issn = {1550-7408}, support = {LEADER Grant 202390030//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 25K07471//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24K01788//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24K00718//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 23K25953//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 21H04521//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; JPMJPR24G4//Japan Science and Technology Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Amphipoda/parasitology/physiology ; Female ; Japan ; *Cercozoa/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {A new combination of the "rhizarian rider" phenomenon was observed in the sea area affected by the Kuroshio current, off Japan: a female of Brachyscelus crusculum (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Brachyscelidae) holding a colony of Odontosphaera sp. (Radiolaria, Collodaria, Collosphaeridae). The "rhizarian rider" phenomenon of Collosphaeridae and B. crusculum was first recorded. The large colony size (ca. 13 mm) and color (pale blue) of Odontosphaera sp. are also newly reported by this study. Brachyscelus crusculum presumably utilizes Odontosphaera sp. as a float, food source, and breeding bed.}, }
@article {pmid41133427, year = {2025}, author = {Zekavat, M}, title = {Planetary health and emancipatory worlding.}, journal = {Global health promotion}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {17579759251378432}, doi = {10.1177/17579759251378432}, pmid = {41133427}, issn = {1757-9767}, abstract = {This study critiques the prevailing anthropocentric and neoliberal frameworks within planetary health discourses, advocating for multi-species wellbeing-a departure from the dominant models of planetary health that tend to prioritize human interests and overlook the symbiotic relationships among holobionts. Drawing on posthumanism and relational theories to critique anthropocentrism and promote emancipatory worlding, it highlights the role of socio-economic disparities in environmental degradation and the unequal distribution of power and responsibility. This study further reveals the inadequacy of resilience and adaptation strategies often promoted by neoliberal agendas, calling instead for systemic change. True planetary health requires a shift from anthropocentric paradigms to a symbiotic model that incorporates material justice and restitution. Addressing global health disparities and environmental degradation must move beyond market-based solutions, prioritizing the interconnectedness of all species and their environments.}, }
@article {pmid41132378, year = {2025}, author = {Kong, CC and Wang, J and Shan, B and Zhang, HX and Qin, S and Ren, CG}, title = {Marine endophytes: biosynthetic engines for novel bioactive metabolites.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1684777}, pmid = {41132378}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Marine endophytes are prolific sources of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with significant pharmaceutical potential, including anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agents. However, their commercial utilization is hindered by genomic instability in axenic cultures and inconsistent metabolite yields. While current studies focus on symbiotic interactions and compound discover, critical gaps persist in harnessing their biosynthetic capabilities. This review synthesizes knowledge on marine fungal metabolites and proposes a paradigm shift toward resource-driven research. It addresses strain improvement limitations and suggests strategies like mutagenesis, protoplast fusion, and metabolic engineering to bolster production stability and efficiency. The paper also discusses biological process optimization, including fermentation tuning, inducer and precursor addition, and adsorbent use, to enhance natural product synthesis. By identifying these research gaps and proposing a strategic roadmap, the review advances the stable and scalable production of bioactive metabolites, unlocking the commercial and therapeutic potential of marine endophytic fungi.}, }
@article {pmid41131807, year = {2025}, author = {Reiermann, V and Winter, M and Kotschik, P and Zielinski, F and Schoenfeld, J and Pieper, S and Schlich, K}, title = {The spore germination test (ISO 10832) with funneliformis mosseae for use in an environmental risk assessment for chemicals-necessary adaptations and exemplary testing.}, journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/inteam/vjaf146}, pmid = {41131807}, issn = {1551-3793}, abstract = {Mycorrhizal fungi play a fundamental role in terrestrial ecosystems. Through the root symbiosis they form with about 80% of all terrestrial plants, they contribute to multiple ecosystem services like e.g. nutrient exchange or pest control. However, ecotoxicological studies have shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are sensitive to chemicals. It is therefore crucial to consider these key organisms in an environmental risk assessment (ERA), especially as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has proposed the inclusion of AMF as test organisms for future ERA. Our aim was to determine the effect of various pesticides, a veterinary pharmaceutical and a biocide using the spore germination test (ISO 10832) with Funneliformis mosseae, to compare the results with the currently in ERA used Nitrogen(N)-transformation test (OECD 216), and to evaluate the potential use of the spore germination test for future ERA. Furthermore, recommendations for a revision of the ISO 10832 were elaborated, aiming to use natural soils as an alternative to artificial soil. Evaluation of the spore germination test revealed a significant and higher sensitivity, compared to the results of the N-transformation test for the three tested substances ethofumesate, pyraclostrobin and tiamulin hydrogen fumarate. A reduced maximum water holding capacity (WHCmax) to 50%, compared to the recommended WHCmax of 90% according to ISO 10832, led to a sufficient germination rate of F. mosseae in natural soil. Additionally, pH plays an important role for germination; when using natural soils with a pH below 5.5, a sufficient spore germination of 75% could not be reached. If WHC is reduced and a pH of above 5.5 is tested, the established germination test with F. mosseae is suitable for testing different substances in natural soils and could be a valuable addition to the current ERA for chemicals like pesticides, veterinary pharmaceuticals or biocides.}, }
@article {pmid41131669, year = {2025}, author = {Pál, A and Lima, RM and Tiricz, H and Ayaydin, F and Kereszt, A and Kondorosi, &#xc9; and Ábrahám, E}, title = {Diverse triggers, common outcome: Senescence in Fix[-] Medicago truncatula nodules.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiaf518}, pmid = {41131669}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {Nodule senescence in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) can occur as a natural, developmentally regulated process or be triggered prematurely by environmental stress or ineffective symbiotic interactions. In this study, we examined five M. truncatula Fix[-] mutants (dnf4, dnf7-2, TR183, TRV36 and TR36) that fail to fix nitrogen to determine whether they share common senescence-related traits. Our findings reveal that, despite distinct genetic defects, all mutants exhibit similar hallmarks of premature senescence: a rapid decline in the transcription of nitrogen-fixation-related genes (as indicated by DINITROGENASE REDUCTASE (NifH) expression), early degradation of bacteroids and symbiotic cells, recolonization of nodules by saprophytic rhizobia, premature closure of the nodule endodermis, impaired post-mitotic differentiation of the symbiotic cells, and upregulation of senescence marker genes (CYSTEINE PROTEASE 2 (CP2), CYSTEINE PROTEASE 6 (CP6), CHITINASE 2 and PURPLE ACID PHOSPHATASE 22 (PAP22). Neither symbiotic maintenance genes (DEFECTIVE IN NITROGEN FIXATION 2 (DNF2), Symbiotic CYSTEINE-RICH RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SymCRK) and REGULATOR OF SYMBIOSOME DIFFERENTIATION (RSD) that inhibit plant defense responses nor the defense-related gene PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN 10.1 (PR10.1) were upregulated, suggesting that premature senescence in these mutants is driven primarily by proteolytic activities rather than immune responses. These results indicate that early nodule senescence is a common feature of ineffective M. truncatula-Sinorhizobium medicae interactions, independent of the specific genetic mutation. Understanding nodule longevity and functionality may contribute to the development of strategies to enhance symbiotic efficiency in legumes for sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41130803, year = {2025}, author = {deMayo, JA and Brennan, RS and Pespeni, M and Jaspers, C and Varpe, &#xd8; and Lee, CE and Dam, HG}, title = {Recognizing adaptation costs in the Anthropocene.}, journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2025.09.020}, pmid = {41130803}, issn = {1872-8383}, abstract = {While populations can adapt to rapid environmental change in the Anthropocene, adaptation costs may limit evolutionary rescue, even when standing population genetic variation is high. Here, we argue that adaptation costs are linked to evolutionary trade-offs involving scenario- or system-specific traits that usually promote environmental specialization and species coexistence. Adaptation costs can be cryptic, and are more likely to emerge in populations under fluctuating environments or under multiple stressors. Adaptation costs mediated by ecological processes such as competition and symbiosis can limit population growth and species ranges. We advocate for considering adaptation costs in global change studies to improve predictions of future population responses, biological production, and ecosystem resilience.}, }
@article {pmid41129320, year = {2025}, author = {Thoms, D and Chen, MY and Liu, Y and Fulton, L and Luo, Y and Hiott, DE and Song, S and Morales Moreira, Z and Wang, NR and Zorio, D and Rejzek, M and Potter, R and Carella, P and Haney, CH}, title = {A bacterial exotoxin-triggered plant immune response restricts pathogen growth.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {44}, number = {11}, pages = {116457}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116457}, pmid = {41129320}, issn = {2211-1247}, abstract = {For optimal growth and development, hosts must promote healthy symbiotic interactions while restricting pathogens. To ask whether hosts can distinguish phylogenetically similar pathogens and beneficial bacteria, we used two closely related plant root-associated strains within the Pseudomonas fluorescens species complex. Despite having similar immunogenic microbe-associated molecular patterns, one strain is beneficial and the other exhibits exotoxin-dependent virulence. We show that the two strains co-exist in vitro, but the beneficial strain outcompetes the pathogen in the rhizosphere. We find that plants respond to the pathogen, but not the beneficial strain, predominantly via an exotoxin-triggered defense response in roots. The purified exotoxin is sufficient to induce immunity and restrict bacterial growth in a BAK1/BKK1/CERK1-dependent manner. We show that these immune components are also required for balancing the growth between the beneficial and pathogenic strains. We conclude that plant immunity can distinguish phylogenetically similar microbes with distinct lifestyles, in part, through perception of exotoxins.}, }
@article {pmid41129090, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, A and Kumar, R and Singh, P and Kalaichelvan, S and Santos-Villalobos, SL and Kumar, N and Fernando, L and Kumar, R and Solanki, MK and Joshi, NC and Babalola, OO}, title = {Emerging Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Sustainable Agriculture: From Biology to Field Application.}, journal = {MicrobiologyOpen}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e70082}, doi = {10.1002/mbo3.70082}, pmid = {41129090}, issn = {2045-8827}, support = {//The authors received no specific funding for this work./ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Agriculture/methods ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Agricultural Inoculants/physiology ; Crops, Agricultural/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {In recent years, increasing consumer demand for organic food and chemical free agricultural products has driven a shift toward microbial-based approaches, which are being adopted to replace traditional agrochemicals, used for nutrient supplementation and protection against plant pathogens. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form symbiotic associations with up to 80% of plant roots, are widely employed as bio stimulants, biofertilizers, or biopesticides to improve agricultural productivity. Currently, a range of AMF strains are commercially produced and applied as soil inoculants to improve agricultural yields. Although the effectiveness of these inoculants depends on multiple factors, including the selection of AMF strains, choice of carrier materials and methods of application. In addition, production strategies play a critical role in determining both the concentration and the viability of the inoculum. Despite significant technological advancements, only a limited number of AMF strains have been commercially exploited as inoculants. Thus, the present review aims to briefly discuss the latest aspects of AMF biology, their functional role in abiotic and biotic stress management. Furthermore, this review paper also discusses different production strategies and highlights the challenges associated with the commercialization of AMF inoculants, including limited strain diversity, propagule viability, formulation stability, and inconsistent field performance.}, }
@article {pmid41128430, year = {2025}, author = {Lin, Y and Luo, Z and Ye, Z and Zhong, N and Zhao, L and Zhang, L and Li, X and Chen, Z and Chen, Y}, title = {Applications, Challenges, and Prospects of Generative Artificial Intelligence Empowering Medical Education: Scoping Review.}, journal = {JMIR medical education}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {e71125}, doi = {10.2196/71125}, pmid = {41128430}, issn = {2369-3762}, mesh = {*Artificial Intelligence/trends ; Humans ; *Education, Medical/methods/trends ; Generative Artificial Intelligence ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nowadays, generative artificial intelligence (GAI) drives medical education toward enhanced intelligence, personalization, and interactivity. With its vast generative abilities and diverse applications, GAI redefines how educational resources are accessed, teaching methods are implemented, and assessments are conducted.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to review the current applications of GAI in medical education; analyze its opportunities and challenges; identify its strengths and potential issues in educational methods, assessments, and resources; and capture GAI's rapid evolution and multidimensional applications in medical education, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for future practice.<br><br>METHODS: This scoping review used PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to analyze literature from January 2023 to October 2024, focusing on GAI applications in medical education. Following PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, 5991 articles were retrieved, with 1304 duplicates removed. The 2-stage screening (title or abstract and full-text review) excluded 4564 articles and a supplementary search included 8 articles, yielding 131 studies for final synthesis. We included (1) studies addressing GAI's applications, challenges, or future directions in medical education, (2) empirical research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, and (3) English-language articles. We excluded commentaries, editorials, viewpoints, perspectives, short reports, or communications with low levels of evidence, non-GAI technologies, and studies centered on other fields of medical education (eg, nursing). We integrated quantitative analysis of publication trends and Human Development Index (HDI) with thematic analysis of applications, technical limitations, and ethical implications.<br><br>RESULTS: Analysis of 131 articles revealed that 74.0% (n=97) originated from countries or regions with very high HDI, with the United States contributing the most (n=33); 14.5% (n=19) were from high HDI countries, 5.3% (n=7) from medium HDI countries, and 2.2% (n=3) from low HDI countries, with 3.8% (n=5) involving cross-HDI collaborations. ChatGPT was the most studied GAI model (n=119), followed by Gemini (n=22), Copilot (n=11), Claude (n=6), and LLaMA (n=4). Thematic analysis indicated that GAI applications in medical education mainly embody the diversification of educational methods, scientific evaluation of educational assessments, and dynamic optimization of educational resources. However, it also highlighted current limitations and potential future challenges, including insufficient scene adaptability, data quality and information bias, overreliance, and ethical controversies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: GAI application in medical education exhibits significant regional disparities in development, and model research statistics reflect researchers' certain usage preferences. GAI holds potential for empowering medical education, but widespread adoption requires overcoming complex technical and ethical challenges. Grounded in symbiotic agency theory, we advocate establishing the resource-method-assessment tripartite model, developing specialized models and constructing an integrated system of general large language models incorporating specialized ones, promoting resource sharing, refining ethical governance, and building an educational ecosystem fostering human-machine symbiosis, enabling deep tech-humanism integration and advancing medical education toward greater efficiency and human-centeredness.}, }
@article {pmid41127834, year = {2025}, author = {Zhong, Z and Hu, M and Yu, F and Yang, P and Li, L and Wang, J and Wang, Y}, title = {Aging Enhances the Ecotoxicological Effects of Biobased Microplastic Poly(Lactic Acid) and Its Adsorbed Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate on Mussels.}, journal = {Environment &amp; health (Washington, D.C.)}, volume = {3}, number = {10}, pages = {1245-1260}, pmid = {41127834}, issn = {2833-8278}, abstract = {The biodegradable plastic poly-(lactic acid) (PLA) has been widely used to reduce plastic pollution in the environment, but PLA does not readily degrade completely and is more prone to form microplastics (MPs) and age. In this study, MP-PLA was aged by simulating the behavior of the marine environment and combined with plastic additive tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl)-phosphate (TCPP) according to their susceptibility to adsorb environmental pollutants. Mussels were the exposed subjects, and exposure concentrations of MPs and TCPP were set at 0.2 mg/L, 1 mg/L, and 0.5 μg/L, respectively. The ecotoxicity of PLA, aged-PLA, TCPP, and TCPP+aged-PLA was compared based on the result that aged-PLA could adsorb more TCPP. Biomarker assays revealed that mussels ingesting and accumulating contaminants underwent a severe oxidative (ROS) and immune stress response in the organism, with disruption of energy metabolism for energy supply, leading to apoptosis, resulting in tissue damage, and disruption of the homeostasis of the symbiotic intestinal microbiota. Comparisons showed that aging enhanced the adverse effects of PLA and ecotoxicological effects are further exacerbated by the adsorption of TCPP on aged-PLA. Therefore, with the widespread use of degradable plastics, long-term environmental impacts such as incomplete degradation and release of additives must be a concern.}, }
@article {pmid41127793, year = {2025}, author = {Yoshikawa, A and Izumi, T and Kanki, T and Moritaki, T and Kitajima, M and Ohtsuchi, N and Kimura, T and Gou, Y and Hattori, R and Yumiba, M and Shirai, K and Mitchell, ML and Fujita, T and Yanagi, K}, title = {Mutualism on the deep-sea floor: a novel shell-forming sea anemone in symbiosis with a hermit crab.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {250789}, pmid = {41127793}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Interspecific species interactions are fundamental evolutionary forces that shape the traits and adaptive strategies of biological communities. However, their diversity and dynamics in deep-sea ecosystems are poorly understood because of their inaccessibility. Here, we report and describe a newly identified species-specific, hermit crab-associated sea anemone named Paracalliactis tsukisome sp. nov. The sea anemone secretes and constructs a unique shell-like structure known as a carcinoecium, which expands the host hermit crab's living space. Stable isotope analyses (δ[13]C and δ[15]N) suggested that P. tsukisome sp. nov. consumes nutritional benefits by consuming host faeces and suspended organic particles from the surrounding environment. Three-dimensional computed tomography imaging elucidated a unidirectional attachment pattern, which was consistently positioned near the shell aperture or carcinoecium edge-a likely adaptation linked to feeding behaviour and carcinoecium formation. The host, Oncopagurus monstrosus (Alcock, 1894), substantially benefits from this association, attaining larger body sizes than other Oncopagurus species, highlighting the functional role of the carcinoecium as an effective shell enhancement in the deep-sea environment. This study provides the first quantitative evidence of mutualism in carcinoecium-forming associations, highlighting a remarkable example of deep-sea symbiosis and hypothesizing how reciprocal benefits are refined over time, fostering the evolution of carcinoecium-forming abilities and species-specific mutualistic relationships.}, }
@article {pmid41126179, year = {2025}, author = {Heuberger, M and Wehrkamp, CM and Pfammatter, A and Poretti, M and Graf, JP and Herger, A and Isaksson, J and Schlagenhauf, E and Honegger, R and Wicker, T and Sotiropoulos, AG}, title = {A reference metagenome sequence of the lichen Cladonia rangiformis.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {319}, pmid = {41126179}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {310030_212428//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; }, mesh = {*Lichens/genetics/microbiology ; *Metagenome ; Symbiosis/genetics ; *Genome, Fungal ; *Ascomycota/genetics ; Chlorophyta/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Lichens are an ancient symbiosis comprising the thalli of lichen-forming fungi, their photoautotrophic partners, and their microbiome. So far, they were poorly studied at the genome sequence level. Here, we present a reference metagenome for the holobiont of Cladonia rangiformis, aiming to illuminate the genomic complexity and evolutionary interactions within lichen symbioses.<br><br>RESULTS: Using long-read sequences from an entire symbiotic complex, plus short-read libraries from 28 additional diverse European lichen samples, we were able to separate genome sequences of 20 individual species. We constructed chromosome-scale assemblies of the C. rangiformis fungus and its trebouxioid green algal photobiont Asterochloris mediterranea. The genome of the fungus comprises&#x2009;~&#x2009;22% transposable elements and is highly compartmentalized into genic regions and large TE-derived segments which show extensive signatures of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). We found that A. mediterranea centromeres are predominantly derived from two interacting retrotransposon families. We also identified strong candidates for genes that were horizontally transferred from bacteria to both alga and fungus. Furthermore, we isolated 18 near-complete bacterial genomes, of which 13 are enriched in the lichen compared to surrounding soil. Analysis of gene content in fungus, algae, and bacteria identified 22 distinct biosynthetic gene cluster categories for known secondary metabolites.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed that the thalli of C. rangiformis have a highly complex microbiome, comprising a mix of species that may include opportunists, ecologically obligate symbionts and possibly even lichen-beneficial bacteria. This study provides the first chromosome-scale genomic framework for a lichen holobiont, offering a foundational resource for future research into metagenomics, symbiosis, and microbial ecology in lichens.}, }
@article {pmid40925005, year = {2025}, author = {Belosokhov, A and Spribille, T}, title = {Making Fungal-Photobiont Symbioses in the Lab: Past, Present, and Future of the Elusive In Vitro Lichen.}, journal = {Annual review of microbiology}, volume = {79}, number = {1}, pages = {713-730}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-micro-051524-031834}, pmid = {40925005}, issn = {1545-3251}, mesh = {*Lichens/microbiology/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Symbiosis ; *Fungi/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Coculture Techniques ; }, abstract = {The ability to synthesize lichen symbioses in vitro from pure cultures of transformable symbionts would be a game changer for experiments to identify the metabolic interplay that underpins the success of lichens. However, despite multiple reports of successful lichen resynthesis, no lichen lab model system exists today. We reviewed 150 years of in vitro lichen studies and found that the term resynthesis is applied to many types of fungal-photobiont cocultures that do not resemble lichens. Some of the most lichen-like results, for their part, were obtained from nonaxenic tissue culture. Only a few studies reported obtaining natural-looking lichens from axenic input cultures, but all appear to have been isolated successes obtained against the background of extensive contamination. We suggest revisiting resynthesis experiments in light of recent advances in our understanding of lichen microbial composition to test whether in vitro lichen morphogenesis requires microbial inputs beyond those of the canonical fungal and algal symbionts.}, }
@article {pmid41125883, year = {2025}, author = {Vaga, CF and Quattrini, AM and Galvão de Lossio E Seiblitz, I and Huang, D and Quek, ZBR and Stolarski, J and Cairns, SD and Kitahara, MV}, title = {A global coral phylogeny reveals resilience and vulnerability through deep time.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41125883}, issn = {1476-4687}, abstract = {Global climate change and its consequences for the symbiosis between corals and microalgae are impacting coral reefs worldwide-ecosystems that support more than one-quarter of marine species and sustain nearly one billion people[1-3]. Understanding how stony corals, the primary architects of both shallow and deep reef ecosystems, responded to past environmental challenges is key to predicting their future[4]. Here we describe a time-calibrated molecular phylogenetic analysis that includes hundreds of newly sequenced coral taxa, and sheds light on the deep-time evolution of scleractinian corals. We date the emergence of the most recent common ancestor of Scleractinia to about 460 million years ago and infer that it was probably a solitary, heterotrophic and free-living organism-or one that could reproduce through transverse division-thriving in both shallow and deep waters. Our analyses suggest that symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates was established around 300 million years ago and spurred coral diversification. However, only a few photosymbiotic lineages survived major environmental disruptions in the Mesozoic era. By contrast, solitary, heterotrophic corals with flexible depth and substrate preferences appear to have thrived in the deep sea despite these environmental disturbance events. Even though ongoing environmental changes are expected to severely affect shallow reefs[5], our finding that stony corals have shown resilience throughout geological history offers hope for the persistence of some lineages in the face of climate and other environmental changes.}, }
@article {pmid41125850, year = {2025}, author = {Salloum, Y and Gros, G and Quintero-Castillo, K and Garcia-Baudino, C and Rabahi, S and Janardhana Kurup, A and Diabangouaya, P and Pérez-Pascual, D and Morales Castro, RA and Boekhorst, J and Villablanca, EJ and Ghigo, JM and Feijoo, CG and Brugman, S and Hernandez, PP}, title = {IL-26 from innate lymphoid cells regulates early-life gut epithelial homeostasis by shaping microbiota composition.}, journal = {The EMBO journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41125850}, issn = {1460-2075}, support = {ANR-24-INBS-0005 FBI BIOGEN//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; ANR-II-INBS-0014//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; ANR-11- LBX-0044//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; ANR-10-IDEX- 0001-02 PSL//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; 2020 DAE 78//Ville da Paris Emergence Program/ ; AJE201905008718//Fondation pour la Recherche M&#xe9;dicale (FRM)/ ; FDT202304016654//Fondation pour la Recherche M&#xe9;dicale (FRM)/ ; R21045DS//ATIP-Avenir Starting Program/ ; 101041422//EC | European Research Council (ERC)/ ; }, abstract = {Animals host symbiotic microbial communities that shape gut health. However, how the host immune system and microbiota interact to regulate epithelial homeostasis, particularly during early development, remains largely unclear. Human interleukin-26 (IL-26) is associated with gut inflammation and has intrinsic bactericidal activity in vitro, yet its in vivo functions are largely unknown, primarily due to its absence in rodents. To examine the role of IL-26 in early life, we used zebrafish and found that gut epithelial cells in il26-/- larvae exhibited increased proliferation, faster turnover, elevated DNA damage, and altered cell population abundance. This epithelial dysregulation occurred independently of the IL-26 canonical receptor and resulted from dysbiosis in il26-/- larvae. Moreover, IL-26 bactericidal activity was conserved in zebrafish, suggesting a potential role of this property in regulating microbiota composition. We further identified innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) as the primary source of IL-26 at this developmental stage. These findings establish IL-26 as a central player in a regulatory circuit linking the microbiota, ILCs, and intestinal epithelial cells to maintain gut homeostasis during early life.}, }
@article {pmid41124367, year = {2025}, author = {Oladipupo, SO and Hochstrasser, M}, title = {Deubiquitylases and nucleases in bacterial symbiont-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility.}, journal = {Biochemical Society transactions}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1042/BST20253047}, pmid = {41124367}, issn = {1470-8752}, abstract = {In myriad arthropod species, maternally transmitted symbiotic bacteria spread through populations by manipulating host reproduction, most frequently by a mechanism called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI occurs when bacterially infected males fertilize uninfected females, typically causing paternal chromatin condensation and segregation defects and usually embryonic arrest in the first zygotic cell cycle. Embryos survive if the female is similarly infected, which promotes bacterial spread. The endosymbiont best known for CI is Wolbachia, now widely used against mosquitoes that vector viral diseases such as dengue fever. Although CI is induced by Wolbachia resident in testes, mature sperm carry no bacteria, indicating they alter sperm in a way that, following fertilization, interferes with embryogenesis. CI-inducing factors (Cifs) are expressed from syntenic Wolbachia cifA-cifB genes. CifB is required in the male germline to induce CI, while CifA expression in the host female is sufficient to rescue viability. Importantly, CifA suppresses lethality through its binding to CifB. Different CifB proteins have distinct CI-relevant enzymatic functions, in particular, deubiquitylase and nuclease activities. Consistent with these genetic data, CifB is packaged into sperm during spermiogenesis. While sperm morphological disruption has been observed in fruit flies carrying cif transgenes, a causal role in CI is unclear. Also not understood is how maternally provisioned CifA rescues embryo viability. Exciting new findings with diverse symbiotic bacteria reveal cifA-cifB-like operons on extrachromosomal plasmids. These results suggest far wider deployment of Wolbachia-related CI factors than previously thought and multiple mechanisms for lateral cif gene transfer.}, }
@article {pmid41124138, year = {2025}, author = {Bennett, JA and Elshamy, O and Trefiak, M and Wasan, JP}, title = {Fertilizer and fungicide reduce herbicide efficacy and enhance growth of invasive common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare).}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {e0333818}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0333818}, pmid = {41124138}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Herbicides/pharmacology ; *Fertilizers ; *Introduced Species ; *Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology ; *Tanacetum/growth &amp; development/drug effects/microbiology ; Mycorrhizae/drug effects ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare; Asteraceae) is a widespread invasive species in North America that threatens biodiversity and agricultural productivity by displacing resident vegetation. Combined with being unpalatable, it can be toxic and thus poses significant challenges for the livestock industry. Current tansy control strategies are largely chemical and rely on a suite of synthetic auxin herbicides. The need for reapplication may lead to resistance development in addition to significant biodiversity losses. Recent work suggests that invasive Asteraceae may rely on symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to give them a competitive advantage. We hypothesized that suppressing AMF would reduce tansy growth and reduce reliance on more damaging herbicides. Fungicides and fertilizers, known to suppress AMF, may be potential tools for tansy suppression by reducing its competitive ability; however, both may also enhance invader growth and represent a significant risk. We conducted a two-year experiment crossing three herbicides, with varying degrees of residual control, with fungicide and fertilizer treatments to explore their effects on tansy. Despite initially reducing AMF abundances, both fertilizer and fungicide unexpectedly improved tansy growth, especially when applied with the non-residual herbicide (2,4-D), where strong control was eliminated by either treatment. This suggests that, at least at our study site, any suppression of AMF did not affect tansy strongly enough to overcome the benefits of increased nutrients and pathogen suppression. Independent of fungicide or fertilizer, all three herbicides reduced tansy biomass and increased community biomass by year two, driven by increases in grasses. The most effective herbicide (picloram), however, also caused the greatest declines in broadleaf plants, leading to significant species losses. Conversely, 2,4-D was only slightly less effective after two years, while having limited non-target effects. Non-residual herbicides, like 2-4D, may offer a better balance between tansy control and biodiversity conservation.}, }
@article {pmid41122663, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, Z and Ren, G and Guo, X and Su, Y and Wang, Y and Zhang, S and Qi, X and Lu, H and Lian, J and Liang, Y}, title = {Cysteine-rich receptor-like secreted protein 1 promotes intercellular infection and enhances nodulation in Aeschynomene indica.}, journal = {Horticulture research}, volume = {12}, number = {10}, pages = {uhaf185}, pmid = {41122663}, issn = {2662-6810}, abstract = {Nitrogen-fixing bacteria establish symbiotic relationships with their host plants via two different entry systems: root hair-mediated (intracellular) entry and intercellular entry. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the intercellular entry system have received relatively little research attention. In this study, we compared the transcriptomes of the nodules and roots of Myrica rubra, which forms an ancient type of symbiosis with Frankia via intercellular entry. We found that cysteine-rich receptor-like secreted protein 1 (CRRSP1) was highly upregulated in M. rubra nodules. We then investigated the function of MrCRRSP1 in Aeschynomene indica, which establishes symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS285 through an intercellular entry system. The overexpression of MrCRRSP1 and AiCRRSP1 in A. indica enhanced the nodule number and plant growth. Exogenous application of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged MrCRRSP1 and AiCRRSP1 in A. indica promoted rhizobial attachment at cracks in the lateral root base, as well as rhizobial motility and biofilm formation. These results suggest that CRRSP1 promotes nodulation by enhancing rhizobial attachment to lateral root cracks. In addition to providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nodule formation through intercellular entry, this research enhances our understanding of actinorhizal plant-Frankia symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41120889, year = {2025}, author = {Lu, BF and Kang, WJ and Shi, SL and Jing, F and Guan, J}, title = {Comparative transcriptomics reveals differential carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in roots and nodules of Rhizobia-Inoculated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1413}, pmid = {41120889}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {No. GSAU-DKZY-2024-002//The Joint Fund for Counterpart Support Research of China Agricultural University/ ; No. GSAU-DKZY-2024-002//The Joint Fund for Counterpart Support Research of China Agricultural University/ ; No. GSAU-DKZY-2024-002//The Joint Fund for Counterpart Support Research of China Agricultural University/ ; No. GSAU-DKZY-2024-002//The Joint Fund for Counterpart Support Research of China Agricultural University/ ; No. GSAU-DKZY-2024-002//The Joint Fund for Counterpart Support Research of China Agricultural University/ ; No. KLGE-2022-01//The Open Project of Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Ecosystems of Ministry of Education (Gansu Agricultural University)/ ; No. KLGE-2022-01//The Open Project of Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Ecosystems of Ministry of Education (Gansu Agricultural University)/ ; No. KLGE-2022-01//The Open Project of Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Ecosystems of Ministry of Education (Gansu Agricultural University)/ ; No. KLGE-2022-01//The Open Project of Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Ecosystems of Ministry of Education (Gansu Agricultural University)/ ; No. KLGE-2022-01//The Open Project of Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Ecosystems of Ministry of Education (Gansu Agricultural University)/ ; }, mesh = {*Medicago sativa/metabolism/microbiology/genetics ; *Lipid Metabolism/genetics ; *Carbohydrate Metabolism/genetics ; *Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism/microbiology/genetics ; *Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology/genetics ; *Transcriptome ; Symbiosis ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Rhizobium/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing system formed between alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and rhizobia requires precise regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to sustain their high-energy-demand system. However, metabolic divergence between roots and nodules remains poorly characterized.<br><br>RESULTS: Using comparative transcriptomics, we analyzed gene expression profiles in pink nodules (PN), white nodules (WN), Pink nodule roots (PNR), white nodule roots (WNR), non-nodule roots (NNR) and control roots (CKR) from rhizobia-inoculated plants at 35 days post-inoculation. Key findings revealed metabolic specialization between tissues: PN exhibited elevated expression of lipid catabolism genes (MsECHIA, MsACX) and key genes of the TCA cycle regulators, driving direct energy supply for nitrogenase activity. PNR, WNR preferentially expressed glycolysis (MsPKP2) and pentose phosphate pathway (MsG6PD5) genes to convert photoassimilates into dicarboxylic acids via a directional transport system to nodules. WN showed enriched fatty acid elongation genes (MsKCR1, MsHACD2), suggesting compensatory synthesis of structural lipid to maintain symbiotic interfaces under carbon limitation. NNR, CKR retained starch metabolism dominance. Weighted geneco-expression network analysis revealed that symbiotic signaling synchronizes nodule lipid degradation with root carbon repartitioning to prioritize photoassimilate allocation to nodules. Nodulated roots may supplement nodule energetics through lipid precursor synthesis or storage lipid hydrolysis, thereby forming a "root-nodule metabolic relay" mechanism. Our results demonstrate that the alfalfa-rhizobia symbiosis establishes a hierarchical energy distribution network through tissue-specific regulation of metabolic genes, coordinating nitrogen fixation efficiency with energy supply homeostasis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study elucidates metabolic coordination mechanisms underlying legume-rhizobial symbiosis, providing a theoretical framework for optimizing symbiotic energy economics through targeted gene editing approaches.}, }
@article {pmid41120066, year = {2025}, author = {Brioukhanov, AL and Chelebieva, ES and Kladchenko, ES and Podolskaya, MS and Gavruseva, TV and Andreyeva, AY}, title = {Gill microbiome and tissue microstructural damages of the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas following the infection with boring sponge Pione vastifica.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108477}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2025.108477}, pmid = {41120066}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Clionid boring sponges are pests that may colonize the shells of bivalve mollusks, including Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas). Infection with the boring sponge Pione vastifica can be associated with fitness of oysters by reducing their growth rate and survival. Microbial communities play an important role in the host's ability to adapt and survive under disease, and they are extremely sensitive to invasions by pathogens and parasites. In this study, we compared the diversity of gill microbiomes in a group of Pacific oysters that were parasitized by the boring sponge (P. vastifica), and a control group of healthy oysters without signs of sponge presence on shells. In addition, we evaluated histopathological lesions in gills of sponge-infected oysters. The microstructure of gills was significantly damaged in oysters with the boring sponge settled on shells and showed numerous histological lesions including inflammation, necrosis and abnormalities of filaments. Abundant hemocyte infiltration indicated active immune response in respiratory tissue of infected oysters. Histopathological changes in gills were accompanied with the transition of the microbial community to disbalance state. The taxonomic diversity of symbiotic microorganisms in the infected oysters was significantly lower than in the healthy mollusks. The drastic changes at both higher and lower levels of taxonomic ranks of microorganisms were observed. These findings indicate that infection by boring sponges is associated with the substantial changes in gill microbiome and provide new insights into the effects of boring sponges on symbiotic bacterial communities within the Pacific oysters they inhabit.}, }
@article {pmid41119448, year = {2025}, author = {Gallego, D and Dios, MNG and Riba-Flinch, JM and Garca-Reina, A and Galin, J and Mas, H and Lencina, JL and Zafra, M and Henares, I and Rodrguez, F and Alczar, MD and Knek, M and Gmez, DF}, title = {Euwallacea similis (Ferrari), a new ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) for the Iberian Peninsula, and new records on Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff), Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff and Amasa parviseta Knek &amp; Smith.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5673}, number = {1}, pages = {63-78}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5673.1.4}, pmid = {41119448}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Spain ; *Weevils/classification/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Animal Distribution ; Male ; Female ; Introduced Species ; Ecosystem ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Body Size ; Organ Size ; }, abstract = {The rise of invasive species is a global concern, increasingly driven by international trade and climate change. Ambrosia beetles (Xyleborini) are particularly successful invaders due to their ability of asexual reproduction and symbiotic relationship with fungi. Here we report and map the distribution of Xyleborini alien species in the Iberian Peninsula, expanding knowledge about the distribution of already established species and identifying a new host plant for Xyleborus bispinatus. Some populations have been detected through early detection trapping networks. The presence of Euwallacea fornicatus and E. similis is confirmed for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula, with E. similis establishing populations in Southeastern Spain, while E. fornicatus is confirmed in the South, affecting avocado crops. Additionally, the distribution of X. bispinatus has been expanded. Amasa parviseta was also recorded, suggesting a broader distribution than previously known. The study highlights the increasing arrival and establishment of invasive Xyleborini in Spain, likely driven by trade, climate change, and urban development. This work underscores the urgent need for monitoring and early detection programs to manage and mitigate potential impacts.}, }
@article {pmid41119352, year = {2025}, author = {Syomin, V and Anker, A and Kolbasova, G and Carvalho, S}, title = {Parahesione dudahamra sp. nov., an eye-catching symbiotic worm from the Red Sea, with complementary description and notes on Leocrates giardi Gravier, 1900 (Annelida: Phyllodocida: Hesionidae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5673}, number = {2}, pages = {189-212}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.2}, pmid = {41119352}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Indian Ocean ; Male ; Female ; Symbiosis ; Saudi Arabia ; *Polychaeta/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Animal Distribution ; Body Size ; Animal Structures/growth &amp; development/anatomy &amp; histology ; Organ Size ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {A new, brightly red-coloured, symbiotic hesionid worm, Parahesione dudahamra sp. nov., is described based on the holotype and single specimen collected in the shore waters of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The new species is characterized by simple lateral antennae without distinct ceratophores, longest dorsal cirri reaching chaetiger 12, and longest ventral cirri reaching only chaetiger 4. The holotype was extracted from a burrow of an unknown host in very shallow water, close to mangrove roots. The diversified burrowing fauna of the type locality, including the possible infaunal hosts of P. dudahamra sp. nov., is briefly discussed. In addition, a full description and ecological notes are provided for another hesionid worm, Leocrates giardi Gravier, 1900, of which several specimens were extracted from burrows at the type locality of P. dudahamra sp. nov.}, }
@article {pmid41119268, year = {2025}, author = {Boyko, CB and Williams, JD}, title = {New records of crustacean (Isopoda: Bopyridae and Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) and molluscan (Bivalvia: Galeommatoidea) symbionts from gebiid mud shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gebiidea) with description of a new species of Gyge Cornalia &amp; Panceli, 1861 from Iran.}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5621}, number = {5}, pages = {571-586}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5621.5.5}, pmid = {41119268}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; Male ; *Isopoda/anatomy &amp; histology/classification/physiology/growth &amp; development ; Female ; Symbiosis ; Animal Distribution ; Body Size ; Animal Structures/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Organ Size ; *Bivalvia/physiology/classification/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Decapoda/parasitology ; Ecosystem ; }, abstract = {Gebiid mud shrimps host numerous symbionts including nearly 40 described species of parasitic epicaridean isopods as well as rhizocephalan barnacles and bivalve molluscs. Collections of gebiids from the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut were examined to locate new and previously cited specimens bearing bopyrid, rhizocephalan and mollusc symbionts. We report on material from Japan consisting of four species of bopyrid isopods from three genera (Gyge, Phyllodurus, and Procepon), one rhizocephalan barnacle (Parasacculina shiinoi), and one symbiotic bivalve (Peregrinamor ohshimai). The record of the abdominal bopyrid Phyllodurus sp. is based on a single male specimen but likely represents a new species although more material is needed to make that determination. We also report on an additional two species of Gyge: one from European waters (G. branchialis) and one new species from the Persian Gulf. The new species can be distinguished from its closest congener based on the female uropods being visible in dorsal view and having a straight posterior lobe of the first oostegite plus the male having large midventral tubercles on the posterior five pereomeres and all pleomeres. A key to females of all species of Gyge is provided.}, }
@article {pmid41119070, year = {2025}, author = {Nel, WJ and Duong, TA and Fell, S and Herron, DA and Paap, T and Wingfield, MJ and Beer, ZW and Hulcr, J and Johnson, AJ}, title = {A checklist of South African bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae, Platypodinae).}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5648}, number = {1}, pages = {1-101}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5648.1.1}, pmid = {41119070}, issn = {1175-5334}, mesh = {Animals ; South Africa ; *Weevils/classification/anatomy &amp; histology/growth &amp; development ; Male ; Female ; Animal Distribution ; Checklist ; *Coleoptera/classification ; Biodiversity ; }, abstract = {The global spread of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), together with their symbiotic fungi, has become a major threat to forest health in recent years. Consequently, they have been extensively studied in many Northern Hemisphere countries where their species diversities are relatively well documented. In contrast, these insects have attracted relatively little research interest in the Southern Hemisphere. In this study we address this knowledge gap by cataloguing the bark and ambrosia beetle diversity of South Africa. More than 200 species of bark and ambrosia beetles were found to be present in the country, 16 of which are reported for the first time. This catalogue will provide a foundation for future surveys and studies on bark and ambrosia beetles not only in South Africa but also on the African continent.}, }
@article {pmid41117958, year = {2025}, author = {Koech, N and Muoma, J and Banerjee, A and Okoth, P and Wekesa, C}, title = {Modular evolution and regulatory diversification of nodD-like LysR-type transcriptional regulators in α-Proteobacteria.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {12}, pages = {327}, pmid = {41117958}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; *Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Alphaproteobacteria/genetics/classification/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Operon ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The nodD gene encodes a LysR-type transcriptional regulator critical for nodulation gene expression in rhizobia, yet its evolutionary origin, structural plasticity, and regulatory reach beyond symbiosis remain incompletely resolved. Here we investigate the genomic organization, structural variation, and functional diversification of nodD and its homologs across α-proteobacteria with selected outgroups. Using orthogroup-based pangenome clustering, dated species trees, and gene-tree-species-tree reconciliation, we reconstruct the evolutionary trajectory of nodD, indicating emergence from ancient LTTRs deep in proteobacterial history. Reconciliation reveals widespread duplication and horizontal gene transfer (HGT), with several rhizobia showing notable duplication and exchange, and marine/non-rhizobial taxa contributing to a mosaic of nodD-like genes. Gene-neighborhood and operon analyses show conserved syntenic tendencies in classical rhizobia but extensive architectural divergence in free-living lineages, including frequent monocistronic anchors with extended upstream regions and, when polycistronic, enrichment for transporters and local metabolic enzymes within compact multi-regulator cassettes. Structural comparisons with AlphaFold and PyMOL confirm the canonical LTTR fold while uncovering species-specific deviations concentrated in effector-binding loops and interfaces. Motif discovery and genome-wide scanning identify targets involved in metabolism, stress responses, and transcriptional control, and network analysis reveals modular connectivity spanning core metabolism and accessory processes such as secondary metabolism, transport, and biofilm-associated functions. These findings portray nodD as a structurally conserved yet functionally flexible regulator repeatedly reshaped by duplication, HGT, and local genome context, extending nodD-like systems beyond symbiosis and broadening the regulatory landscape of bacterial LTTRs.}, }
@article {pmid41117506, year = {2025}, author = {Mineo, CR and Jiang, J and Martinez-Gomez, NC}, title = {XoxF and the Calvin-Benson cycle mediate lanthanide-dependent growth on methanol in Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0130425}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01304-25}, pmid = {41117506}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Nodule-forming bacteria play crucial roles in plant health and nutrition by providing fixed nitrogen to leguminous plants. Despite the importance of this relationship, how nodule-forming bacteria are affected by plant exudates and soil minerals is not fully characterized. Here, the effects of plant-derived methanol and lanthanide metals on the growth of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobiales are examined. Prior work has demonstrated that select Bradyrhizobium strains can assimilate methanol only in the presence of lanthanide metals; however, the pathway enabling assimilation remains unknown. In this study, we characterize Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110, Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA 3456, and Sinorhizobium meliloti 2011 to determine the pathways involved in methanol metabolism in previously characterized strains, other clades of Bradyrhizobium, and the more distantly related Sinorhizobium. Based on genomic analyses, we hypothesized that methanol assimilation in these organisms occurs via the lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase XoxF, followed by oxidation of formaldehyde via the glutathione-linked oxidation pathway, subsequent oxidation of formate via formate dehydrogenases, and finally assimilation of CO2 via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Transcriptomics revealed upregulation of the aforementioned pathways in Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA 3456 during growth with methanol. Enzymatic assays demonstrated increased activity of the glutathione-linked oxidation pathway and formate dehydrogenases in all strains during growth with methanol compared to succinate. [13]C-labeling studies confirmed the presence of CBB intermediates and label incorporation during growth with methanol. Our findings provide multiple lines of evidence supporting the proposed XoxF-CBB pathway and, combined with genomic analyses, suggest that this metabolism is widespread among Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium species.IMPORTANCENitrogen-fixing soil bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium promote plant growth while reducing dependence on artificial, energy-intensive fertilizers. Numerous studies have attempted to increase bacterial nitrogen fixation and colonization of plant tissues by identifying the micronutrients and plant exudates that promote successful symbiotic relationships. Among the compounds encountered by rhizobacteria, lanthanides have received little attention, despite reports that plant growth is affected by the presence of lanthanides. We characterized three agriculturally relevant Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains, demonstrated that they gain the capacity to utilize methanol when lanthanides are present, and experimentally determined the pathway by which this metabolism occurs. This study provides a foundation for understanding the lanthanide-dependent metabolism of Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium, which may influence their physiology and abundance in the environment.}, }
@article {pmid41116206, year = {2025}, author = {Hang, B and Wang, Y}, title = {Interplay between gut microbiota and intestinal lipid metabolism:mechanisms and implications.}, journal = {Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {961-971}, doi = {10.1631/jzus.B2500102}, pmid = {41116206}, issn = {1862-1783}, support = {32271213 and 32471189//the National Natural nce Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Animals ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Dysbiosis ; Obesity/metabolism ; *Intestines/microbiology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism ; Metabolic Diseases/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The gut microbiota is an indispensable symbiotic entity within the human holobiont, serving as a critical regulator of host lipid metabolism homeostasis. Therefore, it has emerged as a central subject of research in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders. This microbial consortium orchestrates key aspects of host lipid dynamics-including absorption, metabolism, and storage-through multifaceted mechanisms such as the enzymatic processing of dietary polysaccharides, the facilitation of long-chain fatty acid uptake by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and the bidirectional modulation of adipose tissue functionality. Mounting evidence underscores that gut microbiota-derived metabolites not only directly mediate canonical lipid metabolic pathways but also interface with host immune pathways, epigenetic machinery, and circadian regulatory systems, thereby establishing an intricate crosstalk that coordinates systemic metabolic outputs. Perturbations in microbial composition (dysbiosis) drive pathological disruptions to lipid homeostasis, serving as a pathogenic driver for conditions such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review systematically examines the emerging mechanistic insights into the gut microbiota-mediated regulation of intestinal lipid metabolism, while it elucidates its translational implications for understanding metabolic disease pathogenesis and developing targeted therapies.}, }
@article {pmid41114582, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, Z and Wang, Z and Teng, P and Yu, T and Zhang, Y}, title = {Oxygen-tolerant nitrogen fixation in a marine alga-colonizing Planctomycetota.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0131625}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01316-25}, pmid = {41114582}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The microbiomes colonizing macroalgal surfaces orchestrate nutrient fluxes and symbiotic interactions within the algal environment. Among these communities, Planctomycetota are often dominant taxa. Although nitrogenase (nif) gene clusters have been identified in Planctomycetota isolates and metagenome-assembled genomes, functional validation of nitrogen fixation in pure culture has remained elusive. Moreover, the mechanisms enabling these bacteria to overcome oxygen sensitivity and fix nitrogen in algal-associated oxic niches remain unexplored. Here, we isolated Crateriforma sp. HD03, a Planctomycetota strain from the surface of Saccharina japonica (kelp), and provided the first experimental evidence of nitrogen-fixing activity in pure-cultured Planctomycetota. Strain HD03 harbors a complete nifHDKBEN gene cluster and exhibits a remarkable nitrogen fixation rate of 14.2 ± 1.5 nmol C2H4/(10[7] cells)/h under aerobic conditions. Genomic and physiological analysis reveals a suite of adaptations that likely mitigate oxygen stress, including genes associated with biofilm formation, hopanoid lipid synthesis, FeSII protein, hydrogenase, and bacterial microcompartments. Notably, while strain HD03 demonstrates oxygen-tolerant nitrogen fixation in pure culture, co-culture experiments with kelp under a photoperiod revealed that nifH (nitrogenase reductase gene) expression peaks during the low-oxygen dark phase, indicating that HD03 utilizes diurnal rhythms to temporally separate nitrogen fixation from photosynthetic oxygen production. A genomic survey of 142 Planctomycetota strains from NCBI GenBank database and HD03 identified two distinct clades harboring complete nifHDK gene clusters, suggesting a nitrogen-fixing potential across the phylum. By bridging the gap between genomic potential and functional validation, this study establishes Planctomycetota as important but underappreciated contributors to marine nitrogen input.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Planctomycetota are abundant colonizers of macroalgal surfaces, yet their role in nitrogen fixation has remained unresolved despite genomic evidence of nitrogenase (nif) genes. Until now, no functional validation of nitrogen fixation in pure-cultured Planctomycetota has been reported. Here, we isolated Crateriforma sp. HD03 from kelp and for the first time demonstrated its ability to fix nitrogen in pure culture, confirming this key metabolic potential in marine Planctomycetota. Strain HD03 overcomes oxygen stress through a combination of biofilm formation and diurnal regulation of nifH expression, allowing nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions to cope with the algal environment's oxic nature. Furthermore, genomic surveys revealed nitrogen fixation gene clusters across multiple Planctomycetota clades, suggesting widespread nitrogen-fixing capability in this phylum. Collectively, these findings identify Planctomycetota as important nitrogen providers in the ocean.}, }
@article {pmid41114576, year = {2025}, author = {Ruiz-González, C and Mena, C and Cornejo-Castillo, FM and Romano-Gude, D and Arandia-Gorostidi, N and Gasol, JM}, title = {Diverse Patescibacteria assemblages and prevalence of ultra-small free-living Parcubacteria along a subterranean estuary.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0112525}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01125-25}, pmid = {41114576}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Patescibacteria are a group of novel, mostly uncultivated bacteria characterized by ultra-small cell sizes and streamlined genomes. They are ubiquitous in diverse ecosystems, often prevailing in subsurface environments, yet basic aspects such as variability in cell size, abundance, and niche preferences of different taxa within Patescibacteria remain unknown, particularly along salinity gradients. Combining flow cytometry, catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized Patescibacteria assemblages along a Mediterranean subterranean estuary resulting from the mixing of fresh groundwater with seawater. Patescibacteria occupied the entire subterranean salinity gradient through the replacement of taxa prevailing in fresh (Magasanikbacteria, Jorgensenbacteria UBA9983), brackish (Portnoybacteria, Yanosfkybacteria, and Peribacteria), and saline groundwater (Nomurabacteria, unidentified Gracilibacteria). Most of the detected ASVs showed less than 95% similarity to their closest match, pointing to high novelty within coastal groundwater Patescibacteria. Flow cytometry unveiled a clear population of ultra-small prokaryotes that increased in abundance from fresh to saline groundwater, and which coincided with the presence of free-living minute coccoid cells identified as Parcubacteria by CARD-FISH. Some symbiotic-like associations with prokaryotes and eukaryotes were also observed, at least within Parcubacteria. These results provide one of the rare visual observations of Patescibacteria, and the substantial diversity of yet-unidentified taxa suggests an overlooked importance of this group in coastal groundwater.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Patescibacteria are an enigmatic group of bacteria of ultra-small sizes and reduced genomes, commonly found in subsurface environments but largely unexplored in terms of their ecological roles. Despite being present in both freshwater and marine systems, no study has explored how they distribute along salinity gradients. This study provides new insights into their distribution, diversity, and niche partitioning along a Mediterranean subterranean estuary characterized by a strong salinity gradient. We show that Patescibacteria taxa seem to adapt to varying groundwater salinity conditions, displaying a remarkable capacity to occupy fresh, brackish, and saline niches through changes in composition. The identification of ultra-small coccoid cells and symbiotic-like associations highlights a diversity of lifestyles within these groups and provides one of the scarce visual proofs of Patescibacteria. With most detected taxa being highly novel, these findings point to an overlooked importance of Patescibacteria in coastal aquifers, biogeochemically active sites ubiquitous along most coastlines.}, }
@article {pmid41114144, year = {2025}, author = {Shoaib, M and Li, G and Liu, X and Arshad, M and Zhang, H and Asif, M and Brestic, M and Skalicky, M and Wu, J and Zhang, S and Hu, F and Li, H}, title = {Nanoplastic alters soybean microbiome across rhizocompartments level and symbiosis via flavonoid-mediated pathways.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1676933}, pmid = {41114144}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Plastic pollution, particularly its breakdown into nanoplastics (NPs), poses a significant threat to ecosystem services, with notable effects on soil-plant-microbe interactions in agricultural systems. However, there is limited understanding of how NPs influence the soil microbiome and plant symbiotic functions. In this study, we applied polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) NPs, measuring 20 to 50 nm, to soybean growing conditions. We evaluated soil physicochemical properties, nodule counts, nitrogenase activity, and bacterial community composition in nodule, rhizosphere, and bulk soil under different concentrations of these NPs (200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of soil w/w). Our results revealed that the impact of NPs on soil physicochemical properties was type-dependent, with PE-NPs exerting a more pronounced effect on soil enzyme activities than PP-NPs. Both NPs treatments accelerated nodulation and increased nitrogenase activity, with lower doses inducing more significant effects. Furthermore, PE and PP-NPs enriched bacterial species such as Ensifer and Arthrobacter, which positively interact with diazotrophs such as Bradyrhizobium, supporting symbiosis and biological nitrogen fixation. NPs treatments also significantly affected the bacteriome assembly process in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and nodule, with an increased source ratio from the rhizosphere to the nodule and homogenous selection in the nodule bacteriome, likely benefiting bacteria involved in nodulation. Exposure to 500 mg/kg of both NPs caused alterations in the metabolic exudation profile of the plant rhizosphere, particularly influencing the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Metabolites such as genistein and naringenin emerged as key mediators of plant-microbe interactions, further enhancing plant symbiotic processes under NPs exposure. This study demonstrates that NPs influence plants' symbiotic potential both directly, by altering the composition of the soil bacteriome, and indirectly, by affecting exudation potential. It provides strong evidence that NPs, especially those smaller than a micrometer, can have long-term effects on the stability and functionality of agricultural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41113655, year = {2025}, author = {Mote, S and De, K and Nanajkar, M and Gupta, V}, title = {Unraveling the bacterial composition of a coral and bioeroding sponge competing in a marginal coral environment.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1550446}, pmid = {41113655}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The newly described bioeroding sponge Cliona thomasi, part of the Cliona viridis complex, is contributing to coral decline in the central eastern Arabian Sea, the West Coast of India. While its morphological and allelopathic mechanisms in coral invasion are well investigated, the role of its microbial communities in spatial competition is underexplored. This study focuses on the coral Turbinaria mesenterina and sponge C. thomasi, both known for their distinct symbiotic associations with Symbiodiniaceae. A 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon next-generation sequencing approach, followed by processing through the DADA2 algorithm, was used to analyze the bacterial composition. The results showed higher bacterial richness and diversity in coral samples, identifying 30 distinct phyla, compared to 14 in sponge samples. The coral samples were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, and Patescibacteria, while Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Actinobacteria were dominant in the sponge. Enrichment analysis revealed higher dominance of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Dadabacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteriota, and Patescibacteria in the coral samples, while the sponge samples showed enrichment for Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bdellovibrionota. Beta-diversity analysis (PERMANOVA and nMDS) showed significant differences, with an average dissimilarity of 81.44% between sponge and coral samples (SIMPER). These differences highlight variations in microbial profiles between sponges and corals, competing in the same vulnerable environment. Exploring the microbiome aspect, therefore, may elucidate physiological and ecological functions of the holobiont while also representing a health status biomarker for corals, supporting their conservation.}, }
@article {pmid41110358, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, M and Huang, Q and Liu, H and Fu, H and Cao, L and Wei, H and Yan, R and Wang, W and Zhang, K and Zhang, Q}, title = {Sulfurized nano zero-valent iron loaded graphene oxide enhances the anaerobic fermentation treatment of swine manure: Insights from microbial community analysis and DFT calculations.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {127622}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127622}, pmid = {41110358}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {To enhance anaerobic treatment of livestock and poultry waste, the integration of nano-zero-valent iron and graphene oxide has been explored, given their individual limitations. This study introduced a vulcanization-modified nZVI supported on GO (S-nZVI@GO), aiming to augment reactivity in pig manure treatment. The removal rate of COD (74.00 %) and methane production (104.92 mL/g VS) were improved significantly by employing S-nZVI@GO with S/Fe = 0.04:1 and GO/S-nZVI = 0.08:1. Due to the presence of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes bacteria and S-nZVI@GO with the change of pH, the yield of acetic acid was increased, which optimized the anaerobic fermentation with pig manure as substrate. Microbial community characteristics indicate that a high GO/S-nZVI mass ratio favors an increase in methanogen abundance, with Methanosarcina in Halobacterota exhibiting the highest abundance increase of 18.10 %, stable microbial symbiotic metabolism promote the anaerobic fermentation of pig manure. In conjunction with density functional theory computations, this study has, for the first time, elucidated the two principal routes by which S-nZVI@GO contributes to methane generation within anaerobic fermentation systems: the first entails the conversion of monosaccharides into glyceraldehyde, which is subsequently isomerized into lactic acid, ultimately yielding acetic acid and CO2; the second involves the transformation of monosaccharides into glycolaldehyde, with the intermediate product directly producing acetic acid. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the modification of iron-based materials and their composite applications with carbon-based matrices, offering significant guidance for optimizing the anaerobic fermentation process in the utilization of livestock and poultry manure resources.}, }
@article {pmid41110306, year = {2025}, author = {Bi, K and Yang, W and Lin, Q and Lu, K and Zhu, J}, title = {Quantifying the relative contributions of different sources to the gut microbiota of Bellamya aeruginosa under cyanobacterial bloom stress.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {305}, number = {}, pages = {119223}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119223}, pmid = {41110306}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {Freshwater snails play a vital role in aquatic ecosystems. However, their primary activity zones often overlap with the accumulation zones of cyanobacterial scum during bloom events, resulting in direct exposure to cyanobacteria and their toxins. Cyanobacterial bloom exposure often alters the symbiotic microbiota of gastropods and consequently affects the survival of host snails. This study focused on Bellamya aeruginosa as the research subject, investigating the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on the ultrastructure, microcystin accumulation and enzyme activity in hepatopancreas. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to characterize the composition and potential sources of gut and fecal under cyanobacterial bloom stress. Our results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms substantially reshaped the gut microbiota of B. aeruginosa, reducing bacterial richness and diversity in the gut, feces, and surrounding water. Community composition of environmental and host-associated microbiota shifted markedly between non-bloom and bloom periods; meanwhile, Microcystis became more prevalent in fecal microbiota than in the gut microbiota. SourceTracker analysis indicates that bacteria from the sediment are the main source of gut microbiota during non-bloom period, whereas during bloom period, bacteria from the water became the major contributors, and they were also acting as the primary source of cyanobacteria in feces. These characteristics were further supported by structural equation modeling and random forest analysis. By elucidating the shifts in host-associated and environmental microbiomes under cyanobacterial bloom stress, this study reveals alterations in the microbiota sources of B. aeruginosa and provides a theoretical framework for ecological risk assessment and pollution management in eutrophic aquatic ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41110288, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, H and He, Y and Liu, M and Shen, Z and Zhang, W and Zhang, Z and Pu, X}, title = {Mycelial pathway carbon input enhances nitrogen utilization in cotton more than the root pathway in symbiotic relationships.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {229}, number = {Pt C}, pages = {110620}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110620}, pmid = {41110288}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) significantly impact soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) processes. However, it remains unclear whether there are differences in the priming effects of new C input from roots and extraradical mycelia under different N application rates in agricultural fields, and how these differences affect crop N uptake. Therefore, this study used upland cotton (Xinluzao No. 84) as the experimental material and employed a two-chamber partitioned growth system (length × width × height: 13 × 10 × 13 cm) to investigate the effects of different N application rates (1.5, 1 and 0 g per device) on soil microbial activity, the priming effects induced by C inputs from roots and mycelia, and the N uptake by roots and mycelia. This study found that, compared to no N fertilizer, root and mycelial C inputs under reduced N condition increased soil organic carbon (SOC) by 17.2 % and 73.7 %, respectively. Furthermore, the content of mycelial C input showed a significant negative correlation with the soil original C content (P < 0.05), whereas root C input exhibited a positive correlation (P < 0.01). Additionally, the study revealed a significant positive linear relationship between the mycelia to cotton N contribution and SOC content (P < 0.05), as well as significantly higher activities of soil extracellular enzymes (e.g., PPO and NAG) via the mycelial pathway compared to the root pathway under the same N rates. These results demonstrate that new C input from mycelia under reduced N condition induced a positive priming effect, thereby enhancing the decomposition and utilization of N-containing organic matter in agricultural soil. Concurrently, N reduction increased the uptake of soil NO3[-]-N by the mycelia. Ultimately, the timely release of stored N by the mycelia, coupled with its functional shift from parasitism to symbiosis, significantly enhanced N delivery to the host plant. In contrast, as a component of soil new C input, root C input induced a negative priming effect, which contributed to soil C accumulation and helped maintain the balance of the soil C pool. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms by which plant-AMF symbiosis regulates soil C- N process under different N conditions, and hold significant implications for improving N use efficiency and promoting sustainable agricultural development.}, }
@article {pmid41109795, year = {2025}, author = {Ghataora, JS and Ellis, T}, title = {Rewiring holobiont systems with synthetic biology.}, journal = {Trends in biotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tibtech.2025.09.017}, pmid = {41109795}, issn = {1879-3096}, abstract = {Holobionts are complex communities comprising a host and its diverse microbiota. Their intricate relationships are crucial for biological processes like nutrient uptake, immune function, and environmental adaptation. However, understanding these complex interactions remains challenging. We review how synthetic biology can help address these challenges. We highlight advances in bacterial biosensor design, engineering interkingdom communication, surface display, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems to both understand and manipulate holobiont interactions. We also highlight progress in engineering non-model microbiota members and provide rationale for a new field at the intersection of holobiont research and synthetic biology, which we term de novo holobiont design. The integration of synthetic biology with holobiont research promises to deepen our understanding of host-microbiota relationships and open new frontiers in biotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid41108161, year = {2025}, author = {Ghantasala, S and Roy Choudhury, S}, title = {Legume Lessons: Structural and Functional Advancements in Nod Factor Receptors for Translating Root Nodule Symbiosis.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf443}, pmid = {41108161}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Translating the nitrogen-fixing ability of legume-rhizobia symbiosis to other crops has long been a dream for molecular biologists. Over the past two decades, several crucial genes involved in the pathway have been identified, that prevails as an intricate network governing root nodule symbiosis (RNS). RNS signaling employs the common symbiotic signaling pathway required for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis (plant-fungal symbiosis) that is widely known in several crop plants. Therefore, understanding the similarities and divergence between the two signaling pathways has always been a hotspot for research. The major adjuvants in the RNS pathway are the Nod Factor Receptors (NFRs - that perceive Nod Factors released by rhizobia), and a Nodule-INception protein (NIN - a transcription factor that activates cortical cell division), which direct the pathway from AMS towards RNS. Therefore, understanding the structure and the signaling mechanism(s) of NFRs and NIN is crucial for the success of translational approaches. In this article, we will be highlighting the most recent discoveries pertaining to the functionality of NFRs, which have taken us a few steps closer towards receptor engineering into non-nodulating plants.}, }
@article {pmid41107452, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, Y and Gutiérrez-Preciado, A and Liu, Y and Moreira, D and Yakimov, MM and López-García, P and Krupovic, M}, title = {Viruses and virus satellites of haloarchaea and their nanosized DPANN symbionts reveal intricate nested interactions.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41107452}, issn = {2058-5276}, support = {ANR-23-CE13-022//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)/ ; ANR-21-CE11-0001//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)/ ; ANR-23-CE02-0016//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)/ ; GBMF9739//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Gordon E. and Betty I. Moore Foundation)/ ; ERC-2023-AdG 101141745//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)/ ; }, abstract = {Nested symbioses, including hyperparasitism in which parasites exploit other parasites within a host, are common in nature. However, such nested interactions remain poorly studied in archaea. Here we characterize this phenomenon in ultra-small archaea of the candidate phylum Nanohaloarchaeota, members of the DPANN superphylum (named after its first representative phyla: Diapherotrites, Parvarchaeota, Aenigmarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota and Nanohaloarchaeota) that form obligate interactions with halophilic archaea of the class Halobacteria. We reconstructed the viromes from geothermally influenced salt lakes in the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia, and find that nanohaloarchaea and haloarchaea are both associated with head-tailed, tailless icosahedral, pleomorphic and spindle-shaped viruses, representing 16 different families. These viruses exhibit convergent adaptation to hypersaline environments, encode diverse auxiliary metabolic genes and exchange genes horizontally with each other. We further characterize plasmid-derived satellites that independently evolved to parasitize spindle-shaped viruses of haloarchaea and nanohaloarchaea, revealing another layer of nested symbiosis. Collectively, our findings highlight the complexity of virus-host and virus-virus interactions in hypersaline environments.}, }
@article {pmid41106607, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, T and Pu, Y and Qin, Y}, title = {Silicate intervention in Navicula-bacteria symbiosis system: nitrogen removal performance and microbial community.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133516}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133516}, pmid = {41106607}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {To address the long-term instability of the Navicula-bacteria symbiosis system, this study achieved stable autotrophic nitrogen removal by adding silicates and regulating light/dark cycles. The nitrite accumulation rate reached 92.05 % during the enrichment of Navicula sp. (a diatom genus), which became the dominant algae with the supplementation of silicate and enhanced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production. The increased EPS promoted the formation of dense biofilms, facilitating the growth of anaerobic microorganisms. When the ratio of light/dark was adjusted to 8 h:16 h, the system achieved the highest total nitrogen removal rate of 82.69 %. Nitrosomonas (1.26 %) was the dominant bacteria in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Denitratisoma (3.75 %) was the dominant bacteria in denitrifying bacteria. Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were naturally enriched without artificial inoculation. The relative abundance of Candidatus Brocadia reached 7.99 %. This study demonstrates an autotrophic pathway for sustainable wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41106584, year = {2025}, author = {Knight, HJ and McKinley, KO and Tsaousis, AD and Dodd, JA and Rückert, S}, title = {The effect of gregarine (Apicomplexa) colonisation on the functional response of the amphipod host.}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2025.10.002}, pmid = {41106584}, issn = {1879-0135}, abstract = {Gregarines are a notably understudied but widespread group of protists that colonise aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. This limited understanding of gregarines and their interactions with their hosts results partly from the absence of established culturing techniques and our understanding therefore has heavily relied on field collections. This study utilised for the first time cultured Gammarus pulex populations and comparative functional response models to explore the effects of gregarine colonisation on the host's consumption of Chironomid prey. This study shows that both positive and negative G. pulex displayed a Type II functional response. There were no statistical differences in the functional response parameters between the two groups. These results suggest that, under the study conditions, gregarines may function as commensal symbionts within their G. pulex host. This is consistent with growing evidence for gregarines acting across a range of symbiotic roles within their hosts. These findings provide insight into the role of gregarines in G. pulex, an invertebrate species frequently used for field- and lab-based experiments, contributing to the evidence of the complex and varied gregarine host-symbiont interactions.}, }
@article {pmid41105922, year = {2025}, author = {Melicher, F and Dobeš, P and Komárek, J and Faltinek, L and Korsák, M and Sýkorová, P and Houser, J and Wimmerová, M}, title = {Structural and functional characterization of the newly identified Photorhabdus laumondii tumor necrosis factor-like lectin.}, journal = {The FEBS journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/febs.70293}, pmid = {41105922}, issn = {1742-4658}, support = {730872//CALIPSOplus/ ; 21-29622S//Grantov&#xe1; Agentura &#x10c;esk&#xe9; Republiky/ ; LM2023042//Ministerstvo &#x160;kolstv&#xed;, Ml&#xe1;de&#x17e;e a T&#x11b;lov&#xfd;chovy/ ; }, abstract = {Photorhabdus bacteria live in mutualistic relationships with Heterorhabditis nematodes, and together, they act as effective insect pathogens. These bacteria produce a diverse array of lectins, sugar-binding proteins that are believed to play crucial roles in the complex tripartite interaction among Photorhabdus, nematodes, and their insect hosts. One such lectin, Photorhabdus laumondii tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like lectin (PLTL), identified in Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii TTO1, exhibits notable sequence similarity to the N-terminal domain of the BC2L-C lectin (BC2L-CN), a TNF-like lectin recognized for its specificity toward fucosylated glycans associated with human embryonic stem cells and certain cancers. Through glycan array analysis and surface plasmon resonance, we identified PLTL's binding preference for branched histo-blood group oligosaccharides. The crystallographic structure of PLTL in complex with the BLe[b] pentasaccharide reveals a network of direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonds simultaneously stabilizing the Fucα1-2 and Galα1-3 moieties, which define its narrow glycan specificity. A combination of mass spectrometry, protein crystallography, and analytical ultracentrifugation showed a unique hexameric PLTL architecture stabilized by intermolecular disulfide bridges. Our data suggest that PLTL may contribute to the mutualistic relationship between Photorhabdus and its nematode symbiont, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, rather than playing a role in the interaction with the insect host. This study provides a structural and functional characterization of PLTL, a newly identified member of the TNF-like lectin family. Comparative analysis with BC2L-CN highlights both conserved and distinct structural features, suggesting potential applications in glycan recognition-based diagnostics or biotechnological tools beyond its biological role. Our findings underscore its complex glycan specificity and offer insights into its potential role in Photorhabdus-nematode symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41105806, year = {2025}, author = {Moloney, A and Stuart, L}, title = {Cultural Safety and clinical safety: A symbiotic relationship for improving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and Communities' health outcomes.}, journal = {Contemporary nurse}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1080/10376178.2025.2573155}, pmid = {41105806}, issn = {1839-3535}, abstract = {DISCUSSION: While the link between Cultural Safety and patient outcomes is clear, consistent application in practice is lacking. Cultural Safety is equally vital as clinical safety in ensuring quality care, particularly for Indigenous Australians affected by culturally unsafe practices.<br><br>RECOMMENDATIONS: In healthcare delivery Indigenous Australians health and the 'Closing the Gap' agenda is everybody's business, it is not the responsibility of the patient, their family or their Community. The authors propose a reconceptualisation of the way health and wellbeing is perceived by health professionals, in which providing culturally safe care is symbiotic with providing clinically safe care. As an integrated foundation for quality and safety in health care, this strategy brings together the social determinants of culturally safe care with competent, evidence-based, equitable and non-bias care for all, and could help advance the Closing the Gap agenda.}, }
@article {pmid41105737, year = {2025}, author = {Li, X and An, JL and Yang, WQ and Liu, TX and Zhang, SZ}, title = {Regulation of lipid metabolism in Spodoptera frugiperda by the symbiotic bracovirus of the gregarious parasitoid Cotesia ruficrus.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {21}, number = {10}, pages = {e1013605}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1013605}, pmid = {41105737}, issn = {1553-7374}, abstract = {Parasitoids alter host energy homeostasis to create a favorable environment for their own development. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unexplored, especially for gregarious parasitoids. Cotesia ruficrus, a gregarious endoparasitoid native to China, targets the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm, FAW) and has been shown to effectively control FAW populations. This study investigates the role of the polydnavirus (PDV) produced by C. ruficrus in regulating lipid metabolism of FAW larvae. The results demonstrated that, following PDV injection for 5 days, both triglyceride concentrations and lipid droplet diameters in the fat bodies of FAW larvae significantly increased. RNA interference (RNAi) targeting the PDV gene CrBV3-31 led to a reduction in triglyceride concentrations and lipid droplet size, along with an upregulation of the LSD1 gene. Furthermore, silencing CrBV3-31 decreased triglyceride levels in C. ruficrus pupae and lowered its eclosion rate. These findings suggest that the PDV gene CrBV3-31 plays a crucial role in enhancing lipid accumulation in FAW larvae, thereby supporting the survival of C. ruficrus offspring. This study uncovers a novel mechanism by which gregarious endoparasitoids exploit symbiotic bracovirus genes to regulate host energy metabolism, increasing lipid levels to meet the developmental needs of their multiple offspring.}, }
@article {pmid41105100, year = {2025}, author = {Arellano, AA and Prack, JL and Coon, KL}, title = {Host-mediated niche construction of bacterial communities in an aquatic microecosystem.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf233}, pmid = {41105100}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Microbes coordinate homeostasis in host-associated and environmental ecosystems alike, but the connectivity of these biomes is seldom considered. Hosts exert controls on the composition and function of their internally associated symbionts, but an underappreciated modality of microbiome curation is external to the host through changes to the environmental species pool from which they recruit microbial symbionts. Niche construction theory describes how organisms alter their environment and the selective landscape of their offspring and conspecifics. We hypothesize that host-driven manipulation of environmental microbial communities is an underexplored form of this concept. Using the pitcher plant mosquito (Wyeomyia smithii) as a model, we tested how hosts shape microbial communities across developmental stages and gradients of pre-existing community complexity. We report three lines of evidence supporting host-mediated niche construction, leveraging amplicon sequencing and microbiota manipulation experiments with germ-free (axenic) and selectively recolonized (gnotobiotic) mosquitoes. First, single female egg-laying assays showed repeatable adult inoculation of sterile water with beneficial bacteria capable of sustaining robust larval development. Second, increasing larval density in assays inoculated with complex, field-derived microbial communities selected for environmental and host-associated bacteria that correlated with increased larval fitness. Finally, exposing axenic larvae to mixtures of parentally and environmentally derived microbiota demonstrated that prior conditioning by conspecifics enhanced offspring fitness. Although the bacterial taxa associated with mosquito structuring varied, members of the Actinobacteriota and Acetobacteraceae were consistently associated with increased fitness. Overall, our results provide an example of host-mediated niche construction to favor environmental microbial communities that positively impact host fitness.}, }
@article {pmid41104963, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, H and Weinberger, N and Powell, JR}, title = {Functional Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Drives Divergent Plant Resource Allocation Strategies Under Nitrogen Limitation.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf459}, pmid = {41104963}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi shape plant nutrient acquisition, yet their functional roles under nitrogen (N) limitation remain unclear. Using Plantago lanceolata inoculated with five AM fungi strains under N-limited conditions, we demonstrate that fungal identity critically regulates symbiotic outcomes. Despite interspecific variation in extraradical mycelium production and hyphal traits (carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus concentrations [C/N/P], diameter), AM fungi universally failed to enhance plant biomass. We identified three plant-AM fungal phenotypic strategies under N-limitation: (1) high mycelial investment with carbon drain (Rhizophagus irregularis WFVAM23, Funneliformis mosseae WFVAM45), where sustained fungal growth reduced shoot biomass; (2) early mycelial growth with root trait modulation (R. irregularis DAOM10, Scutellospora calospora WFVAM35), showing rapid initial mycelial growth that plateaus, exerting neutral effects on plant biomass. Meanwhile, S. calospora WFVAM35 reduced root diameter while R. irregularis DAOM10 increased RTD; and (3) low mycelial production with minimal host impact (Gigaspora margarita WFVAM21), with minimal mycelial biomass across all growth stages. AM fungi functional diversity reshapes plant resource allocation across a mutualism-parasitism spectrum under N limitation, mediated by fungal mycelium traits and root architectural reconfiguration. N availability and fungal identity emerge as pivotal determinants of mycorrhizal phenotypic plasticity, emphasizing the critical role of trait-based frameworks to predict plant-fungal adaptation dynamics in nutrient-limited ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41103917, year = {2025}, author = {Iorizzo, M and Ganassi, S and Testa, B and Di Donato, LM and Albanese, G and Succi, M and Coppola, F and Cozzolino, R and Matarazzo, C and Di Criscio, D and Tedino, C and De Cristofaro, A}, title = {Ascosphaera apis as a target for the antifungal activity of symbiotic Bifidobacteria in honey bees.}, journal = {Frontiers in insect science}, volume = {5}, number = {}, pages = {1669013}, pmid = {41103917}, issn = {2673-8600}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The genus Bifidobacterium is a key component of the honey bee gut microbiota, playing a fundamental role in maintaining host health and colony well-being. Alongside other core genera such as Bombilactobacillus, Gilliamella, Lactobacillus, and Snodgrassella, Bifidobacterium contributes to essential functions including nutrient digestion, immune modulation, and protection against pathogens. Among threats to honey bee health, Chalkbrood disease, caused by fungus Ascosphaera apis, remains a major concern due to detrimental effects on colony strength and honey yield.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: We characterized enzymatic activity and carbohydrate assimilation of nine Bifidobacterium strains isolated from the honey bee intestinal tract. In parallel, we assessed antifungal potential against A. apis strains, focusing on volatile organic compounds (VOCs).<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Notably, Bifidobacterium asteroides 3CP-2B exhibited enzymatic capabilities supporting digestive functions and metabolism of sugars potentially harmful to honey bees. This strain showed marked antifungal activity against A. apis, mediated by volatile and non-volatile bioactive metabolites. Among VOCs identified, propanoic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, ethyl propionate, and 1-propanol were the most prominent compounds associated with the antifungal effect.}, }
@article {pmid41102371, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, S and Gao, Y and Wu, S}, title = {Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Potential Endophytic Fungi Isolated from the Medicinal Plant Gmelina arborea.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {12}, pages = {561}, pmid = {41102371}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {grant No. 32260110//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Endophytes/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; *Fungi/classification/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; *Plants, Medicinal/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; *Verbenaceae/microbiology ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Biodiversity ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Gmelina arborea, a medicinal plant belonging to the Verbenaceae family, is extensively utilized in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medical system. Endophytic fungi, which engage in mutualistic symbiosis with host plants, are recognized as significant microbial resources due to their ability to produce a diverse array of bioactive compounds. In this study, 131 potential endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of G. arborea. Phylogenetic analysis classified these fungi into 3 phyla, 6 classes, 13 orders, 23 families, and 27 genera. Diversity analysis indicated significant variations in isolation frequency among different tissues, with the highest frequency observed in roots, followed by flowers, leaves, and stems. The dominant genera identified were Diaporthe (17.6%), Fusarium (12.2%), and Mucor (12.2%). Antimicrobial screening against seven pathogenic microorganisms demonstrated that 23 potential endophytic strains (17.6%) exhibited significant inhibitory activity. These findings establish a foundation for further investigation into the antagonistic capabilities of potential endophytic fungi from G. arborea against pathogens and provide valuable insights into their diversity.}, }
@article {pmid41101029, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, L and Liu, F and Zhou, M and Zhang, M and Zheng, J and Wang, Z and He, Z and Yan, Q and Wu, B and Wang, C and Shu, L}, title = {Amoebae contribute to the diversity and fate of antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water system.}, journal = {Environment international}, volume = {204}, number = {}, pages = {109867}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2025.109867}, pmid = {41101029}, issn = {1873-6750}, abstract = {Free-living amoebae represent a significant eukaryotic group that thrives in drinking water systems, posing considerable risks to water quality due to their inherent pathogenicity and associations with various microorganisms. However, the symbiotic microbial profiles of different amoeba species and the impact of amoeba-bacteria interactions on the antibiotic resistome within drinking water systems remain poorly understood. In this study, we obtained 24 amoeba isolates from tap water, encompassing diverse phyla within the amoeba lineage. Through metagenome sequencing, we uncovered variations in symbiotic microbiome composition across different amoeba species and strains. Notably, amoebae acted as vectors for human pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. The majority of symbionts carried multiple antibiotic-resistance genes and virulence factors. Furthermore, dominant symbiotic species could be cultured independently, underscoring the critical role of amoebae in preserving and transmitting antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogens in drinking water systems. Disinfection experiments demonstrated highly diverse viability of amoebae and their protective capabilities for symbionts against chlorine disinfection. Our findings expand the germplasm bank for amoebae and symbiotic bacteria derived from tap water and emphasize the necessity for further research on amoeba-bacteria symbiosis to ensure drinking water quality and public health safety.}, }
@article {pmid41100614, year = {2025}, author = {Nishino, T and Moriyama, M and Mukai, H and Tanahashi, M and Hosokawa, T and Chang, HY and Tachikawa, S and Nikoh, N and Koga, R and Kuo, CH and Fukatsu, T}, title = {Defensive fungal symbiosis on insect hindlegs.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {390}, number = {6770}, pages = {279-283}, doi = {10.1126/science.adp6699}, pmid = {41100614}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; Female ; Hyphae/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Wasps/physiology ; Oviposition ; *Heteroptera/microbiology/anatomy &amp; histology ; *Hypocreales/physiology ; Ovum/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Dinidorid stinkbugs were reported to possess a conspicuous tympanal organ on female hindlegs. In this study, we show that this organ is specialized to retain microbial symbionts rather than to perceive sound. The organ's surface is not membranous but consists of porous cuticle in which each pore connects to glandular secretory cells. In reproductive females, the hindleg organ is covered with fungal hyphae that grow from the pores. Upon oviposition, the females transfer the fungi from the organ to the eggs, where the hyphae physically protect the eggs against wasp parasitism. The fungi comprise a diversity of mostly low-pathogenicity Cordycipitaceae.}, }
@article {pmid41099535, year = {2025}, author = {Rusanova, A and Mamontov, V and Ri, M and Meleshko, D and Trofimova, A and Fedorchuk, V and Ezhova, M and Finoshin, A and Lyupina, Y and Isaev, A and Sutormin, D}, title = {Taxonomically different symbiotic communities of sympatric Arctic sponge species show functional similarity with specialization at species level.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0114725}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.01147-25}, pmid = {41099535}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Marine sponges harbor diverse communities of associated organisms, including eukaryotes, viruses, and bacteria. Sponge-associated microbiomes contribute to the health of host organisms by defending them against invading bacteria and providing them with essential metabolites. Here, we describe the microbiomes of three sympatric species of cold-water marine sponges-Halichondria panicea, Halichondria sitiens, and Isodictya palmata-sampled at three time points over a period of 6 years in the White Sea. We identified the sponges as low microbial abundance species and detected stably associated bacteria that represent new taxa of sponge symbionts within Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. The sponges carried unique sets of unrelated species of symbiotic bacteria, illustrating the varying complexity of their microbiomes. At the community level, sponge-associated microbiomes shared common symbiotic features: they encoded multiple eukaryotic-like proteins, biosynthetic pathways and transporters of amino acids and vitamins essential for sponges. At the species level, however, different classes of eukaryotic-like proteins and pathways were distributed between dominant and minor symbionts, indicating specialization within microbiomes. Particularly, the taurine and sulfoacetate import and degradation pathways were associated exclusively with dominant symbionts in all three sponge species, suggesting that these pathways may represent symbiotic features. Our study indicates convergent evolution in the microbiomes of sympatric cold-water sponge species, as reflected by strong functional similarity despite the presence of distinct, taxonomically unrelated symbiotic communities.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Sponges are regarded among the earliest multicellular organisms and the most ancient examples of animal-bacterial symbiosis. The study of host-microbe interactions in sponges has advanced rapidly due to the application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies that help overcome the challenges of investigating their communities. However, many sponge species, particularly those from polar ecosystems, remain poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that three sympatric cold-water sponge species, including two analyzed for the first time, harbor distinct sets of bacterial symbionts, stably associated over 6 years. Using CORe contigs ITerative Expansion and Scaffolding, an algorithm developed in this study, we reconstructed high-quality symbiont genomes and revealed shared features indicative of convergent evolution toward symbiosis. Notably, we identified a potentially novel symbiotic feature-a gene cluster likely involved in sulfoacetate uptake and dissimilation. We also observed shifts in microbiome composition, associated with increasing water temperatures, raising concerns about the impact of global warming on cold-water ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41098857, year = {2025}, author = {Schurr, A}, title = {Glioma neuron symbiosis: a hypothesis.}, journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {1646148}, pmid = {41098857}, issn = {1662-4548}, abstract = {Glioma cells, just like all cancerous cells, consume substantial amounts of glucose for their energy needs, using glycolysis, an inefficient metabolic pathway (Warburg effect) to produce only two moles of adenosine triphosphate and two moles of lactate for each mole of glucose consumed. By contrast, neurons consume glucose via glycolysis and utilize its end-product lactate as the substrate of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and its coupled oxidative phosphorylation, a process eighteen times more efficient at adenosine triphosphate than glycolysis alone. It hypothesizes here that glioma-produced lactate is the preferred oxidative energy substrate of their surrounding neurons. Consequently, by using lactate, neurons bypass glycolysis, sparing their glucose and making it readily available for the glucose-craving cancer cells. Moreover, glioma cells' ability to secrete glutamate, which excites glutamatergic neurons, could drive the latter to consume even more lactate, sparing more glucose. Such symbiotic exchange, especially at the initial stages of malignancy, assures the budding cancer cells an ample glucose supply ahead of the development of additional vasculature. While this hypothesis focuses on gliomas, it may also apply to other cancer types.}, }
@article {pmid41097855, year = {2025}, author = {Ou, H and Xie, D and Yao, R and Shan, X}, title = {Strigolactones: Biosynthesis, transport, perception and signal transduction.}, journal = {Molecular plant}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2025.10.008}, pmid = {41097855}, issn = {1752-9867}, abstract = {Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived phytohormones that regulate plant development and mediate rhizosphere interactions. Synthesized from β-carotene through a multistep enzymatic pathway, SLs modulate key physiological processes, including shoot branching, leaf development, flowering, and root growth. Beyond their endogenous roles, SLs are exuded into the soil, where they serve as ecological signals. The exuded SLs facilitate symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for nutrient exchange, while also are exploited by parasitic weeds to locate host plants. Although the core SL biosynthesis and signaling pathways have been elucidated, emerging research continues to uncover new layers of complexity in their regulation and function. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of SLs, summarizing and updating current knowledge and recent advances in their biosynthesis, transport, perception and signal transduction, along with their multifaceted functions. Moreover, we discuss the challenges currently faced in SL research and identify urgent questions for future investigation. Addressing these issues would further enhance our understanding of the SL pathway and promote its application in agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41097293, year = {2025}, author = {Besharati, M and Ciavatta, ML and Carbone, M and Cacciapuoti, N and Aversa, M and Roscetto, E and Castaldi, S and Perrone, G and Boari, A and Gialluisi, K and Catania, MR and Moosawi-Jorf, SA and Evidente, A}, title = {Extraction and Identification of the Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Curvularia inaequalis, an Endophytic Fungus Collected in Iran from Echium khuzistanicum Mozaff.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {30}, number = {19}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/molecules30193870}, pmid = {41097293}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {Concession Decree No. 1034 of 17 June 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, CUP B83C22002930006//National Biodiversity Future Center - NBFC supported by European Commission - NextGeneration EU Project and funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (PNRR, Mission 4 Component 2, "Dalla ricerca all'impresa", Investimento 1.4, CN00000033)/ ; }, mesh = {*Ascomycota/chemistry/metabolism ; Iran ; *Endophytes/chemistry/metabolism ; *Echium/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/isolation &amp; purification ; Plants, Medicinal/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Endophytic fungi (EF) are microorganisms that colonize the internal tissues of host plants, providing a range of benefits to them. In this symbiosis, they act as a reservoir of bioactive metabolites that are important for enhancing the host's defense mechanisms as a resistance against pathogens. These molecules usually possess antimicrobial properties that can be exploited for application in agriculture and medicine. In this context, the current work was designed to evaluate the phytotoxic and antimicrobial properties of the endophytic fungus Curvularia inaequalis, isolated for the first time from the Iranian medicinal plant Echium khuzistanicum. Culture filtrates, their organic extracts, and isolated metabolites were tested against a series of plants to assess their phytotoxicity, as well as against a wide range of plant and human pathogens to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. The main compounds characterizing the organic extract of C. inaequalis have been identified as (R)-phomalactone, catenioblin A, and (-) asperpentyn (1-3) by using spectroscopic techniques, NMR mainly, and HR-ESI-MS. In the bioactivity evaluation carried out in this study, (R)-phomalactone (1) stood out as the most promising compound, exhibiting significant non-host phytotoxic activity on tomato leaves; potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of human pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains; and marked antifungal activity against several economically important phytopathogens. (-)-Asperpentyn (3) also showed robust and selective antifungal activity against phytopathogens, while catenioblin A (2) exhibited only a slight phytotoxic effect and limited overall bioactivity in this study. These findings reveal that the isolated endophytic fungi hold considerable promise as an untapped source of bioactive metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal, and phytotoxic activities.}, }
@article {pmid41096566, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, J and Zhang, Y and Zhang, M and Zhang, Z and Liu, Y and Duan, X and Tao, Z and Jiang, W}, title = {Study on the Molecular Mechanism of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Regulating Polysaccharide Synthesis in Dendrobium officinale.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {19}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms26199298}, pmid = {41096566}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {32102485//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2025SNJF011//Three Rural Areas and Nine Directions" Science and Technology Collaboration Program of Zhejiang Province/ ; ZX2024005-1//Wenzhou Agricultural New Varieties Breeding Collaboration Group Project/ ; ZN2023005//Wenzhou Major Science and Technology Innovation Research Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/genetics ; *Dendrobium/microbiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Polysaccharides/biosynthesis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Transcriptome ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis represents a ubiquitous mutualistic relationship in nature, wherein mycorrhizal fungi enhance the host plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. In return, the host plant supplies the fungi with essential nutrients necessary for their metabolic activities. However, research focusing on the regulatory mechanisms governing mycorrhizal symbiosis in Dendrobium officinale remains limited. This study systematically investigates the regulatory mechanisms of mycorrhizal symbiosis on transcriptional synthesis in D. officinale by establishing a mycorrhizal symbiotic system, complemented by phenotypic observation, physiological measurement, and transcriptome sequencing. The results indicate that mycorrhizal symbiosis promotes both growth and nutrient absorption in D. officinale, concurrently increasing polysaccharide content. Through transcriptome analysis, we identified 59 differentially expressed genes associated with polysaccharide metabolism, alongside key genes and transcription factors integral to the regulatory network. Notably, the glycosyltransferase gene DoUGT83A1 was found to negatively regulate the mycorrhizal symbiotic system when heterologously expressed in tomato. This study provides a fundamental theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying polysaccharide synthesis in D. officinale and offers new insights for optimizing cultivation practices to enhance medicinal quality.}, }
@article {pmid41095127, year = {2025}, author = {Kitaeva, AB and Kusakin, PG and Gorshkov, AP and Tsyganova, AV and Tsyganov, VE}, title = {Tubulin Cytoskeleton Organization in Cells of Determinate Nodules in Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata, and Lotus corniculatus.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {19}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14192986}, pmid = {41095127}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {24-16-00156//Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {Tubulin cytoskeleton rearrangements play an important role in the cell differentiation of symbiotic nodules in legumes. However, the organization of the tubulin cytoskeleton has been investigated only for four legume species forming determinate nodules (with limited nodule meristem activity). In this study, microtubule organization was studied in three species (Vigna radiata, V. unguiculata, and Lotus corniculatus) with determinate nodules using confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantitative analyses. Histological organization in young nodules of V. radiata and V. unguiculata resembled the recently reported zonation in young nodules of Glycine max. In addition, bacteroids in nodules of these species were significantly enlarged compared to free-living bacteria. Organization of endoplasmic and cortical microtubules in young infected cells and uninfected cells and that of cortical microtubules in nitrogen-fixing cells demonstrated general patterns for determinate nodules, whereas endoplasmic microtubules in nitrogen-fixing cells showed species-specific patterns. Thus, the presence of both general and species-specific patterns of tubulin cytoskeleton organization was confirmed in determinate nodules.}, }
@article {pmid41095116, year = {2025}, author = {Navarro, BB and Machado, MJ and Figueira, A}, title = {Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Agriculture: Integrating Biotechnology, Microbiology, and Novel Delivery Systems for Sustainable Agriculture.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {19}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14192974}, pmid = {41095116}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {140619/2022-4//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 140991/2022-0//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 88887.615059/2021-00//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 001//Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior/ ; 310645/2021-2//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen (N) is the primary macronutrient that supports global agriculture. The Haber-Bosch process revolutionized the use of synthetic N fertilizers, enabling significant increases in crop yield. However, N losses from fertilization led to negative impacts on the environment. Improving crops' N use efficiency (NUE) has been constrained by the limited understanding of N uptake and assimilation mechanisms, and the role of plant-microbe interactions. Among biological approaches, N fixation by cover crops and rhizobia symbioses represents a cornerstone strategy for improving NUE. The adoption of plant growth-promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may enhance N acquisition by increasing root surface, modulating phytohormone levels, and facilitating nutrient transfer. Advances in plant molecular biology have identified key players and regulators of NUE (enzymes, transporters, and N-responsive transcription factors), which enhance N uptake and assimilation. Emerging biotechnological strategies include de novo domestication by genome editing of crop wild relatives to combine NUE traits and stress resilience back into domesticated cultivars. Additionally, novel fertilizers with controlled nutrient release and microbe-mediated nutrient mobilization, hold promise for synchronizing N availability with plant demand, reducing losses, and increasing NUE. Together, these strategies form a multidimensional framework to enhance NUE, mitigate environmental impacts, and facilitate the transition towards more sustainable agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid41094757, year = {2025}, author = {Sharma, A and Mukherjee, S and Verma, A and Aryan, A and Chandran, D}, title = {The Pea Inner Nuclear Membrane SUN Domain Protein Modulates Plant (a)biotic Stress Responses by Regulating Nuclear Dynamics.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {e70158}, doi = {10.1111/mpp.70158}, pmid = {41094757}, issn = {1364-3703}, support = {//Regional Centre for Biotechnology/ ; //Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India/ ; }, mesh = {*Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; *Pisum sativum/metabolism/genetics/microbiology ; *Stress, Physiological/genetics ; *Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Arabidopsis/genetics/metabolism/microbiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Plant inner nuclear membrane (INM) Sad1/UNC-84 (SUN) proteins are essential for maintaining nuclear morphology, positioning and gene expression during development and environmental stress conditions. Recent studies suggest their involvement in symbiosis and pathogen defence, but their precise role in plant immunity remains unclear. Given the importance of nuclear dynamics during plant-pathogen interactions, understanding the function of SUN proteins in immune signalling is essential. Here, we identify and characterise the pea (Pisum sativum) C-terminal SUN. Using knockdown (KD) and overexpression (OE) strategies in pea and/or Arabidopsis, we demonstrate that PsSUN localises to the INM and regulates pathogen-induced nuclear positioning, nuclear morphology and defence gene expression. PsSUN-KD increased nuclear circularity and sphericity, impaired nuclear relocation to the fungal penetration site, and inhibited powdery mildew growth. PsSUN-OE deformed the nuclear envelope (NE) and enhanced defence gene expression and pathogen resistance. PsSUN-OE also increased plant abiotic stress-responsive gene expression and abscisic acid sensitivity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that interactions between PsSUN and the Arabidopsis lamin-like protein KAKU4 likely influence both their localisation at the nuclear periphery and the architecture of the NE, with the extent of these effects depending on the expression levels of the two proteins. Our results suggest that SUN and nuclear lamina coordinately regulate plant NE architecture and stress responses.}, }
@article {pmid41094593, year = {2025}, author = {Gervais, O and Tignat-Perrier, R and Armougom, F and Voolstra, CR and Allemand, D and Ferrier-Pagès, C}, title = {Functional stability of Spirochaetota symbionts in the precious octocoral Corallium rubrum under heat stress.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {132}, pmid = {41094593}, issn = {2524-6372}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Octocoral gorgonians are the engineer species of the Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages, but they are threatened with collapse due to recurring marine heat waves. These extreme events disrupt their symbiotic relationship with their associated microbes, promoting pathogen proliferation and tissue-degrading diseases. While the effects of seawater warming on microbial taxonomic diversity have been extensively studied, the functional response of bacterial symbionts and opportunists to thermal stress in Mediterranean octocorals has not yet been investigated. To fill this gap, we investigated a unique and very stable symbiosis between the emblematic red coral Corallium rubrum and its Spirochaetota symbionts. Although the relative and absolute abundances of Spirochaetota are not affected by heat stress, these symbionts may lose their functions within the coral holobiont.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results infer that the Spirochaetota bacterial symbionts of C. rubrum underwent only limited functional changes in response to thermal stress, consistent with their stable abundance in coral tissue. These symbionts may play a role in enhancing the tolerance of C. rubrum to temperature fluctuations by maintaining essential amino acid and vitamin biosynthesis. However, thermal stress affected other groups of bacteria, with Gammaproteobacteria showing reduced functionality (with the exception of Vibrionales, which may contribute to the deterioration of coral health) and Alphaproteobacteria showing increased opportunistic activity. In addition, many differentially expressed genes were associated with the sulfur cycle, highlighting its key role in shaping coral-associated bacterial communities under thermal stress.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The stability of the bacterial symbionts of C. rubrum, especially Spirochaetota, despite thermal stress, is consistent with their constant presence in octocoral tissues. These symbionts contribute to coral resilience by maintaining essential biosynthetic processes. However, the increased activity of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio suggests that C. rubrum may be susceptible to the recurring heat waves of the summer season.}, }
@article {pmid41094138, year = {2025}, author = {Levy, S and Grau-Bové, X and Kim, IV and Najle, SR and Księżopolska, E and Elek, A and Montes-Espuña, L and Montgomery, SA and Mass, T and Sebé-Pedrós, A}, title = {The evolution of facultative symbiosis in stony corals.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41094138}, issn = {1476-4687}, abstract = {Most stony corals are obligate symbionts that are dependent on nutrients provided by the photosynthetic activity of dinoflagellates residing within specialized cells[1]. Disruption of this symbiotic consortium leads to coral bleaching and, ultimately, mortality[2]. However, a few coral species exhibit facultative symbiosis, allowing them to survive extended periods of bleaching[3,4]. Despite this resilience, the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the genomic and cellular basis of facultative symbiosis in Oculina patagonica, a thermotolerant Mediterranean coral[5,6]. We sequenced and annotated a chromosome-scale genome of O. patagonica and built cell atlases for this species and two obligate symbiotic corals. Comparative genomic analysis revealed karyotypic and syntenic conservation across all scleractinians, with species-specific gene expansions primarily driven by tandem duplications. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of symbiotic and naturally aposymbiotic wild specimens identified an increase in phagocytic immune cells and a metabolic shift in gastrodermal gene expression from growth-related functions to quiescent, epithelial-like states. Cross-species comparison of host cells uncovered Oculina-specific metabolic and signalling adaptations indicative of an opportunistic, dual-feeding strategy that decouples survival from symbiotic state.}, }
@article {pmid41093569, year = {2025}, author = {Ying, C and Nozawa, S and Kusakabe, S and Songwattana, P and Piromyou, P and Boonchuen, P and Tittabutr, P and Boonkerd, N and Mitsui, H and Sato, S and Teaumroong, N and Hashimoto, S}, title = {The Type III Effector NopM from Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA61 Induces a Hypersensitive Response in Lotus japonicus Root Nodules.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25020}, pmid = {41093569}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {*Bradyrhizobium/genetics/metabolism ; *Lotus/microbiology/genetics/immunology ; Symbiosis ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/immunology/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism/genetics ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; }, abstract = {Leguminous plants establish root nodule symbiosis, which is initiated by the recognition of rhizobial nodulation factors by plant receptor kinases. However, other factors, such as Type III effector proteins, also affect host specificity. We herein investigated the role of nodulation outer protein M (NopM), a Type III effector of Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA61, in symbiosis with Lotus japonicus MG-20 and Lotus burttii. NopM, annotated as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, triggers an early senescence-like response, inducing brown nodules that hinder effective symbiosis. NopM shares structural features with E3 ubiquitin ligases derived from both pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, including a leucine-rich-repeat and E3 ubiquitin ligase domain. The deletion of these domains or substitution of the cysteine residue, predicted to be the active site of the ubiquitin ligase domain, suppressed the formation of brown nodules. These results suggest that NopM interacts with target proteins through its leucine-rich-repeat domain and mediates ubiquitination via its ligase domain, thereby contributing to the induction of brown nodules. A transcriptome ana-lysis further suggested that the early senescence-like response closely resembled the plant hypersensitive response, with the up-regulation of defense-related genes. Therefore, L. japonicus may recognize NopM in infected nodule cells, leading to an immune response that disrupts symbiosis. The present study provides insights into the mole-cular mechanisms by which rhizobial effectors modulate symbiotic interactions in infected nodule cells, highlighting the ability of L. japonicus to activate immune responses even in nodule cells where rhizobia have been accepted.}, }
@article {pmid41093294, year = {2025}, author = {Dediu, V and Buşilă, M and Ungureanu, C and Grigore-Gurgu, L and Cotârleṭ, M and Romanitan, C and Tucureanu, V and Brincoveanu, O and Vasile, BS and Bahrim, GE}, title = {Cellulose-Silver and Cellulose-Gold Bioactive Nanocomposites Obtained Using SCOBY Purified Membranes.}, journal = {ACS applied bio materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c00395}, pmid = {41093294}, issn = {2576-6422}, abstract = {The green synthesis of bioactive nanomaterials is becoming more attractive in various fields like biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, etc. In this study, bacterial cellulose-silver and bacterial cellulose-gold bionanocomposites were obtained through an environmentally friendly and low-cost method without using additional reducing agents. In the first step, the bacterial cellulose, a byproduct from kombucha production using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), was purified using an alkaline solution. In the second step, the purified bacterial cellulose (SBC) was used to obtain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the bacterial cellulose matrix, starting only from metal precursors in different media: water, black tea, and kombucha. Gold and silver nanoparticles were obtained on cellulose fibrils in all media, even in water, indicating the reducing role of cellulose. The morphology and structural features of the noble metal nanoparticles/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites (AgNPs/SBC and AuNPs/SBC) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show nanoparticles with an irregular shape with dimensions ranging from a few nanometers up to 70 nm, depending on the synthesis medium. TEM analysis revealed mostly quasi-spherical nanoparticles distributed along the surface of the cellulose fibers or within the interfibrillar pores. All nanoparticles are well crystallized and generally formed from more than two nanocrystallites, except AuNPs obtained in kombucha which are monocrystalline. XRD analysis shows the characteristic diffractograms of Iβ cellulose allomorphs and confirms the formation of crystalline AgNPs and AuNPs. The antioxidant capacity tests determined that the best activity was registered for the AgNPs/SBC composites obtained in kombucha and fresh black tea. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Cellulose-silver and cellulose-gold nanocomposites showed increased antimicrobial activity compared with raw SBC, especially in the case of kombucha medium for green synthesis. The highest antioxidant activity, determined by DPPH and ABTS assays, was obtained for AgNPs/SBC produced in kombucha and fresh black tea. Based on the results, cellulose-silver and cellulose-gold nanocomposites could be considered as bioactive materials for multiple practical applications, such as the medical field and food packaging.}, }
@article {pmid41093188, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, L and Guo, Y and Zhang, Z and Wang, X}, title = {Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the IQD gene family in Medicago truncatula: Implications for nodule formation.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {148204}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148204}, pmid = {41093188}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {Microtubule plays a key role in the process of legume-Rhizobium nodule symbiosis. The IQ67-domain (IQD) family which is a group of plant-specific microtubule associated protein, plays diverse roles in plant development and in responses to environmental stress. However, IQD family members, and which are involved in nodulation in Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula) remain unclear. In this study, 31 MtIQD genes were first identified from the M. truncatula genome and named MtIQD1-MtIQD31. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into five groups. All MtIQD proteins contain the highly conserved IQ67 domain, while exhibiting diverse and characteristic structural features. The promoters of the MtIQD genes contain multiple cis-acting elements associated with hormone signaling, stress responses, and developmental processes. Tissue-specific expression profiling indicated a variety of expression patterns among MtIQD gene family members. Notably, MtIQD6, MtIQD8, MtIQD17, MtIQD22, and MtIQD31 showed highly specific expression in nodules and co-localized with microtubules, suggesting a potential role in cytoskeletal dynamics. Additionally, functional analysis revealed that MtIQD22 and MtIQD31 participate in nodule formation. Together, these findings provided new insights into the evolution and functional diversification of the MtIQD gene family and establish a foundation for future research on their roles in nodule development, with potential applications in the genetic improvement of leguminous crops.}, }
@article {pmid41093027, year = {2025}, author = {Li, KY and Zhou, JL and Tian, ZH and Gao, F}, title = {N-acyl-homoserine lactone regulation of nutrient removal, microbial community assembly, and process efficacy in dialysis membrane-algal-bacterial photobioreactors.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133502}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133502}, pmid = {41093027}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Quorum sensing is a central mechanism by which signal bacteria sense and integrate signaling molecules to coordinate gene expression and physiological activities at the community level. To investigate how exogenous signal molecules regulate the maintenance of algal-bacterial symbiosis, this study constructed a dialysis membrane-coupled algal-bacterial photobioreactor and separately amended it with N-butyryl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL), and N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C10-HSL), systematically investigated their effects on nutrient removal, microbial community composition, and functional characteristics within the system. Compared with the control, all three N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) enhanced total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal and stimulated biomass (sludge) growth, while redirecting microalgal carbon allocation toward lipid accumulation; notably, the C6-HSL treatment achieved the highest nitrogen (80.39 %) and phosphorus (53.01 %) removal efficiencies. Metagenomic analyses revealed that exogenous AHLs exerted selective effects on the microbial assemblage, enriching dominant signal-responsive bacteria whose relative abundance was positively correlated with nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance. Furthermore, genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and glycolysis were more abundant in the 3-oxo-C10-HSL and C6-HSL groups, indicating that strengthened metabolic coupling likely underpins the observed biomass increase and enhanced nutrient removal. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that AHL-mediated signaling is a key driver shaping algal-bacterial interactions, community assembly, and functional expression.}, }
@article {pmid41093016, year = {2025}, author = {Jalili, C and Hosseinkhani, F and Dayer, D and Tabandeh, MR and Abbasi, A and Nasta, TZ}, title = {Indole-3-propionic acid Function through PXR and AhR, Molecular Signaling Pathways, and Antitoxic Role in Underlying Diseases.}, journal = {The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {106877}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsbmb.2025.106877}, pmid = {41093016}, issn = {1879-1220}, abstract = {The host organism's balance within the body relies on its crucial symbiotic relationship with gut microbiota. This balance, known as homeostasis, can be influenced by various factors. One significant factor is the role of bacterial metabolites from different substrates, such as tryptophan. Recent research has revealed that these metabolites impact many biological processes. Microbial metabolites, such as Indole-3-Propionic Acid (IPA), are produced by the intestinal microbiota by converting dietary tryptophan. IPA is absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells, transported via the portal circulation, undergoes minimal hepatic metabolism, and is subsequently released into the systemic circulation to reach peripheral tissues and exert its biological effects. The Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) are the two main receptors of IPA which induce different gene expression profiles and subsequently diverse biological pathways in different tissues. Once absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells, IPA is released into the circulatory system and can significantly affect the immune, cardiovascular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. Furthermore, IPA has been found to have positive effects on a cellular level by inhibiting oxidative stress injury and preventing the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Numerous studies have highlighted IPA's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects. Therefore, dysbiosis of IPA contributes to disorders such as metabolic syndromes, inflammatory conditions, cancer, and neuropsychiatric diseases. This review provides a detailed examination of the most recent studies on indole-3-propionic acid function through PXR and AhR, outlining its molecular signaling pathways and correlation with various diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41092906, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, L and Li, Y and Wang, W and Deng, L and Ge, H and Cui, M and Bi, N}, title = {Gut microbiota predictive of the efficacy of consolidation immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy toxicity in lung cancer.}, journal = {Med (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100877}, doi = {10.1016/j.medj.2025.100877}, pmid = {41092906}, issn = {2666-6340}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gut microbiota (GM) predict responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with advanced lung cancer. However, its role in patients with locally advanced lung cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy (CRT) combined with consolidation ICIs remains unclear.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 177 fecal samples were collected pre- and post-CRT. Using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing and metagenomic data from an internal cohort and published studies, the kinetics of microbiota were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, while prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS) were identified using Cox regression modeling and machine learning algorithms.<br><br>FINDINGS: The GM configuration was unaffected by traditional CRT. However, in cases of CRT with consolidation ICIs, patients with long-PFS showed a higher alpha diversity at baseline, followed by a reduction during treatment, contrasting with the stable diversity observed in the short-PFS group. Enrichment of the symbiotic microbe Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) after CRT was observed, with its increased abundance correlating with extended distant metastasis-free survival in patients undergoing CRT with consolidation ICIs. Notably, the trend in Akk variation was a prognostic indicator of survival outcomes in patients undergoing CRT combined with ICIs. GM was also involved in the development of treatment-related pneumonia and was a promising predictive marker for severe pneumonia.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: CRT with consolidation ICIs has more pronounced effects on the GM than CRT alone in patients with locally advanced lung cancer. The dynamic variation in Akk has predictive potential for patient survival in this context.<br><br>FUNDING: This study was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project.}, }
@article {pmid41092274, year = {2025}, author = {Batnini, M and Kumar, A}, title = {Nutrient-symbiosis cross talk links phosphate starvation signaling with nodulation control.}, journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcaf133}, pmid = {41092274}, issn = {1471-9053}, }
@article {pmid41090560, year = {2025}, author = {Tian, YF and Luo, Y and Li, QM and Zhang, ZQ and Guo, YL and Yang, WC}, title = {CPOP1 is a key enzyme required for nodule microenvironment control and successful symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jipb.70037}, pmid = {41090560}, issn = {1744-7909}, support = {2023YFD1200605//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2016YFA0500500//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2023ZD04068//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; YSBR-011//CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research/ ; XDA24010205//Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; XDA26030105//Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes requires the exquisite regulation of the environment within the infected region of the nodule. The microaerobic environment critical for nitrogenase activity is maintained through the physical oxygen diffusion barrier of the cortex and locally the oxygen-binding protein leghemoglobin (Lb). Leghemoglobin binds and releases oxygen with heme moiety to maintain oxygen gradients inside the infected cell (IC) during nitrogen fixation. Heme binds to diverse proteins and plays critical roles in different redox reactions. However, the role and regulation of host-controlled heme production during symbiotic nitrogen fixation are not clear. Here, we identified coproporphyrinogen III oxidase plastid related 1 (CPOP1) as a key regulator of symbiotic heme biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus. CPOP1 is specifically highly expressed in nitrogen-fixing nodules, and knocking out CPOP1 alone causes leaf etiolation and dwarfism which could be recovered by the exogenous application of nitrogen source, indicating nitrogen fixation defect. The IC-specific expression of CPOP1 was directed by the -881 to -740 bp promoter region. The cpop1 mutant shows significantly increased nodule oxygen level and decreased nitrogen fixation activity compared to the wild-type. Intriguingly, bacteria proliferation is inhibited due to the down-regulation of cell division-related gene expression upon CPOP1 knockout. Our data showed that CPOP1 is essential for the microaerobic environment control of ICs and the activation of rhizobial nitrogenase required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, through host-regulated nodule heme synthesis.}, }
@article {pmid41089933, year = {2025}, author = {Song, Y and Xu, X and Xie, M and Tao, J and Jin, H and Liu, Y and Liu, L and Song, X and Meng, S and Cheong, IH and Wang, Y and Wei, Q}, title = {The lung microbiome in patients with HIV complicated with community-acquired pneumonia: a cross-sectional pilot study.}, journal = {Current research in microbial sciences}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {100480}, pmid = {41089933}, issn = {2666-5174}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The composition of lung flora in HIV-combined community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) populations may be associated with the duration and severity of the disease. Additionally, a correlation may exist between lung flora balance and the body's autoimmune status. However, the number of studies in this area is limited. Therefore, we collected alveolar lavage fluid from 110 HIV-positive CAP patients at Beijing Ditan Hospital. We preliminarily explored the lung flora of this population using 16S amplicon analysis, and found some clues about the relationship between flora and immune status by comparing the flora of two groups of people with different immune status.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that the lung microbiome of HIV patients with CAP exhibited a "high-level aggregation-low-level dispersion" pattern across taxonomic hierarchies, this was characterised by dominant taxa at higher classification levels and dispersed, low-abundant taxa at lower levels. Microbial diversity in the AIDS group (CD4[+] counts < 200 cells/&#x3bc;L) was marginally lower than in the HIV group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The AIDS group exhibited increased relative abundances of pathogenic taxa (Gammaproteobacteria, Fusobacteriia) and decreased relative abundances of symbiotic taxa (Bacilli, Cyanobacteriia). LEfSe revealed significant enrichment of oral- and gut-associated microbial communities in the HIV group, as opposed to pathogen-enriched communities in the AIDS group. Microbial network analysis showed enhanced modularization in the AIDS group, with reduced clustering coefficients and network density, indicating destabilized microbial communities. Immune collapse appeared to drive a shift from cooperative hub-based to competitive modular microbial structures.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Immune status profoundly influenced the composition and function of the pulmonary microbiome in HIV infection. AIDS patients exhibited pathogen-dominated, less stable microbial communities. These findings provided foundational insights into interactions among HIV, CAP, and the pulmonary microbiome, and informed the development of microbiome-targeted interventions.}, }
@article {pmid41088742, year = {2025}, author = {Lyu, X and Liu, K and Guo, T and Wang, X and Gong, Z and Ma, C}, title = {Nitrogen Fertilization Modulates Soybean Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation via NO-Mediated S-Nitrosylation.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c11100}, pmid = {41088742}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Soybean, a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing crop, experiences suppressed nodule nitrogen fixation under excessive nitrogen fertilizer. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule regulating development and stress, primarily via protein S-nitrosylation, although its role in soybeans is unclear. Using a unilateral nodulation system, treatments with nitrogen, an NO scavenger, and an NO donor were applied. Results showed that nitrogen application increased the NO content in the nodules and reduced the nitrogen fixation capacity. Conversely, the NO scavenger lowered the NO levels but enhanced fixation. Exogenous NO inhibited fixation by damaging the nodule structure, reducing leghemoglobin, and disrupting NO homeostasis. Quantitative proteomics with iodoTMT labeling identified 287 S-nitrosylation sites on 238 nodule proteins. Nitrogen-altered proteins were involved in nitrogenase activity, stress response, and ABC transporters. This study establishes the 'nitrogen level-NO signal-S-nitrosylation-nodule function' pathway, offering molecular insights into S-nitrosylation's role in nodule regulation.}, }
@article {pmid41088378, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, Z and Jia, Y and Li, H and Fan, R and Cao, Y and Ni, L and Yang, L and Yuan, Z and Zhu, K and Gao, Y and Lin, Y}, title = {Effects of zacopride and multidimensional impacts of cross-kingdom symbiosis: gut microbiota modulates coronary microvascular dysfunction via the chlorophyll/heme-tryptophan metabolic axis.}, journal = {Journal of translational medicine}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {1097}, pmid = {41088378}, issn = {1479-5876}, support = {20210302123485//Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province/ ; BYJL065//Shanxi Province Higher Education "Billion Project" Science and Technology Guidance Project/ ; NSFC-82102104//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2021M702054//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; *Tryptophan/metabolism ; Male ; *Symbiosis/drug effects ; *Benzamides/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Coronary Vessels/drug effects/physiopathology ; *Microvessels/drug effects/physiopathology ; Rats ; *Microcirculation/drug effects ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (CMD) represents a critical pathological substrate for ischemic heart disease and is strongly associated with major adverse cardiovascular events. Zacopride, known for its dual cardiovascular regulatory properties targeting the 5-HT4 receptor and Kir2.1 channel, lacks evidence regarding its systemic impact on the gut microbiota-metabolism axis. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the structural and metabolic characteristics of gut bacteria and fungi in CMD, and to explore the multidimensional therapeutic mechanisms of Zacopride through "microbial remodeling-metabolic regulation-microcirculation repair."<br><br>METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), healthy control (NC), and Zacopride intervention (ZAC). CMD and ZAC groups received high-fat diet plus streptozotocin (STZ, 35&#xa0;mg/kg) for modeling. ZAC rats were orally administered 5&#xa0;mg/kg Zacopride daily for 7&#xa0;days. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography measured left anterior descending coronary artery resting/stress peak flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR). Ileocecal contents underwent bacterial-fungal metagenomic sequencing to identify differential metabolic pathways. Spearman's correlation assessed cross-kingdom ecological interactions. Nine machine learning algorithms constructed classification models, with Random Forest (RF) and an optimal model identifying key genera. Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size validated microbial biomarkers.<br><br>RESULTS: Zacopride partially restored the CFR in CMD rats, demonstrating a therapeutic effect, and exerted a beneficial influence on the structure and diversity of the gut microbiota. The CMD state significantly reduced the expression levels of the Chlorophyll a and tryptophan metabolic pathways in the gut microbiota. Zacopride specifically restored the Chlorophyll a pathway but did not significantly recover the tryptophan metabolic pathway. RF and Elastic Net (ENET) identified JC017, Chromelosporium, and Barnesiella as biomarker microbiota for CMD. Notably, JC017 primarily mediate the therapeutic effects of Zacopride via direct or indirect modulation of the Chlorophyll a metabolic pathway. Chromelosporium, acting as an interactive hub between fungi and bacteria, formed a cross-kingdom symbiotic relationship with Bradyrhizobium. Additionally, the reduction in Barnesiella abundance constitutes a distinctive feature of gut microbial dysbiosis in CMD.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study provides the first evidence that the gut microbiota modulates the pathogenesis of CMD through the "chlorophyll/heme-tryptophan metabolic axis." Furthermore, we demonstrate that Zacopride exerts therapeutic effects by remodeling microbiota-host interactions and regulating this metabolic axis, revealing a novel mechanistic link between microbial metabolism and CMD progression.}, }
@article {pmid41086923, year = {2025}, author = {Liang, Y and Yu, J and Yao, Z and Sun, Y and Feng, J and Shen, R and Luo, J and Zhao, L}, title = {Decoding microbial interactions: Interaction networks and regulatory strategies for medium-chain fatty acid biosynthesis through anaerobic chain elongation.}, journal = {Biotechnology advances}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108735}, doi = {10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108735}, pmid = {41086923}, issn = {1873-1899}, abstract = {The anaerobic biosynthesis of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) as valorized bio-based chemicals relies on intricate and dynamic interaction networks within microbial communities. This review systematically summarizes the key mechanisms and regulatory strategies driving MCFA biosynthesis in terms of microbial interactions, with a focus on electron donor-acceptor generation and chain elongation (CE) processes. The functional stability and resilience of anaerobic fermentation systems are collectively sustained by microbial diversity via modular functional partitioning, metabolic complementarity, resilience against perturbations, and environmental adaptation. Notably, substrate competition and syntrophic symbiosis between functional taxa directly govern the directionality and efficiency of the metabolic flux. Carbon source preferences and environmental factors synergistically steer pathway selection, while exogenous interventions such as enhanced electron transfer or niche occupation optimize microbial cooperation. In addition, quorum sensing and electrochemical synergy further balance inter-species competition to achieve a dynamic equilibrium between metabolic branch inhibition and enrichment of CE consortia. These multidimensional interaction mechanisms provide high-purity electron donors and stable metabolic foundations for MCFA synthesis to guide directional microbial engineering strategies to enhance product yields. This study systematically summarized how microbial interaction networks drive efficient MCFA biosynthesis via a multi-scale coordination between various mechanisms, including metabolic flux partitioning control, environmental response feedback, and functional modularization design, providing a theoretical foundation for resolving critical challenges during anaerobic MCFA fermentation.}, }
@article {pmid41086911, year = {2025}, author = {Tu, C and Fan, R and Wu, Y and Liu, F and Xiao, W and Ziyodillo Ugli, OI and Qiong, Z and Peng, Y and Liu, J and Xu, F and Zhu, Y}, title = {Ultra-low concentrations of a botanical insecticide blend alter microbiota composition and gene expression in the ladybeetle Propylea japonica.}, journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {127252}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127252}, pmid = {41086911}, issn = {1873-6424}, abstract = {Botanical pesticides are increasingly promoted as environmentally benign alternatives to synthetic chemicals in integrated pest management. However, the ecological safety of their persistent ultra-low residues remains poorly understood, particularly regarding non-target natural predators. In this study, we investigated the chronic toxicological effects of an ultra-low concentration (ULC; 1/100 of LC30 of 15.106 mg/mL) of a botanical pesticide mixture-composed of commercially available tea saponin and matrine mixed at a ratio of 10:1 (v:v)-on the generalist Propylea japonica. Long-term exposure significantly prolonged larval development, reduced pupal mass, and compromised female fecundity, indicating potential disruptions to population stability and biocontrol efficacy. Gene expression analyses revealed stage-specific alterations in detoxification and hormone-related pathways: fourth-instar larvae exhibited elevated expression of GST and DuoX, downregulation of JHAMT1 and PjIRS1, and upregulation of EcR, whereas adult females showed marked suppression of JHDK, FOXO, PjIRS1, and Vg. These changes point to endocrine disruption and impaired reproductive capacity. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that ULC exposure significantly decreased microbial diversity and altered symbiont composition, particularly in adult beetles. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that even ultra-low residues of botanical pesticides can impose sublethal physiological stress and reshape symbiotic microbial communities in beneficial insects. This work underscores the need for refined ecological risk assessments of green pesticides and advocates for pest management strategies that balance effective control with the conservation of natural enemies.}, }
@article {pmid41086499, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Zheng, X and He, H and Hu, R and Han, Z and Tao, J and Lin, T and Chen, W}, title = {Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge enhances oxytetracycline removal: Microbial responses, degradation pathways, and adaptive mechanisms.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {499}, number = {}, pages = {140103}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140103}, pmid = {41086499}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Oxytetracycline (OTC), an emerging "low-concentration, high-toxicity" contaminant, presents considerable hurdles to wastewater treatment processes. This study systematically evaluated for the first time the impacts of OTC on the operational performance, sludge characteristics, and microbial metabolic activity across three treatment systems: microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS), aerobic granular sludge (AGS), and activated sludge (AS). Results demonstrated that MBGS exhibited superior treatment efficiency, maintaining stable removal of 500 μg/L OTC at 88.06 ± 1.45 % (p < 0.05). MBGS adapted to OTC exposure by increasing ATP content and reducing lactate dehydrogenase release. Acclimated MBGS primarily removed OTC through biodegradation. Moreover, multiple OTC transformation products with reduced toxic potential were detected, signifying that MBGS systems achieve efficient microbial degradation. Metagenomic analyses revealed that Pseudomonadota in MBGS displayed high adaptability under OTC exposure. Additionally, OTC exposure upregulated carbohydrate and energy metabolism in MBGS, thereby enhancing overall microbial metabolic activity. Alphaproteobacteria contributed most significantly to key functional genes, underscoring their critical role in contaminant removal in the MBGS. Redundancy analysis highlights a robust association between Alphaproteobacteria and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes. This study confirms the MBGS's resilience to OTC-contaminated wastewater, highlighting its potential for efficient antibiotic wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41086179, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, M and Liu, H}, title = {Spatiotemporal coupling and coordinated development of rural revitalization and rural tourism in Jiangsu.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {e0334241}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0334241}, pmid = {41086179}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Rural Population/statistics &amp; numerical data ; China ; Humans ; *Tourism ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; }, abstract = {Rural tourism is pivotal in addressing the unidirectional urban-to-rural flow of resources, such as labor migration. However, the interaction between rural tourism and rural revitalization in developed regions remains poorly understood. This study establishes an evaluation index system for rural revitalization and rural tourism, examining their interrelationship. Using the entropy method and coupling coordination degree model, we assess the development levels and coordination degrees of these aspects in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2023. Furthermore, the geographical detector model is utilized to pinpoint the primary drivers influencing this coordination. The findings are: (1) Both rural revitalization and tourism exhibit significant growth, with southern Jiangsu outperforming the north; (2) The coupling coordination between these systems has strengthened, indicating a profound symbiotic relationship; (3) Spatial distribution differences are notable, with the coupling coordination degree D value in southern Jiangsu being 26.4% higher than in the north. This disparity is primarily attributable to the wider urban-rural income gap and greater fiscal investment in southern Jiangsu. Notably, the traditional "resource dependence theory" appears ineffective in Jiangsu, as the density of rural tourism resources is relatively low. Accordingly, the study proposes differentiated policy recommendations: northern Jiangsu should focus on talent attraction and the integration of culture and tourism, while southern Jiangsu should explore mechanisms to facilitate the two-way flow of urban-rural elements. This research provides a theoretical framework for coordinating "policy-market" dynamics in the rural transformation of developed regions.}, }
@article {pmid41085894, year = {2025}, author = {Menaa, B and Ribeiro, I and Oliveira, M and Rahal, S and Carvalho, MF and Chekireb, D}, title = {Isolation and characterization of endophytic actinobacteria associated with Artemisia judaica L. ssp. sahariensis from desert regions in Algeria.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41085894}, issn = {1678-4405}, abstract = {Endophytic actinobacteria, known for symbiotic relationships with plants and production of bioactive compounds, occur in diverse environments, including deserts. The Sahara's nutrient scarcity, high temperatures, and salinity drive unique microbial adaptations, making it a promising reservoir of novel taxa. This study reports, for the first time, the isolation and characterization of endophytic actinobacteria from Artemisia judaica L. ssp. sahariensis, a medicinal plant of the Algerian desert. Forty-two actinobacterial isolates were obtained from root and leaf tissues and identified through 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing their affiliation with five genera: Micromonospora, Nonomuraea, Nocardiopsis, Gordonia, and predominantly Streptomyces. These isolates were characterized for morphological, physiological, and bioactive traits, including stress tolerance, phosphate solubilization, extracellular enzyme production, and antibacterial activity. More than 93% exhibited antagonistic effects against at least one tested pathogen. The most active strains showed minimum inhibitory concentration values between 4 and 8 µg/mL, highlighting their strong antibacterial potential. All isolates tolerated up to 5% NaCl, and several, including AJR36, AJR38, and AJR16, grew at 15%. Phosphate solubilization was observed in 36% of isolates, while 38% displayed diverse enzymatic activities. Although this study focused on a single plant species, the observed functional diversity underscores the biotechnological potential of these desert-associated endophytes. These findings suggest that unexplored desert ecosystems harbor valuable Actinomycetota resources, supporting further investigations for the discovery of novel species and their potential applications in agriculture and medicine.}, }
@article {pmid41084897, year = {2025}, author = {Desai, V and Sharma, AK and Chauhan, P}, title = {Endophytes and Plants Interaction: A Hidden Microbial World Inside the Plant.}, journal = {Journal of basic microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70112}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.70112}, pmid = {41084897}, issn = {1521-4028}, support = {//The authors received no specific funding for this work./ ; }, abstract = {Endophytes are a diverse group of microbes that colonize internal plant tissues without causing harm to the host. They play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress management. The is a complex mechanism involving evasive strategies to bypass host immune response, significant alteration in plant gene expression and establishment of a balance mutualistic relationship. Endophytes enhance plant health through various direct and indirect mechanisms, including the production of phytohormones such as auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinin. Moreover, they also solubilize nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus. A significant contribution of endophytes is the induction of induced systemic resistance (ISR), a defense response that primes the plant against a broad spectrum of pathogens and environmental stressors. The colonization of endophytes is governed by complex signaling pathways, immune modulation and tissue specificity, influenced by host genotype, age, and environmental conditions. This review highlights the ecological significance, mechanisms of colonization and functional contribution of endophytes to host plants. Furthermore, the review emphasizes that endophytes can recruit or influence other beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere region of host plants. Conclusively, this review synthesizes current understanding of the molecular strategies these microbes employ to survive within plant tissue and modulate plant immune system. We emphasize the immense, yet underexploited, potential of endophytes in enhancing plant resilience and productivity and advocates further research into their mechanisms and applications to meet growing demands of global agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41083440, year = {2025}, author = {Prasad, A and Pallujam, AD and Siddaganga, R and Suryanarayanan, A and Mazel, F and Brockmann, A and Yek, SH and Engel, P}, title = {Evolution of gut microbiota across honeybee species revealed by comparative metagenomics.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {9069}, pmid = {41083440}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {225148//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; 180575//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Bees/microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; *Metagenomics/methods ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Symbiosis ; Phylogeny ; Metagenome/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {Studying gut microbiota evolution across animals is crucial for understanding symbiotic interactions but is hampered by the lack of high-resolution genomic data. Honeybees, with their specialized gut microbiota and well-known ecology, offer an ideal system to study this evolution. Using shotgun metagenomics on 200 worker bees from five honeybee species, we recover thousands of metagenome-assembled genomes and identify several novel bacterial species. While microbial communities were mostly host-specific, we found both specialists and generalists, even among closely related bacterial species, with notable variation between honeybee hosts. Some bacterial generalists emerged host-specific only at the strain level, suggesting recent host switches. While we found some signal of co-diversification between hosts and symbionts, this was not more than expected by chance and was much less pronounced than what has been observed for gut bacteria of hominids and small mammals. Instead, symbiont gains, losses, and replacements emerged as important factors for honeybees. This highly dynamic evolution of the specialized honey bee gut microbiota has led to taxonomic and functional differences across hosts, such as the ability to degrade pollen-derived pectin. Our results provide new insights into the evolutionary processes that govern gut microbiota diversity across closely related hosts and uncover the functional potential of the previously underexplored gut microbiota of these important pollinators.}, }
@article {pmid41083230, year = {2025}, author = {Caiafa, MV and Kaminsky, L and Healy, R and Sheffer, LP and Willis, CB and Deitz, K and Richter, BS and Lemmond, BR and Borland, D and Roy, BA and Dawson, HA and Delevich, CA and Conery, JS and Warner, D and Caboň, M and Karlsen-Ayala, E and Grupe, AC and Kraisitudomsook, N and Reynolds, NK and Drechsler-Santos, ER and Truong, C and Corrales, A and Mujic, AB and Kennedy, PG and Jusino, MA and Swenie, RA and Noffsinger, CR and Grootmyers, D and Matheny, PB and Wilson, AW and Smith, ME}, title = {Think globally, barcode locally: nine years of macrofungi sampling reveals extensive biodiversity at the ordway-swisher biological station, a subtropical site in Florida.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {129}, number = {7}, pages = {101643}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101643}, pmid = {41083230}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {Florida ; *Biodiversity ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Fungal/genetics/chemistry ; *Fungi/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics/chemistry ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/chemistry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; }, abstract = {The Ordway-Swisher Biological Station (OSBS) is a 38-km[2] reserve owned by the University of Florida and is part of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). The reserve contains several iconic Florida habitats, such as sandhill, mesic hammock, and scrubby flatwoods. While plants and animals have been extensively studied at OSBS, the fungi remain poorly known. Fungal inventories are critical to increase knowledge of both fungal diversity and species ranges, and thus to provide foundational data for a wide array of applications in ecology and resource management. Here, we present the results of a nine-year effort to collect, preserve, and DNA barcode the macrofungi at OSBS. This effort generated >1200 vouchered specimens and 984 ITS rDNA sequences, representing more than 546 species. Our sampling was dominated by Basidiomycota and revealed a high diversity of symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi, particularly species of Amanita, Cortinarius, and Russula. Sampling curves and both Chao1 and Jacknife1 richness estimators suggest that our DNA barcoding efforts captured only about half of the macrofungi species and that a more complete inventory would detect 897-1177 macrofungi species at OSBS. Our sampling found more species of macrofungi at OSBS than the known number of vertebrate animal species at the reserve and our estimates also suggest that there are likely more macrofungi species than plant species at OSBS. This study is the first comprehensive macrofungi inventory within a NEON site and highlights the importance of long-term monitoring to provide novel data on fungal diversity, community structure, conservation, biogeography, and taxonomy.}, }
@article {pmid41082848, year = {2025}, author = {Chu, W and Li, X and Li, P and Li, J and Wang, Z and Zhou, H and Yang, X and Chen, S and Zhou, M and Wang, S and Zheng, J and Chen, Y and Yu, Y and Tan, Z}, title = {Enhanced treatment of low C/N domestic wastewater in a membrane photobioreactor: Operational control of microalgal-bacterial symbiosis for synergistic pollutant and antibiotic resistance genes removal.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {127398}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127398}, pmid = {41082848}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Conventional wastewater treatment technologies face significant limitations, including high CO2 emissions, poor resource recovery, and growing challenges from emerging contaminants such as antibiotics and their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which pose serious risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health. In response to these challenges and within the framework of China's carbon neutrality goals, this study developed a microalgae-activated sludge membrane photobioreactor (MPBR) to enable synergistic pollutant removal and resource recovery from low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) domestic wastewater. Under the optimized internal circulation flow rate of 13.5 m[3]/d, the MPBR system achieved high removal efficiencies for ammonia nitrogen (NH4[+]-N, 99.48 %), total nitrogen (TN, 72.89 %), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 63.20 %), and total phosphorus (TP, 80.37 %). Simultaneously, ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were reduced by approximately one log, attributed to two primary mechanisms: (1) suppression of ARGs in the sludge zone through the regulation of drug-resistant bacterial populations, and (2) inhibition of horizontal gene transfer in the microalgal zone via nitrogen-driven suppression of ARGs host bacteria, as well as enhanced microalgae-bacteria co-metabolism and community optimization. Furthermore, the optimization of microalgae photosynthesis and nitrogen cycling, along with microbial cooperation under anoxic conditions, supported efficient nutrient recovery while maintaining low-carbon operation. This study offers a novel, carbon-efficient strategy for integrating wastewater purification with ARGs risk mitigation, contributing to sustainable water management aligned with the circular economy and carbon neutrality objectives.}, }
@article {pmid41082055, year = {2025}, author = {Aderolu, AZ and Salam, LB and Lawal, MO and Kabiawu-Mutiu, LF and Bassey, ME and Shobande, MA}, title = {Microbial ecology and functional landscape of black soldier fly larval bioconversion of orange waste: A metataxonomic perspective.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {10}, pages = {377}, pmid = {41082055}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {Animals ; Larva/microbiology/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; *Simuliidae/microbiology ; *Citrus sinensis/metabolism ; *Diptera/microbiology ; Nigeria ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {The accumulation of citrus waste, particularly orange waste (OW), presents significant environmental and economic challenges in Nigeria and worldwide. This study presents the first high-resolution, species-level metataxonomic analysis of OW bioconversion mediated by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in a West African context, addressing a critical gap in region-specific microbial ecology. Using long-read PacBio 16S rRNA sequencing and PICRUSt2-based functional prediction, microbial communities were profiled across three ecologically distinct substrates: untreated OW, BSFL gut microbiota (OW-BSFL), and post-digestion frass (OWF). Results revealed a dramatic microbial shift driven by host filtering: the OW-BSFL metagenome was overwhelmingly dominated (> 96%) by Lysinibacillus and Cytobacillus, while OWF exhibited markedly higher diversity (263 species), including Mycolatisynbacter and Sphingobacterium. Functional analysis revealed a significant enrichment of genes associated with carbohydrate (e.g., COG2814, COG0726) and amino acid metabolism (e.g., COG1173, COG0444) in the BSFL gut, indicating an elevated enzymatic processing capacity during waste digestion. In contrast, OWF displayed unique enrichment in genes associated with residual carbohydrate turnover and environmental colonization. This microbial succession highlights the selective enrichment and functional specialization that occur across the substrate-gut-frass continuum. By elucidating keystone taxa and metabolic signatures, the study not only advances understanding of insect-microbiome symbiosis but also provides a microbial blueprint for optimizing waste-to-value strategies. The findings support the deployment of BSFL bioconversion as a scalable, sustainable solution for organic waste valorization and biofertilizer production in sub-Saharan Africa's circular bioeconomy.}, }
@article {pmid41081965, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, L and Zhou, Y and Jin, X and Wang, Z and Song, Z and Zhang, X and Ding, H and Li, Y}, title = {Species diversity and drought tolerance of culturable dark septate endophytes in Anemone tomentosa in the Taihang mountain area.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {59}, pmid = {41081965}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {HBCT2025190206//Innovation Team on Dry Fruits of Hebei Provincial Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System/ ; 2020YFD1000700//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; LC2025-08//Expert Support Team Project for Forest, Fruit and Flower Industry in Hebei Province/ ; 21326802D//Hebei Science and Technology Support Project/ ; }, mesh = {*Endophytes/physiology/classification ; *Droughts ; *Biodiversity ; *Anemone/microbiology/physiology ; China ; Soil Microbiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Stress, Physiological ; Drought Resistance ; }, abstract = {Frequent drought events pose escalating threats to global ecosystems, driving vegetation degradation, biodiversity loss, while destabilizing ecosystem functions. Dark septate endophytes (DSE), which exhibit drought stress tolerance in vitro and have the potential to enhance plant drought tolerance in arid environments, represent a key microbial component possibly mitigating drought impacts. Therefore, this study focuses on the dominant drought-tolerant plant Anemone tomentosa (A. tomentosa) and its symbiotic DSE in the drought-prone Taihang Mountain area, aiming to reveal the community composition, spatial distribution and functions of DSE, explore their application potential in arid environments, and provide a basis for fully utilizing DSE resources to promote vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in arid regions. Root and soil samples of A. tomentosa were collected from six sampling sites in the Taihang Mountain area to systematically investigate DSE colonization, community composition, species diversity and their correlations with soil environmental factors across different sites. Then six DSE strains with high isolation frequencies were selected for the drought resistance study in pure cultures, and varying polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) concentrations (0%, 15%, 25%, And 35%) were set to simulate drought stress. The results showed that the roots of A. tomentosa at all six sampling sites in the Taihang Mountain area were highly colonized by DSE, forming typical dark-colored septate hyphae And microsclerotia structures. A total of 20 DSE strains belonging to 14 genera were isolated and identified, and the community composition of DSE at different sampling sites differed significantly (P < 0.05). The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil organic carbon and soil total phosphorus were the Main factors influencing the community composition of DSE. The growth of 5 frequently isolated DSE strains under pure culture conditions was not adversely affected by drought stress, except for Exophiala xenobiotica (Ex), and biomass accumulation increased significantly with increasing drought stress, which was related to the content of antioxidant enzymes, osmotic adjustment substances, membrane lipid peroxidases and melanin in the different fungi. In summary, A. tomentosa in Taihang Mountain has rich DSE species diversity, and the two can form a symbiotic relationship, thus enhancing the adaptability of A. tomentosa to the environment. Five DSE strains exhibited drought stress tolerance under in vitro culture conditions, which enriched the understanding of the ecological functions and adaptive mechanisms of DSE in arid environments and provided a basis for the development and application of drought-resistant and water-preserving microbial agents.}, }
@article {pmid41081895, year = {2025}, author = {Yamaoka, NK and Packard, EE and Jones, MD}, title = {Nitrogen accumulation accompanies ectomycorrhiza formation in pine germinants the first growing season after wildfire or clearcutting.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {58}, pmid = {41081895}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {RGPIN-2018-03927//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; RGPIN-2018-03927//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; RGPIN-2018-03927//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/growth &amp; development/physiology/metabolism ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Pinus/microbiology/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seasons ; Seedlings/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Wildfires ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Germination ; Ascomycota ; }, abstract = {Early stages of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis have rarely been studied on seedlings germinating in the field. By collecting lodgepole and ponderosa pine seedlings during their first growing season in recent clearcuts and burned areas, we were able to identify when colonization of pine roots first began, the rate at which ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized new germinants, and how this related to nitrogen nutrition and growth. Pine seedlings were first colonized in July, a month after germination was first observed. As the first seedlings became mycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal lodgepole pine seedlings contained approximately 40% more nitrogen and > 60% greater biomass compared to uncolonized seedlings collected at the same time. Nitrogen content was 47% higher in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal naturally-regenerating ponderosa pine seedlings. Ascomycetes, with a Pustularia sp. and Wilcoxina spp. most abundant, formed 80% of the ectomycorrhizae. Because all collected seedlings had ectomycorrhizae present on their roots by the end of the season, we concluded that inoculum of ectomycorrhizal fungi, especially of ruderal ascomycetes, was not limiting colonization of seedlings on these severely burned or recently clearcut sites. Our results are consistent with a role for ectomycorrhizal fungi in nitrogen acquisition, even within the first weeks after mycorrhiza formation; however, it is also possible that larger, more nitrogen-replete seedlings became colonized earlier than smaller seedlings. We saw no evidence of nitrogen loss by mycorrhizal pine seedlings as observed in previous studies.}, }
@article {pmid41081502, year = {2025}, author = {Castro-Camacho, V and Robles-Azor, R and Rodríguez-Burdock, L and Rojas-Jimenez, K and Mendoza-Guido, B}, title = {Draft genome sequence of Methylobacterium aquaticum LEGMi-203a, isolated from root nodules of Pithecellobium hymenaeifolium.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0075425}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00754-25}, pmid = {41081502}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {We report the draft genome of Methylobacterium aquaticum LEGMi-203a, a root nodule isolated from Pithecellobium hymenaeifolium. Genomic analysis supports its classification as M. aquaticum, and annotated nitrogen fixation and nodulation genes underscore its possible functional capabilities as a symbiont in tropical plants.}, }
@article {pmid41081364, year = {2025}, author = {Barrinha, A and Loyola-Machado, AC and Mariano Dos Santos, MD and Carvalho, PC and de Souza, W and Valente, AP and Galina, A and Motta, MCM}, title = {Endosymbiosis in trypanosomatids: the bacterium regulates the intermediate and oxidative metabolism of the host cell.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0045725}, doi = {10.1128/msphere.00457-25}, pmid = {41081364}, issn = {2379-5042}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Endosymbiosis in trypanosomatids involves a mutualistic association between a symbiotic bacterium and a host protozoan and represents an excellent model for studying metabolic coevolution and the origin of organelles. This work investigated the influence of the symbiont on the metabolism of Angomonas deanei by comparing wild-type and aposymbiotic strains under different nutritional conditions. The presence of the symbiont enhanced cell proliferation in the medium containing a single carbon source and increased O2 consumption. Wild-type cells utilized oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, whereas aposymbiotic cells relied on substrate-level glycolysis, resulting in the excretion of greater amounts of fermentative products, such as acetate, succinate, and ethanol. Proteomic analysis revealed an increased expression of glycolytic and fermentative enzymes by the aposymbiotic strain and oxidative phosphorylation enzymes by symbiont-harboring cells. These findings highlight the role of the symbiotic bacterium in optimizing host metabolism and provide insights into the evolution of parasitism in trypanosomatids when A. deanei is compared with pathogenic species.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: This work provides groundbreaking insights into the metabolic and evolutionary dynamics of endosymbiosis, a topic of central importance to cellular evolution. Angomonas deanei, a trypanosomatid species, has become a paradigm for investigating the evolution of eukaryotic cells and the origin of organelles through endosymbiosis. Harbored in the cytoplasm of this protozoan, the symbiont engages in intricate metabolic exchanges, offering a time window to analyze the processes and evolutionary history that underlie the establishment of permanent endosymbiotic relationships. By employing a multidisciplinary approach, we have uncovered how the symbiotic bacterium regulates the oxidative metabolism of the trypanosomatid, integrating glucose catabolism and optimizing energy production. Our discoveries have broad implications for understanding the metabolic integration of organelles, such as mitochondria and glycosomes, with the bacterial endosymbiont. Beyond unravelling the complexities of metabolic adaptations during symbiosis, our work may contribute to the general understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of parasitism within the Trypanosomatidae family.}, }
@article {pmid41080487, year = {2025}, author = {Boyle, JA and Murphy, B and Teng, F and Babaei Zadeh, P and Ensminger, I and Stinchcombe, JR and Frederickson, ME}, title = {Mutualism Mediates Legume Response to Microbial Climate Legacies.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {15}, number = {10}, pages = {e72271}, pmid = {41080487}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Climate change is altering both soil microbial communities and the ecological context of plant-microbe interactions. Heat, drought, and their legacies can alter soil microbiomes and potential plant symbionts, but the direct consequences of these microbial changes on plant performance and plant investment in symbiosis remain underexplored. Predicting how soil microbes modulate plant resilience to heat and drought is critical to mitigating the negative effects of climate change on ecosystems and agriculture. In this proof of concept study, we conducted growth chamber experiments to isolate the microbially mediated indirect effects of heat and drought on plant performance and symbiosis. In the first experiment, focused on drought, we found that drought and drought-treated microbes, along with their interaction, significantly decreased the biomass of Medicago lupulina plants compared to well-watered microbiomes and conditions. In a second experiment, we then tested how the addition of a well-known microbial mutualist, Sinorhizobium meliloti, affected heat- and drought-treated microbiomes' impact on M. lupulina. We found that drought-adapted microbiomes negatively impacted legume performance by increasing mortality and reducing branch number, but that adding rhizobia erased differences in plant responses to climate-treated soils. In contrast, heat-adapted microbiomes did not differ significantly from control microbiomes in their effects on a legume. Our results suggest microbial legacy effects, mutualist partners, and their interactions are important in mediating plant responses to drought, with some mutualists equalizing plant responses across microbial legacies.}, }
@article {pmid41080445, year = {2025}, author = {Burchardt, S and Wojtaczka, P and Kućko, A and Ostrowski, M and Wilmowicz, E}, title = {Advancing 2-DE Techniques: High-Efficiency Protein Extraction From Lupine Roots.}, journal = {Bio-protocol}, volume = {15}, number = {19}, pages = {e5461}, pmid = {41080445}, issn = {2331-8325}, abstract = {Protein isolation combined with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) is a powerful technique for analyzing complex protein mixtures, enabling the simultaneous separation of thousands of proteins. This method involves two distinct steps: isoelectric focusing (IEF), which separates proteins based on their isoelectric points (pI), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), which separates proteins by their relative molecular weights. However, the success of 2-DE is highly dependent on the quality of the starting material. Isolating proteins from plant mature roots is challenging due to interfering compounds and a thick, lignin-rich cell wall. Bacterial proteins and metabolites further complicate extraction in legumes, which form symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Endogenous proteases can degrade proteins, and microbial contaminants may co-purify with plant proteins. Therefore, comparing extraction methods is essential to minimize contaminants, maximize yield, and preserve protein integrity. In this study, we compare two protein isolation techniques for lupine roots and optimize a protein precipitation protocol to enhance the yield for downstream proteomic analyses. The effectiveness of each method was evaluated based on the quality and resolution of 2-DE gel images. The optimized protocol provides a reliable platform for comparative proteomics and functional studies of lupine root responses to stress, e.g., drought or salinity, and symbiotic interactions with bacteria. Key features • Protocol tailored for isolating proteins from lupine roots, including those involved in symbiotic relationships with bacteria. • Our method is suitable for analyzing complex protein mixtures through IEF and SDS-PAGE for high-resolution separation. • Optimized precipitation method increases protein yield for downstream mass spectrometry and comparative proteomic analyses.}, }
@article {pmid41079636, year = {2025}, author = {He, W and Wang, M and Zhong, Z and Chen, H and Xi, S and Zhang, H and Li, M and Sun, W and Zhang, Y and Wang, Y and Guo, X and Li, L and Du, Z and Luan, Z and Li, C and Zhang, X}, title = {In situ semi-quantitative imaging of intracellular metabolic interaction by confocal Raman microscopy.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {28}, number = {10}, pages = {113558}, pmid = {41079636}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Non-destructive subcellular metabolite quantification can reveal critical insights into biological interactions (e.g., endosymbiont-host crosstalk). Therefore, we developed a multivariate semi-quantitative imaging method using internal standardization to resolve simultaneous subcellular distributions of multiple metabolites, leveraging confocal Raman microscopy's (CRM's) high spatial resolution. The method was applied to the endosymbiotic mussel Gigantidas platifrons, whose symbiotic interaction mechanism has not been elucidated because symbionts cannot be cultivated. The results showed that the aggregated distribution of distinct phenotypes of symbiont strains was characterized by different glycogen abundances, indicating niche-driven metabolic strategies. Our data may provide direct evidence suggesting that symbionts supply intermediates to the host for cholesterol synthesis, potentially via vesicular trafficking. This work demonstrates CRM's capacity for comparative, spatially resolved metabolite quantification across cellular compartments. While semi-quantitative, CRM emerges as a powerful non-invasive tool for probing metabolic network dynamics and compartmentalization in challenging biological systems where traditional methods are limited.}, }
@article {pmid41077848, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, JP and Kumar, A}, title = {RAM1-WRI Synergy: A GRAS-AP2 Regulatory Axis for Nutrient Exchange in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70237}, pmid = {41077848}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//We would like to acknowledge finding support to Jin-Peng Gao by a grant to the University of Cambridge by the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (grant no. OPP1028264) known as the Enabling Nutrient Symbioses in Agriculture (ENSA) project./ ; }, }
@article {pmid41077805, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, C and Wu, C and Han, H and Bai, D and Zhang, Z and Li, Y and Wang, H}, title = {Metabolomics Reveals Concentration-Specific Adaptive Mechanisms of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Cadmium Translocation and Detoxification in Arundinoideae (Phragmites australis).}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70230}, pmid = {41077805}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52070064, 42330705) and Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department (BJK2024161)./ ; }, abstract = {The symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Phragmites australis (Pa) is an effective biological strategy for cadmium (Cd) remediation, however, the bioaccumulation and translocation mechanisms underlying this symbiosis remain underexplored. In this study, Cd and nutrient element concentrations in four Pa tissues were analyzed, along with ultrastructure observations and root metabolomics profiling, under different Cd concentrations (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L) and exposure durations (7 days, 30 days). The root metabolomics analysis, in combination with Cd accumulation patterns and ultrastructural observations, provided crucial insights into the biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in Cd detoxification, nutrient redistribution, and subcellular structural changes in the AMF-Pa symbiotic system. AMF reduced Cd accumulation in all Pa tissues under 1 mg/L Cd for 7 days and in roots under 5 mg/L Cd for 30 days. Conversely, with AMF, Pa accumulated more Cd in the other exposure groups. Under 5 mg/L Cd for 30 days, AMF facilitated Cd translocation from roots to aboveground parts. AMF altered Cu, Zn and P bioaccumulation in old roots and significantly influenced Fe accumulation in roots across all treatments. While 5 mg/L Cd disrupted cellular ultrastructure, AMF inoculation protected intracellular organ integrity and promoted cell wall thickening. This study reveals the dynamic mechanisms by which AMF regulate Cd translocation and accumulation under varying Cd concentrations. Under high Cd concentrations, AMF enhance energy metabolism and chelation, promoting Cd translocation from roots to aerial parts while mitigating Cd toxicity in the endodermis. In contrast, under low Cd concentrations, AMF suppress Cd uptake and promote its immobilization within root tissues by activating amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, reducing Cd translocation to aboveground parts. Additionally, AMF strengthen cell walls through phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, offering protection against Cd toxicity. These findings provide crucial theoretical insights for the application of AMF in phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid41077488, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, H and Li, X and Wang, S and Yang, Y and Chen, X and Chen, C and Wang, H}, title = {Trichoderma harzianum for the control of agricultural pests: Potential, progress, applications and future prospects.}, journal = {Revista Argentina de microbiologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ram.2025.09.004}, pmid = {41077488}, issn = {0325-7541}, abstract = {This paper systematically reviews the taxonomic characteristics, pest control mechanisms, and field application cases of Trichoderma harzianum. As a non-toxic and environmentally friendly biocontrol fungus, T. harzianum exerts its pest control effects through various modes of action, including direct actions (such as parasitism, the production of insecticidal metabolites, and the release of antifeedant and repellent compounds) and indirect actions (such as inducing plants to enhance their resistance, attracting natural enemies of pests, and affecting insect symbiotic fungi). It can effectively control various agricultural pests, including nematodes and aphids. Moreover, the paper focuses on analyzing how modern formulation technologies (e.g., microencapsulation), synergistic strategies (in combination with biological and/or chemical agents), and genetic engineering enhance its biocontrol efficiency. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for constructing a sustainable pest management system based on T. harzianum, addressing pest control challenges within the context of increasing global food demand and supporting sustainable agricultural development.}, }
@article {pmid41077112, year = {2025}, author = {Zonnequin, M and Vallet, M and Delage, L and Pohnert, G and Leblanc, C and Markov, GV}, title = {Differential impact of copper stress in two Ectocarpales: metabolic disruption and defensive signaling in the free-living Ectocarpus sp7 and the endophytic Laminarionema elsbetiae.}, journal = {Biochimie}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.biochi.2025.10.006}, pmid = {41077112}, issn = {1638-6183}, abstract = {Algae are photosynthetic organisms, responsible for the primary production in oceans and lakes. Brown algae have evolved independently from other major eukaryotic lineages, such as the Opistokonts (animals, fungi) or Archaeplastida (land plants, green and red algae). Within this lineage, there is considerable variation between species, which differ in ecology, diversity, and evolutionary features, suggesting specific adaptations in their changing marine environment. In this context, several questions remain regarding the evolution of brown algal metabolism, particularly in response to oxidative stress. This study explored the consequences of copper stress on two brown algae from the Ectocarpales order: the free-living Ectocarpus sp7 and the endophytic Laminarionema elsbetiae. Using PAM-based fluorescence measurements, we revealed that high copper exposure reduces the photosynthetic capacity and activity of the endophyte. Through a cutting-edge untargeted metabolomic approach using UHPLC-HRMS profiling, we detected metabolic alterations induced by short-term exposure to moderate copper concentration in both free-living and endophytic Ectocarpales. The metabolite-regulated response appears to be substantial in Ectocarpus sp7 compared to L. elsbetiae, as a greater number of up- and down-regulated features were detected. Among the discriminant ions identified by tandem mass spectrometry, our results confirmed that copper exposure triggers the metabolism of algal defense signaling, primarily through the upregulation of oxylipins, but mainly in Ectocarpus sp 7. Altogether, our findings suggest that in Ectocarpales, fine metabolic adaptation may have altered the metabolism linked to defense signaling, such as the oxylipin pathway, particularly in ecological niches like endophytic life.}, }
@article {pmid41074950, year = {2025}, author = {Zimmermann, F and Bouffaud, ML and Herrmann, S and Göttig, M and Graf, R and Tarkka, M and Opgenoorth, L and Croll, D and Peter, M and Dauphin, B}, title = {An ectomycorrhizal fungus alters developmental progression during endogenous rhythmic growth in pedunculate oak.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {57}, pmid = {41074950}, issn = {1432-1890}, mesh = {*Quercus/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Symbiosis ; *Basidiomycota/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Ascomycota/physiology ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), a long-lived forest tree species, forms symbiotic relationships with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, which can promote nutrient uptake, stress resilience, and growth. Like other tropical and temperate tree species, pedunculate oak exhibits endogenous rhythmic growth (ERG), a trait conferring the ability to repeatedly alternate root and shoot flushes as well as growth cessation as response to changing environmental conditions. However, the effects of different ECM fungal species on the ERG dynamics remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of two ECM fungi-Piloderma croceum, a basidiomycete previously shown to promote growth while not found in natural oak stands, and Cenococcum geophilum, an oak-native ascomycete with broad ecological range-on growth performance, biomass partitioning, and ERG patterns in a clonal oak system (clone DF159). By combining in vitro experiments with Bayesian modelling, we show that P. croceum promotes tree growth among treatments, without disrupting the endogenous growth rhythm. In contrast, C. geophilum, while showing high mycorrhization rates, led to reduced biomass accumulation and altered developmental progression through the ERG stages, especially by prolonging the steady state development stage-part of the root flush and characterized by peak net carbon assimilation. Co-inoculation revealed a competitive advantage of C. geophilum in root colonization, yet growth responses resembled those of the control. Our findings demonstrate that ECM species exert species-specific effects on biomass production and temporal development of plants, underscoring the functional importance of ECM fungi in shaping host development. Assessing these interactions provides new insights into the functional diversity of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis and can inform forest management strategies aimed at enhanced resilience in oak-dominated ecosystems under rapidly changing climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41072151, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, Y and Man, XY}, title = {The epidermal immune microenvironment plays a central role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.}, journal = {Current opinion in immunology}, volume = {97}, number = {}, pages = {102674}, doi = {10.1016/j.coi.2025.102674}, pmid = {41072151}, issn = {1879-0372}, abstract = {Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease whose inflammation can affect other systems and lead to various comorbidities. As a model inflammatory skin disease, while advances in mechanistic insights and targeted therapies have improved outcomes, unmet clinical needs persist. Modern technologies like single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics reveal that skin immunity operates as a complex network involving neuroregulation, symbiotic microbial immunity, metabolic abnormalities, and reprogramming. These findings underscore the complexity of the local immune microenvironment in the skin and its central role in disease pathogenesis. In psoriatic inflammation, the epidermal immune microenvironment - driven by keratinocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, and skin microbiota - emerges as a core pathogenic mechanism. Keratinocytes, acting as both inflammatory effectors and disease drivers, interact with immune cells to initiate and amplify responses. Studying this microenvironment offers novel therapeutic targets for psoriasis and related inflammatory skin diseases.}, }
@article {pmid41070750, year = {2025}, author = {Seah, BKB}, title = {Database Release: PPSDB, a Linked Open Data Knowledge Base for Protist-Prokaryote Symbioses.}, journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, pages = {e70049}, doi = {10.1111/jeu.70049}, pmid = {41070750}, issn = {1550-7408}, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Eukaryota/physiology/classification/genetics ; *Knowledge Bases ; *Archaea/physiology/genetics ; *Databases, Factual ; *Prokaryotic Cells/physiology ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Software ; }, abstract = {As the ecological and evolutionary importance of symbiotic interactions between protists (microbial eukaryotes) and prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) is better appreciated, keeping an overview of their diversity and the literature becomes a growing and ongoing challenge. Here I present the Protist-Prokaryote Symbiosis Database (PPSDB), comprising 1146 manually curated interaction statements sourced from 443 publications, where biological taxonomy, anatomical localization, and analytical methods applied have been annotated and mapped to external databases and ontologies, such as Wikidata, NCBI Taxonomy, and Gene Ontology. I describe how its data model deals practically with challenges such as incomplete information and inconsistent taxon concepts, which will be applicable to similar projects. Both the model and underlying Wikibase software platform are highly extensible, so new items and properties can easily be added. Unlike a static table or list of citations, PPSDB is a structured knowledge base that enables programmatic access and powerful, integrated semantic queries. The database is available at https://ppsdb.wikibase.cloud/.}, }
@article {pmid41068596, year = {2025}, author = {Torrescassana, EC and Del Carmen Montero-Calasanz, M and Knight, M and Stach, J and Howard, TP}, title = {Genomic and functional analyses reveal Pseudomonas granadensis CT364 is a plant growth-promoting endophyte.}, journal = {BMC microbiology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {651}, pmid = {41068596}, issn = {1471-2180}, support = {BB/T008695/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; RYC2019-028468-I//Ram&#xf3;n y Cajal Research Grant, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness/ ; }, mesh = {*Endophytes/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification ; *Pseudomonas/genetics/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; Rhizosphere ; Plant Roots/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Genome, Bacterial ; *Plant Development ; Genomics ; Soil Microbiology ; Olea/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Arabidopsis/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Biofilms/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Plant-associated endophytes offer promising agricultural, environmental, and biotechnological applications. Despite their potential utility, difficulties in culturing these microorganisms under laboratory conditions have limited both their isolation and a comprehensive understanding of their biology, function, and ecological role. Against this background, Pseudomonas granadensis strain CT364-isolated from the olive tree rhizosphere-emerged as a potential endophyte of interest due to its cultivability and its ability to promote rooting across diverse species, including olive trees, rapeseed, mung bean and cowpea.<br><br>RESULTS: Genome Annotation and in silico predictions identified 564 genes linked to rhizosphere competence, plant colonisation and plant growth-promoting traits. Experimental findings confirmed the strain's motility, capacity for biofilm formation, and ability to sense and respond to plant-derived signals. P. granadensis CT364 effectively colonises the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and internal tissues of Arabidopsis, confirming its endophytic nature without exhibiting any pathogenic traits. Inoculation experiments demonstrated significant effects on root architecture and increases in plant biomass and rosette area. Notably, these benefits were retained under salinity and osmotic stress, underscoring its plant growth-promoting ability. Finally, both genome analysis and experimental tests confirmed its resistance to osmotic stress and heavy metal toxicity, highlighting the strain's ability to survive in difficult environments.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The integration of genomic insights and experimental validation supports the conclusion that P. granadensis CT364 is a plant growth-promoting endophytic bacterium. Its ability to enhance plant development under both optimal and stressful conditions, combined with its ability to colonise Arabidopsis and non-pathogenic nature, positions this strain as a potential bioinoculant for sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, the identification of specific genes related to plant sensing and colonisation, and its genetic tractability, open avenues for exploring underlying mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions. In summary, P. granadensis CT364 therefore not only holds potential for improving crop performance under challenging environmental conditions but also offers a valuable model for the study of beneficial plant-bacterial symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41068135, year = {2025}, author = {Cleveland, D and Nayak, R and Joseph, F and Nguyen, TA}, title = {Characterization of sustainable bacterial cellulose from Indigenous Vietnamese biomass for potential textile applications.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {35267}, pmid = {41068135}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {IRG2022/1//RMIT International University/ ; }, mesh = {*Cellulose/chemistry/metabolism ; *Textiles/microbiology ; *Biomass ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Vietnam ; *Bacteria/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; *Acetobacter/metabolism/chemistry ; }, abstract = {This research explored the fabrication and characterization of bacterial cellulose (BC), with a distinct emphasis on leveraging indigenous Vietnamese biomass sources. A diverse sample library consisting of 150 BC samples was prepared, with six samples selected for objective evaluation, based on the standard test methods. These samples were subjected to characterization techniques including Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to explore potential applications of BC in fashion and textiles. Moreover, the growth medium (or SCOBY- Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast), from which the BC was cultivated, was analyzed to identify the constituent bacterial and yeast strains. The EDX analysis showed the major elements of BC were Carbon (C) followed by Oxygen (O), which accounted for 99% of the elemental composition of BC. The cellulosic structure was confirmed by the FTIR results, which indicated the characteristics bonds of BC. The DSC results showed that thermal stability can be achieved for the fashion and textiles produced from BC. Bacterial analysis showed the presence of Acetobacter Indonesiensis, a gram-negative bacterium, in all the BC samples. The outcomes of this study established a deeper comprehension of the morphological, thermal, biological, and chemical attributes of BC, as well as the microbial dynamics within the SCOBY mother. This exploration not only augments the existing knowledge on BC's potential in material design but also paves the way for further research on the influence of local ingredients on biomaterial production, thereby contributing to the burgeoning field of sustainable material innovation within a localized context.}, }
@article {pmid41066987, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, C and Zhang, Y and Diao, G and Hou, N and Zhao, X and Li, D}, title = {Decoding pyrene-induced reactive oxygen species production in the rhizosphere and their role in biodegradation: The repair mechanism of symbiotic driving by Fe(II) and microorganisms.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {499}, number = {}, pages = {140073}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140073}, pmid = {41066987}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered key drivers of biogeochemical processes. However, there is limited research on the factors influencing ROS generation in the rhizosphere due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) pollution during plant-microbe joint remediation, as well as their role in biodegradation. This study demonstrated that exposure to pyrene at a concentration of 100 mg/kg significantly enhanced the release of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and superoxide anions (O2•[-]) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass during root development. The concentrations of these reactive oxygen species were 1.5-7.8 times higher than those in the control group. Additionally, the Fe(II) concentration increased by 37.5 ± 3.2 %, and the pyrene degradation rate reached 26.8 ± 1.4 %. These results indicate that pyrene serves as a major factor stimulating ROS generation in ryegrass. Among these processes, Fe(II) catalyzes the production of •OH, which directly attacks the benzene ring structure of pyrene. High-throughput analysis further revealed that ROS enhanced the diversity, cohesion, and robustness of the rhizosphere microbial community structure. Furthermore, Pseudomonas, Marmoricola, Nocardioides and Dietzia were identified as core microbial genera involved in pyrene degradation and ecological restoration. Metagenomics analysis suggests that rhizosphere microorganisms respond to ROS-induced oxidative stress by enhancing ATP synthesis, which provides energy for antioxidant-related protein production and damage repair, thereby accelerating pyrene degradation. These results elucidate the ROS-mediated driving mechanism behind microbial pyrene degradation in plant-microbe combined remediation systems, thereby providing a theoretical basis for optimizing bioremediation strategies for organically contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid41066576, year = {2025}, author = {Frison, M and Lockey, BS and Nie, Y and Golder, Z and Theiaspra, E and Ryall, CD and Lyons, C and Burr, SP and Prater, M and Bozhilova, LV and Glynos, A and Stewart, JB and Jones, NS and Chiaratti, MR and Chinnery, PF}, title = {Ubiquitin-mediated mitophagy regulates the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA mutations.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {390}, number = {6769}, pages = {156-163}, doi = {10.1126/science.adr5438}, pmid = {41066576}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {*Mitophagy/genetics ; Animals ; *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Mice ; *Mutation ; *Mitochondria/genetics/metabolism ; *Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Heteroplasmy ; Humans ; *Thiolester Hydrolases/metabolism/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics ; Zygote ; Female ; }, abstract = {Mitochondrial synthesis of adenosine triphosphate is essential for eukaryotic life but is dependent on the cooperation of two genomes: nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). mtDNA mutates ~15 times as fast as the nuclear genome, challenging this symbiotic relationship. Mechanisms must have evolved to moderate the impact of mtDNA mutagenesis but are poorly understood. Here, we observed purifying selection of a mouse mtDNA mutation modulated by Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 30 (Usp30) during the maternal-zygotic transition. In vitro, Usp30 inhibition recapitulated these findings by increasing ubiquitin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). We also found that high mutant burden, or heteroplasmy, impairs the ubiquitin-proteasome system, explaining how mutations can evade quality control to cause disease. Inhibiting USP30 unleashes latent mitophagy, reducing mutant mtDNA in high-heteroplasmy cells. These findings suggest a potential strategy to prevent mitochondrial disorders.}, }
@article {pmid41066235, year = {2025}, author = {Kaur, R and Kalra, M and Imchen, M and Crowley, BL and McGarry, A and Carpenter, L and Bordenstein, SR}, title = {Histone acetylation modulation by a small molecule inhibitor recapitulates symbiont-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {44}, number = {10}, pages = {116416}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116416}, pmid = {41066235}, issn = {2211-1247}, abstract = {Symbiotic relationships between arthropod hosts and microorganisms have garnered global attention for their influence on host ecology, evolution, and vector control. A major gap in the field is to mechanistically define and reconstitute symbiotic traits in the absence of microbes. Here, we address this omission by identifying an evolutionarily conserved host mechanism that recapitulates Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI)-a paternal-effect embryonic lethality trait. We first show that Wolbachia alter histone acetylation during sperm development in Drosophila melanogaster. By chemically inhibiting histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity in aposymbiotic males, we reprogram the chromatin landscape of developing sperm to induce a rescuable CI phenotype. This phenotype is further modulated through transgenic knockdown of HAT and histone deacetylase enzymes, providing tunable control over natural CI intensity. Our findings uncover histone acetylation as a key host-intrinsic pathway, capable of inducing symbiont-independent CI for new avenues of basic and applied studies.}, }
@article {pmid41065807, year = {2025}, author = {Choi, BJ and Kim, JM and Bayburt, H and Choi, DG and Choi, SH and Jeon, CO}, title = {Description of Tateyamaria algicola sp. nov. and Tateyamaria rhodophyticola sp. nov., Isolated from Marine Algae.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {11}, pages = {545}, pmid = {41065807}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {20210469//Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries (KR)/ ; NIBR No. 2024-02-001//National Institute of Biological Resources/ ; 2024//Chung-Ang University/ ; }, mesh = {RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Base Composition ; Fatty Acids/chemistry/analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Ubiquinone ; Phospholipids/analysis ; Seawater/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Genome, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Two aerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative strains, designated SN3-11ᵀ and SN6-1ᵀ, were isolated from marine algae. Both strains were oxidase- and catalase-positive, with rod-shaped morphology. Strain SN3-11ᵀ grew optimally at 25 ℃, pH 7.0-8.0, and 2.0-5.0% (w/v) NaCl, while strain SN6-1ᵀ showed optimal growth at 25 ℃, pH 8.0, and 2.0-3.0% NaCl. Both strains contained ubiquinone-10 as the sole respiratory quinone, and their major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c), C16:0, and C19:0 cyclo ω8c. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol were dominant polar lipids, with diphosphatidylglycerol additionally present in SN3-11ᵀ. Strains SN3-11ᵀ and SN6-1ᵀ had genome sizes of 4,762 Kb and 4,157 Kb with G + C contents of 61.3% and 62.0%, respectively. They shared 96.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 77.0% average nucleotide identity (ANI), and 20.2% digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), supporting their classification as distinct species. Their closest relative, Tateyamaria armeniaca KMU-156ᵀ, exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.6% to SN3-11ᵀ and 97.7% to SN6-1ᵀ. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA and whole-genome sequences placed both strains in distinct lineages within Tateyamaria. ANI and dDDH values between the two isolates and other Tateyamaria species were < 78.5% and < 21.0%, respectively. Strains SN3-11ᵀ and SN6-1ᵀ harbored genes encoding diverse carbohydrate-active enzymes and biosynthetic pathways for lycopene, pantothenate, and riboflavin, suggesting potential symbiotic roles with algal hosts. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genomic characteristics, SN3-11ᵀ and SN6-1ᵀ represent two novel species, Tateyamaria algicola sp. nov. (SN3-11ᵀ = KACC 23689ᵀ = JCM 36649ᵀ) and Tateyamaria rhodophyticola sp. nov. (SN6-1ᵀ = KACC 23127ᵀ = JCM 35962ᵀ).}, }
@article {pmid41065102, year = {2025}, author = {Pérez-Sepúlveda, M and Jones, AP and Higuita-Aguirre, MI and Holdstock, A and Kafle, A and Cardoso, AA and Vann, R and Mullen, MD and Garcia, K}, title = {Nodulation Is Maintained and Salinity Tolerance Enhanced in Two Soybean Cultivars Inoculated With Sinorhizobium fredii Under Brackish Water.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {177}, number = {5}, pages = {e70570}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70570}, pmid = {41065102}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {2020-67013-31800//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {*Glycine max/microbiology/physiology/drug effects ; *Salt Tolerance/physiology ; *Sinorhizobium fredii/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Plant Root Nodulation/physiology ; Salinity ; Symbiosis ; Plant Shoots/physiology/microbiology ; Biomass ; Potassium/metabolism ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Salinity is an increasing threat to agriculture, particularly in coastal regions affected by seawater intrusion and sea-level rise. This study evaluated the halotolerance and symbiotic potential of Sinorhizobium fredii USDA 208 in two soybean cultivars (includer and excluder) under three salinity levels-low (freshwater), moderate (brackish water), and high (seawater). The results demonstrated that S. fredii not only tolerates but also exhibits enhanced growth under moderate salinity. Nodulation was successfully established when salinity and inoculation occurred simultaneously. Nodulation was also maintained when salinity occurred after the inoculation, particularly in fresh and brackish water. Root development declined with increasing salinity, but the includer cultivar showed better root system architecture plasticity in brackish water, while the excluder cultivar exhibited higher shoot and root biomass across salinity levels. Bacterial inoculation improved shoot phosphorus uptake, the potassium: sodium ratio, and carotenoid retention, particularly in the includer cultivar, suggesting an enhanced physiological tolerance to moderate salinity. Inoculation also resulted in higher shoot nitrogen and maintained pigment content. Using a seawater recipe provides a better understanding of salinity than traditional NaCl-based studies and highlights the role of S. fredii USDA 208 in supporting soybean performance when salts accumulate in coastal agricultural soils.}, }
@article {pmid41064789, year = {2025}, author = {Farias, A and Neves, EG and Johnsson, R}, title = {Kuayguara etymatee sp. nov., a New Genus and Species of Artotrogidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) with an Uncommonly Atrophied Leg 1.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {64}, number = {}, pages = {e10}, pmid = {41064789}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {Artotrogidae Brady, 1880 is a cosmopolitan family with 23 valid genera and 131 known species. However, a considerable number of these species were subject of reexaminations and redescriptions recently. With the crescent number of new species discovered, it is becoming possible to better understand their boundaries. This study presents a new genus and species of Artotrogidae, recovered from unidentified hosts in debris of benthonic samples from Todos-os-Santos Bay, northeastern coast of Brazil. Kuayguara etymatee gen. et sp. nov. exhibits an underdeveloped first leg, which possess an unsegmented protopod and 1-segmented exopod, a unique set of morphological characteristics that differentiates it from all other genera of the family.}, }
@article {pmid41064419, year = {2025}, author = {Corkery, RW and Garvey, CJ and Houston, JE}, title = {In hospite and ex hospite architecture of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes in Symbiodinium spp. using small-angle neutron scattering.}, journal = {Journal of applied crystallography}, volume = {58}, number = {Pt 5}, pages = {1516-1525}, pmid = {41064419}, issn = {0021-8898}, abstract = {We demonstrate that small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) can resolve the architecture of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes in live symbiotic algal cells, both extracted from and living inside their respective hosts (ex hospite and in hospite, respectively). This enables a new non-destructive approach to probing thylakoid organization in coral symbioses, relevant to understanding the mechanisms of coral bleaching. A biologically realistic triple-vesicle model, guided by electron microscopy and established biochemical constraints, was fitted to SANS data from live Symbiodinium associated with both the coral analogue Aiptasia and the reef-building coral Acropora. The resulting compartment scattering length densities, together with established biochemical constraints, define a limited compositional range that supports the plausibility of the structural solution. These fits capture key scattering features and yield dimensional parameters, including inter-thylakoid (IT) gap widths, with uncertainties small enough to test models of stress-related membrane rearrangement. A focused covariance analysis shows that this SANS framework can resolve an IT-gap expansion of ∼2.4 nm with >7σ sensitivity, sufficient to distinguish structural changes proposed in thylakoid stress-response models. This provides a robust baseline for future live-cell studies.}, }
@article {pmid41064255, year = {2025}, author = {Kong, C and Huang, LB and Yang, MF and Yue, NN and Luo, D and Zhang, Y and Tian, CM and Song, Y and Wei, DR and Shi, RY and Liang, YJ and Yao, J and Wang, LS and Li, DF}, title = {Microbiome engineering: unlocking therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1610029}, pmid = {41064255}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The human gut microbiome, traditionally linked to infectious diseases, is now recognized as a hub of non-pathogenic microorganisms that play pivotal roles in host communication and homeostasis. Advances in microbiome engineering have enabled the design of "smart" living therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), leveraging engineered symbiotic bacteria, yeasts, and bacteriophages. This review synthesizes recent progress in reprogramming microbes using synthetic biology tools, emphasizing their capacity to sense pathological signals and deliver targeted therapies. We critically evaluate three key approaches: synthetic gene circuits in bacteria for precision drug delivery, phage-mediated modulation of dysbiotic microbiota, and yeast-based systems for metabolic intervention (e.g., butyrate production). Challenges in biocontainment, genetic stability, and clinical translation are discussed, alongside emerging strategies such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) for immunomodulation. By distilling these advances, we highlight a roadmap for translating engineered microbes into safe and effective IBD therapies.}, }
@article {pmid41063423, year = {2025}, author = {Bartz, PM and Grullón-Penkova, IF and Cavaleri, MA and Reed, SC and Shahid, S and Wood, TE and Bachelot, B}, title = {Experimental warming alters free-living nitrogen fixation in a humid tropical forest.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70592}, pmid = {41063423}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {1754713//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; 2120085//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; 89243018S-SC-000014//Basic Energy Sciences/ ; 89243018S-SC-000017//Basic Energy Sciences/ ; 89243021S-SC-000076//Basic Energy Sciences/ ; DE-SC-0011806//Basic Energy Sciences/ ; DE-SC-0018942//Basic Energy Sciences/ ; DE-SC0012000//Basic Energy Sciences/ ; DE-SC0022095//Basic Energy Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Microbial nitrogen (N) fixation accounts for c. 97% of natural N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems. These microbes can be free-living in the soil and leaf litter (asymbiotic) or in symbiosis with plants. Warming is expected to increase N-fixation rates because warmer temperatures favor the growth and activity of N-fixing microbes. We investigated the effects of warming on asymbiotic components of N fixation at a field warming experiment in Puerto Rico. We analyzed the function and composition of bacterial communities from surface soil and leaf litter samples. Warming significantly increased asymbiotic N-fixation rates in soil by 55% (to 0.002 kg ha[-1] yr[-1]) and by 525% in leaf litter (to 14.518 kg ha[-1] yr[-1]). This increase in N fixation was associated with changes in the N-fixing bacterial community composition and soil nutrients. Our findings suggest that warming increases the natural N inputs from the atmosphere into this tropical forest due to changes in microbial function and composition, especially in the leaf litter. Given the importance of leaf litter in nutrient cycling, future research should investigate other aspects of N cycles in the leaf litter under warming conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41062940, year = {2025}, author = {Feng, Y and Zou, Z and Liu, C and Zhang, D and Wang, Y and Ma, Y and Cao, Y and Wu, P}, title = {A LjBAK1-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase, LjPUB7, negatively regulates early symbiosis by targeting NFRs.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1334}, pmid = {41062940}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {24KJB180002//Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; 32090063//The National Science Fundation of China/ ; AMLKF202510//the State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism/genetics ; Nicotiana/genetics/microbiology/metabolism ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Lotus/genetics/enzymology/microbiology/physiology/metabolism ; Ubiquitination ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; }, abstract = {Nod factor receptors (NFRs) are essential for initiating symbiotic signaling in legumes, mediating rhizobial infection and nodule development. Tight regulation of NFR levels is crucial to prevent inappropriate immune responses and maintain cellular homeostasis. Co-expression of LjNFR1 and LjNFR5 triggers cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, which is specifically inhibited by LjBAK1-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, suggesting the existence of a LjBAK1-E3 ligase complex for NFR protein turnover. Further analysis identified LjPUB7, a plant U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase in Lotus japonicus, as a regulator of early symbiotic interactions. LjPUB7 interacts with both LjBAK1 and NFRs, and directly ubiquitinates NFRs. Loss-of-function Ljpub7 mutants display increased infection thread formation, enhanced nodule development, and elevated expression of early nodulation genes. These findings reveal that LjPUB7 negatively regulates early rhizobial infection by targeting NFR1 and NFR5 for ubiquitination and degradation, thereby providing insights into the fine-tuned control of symbiotic signaling in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid41061564, year = {2025}, author = {Marcos-Torres, FJ and Pérez, J and Torrens-González, D and García-Pedrosa, M&#xc1; and Contreras-Moreno, FJ and Moraleda-Muñoz, A}, title = {Global copper response of the soil bacterial predator Myxococcus xanthus and its contribution to antibiotic cross-resistance.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {302}, number = {}, pages = {128357}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128357}, pmid = {41061564}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {Copper accumulation in agricultural soils poses environmental challenges by selecting copper-resistant bacteria and also contributing to the co-selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In addition, copper influences bacterial predator-prey interactions, potentially altering microbial ecosystems. Myxococcus xanthus, a soil-dwelling bacterium, preys on other microorganisms, including Sinorhizobium meliloti, a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with leguminous plants. The role of copper in M. xanthus interactions remains poorly understood, although it accumulates at the predator-prey interface. In this study, we explore the transcriptomic response of M. xanthus to copper stress in both monocultures and co-cultures with S. meliloti. Our analysis identified many myxobacterial copper-regulated transcripts, and studies on mutant strains in some copper-induced genes revealed the role of two efflux pumps in cross-resistance to copper and tetracyclines. These findings provide new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of M. xanthus in response to copper, with implications for the co-selection of antibiotic resistance and the broader impact of copper on microbial community dynamics in soil ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41061519, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, J}, title = {How does university-industry collaboration motivate enterprise participation and promote human resource development?.}, journal = {Acta psychologica}, volume = {260}, number = {}, pages = {105686}, doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105686}, pmid = {41061519}, issn = {1873-6297}, abstract = {In the knowledge economy era, university-industry collaboration (UIC) has become a vital mechanism for fostering innovation, enhancing enterprise competitiveness, and strengthening human resource development. Yet, enterprise participation in UIC remains uneven and unpredictable, limiting the effectiveness of policies aimed at cultivating talent through academic-industry partnerships. To address this gap, this study integrates Social Cognitive Theory and Symbiosis Theory to develop a cognitive-symbiotic framework that explains the mechanisms driving enterprise willingness to participate in UIC and how such participation facilitates enterprise-level human resource development. Drawing on survey data from 398 Chinese enterprises and structural equation modeling, the findings reveal: (1) Observational learning of successful symbiotic relationships (β = 0.187), symbiotic self-efficacy (β = 0.312), and symbiotic outcome expectations (β = 0.385) significantly enhance enterprise participation willingness, while perceived symbiotic imbalance risk (β = -0.156) inhibits it; (2) Policy support indirectly promotes participation through a dual mediation pathway-enhancing symbiotic self-efficacy (indirect effect = 0.163) and reducing imbalance risk perception (indirect effect = 0.037), with a total indirect effect of 0.232; (3) Innovation capability significantly moderates the effects of cognitive-symbiotic drivers on participation, amplifying their influence in high-innovation enterprises. This study uncovers the cognitive-psychological and relational mechanisms underpinning enterprise engagement in UIC and highlights how such engagement contributes to organizational learning, capability upgrading, and long-term human resource development. It offers actionable insights for policymakers to design dual-pathway interventions that simultaneously build participation confidence and reduce perceived relational risks, and for enterprise leaders to leverage UIC as a strategic channel for developing high-quality talent and innovation capacity.}, }
@article {pmid41060927, year = {2025}, author = {Ling, H and Xu, F and Shabbir, I and Sulaiman, Z and Shahbaz, M and Al Farraj, DA}, title = {Efficacy of peat-based bioformulation of microbial co-inoculants with silicon for growth promotion of rubber plants.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {e0331899}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0331899}, pmid = {41060927}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Silicon/pharmacology ; *Hevea/growth &amp; development/microbiology/drug effects ; *Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; *Enterobacter/physiology ; Rhizosphere ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Agricultural Inoculants ; }, abstract = {Recently, microbial consortia of rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) had demonstrated the potential as plant growth promoting microbes in sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a peat moss-based formulation of Enterobacter sp. UPMSSB7, Glomus mosseae, and silicon (Si) on the survival of microbial inoculants under storage conditions for 24 weeks. The study further assessed the potential of this bioformulation to promote the growth of rubber plants in a glasshouse trial. The Enterobacter sp. UPMSSB7 isolated from rubber tree's rhizosphere, can solubilize silicates and has plant growth promoting properties. G. mosseae is an AMF, having symbiotic relationship with majority of cultivated crops. The application of Si has emerged as a sustainable strategy for crop health. It improves soil fertility through nutrient maintenance and also alleviates various biotic and abiotic stresses. Results from laboratory test revealed that bioformulation of co-inoculants with Si sustained a high survivability of Enterobacter sp. (18 × 108 CFU g-1) and G. mosseae (35 spores per 10 g) in formulation for up to 24 weeks of storage. Results from the glasshouse experiment revealed that 24 weeks after treatment with bioformulation of co-inoculants with Si increased the stem height, girth, leaf area, dry weight of shoot and root, chlorophyll content, microbial population of Enterobacter sp. (1.4 × 108 CFU g-1 soil) and G. mosseae (78 spores/10 g soil) in rhizosphere and also increased N, P, K and Si contents in rubber seedlings than bioformulation of single inoculant with Si and control. Our findings indicate that peat moss-based formulation of co-inoculants Enterobacter sp. UPMSSB7 and G. mosseae added with Si proved to be the most effective. This formulation not only maintained good microbial survivability but also significantly enhanced the rubber plants growth compared to the bioformulation of single inoculants. This promising approach using a peat moss-based formulation of microbial co-inoculants with Si, could be further explored for growth enhancement of rubber trees under field conditions.}, }
@article {pmid41060577, year = {2025}, author = {Abrham, AB and Degefa, AM and Awlachew, ZT}, title = {Phenotypic diversity, symbiotic effectiveness and plant growth promoting characteristics of rhizobia nodulating chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) from central and south gondar zones, Ethiopia.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41060577}, issn = {1678-4405}, }
@article {pmid41060240, year = {2025}, author = {Toro-Delgado, E and Laetsch, DR and Hayward, A and Talavera, G and Lohse, K and Vila, R}, title = {Wolbachia Host Shifts and Widespread Occurrence of Reproductive Manipulation Loci in European Butterflies.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70125}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70125}, pmid = {41060240}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {NE/L011522/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; BB/N020146/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; /ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 2021-SGR-00420//Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; 2021-SGR-01334//Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya/ ; FPU22/02358//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; PID2022-139689NB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; PID2023-152239NB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia is the most frequent bacterial endosymbiont of arthropods and nematodes. Although it is mostly vertically transmitted, from parent to offspring through the egg cytoplasm, horizontal transfer of Wolbachia is thought to be common over evolutionary timescales. However, the relative frequency of each transmission mechanism has not been studied systematically in closely related species. Additionally, while Wolbachia is generally regarded as a reproductive manipulator, it is unclear how frequently the symbiont induces such effects. In this study, we investigated the presence, phenotypes and phylogenetic relationships among Wolbachia strains in whole genome sequence data for 18 European butterfly sister-species pairs. We find that sister-species share Wolbachia strains more often than random species pairs and that the probability of strain sharing is higher for younger pairs of host species, especially those with greater range overlap. We also find that split times between Wolbachia strains that infect the same sister-species pair generally pre-date host divergence, ruling out co-divergence in favour of horizontal transfer. However, some strains are younger than the mitochondrial split times of their hosts, so introgressive transfer cannot be ruled out in some cases. In addition, all newly assembled Wolbachia genomes contained putative homologues of genes associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility and male killing. This supports the potential for reproductive manipulation in Wolbachia strains infecting European butterflies, which until now was only inferred from mitochondrial diversity patterns. Our results show that horizontal and introgressive transfer of Wolbachia are frequent even between recently speciated host taxa, suggesting the symbiont's turnover rate is higher than had been inferred previously from surveys of distantly related hosts.}, }
@article {pmid41059966, year = {2025}, author = {Dittmer, J and Mahillon, M and Debonneville, C and Faoro, F and Foissac, X and Schumpp, O and Chouaia, B}, title = {The Endosymbiont Consortia of Two Cixiidae Planthoppers Reveal an Ancient Symbiosis With 'Candidatus Mirabilia Symbiotica'.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {e70204}, doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.70204}, pmid = {41059966}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {2020/33/LES-Z II//Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture/ ; 792813//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; Animals ; *Hemiptera/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Genome, Bacterial ; *Gammaproteobacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Insects of the suborder Auchenorrhyncha harbour multiple ancient endosymbionts that jointly produce essential nutrients lacking from the host's diet. Compared to cicadas, leafhoppers, and spittlebugs, our understanding of the multipartite symbioses among planthoppers, an extremely diverse insect group, is still very limited. Herein, we assembled the genomes of the primary endosymbionts of two planthopper species from the Cixiidae family, Cixius wagneri and Pentastiridius leporinus, both vectors of phytopathogenic Arsenophonus in Europe. Each species harboured a different tripartite endosymbiont consortium: while P. leporinus carried the well-known combination 'Candidatus Karelsulcia muelleri', 'Ca. Vidania fulgoroideae', and 'Ca. Purcelliella pentastirinorum', C. wagneri harboured a yet unknown Gammaproteobacterium in addition to Karelsulcia and Vidania. This new endosymbiont 'Ca. Mirabilia symbiotica' is likely much older than Purcelliella, considering its extremely reduced genome. In both species, Karelsulcia and Vidania jointly produce the 10 essential amino acids, whereas Purcelliella and Mirabilia provide the non-essential amino acid cysteine and slightly different gene sets encoding B vitamins. Our findings confirm the functional stability of multipartite planthopper endosymbiont consortia despite changing partners over evolutionary time. In addition, we describe a new Rickettsia strain from the Meloidae group colonising P. leporinus, highlighting the diversity of bacterial endosymbionts associated with planthoppers.}, }
@article {pmid41059924, year = {2025}, author = {Priyam, A and Caballero Aguilar, LM and Mahmoudi, N and Barrow, CJ and Nisbet, DR and Williams, RJ}, title = {Staying one step ahead of chronic wounds by designing symbiotic, responsive functionality into dynamic nanohydrogels.}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5tb01558h}, pmid = {41059924}, issn = {2050-7518}, abstract = {The dynamic environment of chronic wounds makes them an on-going clinical challenge. Conventional treatments often fail to respond to the pharmacological complexities of the system effectively, which compounded by ineffective pharmacokinetics, means a new multifactorial paradigm is required. Simple hydrogels have long been proposed to be effective wound dressings, as they can provide a highly hydrated and regenerative microenvironment; however, their colloidal instability and inefficient loading parameters may cause burst release of therapeutics and require multiple reapplications, which is both pharmacologically and economically unfavourable. Nanomaterials, on the other hand, facilitate sustained therapeutic release and are generally regarded as stable; however, to avoid off target effects, they need to be spatially defined in a controlled fashion. Here, we discuss the progress made towards engineering the activity of these nanohydrogels through developments in multicomponent materials. The goal is to meet both the wound and clinically relevant demands via the inclusion of symbiotic features across multiple length scales. We introduce critical developments enabled by this approach and discuss their potential application as therapeutic delivery agents to treat various common chronic wounds. We propose future directions to further develop nanohydrogels as function-at-demand topical wound dressings to contain chronic wounds.}, }
@article {pmid41056871, year = {2025}, author = {Ji, K and Yu, X and Sun, B and Yang, Z and Wang, J and Zhao, Y and Qiu, T and Tang, X and Xiao, H}, title = {The short-term effects of ocean acidification on the epiphytic bacterial community of Sargassum thunbergii via high-throughput sequencing.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {107531}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107531}, pmid = {41056871}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Marine macroalgae and their epiphytic bacteria have established a symbiotic relationship. Although the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on macroalgae have been extensively studied, its impact on these epiphytic bacteria remains unclear. This study investigated the OA-induced shifts in the epiphytic bacterial community of Sargassum thunbergii from Qingdao's intertidal zone using 16S rDNA sequencing. The results indicated that elevated CO2 altered bacterial community structure and function, reducing diversity while maintaining dominant taxa but significantly changing their relative abundances. The abundances of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobiota declined, whereas Campylobacterota, Desulfobacterota, and Spirochaetota increased. The specific phyla like Cloacimonadota, Calditrichota and Entotheonellaeota also emerged. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of these altered bacterial taxa, it is speculated that these shifts were linked to the environmental adaptability and stress resistance of epiphytic bacteria as well as the metabolic activities of the host algae. Functional predictions revealed that OA primarily affected nitrogen and sulfur metabolism in the epiphytic bacterial community, with effects intensifying over time. Specifically, nitrogen fixation increased, while dark oxidation of sulfur compounds, dark sulfite oxidation, and dark sulfur oxidation decreased. These results suggest that ocean acidification may influence epiphytic bacterial communities through two potential pathways: it could induce abundance changes in bacterial taxa with varying stress resistance and adaptability, while potentially promoting shifts in bacterial taxa closely associated with host algal metabolic activities, which may ultimately lead to restructuring of the epiphytic bacterial community on S. thunbergii. These findings provided new insights into the macroalgae-epiphytic bacteria interactions under ocean acidification and provided important guidance for macroalgal cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid41056267, year = {2025}, author = {Sadowski, VA and Sapountzis, P and Kooij, PW and Boomsma, JJ and Adams, RMM}, title = {Bacterial communities of fungus-growing ant queens are species-specific and suggest vertical transmission.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {10}, pages = {e0306011}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0306011}, pmid = {41056267}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Ants/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Female ; Species Specificity ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Fungi/growth &amp; development ; *Microbiota ; }, abstract = {Multipartite symbioses are inherently complex, involving dynamic ecological interactions between organisms with intertwined yet distinct evolutionary histories. The fungus-growing (attine) ants facilitate maintenance of a symbiotic species network through maternal vertical transmission of a fungal symbiont. While the gut microbiomes of fungus-growing ant species are remarkably simple, their fungus gardens support diverse microbial communities. Here, we focus on the garden pellet stored in the nest-founding queen's infrabuccal pocket-a food filter in the head that allows ants to expel large particles. The pellet is an inoculate of the new fungal garden but also contains other microbes. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to reconstruct the extent of vertical transmission of bacteria to new gardens via queen pellets in four sympatric fungus-growing ant species from Central Panama (Atta sexdens, Atta cephalotes, Acromyrmex echinatior, and Mycetomoellerius mikromelanos). We also characterized the bacterial communities associated with queen eggs and tissues (mesosomas, guts and ovaries) to assess whether queens are likely to transmit symbiotic bacteria, such as cuticular Actinomycetota and endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Mesoplasma, and Spiroplasma). We made within and between species comparisons, focusing on three hypotheses: (H1) Queens vertically transmit garden-associated bacteria in the garden pellet. (H2) Fungus-growing ant-associated bacteria are maintained through vertical transmission by queens. (H3) Vertically transmitted bacterial communities have host ant species-specificity. While we found mixed evidence for vertical transmission of garden bacteria, our results support maternal transmission as an important route for ant-associated symbionts. The ant species-specificity we see in queen bacterial microbiota mirrors patterns of known symbiont presence in workers from previous studies. Overall, our results suggest that vertical transmission of bacterial associates is mediated by the ant hosts, however the mechanism behind bacterial acquisition before a mating flight and dispersal is not yet understood.}, }
@article {pmid41054315, year = {2025}, author = {Ayra, L and Jiménez-Nopala, G and de la Rosa, C and Fuentes, SI and Ramírez, M and Leija, A and Hernández, G}, title = {The Common Bean miR172c microRNA, a Relevant Regulator of the N-Fixing Symbiosis, Is Activated by SPL and AGL/MADS-Domain Transcription Factors.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {177}, number = {5}, pages = {e70566}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70566}, pmid = {41054315}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {A1-S-22570//CONAHCYT/ ; IN203722//DGAPA/UNAM/ ; IN204825//DGAPA/UNAM/ ; }, mesh = {*MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Phaseolus/genetics/microbiology/metabolism ; *Transcription Factors/metabolism/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; *Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Nicotiana/genetics ; Plant Roots/genetics/microbiology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; }, abstract = {Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis (NFS) between rhizobia and legume plants is a complex and tightly regulated process. Modules of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targets from different legumes, such as miR156-SPL and miR172-AP2-1, form part of complex cascades relevant for the regulation of NFS. Based on our previous analysis of the regulatory role of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) miR172c-AP2-1 module, as well as in reports from other legumes about the transcriptional regulation of MIR172 in the NFS, in this work, we demonstrated that PvMIR172c is transcriptionally activated by PvSPL9 and PvFUL-like transcription factors from the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE and AGL (AGAMOUS-LIKE/MADS domain) families, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis of the PvMIR172c gene promoter revealed statistically enriched binding sites for both SPL and AGL transcription factors. The PvSPL9 and PvFUL-like genes are highly expressed in roots/nodules from inoculated plants as compared to roots from fertilized plants. Effector/reporter assays in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently transformed with fluorescent reporter constructs confirmed that PvSPL9d and PvFUL-like activate PvMIR172c expression. In addition, we showed an increased level of miR172c in common bean transgenic roots and nodules overexpressing PvSPL9d or PvFUL-like, while the opposite results held in silenced transgenic tissues. These findings provide an additional understanding of the complex regulatory network controlling NFS in common bean plants.}, }
@article {pmid41054270, year = {2025}, author = {Six, DL and Hammerbacher, A and Trowbridge, A and Bullington, L}, title = {From beginning to end: the synecology of tree-killing bark beetles, fungi, and trees.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.70084}, pmid = {41054270}, issn = {1469-185X}, abstract = {Over a century of research has revealed an amazing complexity of behaviours and physiological adaptations that allow tiny bark beetles to overcome large trees, sometimes resulting in outbreaks that kill millions of trees. Turning a tree into a home and successfully raising offspring involves constant interactions among the beetles, the tree, its microbiome, and the beetles' associated microbes, all influenced by abiotic factors that can determine success or failure. While we have learned much about these systems, substantial knowledge gaps remain. This synthesis aims to clarify and integrate current understanding, identify gaps, challenge long-held assumptions, and address interpretative issues that impede progress toward a holistic understanding of these systems. We advocate for expanding perspectives using synecological approaches to understand these complex systems better. We encourage expanding research into how colonization by the bark beetle-fungi complex influences subsequent tree decay and forest carbon dynamics. An explicit goal is to provide a comprehensive resource for new researchers while encouraging them to question established hypotheses and to explore new avenues of enquiry.}, }
@article {pmid41053782, year = {2025}, author = {Giannetti, D and Giovannini, I and Massa, E and Schifani, E and Rebecchi, L and Guidetti, R and Grasso, DA}, title = {Dispersion and new shelters offered by ants: myrmecophoresy of tardigrades.}, journal = {Frontiers in zoology}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {30}, pmid = {41053782}, issn = {1742-9994}, support = {E93C22001090001//Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union - NextGenerationEU/ ; }, abstract = {The present study investigates the potential role of ants as dispersal hosts for tardigrades and for the first time provides evidence of ant-mediated tardigrade phoresy. Tardigrades are microscopic cosmopolitan animals which have limited autonomous dispersal abilities but can withstand extreme conditions in a desiccated state. Being dominant terrestrial organisms, ants interact with many components of ecosystems, yet their role in dispersing meiofaunal organisms is unknown. In a field survey, four arboreal ant species were first analyzed to test the presence of tardigrades in their nests (i.e. tree galls), and on their bodies. In another experiment, galls were maintained isolated, then exposed to ant colonization to evaluate any transport of tardigrades by ants. Finally, the behavior of the ant Colobopsis truncata was tested by crafting an experimental apparatus to verify the actual phoresy of tardigrades. The field survey and gall colonization experiments show an association of tardigrades, especially with C. truncata. Gall colonization and laboratory experiments reveal that the ants transport tardigrades and other meiofaunal organisms, such as nematodes and rotifers. This phoresy can be direct (transporting animals) or indirect (transporting substrates with animals), over significant distances, thereby suggesting an unknown ecological interaction. Thanks to the widespread presence and abundance of ant species, this myrmecophoretic dispersion could play a crucial role in the spreading of meiofaunal organisms in terrestrial environments. These findings may represent just the 'tip of the iceberg' of an unexplored passive dispersal modality for terrestrial meiofauna micrometazoans, expanding our knowledge of phoretic relationships.}, }
@article {pmid41053368, year = {2025}, author = {An, J and Fang, L and Cremers, W and Aleksejeva, K and Wang, Y and Li, G and Zhang, M and Huang, J and Ma, X and Cao, Q and Bisseling, T and Limpens, E}, title = {A mobile DELLA controls Medicago truncatula root cortex patterning to host arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41053368}, issn = {2055-0278}, abstract = {Cell division and specification are crucial for plant development and coping with diverse environmental cues. Most land plants rely on symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to cope with soil nutrient limitations by forming arbuscules in root inner cortex cells. What determines the AM susceptibility of these inner cortex cells is currently unknown. Here we show that DELLA transcriptional regulators control the number of inner cortex cells with an AM-susceptible identity at the root stem cell niche of Medicago truncatula in a dose-dependent manner. Genetic analyses suggest that this activity converges with the well-known mobile SHORT-ROOT transcription factor regulating ground tissue development. Furthermore, we show that MtDELLA1 protein moves from the stele/endodermis to the cortex in the mature part of the root to facilitate arbuscule formation. We propose that the formation of a root inner cortex cell identity controlled by mobile DELLA and SHORT-ROOT is a fundamental basis for AM symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41051678, year = {2026}, author = {Kumar, A and Li, F and Li, Q}, title = {Quantifying Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization via Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Medicago truncatula Roots.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2988}, number = {}, pages = {195-205}, pmid = {41051678}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {*Medicago truncatula/microbiology/metabolism/genetics ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Anthocyanins/metabolism ; *Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Pigmentation ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Plant responses to environmental stimuli are often shaped by a history of previous interactions, forming the foundation for stress memory and adaptive plasticity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish a mutualistic relationship with most land plants, enhancing nutrient uptake and stress resilience, and are increasingly recognized as biological agents contributing to plant stress memory. However, quantifying AM colonization, especially in large-scale or time-course experiments investigating priming or memory effects, remains a technical bottleneck. Conventional staining methods are time-consuming, destructive, and incompatible with live imaging. This chapter presents a robust, nondestructive, and quantitative protocol to assess AM colonization in Medicago truncatula roots using a visible anthocyanin pigmentation marker. The method employs a synthetic construct expressing the R2R3 MYB transcription factor MtLAP1, driven by the AM-inducible Kunitz Protease Inhibitor 106 (KPI106) promoter, enabling visualization of arbuscule-containing root cells through purple/red pigmentation. The protocol encompasses Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation, standardized mycorrhization assays, and anthocyanin pigment extraction and quantification. Anthocyanin accumulation correlates strongly with conventional staining-based colonization estimates, and the system enables early detection, live imaging, and high-throughput screening of mutants with altered AM phenotypes. This method offers a powerful tool for dissecting the functional role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant stress memory and is especially suited for forward genetic screens, stress priming experiments, and live-tracking of root-fungus interactions over time.}, }
@article {pmid41051369, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, C and Xing, S and Ma, J and Sui, M}, title = {Synergistic Piezoelectric-Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Catalyst for Peroxyacetic Acid Activation: A Self-Driven Advanced Oxidation Process.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c08828}, pmid = {41051369}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Conventional advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that utilize iron-based catalysts encounter several limitations, including rapid deactivation and low electron transfer efficiency. Although piezoelectric materials have shown potential for mechanochemical energy conversion, their practical application is often hindered by the need for substantial external energy inputs. This requirement results in considerable energy consumption and waste. Herein, we innovatively designed a symbiotic self-driven nZVI@BTO catalyst through dual incorporation of nZVI within the barium titanate (BTO) lattice and its surface, achieving breakthrough synergy between piezoelectric activation and peracetic acid (PAA)-mediated oxidation. The nZVI@BTO/PAA system completely degraded sulfamethoxazole (SMX) within 10 min, exhibiting 12-fold enhancement in kobs compared to the nZVI/PAA system. The hydraulic vortex-induced piezoelectric polarization of nZVI@BTO generated a surface-enhanced built-in electric field (BIEF), creating a localized reducing microenvironment. This enhanced charge carrier separation and promoted the efficient regeneration of Fe[2+], ensuring a sustained abundance of active Fe[2+] sites on the catalyst surface. Surface Fe[2+] sites enabled rapid PAA activation, generating hydroxyl radical ([•]OH), singlet oxygen ([1]O2), and acetylperoxy radical (CH3C(O)OO[•]). Our findings demonstrated the efficiency, stability (maintaining >80% SMX removal after 5 cycles), and practicality of the nZVI@BTO/PAA system for real-world applications. The nZVI@BTO/PAA system represented a sustainable strategy for AOPs, advancing the development of environmentally resilient water treatment technologies.}, }
@article {pmid41050163, year = {2025}, author = {Ando, M and Kito, I and Rachi, T and Matsuda, T and Oshima, K}, title = {Formation of the intestinal microbiota during mouse weaning promotes maturation of the IgA repertoire after growth.}, journal = {Bioscience of microbiota, food and health}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {261-271}, pmid = {41050163}, issn = {2186-6953}, abstract = {Secretory IgA (sIgA) is a class of antibodies that plays a pivotal role in mucosal immunity. The sIgA secreted into the intestinal tract acts to prevent luminal pathogens and food antigens from penetrating across the intestinal epithelial barrier, thereby contributing to the suppression of infections and food allergies. Furthermore, it binds extensively to symbiotic bacteria, exerting a significant impact on the gut microbiota. The antigen recognition specificity of antibodies is determined by the amino acid sequence of the variable region. Therefore, the type of IgA repertoire influences the formation and maintenance of the gut microbiota and susceptibility to infection and food allergy. The initial repertoire of IgA is induced by the extensive colonization of intestinal bacteria during the weaning period and is maintained for an extended period. However, the relationship between the initial gut microbiota and IgA repertoire development has yet to be fully analyzed. In the present study, the weaning gut microbiota was disrupted with antibiotics, and the IgA repertoire was subsequently analyzed in young adulthood. The administration of antibiotics during the weaning period resulted in the suppression of somatic hypermutation in the variable regions of IgA expressed in the small intestine, as well as an impact on multivalent reactivity in IgA during early childhood. Additionally, disturbances in the weaning gut microbiota led to alterations in the microbiota structure of adolescent mice. These findings suggest that the weaning gut microbiota plays a role in promoting the maturation of IgA function.}, }
@article {pmid41049555, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, MH and Morris, RA and Phillips, R and Rio, RVM}, title = {mir-31 mediated control of bacteriome size in tsetse flies.}, journal = {Current research in insect science}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {100117}, pmid = {41049555}, issn = {2666-5158}, abstract = {Tsetse flies are the primary vectors of African trypanosomes, which are transmitted through blood feeding. To supplement this nutritionally limited diet, tsetse evolved an obligate mutualism with the bacterium Wigglesworthia glossinidia, housed within a specialized organ called the bacteriome. While the functional contributions of this symbiosis towards tsetse fitness have been studied, host morphological changes that accommodate this relationship remain less understood. In pregnant flies, variable expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) regulates protein expression, but the specific impacts are unknown. During pregnancy, high expression of fatty acyl-CoA reductase (far) within the bacteriome is indirectly correlated with miR-31 abundance and coincides with bacteriome size increase. We explored the roles of far and miR-31 towards this morphological change. Although RNAi effectively reduced far expression, bacteriome size still increased, suggesting its expansion is independent of far. In contrast, disrupting miR-31 activity resulted in significantly enlarged bacteriomes in virgin flies, resembling those of mated females. These results suggest that gene(s) other than far are regulated by miR-31 and may contribute to bacteriome remodeling during pregnancy, potentially to meet increased symbiosis demands. Ultimately, disrupting this obligate mutualism may present a promising target for future vector control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41049204, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, L and Du, X and Liu, J and Zhang, J and Lv, S}, title = {Effects of grazing on plant functional groups across spatial scales in Stipa breviflora desert steppe.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1643655}, pmid = {41049204}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {This study investigated the Stipa breviflora desert steppe through multi-scale (50m×50m, 25m×25m, 2.5m×2.5m) and grazing intensity (no grazing vs. heavy grazing) comparative analyses, revealing the response mechanisms of plant functional group diversity, interspecific associations, and stability. Key findings include: (1) Heavy grazing significantly reduced functional group diversity and evenness, while the Margalef richness index increased at the 25m×25m scale due to patchy invasion of grazing-tolerant species. (2) Interspecific associations exhibited scale-dependent patterns: Large-scale (50m×50m) associations were driven by environmental heterogeneity (e.g., resource competition and complementarity), whereas small-scale (2.5m×2.5m) interactions were dominated by direct species interactions (mutualism or exclusion). (3) Grazing-induced structural simplification through "environmental filtering", heavy grazing reduced functional group quantity, forming simplified symbiotic networks (PC≥0.6) between perennial grasses and annual/biennial plants, while significantly suppressing woody plants and forbs (Perennial forbs, Shrubs and semi-shrubs). (4) Stability analysis demonstrated higher stability of perennial grasses and forbs in ungrazed areas, though the overall system remained unstable. Annual/biennial plants and shrubs/semi-shrubs generally exhibited low disturbance resistance. The study proposes a multi-scale grassland restoration strategy: optimizing resource allocation at large scales while enhancing key species interactions at small scales. These findings provide theoretical foundations for the ecological restoration of degraded desert steppes and adaptive grazing regimes. Future research should integrate climate change and socioeconomic factors to develop more resilient grassland ecosystem management frameworks.}, }
@article {pmid41047046, year = {2025}, author = {Cho, M and Choi, E and Lee, SJ and Choi, S and Kim, I and Shin, D and Kim, W and Hur, JS and Kim, JH and Rhee, JS and Park, H}, title = {Whole-genome sequence of the lichen-forming fungus Cetrariella delisei reveals an expanded repertoire of biosynthetic gene clusters.}, journal = {Genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {111131}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2025.111131}, pmid = {41047046}, issn = {1089-8646}, abstract = {Lichens represent a distinctive symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic algae, allowing them to persist in harsh and extreme habitats. While known for their adaptability, the genomic features of lichen-forming fungi remain relatively understudied. In this study, the genome of the lichen-forming fungus Cetrariella delisei was assembled into 40 contigs, spanning 45.8 Mbp, with a BUSCO completeness of 96.7 %. Repetitive sequences comprised 18.14 % of the genome. A total of 11,716 genes were annotated, including 401 putative carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), though polysaccharide lyases were absent. Comparative analysis with five additional Parmeliaceae species showed that C. delisei contains a markedly higher number of auxiliary activity genes. Notably, C. delisei harbors 79 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), exceeding the 50 to 65 clusters typically observed in related species, reflecting an expanded biosynthetic repertoire potentially underlying enhanced natural product diversity. These results improve our understanding of lichen symbiosis and provide a valuable genomic resource for future research.}, }
@article {pmid41046273, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, Q and Tian, XY and Wu, WS and Yu, FJ and Shao, ZQ and Zeng, Z}, title = {The metabolic landscape of tomato roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis reveals lipid-related metabolic rewiring.}, journal = {Plant cell reports}, volume = {44}, number = {10}, pages = {230}, pmid = {41046273}, issn = {1432-203X}, support = {32400186//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32270241//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; GZB20230303//Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF/ ; 2023ZB796//Jiangsu Excellent Postdoctoral Funding/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Solanum lycopersicum/metabolism/microbiology/genetics ; *Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; }, abstract = {This study reveals lipid-related metabolic rewiring in tomato roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, identifying potential candidate lipids for fungal carbon transfer and signaling. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis induces substantial metabolic rearrangement in host plants to facilitate nutrient exchange and symbiotic efficiency. While previous metabolomic studies have characterized metabolite shifts in AM symbiosis, the lipid-related metabolic rewiring underlying nutrient exchange in host plant roots remains poorly resolved. Here, we investigated the metabolic response in tomato roots colonized by AM fungi. A total of 219 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified by the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, with lipids and lipid-like molecules representing the predominant classes. The most significantly upregulated metabolite was 2-(14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoyl) glycerol, a 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) mapped to arachidonic acid metabolism. This compound represents a C20-based epoxy fatty acid-derived 2-MAG, distinct from the C16:0 2-MAG induced by AM symbiosis in legumes, thereby implying the possibility of transferring diverse lipid substrates from different host plants to AM fungi. Concurrently, enhanced accumulation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in AM fungi colonized roots underscored alterations of arachidonic acid metabolism and unsaturated fatty acid pathway. Gene set enrichment analysis based on the transcriptome data revealed significant transition of the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway, primarily driven by multiple lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species that showed significant upregulation. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis identified 31 overlapping KEGG pathways, emphasizing the importance of lipid and amino acid metabolism. In summary, our integrated analysis demonstrates that lipid-related metabolic reprogramming, represented by the induction of 2-MAGs and LPCs, is a feature of AM symbiosis that enables cross-kingdom nutrient exchange and host metabolic adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid41045972, year = {2025}, author = {Song, X and Meng, H and Yang, T and Li, Y and Zheng, F and Yan, X}, title = {Female accessory reproductive glands of Paederus fuscipes serve as a reservoir of symbiotic pederin-producing bacteria.}, journal = {Insect biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104408}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2025.104408}, pmid = {41045972}, issn = {1879-0240}, abstract = {Paederus fuscipes, an ecologically and medically important species, is known for its blistering toxin pederin in hemolymph. Evidence demonstrates that the toxin is synthesized by the uncultured symbiotic pederin-producing bacteria (PPB) in P. fuscipes, but the biological characteristics of PPB within the beetle host remain poorly characterized. Here, we investigated PPB abundance variations in P. fuscipes across different factors (sexes, life stages, habitats, and organs), along with their colonization sites and metabolic potentials. The findings revealed that the PPB abundance in female P. fuscipes at the level of individuals and tissues exhibited stable colonization patterns, independent of habitat and time changes. Notably, PPB dominated the bacterial community in females (relative abundance ≥ 66.08%) and nearly occupied reproductive organs (relative abundance ≥ 96.31%). Moreover, our results indicated that PPB were predominantly enriched in the accessory glands of female reproductive organs, which could serve as a reservoir for PPB proliferation. Although PPB were not cultured in this study, metagenomic binning yielded the draft genome of PPB (CheckM completeness = 85.14%, contamination = 0), in which genes related to pederin biosynthesis were identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that PPB formed a sister clade to Pseudomonas aeruginosa rather than nesting within the P. aeruginosa lineage. Metabolic module prediction analysis revealed specific deficiencies in PPB's energy metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis pathways, suggesting limited free-living potential for PPB. Collectively, this study provides insights into PPB biological characteristics within their beetle host and paves the way for biotechnological exploitation related to pederin production.}, }
@article {pmid41045963, year = {2025}, author = {Lu, S and Miao, Y and Wang, D and Xu, D and Liu, R and Liu, X and Zhang, Y and Zhang, X and Qin, H}, title = {Engineered tumor-symbiotic bacterial membrane nanovesicles enable precise immuno-chemotherapy of colorectal cancer.}, journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {114291}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114291}, pmid = {41045963}, issn = {1873-4995}, abstract = {Gut microorganisms show promising therapeutic effects and drug delivery potential for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, but are limited by their insufficient targeting ability and side effects. Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is a key symbiotic bacterium in CRC, which can preferentially accumulate in tumor tissues and invade tumor cells, while its tumorigenicity restricts the application in drug delivery. Herein, we engineered Fn with anchored PD-L1 antibody (αPD-L1), and then isolated the Fn membranes to construct bacterial membrane nanovesicles (ab-FMNVs) for precise delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. The ab-FMNVs exploited Fn's inherent tumor colonization capabilities to achieve tumor-targeted delivery through the specific membrane protein FadA-mediated pathway, and modulated the PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway for tumor immunotherapy. Simultaneously, ab-FMNVs were internalized into CT26 cells to release the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, synergistically inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In a CRC-bearing mouse model, doxorubicin-loaded ab-FMNVs increased tumor accumulation and demonstrated superior antitumor efficacy against both primary and recurrent CRC progression without inducing any side effects. This innovative approach holds promise for precision cancer therapies by harnessing the symbiotic relationship between bacteria and CRC.}, }
@article {pmid41045882, year = {2025}, author = {Hao, J and Shah, NS and Zhou, B}, title = {S[2]CAC: Semi-supervised coronary artery calcium segmentation via scoring-driven consistency and negative sample boosting.}, journal = {Medical image analysis}, volume = {107}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {103823}, doi = {10.1016/j.media.2025.103823}, pmid = {41045882}, issn = {1361-8423}, abstract = {Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring plays a pivotal role in assessing the risk for cardiovascular disease events to guide the intensity of cardiovascular disease preventive efforts. Accurate CAC scoring from gated cardiac Computed Tomography (CT) relies on precise segmentation of calcification. However, the small size, irregular shape, and sparse distribution of calcification in 3D volumes present significant challenges for automated CAC assessment. Training reliable automatic segmentation models typically requires large-scale annotated datasets, yet the annotation process is resource-intensive, requiring highly trained specialists. To address this limitation, we propose S[2]CAC, a semi-supervised learning framework for CAC segmentation that achieves robust performance with minimal labeled data. First, we design a dual-path hybrid transformer architecture that jointly optimizes pixel-level segmentation and volume-level scoring through feature symbiosis, minimizing the information loss caused by down-sampling operations and enhancing the model's ability to preserve fine-grained calcification details. Second, we introduce a scoring-driven consistency mechanism that aligns pixel-level segmentation with volume-level CAC scores through differentiable score estimation, effectively leveraging unlabeled data. Third, we address the challenge of incorporating negative samples (cases without CAC) into training. Directly using these samples risks model collapse, as the sparse nature of CAC regions may lead the model to predict all-zero maps. To mitigate this, we design a dynamic weighted loss function that integrates negative samples into the training process while preserving the model's sensitivity to calcification. This approach effectively reduces over-segmentation and enhances overall model performance. We validate our framework on two public non-contrast gated CT datasets, achieving state-of-the-art performance over previous baseline methods. Additionally, the Agatston scores derived from our segmentation maps demonstrate strong concordance with manual annotations. These results highlight the potential of our approach to reduce dependence on annotated data while maintaining high accuracy in CAC scoring. Code and trained model weights are available at: https://github.com/JinkuiH/S2CAC.}, }
@article {pmid41045547, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, X and Li, Y and Wang, T and Li, Z and Zhuang, Q and Liang, C and Wang, X and Tian, J}, title = {GmSPX5 regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and phosphate acquisition through modifying transcription profile and microbiome in soybean.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {124}, number = {1}, pages = {e70511}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.70511}, pmid = {41045547}, issn = {1365-313X}, support = {2021YFF1000500//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2024A1515013054//Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/ ; 2023ZD04072//STI 2030-Major Project/ ; 2022B0202060005//Key Areas Research and Development Programs of Guangdong Province/ ; 2022SDZG07//the Open Competition Program of Ten Major Directions of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province/ ; 32172658//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32172659//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32302662//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Glycine max/microbiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Phosphates/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; *Microbiota/genetics ; }, abstract = {Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is a crucial strategy for plant adaptation to low phosphorus (P) stress. However, the mechanisms underlying how phosphate (Pi) signaling regulators participate in AM colonization remain largely unknown in soybean (Glycine max). In this study, the expression of GmSPX5, one member of the SPX (SYG1/Pho81/XPR1) family, was induced by AM fungal inoculation in soybean roots. Furthermore, the expression of GmSPX5 seems to overlap with AM infection structures through analyzing GUS activity of transgenic soybean plants harboring ProGmSPX5:GUS. Four transgenic lines with GmSPX5 overexpression (OX8 and OX12) and suppression (Ri9 and Ri11) were subsequently used to examine the functions of GmSPX5 on AM symbiosis and Pi acquisition. Despite no difference between Ri and wild-type (WT), the overexpression of GmSPX5 significantly increased AM colonization as reflected by 8.4% in OX8 and 8.7% in OX12, respectively. Consistently, the dry weight and total P content of OX8 and OX12 were higher than WT. Furthermore, a total of 3483 genes were found to exhibit differential expression patterns in roots between OX12 and WT, including genes related to linolenic acid metabolism and flavonoid metabolism. Meanwhile, the composition of the bacterial community in the roots of OX12 was distinct from that in WT through β-diversity analysis. Particularly, an ASV19 (Sphingomonadales) was enriched in OX12 roots, which was positively related to total P content and AM fungi colonization. Taken together, these results highlight that GmSPX5 can regulate AM symbiosis, as well as Pi acquisition in soybean. Our findings advance the understanding of SPX functions in plant-microbe interaction.}, }
@article {pmid41044905, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, W and Cheng, H and Yan, X and Suo, B and Wen, S and Liu, W and Wei, G and Chen, J}, title = {H2S-Mediated GH3.1 Persulfidation Regulates IAA Homeostasis to Enhance Nodulation Formation and Nitrogen Fixation in Robinia pseudoacacia.}, journal = {Molecular plant pathology}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {e70145}, doi = {10.1111/mpp.70145}, pmid = {41044905}, issn = {1364-3703}, support = {42477370//National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 2023yfd1900502//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Nitrogen Fixation/drug effects/physiology ; *Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism ; Homeostasis/drug effects ; *Robinia/metabolism/drug effects/microbiology/genetics ; *Hydrogen Sulfide/pharmacology/metabolism ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; *Plant Root Nodulation/drug effects/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a gaseous signalling molecule, plays a multifaceted role in plant physiology by enhancing adaptability to environmental stresses. However, the regulatory mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation by H2S in indeterminate nodules of woody legumes remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which H2S promotes nodulation and N fixation in the woody legume Robinia pseudoacacia. Exogenous H2S significantly enhanced rhizobium infection, nodule formation and nitrogenase activity, demonstrating its positive role in the symbiotic process. Transcriptomic analysis of roots and nodules revealed that H2S signalling modulates auxin metabolism, particularly through the regulation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) homeostasis. H2S was found to promote free IAA accumulation and reduce IAA conjugation (IAA-Asp and IAA-Glu). Further investigation revealed that H2S directly targets GH3.1, a key IAA-amido synthetase responsible for IAA conjugation. Specifically, H2S mediated persulfidation at Cys304 of GH3.1, inhibiting its enzymatic activity and preventing IAA inactivation. This modification was confirmed by LC-MS/MS, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and site-directed mutagenesis. This post-translational modification maintained active IAA levels, facilitating early nodule development. These findings highlight the active role of H2S in regulating IAA homeostasis, thereby enhancing indeterminate nodule formation and N fixation through persulfidation of the Cys304 residue of GH3.1 in R. pseudoacacia.}, }
@article {pmid41044678, year = {2025}, author = {Ren, C and Meng, Y and Liu, Y and Wang, Y and Wang, H and Liu, Y and Liu, C and Fan, X and Zhang, S}, title = {Probiotic Bacillus subtilis enhances silkworm (Bombyx mori) growth performance and silk production via modulating gut microbiota and amino acid metabolism.}, journal = {Animal microbiome}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {103}, pmid = {41044678}, issn = {2524-4671}, support = {No. SDAIT-18//Modern Agricultural Technology System of Shandong Province/ ; No. CARS-18//China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Artificial diet-reared silkworms (Bombyx mori) exhibit reduced gut microbial diversity and impaired growth performance compared to mulberry-fed counterparts. While Bacillus subtilis is widely used as a probiotic in livestock and aquaculture, its impact on silkworms remains unexplored. This study investigates whether dietary supplementation with B. subtilis enhances larval development and elucidates the underlying mechanisms involving gut microbiota and metabolic pathways.<br><br>RESULTS: Supplementing artificial diets with B. subtilis (6&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10[5] CFU/g) significantly increased larval body weight by 9.1-22.1% during instar stages and improved feed utilization efficiency (FUE) by 4.09%-6.80% compared to controls. Cocoon quality metrics, including cocoon shell weight (+&#x2009;9.77% in females) and cocoon shell ratio (+&#x2009;6.56%), also improved. Mechanistically, B. subtilis did not colonize the midgut but transiently modulated gut physiology: it elevated midgut fluid pH and enhanced &#x3b1;-amylase, trypsin, and lipase activities. 16&#xa0;S rRNA sequencing revealed reduced gut microbial diversity (Shannon index, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01) and shifts in community structure, with decreased abundances of potential pathogens (e.g., Pseudomonas) and commensals (e.g., Lactobacillus). Targeted metabolomics identified a 3.1-fold increase in phenylalanine levels in hemolymph, linked to upregulated aromatic amino acid metabolism pathways (KEGG). Dietary phenylalanine supplementation (0.4%) replicated B. subtilis-induced growth promotion, confirming its pivotal role in host-microbe interactions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: B. subtilis enhances silkworm growth and silk production through multi-faceted mechanisms: reshaping gut microbiota composition, improving digestive enzyme activity, and elevating phenylalanine biosynthesis. These findings establish B. subtilis as a promising probiotic for optimizing artificial diet systems in Lepidoptera and highlight the central role of amino acid metabolism in insect-microbiome symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41042365, year = {2025}, author = {Bernal-Castro, C and Camargo-Herrera, &#xc1; and Gutiérrez-Cortés, C and Díaz-Moreno, C}, title = {Probiotic and Technological Potential of Native Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains from High Andean Forest Bee Bread: In Vitro Study.}, journal = {Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)}, volume = {80}, number = {4}, pages = {163}, pmid = {41042365}, issn = {1573-9104}, mesh = {*Probiotics ; *Bread/microbiology ; Animals ; Bees ; *Lactobacillales/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Pollen ; *Pediococcus pentosaceus/isolation &amp; purification/growth &amp; development/genetics ; *Pediococcus/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Functional Food ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Bile Acids and Salts ; }, abstract = {Bioprospecting of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential from apicultural products is an important key for the research in functional foods. The in vitro evaluation of the probiotic and technological potential of commercial HOWARU strains and native strains isolated from bee bread was conducted in this study. The strains were molecularly identified (16S rRNA sequencing), revealing differences between molecular characterization and the microorganisms described in the technical datasheet. Most native strains belong to the genus Pediococcus. The ability to resist simulated gastrointestinal conditions (acidic pH and bile salts), as well as tolerance to extreme conditions (high temperature and osmotic pressure), was determined. VEGE 092 culture showed survival levels above 80%, and Pediococcus pentosaceus exceeded 95%. Finally, growth on alternative substrates (by-product of supercritical fluid extraction of bee pollen, car-rot waste flour, and turmeric flour) was evaluate by the quantitative prebiotic index. This study demonstrated that the best symbiotic combination was VEGE 092 and turmeric (prebiotic index = 0.96), and P. pentosaceus with the pollen extraction by-product, demonstrating a strain-substrate relationship. This study highlights the potential use of these strains in functional food applications, emphasizing their resilience and ability to thrive in various substrates.}, }
@article {pmid41042234, year = {2025}, author = {Sathe, S and Becks, L}, title = {Reciprocal effects of programmed cell death on fitness in unicellular endosymbiotic Chlorella and its ciliate host.}, journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jeb/voaf119}, pmid = {41042234}, issn = {1420-9101}, abstract = {Programmed cell death (PCD), the genetically controlled active cellular suicide mechanism in multicellular organisms, also exists in unicellular organisms. However, explaining the evolution of PCD by natural selection in these organisms remains a challenge. PCD likely emerged during early endosymbiotic events as an initial antagonistic adaptation, enabling unicellular parasitic proto-endosymbionts to exploit their hosts, for example, by triggering host death in response to nutrient depletion or releasing offspring. Over time, during endosymbiont domestication and, as proposed, through horizontal gene transfer from endosymbionts to the host, PCD evolved in the host, providing benefits to both the host and the endosymbionts. However, the underlying assumption of this hypothesis, that PCD benefits and non-PCD (necrosis) harms the endosymbionts and/or the host, remains untested. Here, we investigated the fitness consequences of heat-shock-induced PCD in the endosymbiotic chlorophyte Chlorella variabilis and its facultative symbiotic ciliate host Paramecium bursaria, the non-symbiotic C. sorokiniana, and the predatory host P. duboscqui. Heat-shock triggered PCD in C. variabilis and the two ciliate species, causing significant fitness consequences. The supernatant from C. variabilis PCD enhanced the growth of its own clones and endosymbiotic host while inhibiting the growth of the predatory host. The supernatants from necrotic C. variabilis reduced growth of both Chlorella and Paramecium. Similarly, PCD in the symbiotic Paramecium host benefited Chlorella, whereas PCD and necrosis in the predatory Paramecium host were detrimental. These results expand the understanding of unicellular PCD, highlighting its dual role in benefiting clonal populations and their specific endosymbiotic partners, thereby affecting endosymbiosis evolution.}, }
@article {pmid41041976, year = {2025}, author = {Breusing, C and Hauer, MA and Hughes, IV and Becker, JS and Casagrande, D and Phillips, BT and Girguis, PR and Beinart, RA}, title = {Contrasting Genomic Responses of Hydrothermal Vent Animals and Their Symbionts to Population Decline After the Hunga Volcanic Eruption.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70126}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70126}, pmid = {41041976}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {//Schmidt Ocean Institute/ ; EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement OIA-#1655221//National Science Foundation/ ; OCE-0732369//Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; OCE-1536331//Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; OCE-1736932//Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; 1747454//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program/ ; //Argonne National Laboratory/ ; }, abstract = {Genetic bottlenecks are evolutionary events that reduce the effective size and diversity of natural populations, often limiting a population's ability to adapt to environmental change. Given the accelerating human impact on ecosystems worldwide, understanding how populations evolve after a genetic bottleneck is becoming increasingly important for species conservation. Ash deposits from the 2022 Hunga volcanic eruption in the Southwest Pacific led to a drastic decline of animal symbioses associated with hydrothermal vents in this region, allowing insights into the effects of population bottlenecks in the deep sea. Here, we applied metagenomic sequencing to pre- and post-eruption samples of mollusc-microbial symbioses from the Lau Basin to investigate patterns of genetic variation and effective population size. Our data indicate that animal host populations currently show only small changes in genome-wide diversity but in most cases experienced a long-term decline in effective size that was likely intensified by the volcanic impact. By contrast, host-associated symbiont populations exhibited a notable decrease in genomic variation, including potential loss of certain habitat-specific strains. However, detection of environmental sequences resembling mollusc symbionts suggests that lost host-associated symbiont diversity might be recovered from the free-living symbiont pool. The differences between host and symbiont populations might be related to their contrasting genetic structures and pre-existing levels of connectivity, although the full extent of population bottlenecks in the host animals might only be recognisable after a few generations. These results add to our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of animal-microbe populations following a natural disturbance and help assess their resilience to both natural and anthropogenic impacts.}, }
@article {pmid41040871, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, L and Qian, Y and Cui, X and Zhao, J and Ning, Z and Cha, J and Wang, K and Ge, C and Jia, J and Dou, T and Chen, H and Liu, L and Bao, Z and Jian, Z}, title = {Immunomodulatory role of gut microbial metabolites: mechanistic insights and therapeutic frontiers.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1675065}, pmid = {41040871}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The gut microbiota modulates host immunity through a wide array of metabolic products that function as signaling molecules, thereby linking microbial activity with both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Notably, short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, tryptophan-derived indoles, polyamines, and lipid derivatives play pivotal roles in regulating innate and adaptive immune functions via G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear receptors, and epigenetic pathways. These metabolites modulate immune cell differentiation, epithelial barrier integrity, and the resolution of inflammation in a dose- and site-specific manner. Recent advancements in spatial metabolomics, synthetic biology, and nanomedicine have facilitated the spatiotemporal delivery of these immunomodulatory compounds, revealing novel therapeutic avenues for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. This review summarizes the biosynthesis and immunoregulatory functions of key microbial metabolites, highlights the compartmentalized and systemic mechanisms of action, and discusses emerging therapeutic approaches, including postbiotics, engineered probiotics, and receptor-targeting drugs. We also explore the challenges in achieving personalized microbiome-immune modulation and propose future directions integrating multiomics and AI-driven predictive modeling. Understanding the metabolite-immune axis paves the way for novel interventions targeting host-microbe symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41040407, year = {2025}, author = {Tan, CH and Schwartz, HT and Rodak, NY and Sternberg, PW}, title = {Evolution of parasitism-related traits in nematodes.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.09.26.678730}, pmid = {41040407}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The abundant resources provided by the host provide an evolutionary rationale for parasitism and drive the metabolic and developmental divergence of parasitic and free-living animals. Two evolutionally distant nematode genera, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis , independently evolved an entomopathogenic lifestyle, in which they invade insects and kill them with the assistance of specifically associated symbiotic pathogenic bacteria. It had been generally assumed that the worm, being a bacterivore, feeds on its symbiotic bacteria, which rapidly reproduce while consuming the insect host. The evolutionary adaptations of entomopathogenic nematodes to a parasitic lifestyle developmentally, and the symbiotic relationships of entomopathogenicity, remain largely unknown. We developed an axenic culture medium that allows for robust and sustained growth of Steinernema hermaphroditum , allowing finite control of nutrients available to the nematodes. We found that, uniquely among nematodes tested, the hatchlings of S. hermaphroditum cannot endure in a nutrient-poor environment; this ability is impaired but still present in Heterorhabditis bacteriophora . Similarly, the ability to forage for food is completely lost in H. bacteriophora hatchlings and severely compromised in S. hermaphroditum . We reasoned that these traits were lost because they are unnecessary to obligate parasites that always hatch in a resource-rich host. We further found that Steinernema and, to a limited extent, Heterorhabditis nematodes can successfully invade, develop, and reproduce inside a living insect host independent of their symbiotic bacteria, apparently feeding on the hemolymph, and emerge carrying bacteria found within, explaining the evolutionary origins of entomopathogenic nematodes.<br><br>HIGHLIGHTS: A simple but robust axenic culturing method for the emerging model nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum and other invertebrate parasitic nematodes. Convergent evolution led to the loss of hatchling survival traits in entomopathogenic nematodes.Nematode adaptation to parasitism is associated with changes in modes of feeding.Entomopathogenic nematodes evolved from parasitoid ancestors.}, }
@article {pmid41040397, year = {2025}, author = {Sankari, S and Arnold, MF and Babu, VMP and Deutsch, M and Walker, GC}, title = {Exploiting Peptide Chirality and Transport to Dissect the Complex Mechanism of Action of Host Peptides on Bacteria.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.09.24.678446}, pmid = {41040397}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Elucidation of the complex mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is critical for improving their efficacy. A major challenge in AMP research is distinguishing AMP effects resulting from various protein interactions from those caused by membrane disruption. Moreover, since AMPs often act in multiple cellular compartments, it is challenging to pinpoint where their distinct activities occur. Nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides secreted by legumes, including NCR247, have evolved from AMPs to regulate differentiation of their nitrogen-fixing bacterial partner during symbiosis as well as to exert antimicrobial actions. At sub-lethal concentrations, NCR247 exhibits strikingly pleiotropic effects on Sinorhizobium meliloti . We used the L- and D-enantiomeric forms of NCR247 to distinguish between phenotypes resulting from stereospecific, protein-targeted interactions and those caused by achiral interactions such as membrane disruption. In addition, we utilized an S. meliloti strain lacking BacA, the transporter that imports NCR peptides into the cytoplasm. BacA plays critical symbiotic roles by reducing periplasmic peptide accumulation and fine-tuning symbiotic signaling. Use of the BacA-deficient strain made it possible to distinguish between phenotypes resulting from peptide interactions in the periplasm and those occurring in the cytoplasm. At high concentrations, both L- and D-NCR247 permeabilize bacterial membranes, consistent with nonspecific cationic AMP activity. In the cytoplasm, both NCR247 enantiomers sequester heme and trigger iron starvation in an achiral but BacA-dependent manner. However, only L-NCR247 activates bacterial two-component systems via stereospecific periplasmic interactions. By combining stereochemistry and genetics, this work disentangles the spatial and molecular complexity of NCR247 action. This approach provides critical mechanistic insights into how host peptides with pleiotropic functions modulate bacterial physiology.<br><br>AUTHOR SUMMARY: Many organisms produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to fight infections, but legumes have uniquely co-opted these molecules to control their symbiotic partners. During symbiosis between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti , the plant secreted Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich (NCR) peptides, transforms free-living bacteria into differentiated bacteroids that fix nitrogen but cannot reproduce outside the host. One such peptide, NCR247, exerts pleiotropic effects on the bacteria, acting on different subcellular locations, including membrane, heme, and proteins. Using a mirror-image (D-form) peptide, we disentangled peptide effects arising from generic physiochemical interactions versus stereospecific binding. The inner membrane protein BacA is known to play a protective role by importing NCR peptides into the cytoplasm. Using a bacterium lacking BacA, we were able to distinguish the effects of the peptide within and outside the cytoplasm. It was thought that BacA safeguards symbiotic bacteria by internalizing NCR peptides, thereby limiting their toxic membrane lytic effects, yet this has not been demonstrated. We show that BacA prevents lethal overstimulation of signaling pathways in the periplasm by internalizing the peptides. Our methods provide a framework for testing mechanism of action of new peptide-based antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41040118, year = {2025}, author = {Bonnette, H and Savitt, LR}, title = {Optimizing Colorectal Surgery Outcomes: The Role of the Advanced Practice Provider (APP) in Developing a Center for Pelvic Floor Disorders and Maximizing Scope of Practice for APPs.}, journal = {Clinics in colon and rectal surgery}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {411-416}, pmid = {41040118}, issn = {1531-0043}, abstract = {Many patients with pelvic floor disorders who are referred to colorectal surgery do not actually need surgery. The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Center for Pelvic Floor Disorders (PFDC) was established in 2008 out of a recognition of the need for a specialized comprehensive treatment for patients living with a pelvic floor disorder. To describe the model that we have created utilizing advanced practice providers (APPs) within the PFDC at the MGH as an example of a model of care for patients who historically may have been managed by colorectal surgeons. The utilization of APPs in surgery has increased, which in turn has had positive effects on patient care and can help reduce the demands put on surgeons to see patients who ultimately do not end up having surgery. There is also a potential for both direct and indirect revenue production through the utilization of APPs at the top of their scope of practice as well as increased access to care for these patients. Training APPs to work at the top of their scope within a surgical practice increases patient's access to care, allows surgeons to focus on those who ultimately require surgery, and can lead to better patient outcomes at a reduced healthcare cost. In order for this symbiotic relationship between APPs and surgeons to be successful, it is essential that there is mutual collaboration and trust between providers. It requires commitment from surgeons to appropriately train their APPs.}, }
@article {pmid41039684, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, N and Yang, X and Li, C and Zhang, C and Guo, M}, title = {Identification and functional characterization of chemoreceptors for phenolic acids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.}, journal = {Microbiological research}, volume = {302}, number = {}, pages = {128348}, doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128348}, pmid = {41039684}, issn = {1618-0623}, abstract = {Phenolic acids influence host-pathogen interactions and function as key signals in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or plant-microbe symbiosis. Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses chemotaxis to detect plant-secreted phenolic compounds and migrates to infection sites, though the chemotactic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, starting with structurally simple phenolic acids, the chemotactic response of A. tumefaciens C58 was investigated. The chemotaxis of A. tumefaciens toward 4-hydroxybenzoate and protocatechuate is not impacted by the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) Atu0387 and Atu0738, which share a four-helix bundle domain with previously discovered phenolic-sensing MCPs. To identify chemoreceptors for phenolic acids, a heterologous expression and functional screening system was constructed in Escherichia coli. Among the 13 MCPs, Atu0872 could respond to both 4-hydroxybenzoate and protocatechuate. Furthermore, atu0872 deletion weakened chemotaxis toward vanillin, acetosyringone, guaiacol, caffeic, vanillic, salicylic, gallic, p-coumaric, syringic, and sinapinic acids. Although the ligand-binding domain of Atu0872 was predicted to be a nitrate- and nitrite-sensing domain, the A. tumefaciens deletion mutant Δatu0872 did not affect chemotaxis toward nitrate and nitrite. In addition to chemotaxis, atu0872 deletion decreased the tumor weight on Daucus carota roots, Kalanchoe daigremontiana leaves, and the number of bacterial colonies per 0.1 g of tumor, implying that atu0872 affects bacterial colonization on the host by regulating chemotactic behavior. To our knowledge, this is for the first study identifying Atu0872 as a core chemoreceptor in A. tumefaciens for phenolic compounds, providing a theoretical foundation for elucidating the chemotaxis-pathogenicity relationship in A. tumefaciens and optimizing its use in genetic transformations.}, }
@article {pmid41039422, year = {2025}, author = {Wong, ELY and Calchera, A and Otte, J and Schmitt, I}, title = {Temperature variability and other climatic attributes linked to genomic features in the lichen-forming fungal genus Umbilicaria.}, journal = {BMC biology}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {293}, pmid = {41039422}, issn = {1741-7007}, support = {LOEWE/1/10/519/03/03.001(0014)/52//Hessisches Ministerium f&#xfc;r Wissenschaft und Kunst/ ; }, mesh = {*Genome, Fungal ; *Temperature ; *Lichens/genetics ; *Climate ; *Ascomycota/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many species of lichen-forming fungi exhibit large geographical ranges and broad thermal niches, making them excellent models for investigating the genomics of climate adaptation. In this study, we examined the impacts of climatic variables on genomic features in 11 Umbilicaria species. We compared PacBio genomes of individuals from the same species collected in different climate zones: alpine, cold temperate, or Mediterranean.<br><br>RESULTS: Our findings revealed several links between climatic and genomic features: (1) Selection pressure: in each climate zone, specific genes are under strong selection. (2) Genomic feature correlations: certain temperature variables (BIO2: mean diurnal range, BIO4: seasonality, BIO6: minimum in coldest month, BIO7: annual range) are correlated with GC content and the usage of the amino acids arginine and valine, suggesting these variables may drive convergent evolution of these genomic features. (3) Temperature variability: bioclimatic variables representing temperature variability, e.g. BIO2,4,7 are more influential in shaping genomic features than temperature means or extrema, with BIO6 also playing a significant role. (4) Epigenetic modifications: the rate of 5-methylcytosine (5mc) methylation within species is generally higher in samples from the colder habitat, suggesting that epigenetic modifications may contribute to climate adaptation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our study shows that genome evolution is partially shaped by climate and, particularly, temperature variability. This aligns with numerous ecological and climate modelling studies, which show that climate variability has a stronger impact on species behaviour and evolution than climate means and extrema. Further genomics studies are required to provide additional evidence on this topic.}, }
@article {pmid41038270, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, T and Lin, H and Tian, Z}, title = {Genetic innovations underlying the evolution of root nodule symbiosis in Leguminosae.}, journal = {Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jgg.2025.09.008}, pmid = {41038270}, issn = {1673-8527}, abstract = {Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is a mutualistic association formed between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia or Frankia and host plants limited to four orders within Rosid I-Fabales, Fagales, Cucurbitales and Rosales-which comprise the so-called 'Nitrogen Fixing Nodulation Clade' (NFNC). The majority of nodulation studies have focused on Leguminosae, given their agricultural and environmental importance, as well as the widespread occurrence of nodulation among members of this family. Endowing cereal crops with nitrogen fixation, like Leguminosae, presents a strategy to reduce the detrimental effects of synthetic fertilizer overuse. Different hypotheses on the origin of RNS have been proposed, however key genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS, even in Leguminsoae, have been rarely reported. In this review, we begin by examining current knowledge of genetic innovations-including gene gain, gene loss, and the acquisition or loss of conserved noncoding sequences (CNS) in preexisting genes. We explore the available evidence supporting these genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS in Leguminosae and offer the phylogenomics approach that could be applied to uncover these genetic innovations. Finally, we conclude by proposing a model of genetic innovations underlying the evolution of RNS in Leguminsoae and consider the potential implications for the development of nitrogen-fixing crops.}, }
@article {pmid41038028, year = {2025}, author = {Almeida, AC and Reid, M and Lillicrap, A}, title = {Specific toxicity of octinoxate and octocrylene on Symbiodinium sp., a symbiotic microalga with corals.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {304}, number = {}, pages = {119151}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119151}, pmid = {41038028}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {The widespread use of UV filters in sunscreens and personal care products has raised concerns about their detrimental effects to the aquatic environment. This study examined the specific toxicity of two UV filters, octinoxate and octocrylene to Symbiodinium sp., a photosynthetic dinoflagellate essential for coral symbiosis, nutrient acquisition, and reef structure. The study employed a comprehensive set of sub-lethal endpoints analyzed through flow cytometry, including cell viability, pigment fluorescence, cell size, complexity, metabolic activity, production of reactive oxygen species and membrane potential. The exposure of exponentially proliferating Symbiodinium sp. to octinoxate and octocrylene demonstrated pronounced toxicity, with octinoxate exhibiting toxicity levels significantly greater than those of octocrylene. This disparity underscores the different ecological impacts of these UV filters. Even at lower concentrations, octinoxate significantly influenced cellular parameters, including cell size, complexity, viability, and metabolic activity, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and neutral lipid accumulation, alongside a reduction in cellulose levels, suggesting potential structural alterations in cellular components. In contrast, octocrylene's sub-lethal effects are manifested as enhanced cell complexity and LPO, with elevated neutral lipids and cellulose levels. However, at elevated concentrations, octocrylene adversely affected cell viability and metabolic activity, indicative of severe membrane depolarization. These findings highlight the importance of an early warning system to protect Symbiodinium sp. and consequently corals. Flow cytometry proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting sub-lethal effects, providing insights into Symbiodinium sp. health status and, consequently, the resiliency of coral reef ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41037855, year = {2025}, author = {Reynoso, MA}, title = {Update on translational control modes in plant cell signaling.}, journal = {Current opinion in plant biology}, volume = {88}, number = {}, pages = {102799}, doi = {10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102799}, pmid = {41037855}, issn = {1879-0356}, abstract = {Protein synthesis can contribute to plant cell signaling at multiple regulatory levels. Recent studies have expanded the conditions that are directly impacted by translational regulation. This control can balance responses to developmental, environmental, and diverse stress stimuli. Processes with evidence of translational regulation include: immunity to bacterial pathogens, symbiotic interactions, abiotic responses, hormonal perception, light-dependent metabolism, and developmental programs for lateral root initiation, root hair growth, and sepal initiation. Translational control modes rely on the sequence and secondary structure of mRNAs due to the presence of upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and/or internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), protein-binding regions or structures, and the decoding of the epitranscriptomic mRNA modifications such as N[6]-methyladenosine, N[4]-acetylcytidine or pseudouridine. In addition, the post-translational modification of ribosomal proteins and eukaryotic initiation factors such as eIF4G, eIFiso4G, eIF2, as well as changes in ribosome protein composition contribute to translational control. These factors, mRNAs, regulatory proteins and other RNAs can be confined by the formation of biomolecular condensates such as stress granules, processing bodies and others, resulting in paths that modulate translation both globally and specifically. The covered topics place translation as a hub for cell responses during development and within the environmental context. Current understanding of translation has allowed the development of applications in crops, reinforcing the relevance of the study of translational control in plants.}, }
@article {pmid41037509, year = {2025}, author = {Pardo-De la Hoz, CJ and Haughland, DL and Thauvette, D and Toni, S and Goyette, S and White, W and Medeiros, ID and Cornet, L and Dvořák, P and Garfias-Gallegos, D and Miadlikowska, J and Magain, N and Lutzoni, F}, title = {Rapid radiations outweigh reticulations during the evolution of a 750-million-year-old lineage of cyanobacteria.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaf244}, pmid = {41037509}, issn = {1537-1719}, abstract = {Species are a fundamental unit of biodiversity. Yet, the existence of clear species boundaries among bacteria has long been a subject of debate. Here, we studied species boundaries in the context of the phylogenetic history of Nostoc, a widespread genus of photoautotrophic and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that includes many lineages that form symbiotic associations with plants (e.g., cycads and bryophytes) and fungi (e.g., cyanolichens). We found that the evolution of Nostoc was characterized by eight rapid radiations, many of which were associated with major events in the evolution of plants. In addition, incomplete lineage sorting associated with these rapid radiations outweighed reticulations during Nostoc evolution. We then show that the pattern of diversification of Nostoc shapes the distribution of average nucleotide identities (ANIs) into a complex mosaic, wherein some closely related clades are clearly isolated from each other by gaps in genomic similarity, while others form a continuum where genomic species boundaries are expected. Nevertheless, recently diverged Nostoc lineages often form cohesive clades that are maintained by within-clade gene flow. Boundaries to homologous recombination between these cohesive clades persist even when the potential for gene flow is high, i.e., when closely related clades of Nostoc cooccur or are locally found in symbiotic associations with the same lichen-forming fungal species. Our results demonstrate that rapid radiations are major contributors to the complex speciation history of Nostoc. This underscores the need to consider evolutionary information beyond thresholds of genomic similarity to delimit biologically meaningful units of biodiversity for bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid41036755, year = {2025}, author = {Rahman, A and Borah, P and Hussain, S and Sen, A and Bharalee, R and Chabukdhara, M and Upadhyaya, H and Verma, AK}, title = {Chemical Diversity of Carotenoids Derived from Aquatic Animals and their Therapeutic, Biomedical, and Natural Colorant Applications.}, journal = {Combinatorial chemistry &amp; high throughput screening}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0113862073377688250903053348}, pmid = {41036755}, issn = {1875-5402}, abstract = {Carotenoids, prevalent in a diverse range of aquatic animals, perform critical and multifaceted roles essential for marine and freshwater ecosystems. This review examines the distribution, biological functions, and potential biomedical applications of carotenoids sourced from various aquatic animals. Carotenoids are acquired through food consumption or metabolic pathways, playing vital roles such as photoprotection, antioxidant defense, and nutritional enhancement, particularly provitamin A. Marine sponges and cnidarians display a diverse spectrum of carotenoids, crucial for symbiosis and photoprotection. Molluscs and crustaceans exhibit varied carotenoid profiles corresponding to their trophic strategies, whereas fish and echinoderms utilize carotenoids in reproductive and developmental processes. In biomedical contexts, carotenoids act as potential anti-cancer agents and antioxidants. Lycopene, β-carotene, and astaxanthin demonstrate anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects, pivotal in cancer prevention and therapeutic interventions. Their applications extend to biomedical technologies like Raman spectroscopy and drug delivery systems, underscoring their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Carotenoids, as powerful antioxidants, neutralize free radicals and diminish oxidative stress, which is linked to chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Some carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, are precursors to vitamin A, vital for vision, immune response, and cell communication. Furthermore, carotenoids have anti-inflammatory properties that modulate inflammatory pathways and provide therapeutic potential in diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis, which are marked by chronic inflammation. Furthermore, carotenoids provide photoprotection, safeguarding the skin and other tissues from damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. This paper highlights the integral role of carotenoids in biomedical advancements, emphasizing their significance in human health research.}, }
@article {pmid41035639, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Y and Wang, S and Yao, D and Zhang, K and Yin, Y and Kong, X and Li, J and Zeng, L and Zhang, R and Zhang, Z}, title = {A taste of one's own medicine: Bacillus velezensis isolated from adult housefly intestines demonstrates effective fly control.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1575292}, pmid = {41035639}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Animals ; *Bacillus/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/immunology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Houseflies/microbiology/immunology ; Larva/microbiology/immunology ; *Intestines/microbiology/immunology ; Transcriptome ; *Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Symbiosis ; Immunity, Humoral ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Bacillus spp. are widely used as biological agents for managing diseases in crops, livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals. Bacillus velezensis, a novel species within the Bacillus genus, is extensively used in the biological control of animal and plant diseases. However, the association between B. velezensis and insect hosts remains a complex and poorly understood process.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we utilized a housefly larvae model to investigate the relationship between B. velezensis and houseflies by examining the changes in intestinal microbiota, transcriptomics, and humoral immunity following symbiotic B. velezensis treatment.<br><br>RESULTS: The results revealed striking dynamic changes in the bacterial community composition of larvae in the treatment group at the genus level. Notably, Providencia and Morganella content increased, while Enterobacter content decreased, leading to inhibited larval growth. Moreover, the bacterial association with the larva significantly impacted the larval transcriptome, modulating the expression of genes involved in various biological pathways, including host growth and development, macronutrient metabolism, and energy production, which are essential for insect development and survival. Oral feeding of B. velezensis also caused significant morphological changes in the larval gut, resulting in notable larval mortality, cell degeneration, shrinkage, and the formation of various vacuoles. Additionally, we observed a significant decrease in immune response in housefly larvae, with a reduction in phenoloxidase activity and melanization ability in treated larvae compared to controls.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Therefore, B. velezensis can damage the vital functions of housefly larvae and may be utilized as a microecological regulator for the green prevention and control of housefly populations.}, }
@article {pmid41035504, year = {2025}, author = {Olaguez-Gonzalez, JM and Chairez, I and Breton-Deval, L and Alfaro-Ponce, M}, title = {In-silico assessment of dynamic symbiotic microbial interactions in a reduced microbiota related to the autism spectrum disorder symptoms.}, journal = {Computational and structural biotechnology journal}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {4078-4088}, pmid = {41035504}, issn = {2001-0370}, abstract = {The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in human health, with growing evidence linking its composition to the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder. However, inconsistencies in previous studies have hindered the identification of a definitive microbial signature associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Machine learning models have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing microbiome data, yet their interpretability remains limited. In this study, we integrate in silico simulations with machine learning predictions to explore microbial interactions under different dietary conditions and provide biological context to features of the intestinal microbiota that are linked to Autism Spectrum Disorder. This study employs constraint-based modeling to simulate metabolic exchanges among key bacterial taxa in order to assess their ecological relationships. Findings reveal that high-fiber diets foster mutualistic and balanced interactions, whereas Western-style diets promote competitive and parasitic dynamics, potentially contributing to gut dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. In addition, the presence of oxygen (a factor associated with colonocyte permeability, a pathological condition of the colon) significantly alters microbial interactions, influencing metabolic dependencies and the overall structure of the community. This integrative approach enhances the interpretability of machine learning-based Autism Spectrum Disorder classifiers, bridging computational predictions with mechanistic insights. By identifying diet-dependent microbial interactions, our study highlights potential dietary interventions to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder. These findings underscore the value of combining in silico modeling and machine learning for unraveling complex microbiome-host relationships and improving Autism Spectrum Disorder biomarker identification.}, }
@article {pmid41034188, year = {2025}, author = {Li, S and Wang, Y and Zhang, Z and Xu, H and Wu, S and Jin, H and Han, X and Liu, Y and Wen, X and Wu, Y and Zhang, Z and Hu, L and Hu, L and Zhang, C and Wang, J and Yan, R and Chen, M and Xiao, G and Sun, G and Zhang, D and Wang, S}, title = {Sodium nitrate protects against metabolic syndrome by sialin-mediated macrophage rebalance.}, journal = {Signal transduction and targeted therapy}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {323}, pmid = {41034188}, issn = {2059-3635}, support = {82201054//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 82030031, L2224038//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy/genetics/pathology/metabolism ; *Macrophages/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; *Nitrates/pharmacology/administration &amp; dosage ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy/genetics/pathology/metabolism ; Male ; Disease Models, Animal ; }, abstract = {Metabolic syndrome, characterized by metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), poses a significant threat to patients' health worldwide; however, efficient treatment is currently unavailable. Here, we show that oral administration of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) greatly attenuates the development and advancement of MASLD-like and T2DM-like phenotypes in mice induced by choline-deficient high-fat, western, or methionine/choline-deficient diet. NaNO3 attenuates metabolic turbulence by rebalancing CD206[+]/CD11C[+] polarization (anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory) and the function of bone marrow-derived macrophages (MoMFs). Using metabolic disorder animal models and bone marrow-reconstituted mice with mutated gene function in Slc17a5, which encodes sialin, we demonstrate that NaNO3 protects against metabolic disorders through the actions of sialin in MoMFs. NaNO3 can directly regulate MoMFs polarization and function in vitro and in mice, in which nitric oxide production from oral and enteral symbiotic bacteria is essentially abolished. At the molecular level, sialin, via the inhibition of the key transcription factor Rel, inhibits cathepsin L (CtsL) expression and thereby activates the Nrf2 pathway to modulate macrophage homeostasis and ameliorate metabolic abnormalities. Interestingly, the sialin-CtsL-Nrf2 pathway is downregulated in human macrophages from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) patients. Overall, we demonstrate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of NaNO3 on metabolic syndrome and reveal a new macrophage rebalancing strategy involving NaNO3 through a novel sialin pathway. Our research indicates that NaNO3 may be a pharmaceutical agent for managing and alleviating metabolic turbulence in humans.}, }
@article {pmid41033381, year = {2025}, author = {Avgousti, K and Dushku, E and Spyropoulou, A and Kotzamanidis, C and Staikou, A and Yiangou, M}, title = {Revealing probiotic properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecalis in Cornu aspersum animal model.}, journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105481}, doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2025.105481}, pmid = {41033381}, issn = {1879-0089}, abstract = {This study explores the probiotic potential, immunomodulatory capacity, and safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from the intestinal tract of the edible terrestrial snail Cornu aspersum maxima. Although host-microbe interactions are well studied in vertebrates, such research remains limited in invertebrates, particularly snails. To address this gap, 12 lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated and screened for tolerance to the defense mechanisms of snails and probiotic-associated traits, followed by machine learning (ML) predictions of immunomodulatory potential. According to results, 10 strains exhibited high tolerance to the external and internal defense mechanisms of snails (pedal and gastric mucus, gastric juices, low gut pH) in association with increased autoaggregation and hydrophobicity values and were predicted to have 100% probability of eliciting immunomodulatory activity in vivo. Five strains, the L. plantarum Spp1 and Spp11 and E. faecalis Spp3, Spp8, Spp19, were selected for in vivo evaluation. Strain-specific immune responses were observed, with some strains mainly induced cellular immune responses, such as chemotaxis and phagocytic activity of hemocytes, while others also induced humoral responses. However, safety evaluations revealed that certain E. faecalis strains exhibited antimicrobial resistance or induced inflammatory reactions. Only two strains, the L. plantarum Spp11 and E. faecalis Spp19, were validated as safe and effective immunomodulatory probiotics in vivo. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the functionality of probiotic Lactiplantibacillus and Enterococcus strains in snails. These findings advance our understanding of snail-microbe symbiosis, particularly in the context of host-probiotic interactions, and support the use of C. aspersum as a valuable invertebrate model for probiotic research.}, }
@article {pmid41032286, year = {2025}, author = {Krall, E and Benza, K and Kannenberg, R and Medina-Jimenez, K and Mukhia, S and Vanyo, V and Bravo, A}, title = {Conservation of Genes Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-05-25-0065-CR}, pmid = {41032286}, issn = {0894-0282}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is an ancient association that played a key role in the adaptation of plants to terrestrial environments. Originating over 400 million years ago at the dawn of land plants, this interaction depends on a core set of conserved genes that enable hosts to establish and maintain symbiotic relationships with AM fungi. The AM symbiotic program includes distinct genetic components for each stage of development, from signal perception to nutrient exchange. While AM-host plants have retained key genes dedicated to symbiosis, non-host lineages have independently lost these genes multiple times over evolutionary history. Recent studies in the liverwort Marchantia paleacea demonstrate that core mechanisms underlying AM symbiosis are conserved from bryophytes to angiosperms. Comparative genomic studies continue to uncover how symbiosis-specific genes are integrated with broadly conserved cellular machinery to sustain this interaction. Understanding these deeply conserved genetic modules is essential for uncovering the evolutionary foundations of plant-microbe associations and for harnessing their potential in sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41031293, year = {2025}, author = {Rui, J and Long, X and Wang, X and Xiong, X and Zhu, J}, title = {Soil microclimate and vegetation dynamics shape elevational and seasonal variations of diazotrophic communities in alpine grasslands.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1587343}, pmid = {41031293}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Diazotrophs play critical roles in maintaining ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling in alpine grasslands. However, the elevational and seasonal variations of diazotrophic communities in these ecosystems remain poorly understood. This gap in knowledge limits our ability to predict how N fixation will respond to environmental change. Here, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of soil diazotrophic communities across a 3200-4000 m elevational gradient in Qinghai-Tibetan alpine grasslands during the growing season.<br><br>METHODS: Soil samples were collected across an elevational gradient (3200-4000 m) throughout the growing season. The diazotrophic community composition was assessed by sequencing the nifH gene, which was also quantified using quantitative PCR. Soil nitrogenase activity was measured to assess N fixation potential. Key environmental variables, such as soil temperature, moisture, and plant biomass (particularly legume biomass), were monitored.<br><br>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Our results revealed that diazotrophic alpha-diversity followed an inverted V-shaped pattern along the elevational gradient, primarily driven by soil temperature and moisture. Beta-diversity analyses demonstrated that diazotrophic communities generally exhibited similar elevational distribution patterns throughout the growing season, also primarily influenced by temperature and moisture. Seasonal variations in diazotrophic communities were more pronounced at lower elevations, primarily associated with plant biomass dynamics, including delayed legume emergence at 3200 m in June and their subsequent biomass accumulation after July. In contrast, soil microclimate (particularly temperature) dominated community shifts at higher elevations. Notably, nifH gene abundance and soil nitrogenase activity were higher in the early growing season, suggesting free-living diazotrophs may play a crucial role in N fixation. Abundant species were key contributors to diazotrophic beta-diversity. Symbiotic Mesorhizobium was more abundant at low elevations, while free-living Geobacter at high elevations. Conversely, associative diazotrophs peaked later in the growing season, in contrast to Geobacter. Rare species played a key role in shaping alpha diversity, particularly at mid-elevations, where soil moisture was the highest. Our study underscores the complex interactions between soil microclimate change and plant dynamics in regulating diazotrophic communities. Furthermore, it highlights the essential roles of both abundant and rare species in sustaining ecosystem functions in alpine grasslands. These findings provide new insights into the biogeochemical processes supporting N cycling in alpine grasslands and highlight the potential impacts of vegetation and climate change on these fragile ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41030555, year = {2025}, author = {Worku, AT and Sciarretta, A and Guarnieri, A and Falcone, M and Brancazio, N and Minwuyelet, A and Cutuli, MA and Atenafu, G and Nicolosi, D and Colacci, M and Yewhalaw, D and Di Marco, R and Petronio Petronio, G}, title = {Microbial gatekeepers: midgut bacteria in Aedes mosquitoes as modulators of arboviral transmission and targets for sustainable vector control.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1656709}, pmid = {41030555}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Arboviral diseases such as Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, and West Nile virus pose significant global public health and economic challenges, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The absence of effective vaccines and sustainable vector control strategies continues to drive high morbidity and mortality rates. Symbiotic bacteria residing in the mosquito midgut can produce antimicrobial compound, stimulate the host immune response, disrupt nutrient pathways critical for pathogen development, and interfere with the pathogen's lifecycle and dissemination. Additionally, these microbes may reduce vector reproduction and shorten the lifespan of both immature and adult stages. Genetically modified symbiotic bacteria can release effector molecules that target pathogens without harming mosquitoes. Advances in genomic and metagenomic tools have deepened our understanding of the mosquito gut microbiome. This review highlights current knowledge of gut bacteria and arbovirus interactions and explores strategies to reduce arboviral transmission. Comprehensive literature searches were conducted using global databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, with a focus on English-language publications.}, }
@article {pmid41030195, year = {2025}, author = {Vancaester, E and Oldrieve, GR and Reid, A and Koutsovoulos, G and Laetsch, DR and Makepeace, BL and Tanya, V and Poppert, S and Krücken, J and Wolstenholme, A and Blaxter, M}, title = {Ghosts of symbionts past: The hidden history of the dynamic association between filarial nematodes and their Wolbachia endosymbionts.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/g3journal/jkaf226}, pmid = {41030195}, issn = {2160-1836}, abstract = {Many, but not all, parasitic filarial nematodes (Onchocercidae) carry intracellular, maternally-transmitted, alphaproteobacterial Wolbachia symbionts. The association between filarial nematodes and Wolbachia is often portrayed as mutualist, where the nematode is reliant on Wolbachia for an essential but unknown service. Wolbachia are targets for anti-filarial chemotherapeutic interventions for human disease. Wolbachia of Onchocercidae derive from four of the major supergroups (C, D, F and J) defined within the genus. We explored the evolutionary history of the filarial nematode-Wolbachia symbiosis in twenty-two nematode species, sixteen of which have current Wolbachia infections, by screening the nematode nuclear genome sequences for nuclear Wolbachia transfers, fragments of the Wolbachia genome that have been inserted into the nuclear genome. We identified Wolbachia insertions in five of the six species that have no current Wolbachia infection, showing they have previously had and have now lost Wolbachia infections. In currently-infected species we found a diversity of origins of the insertions, including many cases where they derived from a different supergroup to the current live infection. Mapping the origins of the insertions onto the filarial nematode phylogeny we derive a complex model of evolution of Wolbachia symbiosis. The history of association between Wolbachia and onchocercid nematodes includes not only cospeciation, as would be expected from a mutualist symbiosis, but also loss (in the five Wolbachia-free species), frequent symbiont replacement, and dual infection. This dynamic pattern is challenging to models that assume host-symbiont mutualism.}, }
@article {pmid41029997, year = {2025}, author = {Ferreras-Garrucho, G and Chancellor, T and Paszkowski, U}, title = {Integrating single-cell omic techniques to resolve the spatio-temporal complexity of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf404}, pmid = {41029997}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) is a ubiquitous and ancient interaction between plant root systems and fungi of the Glomeromycotina subphylum. The resulting relationship is mutually beneficial and deeply intimate where the fungus intracellularly colonises root cortex cells to receive organic carbon and deliver minerals and water to the plant. Fungal colonisation of plant roots and cells is extremely dynamic and asynchronous across the root system. Symbiosis development must therefore result from spatio-temporally fine-tuned molecular control mechanisms of plant and fungus. Although the plant genetic program underpinning AMS has been extensively studied, little is known about its dynamic regulation across root cell layers and developmental stages of the association. Thus, many questions remain outstanding: how do different cell-types transcriptionally respond to AMS, how are distinct cell-type specific regulatory states coordinated, and what are the transcriptional activities in the fungus associated with discrete stages of root colonisation? The advent of single cell-based techniques now enables the high-resolution analysis to address these questions. In this review, we recapitulate the current knowledge on the spatio-temporal control of AMS, we evaluate the relevance of existing spatial datasets to AMS research and provide new perspectives for future study.}, }
@article {pmid41029519, year = {2025}, author = {Modara, B and Rahimi, MM and Abdipour, M and Hosseinifarahi, M}, title = {Physiological and antioxidant responses of marjoram (Origanum Majorana L.) under drought stress mediated by Salicylic acid and mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1248}, pmid = {41029519}, issn = {1471-2229}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Salicylic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Droughts ; *Antioxidants/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Stress, Physiological ; }, abstract = {Drought stress, exacerbated by climate change, is a major limiting factor for herbs cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of salicylic acid (SA) and mycorrhizal fungi (MF) on marjoram under drought stress conditions. The experiment was conducted over two years (2022-2023) using a split factorial design within a randomized complete block with three replications. The study's primary factor was drought stress at three levels: 90% (D0), 70% (D1), and 35% (D2) of field capacity (FC). The secondary factor included two sub-factors: SA concentrations (0, 100, and 300 mg L[-1]) and MF inoculation (non-inoculated (M0) and inoculated with Glomus hoi (M1)). Results demonstrated that drought stress decreased relative water content (RWC) (46.8%), chlorophyll content (35%), carotenoids (25.7%), and dry weight (49.3%), while increasing proline (38.6%), soluble sugars (29.4%), electrolyte leakage (44.8%), superoxide dismutase (35.2%), peroxidase (43.1%), and catalase activities (29.3%). Additionally, the combined treatment of SA and MF enhanced water status by 44%, proline content by 12%, and soluble sugar content by 6% under severe drought conditions. Antioxidant enzyme activities (Catalase) were also significantly increased by up to 91% with the combined treatments, supporting the hypothesis that the synergy of SA and MF can effectively mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on marjoram. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combined application of SA and MF could be a promising strategy for enhancing drought tolerance in marjoram, especially in drought-prone areas. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study does not involve clinical trials or human participants and, as such, does not require clinical trial registration.}, }
@article {pmid41028587, year = {2026}, author = {Anandakumar, S and Senthamilselvi, D and Kalaiselvi, T}, title = {Estimation of Foliar Volatiles Emitted by Mycorrhizal Colonized Blackgram (Vigna mungo L) Infested with Spodoptera litura.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2966}, number = {}, pages = {233-243}, pmid = {41028587}, issn = {1940-6029}, mesh = {*Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis/metabolism ; Animals ; *Spodoptera/physiology ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Plant Leaves/metabolism/chemistry/parasitology ; *Vigna/metabolism/parasitology/microbiology/chemistry ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a significant role in signaling and tolerance to biotic stressors, including insect pest infestation. Mycorrhizae, a symbiotic fungus, improves the tolerance of blackgram plants to Spodoptera litura by altering the profiling of foliage VOCs. Recently, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with headspace (HS) trapping of VOCs is the most frequently used analytical technique to understand the metabolic process and responses of plants to biotic stresses. This method performs four steps such as (i) trapping of HS-VOCs, (ii) concentration and enrichment of VOCs, (iii) transfer of VOCs from air sample to analytical device, and (iv) detection and identification of compounds. HS volatiles is trapped using fiber polymers like Tenax TA and desorbed thermally in GC-MS with TD autosampler and thermal desorption (TD). The identification of VOCs compounds is performed by searching mass spectral peaks against NIST mass spectral library. This chapter provides the detailed procedure for the estimation of plant-produced VOCs using HS sapling coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) with TD autosampler and thermal desorption method.}, }
@article {pmid41027965, year = {2025}, author = {Cao, J and Wang, J and Yang, Q and Guo, B and Colombi, T and Valverde-Barrantes, OJ and Ding, J and Zhang, Y and Wu, H and Feng, Z and Yang, X and Kong, D}, title = {Root anatomy governs bi-directional resource transfer in mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {8731}, pmid = {41027965}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {32471824, 32171746, 31870522, and 31670550//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/metabolism ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Plant Roots/anatomy &amp; histology/microbiology/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; }, abstract = {Plants form mycorrhizal symbioses to enhance nutrient acquisition, yet the biophysical principles governing carbon and nutrient exchange remain unclear. Here, we develop a theory of bi-directional carbon-nutrient transfer that integrates root anatomy, energetic costs, and mycorrhizal positioning. We show that nutrient uptake per unit carbon or energy investment declines with increasing root diameter due to higher carbon demands across thicker cortical tissues. Mycorrhizal fungi mitigate this constraint by enabling more carbon-efficient nutrient uptake, particularly when arbuscules are positioned in inner cortical layers. This spatial optimization minimizes the carbon cost of transporting nutrients to the stele. Our framework reconciles anatomical variation, symbiotic structure, and functional efficiency across root types and mycorrhizal strategies and offers a new lens for understanding the coevolution between roots and mycorrhizal fungi.}, }
@article {pmid41027223, year = {2025}, author = {Jing, X and Zhang, X and Wang, X and Chen, H and Xing, S and Jin, Z and Yang, D and Li, J and Wu, S and Hao, Z and Song, F and Chen, B}, title = {Bidirectional interference between nanoplastics and arsenic in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Reciprocal modulation of uptake, transformation and translocation.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {498}, number = {}, pages = {139983}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139983}, pmid = {41027223}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Nanoplastics, which persist in the environment with high specific surface areas, interact with the well-documented pollutant arsenic, thereby exacerbating its phytotoxicity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, forming symbiotic relationships with most plants and enhancing their arsenic tolerance, possess hyphae capable of capturing nanoplastics. However, no studies have investigated either how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi absorb and transfer arsenic during nanoplastics co-exposure, or whether nanoplastics are internalized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi hyphae and translocated to mycorrhizal tissues under arsenic stress. In this study, a two-compartment in vitro monoxenic cultivation system was used to investigate the synergistic translocation and transformation of arsenic-nanoplastic co-contaminants at the plant-microbe interface. The results indicated that nanoplastics hindered the arsenic absorption by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi hyphae and promoted the transformation of inorganic arsenic to organic arsenic via upregulating the relative expression of the RiMT-11 gene in the hyphae. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging confirmed nanoplastics internalization by hyphae and subsequent translocation to mycorrhizae under arsenic exposure. This study deciphers nanoplastic-arsenic-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interaction mechanisms and validates arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi's potential role in the bioremediation of arsenic-nanoplastic co-contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid41026427, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, SC and Kumar, M and Singh, R and Saxena, AK}, title = {Selection of competitive and effective rhizobial strain for enhanced chickpea production under Indo-Gangetic plains of India.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41026427}, issn = {1678-4405}, support = {Application of Microorganisms in Agriculture and Allied Sectors (AMAAS).//Application of Microorganisms in Agriculture and Allied Sectors (AMAAS)./ ; }, abstract = {Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a vital legume crop, but its productivity is often limited by poor soil fertility. This study aimed to assess the nodulation efficacy and plant growth-enhancing activities of six Mesorhizobium spp. strains in the chickpea cultivar Pusa 362 through the Leonard jar experiment and field trial. The strains, including two strains from ICRISAT (reference strains), were tested for solubilization of phosphate, potassium, and zinc, and production of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA). Strain C5 excelled in phosphate solubilization (61.40 µg/ml), while C7 was superior in potassium (26.10 µg/ml) and zinc phosphate (69.15 µg/ml) solubilization; C17 showed the highest IAA production (25.75 µg/ml). In the Leonard jar experiment, inoculation of strains M. ciceri C5 and M. helmanticense C17 exhibited the highest nodule number and root dry weight, while treatments with M. ciceri C5 and M. helmanticense C7 inoculation recorded the maximum nodule dry weight and shoot dry weight. Field trials indicated significant improvements in nodulation, biomass, and nitrogen content in chickpeas inoculated with these strains. Treatment with strain C7 led to the highest increase in nodule number and root dry weight over the control, while strain C5 inoculation recorded maximum grain yield. Correlation analysis showed positive relationships between yield and several growth parameters. Nodule occupancy tests revealed that strain C7 had the highest occupancy (32.98%), followed by C5 (31.92%), indicating superior nodulation competitiveness under field conditions. These results suggest that inoculation with specific Mesorhizobium strains can significantly enhance chickpea productivity through improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid41026187, year = {2025}, author = {Cheng, P and Liu, F and Li, L and Wu, S and Xiao, W and Zong, Q and Liu, T and Peng, Y}, title = {Impact of Tebuconazole On the Development and Symbiotic Microbial Communities of Pardosa Pseudoannulata.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {97}, pmid = {41026187}, issn = {1432-184X}, mesh = {*Triazoles/toxicity ; *Symbiosis/drug effects ; Animals ; *Microbiota/drug effects ; Bacteria/drug effects/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Fungi/drug effects/classification/genetics ; *Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity ; *Spiders/microbiology/drug effects/growth &amp; development/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Animals, Poisonous ; }, abstract = {Tebuconazole is a widely used triazole fungicide to control fungal diseases. While there have been reported side effects on non-target arthropods, its ecological risks to natural enemies remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the developmental toxicity and symbiotic microorganism responses of the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, an important predator in rice ecosystems, following exposure to tebuconazole. The results indicated that tebuconazole did not significantly increase the mortality rate of spiderlings; however, it did lead to a significant decrease in spiderling body weight, as well as the length and width of the carapace. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 regions and the ITS region revealed that tebuconazole significantly reduced bacterial diversity indices in the short term, with a gradual recovery over time. In contrast, the impact on the fungal community was continuous and irreversible, with a significant decrease in the Shannon index observed after 15 days. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Cupriavidus and Staphylococcus in the bacterial community decreased significantly after tebuconazole exposure, while Stenotrophomonas increased. In the fungal community, Fungi_gen_Incertae_sedis decreased significantly, and Simplicillium increased. Our findings highlight the ecological risks of fungicide exposure to beneficial predators and underscore the importance of considering symbiotic microbiota in pesticide risk assessments.}, }
@article {pmid41025674, year = {2025}, author = {Ste-Croix, DT and Gagnon, A&#xc8; and Mimee, B}, title = {The genome and stage-specific transcriptomes of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis, reveal adaptive mechanisms for host specialisation and symbiotic interactions.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imb.70012}, pmid = {41025674}, issn = {1365-2583}, support = {J-002846//Alternative Pest Management Solutions initiative/ ; //Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Throughout their evolution, insects have become specialised to occupy diverse ecological niches. The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis, is an important agricultural pest that exhibits a very specific host range. In this study, we characterised the genome and transcriptomes of each developmental stage of L. oregonensis and its Wolbachia endosymbiont to gain deeper knowledge of the genetic determinants controlling its biology. We annotated 14,637 genes and showed expression profiles across the developmental stages. We also compared orthologous genes between L. oregonensis and nine other species, with particular focus on chemoreceptors and detoxification genes. We identified 24 distinct odorant-binding protein genes and 41 genes for receptors involved in stimulus perception, relatively low numbers compared with other species, which would be consistent with a narrow host range. In contrast, we found a high number of detoxification genes, with significant expansion of certain gene families. Among the annotated genes, 46 were putatively acquired through horizontal gene transfer, with 17 showing strong evidence for this, including several cell-wall degrading enzymes. The phylogeny of a cytolethal distending toxin gene also suggests an initial transfer from a prokaryotic source and vertical dissemination in members of Curculionidae through recent evolution. The presence of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia (supergroup A) was confirmed in all tested L. oregonensis individuals from several regions in northeastern North America and showed very little diversity. This study enhances our understanding of the genomic, functional, and evolutionary aspects of a significant agricultural pest and makes important and useful databases available to the scientific community.}, }
@article {pmid41025407, year = {2025}, author = {Esquinas-Ariza, RM and Villar, I and Minguillón, S and Zamarreño, &#xc1; and Pérez-Rontomé, C and Reeder, BJ and Sandal, N and Yan, D and García-Mina, JM and Duanmu, D and Martínez-Júlvez, M and Becana, M}, title = {Structural and functional comparison of hemoglobin Glb2-1 of Lotus japonicus with Glb1-1 and leghemoglobins.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf434}, pmid = {41025407}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {The legume Lotus japonicus expresses nine hemoglobins, including leghemoglobins (Lbs), class 1 phytoglobin (Glb1-1), and an unusual phytoglobin (Glb2-1). Quantitative PCR, proteomics, and plant mutant analyses indicate that Glb2-1 is mainly present in nodules without replacing Lb function, but is also in roots and photosynthetic tissues. Comparison of hormonal profiles of the knock-out mutants glb1-1, glb2-1, and glb1-1/2-1 reveals that Glb1-1 and Glb2-1 have distinct functions. The increase of salicylic acid in the leaves of glb1-1 reveals a role of Glb1-1 in the defense response, which was corroborated by accumulation of pipecolic acid, a metabolite involved in plant immunity. In contrast, the decrease of bioactive jasmonoyl-isoleucine in glb2-1 is consistent with a role of Glb2-1 in the plant's reproductive stage. The mutants also showed changes in cytokinins, gibberellins, and polyamines, but without clear distinctive patterns. The crystal structure of Glb2-1 was determined to 1.6 Å resolution and compared with those of soybean Lba and Arabidopsis Glb1. In combination with mutant versions of Glb2-1, residues Tyr31, His64, and Cys65 were identified as critical for O2-binding stability. Spectral changes in heme coordination when Tyr31 is substituted for Phe highlights the importance of the residue at the B10 position for Lb and Glb function.}, }
@article {pmid41025248, year = {2025}, author = {Park, YJ and Lim, JK and Lee, YJ and Kwon, KK}, title = {Protocol for efficient recovery of high-quality DNA from microbiome of marine invertebrates.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)}, volume = {63}, number = {9}, pages = {e2507003}, doi = {10.71150/jm.2507003}, pmid = {41025248}, issn = {1976-3794}, support = {EA0311//Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries/ ; KIMST 20210469//Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Microbiota/genetics ; *DNA, Bacterial/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Aquatic Organisms/microbiology ; *Bacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; *Porifera/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Republic of Korea ; *Invertebrates/microbiology ; Anthozoa/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; }, abstract = {Marine organisms often form symbiotic relationships with various microorganisms to adapt and thrive in harsh environments. These symbiotic microbes contribute to host survival by providing nutrition, modulating the hosts' immune system, and supporting overall physiological stability. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have enabled a deeper understanding of the structure and function of symbiotic microbial communities, as well as host-microbe interactions. Notably, symbiotic bacteria associated with marine invertebrates such as corals and sponges are recognized as a potential source of useful bioactive compounds, including antibiotics and enzymes. However, obtaining high-quality microbial DNA from host tissues still remains a technical challenge due to the presence of unknown substances. This study focuses on optimizing sample preparation and DNA extraction procedures and additional purification to improve the recovery of microbial DNA while minimizing host DNA contamination. Comparison between several methods was conducted using sponge samples to evaluate DNA quality and microbial recovery. A sample designated as 2110BU-001 was collected from the east coast of the Republic of Korea and used for culture-independent microbial cell isolation. Total bacterial DNA was extracted by using a manual Phenol-Chloroform protocol and three commercial kits. DNA extracted using the standard manual method showed both the highest yield and the largest fragment size. However, PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) test showed that quality of manually extracted DNA was not enough for sequencing. Therefore, the quality of DNA was improved through additional purification steps. Briefly, host eukaryotic cells were removed by mechanical process and almost only bacterial DNA was successfully obtained by combination of manual extraction method and further purification processes. The established protocol was successfully introduced to extraction of metagenomic DNA from mussel and jellyfish microbiomes, indicating that it can be widely applied to various marine organisms.}, }
@article {pmid41024490, year = {2025}, author = {Speijer, D}, title = {Eukaryogenesis From FECA to LECA: Radical Steps Along the Way.}, journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70063}, doi = {10.1002/bies.70063}, pmid = {41024490}, issn = {1521-1878}, abstract = {The characteristics of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) population and the root of the eukaryotic tree have been coming into focus lately. However, the trajectory taking the host, related to present-day Asgard archaea and the endosymbiont, related to present-day alphaproteobacteria, toward such fully integrated and complex organisms is still unclear. Here I marshal recent evidence supporting the early arrival of the "mitochondrion-to-be", setting up the evolutionary dynamic for a series of mutual adaptations leading to eukaryotes. Upon critical analysis of some presuppositions in phylogenomic reconstructions of eukaryogenesis, I again propose that pre-symbiosis, efficient ATP generation, internal reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and enhanced retention of genes supplied by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) interdependently allowed this unique transformation to occur.}, }
@article {pmid41024329, year = {2025}, author = {Manjili, MH}, title = {The Invisible Lens: Why Theoretical Models Are Essential for Interpreting Immune Phenomena.}, journal = {Scandinavian journal of immunology}, volume = {102}, number = {4}, pages = {e70057}, doi = {10.1111/sji.70057}, pmid = {41024329}, issn = {1365-3083}, support = {W81XWH2210793//U.S. Department of Defense/ ; P30 CA 016059/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Models, Immunological ; *Immune System/immunology ; *Allergy and Immunology ; }, abstract = {Immunology progresses not merely by accumulating data but by evolving the conceptual lenses through which those data are interpreted; yet for six decades the self-non-self/infectious-non-self (SNS/INS) paradigm-casting allogeneity as activating signal and 'self' as intrinsically tolerogenic-has dominated research design, peer review and curriculum. This, in turn, systematically amplifies concordant findings while attenuating evidence for tissue integrity, metabolic, symbiotic and network-centric cues. This conceptual monoculture appears as a hidden dogma that impedes breakthroughs in our understanding of the immune system and the development of curative therapies. By institutionalising theoretical immunology as a formal discipline and treating models as explicit, testable tools rather than hidden assumptions, immunologists can sharpen hypothesis generation and achieve a better understanding of existing data. This essay provides an overview of empirically grounded theoretical models to counter monoculture, clarify how frames shape interpretation, and expand the field's conceptual toolkit.}, }
@article {pmid41024212, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Gong, L and Dong, D and Li, X}, title = {Metagenomic binning reveals community and functional characteristics of sulfur- and methane-oxidizing bacteria in cold seep sponge ground.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {122}, pmid = {41024212}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {KEXUE2020GZ01//The Senior User Project of R/V Kexue/ ; 42176114//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZR2023MD100//Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cold seep sponges typically reside in the carbonate rock areas surrounding the vents, often comprising only a few individuals of a limited number of species. Previous limited studies have indicated that sponges living in seeps or vents host chemolithotrophic microorganisms, including sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB), regardless of their feeding habits. This suggests that they may utilize compounds from their environment. However, when multiple sponge species are found co-occurring in a single sponge ground sharing identical environmental and material conditions, it remains unclear how their symbiotic community structure will behave. Specifically, it is uncertain whether the community will exhibit greater similarity or, as seen in most studies, demonstrate host specificity.<br><br>RESULTS: We utilize metagenomics and binning analysis to characterize six new sponge species belonging to two classes and two distinct dietary habits, all discovered in the same cold seep. Our findings reveal that their associated microbial communities, primarily composed of SOB and MOB from the phylum Proteobacteria, exhibit a high abundance of groups with the same chemosynthetic functions. Binning recovered diverse, novel MAGs (metagenome-assembled genomes) primarily dominated by order PS1 (SOB) and order Methylococcales (MOB). This similarity extends beyond the dietary habits and higher taxonomic levels of the sponge hosts. Phylogenetic and abundance difference analyses of MAGs indicate significant host specificity in the selection of symbiotic microbial species among different sponge species. Notably, these MOB and SOB exhibit potential novelty within their clade compared to known taxa. Furthermore, the genomes of these SOB and MOB contain abundant functions related to their adaptation to the chemoautotrophic environment and symbiotic lifestyle within the cold seep.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The chemosynthetic environment shapes the high relative abundance of key functional groups that dominate the symbiotic community, while the species differences among host sponges determine the strain selection within these groups. The metabolic functions expressed by this "convergence with divergence" community structure collectively endow the holobionts with the ability to adapt to the cold seep environment.}, }
@article {pmid41023112, year = {2025}, author = {Chakraborty, S and Sharma, R and Bhat, A and Curtin, SJ and Wen, J and Mysore, KS and Paape, T}, title = {Partners in root nodule symbiosis respond uniquely to heavy metal stresses in a host genotype-dependent manner.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {33518}, pmid = {41023112}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {3093-53000-001-000D &amp; 5062-21000-035-000D//Agricultural Research Service/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/drug effects/genetics ; *Medicago truncatula/genetics/microbiology/drug effects ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/genetics/drug effects/metabolism ; *Metals, Heavy/toxicity ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects ; Genotype ; Cadmium/toxicity ; *Sinorhizobium meliloti/physiology/drug effects ; *Stress, Physiological/drug effects ; Zinc/toxicity ; Mutation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Transcriptome ; }, abstract = {The mutualistic symbiosis between legume roots and soil rhizobia culminates in the formation of root nodules, where nitrogen is fixed. Root nodule symbiosis is inhibited by heavy metal stress. In this study, we investigated the relative responses of the symbiotic partners to a non-essential heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and an essential heavy metal zinc (Zn) stress and identified patterns in gene expression. We performed dual transcriptomics in nodules, using the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiotic system. Phenotypes were measured in the wild-type Medicago truncatula and a mutant in an ABC transporter gene (Mtabcg36), which showed compromised nodule formation in control conditions and further after heavy metal treatment. We observed that the rhizobia were particularly sensitive to Zn in mutant nodules. The greatest degree of differential gene expression in the host plant were observed under Cd and Zn treatments in wild-type nodules. Most Cd-regulated host genes were also differentially regulated by Zn, revealing little discernment between an essential and a non-essential ion under increased exposure. Furthermore, the host response to both the stresses affected auxin and iron homeostasis genes in a host genotype-dependent manner. Our results suggested impaired cadmium export from the mutant nodules. These results have potential implications in agricultural management systems and bioremediation strategies.}, }
@article {pmid41022930, year = {2025}, author = {Charaabi, K and Hamdene, H and Djobbi, W and Fadhel, S and Tanfouri, N and Saidi, M and Guerfali, MM}, title = {Assessing gut microbiota diversity and functional potential in resistant and susceptible strains of the mediterranean fruit fly.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {33456}, pmid = {41022930}, issn = {2045-2322}, mesh = {Animals ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/genetics ; *Ceratitis capitata/microbiology/drug effects ; *Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Biodiversity ; Malathion/pharmacology ; Macrolides/pharmacology ; Dimethoate/pharmacology ; Drug Combinations ; }, abstract = {The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) is a destructive polyphagous pest that affects many agricultural crops. While insecticides are commonly used to control its populations, the widespread and excessive use of these chemicals has led to increased resistance globally. Gut microbiota may influence insect behavior and physiology, potentially contributing to this resistance. In this study, high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to characterize the gut microbiota of both insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant strains of C. capitata, aiming to investigate the potential role of symbiotic bacteria in the medfly resistance development in. Three resistant strains were selected under laboratory conditions by exposing the adult-rearing diet to increasing concentrations of malathion, dimethoate, and spinosad over successive generations. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analyses revealed significant differences in gut microbiota structure between resistant and susceptible strains (p < 0.001). Insecticide-resistant strains showed a microbiota composition shift upon insecticide exposure. Notably, Serratia spp. and Buttiauxella spp. exhibited a sharp decline in resistant strains, while Enterococcus spp. and Klebsiella spp. showed a significant increase (p < 0.001). Resistant strains showed lower bacterial richness and diversity, suggesting an enrichment of bacteria that have a competitive advantage under insecticide selection pressure. Functional predictions indicated distinct metabolic differences, with resistant strains displaying enhanced activities related to xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism. This suggests a potential association between these bacteria and insecticide resistance; however, further studies are necessary to determinate whether these bacteria directly contribute to the degradation or detoxification of insecticides.}, }
@article {pmid41021533, year = {2025}, author = {Matsui, H and Hata, Y}, title = {Group-level matching behavior in phototaxis of acoel flatworm Praesagittifera naikaiensis.}, journal = {Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1037/com0000430}, pmid = {41021533}, issn = {1939-2087}, abstract = {The matching law, which posits that animals allocate their responses in proportion to the rate of reinforcement, has been supported across diverse animal taxa. Although originally formulated in the context of operant choice, matching also applies to time allocation in foraging and to Pavlovian responses, indicating its generality across behavioral domains. However, empirical evidence has thus far been largely limited to vertebrates and arthropods. Addressing the broader applicability of this principle requires extending investigations beyond these taxonomic groups, across a wider phylogenetic spectrum. Here, we examined phototactic behavior in the acoel flatworm Praesagittifera naikaiensis, a species that acquires nutrients through photosynthesis by symbiotic algae and exhibits positive phototaxis. Using a custom-built T-maze in which the number of illuminated LEDs varied across arms, we found that the animals distributed themselves in proportion to relative brightness, consistent with matching behavior. Moreover, prior exposure to light for 24 hr attenuated this pattern. This manipulation was intended to induce a state of nutritional sufficiency, and the resulting decline in phototactic responses suggests that internal physiological states can modulate even seemingly reflexive locomotor behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).}, }
@article {pmid41021075, year = {2025}, author = {Leng, C and Yang, G and Hou, M and Huang, X and Xing, Y and Yang, B and Chen, J}, title = {Fungi of the family Psathyrellaceae are symbiotic partners of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {56}, pmid = {41021075}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {No. tsqn202211233//Special Fund for Taishan Scholar Project/ ; 2021-I2M-1-032//the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences/ ; }, mesh = {*Orchidaceae/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Phylogeny ; China ; Endophytes/physiology/isolation &amp; purification/genetics ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; *Basidiomycota/physiology/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Rhizome/microbiology ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; }, abstract = {Fully mycoheterotrophic orchids rely entirely on fungal symbionts for carbon acquisition and are often highly specialized in their fungal associations. Danxiaorchis yangii is a fully mycoheterotrophic orchid species with an extremely limited population in its endemic region of southeastern China. Its fungal symbionts remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the fungal associations of D. yangii using both the isolation of culturable fungal endophytes and high-throughput sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) region. Six strains of Psathyrellaceae were isolated from rhizomes (underground stems) of D. yangii and phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belong to two main taxa. High-throughput sequencing further confirmed that the fungal community within the rhizomes was dominated by Psathyrellaceae. Moreover, an in vitro symbiotic seed germination assay demonstrated that one of the isolated strains could promote the growth of germinating seeds to the protocorm stage. These findings are significant for advancing our understanding of the mycoheterotrophic symbiosis in D. yangii.}, }
@article {pmid41019754, year = {2025}, author = {Foster, LR and Yang, J and Riethoven, JM and Mukhtar, H and Schachtman, DP}, title = {Inoculation frequency and maize genotype influence plant growth-promoting effects of soil bacteria under low nitrogen conditions.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1637156}, pmid = {41019754}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Global agriculture relies heavily on the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer to meet the current global food demand. Unfortunately, the average nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) is as low as 50%. Improving the NUE of maize is essential for feeding the ever-increasing world population while also decreasing the negative environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilizer due to runoff and volatilization. Harnessing the symbiotic relationship between plants and soil microorganisms may be one method for increasing the NUE in crops such as maize. In the present study, a set of potentially beneficial bacterial species chosen based on genetic information from the host was investigated for their ability to improve NUE-related traits in maize grown under nitrogen-deficient conditions. This was carried out through non-repeated and repeated bacterial inoculations using different maize genotypes. We identified several growth-promoting bacterial isolates and observed a significant interaction between the bacterial isolates and the maize genotype, suggesting a strong interaction between the host genetics and the effects of bacterial isolates. In addition, our results showed a significant growth response to repeated inoculations with a beneficial bacterial isolate. In summary, when evaluating the plant-growth-promoting effects of a bacterial species, it is essential to consider the interaction between host plant genotype and bacterial isolate. In addition, when inoculating with bacterial isolates, multiple inoculations appear to be more effective than a single inoculation after bacterial seed priming.}, }
@article {pmid41019523, year = {2025}, author = {Eaker, AA and Rowe, SL and Friesen, ML}, title = {Antagonism within mutualism: host control of symbionts through nodule-specific antimicrobial peptides.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1622262}, pmid = {41019523}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Legumes (Fabaceae) have developed a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia to meet their nitrogen needs. Legumes recruit rhizobia from the soil, house them in root organs called nodules, and manipulate bacterial metabolism, providing carbon and receiving bacterially fixed nitrogen in return. One mechanism of host control is through a family of antimicrobial peptides that only appears in the inverted repeat lacking clade (IRLC) of the legumes, though the Dalbergioid clade has similar peptides. They are named nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides due to their exclusive expression in the nodule during symbiosis and the shared 4 or 6 cysteine residue motif. These genes and subsequent proteins vary in number, sequence, and function, but evolutionary genomics research shows that they are adapted from the plant immune system for the new function of symbiont manipulation. In this review, we present the current understanding of NCR peptide biology, expression, and function. We examine NCR genomic and biochemical features and explore their roles in shaping symbiotic outcomes. Finally, we discuss emerging applications and key open questions. Understanding host manipulation of bacterial symbionts within plant tissues provides researchers with targets for engineering more efficient nitrogen-fixing symbioses. In addition, NCR peptides show promise as therapeutic agents with the potential to control both plant and animal pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid41019521, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, L and Liu, L and Gao, W and Li, B and Guo, S}, title = {Symbiotic relationship between Polyporus umbellatus and Armillaria gallica shapes rhizosphere bacterial community structure and promotes fungal growth.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1658060}, pmid = {41019521}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {AIMS: Polyporus umbellatus sclerotium, known for its diuretic properties, relies on a symbiotic association with Armillaria for its growth and quality development. However, the impact of soil microorganisms on this symbiosis remains uncertain and warrants investigation. The primary objective of this research is to characterize the microorganisms capable of enhancing the symbiotic interaction between Armillaria gallica and Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia in the rhizosphere soil.<br><br>METHODS: Symbiotic cultivation experiments were conducted in woodland habitats with four groups: symbiotic group (Z0), control group (Z1), A. gallica-only group (Z2), and P. umbellatus-only group (Z3). Rhizosphere soil community profiling analysis was conducted using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Subsequently, bacterial strains were isolated, purified, and back-inoculated with A. gallica to assess their effects on this symbiotic relationship.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 10,009 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, with the symbiotic group (Z0) showing higher bacterial richness and diversity (ACE, Chao1, Shannon indices) compared to Z2 and Z3. Dominant phyla such as Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Bacteroidota were notably more abundant in Z0. Notably, Rhodococcus sp. Z2-1 significantly promoted A. gallica rhizomorph growth (diameter increased by 112.2%, branches by 160.9%) and symbiosis establishment (100% contact rate in inoculated pots vs. 0-22.2% in controls).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The symbiotic relationship between P. umbellatus and A. gallica shapes rhizosphere bacterial communities, with specific bacteria like Rhodococcus sp. enhancing fungal growth and symbiotic efficiency. This study presents the potential for developing a bio-bacterial fertilizer for cultivation of medicinal material.}, }
@article {pmid41019519, year = {2025}, author = {Ning, Y and Chen, Y and Wu, Z and Yang, T and He, X and Yue, H}, title = {Seasonal and regional structuring of rhizosphere fungal communities in Macadamia integrifolia.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1634222}, pmid = {41019519}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Rhizosphere fungal communities are pivotal to plant nutrient acquisition, stress tolerance, and ecosystem functionality. However, the diversity and ecological roles of these communities in tropical cash crops like Macadamia integrifolia (macadamia) remain understudied-particularly how they respond to seasonal, geographic, and root-type variations. This knowledge gap hinders targeted management of rhizosphere microbes for sustainable macadamia production.<br><br>METHODS: To address this, we examined the spatiotemporal structuring of rhizosphere fungal communities in M. integrifolia across four major production regions in Yunnan Province, China (Changning, Yingjiang, Lancang, Yunxian). We accounted for three key variables: season (dry season: November-April; rainy season: May-October), root type (normal roots vs. cluster roots), and geography. A total of 80 soil samples were collected (4 regions &#xd7; 2 seasons &#xd7; 2 root types &#xd7; 5 biological replicates). High-throughput sequencing of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region was used to analyze community composition, diversity, and functional guilds; co-occurrence network analysis and PERMANOVA were also employed to interpret community dynamics.<br><br>RESULTS: Season and geographic location significantly shaped fungal community structure, while the effect of root type was context-dependent. Fungal diversity was higher in the rainy season, with Ascomycota (55-65%), Basidiomycota (20-30%), and Mortierellomycota (5-10%) as the dominant phyla. Cluster roots enriched symbiotic and beneficial taxa: Glomus and Trichoderma were 1.8- and 2.3-fold more abundant in cluster roots than in normal roots, respectively. PERMANOVA confirmed significant effects of season and region on community structure (p&#x202f;=&#x202f;0.001). Co-occurrence networks showed seasonal shifts in core taxa: dry-season networks were dominated by Talaromyces and Penicillium (Ascomycota), while rainy-season networks featured Cladosporium (Ascomycota) and Mortierellaceae (Mortierellomycota)-with 35% of edges being negative interactions in the rainy season, indicating heightened resource competition. FUNGuild predictions revealed saprotrophic fungi were predominant (50-55%), with a 10% higher proportion in rainy-season samples than in dry-season samples.<br><br>DISCUSSION: This study clarifies the dynamic and region-specific nature of M. integrifolia rhizosphere fungal communities, highlighting how environmental factors drive their composition and function. These findings fill a critical knowledge gap and provide a foundational framework for future research on rhizosphere fungi in macadamia cultivation, supporting efforts to improve crop sustainability.}, }
@article {pmid41018663, year = {2025}, author = {Barreto, CB and Barbalho Neto, FC and Bastos-Filho, CJA and Wu, QS and da Silva, MDC and da Silva, FSB}, title = {Does Mycorrhizal Biotechnology Modulate Lectin Accumulation in the Stem of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi Seedlings?.}, journal = {ACS omega}, volume = {10}, number = {37}, pages = {43291-43299}, pmid = {41018663}, issn = {2470-1343}, abstract = {It is well-established that mycorrhizal symbiosis can alter lectin expression in plant roots, whereas little is known about its role in lectin accumulation in other plant organs and whether such behavior is related to the production of antioxidant secondary metabolites. This study aimed to evaluate whether the lectin accumulation profile in the stems of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi seedlings is modulated in response to inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) consortium. A greenhouse experiment was set up with two inoculation treatments: a noninoculated control and an AMF treatment (consortium of Acaulospora longula, Entrophospora etunicata, and Dentiscutata heterogama). After 191 days, stem tissues were harvested to prepare aqueous extracts. Primary and secondary metabolites were quantified spectrophotometrically, and in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated. The hemagglutinating activity assay was performed to detect lectins, and the specific hemagglutinating activity (SHA) was determined. The AMF consortium significantly (p ≤ 0.01) enhanced the accumulation of metabolites, antioxidant activity, and SHA by over 110%, in comparison to control plants. The anabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and phenols was highly correlated (r ≥ 0.8) with stem SHA. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on the specific hemagglutinating activity of plant extracts, revealing the presence of bioactive lectins in S. terebinthifolia stems and its relation to the production of other bioactive compounds. It suggests that AMF can quantitatively and qualitatively modulate lectin accumulation, a process closely tied to the host's anabolism.}, }
@article {pmid41017241, year = {2025}, author = {Abd-Alla, AMM and Geiger, A and Haymer, D and Herrero, S and Jehle, JA and Khamis, F and Liedo, P and Malacrida, AR and Njiokou, F and Mastrangelo, T and Pagabeleguem, S and Ramırez-Santos, EM and Ros, VID and Segura, DF and Tsiamis, G and Weiss, BL}, title = {Improvement of colony management in insect mass-rearing for sterile insect technique applications.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.70081}, pmid = {41017241}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {D42017//International Atomic Energy Agency/ ; }, abstract = {Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) applications against major insect pests and disease vectors rely on the cost-effective production of high-quality sterile males. This largely depends on the optimal management of target pest colonies by maximizing the benefits provided by a genetically rich and pathogen-free mother colony, the presence of symbiotic microorganisms, and efficient domestication, mass-rearing, irradiation, and release processes. At the same time microbial (bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, and viruses) pathogen outbreaks should be minimized or eliminated, and the use of hazardous chemicals restricted. The optimization of the colony management strategies for different SIT target insects will ensure a standardized high-quality mass-rearing process and the cost-effective production of sterile males with enhanced field performance and male mating competitiveness. The aims of the Coordinated Research Project (CRP) were to develop best practices for insect colony management for the cost-effective production of high-quality sterile males for SIT applications against major insect pests and disease vectors through a multidisciplinary approach involving entomologists, geneticists, ecologists, microbiologists, pathologists, virologists, and mass-rearing experts.}, }
@article {pmid41017211, year = {2025}, author = {Policelli, N and Nuñez, MA}, title = {Invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi: belowground insights from South America.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70608}, pmid = {41017211}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Fundaci&#xf3;n Williams/ ; //Society for the Protection of Underground Networks SPUN/ ; }, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are essential for nutrient cycling and plant symbiosis, yet their invasions remain understudied, particularly in South America. Large-scale forestry introductions have spread non-native EMF across the continent. Although definitions vary, EMF are invasive when they disperse, colonize new environments, and overcome natural barriers. Invasive EMF alter soil biogeochemistry and local microbial and plant communities, sometimes preceding plant invasions. Despite their importance, invasive EMF remain poorly documented, with major knowledge gaps. Research must strengthen local networks, expand access to molecular tools, and integrate traditional knowledge. In turn, unregulated commercial inoculants pose risks, requiring policy intervention. South America offers a unique opportunity to strengthen collaboration and regional research to help elucidate and prevent future EMF invasions while guiding conservation.}, }
@article {pmid41015590, year = {2025}, author = {Hameed, AK and Rab, SO and Ahmed, TA and Chandra, M and Mohammed, JS and S, R and Nayak, PP and Tomar, P and Hussn, A and Ali, AF}, title = {CAF-derived exosomes: orchestrators of dysregulated signaling pathways in breast cancer progression.}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {41015590}, issn = {1432-1912}, abstract = {Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in breast cancer (BC) progression by modulating the tumor microenvironment through exosome-mediated interactions. CAF-derived exosomes are rich in bioactive molecules such as metabolites, proteins, and non-coding RNAs that influence metabolic reprogramming in BC cells. These exosomes facilitate the transfer of metabolic enzymes and signaling molecules that enhance glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby supporting tumor growth, therapy resistance, and metastasis. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of CAF-derived exosomes in BC metabolism, with a focus on their contributions to metabolic plasticity and tumor progression. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting CAF exosome biogenesis, release, or uptake will also be discussed to shed light on innovative approaches for disrupting this metabolic symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid41015552, year = {2025}, author = {Traubenik, S and Reynoso, MA and Sánchez-Rodríguez, F and Yacullo, M and Christ, A and Hummel, M and Blein, T and Crespi, M and Bailey-Serres, J and Blanco, FA and Zanetti, ME}, title = {Subunit 3 of the SUPERKILLER complex mediates microRNA172-directed cleavage of Nodule Number Control 1 in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {Plant physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plphys/kiaf425}, pmid = {41015552}, issn = {1532-2548}, abstract = {Legumes and rhizobia establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis that involves the formation of a lateral root organ, the nodule, and the infection process that allows intracellular accommodation of rhizobia within nodule cells. This process involves substantial gene expression changes regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. We have previously shown that a transcript encoding subunit 3 of the SUPERKILLER Complex (SKI), which guides mRNAs to the exosome for 3´-to-5´ degradation, is required for nodule formation and bacterial persistence within the nodule, as well as the induction of early nodulation genes including early nodulin40 (MtENOD40) during the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. Here, we reveal through transcript degradome and small RNA sequencing analysis that knockdown of MtSKI3 impairs the miR172-directed endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA encoding Nodule Number Control 1 (MtNNC1), an APETALA2 transcription factor that negatively modulates nodulation. Knockdown of MtNNC1 enhances nodule number, bacterial infection, and the induction of MtENOD40 upon inoculation with S. meliloti, whereas overexpression of an miR172-resistant form of MtNNC1 significantly reduces nodule formation. This work identifies miR172 cleavage of MtNNC1 and its control by MtSKI3, a component of the 3´-to-5´mRNA degradation pathway, as a regulatory hub controlling indeterminate nodulation.}, }
@article {pmid41014716, year = {2025}, author = {Řezáč, M and Řezáčová, V and Némethová, E and Gloríková, N and Tranová, S and Heneberg, P}, title = {Tissue-resident microbiomes shape stress resilience and dispersal behavior in an agrobiont spider.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {127431}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127431}, pmid = {41014716}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Spiders serve as key biological control agents in agroecosystems, but they face repeated disturbances due to common agricultural practices. The wolf spider Pardosa agrestis, a dominant agrobiont species, recolonizes these disrupted habitats via dispersal strategies such as ballooning, particularly during juvenile stages. This study investigated how nutrition and insecticide exposure influence ballooning behavior and the structure-function dynamics of the spider's tissue-resident microbiome. We found that dispersal behavior in P. agrestis is structured and repeatable, driven by environmental cues such as light and wind, and further modulated by previous exposure. Although diet significantly impacted growth and development, it had a minimal influence on the dispersal strategy. The tissue-resident microbiome analysis revealed a diverse, core symbiotic community with notable responsiveness to both dietary and pesticide-induced stress. Specific tissue-resident microbial taxa shifted their predicted metabolic output under nutrient deprivation, suggesting adaptive biosynthetic activity. Importantly, distinct predicted microbial metabolic profiles were associated with spider behaviors (e.g., ballooning) and physiological traits (e.g., endurance), indicating a microbiome-mediated influence on the dispersal capacity. Moreover, tissue-resident microbial community function was correlated with host survival after insecticide exposure, implicating its role in detoxification and resistance. These findings highlight the role of the tissue-resident microbiome as a functional partner in arthropod stress resilience and dispersal behavior in agroecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid41014709, year = {2025}, author = {Domini, M and Vahidzadeh, R and Vaccari, M and Sbaffoni, S and De Marco, E and Beltrani, T and Bertanza, G}, title = {Regional industrial symbiosis networks for waste minimisation: a case study from Italy.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {394}, number = {}, pages = {127376}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127376}, pmid = {41014709}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Industrial symbiosis supports a circular economy by fostering resource recovery through inter-industry synergies. Despite growing network scales, regional-level industrial symbiosis networks (ISNs) remain underexplored representing a key research problem. The objective of this study is to develop and demonstrate an innovative methodological framework to investigate the ISN in the highly industrialized province of Brescia. The methodology applies Social Network Analysis (SNA) across three scenarios: the current network (ISNP), a potential network identified through facilitation and research activities (ISNR), and a hypothetical scaled-up network (ISNF) that integrates ISNP with ISNR. By integrating SNA with material flow analyses, novel indicators were developed to evaluate ISNs' impact on regional waste management (WM) performance and the influence of contextual factors. The results reveal that, despite having 459 industrial nodes, the ISNs show low density and high centralisation, dominated by metallurgical companies. The transition to ISNF reveals two key advantages over ISNP: a quantitative increase in recovery of wastes otherwise disposed of (from 1 % to 18 %) and enhanced diversity of waste flows (from 39 to 57 European Waste Codes), aligning with an increased contribution to reducing waste transportation and disposal (from 14 % to 51 %). Barriers to scaling the ISN include limited industrial diversity, insufficient partners for waste transformation, and few WM permits, while key drivers involve internal reuse strategies and untapped company participation. In conclusion, the study provides an innovative methodology and case study for analysing ISNs at a regional scale, contributing valuable insights to inform further research and support development of industrial circularity initiatives.}, }
@article {pmid41014378, year = {2025}, author = {Upadhyay, A and Khandelwal, V}, title = {Endophytes in Medicinal Plants: A Sustainable Solution for Coping with Environmental Stresses.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {11}, pages = {529}, pmid = {41014378}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Endophytes/physiology ; *Plants, Medicinal/microbiology/physiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; Humans ; COVID-19 ; Symbiosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The increasing need for integrative and alternative medical therapies, especially in the aftermath of the COVID-19 epidemic, has emphasized the importance of medicinal plants in worldwide healthcare. These plants, which contain abundant bioactive secondary metabolites, provide a sustainable and cost-effective option for medicinal, adaptogenic, and immune-boosting purposes. Blooming medicinal plants that exist are at risk of becoming extinct because of excessive harvesting, deforestation, and wildfires. Medicinal plants have complex physiological defenses against stress, which are strengthened by their symbiotic relationship with endophytes. Endophytes are microbial colonies that live within plant tissues without causing harm and play a vital role in maintaining the health of plants by helping them to tolerate stress, promoting development, acquiring nutrients, synthesizing phytohormones, breaking down toxic substances, and improving plant resistance to environmental pressures such as high salt levels, lack of water, and exposure to heavy metals. In addition, endophytes have a role in managing biotic stress by engaging in antibiosis, synthesizing lytic enzymes, producing secondary metabolites, and regulating hormones. Their function in preserving the health and well-being of the host, ensuring proper nutrition intake, and enhancing resistance against pathogens highlights their potential as agents for biological control and biofertilization, providing a safer option compared to chemical pesticides. Endophytic inoculants have the potential to significantly transform crop yield in agriculture by reducing the impact of abiotic problems and improving soil health. This review critically evaluates causal studies and recent omics-based advances, highlighting their crucial significance for sustainable bioinoculant development and practical applications in climate-resilient agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41013533, year = {2025}, author = {Miao, W and Zang, H and Liu, Q and Zheng, T and Zhou, Y and Liu, C and Yang, N and Zhang, H and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Y and Li, S and Zhang, S and Zhang, H}, title = {From chaos to symbiosis: exploring adaptive co-evolution strategies for generative AI and research integrity systems.}, journal = {BMC medical ethics}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {120}, pmid = {41013533}, issn = {1472-6939}, support = {2024SK02//Project supported by the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University/ ; 2021G10//Project supported by the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University/ ; KC23118//the Soft Science Research Project of Xuzhou Policy Guidance Program/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence/ethics ; Research Personnel/ethics ; *Ethics, Research ; *Biomedical Research/ethics ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The information age has transformed technologies across disciplines. Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), as an emerging technology, has integrated into scientific research. Recent studies identify GenAI-related scientific research integrity concerns. Using Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) theory, this research examines risk factors and preventive measures for each agent within the scientific research integrity management system during GenAI adoption, providing new perspectives for integrity management.<br><br>METHOD: This study applies CAS theory to analyze the scientific research integrity management system, identifying four core micro-level agents: researchers, research subjects, scientific research administrators, and academic publishing institutions. It examines macro-system complexity, agent adaptability, and the impact of agent interactions on the overall system. This framework enables analysis of GenAI's effects on the research integrity management system.<br><br>RESULTS: The scientific research integrity management system exhibits structural, hierarchical, and multidimensional complexities, with internal circulation of policy, funding, and information elements. In response to GenAI integration, four micro-level agents-researchers, research subjects, scientific research administrators, and academic publishing institutions-adapt their behaviors to systemic changes. Through these interactions, behavioral outcomes emerge at the macro level, driving evolution of the research integrity management system.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Risks of scientific misconduct permeate the entire research process and require urgent governance. This study recommends that scientific research administrators promptly define applicable boundaries for GenAI in research to guide researchers. Concurrently, they should collaborate with relevant departments to establish regulatory frameworks addressing potential GenAI-related misconduct. Academic publishing institutions must assume quality assurance responsibilities by strengthening review and disclosure protocols. Furthermore, research integrity considerations should be systematically integrated into GenAI's technological development and refinement.<br><br>HIGHLIGHTS: &#x25cf; Develops an analytical framework grounded in Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) theory to map evolving interactions among researchers, research subjects, scientific research administrators, and academic publishing institutions within GenAI-integrated research ecosystems. &#xa0;&#x25cf;&#xa0;Identifies self-reinforcing dynamics between GenAI adoption and integrity governance, wherein adaptive rule adjustments by agents reshape system-wide integrity thresholds. &#xa0;&#x25cf;&#xa0;Proposes adaptive governance mechanisms that balance innovation safeguards with integrity guardrails, emphasizing context-sensitive policy calibration over universal solutions.}, }
@article {pmid41012068, year = {2025}, author = {Paladines-Beltrán, GM and Venegas, NA and Suárez, JC}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Antioxidant Defense Systems in Sugarcane Under Soil Cadmium Stress.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {18}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14182916}, pmid = {41012068}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that affects living organisms even at low concentrations, causing physiological alterations and biomass reduction in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent a biological strategy that increases tolerance to heavy metals, although their specific mechanisms in sugarcane remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, an open-field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of AMF on Cd accumulation, oxidative stress, photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic antioxidant system, and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds in sugarcane variety CC 01-1940, using a randomized block design. Results showed that AMF established symbiosis with plants, retaining Cd in the roots and reducing its translocation to leaves. Additionally, they decreased Cd-induced oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA) and proline content. Although an initial decrease in photosynthetic capacity was observed, AMF helped maintain stable levels of photosynthetic pigments, preserving photosynthetic efficiency. They also activated antioxidant enzymes and increased antioxidant compounds such as reduced glutathione (GSH), non-protein thiols (NP-SH), ascorbic acid (AA), and phytochelatins (PC). These findings demonstrate that symbiosis with AMF protects sugarcane plants from cellular oxidative damage and reduces Cd concentrations in leaves. Therefore, the use of AMF represents an effective strategy to improve the antioxidant defense and resistance of sugarcane plants to cadmium stress.}, }
@article {pmid41012062, year = {2025}, author = {Yin, X and Zhao, J and Pan, L and Wang, E and Chen, N and Xu, J and Jiang, X and Zhao, X and Ma, J and Li, S and Xie, H and Yang, Z and Yu, S and Chi, X}, title = {Genome-Wide Identification of Arachis hypogaea LEC1s, FUS3s, and WRIs and Co-Overexpression of AhLEC1b, AhFUS3b, AhWRI1a and AhWRI1d Increased Oil Content in Arabidopsis Seeds.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {18}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14182910}, pmid = {41012062}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {CXGC2025F19 and CXGC2025C19//The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultur-al Sciences/ ; CARS-13//The China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA/ ; 2022A02008-3//The Major Scientific and Technological Project in Xinjiang/ ; NO.tstp20240523 and NO.tsqn202312292//The Taishan Scholar Project Funding/ ; ZR2023QC146 and ZR2023QC177//The Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; KF2024007//The Open Project of Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ ; 2024LZGC035//Shandong Province Key Research and Development Programme Project/ ; 2024ZDJH100//The Science and Technology Development Guidance Plan of Dongying Major Science and Tech-nology Innovation Project/ ; 2022E10012//Open Project of Key Laboratory of Digital Upland Crops of Zhejiang Province/ ; }, abstract = {Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oil and economic crop widely cultivated worldwide. Increasing the oil yield is a major objective for oilseed crop improvement. Plant LEAFY COTYLEDON1s (LEC1s), FUSCA3s (FUS3s), and WRINKLED1s (WRI1s) are known master regulators of seed development and oil biosynthesis. While previous studies in peanut have primarily focused on two AhLEC1s and one AhWRI1 genes, this study identified a broader set of regulators, including two AhLEC1s, two AhFUS3s, nine AhWRI1s, two AhWRI2s, and four AhWRI3s from the variety HY917. The analyses of phylogenetic trees, gene structures, conserved domains, sequence alignment and identity, and collinearity revealed that they were highly similar to their homologs in other plants. Expression profiling demonstrated that two AhLEC1s, two AhFUS3s, and three AhWRI1s (AhWRI1a/b/c) were specifically expressed in developing seeds, suggesting critical roles in seed development, whereas AhWRI1d, AhWRI1f, and AhWRI1g showed high expression in root nodules, pointing to potential functions in symbiosis and nodulation. Furthermore, co-overexpression of AhLEC1b, AhFUS3b, AhWRI1a, and AhWRI1d in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced seed oil content and thousand-seed weight, but also led to reduced germination rate, plant height, and silique length. The findings allow for the extensive evaluation of AhLEC1s, AhFUS3s, and AhWRIs gene families, establishing a useful foundation for future research into their multiple roles in peanut development.}, }
@article {pmid41011486, year = {2025}, author = {Vuleta, S and Leggat, WP and Ainsworth, TD}, title = {Photoendosymbiosis of the Blue Subtropical Montipora Corals of Norfolk Island, South Pacific.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13092155}, pmid = {41011486}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Corals exhibit complex and diverse relationships with dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae. Montiporid corals within Norfolk Island's shallow water lagoonal reef systems have been observed to turn a deep fluorescent blue during winter, suggesting potential environmentally driven changes to their photoendosymbiosis. Here, we investigate the photoendosymbiosis of blue Montipora sp. corals over a year-long study, demonstrating that photosynthetic yield and Symbiodiniaceae densities vary seasonally, with the lowest photosynthetic yield occurring within winter periods. We also provide the first characterisation of Symbiodiniaceae species associated with corals from Norfolk Island, identifying blue Montipora sp. as predominantly associating with Cladocopium (formerly Clade C) genotypes (C3aap, C3ig, and C3aao). Finally, we also report on the impact of recent bleaching conditions (March 2024) on blue Montipora sp. photoendosymbiosis and find the genera is susceptible to increasing sea surface temperatures. Our findings provide insight into the unique biology of subtropical corals within this remote reef and the susceptibility of corals in the region to increasing sea surface temperatures.}, }
@article {pmid41011468, year = {2025}, author = {Wei, M and Wang, Y and Xie, F and Sun, Q and Shao, H and Cheng, X and Wang, X and Tao, X and He, X and Yong, B and Liu, D}, title = {The Ecological Trap: Biodegradable Mulch Film Residue Undermines Soil Fungal Network Stability.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13092137}, pmid = {41011468}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {grant number 31800425//Dongyan Liu/ ; }, abstract = {Biodegradable mulching films are promoted as alternatives to traditional polyethylene films, but their environmental impacts remain controversial. This study investigates how biodegradable films affect microplastic pollution of soil, fungal community structure, and ecological network stability. We conducted a maize field experiment comparing conventional polyethylene (CF, PE) and biodegradable (BF, PLA + PBAT) film residues. We used scanning electron microscopy and high-throughput sequencing of fungal ITS genes. We assessed soil properties, microplastic release, fungal communities, and network stability through co-occurrence analysis. BF degraded rapidly, releasing microplastic concentrations much higher than CF. BF increased soil carbon and nitrogen and substantially enhanced maize biomass. However, it significantly reduced soil pH and decreased key functional fungi (saprotrophs and symbionts) abundance. The fungal ecological network complexity and stability declined significantly. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between saprotrophic and symbiotic fungi abundance and network stability. In contrast, CF reduced some nutrient levels but improved fungal network complexity and stability. This study reveals that biodegradable films create an "ecological trap." Short-term nutrient benefits mask systematic damage to soil microbial network stability. Our findings challenge the notion that "biodegradable equals environmentally friendly." Environmental assessments of agricultural materials must extend beyond degradability to include microplastic release, functional microbial responses, and ecological network stability.}, }
@article {pmid41011327, year = {2025}, author = {D'Angelo, A and Zenoniani, A and Masci, M and Aceto, GM and Piattelli, A and Curia, MC}, title = {Exploring the Microbiome in Breast Cancer: The Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum as an Onco-Immune Modulator.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13091995}, pmid = {41011327}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {The breast microbiome remains stable throughout a woman's life. The breast is not a sterile organ, and its microbiota exhibits a distinct composition compared to other body sites. The breast microbiome is a community characterized by an abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, which represent the result of host microbial adaptation to the fatty acid environment in the tissue. The breast microbiome demonstrates dynamic adaptability during lactation, responding to maternal physiological changes and infant interactions. This microbial plasticity modulates local immune responses, maintains epithelial integrity, and supports tissue homeostasis, thereby influencing both breast health and milk composition. Disruptions in this balance, the dysbiosis, are closely linked to inflammatory breast conditions such as mastitis. Risk factors for breast cancer (BC) include genetic mutations, late menopause, obesity, estrogen metabolism, and alterations in gut microbial diversity. Gut microbiota can increase estrogen bioavailability by deconjugating estrogen-glucuronide moieties. Perturbations of this set of bacterial genes and metabolites, called the estrobolome, increases circulating estrogens and the risk of BC. Fusobacterium nucleatum has recently been associated with BC. It moves from the oral cavity to other body sites hematogenously. This review deals with the characteristics of the breast microbiome, with a focus on F. nucleatum, highlighting its dual role in promoting tumor growth and modulating immune responses. F. nucleatum acts both on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by positively regulating MYC expression and on apoptosis by inhibiting caspase 8. Furthermore, F. nucleatum binds to TIGIT and CEACAM1, inhibiting T-cell cytotoxic activity and protecting tumor cells from immune cell attack. F. nucleatum also inhibits T-cell function through the recruitment of myeloid suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells express PD-L1, which further reduces T-cell activation. A deeper understanding of F. nucleatum biology and its interactions with host cells and co-existing symbiotic microbiota could aid in the development of personalized anticancer therapy.}, }
@article {pmid41010039, year = {2025}, author = {Fuentes-Romero, F and López-Baena, FJ and Vinardell, JM and Acosta-Jurado, S}, title = {Updated Sequence and Annotation of the Broad Host Range Rhizobial Symbiont Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 Genome.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/genes16091094}, pmid = {41010039}, issn = {2073-4425}, support = {US-1250546//Universidad de Sevilla/ ; PID2022-141156OB-I00//MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033/ ; PREDOC_01119//Junta de Andaluc&#xed;a/ ; }, mesh = {*Genome, Bacterial ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Sinorhizobium fredii/genetics ; Plasmids/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Host Specificity/genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Glycine max/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Background: Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 is a fast-growing rhizobial strain capable of infecting a broad range of legumes, including plants forming determinate and indeterminate nodules, such as Glycine max (its natural host) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, respectively. Previous studies reported the sequence and annotation of the genome of this strain (7.25 Mb), showing the most complex S. fredii genome sequenced to date. It comprises seven replicons: one chromosome and six plasmids. Among these plasmids, pSfHH103d, also known as the symbiotic plasmid pSymA, harbors most of the genes involved in symbiosis. Due to limitations of the sequencing technology used at the time and the presence of high number of clusters of transposable elements, this plasmid could only be partially assembled as four separated contigs. Methods: In this work, we have used a combination of PacBio and Illumina sequencing technologies to resolve these complex regions, obtaining an updated genome sequence (7.27 Mb). Results: This updated version includes an increase in size of the largest replicons (chromosome, pSfHH103d, and pSfHH103e) and a complete and closed symbiotic plasmid (pSfHH103d or pSymA). Additionally, we carried out a re-annotation of the updated genome, merging the previous annotation and the new one found in the remaining gaps. Notably, we found a high number of transposable elements in the HH103 genome, especially in three plasmids (pSfHH103b, pSfHH103c, and pSymA), a feature that is common among S. fredii strains. Conclusions: The combination of PacBio and Illumina sequencing technologies has allowed us to obtain a complete version of the HH103 pSymA. The presence of a high number of mobile elements seems to be a general characteristic among S. fredii strains, a fact that might be related to a high genome plasticity.}, }
@article {pmid41010029, year = {2025}, author = {Gomes-Domingues, C and Marques, I and Simões Costa, MC and Caperta, AD}, title = {Halotolerant Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Enhances Tolerance in Limonium Species Under Long-Term Salinity.}, journal = {Genes}, volume = {16}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/genes16091084}, pmid = {41010029}, issn = {2073-4425}, support = {UIDB/04129/2020; UIDB/00239/2020; LA/P/0092/2020; 2021.01107.CEECIND/CP1689/CT0001//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o para a Ci&#xea;ncia e Tecnologia/ ; }, mesh = {*Plumbaginaceae/microbiology/genetics/physiology ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Salt Tolerance/genetics ; Salinity ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Salt-Tolerant Plants/genetics/microbiology ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plant Leaves/microbiology ; }, abstract = {To survive in saline environments, plants establish complex symbiotic relationships with soil microorganisms, including halotolerant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The main objective of this study was to uncover how inoculation with a consortium of halotolerant AMF influences recretohalophyte Limonium species tolerance to long-term salinity, at physiological and molecular levels. In this study, the physiological performance, ultrastructure of leaf epidermal cells, and expression of seven genes involved in salinity response were studied in Limonium daveaui and Limonium algarvense plants exposed to 200 mM NaCl and inoculated with an AMF consortium, dominated by Rhizoglomus invernaius. An isohydric response was observed for both species after one year in salinity. Inoculation with AMF led to higher stomatal conductance for plants in non-saline conditions and improved photosystem II efficiency under salinity. In L. algarvense, inoculation enhanced stomata and salt gland epidermal area under tap water. While salinity significantly increased salt gland, stomata and pavement cells areas but not cell size. In L. daveaui, AMF led to an increased salt gland density as well as salt gland size under saline conditions. In both species, salinity increased the expression of Na[+]/H[+] antiporter AtSOS1, aquaporin TIP5, and salt gland development related genes LbTRY, Lb7G34824 and Lb4G22721GIS2. The expression of such genes was significantly reduced in AMF-inoculated plants under salinity. Besides, higher levels of gene expression were observed in L. algarvense than in L. daveaui. Overall, our findings highlight the protective role of halotolerant AMF and emphasize their potential as sustainable effective bio-inoculants for enhancing plant salinity tolerance.}, }
@article {pmid41008602, year = {2025}, author = {Johnson, K and Pourkeramati, D and Korf, I and Powers, T}, title = {Metabolic Adaptations Determine the Evolutionary Trajectory of TOR Signaling in Diverse Eukaryotes.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biom15091295}, pmid = {41008602}, issn = {2218-273X}, mesh = {*Signal Transduction ; *Eukaryota/metabolism/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2/metabolism/genetics ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism/genetics ; *TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism/genetics ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Eukaryotes use diverse nutrient acquisition strategies, including autotrophy, heterotrophy, mixotrophy, and symbiosis, which shape the evolution of cell regulatory networks. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved growth regulator that in most species functions within two complexes, TORC1 and TORC2. TORC1 is broadly conserved and uniquely sensitive to rapamycin, whereas the evolutionary distribution of TORC2 is less well-defined. We built a sensitive hidden Markov model (HMM)-based pipeline to survey core TORC1 and TORC2 components across more than 800 sequenced eukaryotic genomes spanning multiple major supergroups. Both complexes are present in early-branching lineages, consistent with their presence in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, followed by multiple lineage-specific losses of TORC2 and, more rarely, TORC1. A striking pattern emerges in which TORC2 is uniformly absent from photosynthetic autotrophs derived from primary endosymbiosis and frequently lost in those derived from secondary or tertiary events. In contrast, TORC2 is consistently retained in mixotrophs, which obtain carbon from both photosynthesis and environmental uptake, and in free-living obligate heterotrophs. These findings suggest that TORC2 supports heterotrophic metabolism and is often dispensable under strict autotrophy. Our results provide a framework for the evolutionary divergence of TOR signaling and highlight metabolic and ecological pressures that shape TOR complex retention across eukaryotes.}, }
@article {pmid41007441, year = {2025}, author = {Hou, Y and Bao, Y and Jia, R and Zhou, L and Song, L and Yang, B and Li, B and Zhu, J}, title = {The Stone Moroko Pseudorasbora parva Altered the Composition and Stability of Sediment Microbial Communities Within the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Polyculture Pond.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14091297}, pmid = {41007441}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {CARS-45//China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA/ ; 2023TD64//Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS/ ; }, abstract = {Integrated aquaculture, centered around polyculture involving multiple species, is a typical practice for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, capable of enhancing resource utilization efficiency, environmental stability, and overall productivity through establishing symbiotic interactions among species. This study employed multi-amplicon high-throughput sequencing to assess the ecological impacts of two polyculture methods involving river crabs on sediment bacteria, fungi, and protists. One method involved polyculturing river crabs with mandarin fish, silver carp, and the stone moroko (SPC), and the other involved polyculturing river crabs with only mandarin fish and silver carp (SMC). The results showed that, compared to the SMC group, the SPC group remarkably increased the Chao1 index of bacterial communities in pond sediment and decreased the Pielou_J index of protists. The relative abundances of all fungal phyla and most dominant bacterial and protistan phyla (top 10 in relative abundance) in the SPC group were considerably different from those in the SMC group. In the co-occurrence networks of bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities, the numbers of edges and nodes were higher in the SPC group than in the SMC group, and the habitat niche breadth of bacterial community was also notably increased in the SPC group. The levels of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and phosphates within pond sediment in the SPC group were obviously lower than those in the SMC group, and were significantly correlated with the microbial communities, with TC being identified as the primary contributor driving changes in the microbial communities. All the findings collectively demonstrate that the polyculture of river crabs with mandarin fish, silver carp, and the stone moroko enhances the stability of bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities in sediment and enhances resource utilization efficiency in aquaculture, thereby preventing the environmental risks associated with excessive nutrient accumulation in sediment. Polyculture systems integrating river crabs with mandarin fish, silver carp, and the stone moroko represent a sustainable aquaculture model with significant ecological benefits.}, }
@article {pmid41007393, year = {2025}, author = {Oh, JH and Kim, E and Cho, M}, title = {Biofilm Formation by Rice Rhizosphere Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms and Its Effect on Rice Growth Promotion.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14091249}, pmid = {41007393}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {PJ017406012025//National Institute of Agricultural Sciences Program/ ; }, abstract = {Excessive nitrogen fertilizer use contributes to environmental pollution and undermines agricultural sustainability. Enhancing symbiotic interactions between rice and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms offers a promising strategy to potentially improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). This study investigates the role of rice root exudates in promoting biofilm formation by nitrogen-fixing microbes to enhance nitrogen fixation. Nine nitrogen-fixing microbial strains were evaluated for biofilm formation in response to flavone and apigenin treatments, with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus KACC 12358 serving as the reference strain. The most responsive strain was selected, and a library of 1597 natural compounds was screened to identify those that promote biofilm formation in both the selected and reference strains. A. indigens KACC 11682 exhibited the highest biofilm-forming capacity, with apigenin treatment showing an OD595 value approximately 1.4 times higher than the DMSO control. Screening identified 68 compounds that enhanced biofilm formation by more than 500% compared to the control. Among them, eight compounds induced strong biofilm formation (O.D. > 2.0) in A. indigens. Cardamomin, a chalconoid flavonoid, emerged as one of the most effective compounds, showing a 245% increase in biofilm formation. Growth promotion assays showed that A. indigens increased rice fresh weight by approximately 128% compared to untreated controls. This study demonstrates the potential of rice root exudate-derived compounds to promote beneficial symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing microbes. These findings offer a novel approach that may contribute to enhancing rice NUE. Future research will focus on evaluating the long-term effects of these compounds and microorganisms, assessing their applicability in real agricultural settings, and conducting further validation across various rice cultivars.}, }
@article {pmid41007378, year = {2025}, author = {da Silva, MB and Medeiros, AB and Dos Anjos, AIM and Ferreira Cavalcante, JV and Santiago, BCF and Monteiro, SS and Vital, AC and Dalmolin, RJS and Lisboa, HM and Pasquali, MAB}, title = {Changes in the Microbiota of the Scale Insect (Diaspis echinocacti, Bouché, 1833) in Opuntia stricta Cladodes: Taxonomic and Metagenomic Analysis as a Function of Infestation Levels.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14091233}, pmid = {41007378}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {306165/2023-6//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; }, abstract = {Drought-tolerant cactus Opuntia stricta sustains livestock in Brazil's semi-arid Northeast but suffers yield losses from the armored scale insect Diaspis echinocacti. Symbiotic bacteria are thought to underpin scale fitness; however, their response to pest pressure remains unexplored. We characterized the bacterial communities of D. echinocacti collected from cladodes displaying low, intermediate, and high infestation (n = 3 replicates per level) using 16S-rRNA amplicon sequencing, processed with nf-core/ampliseq. Shannon diversity declined from low to high density, and Bray-Curtis ordination suggested compositional shifts, although group differences were not significant (Kruskal-Wallis and PERMANOVA, p > 0.05). The obligate endosymbiont "Candidatus Uzinura" dominated all samples (>85% relative abundance) irrespective of density, indicating a resilient core microbiome. PICRUSt2 predicted a contraction of metabolic breadth at higher infestations, with convergence on energy- and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Taken together, increasing pest density was associated with modest loss of diversity and functional streamlining, rather than wholesale turnover. These baseline data can guide future work on microbiome-based strategies to complement existing scale-insect control in dryland cactus systems.}, }
@article {pmid41006547, year = {2025}, author = {Parry, AJ and Klein, SG and Duarte, CM}, title = {Thermal extremes likely trigger metabolic imbalance in coral holobionts.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {33181}, pmid = {41006547}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {BAS/1/1071-01-01//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology/ ; BAS/1/1071-01-01//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology/ ; BAS/1/1071-01-01//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa/metabolism/physiology ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Temperature ; Hot Temperature ; Oxygen/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Rising ocean temperatures are constraining the availability of dissolved oxygen and simultaneously increasing the respiratory oxygen requirements of marine organisms. This is particularly relevant for tropical corals, as periods of anomalously high temperature destabilize the symbiosis between corals and Symbiodiniaceae, resulting in coral bleaching. These observations point towards a possible role of mismatched rates of photosynthetic oxygen production and consumption in contributing to the breakdown of the holobiont under heat stress. Here we use a global dataset comprising experimentally derived relationships between coral metabolic rates and temperature to investigate this hypothesis. Across all available relationships, we calculated and analysed the activation energy (E), optimum temperature (Topt) of respiration, net productivity, gross productivity and where possible, P: R ratio. Despite known variations in the thermal tolerances among corals in our database, we resolved composite thermal performance curves for scleractinian corals and provide insight into differences between tropical and temperate corals and among selected genera. We show that after the theoretical Topt is exceeded, photosynthesis declines at a faster rate than respiration. At temperatures exceeding the theoretical Topt for net productivity, this metabolic mismatch could possibly contribute to the destabilization of the coral-symbiont association. Specifically, we postulate that a lack of symbiont oxygen production and heightened holobiont respiratory demand at peak temperatures represents a burden on the oxygen budget of the holobiont.}, }
@article {pmid41005673, year = {2025}, author = {Zhu, X and Fang, L and Xu, F and Sun, J and Zhang, X and Cai, J}, title = {Deciphering effect of complex organics on Anammox-sulfide autotrophic denitrification coupling system for landfill leachate treatment.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133388}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133388}, pmid = {41005673}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {The inhibitory effects of complex organics on Anammox-sulfide autotrophic denitrification (SAD) coupled systems are not well understood in full-strength leachate conditions. This research examines the removal of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, alongside microbial symbiosis and metabolic alterations, within an Anammox-SAD system that processes raw landfill leachate.. The system attained a total nitrogen removal rate of 98.54 ± 0.42 %, with contributions of 89.47 % from Anammox and 10.53 % from SAD. The system attained a total nitrogen removal rate of 98.54 ± 0.42 %, with contributions of 89.47 % from Anammox and 10.53 % from SAD. GC × GC-TOFMS analysis indicated removal rates of 72.33 %, 51.05 %, and 53.81 % for small-, medium-, and large-molecular-weight organics, respectively, by the Anammox system, thereby reducing stress on SAD. Metagenomics studies revealed that low-molecular-weight organics promoted DNRA, partial denitrification, and Anammox through enhancing electron transfer and functional gene expression. The role of Anammox bacteria in carbon fixation decreased, whereas sulfur metabolism in SAD became increasingly dependent on Sulfurimonas-mediated Sox pathways, indicating metabolic adaptation in response to organic stress and competition between autotrophs and heterotrophs. This study provides novel insights into the application of Anammox-SAD coupled processes for landfill leachate treatment.}, }
@article {pmid41005092, year = {2025}, author = {Dou, XX and Mao, BD and Li, A and Gu, JJ and Zhang, XL and Fu, CW and Zhang, XJ and Lan, BJ and Xu, JW and Zhang, BX and Zheng, HJ and Gao, F}, title = {Algal-bacterial symbiosis strengthens the treatment of high-salinity phenolic wastewater and its molecular mechanism.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {498}, number = {}, pages = {139957}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139957}, pmid = {41005092}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {This study developed algal-bacterial symbiotic flocs (ABSF) for high-salinity phenolic wastewater treatment, showcasing superior performance over activated sludge (AS). ABSF exhibited exceptional structural stability, producing 417.64 mg g[-1] extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and accumulating 51.2 % lipids. It achieved complete phenol removal and significantly reduced effluent total nitrogen (9.36 vs. 23.59 mg L[-1] in AS) and COD (77.76 vs. 105.34 mg L[-1]), maintaining efficiency even at a 1-day hydraulic retention time. Metagenomic analysis revealed ABSF's diverse microbial community, enriched with functional genera (Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus, Synechocystis, Thauera) linked to nitrogen and aromatic degradation. Enhanced quorum sensing was evidenced by elevated N-acyl-homoserine lactones (C6-HSL: 38.56 ng mL[-1]) and upregulated signal transduction genes (5.4 % abundance). ABSF also showed higher expression of phenol-degrading enzymes and metabolic genes (e.g., succinate dehydrogenase: 0.19 %), accelerating the TCA cycle for efficient pollutant mineralization. Key mechanisms included EPS-mediated stress resistance, microbial synergy, and robust metabolic activity. These findings highlight ABSF as a sustainable solution for refractory industrial wastewater, combining high treatment efficiency with resource recovery potential, offering both environmental and economic benefits.}, }
@article {pmid41005089, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, R and Wang, H and Zou, D and Zhu, M and Xia, H and Wang, Y and Zhu, Y and Huang, L and Liu, L and Du, S}, title = {Herbicide enantiomer selectivity drives soil heavy metal bioavailability: An "Investment-Return" framework in plant-soil-microbe symbiosis.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {498}, number = {}, pages = {139944}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139944}, pmid = {41005089}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {The co-contamination of heavy metals (HMs) and herbicides in agricultural soils presents a significant environmental challenge, with stereoisomeric herbicides' impact on HMs availability remaining poorly understood. Here, we elucidated how napropamide (NAP) stereoisomers differentially modulate soil HM availability in plant-soil-microbe symbiosis, deciphering the "black-box" mechanisms. Interestingly, diametrically contrasting effects of R- and S-NAP on soil HMs availability were observed between the isolated "soil" and the "plant-soil" system, implicating root-mediated regulation of isomer-specific activities. Specifically, S-NAP reduced the secretion of menthane monoterpenoids and benzoyl derivatives by the roots, which subsequently increasing soil dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Additionally, there are two plant adaptive strategies: (1) a resource allocation trade-off via "Cost by plant-HMs deactivation" dimension, where reduced exudate investment by S-NAP diminished the return and activated soil HMs; (2) an ecological adaptation via "DON-plant growth" dimension driven by root exudates recruiting bacteria (such as Labilithrix), enhancing growth resilience. These findings establish a novel plant-driven "investment-return" trade-off framework for soil HMs activation. It is crucial for predicting environmental risks of chiral herbicides in co-contaminated farmlands, thereby informing targeted strategies to mitigate HM bioavailability. This study provides theoretical insight into plant adaptation mechanisms under composite pollution and offering a foundation for future safe agricultural production.}, }
@article {pmid41005008, year = {2025}, author = {Jia, R and Xiao, CX and Zhang, YH and Hu, LY and Jun-Jun, Y and Zuo, R and Hu, YF and Xie, YH and Ma, XL and Li, Q and Hou, KJ}, title = {Microbiota in drug resistance.}, journal = {Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy}, volume = {84}, number = {}, pages = {101311}, doi = {10.1016/j.drup.2025.101311}, pmid = {41005008}, issn = {1532-2084}, abstract = {Drug resistance, particularly those of anticancer drugs and antibiotics, poses a significant challenge in the treatment of diseases, severely compromising therapeutic efficacy and patient survival rates. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have highlighted the dual role of microbiota in either promoting or mitigating drug resistance. The microbiome exists in symbiosis with the host, playing a crucial role in maintaining physiological functions and regulating immune responses. However, dysbiosis within the microbial community may induce or exacerbate drug resistance. While antibiotic-mediated depletion of gut microbiota has been proposed as a strategy to combat resistance, it may paradoxically lead to increased resistance or even worsen treatment outcomes. In this review, we focus on anticancer and antimicrobial agents as representative examples to elucidate the association of microbiome and drug resistance. We provide a detailed discussion on the mechanisms by which microbial dysbiosis contributes to development of drug resistance. Additionally, we systematically summarize the latest advancements in microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at overcoming resistance, including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and prebiotics, and bacterial engineering approaches. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of microbiota-modulating strategies for overcoming drug resistance and examine the current challenges and future research directions in this field.}, }
@article {pmid41004340, year = {2025}, author = {Ali, H and Khan, F and Xuan, W and Liu, Y and Huang, Y and Whitfield, D and Pang, L and Chen, P}, title = {Neuropeptide adrenomedullin remodels stemness and macrophage dynamics in glioblastoma.}, journal = {Cell reports}, volume = {44}, number = {10}, pages = {116342}, doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116342}, pmid = {41004340}, issn = {2211-1247}, abstract = {The presence of self-renewing glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells (GSCs) and infiltrating pro-tumor macrophages constitutes two key hallmarks of GBM. Here, we identified the neuropeptide adrenomedullin (ADM) as a key factor regulating GSC-macrophage symbiosis. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression upregulates ADM in GSCs to enhance their self-renewal, glycolysis, and tumor growth by activating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. GSC-secreted ADM promotes macrophage infiltration and pro-tumor reprogramming through activation of ADM receptor (ADMR), thereby engaging both STAT3 and STAT6 pathways. In GBM mouse and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, inhibition of the ADM-ADMR axis, STAT3, or STAT6 suppresses tumor progression, GSC self-renewal, and pro-tumor macrophage abundance, with dual inhibition of STAT3 and STAT6 leading to durable complete tumor regression in a subset of tumor-bearing mice. In human GBM tumors and plasmas, ADM correlates positively with GSC stemness, pro-tumor macrophage abundance, and poor prognosis. These findings highlight ADM-triggered GSC-macrophage symbiosis as a promising therapeutic target for GBM.}, }
@article {pmid41004244, year = {2025}, author = {Kantnerová, V and Škaloud, P}, title = {The diverse world within: Age-dependent photobiont diversity in the lichen Protoparmeliopsis muralis.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiaf096}, pmid = {41004244}, issn = {1574-6941}, abstract = {Understanding the initial formation and development of lichens is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms behind the formation of complex lichen thalli and their maintenance in long-term symbioses. These symbiotic relationships provide significant ecological advantages for both partners, expanding their ecological niches and allowing them, in many cases, to overcome extreme environmental conditions. The correct development of thalli likely relies on the selection of suitable photobionts from the environment. In this study, we focused on the impact of lichen age on the overall diversity of photobiont partners and examined how mycobiont preference toward their symbionts changes at different developmental stages. Using the lichen Protoparmeliopsis muralis as a model organism, we observed a strong correlation between the diversity of photobionts and lichen age, confirmed by both molecular data and morphological observations. Our findings indicate greater photobiont diversity in older thalli, suggesting that lichens retain the majority of algae they collect throughout their lifespan, potentially as an adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Additionally, we found that some lichen samples contained only low levels of Trebouxia algae, indicating that P. muralis does not consistently rely on this typical partner and that local environmental conditions may significantly influence its symbiotic composition.}, }
@article {pmid41003701, year = {2025}, author = {Wei, L and Peng, Y and Mao, J and Hu, Q}, title = {Adaptive Evolution in the Mammalian Gut Microbiota: Insights and Discoveries.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {11}, pages = {525}, pmid = {41003701}, issn = {1432-0991}, support = {KJZD-K202302801//Key Scientific and Technological Research Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission/ ; ygzrc2024104//Scientific Research Project of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College/ ; ygzrc2024108//Scientific Research Project of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College/ ; }, mesh = {*Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Animals ; *Mammals/microbiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Humans ; Symbiosis ; Host Microbial Interactions ; Selection, Genetic ; }, abstract = {The gut microbiota is inextricably linked to the host over a long evolutionary process, and the mammalian gut microbiota is the result of the interaction between bacterial species and the host. It plays a vital role in the digestion and absorption of the host, nutrient metabolism, and immune regulation, and the host genetics, diet, age, antibiotic use, and other factors can also cause changes in the gut microbiota. Natural selection serves to maintain a stable dynamic balance between the gut microbiota and the host over an extended period, and the symbiotic system formed by the microbiota and the host under this dynamic equilibrium can clearly indicate the transmission mode of the gut microbiota during the evolutionary process. Hence, the function, influencing factors, and recent advances in the evolution of the gut microbiota in mammals were reviewed, which provides a reference for a deeper understanding of the interaction between the gut microbiota and the host.}, }
@article {pmid41003514, year = {2025}, author = {Davis, AB and Evans, M and McKindles, K and Lee, J}, title = {Co-Occurrence of Toxic Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria Planktothrix, Cyanophage, and Symbiotic Bacteria in Ohio Water Treatment Waste: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Management.}, journal = {Toxins}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/toxins17090450}, pmid = {41003514}, issn = {2072-6651}, mesh = {Ohio ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Cyanobacteria/virology/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Water Purification ; *Harmful Algal Bloom ; Symbiosis ; Lakes/microbiology ; Water Microbiology ; }, abstract = {Cyanobacterial blooms are increasingly becoming more intense and frequent, posing a public health threat globally. Drinking water treatment plants that rely on algal bloom-affected waters may create waste (water treatment residuals, WTRs) that concentrates contaminants. Source waters may contain harmful cyanobacteria, cyanophages (bacteriophages that infect cyanobacteria), and bacteria. Cyanophages are known to affect bloom formation and growth dynamics, so there is a need to understand viral-host dynamics between phage and bacteria in these ecosystems for managing cyanobacteria. This study isolated and characterized lytic cyanophages from WTRs of a HAB-affected lake in Ohio that infect toxic bloom-forming filamentous cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii. Phage infections in the Lake Erie cyanobacteria culture were examined visually and via microscopy and fluorometry. Whole genome sequencing and metagenomic analyses were also conducted. Observed changes in Planktothrix included sheared and shriveled filaments, reduced clumping, and buoyancy changes. Photosynthetic pigmentation was unexpectedly more apparent during phage infection. Metagenomic analyses identified nineteen phages and seven other co-existing bacterial genera. Annotated bacterial genomes contained metabolic pathways that may influence phage infection efficiency. Viral genomes were successfully tied to microbial hosts, and annotations identified important viral infection proteins. This study examines cyanobacterial-phage interactions that may have potential for bioremedial applications.}, }
@article {pmid41003223, year = {2025}, author = {Baeza-Guzmán, Y and Vásquez-Jiménez, MS and Morgado-Viveros, E and Sánchez-Landero, LA and Trejo-Aguilar, D}, title = {Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Pinus cembroides subsp. orizabensis, an Endemic Pine in the Arid Zones of the Oriental Basin, Puebla, Mexico.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11090677}, pmid = {41003223}, issn = {2309-608X}, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) associated with the roots of Pinus cembroides subsp. orizabensis, a key pinyon pine species for local forestry in the Oriental Basin, Puebla, Mexico, were identified and analyzed. The study aimed to evaluate the diversity of EMF in this endemic pine across three sampling transects (T1, T2, T3), each located in sites with different vegetation compositions and pine cover. In each site, a 100 m × 25 m transect was established, and root tips colonized by EMF were collected for morphological and molecular identification. Alpha (α) and beta (β) diversity were calculated for each transect. A total of 16 EMF morphotypes were identified, and molecular analysis confirmed four taxa: Geopora arenicola, Rhizopogon aff. subpurpurascens, Tomentella sp. 1, and Tricholoma sp. 1. The transect with the highest P. cembroides cover showed the greatest fungal richness. Beta diversity, as measured by Sørensen index partitioning, revealed a 30% species turnover between T1 and T2 and a 60% turnover between T2 and T3, suggesting distinct fungal communities. In contrast, no turnover but a nested pattern was observed between T1 and T3, indicating that the less diverse community is a subset of the richer one. These results show that EMF composition varies with pine cover and vegetation heterogeneity, highlighting the influence of disturbance on fungal diversity. This is the first report of EMF fungi associated with Pinus cembroides subsp. orizabensis, as well as the first record of G. arenicola in arid pine forests in Mexico.}, }
@article {pmid41003167, year = {2025}, author = {Qi, J and Li, XZ and Zhang, M and Liu, Y and Wang, ZX and Tang, C and Xing, R and Vadim, K and Li, M and Li, Y}, title = {Haplotype-Phased Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of Floccularia luteovirens Provides Insights into Its Taxonomy, Adaptive Evolution, and Biosynthetic Potential.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11090621}, pmid = {41003167}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2021YFD1600401//National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2024NYGG010//Key Core Technology Research and Development in Shaanxi Province Agriculture/ ; }, abstract = {Floccularia luteovirens is a valuable medicinal and edible ectomycorrhizal fungus that is endemic to alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is of significant ecological and pharmacological importance. To overcome the genomic limitations of previous fragmented assemblies, we present the first haplotype-phased, chromosome-scale genome of the Qinghai-derived QHU-1 strain using an integrated approach of PacBio HiFi, Hi-C, and Illumina sequencing. The high-contiguity assembly spans 13 chromosomes with 97.6% BUSCO completeness. Phylogenomic analysis of 31 basidiomycetes clarified a historical misclassification by placing F. luteovirens closest to Mycocalia denudata/Crucibulum laeve, thus confirming its distinct lineage from Armillaria spp. through low synteny and divergent gene family dynamics. Analyses of adaptive evolution revealed strong purifying selection and stable transposable elements, suggesting genomic adaptations to extreme UV/cold stress. AntiSMASH identified 15 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which encode diverse terpenoids (7), NRPS-like enzymes (4), PKSs (2), and a hybrid synthase with unique KS-AT-PT-A domains, which have the potential to generate novel metabolites. This chromosome-level resource sheds light on the genetic basis of F. luteovirens' taxonomy, alpine survival, and symbiotic functions while also unlocking its potential for bioprospecting bioactive compounds.}, }
@article {pmid41003162, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, S and Wang, S and Song, Y and Xie, L and Xiao, B and Guo, X}, title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Promote Soil Respiration Primarily Through Mediating Microbial and Root Biomass in Rocky Desertification Habitat.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11090616}, pmid = {41003162}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {32271722//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32060281//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023J0449//Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education/ ; }, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can have complicated interactions with plants and soils, which play a critical role in mediating the soil carbon cycle. However, the mechanism by which AM fungi regulate soil respiration is not well documented. This study conducted a completely randomized block-design mesocosm experiment using the inoculation of AM fungi (RI: Rhizophagus intraradices; FM: Funneliformis mosseae) with Fraxinus malacophylla to identify the pathways of AM fungi controlling soil respiration in a rocky desertification habitat. We observed that the average soil respiration rates (3.78 μmol·m[-2]·s[-1]) were significantly higher in two AM fungi inoculation treatments than in the control (2.87 μmol·m[-2]·s[-1]). Soil respiration rates were 1.59-fold higher in RI fungi inoculation and 1.05-fold higher in FM inoculation than in the control. Explanation rates of microbial biomass carbon, biomass nitrogen, and root biomass in RI (57.46-76.49%) and FM (44.81-62.62%) inoculation for soil respiration variation were higher than those in the control (24.51-34.32%). The direct positive pathway of soil respiration was mainly regulated by microbial biomass (59.5%) and root biomass (34.90%), while the indirect positive contributions of soil physicochemical properties (30.00%), colonization level (3.50%), soil microclimate (19.30%), and enzyme activity (3.38%) to respiration dynamics ranked second. Thus, we conclude that soil respiration dynamics can be mainly controlled by AM fungi-mediated changes in microbial and root biomass in rocky desertification areas.}, }
@article {pmid41003088, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, T and Zhao, W and Nadeem, M and Zaheer, U and Rui, Y}, title = {Iron-Integrated Nitrogen-Rich Nanocarriers Boost Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Growth in Soybean (Glycine max).}, journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {18}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nano15181453}, pmid = {41003088}, issn = {2079-4991}, abstract = {Global food security is challenged by population growth and the environmental toll of conventional fertilizers. Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legumes like soybean (Glycine max) is a sustainable fertilization alternative. This study investigates a graphitic carbon nitride/iron oxide (Fe2O3/g-C3N4 or FC) nanocomposite as a dual-functional fertilizer to improve iron (Fe) nutrition and BNF in soybeans. A pot experiment was conducted using different FC concentrations (10, 100, and 200 mg kg[-1]), alongside controls. Results showed that the 100 mg kg[-1] FC treatment (FC2) was most effective, significantly increasing soybean biomass, nodule number, and nodule fresh weight. The FC2 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll content (SPAD values) while reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration, indicating improved water-use efficiency. Furthermore, FC application bolstered the plant's antioxidant system by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Elemental analysis confirmed that FC treatments significantly increased the uptake and translocation of Fe and nitrogen (N) in plant tissues. These findings demonstrate that the FC nanocomposite acts as a highly effective nanofertilizer, simultaneously addressing iron deficiency and boosting nitrogen fixation to promote soybean growth. This work highlights its potential as a sustainable solution to enhance crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in modern agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid41000969, year = {2025}, author = {Arnold, MFF and Sankari, S and Deutsch, M and Gruber, CC and Guerra-Garcia, FJ and Beis, K and Walker, GC}, title = {The BacA(SbmA) Importer of Symbiotically Important Legume Nodule Cysteine-Rich Peptides: Insights into Protein Architecture, Function, and Evolutionary Implications.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.09.17.676847}, pmid = {41000969}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Some legumes encode families of NCR (Nodule-Cysteine-Rich) peptides that cause their rhizobial partners to terminally differentiate during the development of a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Sinorhizobium meliloti , whose plant hosts Medicago truncatula and M. sativa express ca . 600 NCR peptides during root nodule development, possesses a symbiotically essential BacA Sm protein that imports certain NCR peptides into the cytoplasm. This import permits proteolytic degradation of the NCR peptides, thereby protecting the endocytosed bacteria from their antimicrobial peptide-like lethality, while also allowing certain NCR peptides to undergo their symbiotically critical interactions with cytoplasmic components, for example heme-sequestration in the case of NCR247. BacA's Escherichia coli ortholog SbmA Ec can restore a wildtype phenotype to a ΔbacA Sm mutant. Our study employed 54 S. meliloti bacA Sm missense mutants (35 to cysteine and 19 to glycine) that we tested for protein production, ability to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, and their susceptibility to killing by higher levels of the NCR247 and the Bac7(1-35) peptides. We also used the Single Cysteine Accessibility Method to make topological inferences. Our detailed genetic, biochemical, structural, and physiological analyses have revealed that BacA Sm and SbmA homodimers function as finely tuned import machines, whose structures can be relatively easily disrupted by single amino acid changes. Our discovery that several mutations that differentially separate nitrogen-fixation, NCR247 import, and Bac7(1-35) import map to the lining of the peptide-binding cavity in the outward-open SbmA/BacA conformation suggests a molecular explanation the other otherwise paradoxical observation that SbmA/BacAs from pathogens can fully replace BacA Sm , whereas BacAs from other rhizobia cannot.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Sinorhizobium meliloti BacA Sm and Escherichia coli SbmA Ec are closely related proteins that function as homodimeric transporters to import peptides and other cargos through the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm. BacA is critical for S. meliloti to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with its legume hosts because of its ability to import Nodule Cysteine-Rich (NCR) nodule-specific plant peptides. This import protects the bacteria inside the nodule from the potentially lethal effects of these NCR peptides while also enabling NCRs to make their intracellular interactions that are necessary for symbiosis. Our extensive multidisciplinary studies offer new insights into function of BacA/SbmA transporters and provide a molecular explanation for why BacA/SbmA orthologs from mammalian pathogens can replace BacA Sm but those from other rhizobia cannot.}, }
@article {pmid41000239, year = {2025}, author = {Ajrithirong, P and Krasaesin, A and Sriarj, W and Gavila, P and Chetruengchai, W and Sriwattanapong, K and Manaspon, C and Samaranayake, L and Porntaveetus, T}, title = {The metagenome and metabolome signatures of dental biofilms associated with severe dental fluorosis.}, journal = {Journal of oral microbiology}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2560591}, pmid = {41000239}, issn = {2000-2297}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To explore the plaque biofilm microbiome associated with severe dental fluorosis (SF), and to describe its metagenome and metabolome.<br><br>METHODS: Sixteen plaque biofilm samples were collected from eight 6- to 15-year-old Thai children with SF and eight age-matched, caries-free and controls. Biofilms were analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, followed by bioinformatics evaluation.<br><br>RESULTS: Taxonomic profiling of biofilms from SF and controls identified a total of 12 phyla and 354 species. While alpha diversity was similar between the groups, beta diversity analysis (P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0010) indicated distinct microbial community structures. LEfSe highlighted key discriminatory taxa: five health-associated species (Actinomyces dentalis, Tannerella sp. HOT 286, Candidatus Nanosynbacter sp, Selenomonas noxia and Treponema sp OMZ 804) were enriched in controls, while Neisseria sicca, known for fluoride-sensitive esterase production, was significantly elevated in SF. Functionally, eight metabolic pathways were altered; three of these (phosphatidylcholine acyl editing, anhydromuropeptides recycling II, ubiquinol-7 biosynthesis), hypothesized to support N. sicca activity, were upregulated in the SF group.<br><br>CONCLUSION: SF is associated with a significant shift in the biofilm microbiota, characterized by enrichment of N. sicca and a reduction in health-associated taxa. Altered metabolic pathways supporting N. sicca provide mechanistic insights into its role as a candidate biomarker for fluorosis, warranting further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid40999549, year = {2025}, author = {Gotze, CR and Tandon, K and Philip, GK and Dungan, AM and Maire, J and Høj, L and Blackall, LL and Oppen, MJHV}, title = {Genomic prediction of symbiotic interactions between two Endozoicomonas clades and their coral host, Acropora loripes.}, journal = {Animal microbiome}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {94}, pmid = {40999549}, issn = {2524-4671}, support = {DP210100630//Australian Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The bacterial genus Endozoicomonas is a predominant member of the coral microbiome, widely recognised for its ubiquity and ability to form high-density aggregates within coral tissues. Hence, investigating its metabolic interplay with coral hosts offers critical insights into its ecological roles and contributions to coral health and resilience.<br><br>RESULTS: Using long- and short-read whole-genome sequencing of 11 Endozoicomonas strains from Acropora loripes, genome sizes were found to range between 5.8 and 7.1 Mbp. Phylogenomic analysis identified two distinct clades within the family Endozoicomonadaceae. Metabolic reconstruction uncovered clade-specific pathways, including the degradation of holobiont-derived carbon and lipids (e.g., galactose, starch, triacylglycerol, D-glucuronate), the latter of which suggests involvement of Endozoicomonas in host 'sex-type' steroid hormone metabolism. A clade-specific type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) and predicted effector molecules were identified, potentially facilitating coral-bacterium symbiosis. Additionally, genomic analyses revealed diverse phosphorus acquisition strategies, implicating Endozoicomonas in holobiont phosphorus cycling and stress responses.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals clade-specific genomic signatures of Endozoicomonas supporting its mutualistic lifestyle within corals. Findings suggests possible roles in nutrient cycling, reproductive health, and stress resilience, offering novel insights into coral holobiont functioning.}, }
@article {pmid40998528, year = {2025}, author = {Montero, H and Freund, M and Fukushima, K}, title = {Convergent losses of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in carnivorous plants.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70544}, pmid = {40998528}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {RGY0082/2021//Human Frontier Science Program/ ; 23K20050//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; //Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung/ ; }, abstract = {Most land plants form the ancient arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, while carnivory is a younger trait that evolved in several angiosperm orders. The two biotic interactions similarly help plants acquire mineral nutrients, raising the question of whether they can coexist. However, the mycorrhizal status of carnivorous plants has long remained speculative. We surveyed the occurrence of AM-associated genes across carnivorous plant lineages, performed AM fungal inoculation assays, and microscopically evaluated the patterns of colonization. We found convergent losses of the AM trait either coincident with or predating the emergence of carnivory. Exceptionally, the carnivorous plant Roridula gorgonias retains symbiosis-related genes and forms arbuscules. The youngest carnivorous lineage, Brocchinia reducta, showed signatures of the early stages of AM trait loss. An AM-associated CHITINASE gene encodes a digestive enzyme in the carnivorous plant Cephalotus, suggesting gene co-option. We uncovered a mutually exclusive trend of AM symbiosis and carnivory, with only rare instances of coexistence. These findings illuminate the largely unexplored processes by which plant nutritional strategies evolve and supplant one another over time.}, }
@article {pmid40998411, year = {2025}, author = {Larsson, EM and Wang, OY and Murray, RM}, title = {A DNA Part Library for Reliable Engineering of the Emerging Model Nematode Symbiotic Bacterium Xenorhabdus griffiniae HGB2511.}, journal = {ACS synthetic biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acssynbio.5c00414}, pmid = {40998411}, issn = {2161-5063}, abstract = {Xenorhabdus griffiniae is a bacterium that lives inside the intestine of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum and partners with the nematode to infect and kill insect larvae in soil. The construction of gene circuits, such as reporters, in X. griffiniae would provide tools to study and better understand the symbiotic relationship it has with its host. However, because X. griffiniae is not a model organism, information about gene circuit construction in X. griffiniae is limited. We developed and characterized a DNA part library similar to the CIDAR MoClo extension library for E. coli to allow more efficient construction of genetic circuits in X. griffiniae. TurboRFP expressing strains with different constitutive Anderson promoters and different ribosome binding sites (RBS) were constructed to quantify promoter and RBS strengths in X. griffiniae. Furthermore, two fluorescent proteins sfGFP and sfYFP as well as the bioluminescent luxCDABE operon were added to the part library and successfully expressed in X. griffiniae. We then used the characterized parts of the cell to build and characterize IPTG inducible constructs.}, }
@article {pmid40997807, year = {2025}, author = {Qian, JM and Li, K and Liu, W and Zhang, J and Wylie, A and Arnall, B and Krzmarzick, MJ and Wang, E and Oldroyd, GED and Bai, Y and Feng, F and Zhang, J}, title = {Chitooligosaccharide receptors modulate root microbiota to enhance symbiosis and growth in Medicago.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.09.045}, pmid = {40997807}, issn = {1879-0445}, }
@article {pmid40997670, year = {2025}, author = {Cho, HS and Lee, JW and Cha, HE and Seo, J and Lim, SK}, title = {Comparative analysis of skin microbiome across 10 sites in Koreans for forensic applications: a pilot study.}, journal = {Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)}, volume = {78}, number = {}, pages = {102706}, doi = {10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102706}, pmid = {40997670}, issn = {1873-4162}, abstract = {Various microorganisms have a symbiotic relationship with human skin cells, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The composition of the human microbiome varies based on the skin site. To investigate the microbial characteristics of different skin sites in Koreans, microbiome samples were collected from the scalp, forehead, cheek, retroauricular crease, cervical vertebrae, axilla, palm, lateral finger, femur, and plantar skin. The concentrations of human and bacterial DNA were quantified, and QIIME2 and MicrobiomeAnalyst platforms were used for microbial analysis. Forehead and cheek microbiome compositions were similar, with higher proportions of Streptococcus than that at other sites. Palm and lateral finger microbiome compositions were also similar, with higher proportions of Haemophilus than that at other sites. Lawsonella was specifically observed on the scalp, while Mycoplasma was found on cervical vertebrae. Staphylococcus, observed on all sites, was particularly predominant on axilla. The microbial composition of plantar was distinct, with no prevalent genus compared to that at other sites. Further research analyzing skin microbiomes from forensic evidence could help identify the origin of skin samples, aiding in crime scene reconstruction. Comparing our findings from Korean participants with international studies, it suggests that expanding research to include diverse populations could reveal regional and national differences in skin microbiomes, providing valuable insights for forensic science.}, }
@article {pmid40997175, year = {2025}, author = {Panchal, A and Sen, R and Agarwal, R and Rana, A and Raychoudhury, R}, title = {Fungus-farming termites can protect their crop by confining weeds with fungistatic soil boluses.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {389}, number = {6767}, pages = {1366-1371}, doi = {10.1126/science.adr2713}, pmid = {40997175}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; *Isoptera/microbiology/physiology ; Symbiosis ; *Plant Weeds/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Crops, Agricultural/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Weed Control/methods ; Soil ; *Ascomycota/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {The symbiotic agriculture of fungus-farming termites can collapse if they fail to prevent invading weeds. Previous studies suggest a role for symbiotic fungistatic microbes in bringing about weed control. However, how termites employ these microbes to suppress fungal weeds without affecting the fungal cultivar remains unknown. We show that the fungus-farming termite Odontotermes obesus uses specific behaviors to remove, isolate, and suppress the growth of the fungal weed Pseudoxylaria, primarily by encasing it with soil boluses containing fungistatic microbes. These behaviors efficiently suppress the weed without affecting the crop. This integration of specific behaviors with termite-derived microbes appears to be the proximate mechanism of how microbes are topically used by termites to confine the weed while keeping the crop unaffected.}, }
@article {pmid40994815, year = {2025}, author = {Bock, B and Scherer, J and Parrish, F and Burnside, J and Rohrer, C and Gehring, C}, title = {A simple protocol for producing axenic seeds of Sorghum bicolor.}, journal = {microPublication biology}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40994815}, issn = {2578-9430}, abstract = {Microbes within seeds can confound research on microbial colonization, symbiosis, and pathogenesis. Sterilization of both external and internal seed tissues is therefore essential in certain experiments, but the method must also preserve seed viability. Here, we present a reliable and simple protocol for sterilizing Sorghum bicolor seeds by submerging them in 95% ethanol for 2 minutes followed by 3.75% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes. This approach yielded a low contamination rate (2 out of 95 seeds) and a robust median germination rate (63%). Its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility make it a practical option for experiments requiring axenic seeds.}, }
@article {pmid40994444, year = {2025}, author = {He, H and Liu, W and Xu, Y and Fang, X and Zhang, W and Kong, Z and Wang, L}, title = {Nodule-specific AhPUGN1.1 positively regulates nodulation in peanuts.}, journal = {aBIOTECH}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {542-553}, pmid = {40994444}, issn = {2662-1738}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a widely cultivated legume crop that can fix nitrogen by forming root nodules with compatible rhizobia. The initiation and formation of these nodules require complex molecular communication between legumes and rhizobia, involving the precise regulation of multiple legume genes. However, the mechanism underlying nodulation in peanuts remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a gene associated with nodulation in peanuts, named Peanut unique gene for nodulation 1.1 (AhPUGN1.1). Multiple lines of evidence indicate that AhPUGN1.1 is primarily expressed in peanut nodules. Silencing or knocking out AhPUGN1.1 in peanut resulted in fewer nodules, as well as lower fresh weight and nitrogenase activity, while overexpressing AhPUGN1.1 significantly enhanced nodulation ability and nitrogenase activity. Modulating the expression of AhPUGN1.1 also influenced the expression levels of genes associated with the Nod factor signaling pathway and infection via crack entry. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that AhPUGN1.1 likely regulates peanut nodulation by affecting the expression of genes involved in the cytokinin and calcium signaling pathways. Our data thus show that AhPUGN1.1 acts as a crucial regulator promoting symbiotic nodulation in peanuts.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-025-00222-7.}, }
@article {pmid40993906, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, T and Wu, F and Liu, H and Zhang, X and Zhou, Y and Zhang, S and Yang, P}, title = {Symbiotic Nodulation Enhances Legume Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses: Mechanisms and Perspectives.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70207}, pmid = {40993906}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//This study was surpported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32430073 to Peizhi Yang, 31772660 to Peizhi Yang and 32472204 to Senlei Zhang) and the Scientific Startup Foundation for Doctors of Northwest A&amp;F University (1090124002 to Ting Wang)./ ; }, abstract = {Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heavy metal contamination and cold, pose significant challenges to global agriculture, reducing crop productivity and threatening food security. Legume-rhizobium symbiosis not only facilitates biological nitrogen fixation but also improves plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Nodulated leguminous plants exhibit better growth and improved productivity under abiotic stress conditions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding how symbiotic nodulation mitigates abiotic stresses, focusing on physiological and biochemical responses, as well as molecular pathways. We then discuss future research directions to optimise rhizobial applications for stress-tolerant and climate-adaptive farming systems. Rhizobial inoculation is presented as a promising, sustainable and eco-friendly strategy for mitigating abiotic stresses, offering significant potential for stressed agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid40993804, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, Y and Wu, Y and Xia, S and Lian, H and Lou, Y and Wang, LJ}, title = {JMJD6-driven epigenetic activation of COL4A2 reprograms glioblastoma vascularization via integrin α1β1-dependent PI3K/MAPK signaling.}, journal = {Acta neuropathologica communications}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {194}, pmid = {40993804}, issn = {2051-5960}, support = {82101401//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Glioblastoma/metabolism/genetics/blood supply/pathology ; Humans ; *Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; *Brain Neoplasms/metabolism/genetics/pathology/blood supply ; *Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism/genetics ; Mice ; *Collagen Type IV/metabolism/genetics ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Signal Transduction ; Integrin beta1/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; }, abstract = {Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain malignancy in adults, is characterized by extensive vascularization and resistance to conventional anti-angiogenic therapies. In this study, through comprehensive integrative analyses of bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq data, we identify COL4A2 as a critical orchestrator of vascularization in GBM. Elevated COL4A2 not only promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in glioma cells, but also increases vascularization in GBM. Multi-omics profiling and mechanistic investigations reveal that aberrant expression of the anti-pause enhancer JMJD6 mediates the upregulation of COL4A2 in GBM. Furthermore, we demonstrate that COL4A2 promotes GBM vascularization by activating PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK signaling through interaction with ITGA1/ITGB1 receptors on tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs). Pharmacological inhibition of the COL4A2-ITGA1/ITGB1 axis with obtustatin attenuates pro-angiogenic signaling, suppresses vascularization, and prolongs survival in orthotopic GBM models. Collectively, our findings establish JMJD6-driven COL4A2-ITGA1/ITGB1 axis as a novel anti-angiogenic therapeutic vulnerability, offering a promising strategy to disrupt TEC-tumor symbiosis and impede GBM progression.}, }
@article {pmid40523116, year = {2025}, author = {Preising, SE and Heck, ML}, title = {Potato Leafroll Virus in the Aphid Holobiont: Interactions Shaping Vector Biology.}, journal = {Annual review of virology}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {59-77}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-virology-092623-103226}, pmid = {40523116}, issn = {2327-0578}, mesh = {*Aphids/virology/physiology ; Animals ; *Plant Diseases/virology ; *Solanum tuberosum/virology/parasitology ; *Luteoviridae/physiology/genetics ; *Insect Vectors/virology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; }, abstract = {The aphid holobiont includes the aphid host and aphid-associated microorganisms, including pathogenic plant viruses. The polerovirus potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is transmitted exclusively by aphids and is one of the most economically significant viruses infecting potatoes. In potato plants, PLRV infection results in stunting, leaf rolling, and net necrosis on tubers. PLRV threatens global potato cultivation, especially in regions where vector management options are limited. In this review, we describe the effect of PLRV on the aphid holobiont and highlight studies of the evolutionary and mechanistic ways in which PLRV influences the aphid holobiont during plant infection. We explore ideas to address the pressing need for aphid and PLRV management strategies by targeting interactions within the holobiont. Approaching PLRV-aphid interactions research through the lens of the holobiont allows a systems-level analysis of host, plant, and microbial effects that influence virus transmission. In turn, this knowledge can be leveraged to develop new virus management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40990193, year = {2025}, author = {Fang, L and Qiu, FM and Wang, YC}, title = {[Quantitative determination of tetrodotoxin in poisoned biological samples by two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].}, journal = {Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography}, volume = {43}, number = {10}, pages = {1162-1169}, doi = {10.3724/SP.J.1123.2024.11026}, pmid = {40990193}, issn = {1872-2059}, mesh = {*Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Humans ; *Tetrodotoxin/urine/analysis/blood/poisoning ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; }, abstract = {Tetrodotoxin （TTX） is a powerful small-molecule neurotoxin primarily produced by specific marine endosymbiotic bacteria and can be enriched during symbiosis with aquatic organisms such as pufferfish， gastropods， and blue-ringed octopuses. TTX prevents sodium ions from entering nerve cells， which affects neuromuscular conduction and leads to progressive paralysis and even death due to respiratory failure. Poisoning ascribable to the ingestion of TTX-containing seafood has occurred occasionally in some coastal areas of China. The early identification of toxins and the administration of symptomatic detoxification therapies can improve the resuscitation success rates of poisoned patients. The concentration of TTX in clinical biological samples reflects the degree of patient poisoning and their prognosis. A method was established for the determination of the TTX in poisoned biological samples by two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （2D-LC-MS/MS）. A human plasma or urine sample （100 μL） was accurately pipetted into a 2-mL centrifuge tube， sequentially added a 10 mg/L kasugamycin solution （10 μL； internal standard）， ultrapure water （150 μL）， and 0.5% （v/v） acetic acid in acetonitrile （250 μL） as the extraction solvent， after which the mixture was subjected to vortex mixing at 2 200 r/min for 10 min and centrifugation for 10 min at 15 000 r/min and 4 ℃. The supernatant was roughly separated using a first-dimensional reverse-phase C18 column （Hypersil Gold C18， 50 mm×2.1 mm， 1.9 μm）. The target fraction was then transferred to a hydrophilic liquid chromatography column （Acquity UPLC BEH Amide， 150 mm×3.0 mm， 1.7 μm） via a six-way switching valve for second-dimensional separation and analysis using positive electrospray ionization and selected reaction monitoring （SRM） modes. Kasugamycin served as the internal standard for TTX quantitation， using matrix-matched calibration combined with the internal standard method. TTX exhibited good linearity in the 0.2-40.0 μg/L range （equivalent to 1.0-200.0 μg/L in biological samples）， with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.999 4. The TTX in human plasma and urine samples exhibited matrix effects of 80.9% and 98.9%， respectively， with LODs and LOQs of 0.3 and 1.0 μg/L， respectively， determined for both sample types， based on three- and ten-times signal-to-noise ratios， respectively. The TTX in human plasma and urine exhibited intra-day recoveries of 84.4%-98.4% and 84.4%-96.9%， respectively， with inter-day recoveries of 87.7%-96.2% and 84.8%-95.7%， respectively， at spiked levels of 2.0， 10.0， 50.0， and 200.0 μg/L. Intra-day relative standard deviations （RSDs） of 3.2%-7.2% and 2.9%-5.7% were recorded for TTX in human plasma and urine， respectively， with inter-day RSDs of 2.3%-3.2% and 1.0%-7.5%， respectively. The intra-day and inter-day RSDs of both sample types were determined to be lower than 7.5%. The method is accurate， fast， avoids complicated pretreatment steps， and was successfully used to detect TTX in food-poisoning scenarios.}, }
@article {pmid40989903, year = {2025}, author = {Malygina, EV and Potapova, NA and Imidoeva, NA and Vavilina, TN and Belyshenko, AY and Morgunova, MM and Dmitrieva, ME and Shelkovnikova, VN and Vlasova, AA and Lipatova, OE and Zhilenkov, VM and Batalova, AA and Stoyanova, EE and Axenov-Gribanov, DV}, title = {Microbial communities inhabiting the surface and gleba of white (Tuber magnatum) and black (Tuber macrosporum) truffles from Russia.}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {e20037}, pmid = {40989903}, issn = {2167-8359}, mesh = {Russia ; *Microbiota ; *Ascomycota/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Symbiosis ; Soil Microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Mycorrhizae/genetics ; }, abstract = {The complex symbiotic relationships between truffles and their microbiota, coupled with their obligate mycorrhizal lifestyle, present significant challenges for obtaining axenic mycelium and achieving controlled cultivation. This study aimed to characterize the microbial communities within the surface and gleba of truffle ascomata using 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing and identify the taxonomic composition and ecological roles of these microbiota. Specimens of Tuber magnatum (white truffle) and Tuber macrosporum (smooth black truffle) were collected, with T. magnatum representing the first documented discovery of this species in Russia. Metabarcoding profiling identified both species-specific and shared microbial taxa, with the yeast-like fungus Geotrichum spp. emerging as a core symbiont in both truffle species. Its consistent detection in surface and gleba tissues suggests a critical role in mycorrhizal establishment and spore dispersal, potentially mediated by sulfur volatiles that attract mycophagous fauna. In T. magnatum, the bacterial community was dominated by Proteobacteria, particularly Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, with the nitrogen-fixing genus Bradyrhizobium being especially abundant. The truffle microbiota predominantly comprised soil-derived microorganisms (e.g., nitrogen-fixing Rhizobiaceae spp., phenol-degrading Mycoplana spp.) and plant-associated symbionts (e.g., ectomycorrhizal Sebacina spp.), implicating these communities in nutrient cycling, xenobiotic degradation, and host plant interactions. By elucidating the taxonomic and functional profiles of truffle-associated microbiota, this study provides foundational insights into their ecological contributions. Chemical differences align with tissue-specific microbial communities, suggesting microenvironmental specialization in bioactive compound synthesis. These findings advance efforts to replicate critical symbiotic interactions in vitro, a prerequisite for developing sustainable cultivation protocols for T. magnatum and T. macrosporum under controlled conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40988776, year = {2024}, author = {Chou, PA and Yeh, WB and Su, ZH and Tzeng, HY}, title = {Taxonomic Study of the Chalcidoid Wasps Sycoscapter Saunders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Associated with Monoecious Ficus in Taiwan, with Description of Four New Species.}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {e34}, pmid = {40988776}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {As a prominent group of nonpollinating fig wasps widely distributed in the paleotropics, Sycoscapter Saunders has been subject to limited taxonomic attention. This study presents the first comprehensive taxonomic investigation of Sycoscapter wasps associated with five Taiwanese monoecious fig species, employing both molecular and morphological methods. Phylogenetic analyses using COI and COI+28S data revealed the presence of five species associated with monoecious figs in Taiwan and neighboring regions: Sycoscapter gajimaru (Ishii), Sycoscapter piceoscapus Chou &amp; Tzeng sp. nov., Sycoscapter monticola Chou &amp; Tzeng sp. nov., Sycoscapter ishiianus Chou &amp; Tzeng sp. nov., and Sycoscapter littoralis Chou &amp; Tzeng sp. nov. Morphologically, these five Sycoscapter species possessed distinctive characteristics, including the male head shape, which distinguished them from related species. Furthermore, males of all five species exhibited rudimentary wing vestiges, commonly found in wasps associated with monoecious figs but absent in those associated with dioecious figs. Overall, this study enriches our understanding of chalcidoid fauna in Taiwan and provides insight into the mechanisms that sustain intricate ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid40987912, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, G and Chauhan, A and Sharma, S and Saini, M}, title = {Diverse plant growth-promoting bacteria as microsymbionts in nodules of Leucaena leucocephala.}, journal = {Folia microbiologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40987912}, issn = {1874-9356}, abstract = {This study characterized 18 endophytic bacterial isolates in association with the root nodules of Leucaena leucocephala through phenotypic and genotypic analyses. The endophytes were associated with the plants and exhibited diverse plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. Phosphate solubilization was observed in 39% of isolates at high levels and 33.3% at moderate levels. Siderophore production was prevalent, with 38.9% displaying high and 33.3% moderate production, aiding iron uptake. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production varied (32.15 to 86.28 µg/ml) among the isolates. Notably, 94.4% of isolates showed positive hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production. Genetic diversity was assessed using the ARDRA clustered the isolates into eight morphotypes, whereas the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences showed the presence of different genera including Rhizobium, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Agrobacterium, Brucella, and Arthrobacter. On the other hand, these symbiotic endophytes are widely recognized for their mechanisms of plant growth promotion. Therefore, net house studies with rhizobial inoculation on L. leucocephala showed significant improvements in growth parameters such as shoot and root lengths, biomass, and nodulation, particularly with the strain Rhizobium sp. SoL9 (T3). Inoculation also enhanced soil properties, increasing nutrient availability and microbial populations. These endophytic bacterial isolates from L. leucocephala root nodules display genetic diversity and beneficial PGP traits, highlighting the potential for rhizobial biofertilization in enhancing plant development and soil fertility in legumes.}, }
@article {pmid40986639, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, T and Chen, T and Jin, Y and Xue, L and Li, C}, title = {Morphological, phylogenetic, and alkaloid profile analyses of a new Epichloë species symbiotic with Elymus kamoji in China.}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-16}, doi = {10.1080/00275514.2025.2543686}, pmid = {40986639}, issn = {1557-2536}, abstract = {The aboveground endophytes of the genus Epichloë are notable for their mutualistic association with the Poaceae family, conferring benefits such as increased stress tolerance, competitiveness, and ecological dominance to host plants. Here, two endophytic fungal strains were isolated from Elymus kamoji in China, exhibiting morphological characteristics typical of Epichloë species. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood method on tubB and tefA gene sequences revealed that two strains from Elymus kamoji represent a novel Epichloë interspecific hybrid species. Allele 1 grouped within Epichloë bromicola, whereas allele 2 grouped within Epichloë calamagrostidis. We propose the name Epichloë tibetica, extending the diversity of Epichloë species known to colonize Elymus kamoji. Both isolates are mating type B (MTB), and no sexual structures or epiphyllous growth was observed on Epichloë-infected El. kamoji. DNA analysis revealed the absence of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids, indole-diterpenes, and 1-aminopyrrolizidines in both isolates. Regarding the pyrrolopyrazine synthetase A gene (ppzA) profiles, the hybrid E. tibetica was found to contain both the ppzA and ppzA-∆R alleles. The ppzA-∆R allele is characterized by large deletions spanning the ppzA-M and ppzA-T2 domains. Within an alternate ppzA allele, we have localized a region downstream of ppzA-A2 whose structural properties block amplification of the ppzA-A2 region using conserved domain-specific primers. These traits characteristics may position E. tibetica as a viable model for studying ppzA allele diversity. Our findings further highlight the necessity of employing diverse primer combinations to elucidate the profiles of alkaloid synthesis genes across hybrid Epichloë species.}, }
@article {pmid40985939, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, L and Frances, L and de Carvalho-Niebel, F and Frendo, P and Boncompagni, E}, title = {Identification of regulatory promoter sequences directing MtCP6 transcription at the onset of nodule senescence in Medicago truncatula.}, journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcaf110}, pmid = {40985939}, issn = {1471-9053}, support = {ANR-10-LABX-41//French National Research grants TULIP/ ; 2024ZD04079//Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; 32300211//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ANR-15-IDEX-01//IDEX UCAJedi/ ; ANR-11-LABX-0028-01//LABEX SIGNALIFE/ ; ANR-15-CE20-0005//French Government (National Research Agency, ANR)/ ; //China Scholarship Council (CSC)/ ; }, abstract = {The symbiotic association of legumes with rhizobia results in the formation of new root organs called nodules. However, the lifespan of nodules is limited by the senescence process. Increased proteolytic activity is one of the hallmarks of nodule senescence. In Medicago truncatula, a papain cysteine protease encoding gene, MtCP6, is a marker for the onset of nodule senescence under both developmental and stress-induced pathways. To identify the promoter regions responsible for the senescence-related expression of MtCP6, progressive MtCP6 promoter deletions were generated and fused with the GUS reporter for promoter::GUS activity analysis in transgenic M. truncatula roots. In planta, a minimal promoter sequence of 67 bp was identified as sufficient for specific spatiotemporal transcriptional activation of MtCP6 in nodules. The functionality of this promoter regulatory module, thereafter named 'nodule senescence (NS) promoter regulatory module', was validated by both gain- and loss-of-function approaches in M. truncatula. A yeast-one-hybrid (Y1H) screen identified the AP2/ERF transcription factor ERF091, shown to positively regulate nodulation in Lotus japonicus, as an NS- interacting factor. Further Y1H and Nicotiana transactivation assays demonstrated the specificity of ERF91 to interact with and mediate transcription activation of the NS promoter regulatory motif. This work has uncovered a new senescence-related nodule-specific regulatory region and provides evidence for the likely involvement of a stress-related ERF family member in the regulation of MtCP6, at the onset of nodule senescence.}, }
@article {pmid40985409, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, YY and Li, YZ and Shi, ZJ}, title = {Host-Specific and Environment-Dependent Effects of Endophyte Alternaria oxytropis on Three Locoweed Oxytropis Species in China.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11070516}, pmid = {40985409}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {No. 32061123004//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022YFD1401103//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; 20220104//National Forestry and Grassland Administration/ ; CARS-34//The Earmarked Fund for CARS/ ; }, abstract = {Plant-endophyte symbioses are widespread in grasslands. While symbiotic interactions often provide hosts with major fitness enhancements, the role of the endophyte Alternaria oxytropis, which produces swainsonine in locoweeds (Oxytropis and Astragalus spp.), remains enigmatic. We compared endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) plants of three main Chinese locoweed species (O. kansuensis, O. glabra, and O. ochrocephala) under controlled conditions, and analyzed environmental factors at locoweed poisoning hotspots for herbivores. The results demonstrated significant species-specific effects: E+ plants of O. glabra and O. ochrocephala exhibited 26-39% reductions in biomass, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance, with elevated CO2 levels, while O. kansuensis showed no measurable impacts. Swainsonine concentrations were 16-20 times higher in E+ plants (122.6-151.7 mg/kg) than in E- plants. Geospatial analysis revealed that poisoning hotspots for herbivores consistently occurred in regions with extreme winter conditions (minimum temperatures ≤ -17 °C and precipitation ≤ 1 mm during the driest month), suggesting context-dependent benefits under abiotic stress. These findings suggest that the ecological role of A. oxytropis may vary depending on both host species and environmental context, highlighting a trade-off between growth costs and potential stress tolerance conferred by A. oxytropis. The study underscores the need for field validation to elucidate the adaptive mechanisms maintaining this symbiosis in harsh environments.}, }
@article {pmid40985368, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, K and Sun, M and Feng, H and Wei, X and Xie, W and Fu, W and Guo, L and Zhang, X and Hao, Z and Chen, B}, title = {Synergistic Effects of Rhizophagus irregularis and Trichoderma harzianum Co-Inoculation on Enhancing Drought Tolerance and Secondary Metabolite Production in Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis).}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {7}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jof11070488}, pmid = {40985368}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2023YFF1304101//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2022YFE0114000//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 42077039//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42207347//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U21A2024//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 42177277//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2060302//Key Project at Central Government Level: the ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese Medicine Resources/ ; }, abstract = {Drought stress significantly hinders the cultivation of medicinal plants such as licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), valued for its bioactive compounds, glycyrrhizin, and liquiritin. This study aims to investigate how co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and Trichoderma harzianum can enhance licorice drought tolerance and secondary metabolite production, providing insights for sustainable agriculture in arid regions. The results demonstrate that inoculation with R. irregularis significantly improved biomass, drought stress tolerance, and increased glycyrrhizin and liquiritin concentrations by 29.9% and 3.3-fold, respectively, particularly under drought conditions. Co-inoculation with T. harzianum further boosted glycyrrhizin yield by 93.7%, indicating a synergistic relationship between the two microbes. The expression of key biosynthetic genes, including squalene synthase (SQS1) for glycyrrhizin and chalcone synthase (CHS) for liquiritin, was significantly upregulated, enhancing water use efficiency and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Nutrient analysis showed improved phosphorus uptake, alongside reduced root carbon and nitrogen concentrations, leading to greater nutrient utilization efficiency. These findings suggest that co-inoculating R. irregularis and T. harzianum is a promising approach to improving licorice growth and medicinal quality under drought stress, with broad applications for sustainable crop management.}, }
@article {pmid40985194, year = {2025}, author = {Akamatsu, A and Ishikawa, T and Tanaka, H and Kawano, Y and Hayashi, M and Takeda, N}, title = {Accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate inhibits the excessive infection of rhizobia in Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70527}, pmid = {40985194}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {20K15426//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 22K06288//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 23K17998//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 25K01924//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; //Okayama University/ ; //Hyogo Science and Technology Association/ ; //Kwansei Gakuin University/ ; //Sumitomo Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {During the symbiosis of legumes with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, collectively called rhizobia, suppression of excessive rhizobial infection by host plants is important to maximize the benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the suppression remains relatively poorly understood. We performed LC-MS and RNA-Seq analysis using rhizobia-infected Lotus japonicus roots and investigated the role of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) in the symbiosis. Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP)-like proteins 4 (PLP4), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase 4 (PIP5K4), and PIP5K6 mutants, which are involved in the vesicular transport of lipids and phosphorylation of PIPs, were used to show the involvement of the signaling of PI and PIPs. Accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] during rhizobial infection was examined by a fluorescent marker 1×TUBBY-C (TUBBY). We found that PI signaling-related genes were upregulated, and the amount of PIP2 increased in L. japonicus roots during rhizobial infection. In the PLP4, PIP5K4, and PIP5K6 mutants, rhizobial infection increased, while PIP2 accumulation failed. Furthermore, the observation of PI(4,5)P2 in rhizobia-infected roots revealed that ectopic accumulation was closely related to the suppression of rhizobial infection. Our findings indicate that the accumulation of PI(4,5)P2, mediated by PLP and PIP5Ks, suppresses excessive rhizobial infection in the root epidermis and cortex, leading to the optimal number of nodules.}, }
@article {pmid40982418, year = {2025}, author = {Berto, MM and Hajihassani, A and Carrillo, D}, title = {Rearing Phoretic Mites Associated with Wood-Boring Insects.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {223}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/69039}, pmid = {40982418}, issn = {1940-087X}, mesh = {Animals ; *Mites/growth &amp; development/physiology ; Wood/parasitology ; *Coleoptera/parasitology ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; }, abstract = {Phoretic mites are common associates of a wide range of wood-boring insects, such as Coleoptera: Curculionidae and Cerambycidae. Phoretic mites are among the few groups of organisms capable of accessing their hosts' breeding sites. These organisms are minute, establishing close associations and affinity for biotic and abiotic conditions within wood-boring insects' galleries. Their presence within the galleries may exert a significant influence on beetle behavior and reproduction. Some species may act as natural antagonists of the beetles and their mutualistic fungi, disrupting symbiotic relationships that guarantee their success. These characteristics make phoretic mites promising candidates for biological control programs targeting wood-boring pests. However, reproducible methods for rearing these mites are needed to study their basic biology and ecology and assess their potential as biocontrol agents. Despite their importance, there are currently no detailed protocols for maintaining phoretic mite populations in captivity. This study presents a practical and accessible approach for rearing two groups of phoretic mites, fungivores/detritivores (Acari: Astigmata) (i.e., Histiogaster arborsignis) and predators (Acari: Mesostigmata) (i.e., Proctolaelaps spp.). We propose using rolled barley grains and nematodes as nutritional sources for these mites, respectively. These food sources are practical and widely accessible, requiring minimal maintenance while offering a standardized diet tailored to the nutritional requirements of the target mite groups. A plaster-charcoal-based substrate is used as a humidity-regulating matrix. This combination provides both food resources and a suitable microhabitat for long-term maintenance and reproduction of these mites. The method described is scalable, enabling researchers to expand rearing units in proportion to colony size and experimental requirements. This protocol offers a critical tool for advancing research into the ecological roles of phoretic mites. This experimentally validated system ensures long-term colony viability for several months and multiple generations, while remaining adaptable for rearing other mite taxa under laboratory conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40982385, year = {2025}, author = {Hernandez, DJ and Pohlmann, GB and Afkhami, ME}, title = {Gene Family Expansions Provide Molecular Flexibility Required for Context-Dependent Species Interactions.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {e70213}, doi = {10.1111/ele.70213}, pmid = {40982385}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {DBI-2305481//Division of Biological Infrastructure/ ; DEB-1922521//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; DEB-2030060//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; //University of Miami/ ; 2022-67011-36456//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/genetics/physiology ; Gene Duplication ; *Magnoliopsida/genetics/microbiology ; *Multigene Family ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Genome, Plant ; }, abstract = {As environments worldwide change at unprecedented rates during the Anthropocene, understanding context dependency-how species interactions vary depending on environmental context-is crucial. Combining comparative genomics across 42 angiosperms with transcriptomics, genome-wide association mapping and gene duplication origin analyses, we show for the first time that gene family expansions are important to context-dependent regulation of species interactions. Gene families expanded in mycorrhizal fungi-associating plants display up to 200% more context-dependent gene expression and double the genetic variation associated with mycorrhizal benefits to plant fitness. Moreover, we discover these gene family expansions arise primarily from tandem duplications with > 2-times more tandem duplications genome-wide, indicating gene family expansions continuously supply genetic variation, allowing fine-tuning of context dependency in species interactions throughout plant evolution. Taken together, our results spotlight how widespread gene duplications can provide molecular flexibility required for plant-microbial interactions to match changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40982090, year = {2025}, author = {Sharma, M and Sood, G and Chauhan, A}, title = {Bacterial Endophytes of Medicinal Plants: Applications and Recent Developments.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {82}, number = {11}, pages = {519}, pmid = {40982090}, issn = {1432-0991}, mesh = {*Endophytes/physiology/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Plants, Medicinal/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Bacteria/metabolism/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Symbiosis ; Plant Development ; }, abstract = {Endophytic bacteria are endosymbionts that reside within plant tissues without causing apparent disease in the host. Bacteria employ various traits (lipopolysaccharides, flagella, pili, twitching motility, etc.) to colonize host plants. In this colonization process a variety of compounds released by plants in addition to bacteria play a key role in plant growth. Endophytes are in symbiotic association with their host plant and show beneficial effect on them using various direct and indirect mechanisms of plant growth promotion. In addition to plant growth promotion, endophytes also confer stress tolerance in the current scenario of climate change. Furthermore, endophytes have emerged as an important source of novel metabolites, enzymes of industrial importance and as stress alleviators of host plant, but still several features of endophytic associations are unknown. However, little is documented about plant growth-promoting endophytes (PGPE) of medicinal plants. Current review focused on the drivers of endophyte community structure with an attempt to relate it with plant growth promotion, its mechanisms and the current as well as future aspects of molecular techniques to reveal these communities. In-depth knowledge of the mechanism of host infection and role of endophytes could be exploited to enhance agricultural productivity in terms of plant growth promotion and biocontrol.}, }
@article {pmid40981414, year = {2025}, author = {Lagares, A and Krol, E and Jühling, T and Glatter, T and Becker, A}, title = {A systems-level insight into PHB-driven metabolic adaptation orchestrated by the PHB-binding transcriptional regulator AniA (PhaR).}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0076025}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.00760-25}, pmid = {40981414}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a carbon and energy storage polymer, whose accumulation under nutrient imbalances with excess carbon is common in bacteria. PhaR is a conserved transcriptional regulator that associates with PHB granules in several species. Although its role in modulating PHB storage and metabolism has been extensively studied across the bacterial phylogeny, a systems-level view of PhaR's dual function as a metabolic sensor and regulator is lacking. Here, we integrated co-expression network analysis with proteome profiling across multiple mutant backgrounds (lack of PhaR [AniA] and/or PHB synthesis) in the free-living state of the PHB-accumulating α-proteobacterial root nodule symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. This analysis was enriched by identifying direct regulatory targets of PhaR through a regulon-centric computational multistep search for DNA-binding site motifs combined with PhaR-DNA-binding and promoter-reporter assays. We confirmed that the model of accumulated PHB sequestering PhaR, and thereby relieving phasin and PHB depolymerase gene repression to control cellular PHB levels, also applies to S. meliloti and showed that PhaR-mediated regulation also occurs in the symbiotic state. Our integrated analyses of the impact of PHB-mediated PhaR titration on cellular functions revealed exopolysaccharide production as well as central carbon metabolism (pdh and bkd), gluconeogenesis (ppdK and pyc), entry into the TCA cycle (gltA), and the initial steps of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway (zwf, pgl, and edd) as major regulatory targets, along with target genes of yet unknown function. Our findings highlight a pivotal role for PhaR in orchestrating carbon metabolism.IMPORTANCEPoly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a carbon and energy storage polymer typically associated with bacterial survival under nutrient-limited conditions. Its accumulation reflects the cellular metabolic balance, and the transcriptional regulator PhaR has been shown to bind PHB and control the expression of genes involved in its metabolism. At the same time, PhaR has been implicated in broader regulatory roles affecting global gene expression, although the connection between this function and its ability to sense PHB has remained unresolved. In this study, we used the model legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti to bridge this gap. We demonstrated that PhaR modulates global gene expression in response to the metabolic state signaled by PHB accumulation. Our findings highlight PHB not only as a storage compound, but also as a key integrator of metabolic status that links nutrient availability to coordinated transcriptional responses.}, }
@article {pmid40981373, year = {2025}, author = {Gómez-Molina, E and Marco, P and Garcia-Barreda, S and González, V and Sánchez, S}, title = {Effect of Selected Truffle-Associated Bacteria and Fungi on the Mycorrhization of Quercus ilex Seedlings with Tuber melanosporum.}, journal = {Biotech (Basel (Switzerland))}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biotech14030069}, pmid = {40981373}, issn = {2673-6284}, support = {RTA2015-00053-00-00//Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {The success of truffle cultivation is especially dependent on the quality of truffle-mycorrhized seedlings, which are typically produced in nurseries under aseptic conditions to avoid root colonization by undesired ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, such practices may also eliminate beneficial microorganisms that could support truffle symbiosis and improve seedling quality. In this study, twelve endophytic bacterial and fungal strains, isolated from the Tuber melanosporum environment (gleba tissue, mycorrhizae and truffle brûlé), were tested for their effect on T. melanosporum mycorrhization levels in inoculated Quercus ilex seedlings under nursery conditions. Co-inoculation with a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens significantly enhanced root colonization by T. melanosporum, supporting its potential role as mycorrhizal helper bacterium. In contrast, a strain of Trichoderma harzianum negatively affected mycorrhization. The remaining strains did not show significant effects on seedling mycorrhization or seedling growth. Our findings support the hypothesis that specific bacterial strains associated with truffles can act as mycorrhizal helper bacteria, highlighting the potential for co-inoculation strategies to enhance quality of truffle-inoculated seedlings in nurseries. However, further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the interactions within the mycorrhizosphere that could contribute to improving nursery seedling quality.}, }
@article {pmid40980884, year = {2025}, author = {Robinson, CRP and Dolezal, AG and Liachko, I and Newton, ILG}, title = {Hi-C-resolved metagenomics reveals host range variation among mobile genetic elements within the European honey bee.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0224325}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.02243-25}, pmid = {40980884}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and bacteriophages, are major contributors to the ecology and evolution of host-associated microbes due to symbiotic interactions and gene flow via horizontal gene transmission. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are frequently trafficked via MGEs, are known to be enriched within North American honey bee microbiomes due to decades of antibiotic exposure. While previous studies have identified nearly identical MGE-associated ARGs across geographically disparate honey bee colonies, our understanding of how ARGs are distributed and mobilized within and between individual microbiomes is limited. To address this limitation, we leverage Hi-C-resolved metagenomics with the honey bee worker gut microbiome and show that the worker gut contains dense, nested, and highly distinct MGE communities. We show that phage-microbe networks exhibit high variation among individual metagenomes and that phages show broad host range with respect to both the number and phylogenetic distance of their hosts. Comparisons of individual microbiomes reveal highly individualized plasmid communities that exhibit broad host range variation within microbiomes. Finally, we provide specific evidence that antibiotic resistance cassettes are being actively shuttled between honey bee microbes via plasmids and that these broad host range plasmids frequently recombine to share gene content. Our work corroborates early observations of ARG dispersal in honey bee colonies and provides evidence for how these genes are mobilized within and across honey bee-associated microbial communities.IMPORTANCEMobile genetic elements (MGEs) are found in every microbial community and often encode genes conferring antibiotic resistance (ARGs). Within the honey bee worker gut microbiome, ARGs are particularly frequent due to decades of antibiotic exposure. Previous studies have identified nearly identical ARGs in geographically disparate honey bee colonies, which suggests recent mobilization by MGEs into these colonies, but identifying how these ARGs are mobilized and distributed within honey bee colonies remains a challenging task, as most techniques rely on microbial culture. Applying metagenomic Hi-C, we describe how these ARGs are distributed among individual plasmid backbones and how those plasmids are distributed among host microbial populations. Remarkably, we find plasmids exhibit broad host range variation, although they encode nearly identical ARGs. Our work corroborates earlier observations of ARG dispersal in honey bee colonies and provides further evidence for how these ARGs are mobilized across vast geographic distance.}, }
@article {pmid40979862, year = {2025}, author = {Sri Lokaranjan, D and Ravi, K and Choudhary, S and Talukdar, A and Dandekeri, S and Shunmugavelu, K}, title = {Association of oral pathology, oral microbiology, and oral oncology.}, journal = {GMS hygiene and infection control}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {Doc45}, pmid = {40979862}, issn = {2196-5226}, abstract = {An ecological community of commensals, symbiotic and pathogenic organisms share our body space. Alterations in the ecologically balanced population of microflora result in dysbiosis and are critical determinants of systemic health and diseases, especially in the context of immunosuppression. The oral microbiome and chronic inflammation may have a role in carcinogenesis.}, }
@article {pmid40978801, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, S and Zhuang, P and Cai, Z and Bai, Y and Peng, J and Khan, Z and Zhang, L and Li, R and Yang, J and Cai, H and Xie, L}, title = {A review and case study of Rhododendron moulmainense highlights the feasibility and adaptation of evergreen Rhododedron plants to current environmental challenges.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1468526}, pmid = {40978801}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Alpine rhododendrons have high ecological, ornamental, and recreational value due to its colourful flowers and tall trees, and making it a promising candidate for urban gardens. However, its long growth cycle and lack of adaptation to low altitude environments often result in leaf burning and weak plant growth, hindering its widespread use in urban gardens. Moreover, the existing literature often fails to present key information on propagation techniques and low altitude acclimatisation of alpine rhododendrons in a clear and concise manner. To tackle this issue, we used the example of the alpine evergreen azalea, Rhododendron moulmainense, which grows in the southernmost part of the latitude. We conducted a comprehensive review of research advances in the evolutionary status of rhododendrons, mycorrhizal symbiosis, flower bud differentiation, environmental adaptation, and reproduction. By integrating various aspects, this review offers valuable insights into the domestication of alpine rhododendron at low altitudes and proposes solutions to address their environmental adaptation, with the aim of promoting their use in urban gardens and fully utilising their role in ecological stabilisation.}, }
@article {pmid40976185, year = {2025}, author = {Ortiz, J and Sanhueza, C and Romero-Munar, A and Sierra, S and Palma, F and Aroca, R and Coba de la Peña, T and López-Gómez, M and Bascuñán-Godoy, L and Del-Saz, NF}, title = {Corrigendum to "Nitrogen source and availability associate to mitochondrial respiratory pathways and symbiotic function in lotus japonicus" [J. Plant Physiol. 2025 (314), November 2025, 154606].}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {314}, number = {}, pages = {154614}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154614}, pmid = {40976185}, issn = {1618-1328}, }
@article {pmid40975440, year = {2025}, author = {Upadhyay, SK and Kumar, P and Jain, D}, title = {Understanding the mechanistic insight and relevance of root hair-driven rhizobia for developing climate-smart crops.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {112779}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112779}, pmid = {40975440}, issn = {1873-2259}, abstract = {Symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is a basic biological process behind sustainable agriculture. Still, in abiotic circumstances, such as drought, salt, and extreme temperatures, its efficiency is significantly reduced. This review highlights the molecular and physiological mechanisms that regulate root hair-rhizobia interactions, as root hairs serve as essential interfaces for microbial recognition, signal transduction, and infection thread growth. Root hair development in effective rhizobia colonization is influenced by auxin, ethylene, and environmental factors. Reacting to host flavonoids, which are detected by LysM receptor kinases (NFR1/NFR5), rhizobia produce nod factors causing calcium oscillations and corresponding transcriptional reprogramming of CCaMK, NSP1/2, and NIN. The changes in the cytoskeleton, the signaling of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the remodeling of the cell wall all work together to change the shape of root hairs and make it easier for infection pockets to form. Rhizobia can keep symbiosis going even when abiotic stress happens by using adaptive mechanisms such as making exopolysaccharides, storing osmolytes, boosting antioxidant activity, and changing phytohormones signal. Combining multi-omics technologies, precision breeding, and microbial engineering will significantly enhance our understanding and improve root hair-mediated long-term symbiotic performance. This strategy promotes sustainable growth by reducing fertilizer usage, improving soil health, and ensuring food security in the face of changing climatic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40973683, year = {2025}, author = {Poquita-Du, RC and Otte, J and Herrmann, N and Büchel, C and Schmitt, I}, title = {Members of the lichen photobiont genus Trebouxia show species-specific photo-physiological and transcriptome-level responses to high light.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf419}, pmid = {40973683}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Members of the common lichen photobiont Trebouxia occur in all terrestrial habitats, from the arctic to the tropics, however, the mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance in Trebouxia are little understood. Currently, lineages belonging to this genus are grouped into clades A, C, I, S, D. Here we study six species, which belong to the S-Clade and A-Clade of Trebouxia, and were isolated from the lichen-forming fungi Umbilicaria pustulata and U. phaea. Three of the Trebouxia species have a climatic niche preference at low elevation (Mediterranean climate), two at high elevation (cold temperate climate), and one is found in both climate zones. These species have demonstrated extensive genomic divergence, particularly in genome regions associated with photosynthesis. Therefore, we hypothesize that they will exhibit differential performance under varying light conditions. We assessed physiological and transcriptomic responses to high light (HL) (control: 60 µmol photons/m2/s; HL:150 µmol photons/m2/s) using a controlled environmental chamber. We examined the cultures´ responses after 1 hour and 3 days (12 hours per day) of HL exposure. We measured photo-physiological parameters including maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration in combination with differential gene expression analysis via RNASeq. Average levels of Fv/Fm and NPQ showed significant reduction following HL exposure, however, this varied among species. Species from high elevation (i.e. Trebouxia S12 C0006 and A10 C0009) exhibited relatively high NPQ capacity throughout the experiment. There was no significant change in average chl a concentration. Further, only a few differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found for specific species following exposure to 1 hour HL, including those associated with chloroplast thylakoid membrane, transposon TX1 and photorespiration. On the other hand, there are more DEGs found for all Trebouxia species exposed to prolonged HL, which involved genes associated to DNA biosynthetic process, cell cycle and cell wall organization. Photoprotection-associated genes related to NPQ, photosystem II repair, oxygen evolving assembly and biosynthesis of photoprotective pigments (carotenoid and chl) also showed differential expression due to prolonged HL. Overall, our findings show that in Trebouxia the capacity to withstand high light conditions is highly species-specific, and not driven by phylogenetic relatedness, or climatic niche preference. We do not observe parallel patterns in species preferring similar climatic niches, with the exception of species from high elevation (Trebouxia S12 C0006 and A10 C0009), which exhibit generally high NPQ capacity.}, }
@article {pmid40973632, year = {2025}, author = {Lefoulon, E and Bordenstein, SR and Carpenter, LR and Buchser, JL and Nowicki, CJ and Yakhnina, AA and Gutierrez, JB and Kaur, R and Imchen, M and Bordenstein, SR}, title = {Evolutionary Diversification and Functions of the Candidate Male Killing Gene wmk.}, journal = {Genome biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evaf179}, pmid = {40973632}, issn = {1759-6653}, abstract = {Symbiont-mediated male killing (MK) is a mechanism that selectively eliminates male offspring, often by disrupting sex-specific developmental processes. In Drosophila melanogaster, the WO-mediated killing gene wmk from Wolbachia prophage WO transgenically reproduces the MK phenotype, yet how the gene evolves and functions across diverse Wolbachia has not been systematically investigated. We analyzed 32 Wolbachia genomes available in the NCBI database to study wmk homologs across different arthropod hosts, reproductive parasitism functions, and Wolbachia supergroups. First, we report at least five distinct wmk phylogenetic clusters (Type I-V), often organized in multigenic dyads or triads. Second, among MK Wolbachia, there is a significantly higher number of wmk genes and diversity in Lepidoptera strains than in Drosophila strains, which exclusively harbor wmk Types I and III. Third, there are three patterns of wmk sequence and genomic organizational changes in Drosophila MK strains that associate with different evolutionary trajectories underpinning the MK phenotype. Fourth, single and combinatory transgenic expression of Types I and III in D. melanogaster uncovers male-biased lethality associated with Type I; however, dual expression of the Types together elicits a major reduction in offspring number. Fifth, wmk genes have low expression level across D. melanogaster developmental stages relative to the cifA and cifB genes, which could explain why cytoplasmic incompatibility is expressed in this system. These findings establish a complex and phylogenetically-informed genetic basis of wmk-induced lethality, highlighting the role of gene copy number and expression, wmk Types, and host background in shaping the phenotype.}, }
@article {pmid40973063, year = {2025}, author = {Renicke, C and Swinhoe, N and Henderson, C and Meier, E and Ling, L and Keat, GL and Maruyama, S and Rangarajan-Paul, M and Pringle, JR and Cleves, PA}, title = {Development of genetic tools for the sea anemone Aiptasia, a model system for coral biology.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/iyaf194}, pmid = {40973063}, issn = {1943-2631}, abstract = {The reef-building corals can thrive in nutrient-poor waters because of the mutualistic symbiosis between the animal hosts and their photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts. This symbiosis is threatened by climate change and other anthropogenic stressors, so that a deeper mechanistic understanding of its function is not only of great basic biological interest but also crucial for developing rational approaches to coral conservation. The small sea anemone Aiptasia is an attractive model system for studies of this symbiosis but has been limited to date by a lack of effective genetic methods. Here, we describe the use of a simple electroporation protocol to introduce various genetic constructs [plasmid DNAs, mRNAs, and short-hairpin (sh) RNAs] into Aiptasia zygotes. Plasmid-based expression of reporter constructs in the resulting larvae was highly mosaic. In contrast, electroporation of mRNAs into zygotes resulted in uniform expression within the larvae, and success rates were similar when single or multiple mRNAs were introduced. The shRNAs were effective in knocking down expression of both co-electroporated mRNAs and endogenous genes. In this way, we could confirm the previously reported role of BRACHYURY in cnidarian embryonic development. In addition, we could show that knockdown of an Aiptasia homologue of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1) interfered with larval uptake and/or retention of a symbiosis-compatible algal strain. The ability to use Aiptasia larvae for such reverse-genetic studies should greatly enhance the power of this model system and serve as a starting point for further development of genetic tools in Aiptasia and other cnidarians.}, }
@article {pmid40972461, year = {2025}, author = {Xie, N and Wang, Q and Du, S and Bao, Y and Shao, Y and Jin, L and Zhang, Y and Yan, M and Lee, PKH and Leung, KMY and Lam, PKS and Ruan, Y}, title = {Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) cause intestinal toxicity in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma).}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {289}, number = {}, pages = {107574}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107574}, pmid = {40972461}, issn = {1879-1514}, abstract = {Perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) are emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) of growing concern due to their frequent detection in coastal environments and bioaccumulation in marine biota. Given structural similarities to legacy PFAS, it is hypothesized that these emerging PFAS may induce toxic effects on the digestive system in vivo. This study investigated the bioavailability and potential digestive damage of PFECHS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA using marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) as a model animal. Fish were chronically exposed (90 days post-fertilization) to PFECHS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA at environmentally relevant concentrations (nominal: 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 μg/L). Results demonstrated that 6:2 Cl-PFESA had a higher bioconcentration potential than PFECHS, and both emerging PFAS preferred accumulating in liver over intestines. PFECHS exposure caused alterations in intestinal digestive enzyme activities and substantial changes in intestinal microbial community in medaka. Compared with the 6:2 Cl-PFESA-exposure and control groups, PFECHS exposure decreased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides and Pseudomonas), while increased the relative abundance of Alkalimarinus and pathogenic bacteria Vibrio. Co-occurrence network analysis further revealed species interactions were less complex and cooperative in medaka exposed to PFECHS than 6:2 Cl-PFESA. These findings provide critical evidence for the toxic mechanisms of these emerging PFAS regarding their disruption of intestinal homeostasis, enzymatic function, and microbial symbiosis in marine fish.}, }
@article {pmid40972206, year = {2025}, author = {Moore, OC and Richards, LA and Boothman, C and Shaw, S and Macaulay, BM and Polya, DA and van Dongen, BE and Lloyd, JR}, title = {Probing the mechanisms of Fe(III)/As(V) reduction and As mobilisation using mineral-coated sands; impact of electron donor treatments.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1001}, number = {}, pages = {180512}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180512}, pmid = {40972206}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The release of geogenic arsenic into groundwater, driven by reductive dissolution of Fe(III)/As(V) oxide phases, poses a severe health risk to millions in South and Southeast Asia. However, the microbes and electron donors responsible for the reductive dissolution remain unclear, due to complex a(biotic) interactions in sediments (traditionally used in microcosm incubation studies). In this study, indigenous microbial communities were sampled from arsenic-prone aquifers in Kandal Province, Cambodia, by filtering groundwater through sands coated with Fe(III)/As(V) minerals. This provided a streamlined inocula to study fundamental Fe(III)/As(V) reduction processes in controlled laboratory experiments. Anoxic incubations with contrasting electron donors suggested that biolabile organics are the main drivers of Fe(III) and As(V) reduction in the sampled aquifers, but methane can also contribute to Fe(III) reduction (at a slower rate) in the absence of labile organics. Known Fe(III)-reducing bacteria (e.g. Geobacter and Geothrix) were implicated in Fe(III)/As(V) reduction. Methane-driven Fe(III) reduction appeared to be mediated by proteobacterial methanotrophs (e.g., Methylomonas and Methylosinus), either directly or via symbiotic interactions with Geobacter through labile organic intermediates (suggested by acetate generation) highlighting the flexibility of proteobacterial methanotrophs under anoxic conditions. No methane-driven As(V) reduction was implicated in this study, while nominal As(V) reduction driven by aquatic organics (sorbed from the groundwater during filtration) was evident in control incubations suggesting some decoupling between Fe(III) and As(V) reduction. Furthermore, the sand filtration approach offers a promising method for producing simplified inocula for further studies of microbe-organic-mineral interactions in arsenic-prone aquifers and other complex biogeochemical systems.}, }
@article {pmid40972194, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, M and Guo, J and Wang, X and Chang, X}, title = {Hazardous substances present in crop-livestock recycling system: hazards to animals and humans.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1001}, number = {}, pages = {180481}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180481}, pmid = {40972194}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The symbiotic relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry has long been a cornerstone of sustainable farming practices. By integrating crop residues and animal wastes back into the farming system, this model promotes resource efficiency and reduces environmental footprints, delineating a path toward ecological farming. However, this system, while sustainable, is not without its challenges. Chief among these are the hazardous substances that can accumulate within the cycle, posing significant risks to animal health and, by extension, to human consumers. These substances can originate from multiple sources - including pesticide residues on crop remnants, heavy metals present in soils absorbed by plants, veterinary pharmaceuticals used in livestock, etc. Their presence within the recycling system necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their distribution patterns, the mechanisms through which they affect animal health, and the potential residual effects on human health through the consumption of animal products. This review aims to delve deeply into these issues. By reviewing recent five years researches and case studies, it seeks to characterize the occurrence, environmental fate, and toxicological effects of hazardous substances within the crop-livestock recycling system, with particular attention to their impacts on both target and non-target organisms. Furthermore, it investigates the physiological and biochemical pathways through which these substances exert detrimental effects on livestock, thereby shedding light on the complexities of their impacts. Understanding these facets is crucial for developing strategic interventions to mitigate these risks. Hence, our discussion will also explore potential solutions and management practices aimed at minimizing the presence and impact of hazardous substances within this integrated system, thereby ensuring its continued viability as a sustainable farming practice.}, }
@article {pmid40971526, year = {2025}, author = {Decouard, B and Rigault, M and Quilleré, I and Boutet, S and Adam, G and Cueff, G and Perreau, F and Alunni, B and Dellagi, A}, title = {An aeroponic system to characterize maize root exudates in relation to N and P nutrition and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf356}, pmid = {40971526}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Root exudates play major roles in the recruitment of plant microbiota. The metabolic composition of root exudates varies according to plant developmental stage, nutrient availability, (a)biotic stresses and interaction with the root-associated microbiota, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which play a key role in plant mineral nutrition and stress tolerance. While it is well established that AMF can perceive plant root exudate compounds, little is known about plant root exudate modifications in response to AMF inoculation. Here, we developed an aeroponic-based culture system suitable for the analysis of maize root exudates during symbiosis with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis while controlling nutrient availability. We validated the functionality of the system by monitoring both maize root colonization by the AMF and the expression profile of symbiotic root marker genes. We then investigated the composition of root exudates (strigolactones and other specialized metabolites) from mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants grown under different N and P regimes. Comparisons of specialized metabolite profiles from root exudates, root tissues, and fungal extracts allowed us to identify candidate metabolic features specifically accumulating in mycorrhizal root exudates. Thus, we provide an innovative method to better understand the role of root exudate metabolites in shaping the microbiota of mycorrhizal plants.}, }
@article {pmid40970734, year = {2025}, author = {Osland, HK and Gould, AL}, title = {The Siphamia-Photobacterium symbiosis: a binary vertebrate model for host-microbe interactions.}, journal = {Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0013225}, doi = {10.1128/mmbr.00132-25}, pmid = {40970734}, issn = {1098-5557}, abstract = {SUMMARYAs microbial communities are increasingly recognized as central to animal development and health, simplified animal models have become valuable tools for exploring the complex dynamics of these interactions. The mutualism between siphonfish (Siphamia spp.) and the bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium mandapamensis offers a naturally occurring, binary, gut-associated symbiosis within a vertebrate host that is a promising system for investigating host-microbe interactions. Over the past decade, the application of genomic, ecological, and microbiological approaches has revealed high levels of strain-level variation within this highly specific and stable symbiosis, highlighting its value for exploring host control and microbial diversity in vertebrate systems. These discoveries demonstrate the potential of the Siphamia-P. mandapamensis system as a powerful model for investigating how vertebrate hosts regulate and maintain long-term bacterial associations, particularly within gut-associated partnerships, as well as the eco-evolutionary processes that shape these relationships. This review aims to consolidate recent findings, evaluate their broader implications for vertebrate-microbe interactions, and propose future directions for research using this association as a model system.}, }
@article {pmid40970722, year = {2025}, author = {Mendoza-Guido, B and Rojas-Jimenez, K}, title = {Beyond plasmid addiction: the role of toxin-antitoxin systems in the selfish behavior of mobile genetic elements.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0023225}, doi = {10.1128/jb.00232-25}, pmid = {40970722}, issn = {1098-5530}, abstract = {Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems were initially described as "addiction" modules that promote plasmid maintenance through a post-segregational killing (PSK) mechanism. In this process, the cells are forced to retain plasmids to avoid death caused by the longer half-life of the toxin compared to the antitoxin. However, TA systems have since been widely identified across a broad range of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), suggesting that TA systems support the maintenance of these MGEs within bacterial hosts and contribute to the exclusion of competing MGEs such as plasmids and phages. This perspective highlights their broader role beyond plasmid addiction, functioning as key components in safeguarding MGE persistence and enhancing MGE fitness. Therefore, the concept of "plasmid addiction" should be reconsidered as a subset of a more comprehensive phenomenon referred to as "MGE selfishness," which more accurately captures the widespread distribution and conserved, self-serving functions of TA systems across diverse MGEs. Additionally, TA systems facilitate the establishment of MGEs as "molecular symbionts" within bacterial cells. While initially considered parasitic, the relationships can evolve to provide mutual benefits for both the MGE and the host. From a gene-centered evolutionary perspective, the proposed molecular symbiosis may progress to a point where most of the MGE's original content is lost, leaving only essential genes that are retained and functionally co-opted by the host. Further studies should investigate the role of TA systems in MGEs beyond plasmids, as well as their evolutionary trajectories toward specialized functions that may influence the adaptation and evolution of key bacterial groups, including pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40970586, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, T and Rennenberg, H and Hu, B}, title = {Response of nitrogen-fixing plant symbioses to changing temperature.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jipb.70041}, pmid = {40970586}, issn = {1744-7909}, support = {cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0002//Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau/ ; cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0020//Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is an effective strategy for legumes and actinorhizal plants to acquire atmospheric nitrogen (N2) for their growth and development. Like other enzymatic processes in roots, the efficiency of SNF is highly dependent on soil temperature. Since global atmospheric temperature change also affects soil temperature, it is essential to know the temperature response of different types of plant-microbial symbioses capable of SNF at the molecular, physiological, and ecosystem levels on air and soil temperature changes. This is of particular significance, because the ability of nitrogen-fixing microbial symbionts to deal with temperature changes in the soil can affect growth and development of legumes and actinorhizal plants and, hence, the sustainability of ecosystems in a changing climate. However, temperature response may differ between different groups of nitrogen-fixing microbial symbionts (e.g., rhizobia vs. Frankia) and between different strains of the same microbial symbiont. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge on the temperature response of SNF, describe unexplored research topics, and propose future basic and applied research avenues under controlled conditions and in field studies. It provides a holistic view on the subject to encourage interdisciplinary research on this subject which has been largely neglected during the last decades, but of increasing significance due to global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid40969425, year = {2025}, author = {Marques, M and Pascoal, F and Villela, H and Santos, E and Baylina, N and Peixoto, RS and Keller-Costa, T and Costa, R}, title = {Selective shaping of prokaryotic communities and core symbiont maintenance suggest large-scale aquarium facilities as reservoirs of microbiome diversity in octocorals.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1651109}, pmid = {40969425}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Octocorals play a critical role in coral ecosystems, contributing to habitat complexity and marine biodiversity. Despite their ecological importance, the microbial communities associated with octocorals remain understudied, particularly under ex situ conditions.<br><br>METHODS: This study compared the prokaryotic communities of the tropical octocoral Litophyton sp., surrounding seawater, and sediments ("biotopes") from a natural Red Sea reef and a long-term tropical aquarium mesocosm designed to emulate natural reef ecosystems ("habitats"). Using high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we assessed community composition, diversity, and core taxa.<br><br>RESULTS: Distinct prokaryotic assemblages were associated with each biotope, with core symbionts persisting across habitats. While seawater communities diverged between habitats, sediment communities were compositionally more similar, dominated by Nitrosopumilaceae, Pirellulaceae, Woeseiaceae, and Flavobacteriaceae. Litophyton sp. harbored specific symbionts consistently across habitats. Alpha-diversity in Litophyton sp. did not differ significantly between habitats (ANOVA with Tukey's HSD, p&#x202f;>&#x202f;0.05), and beta-diversity patterns were also not significant (PERMANOVA, p&#x202f;>&#x202f;0.05). We identified 19 ASVs shared across Litophyton sp. habitats, dominated by Endozoicomonas, unclassified Campylobacterales, and Marivibrio. Several core families, such as Endozoicomonadaceae, Spirochaetaceae, and Kiloniellaceae were consistently associated with Litophyton sp. across habitats, indicating stability of specific host-microbe associations even after 25&#x202f;years in aquarium conditions. Phylogenetic analysis further demonstrated the selective maintenance of diverse Endozoicomonas lineages in aquarium-kept Litophyton specimens.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that large-scale aquarium ecosystems can preserve, to some extent, the structure and diversity of coral-associated microbiomes over extended time periods. By supporting key symbiotic taxa, multi-trophic integrated aquarium systems may serve as repositories for healthy coral-associated microbial communities and microbiome stewardship, underscoring their value in future conservation efforts to sustain the biodiversity of marine holobionts in the face of growing environmental challenges.}, }
@article {pmid40969384, year = {2025}, author = {Pastor-Vallés, E and Abadías Llamas, A and Pettersen, JB}, title = {Carbon-Neutral Silicon via Aluminothermic Reduction? Exploring Industrial Symbiosis through Life Cycle Assessment.}, journal = {ACS sustainable chemistry &amp; engineering}, volume = {13}, number = {36}, pages = {14893-14902}, pmid = {40969384}, issn = {2168-0485}, abstract = {Silicon is conventionally produced by carbothermic reduction, which reduces quartz with a carbon source. An alternative process is the aluminothermic reduction, which uses an aluminum source instead, leading to a substantial decrease in direct CO2 emissions. This paper assesses a case study on industrial symbiosis by producing silicon through aluminothermic reduction using aluminum dross resourced as a reductant material. Various process alternatives are evaluated, with inventories constructed from thermodynamic process simulations and mass and energy balances. We find that the impact of global warming and cumulative energy demand can be reduced by up to 80% in the aluminothermic route. Still, other impacts increase due to the strong influence of the expected alternative use of the aluminum scrap fraction and the need for additional input materials. From the different process parameters and configurations studied in the aluminothermic route, recirculating carbonation gases, reprocessing the byproduct slags, and the use of surplus aluminum scrap hold the most significant potential. The methodology used in this article exemplifies the use of prospective Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in support of concept development to identify environmental hotspots and improvement potential in the early phases of production technologies.}, }
@article {pmid40968713, year = {2025}, author = {Kawa, D and Schneider, HM and Kajala, K}, title = {Coordination of cortex modifications in time, space, and under stress.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70581}, pmid = {40968713}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {101162856/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; OCENW.XL.23.072//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) Domain Exacte en Natuurwetenschappen/ ; OCENW.XS24.4.111//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) Domain Exacte en Natuurwetenschappen/ ; VI.Vidi.193.104//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) Domain Exacte en Natuurwetenschappen/ ; }, abstract = {In roots, cell-type-specific differentiation enables specialized responses to environmental stress. The cortex, located between the vasculature and epidermis, is a key site for stress-responsive modifications. The distinct specializations of the cortex are controlled by developmental, positional and environmental signals. Cortex layers are developmentally and transcriptionally diverse, with capacities of forming protective barriers such as endodermis and exodermis and other cell-type modifications such as multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma and aerenchyma to aid in edaphic stress tolerance. Additionally, the cortex is essential in forming nitrogen-fixing nodules and arbuscules, and therefore symbiotic interactions. These modifications enhance stress resilience by regulating the two-way fluxes of water, solutes and nutrients between the soil and the plant, increasing mechanical strength or facilitating biotic interactions. Understanding how cortex modifications coexist, synergize to influence plant fitness, or compensate for each other remains a challenge. Future research should focus on their combined effects across root types to reveal trade-offs and optimize stress protection.}, }
@article {pmid40968180, year = {2025}, author = {Song, C and Maruyama, J and Murata, K and Suzaki, T and Nakabachi, A}, title = {Enigmatic tubular ultrastructure in the bacterial defensive symbiont of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri.}, journal = {Npj imaging}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {44}, pmid = {40968180}, issn = {2948-197X}, support = {RS-2024-00440289//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; 21687020//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 2015-502//National Institute for Physiological Sciences/ ; }, abstract = {Candidatus Profftella armatura (Betaproteobacteria) is an organelle-like defensive symbiont inhabiting the symbiotic organ of a devastating citrus pest, the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. Previous two-dimensional electron microscopy hinted at unprecedented ultrastructures in Profftella, but their precise architecture and composition were unknown. Here, using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, high-voltage electron tomography, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we show that elongated Profftella cells (2.8-136 μm observed) contain multiple tubes (1-43 per cell) up to 45 μm long. These tubes, occupying ~6.3% of the cell volume, are composed of five or six fibers twisted into a right-handed helix with a consistent diameter of ~230 nm. Their stability under high vacuum suggests a mechanical support role in elongated Profftella. Close association with ribosomes implies a possible role in protein synthesis. Our findings provide insight into the structural adaptations of intracellular symbionts and may inform strategies for controlling citrus pests.}, }
@article {pmid40967913, year = {2025}, author = {Jeon, MS and Hong, JM and Kim, J and Kim, J and Kim, S and Sohn, JH and Han, SJ and Yim, JH and Kim, IC}, title = {Anticancer Activity of Benzomalvin Derivatives Isolated from Penicillium spathulatum SF7354, a Symbiotic Fungus from Azorella monantha.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {e2505003}, doi = {10.4014/jmb.2505.05003}, pmid = {40967913}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {Humans ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; *Penicillium/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry/metabolism ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology/isolation &amp; purification/chemistry ; Cell Line, Tumor ; HCT116 Cells ; Chile ; Symbiosis ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism ; Cell Cycle/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Penicillium spathulatum SF7354 was isolated from the extremophilic plant Azorella monantha collected in Chilean Patagonia and investigated for its anticancer potential. Crude extracts of SF7354 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against multiple human cancer cell lines, with the most pronounced effect observed in HCT116 cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that treatment with the extract induced time-dependent apoptosis and sub-G1 accumulation, indicating activation of programmed cell death. Cell cycle analysis further showed early G0/G1 arrest, followed by a progressive increase in apoptotic populations. Western blot analysis demonstrated notable alterations in PARP and p53 protein levels, suggesting a p53-dependent mechanism of apoptosis. HPLC-based purification of the extract led to the isolation of five benzomalvin derivatives (A-E), all of which exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that SF7354-derived benzomalvins act through apoptosis-associated mechanisms and represent promising candidates for the development of novel anticancer agents.}, }
@article {pmid40967910, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, JK and Lee, MW and Moon, CY and Kim, JM and Bayburt, H and Choi, BJ and Jeon, CO}, title = {Carotenoid-Producing Qipengyuania algicola sp. nov. and Qipengyuania rhodophyticola sp. nov., Isolated from Marine Algae, and Emended Description of the Genus Qipengyuania Xu et al. 2020.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {e2507023}, doi = {10.4014/jmb.2507.07023}, pmid = {40967910}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {Phylogeny ; Base Composition ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; *Carotenoids/metabolism ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; *Rhodophyta/microbiology ; Ubiquinone ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Phospholipids/analysis ; Genome, Bacterial ; }, abstract = {Two Gram-stain-negative, facultatively aerobic, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, designated strains DGS2-2[T] (orange-pigmented) and DGS5-3[T] (yellow-pigmented), were isolated from marine red algae collected in Korea. Strain DGS2-2[T] grew at 20-40°C, pH 6.0-10.0, and in 1.0-6.0% (w/v) NaCl, while DGS5-3[T] grew at 15-40°C, pH 6.0-10.0, and in 2.0-6.0% NaCl. Ubiquinone-10 was the sole respiratory quinone. The G+C contents were 62.5% for DGS2-2[T] and 57.5% for DGS5-3[T]. Both strains contained summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c) and C16:0 as major fatty acids, and phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids. The 16S rRNA gene similarity (97.3%), average nucleotide identity (ANI, 72.0%), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH, 18.4%) values between the two strains were below the species delineation thresholds. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences placed both strains in distinct lineages within the genus Qipengyuania. ANI and dDDH values between each strain and Qipengyuania type strains were below 74.5% and 19.5%, respectively, supporting their designation as novel species. Genomic analyses identified putative genes associated with potential algal symbiotic traits, including the biosynthesis of vitamins, siderophores, and hormone-like compounds. Carotenoid biosynthetic genes were also identified, and LC/MS confirmed astaxanthin (DGS2-2[T]) and nostoxanthin (DGS5-3[T]) production. Based on genomic, phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic evidence, strains DGS2-2[T] and DGS5-3[T] represent two novel species of Qipengyuania, for which the names Qipengyuania algicola sp. nov. (DGS2-2[T] =KACC 23855[T] =JCM 37496[T]) and Qipengyuania rhodophyticola sp. nov. (DGS5-3[T] =KACC 23854[T] =JCM 37497[T]) are proposed.}, }
@article {pmid40967406, year = {2025}, author = {Harwood, M and South, J and Dunn, AM and Stebbing, PD and Burgess, A and Bojko, J}, title = {Pathogen diversity of the non-native narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) in a UK water body.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108458}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2025.108458}, pmid = {40967406}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Biological invasions are intrinsically linked to introducing associated symbiotic organisms, some of which can be parasitic or pathogenic. The pathogenic risk of an 'invasive parasite' (aka. exotic pathogen) stems from its potential to infect native hosts and induce behavioural change or mortality, with the pathogen potentially presenting a greater risk than the host. Conversely, parasites translocated by invasive hosts may also reduce the impact of their host, indirectly curbing the hosts impact on the invaded ecosystem. In this study, we develop a pathogen profile for the narrow-clawed crayfish, Pontastacus leptodactylus. This is a non-native species in the United Kingdom, and poses a possible risk as a sink for invasive parasites. We use histopathology, metagenomics and metratranscriptomics to outline the symbiotic diversity harboured by a P. leptodactylus population from West Yorkshire, England. We discovered several protozoan and bacterial species that appear to be putatively commensal with this invader, as well as several RNA viruses (Hepelivirales; Picornavirales; Nodaviridae, and others) that may be more pathogenic in nature. Microsporidia and Nudiviridae were absent in our population sample set, as were all metazoan obligate parasites, such as trematodes and acanthocephalans. Using the novel genomic and pathological data available to us, we have explored the evolutionary history of each symbiotic species and provided an initial assessment on the putative risk to native species.}, }
@article {pmid40966643, year = {2025}, author = {Brown, A and Proulx, S}, title = {Evolution of phenotypic polymorphism in symbiont-pairing in plant-fungal symbiosis.}, journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/evolut/qpaf170}, pmid = {40966643}, issn = {1558-5646}, abstract = {Temporal environmental variation presents a challenge to organisms, because the optimal phenotype may vary with time. This is particularly problematic for populations in spatially uniform environments, because spatial variation is generally required to maintain genotypic polymorphism. One solution is to produce offspring that share a genotype but have developmental randomness that causes them to vary in phenotype - i.e., to be phenotypically polymorphic. This is known as adaptive coin-flipping or (in some cases) diversifying bet-hedging. Here we investigate how the environment and trait expression affect the initial evolution of polyphenism, as well as the optimal polyphenic traits and frequency of trait expression. We focus on the case of plants allocating resources to mycorrhizal partners. We find that the optimal traits to express polyphenically are close to, but not the same as, the best single trait in each environmental state alone. Similarly, the optimal frequency of expressing each trait is close, but not identical, to the frequency of the environmental states. This reflects the benefit of being somewhat conservative in trait values, to reduce the mismatch between trait and environment, and somewhat risk-taking in trait expression frequency, to capture the benefit of expressing the "right" trait in the more frequent environment.}, }
@article {pmid40965965, year = {2025}, author = {Sbissi, I and Boussoufa, D and Kammoun, I and Hamra, R and Dali, H and Tarhouni, M and Gtari, M}, title = {Description of Neorhizobium tunisiense sp. nov., reclassification of Neorhizobium xiangyangii as Pseudorhizobium xiangyangii comb. nov. and proposal of Terrirhizobium terrae gen. nov., comb. nov. to accommodate the divergent species Aliirhizobium terrae.}, journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology}, volume = {75}, number = {9}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.006912}, pmid = {40965965}, issn = {1466-5034}, mesh = {*Phylogeny ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Tunisia ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Alphaproteobacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The taxonomic affiliations, genomic divergence and ecological potential of strains IRAMC 0178ᵀ and IRAMC 0179, isolated from nodules of Retama raetam growing in coastal northern Tunisia, were investigated using genome-scale phylogenomics, average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and protein metrics (average amino acid identity, percentage of conserved proteins and core-proteome average amino acid identity). Taxogenomic, ecogenomic and phenotypic analyses were used to classify strains IRAMC 0178ᵀ and IRAMC 0179 - each isolated from nodules of distinct R. raetam trees in northern Tunisia - and to revise the taxonomic status of Neorhizobium xiangyangii and Aliirhizobium terrae. Strain IRAMC 0178ᵀ (=HAMBI 3839=CGMCC 1.65424=DSM 119302[T]) was placed in Neorhizobium, showing low genomic similarity to known species (dDDH <45% and ANI <93%) supporting its recognition as a novel genomic species. Its distinct phenotypic characteristics further justify the proposal of the new species Neorhizobium tunisiense sp. nov. Further genomic analyses revealed discrepancies in the current taxonomy, supporting the reclassification of N. xiangyangii as Pseudorhizobium xiangyangii comb. nov. and the transfer of A. terrae to the newly proposed genus Terrirhizobium terrae gen. nov., comb. nov. Several non-nodulating Neorhizobium strains, including IRAMC 0178ᵀ, either lacked or carried incomplete nod and nif gene sets, suggesting a loss of symbiotic capacity across these lineages. However, strains retained diverse plant growth-promoting traits and stress-adaptive functions. Notably, N. tunisiense sp. nov. exhibited genomic features indicative of a rhizosphere-associated lifestyle, such as osmoprotective systems, moderate growth rates and metabolic versatility. These results highlight the diverse evolutionary pathways within Rhizobiaceae, including both symbiotic and non-symbiotic lineages, and emphasize the overlooked genomic diversity with potential implications for sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid40965139, year = {2025}, author = {Kim, M and Kamagata, Y and Park, S-J}, title = {Genomics and physiological characterizations of an acidotolerant nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira enriched from freshwater pond.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0152225}, doi = {10.1128/aem.01522-25}, pmid = {40965139}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) play a crucial role in global nitrogen cycling, yet their presence and adaptations in acidic environments remain poorly understood. This study unveils the cultivation and characterization of a novel acid-tolerant NOB, NS4 culture, affiliated with lineage II (Nitrospira_D) within the genus Nitrospira. Enriched and isolated from a freshwater pond sediment, NS4 culture exhibits remarkable physiological and genomic traits that shed light on NOB survival strategies in low pH conditions. NS4 culture demonstrates the optimal growth at pH 6 and 0.5 mM nitrite concentration, with a maximum growth rate of 0.62 day[-1]. Kinetic analyses reveal a high affinity for nitrite (Km(app) = 4.02 µM), suggesting adaptation to oligotrophic environments. Phylogenomic and genomic-relatedness analyses position NS4 culture as a novel member within the genus Nitrospira, for which we propose as "Candidatus Nitrospira acidotolerans." Genomic investigations indicate the presence of a complete reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and genes for nitrite oxidation, confirming its chemolithoautotrophic lifestyle. Intriguingly, NS4 genome lacks complete pathways for cobalamin biosynthesis, implying a potential dependence on symbiotic partners for this essential cofactor. The NS4 genome harbors genes associated with acid resistance, including chaperones, transporters, and amino acid metabolism, suggesting a genetic potential for adaptation or resistance to low pH conditions. This discovery expands our understanding of NOB diversity and adaptability, offering insights into nitrogen cycling in acid-impacted ecosystems. The physiological and genomic traits of this acid-tolerant NOB open new insights for exploring the ecological significance of NOB in previously overlooked acidic habitats.IMPORTANCENitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) are integral to the global nitrogen cycle, yet their adaptations to acidic environments remain poorly understood. This study introduces Candidatus Nitrospira acidotolerans, an acid-tolerant NOB highly enriched from freshwater pond sediment. By combining physiological and genomic analyses, this work reveals unique adaptations that enable survival and nitrite oxidation under low pH conditions. Notably, the NS4 culture demonstrates high nitrite affinity and resistance to acidic stress, suggesting its ecological significance in acid-impacted ecosystems. Additionally, NS4 genomic traits reveal genetic potential of metabolic dependencies, including reliance on symbiotic partners for cobalamin synthesis. These findings expand our understanding of NOB diversity and their role in nitrogen cycling under extreme conditions, offering novel insights into microbial ecology and potential applications in managing nitrogen processes in acidic environments.}, }
@article {pmid40964997, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, K and Sun, S and Tang, X and Jiao, H and Weng, J and Xu, H and Li, S and Lv, M}, title = {Gastrointestinal Environment Intelligent-Responsive Nanozyme for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Helicobacter pylori Infection.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e05845}, doi = {10.1002/smll.202505845}, pmid = {40964997}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {20250323//Youth Talent Support Program of Shaanxi Association for Science and Technology/ ; L2024-ZDYF-ZDYF-SF-0041//Xianyang Key Research and Development Plan project/ ; 2024-KJXX-06//Science and Technology Youth Stars Project of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine/ ; //Research and Innovation Team of Haojing College/ ; HJTD05//Shaanxi University of Science and Technology/ ; 82405030//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82404903//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 306-171020323004//Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine/ ; }, abstract = {Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen that can withstand the pH levels in the stomach and cause gastric infections. It is widely recognized as a major risk factor for gastric diseases, and its eradication could effectively treat peptic ulcers and gastritis, and reduce the mortality rate of gastric cancer. However, the antibiotic combination therapies typically used to eradicate H. pylori can disrupt the gut microbiota. Therefore, this study presents a gastrointestinal environment intelligent-responsive nanozyme (CeOSL) for treatment of multidrug-resistant H. pylori infections and regulation of inflammation. The oxidase-like activity of CeOSL is activated in the gastric juice and mucus, which generates superoxide radicals that eradicate H. pylori. Furthermore, CeOSL can scavenge reactive oxygen species to alleviate inflammation in the gastric epithelium with no significant effect on symbiotic microbiota, which addresses the pathological conditions associated with H. pylori infections. This pH-modulated nanozyme approach provides a safer and more effective strategy for treatment of H. pylori infections.}, }
@article {pmid40964675, year = {2025}, author = {Corona-Guerrero, I and Maitre, A and Abuin-Denis, L and Morales-García, R and Almazán, C and Obregón, D and Cabezas-Cruz, A and Mosqueda, J}, title = {Babesia bovis infection alters the composition and assembly of Rhipicephalus microplus midgut microbiota.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1608409}, pmid = {40964675}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Babesia bovis is one of the main causative agents of bovine babesiosis. Livestock farmers are constantly struggling to control the population of the tick vector and reduce babesiosis outbreaks. For this reason, the development of new control strategies is necessary. Tick microbiota consists of a diverse group of symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms. It has been shown that altering the microbiota population prevents the transmission of apicomplexan pathogens. This work represents a primary exploratory approach to determine the changes B. bovis infection causes in the microbiota of R. microplus.<br><br>METHODS: Two calves were infested with R. microplus larvae; next, one of the calves was splenectomized and infected with Babesia bovis. Fifteen days after the infestation, engorged females were collected from each calf. Collected ticks were separated into two groups: 0 h and 72 h. Ticks from the 0 h group were dissected to extract their midgut the same day they were collected, while midgut dissection of the other group was done after 72 h of incubation. Thus, samples were separated into 4 experimental groups depending on their infection status and the time of the dissection. Total DNA was purified and the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology.<br><br>RESULTS: Data analysis showed fewer complex networks with reduced connectivity in infected ticks compared to the uninfected group. In both groups, the tick microbiota networks showed reduced node density at 72 h post-repletion. Different keystone taxa were found in all groups, indicating that midgut microbiota assembly is influenced by both tick developmental stage and the infection with B. bovis.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Results of this work aim to serve as a steppingstone in the development of anti-tick microbiota vaccines capable of impairing both the life cycle of R. microplus and B. bovis transmission.}, }
@article {pmid40964674, year = {2025}, author = {Gu, K and Liu, X and Liu, M and Wei, X and Li, J and Hu, Y and Jiang, Y and Chen, Y and Wang, D and Yang, Y and Su, J and Wang, L}, title = {Tobacco intercropping enhances soil fertility by improving synergic interactions between soil physicochemical and microbial properties.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1647493}, pmid = {40964674}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Intercropping tobacco with other crops has been shown to upregulate soil health by fostering synergistic interactions between physicochemical and microbial properties. This study aims to evaluate the impact of intercropping on physicochemical attributes, rhizospheric microbial community, and functional dynamics of soil cultivated with tobacco plants.<br><br>METHODS: A field experiment was comprised with five treatments, such as tobacco monoculture (TT), soybean monoculture (SS), maize monoculture (MM), tobacco-soybean intercropping (TS), and tobacco-maize intercropping (TM). Soil nutrients observed, while bacterial and fungal community profiles were assessed through high-throughput sequencing targeting the 16S rDNA and ITS hypervariable regions. Microbial interactions and network resilience were assessed through co-occurrence network analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Intercropping significantly improved the soil nutrient properties. Compared with tobacco monoculture (TT), the tobacco-soybean intercropping (TS) treatment enhanced cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) by 13.9, 13.9, 43.8, and 129.1%, respectively. Tobacco-maize intercropping (TM) enhanced CEC (26.7%) and AK (9.7%). Both intercropping models significantly increased bacterial species richness in tobacco soil, whereas fungal diversity was more pronounced under monoculture conditions. Intercropping favored the proliferation of Proteobacteria and Basidiomycota, while concurrently suppressing Ascomycota. Tobacco-maize intercropping specifically augmented nitrifying bacteria and Actinobacteria, while tobacco-soybean intercropping predominantly facilitated the recruitment of symbiotic fungi. Intercropping intensified microbial network complexity and modularity, upregulate ecosystem resilience to disturbances. Mantel analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was primarily influenced by soil pH, whereas fungal communities exhibited strong combinations with available potassium and phosphorus.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Intercropping systems substantially improved soil ecological functionality by modulating microbial community composition and nutrient dynamics. Tobacco-maize intercropping reinforced soil ecosystem stability through enrichment of functional microorganisms and optimization of community architecture, while tobacco-soybean intercropping leveraged nitrogen fixation by legumes to augment nitrogen availability and facilitate the establishment of nitrogen-cycling microbes, demonstrating superior efficacy in enhancing soil fertility. These findings suggest that tobacco intercropping can be sustainable agricultural strategy to maintain soil health and productivity in the era of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid40964264, year = {2025}, author = {Prezza, G and Fansler, RT and Guest, T and Mädler, G and Schlauch, H and Zhu, W and Westermann, AJ}, title = {An RNA regulates iron homeostasis and host mucus colonization in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.09.08.672848}, pmid = {40964264}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Symbiotic bacteria in the human intestinal microbiota provide many pivotal functions to human health and occupy distinct biogeographic niches within the gut. Yet the molecular basis underlying niche-specific colonization remains poorly defined. To address this, we conducted a time-resolved dual RNA-seq experiment to simultaneously monitor the transcriptional co-adaptations of human commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and human gut epithelial cells in an anaerobe-epithelium co-culture system. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of mucus-associated versus supernatant Bacteroides populations unveiled small RNAs (sRNAs) that are differentially regulated between spatially segregated subpopulations. Among these, we identified IroR as a key sRNA that facilitates B. thetaiotaomicron adaptation to the mucus-rich, iron-limiting niche, partly by modulating expression of bacterial capsule genes. This work provides new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of gut colonization and underscores a previously underappreciated role for bacterial sRNAs in shaping mutualistic interactions between the human microbiota and the gut epithelium.}, }
@article {pmid40964126, year = {2025}, author = {Xie, X and Zhang, F and Yin, Y and Cui, J and Li, J and Xu, J and Hu, X and Tian, Y and Zhou, W and Wu, X and Li, S and Li, K}, title = {[Thoughts and Explorations on the Cultivation of Top Innovative Talents in Nursing With Chinese Characteristics in the New Era].}, journal = {Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {881-886}, pmid = {40964126}, issn = {1672-173X}, mesh = {China ; Humans ; *Education, Nursing ; *Nursing/trends ; }, abstract = {The cultivation of top innovative nursing talents with Chinese characteristics in the new era lends critical support to the accomplishment of the strategic goal of the Healthy China Initiative. Herein, we reviewed the historical development of nursing science in China, clarified the conceptual framework of nursing science with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and identified the essential qualities and competencies required for top innovative nursing talents. Furthermore, we analyzed the mission and challenges in cultivating these nursing talents, and put forward new approaches, including formulating new ethics and political education theories specific to nursing science with Chinese characteristics, establishing a cross-disciplinary educational model of Nursing + X, and creating a new nursing talent cultivation ecosystem adapted to the era of human-machine symbiosis. This study provides theoretical insights into the cultivation of top innovative nursing talents who align their development well with national strategic needs, embody patriotism, and possess a strong sense of contemporary responsibility.}, }
@article {pmid40963255, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, L and Guo, S and Zhang, J and Field, KJ and Baquerizo, MD and de Souza, TAF and Lee, SJ and Hijri, M and Shang, X and Sun, D and Cao, H and Feng, S and Wang, L and Ji, H and Van der Heijden, M and Siddique, KHM and Gan, GY}, title = {ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL NETWORKS-A CLIMATE-SMART BLUEPRINT FOR AGRICULTURE.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101526}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101526}, pmid = {40963255}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal symbiosis offers a transformative solution in mitigating agroecosystem challenges linked with synthetic chemical overuse. However, the potential of AM-plant communications in response to anthropogenic activities and hyphal network functionality remains poorly understood. Here, we reposition AM fungal hyphosphere networks as keystone ecological infrastructure for sustainable agroecosystems. Synthesizing thousands of worldwide experimental studies reveals the main environmental functions of AM fungi-plant communication: enhancing agroecosystem resilience by buffering crops against various (a)biotic stressors through molecular signaling and physiological changes; mediating energy transferring via small RNA-mediated cross-kingdom interactions; facilitating hydraulic redistribution in the soil profile via hyphospheric network; and optimizing root architecture via effective colonization for nutrient acquisition. Some anthropogenic practices-soil disturbance, non-mycorrhizal crop monoculture, and fungicide use-disrupt AM hyphal networks; however, those can be minimized through improved farming practices, such as cropping diversification with legumes and AM fungi-compatible crops, AM-responsive plant genotypes, effective AM fungal inoculation, and microbial consortia amendments. Bridging AM fungal mechanisms with anthropogenic practices and policy supports is essential to scale AM benefits to various ecoregions. Exploring AM fungal functionality can increase nutrient use efficiency, reduce chemical inputs, and enhance ecosystem productivity, offering a microbial-centric blueprint in helping the UN's sustainability goals.}, }
@article {pmid40962757, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, YY and Wu, HX and Liu, GJ and Liu, RJ and Wang, SZ and He, M}, title = {[Distribution Characteristics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Microbial Communities in the Surface Water Environment of Chaohu Lake].}, journal = {Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue}, volume = {46}, number = {9}, pages = {5650-5658}, doi = {10.13227/j.hjkx.202408021}, pmid = {40962757}, issn = {0250-3301}, mesh = {*Lakes/microbiology ; China ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; *Water Microbiology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Bacteria/genetics ; Fresh Water/microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; }, abstract = {As the fifth largest lake in China， Chaohu Lake plays a pivotal role in bolstering the coastal economy and is instrumental to the livelihood of the substantial population residing around its shores. Moreover， it harbors a multitude of distinctive biological species that are characteristic of the region. The pollution problem of Chaohu Lake has been a concern for many decades， and many scholars have conducted antibiotic research around the lake. However， there remains a lack of in-depth research on the microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes （ARGs） in the water environment of Chaohu Lake. Surface water samples were collected from five sampling points established in Chaohu Lake. Point CH1 is the only outlet of the Yuxi River in Chaohu Lake， CH2 is the center of Donghu Lake， CH3 is the center of Zhonghu Lake， CH4 is the inlet of the Nanfei River with heavy pollution in the surrounding area， and CH5 is the center of Xihu Lake， which can better reflect the overall condition of the surface water environment of Chaohu Lake. The distribution characteristics of microorganisms and ARGs in the surface water of Chaohu Lake were analyzed thoroughly by using high-throughput sequencing technology. The study found that Proteobacteria， Actinobacteria， and Bacteroidetes were the three dominant phyla of the microbial communities in the surface water of Chaohu Lake and that there were spatial differences in the composition of microbial communities at different points. A total of 146 subtypes of 14 classes of ARGs were detected in the surface water of Chaohu Lake， with aminoglycoside， multi-drug， and sulfonamide ARGs being the main ones. Affected by human activities， the degree of antibiotic pollution in Chaohu Lake has intensified， with the pollution level in the western half of the lake being higher than the level in the eastern half. The microbial diversity and abundance of ARGs in Chaohu Lake are higher in the western half of the lake （CH4 and CH5）， and the overall trend of higher in the west and lower in the east in terms of geographical location may be related to this result. Network co-occurrence analysis was conducted on the top 15 ARGs with relative abundance and microbial phyla. The result showed that there was a high degree of connectivity between microbial communities and ARGs， revealing a significant correlation between microbial communities and ARGs in the surface water of Chaohu Lake. Among them， phyla Armatimonadetes， Firmicutes， Bacteroidetes， and Cyanobacteria had the highest connectivity， and may be potential hosts for multidrug resistance of ARGs. The research results of this in-depth analysis of the microorganisms and ARGs in Chaohu Lake provide data support for the prevention and control of new pollutants in the lake. They also emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring and in-depth research on the relationship between microbial communities and ARGs in the water environment of Chaohu Lake， which provide a scientific basis for water environment management and public health safety of the lake， and a commitment to ensuring the ecological security and public health safety of the local water environment.}, }
@article {pmid40962294, year = {2025}, author = {Bithell, SL and Asif, MA and Chowdhury, J and Kamiri, AK and Snijders, F and Harden, S and Plett, KL and Plett, JM}, title = {Genetic Insights Into Pathways Supporting Optimized Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Chickpea and Their Interaction With Disease Resistance Breeding.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {177}, number = {5}, pages = {e70514}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70514}, pmid = {40962294}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {DAN00172//Grains Research and Development Corporation/ ; DAN00213 (BLG205)//Grains Research and Development Corporation/ ; }, mesh = {*Cicer/genetics/microbiology/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation/genetics/physiology ; *Disease Resistance/genetics ; Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics ; *Plant Diseases/microbiology/genetics ; Mesorhizobium/physiology ; *Plant Breeding ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Genotype ; Phytophthora/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; }, abstract = {In chickpea (Cicer arietinum), a globally important grain legume, improvements in yield stability are required to address food security and agricultural land loss. One approach is to improve both nutrient acquisition through symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria and biotic stress resistance. To support the simultaneous selection of multiple beneficial traits, we sought to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genes linked to improved plant-microbe symbiosis both under symbiosis-promotive growth conditions and when pathogens are present. Our aims were to use the chickpea-Mesorhizobium rhizobial model to identify QTL associated with biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and nutrient acquisition and understand factors promotive of sustained BNF under biotic stress through the impact of Phytophthora root rot (PRR) on BNF across chickpea genotypes on host gene expression. Using two chickpea × C. echinospermum recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, we identified QTL associated with BNF and several associated with macro- and micro-nutrient status of chickpea. From within a set of the most PRR-resistant RIL (n = 70), we successfully identified RIL with both high PRR resistance and N sourced from BNF. In conditions of the tripartite (host:rhizobia:pathogen) interaction, while there was no consistent pathogen impact on the abundance of Mesorhizobium in nodules, PRR-resistant genotypes maintained a higher activity of their N-assimilation genes, while susceptible genotypes repressed these genes. This improved understanding of the genetic support of BNF in chickpea will allow selection for material that maintains higher BNF and is more disease resistant, which together may improve yield stability in chickpea.}, }
@article {pmid40962161, year = {2025}, author = {Lin, LB and Cao, X and Shi, W and Shen, D and Wang, MN and Wang, JY and Ning, JH and Hu, JY and Duan, DZ and Wang, XL and Xiao, J}, title = {Acroeremophilanes A-I, eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids from the Sinomenium acutum-derived symbiotic fungus Acrocalymma cycadis.}, journal = {Phytochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {114677}, doi = {10.1016/j.phytochem.2025.114677}, pmid = {40962161}, issn = {1873-3700}, abstract = {This study separated nine previously undescribed highly oxygenated eremophilane sesquiterpenoids, designated as acroeremophilanes A-I (1-9), as well as three identified analogs (10-12), in the symbiotic fungus Acrocalymma cycadis derived from Sinomenium acutum. Structural elucidation of the metabolites was achieved using 1D and 2D NMR; HR-ESI-TOF-MS; single-crystal X-ray diffraction; and ECD spectra calculations. Notably, acroeremophilane A (1) was identified as an unusual chlorinated nor-eremophilane sesquiterpenoid incorporating an α,β-unsaturated ketone unit with an enol fragment. Acroeremophilanes F-H (6-8) were characterized as rare glycosylated eremophilane sesquiterpenoids derived from the symbiotic fungus. The in vitro cytotoxicities showed that C-1 substituted chlorinated eremophilane sesquiterpenoids displayed obvious cytotoxicity, in which acroeremophilane C (3) exhibited potent cytotoxicity to HeLa and A549 cells, and IC50 values were 2.89 and 4.55 μM, separately. The results of the apoptosis assays indicated that compound 3 primarily induces apoptotic cell death.}, }
@article {pmid40961934, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Jin, X and Li, J and Dini-Andreote, F and Li, H and Khashi U Rahman, M and Du, M and Wu, F and Wei, Z and Zhou, X and van der Heijden, MGA and Rillig, MC}, title = {Common mycorrhizal networks facilitate plant disease resistance by altering rhizosphere microbiome assembly.}, journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2025.08.016}, pmid = {40961934}, issn = {1934-6069}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can interconnect the roots of individual plants by forming common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). These symbiotic structures can act as conduits for interplant communication. Despite their importance, the mechanisms of signal transfer via CMNs and their implications for plant community performance remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CMNs act as a pathway to elicit defense responses in healthy receiver plants connected to pathogen-infected donors. Specifically, we show that donor plants infected by the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea transfer jasmonic acid via CMNs, which then act as a chemical signal in receiver plants. This signal transfer to receiver plants induces shifts in root exudates, promoting the recruitment of specific microbial taxa (Streptomyces and Actinoplanes) that are directly linked to the suppression of B. cinerea infection. Collectively, our study reveals that CMNs act as interplant chemical communication conduits, transferring signals that contribute to plant disease resistance via modulation of the rhizosphere microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid40961931, year = {2025}, author = {Li, L and Yang, Q and Liu, M and Lin, S and Hua, W and Shi, D and Yan, J and Shi, X and Hoffmann, AA and Zhu, B and Liang, P}, title = {Symbiotic bacteria mediate chemical-insecticide resistance but enhance the efficacy of a biological insecticide in diamondback moth.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.09.022}, pmid = {40961931}, issn = {1879-0445}, }
@article {pmid40961929, year = {2025}, author = {Fang, J and Wang, X and Li, L and Liu, J and Fang, L and Xiao, Y and Wang, Y and Fang, Z}, title = {A sucrose transporter from Gongronella butleri w5 mediates plant-fungus-bacteria interaction.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.043}, pmid = {40961929}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Beneficial fungi in the plant rhizosphere connect plants and soil bacteria by releasing carbon sources as a bridge. Sucrose, a direct product of plant photosynthesis, plays a crucial role in this process. Here, we report that the sucrose transporter (SUT) protein GspSUT1 worked as a key regulator in the plant-beneficial fungus Gongronella butleri w5 (w5) and promoted plant growth by modulating carbon allocation during plant-fungus-bacteria interactions. The GspSUT1 expression was upregulated during the w5-plant interaction, accompanied by a decrease in sucrose in the root of Actinidia chinensis var. Chinensis "Hongyang." Knocking down the expression level of GspSUT1 through host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) led to the accumulation of sucrose in the plant root and a reduction in the release of monosaccharides into the environment, which in turn decreased the abundance of soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria and lowered the available nitrogen content in the soil, thereby weakening the ability of w5 to promote plant growth. Our research suggested that GspSUT1 from w5 played a crucial role in promoting plant growth and proved that the SUTs in beneficial fungi can influence soil microbial composition by regulating carbon allocation during plant-fungus-bacteria interactions, thereby improving soil nutrient availability and promoting plant growth.}, }
@article {pmid40961676, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, J and Sun, H and Ji, Y and He, Q and Chen, L and Han, Y and Bi, P and Zhu, L}, title = {Niche differentiation drives microbial community assembly in an anaerobic/oxic/anoxic-aerobic granular sludge (AOA-AGS) system: Insights into Anammox self-enrichment.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {288}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {124615}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124615}, pmid = {40961676}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Integrating anammox into the anaerobic/oxic/anoxic-aerobic granular sludge (AOA-AGS) process presents a promising strategy for low-carbon wastewater treatment. Operating under low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions, the AOA-AGS system enables in situ enrichment of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) via sludge granulation. This study addresses two key questions: how to drive AnAOB self-enrichment during AGS formation and how microbial aggregates of different sizes contribute to the balance between nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In an AOA-AGS sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operated at a DO concentration of 0.30 mg/L, AnAOB self-enrichment was successfully achieved (0-1.25 %). The system demonstrated efficient and stable nutrients removal, with removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), and total phosphorus (TP) reaching 88.70 ± 4.96 %, 84.24 ± 3.59 %, and 96.76 ± 1.67 %, respectively. Microbial community assembly was primarily governed by deterministic processes, with niche differentiation facilitating the enrichment of AnAOB. The granular sludge exhibited a broader niche breadth (0.6596) compared to flocculent sludge (0.5885), supporting the coexistence of AnAOB and other functional microorganisms. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed cooperative or symbiotic relationship among functional bacteria (positive correlations accounted for 54.89 %), with 10 keystone taxa collectively shaping microbial community and function. Functionally, large granules (500-2000 μm) exhibited greater anammox capacity, and large flocs (100-200 μm) and small granules (200-500 μm) contributed to simultaneous nitrification and endogenous denitrification (SNED), whereas small flocs (<100 μm) exhibited stronger phosphorus metabolism potential. Phosphorus-rich flocs were selectively discharged, while AnAOB were effectively retained within granules. These findings offer practical insights for optimizing AOA-AGS system and advancing energy-efficient wastewater treatment technologies.}, }
@article {pmid40961203, year = {2025}, author = {Girard, EB and Del Rio-Hortega, L and Pratama, AMA and Volkenandt, S and Macher, JN and Wilken, S and Renema, W}, title = {Specific host-algae relationship, yet flexible bacterial microbiome, in diatom-bearing foraminifera.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {11}, number = {38}, pages = {eadx4098}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adx4098}, pmid = {40961203}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {*Diatoms/microbiology/genetics ; *Foraminifera/microbiology/physiology ; *Microbiota ; Symbiosis ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Whether the adaptive strategies of marine mixotrophs, organisms that combine heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrition, in response to global change are rooted in their symbiotic relationships is debated, especially for larger benthic foraminifera. Despite their importance in the ecosystem, there are controversial findings regarding the specificity of their algal endobionts, preventing a deeper understanding of their adaptive strategies. Using single-cell metabarcoding on 243 diatom-bearing foraminifera specimens from Indonesia, we found one highly dominant diatom strain in each foraminiferal host species bearing at least 90% of the reads in a majority of host species, whereas the bacterial community was very flexible, with only 25% of the variation explained by water depth, substrate type, location, and host species. Our results suggest that the adaptive strategy of the foraminiferal holobiont rather lies within its bacterial endobiome. Its dynamism likely facilitates the adaptive potential of foraminifera, supporting their proliferation across different environmental settings.}, }
@article {pmid40960226, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, X and Ren, Z and Cao, D and Shao, Z and Liu, M and Huang, Y}, title = {Pre-Colonization of Bacillus siamensis on Ocular Surface Mitigates Fusarium keratitis Through Direct Antifungal Activity and Pre-Activation of NF-κB Pathway.}, journal = {Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science}, volume = {66}, number = {12}, pages = {38}, doi = {10.1167/iovs.66.12.38}, pmid = {40960226}, issn = {1552-5783}, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *NF-kappa B/metabolism ; *Eye Infections, Fungal/microbiology/metabolism ; *Bacillus/physiology ; *Fusariosis/microbiology/metabolism ; *Keratitis/microbiology/metabolism ; *Fusarium/isolation &amp; purification ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Signal Transduction ; Male ; Female ; Disease Models, Animal ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; *Corneal Ulcer/microbiology ; Blotting, Western ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Cornea/microbiology ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe ocular disease that leads to corneal ulceration and permanent vision loss. The ocular surface microbiota comprises beneficial symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate beneficial bacterial strains from the ocular surface and evaluate their effect on Fusarium infections.<br><br>METHODS: Alterations in the ocular surface microbiota of patients with FK were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Candidate bacteria were isolated from mouse eyeballs and evaluated for antifungal activity. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and culture were used to determine the colonization efficiency of Bacillus siamensis (B. siamensis). In addition, its biological safety was assessed. The effects of B. siamensis pre-colonization on Fusarium keratitis were evaluated using slit-lamp examination, clinical scoring, optical coherence tomography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and RNA sequencing. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to assess its effects of on NF-&#x3ba;B signaling and inflammation, whereas flow cytometry was used to measure changes in immune cell populations following B. siamensis pre-colonization.<br><br>RESULTS: Ocular surface microbiota of patients with FK had significantly low levels of Bacilli. B. siamensis exhibited significant direct antifungal activity with minimal toxicity. Pre-colonization with B. siamensis mitigated FK-associated corneal edema and opacity, structural damage, inflammation, and fungal burden. Additionally, it enhanced ocular surface immunity into a "pre-immune" state by activating NF-&#x3ba;B pathway in healthy mice cornea.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: B. siamensis on the ocular surface can directly engulf Fusarium hyphae and secrete antifungal substances to exert antifungal effects. Moreover, it enhanced ocular surface immunity into a "pre-immune" state by activating NF-&#x3ba;B pathway to facilitate rapid immune response.}, }
@article {pmid40960018, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Hu, S and Zhu, F and Li, X and You, L and Chen, Z and Hu, B and Zhao, F}, title = {Mitigating Ecological Risks: Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Translocation and Transformation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Constructed Wetlands.}, journal = {Environmental science &amp; technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c06131}, pmid = {40960018}, issn = {1520-5851}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are increasingly recognized for their potential to remediate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in constructed wetlands (CWs), but their mechanisms in affecting PFAS removal remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate AMF's impacts on PFAS removal and their role in mitigating the environmental risks posed by residual PFASs in the effluent. The results indicated that the primary removal pathways of PFASs in CWs were substrate adsorption and microbial degradation, while plant uptake contributed minimally (0.2-0.3%). AMF enhanced host plant absorption and translocation of PFASs, thereby increasing PFAS accumulation in plant tissues. Additionally, AMF promoted the enrichment of key microbes (e.g., Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria), which stabilized and enhanced the activity of the rhizosphere microbial network, facilitating PFAS biotransformation and degradation. Through the reinforcement of microbial degradation, substrate adsorption, and plant uptake pathways, AMF symbiosis significantly enhanced PFAS removal, increasing efficiency by 10.5-13.3% compared to treatments without AMF. Notably, long-chain (C > 7) PFASs pose higher ecological risks compared to short-chain (C ≤ 7) PFASs. AMF effectively reduced the ecological risks associated with residual PFASs and their metabolites in the effluent. The results highlight AMF's potential to improve PFAS removal in CWs and offer valuable insights for developing sustainable, high-efficiency pollution control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40959591, year = {2025}, author = {Ye, X and Yigitcanlar, T and Goodchild, M and Huang, X and Li, W and Shaw, SL and Fu, Y and Gong, W and Newman, G}, title = {Artificial intelligence in urban science: why does it matter?.}, journal = {Annals of GIS}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {181-189}, pmid = {40959591}, issn = {1947-5683}, abstract = {Urban science aims to explain, discover, understand, and generalize (EDUG) complex, human-centric systems, emphasizing societal context and sustainability. However, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into urban science presents challenges, including data availability, ethical considerations, and the 'black-box' nature of many AI models. Despite these limitations, AI offers significant opportunities for urban management and planning by leveraging vast, multimodal datasets to optimize infrastructure, predict trends, and enhance resilience. Techniques such as explainable AI and knowledge-driven approaches have begun addressing transparency concerns, aligning AI outputs with urban science's emphasis on interpretability. Urban science reciprocally contributes to AI development by embedding contextual awareness and human-centric insights, enhancing AI's ability to navigate urban complexities. Examples include digital twins for real-time urban analysis and generative AI for inclusive urban modelling. This opinion piece advocates for fostering a symbiotic relationship between AI and urban science, emphasizing co-learning and ethical collaboration. By integrating technical innovation with societal needs, the convergence of AI and urban science - termed the 'New Urban Science' - promises smarter, equitable, and sustainable cities. This paradigm underscores the transformative potential of aligning AI advancements with urban science's foundational goals.}, }
@article {pmid40959553, year = {2025}, author = {Ottaway, M and Swinnen, J and Verhaevert, K and Ruytinx, J}, title = {Impact of sublethal zinc exposure on ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor x poplar symbiosis.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1656580}, pmid = {40959553}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Soil Zn pollution is a widespread problem that is impacting on plant growth and production. Several tree species can rely on fungal ectomycorrhizal symbionts to mitigate toxicity effects to some extent. Here, we explored the impact of Zn pollution on L. bicolor and its ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with Populus tremula x alba. Next to growth and morphological parameters in sublethal Zn exposure, we investigated responses of symbiosis marker genes, reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes and Zn transporters in presence and absence of a host plant. Our results indicate that the ECM symbiosis development is maintained in excess Zn conditions despite a reduction in fungal and plant growth. Symbiosis marker gene expression showed sensitivity to Zn excess, even when the fungus was cultured in absence of a host. Zn-induced transcriptional responses of ROS scavenging enzymes and Zn transporters were mainly restricted to mycelia in presence of a host and less prevalent without host. Establishment of new homeostatic equilibria, in particular in presence of a host, seem essential to maintain symbiosis, protect the host and adapt physiologically to Zn pollution. This research furthers our understanding of how resilient plant-fungal symbiotic interactions are, and the interplay between both partners in changing environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40959550, year = {2025}, author = {Mahto, RK and B S, C and Singh, RK and Kumar, A and Kumar, S and Yadav, R and Dey, D and Hamwieh, A and Kumar, R}, title = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation for sustainable chickpea yield and prospects for genome editing in changing climatic situations.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1621191}, pmid = {40959550}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a vital/essential legume crop valued for its nutritional, agricultural, and economic importance, with a relatively large genome size of approximately 738 megabases. Chickpea roots establish symbiotic relationships with soil microorganisms, resulting in the formation of root nodules essential for biological nitrogen fixation. In this study, 20 chickpea genotypes were selected from a genome-wide association panel to assess nodulation traits under eight different treatment combinations involving biofertilizers (Rhizobium, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza - VAM) and inorganic fertilizers (NPK) using a randomized block design with three replications. Pre-planting soil preparation included the application of fertilizers and biofertilizers. Comprehensive analyses including descriptive statistics, correlation, path analysis, principal component analysis, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and gene expression studies were conducted. Among treatments, the NPK+Rhizobium combination significantly enhanced nodulation across genotypes, while the Rhizobium+VAM (T7) treatment identified ICC-9085 as a superior donor for the number of nodules, aiming for sustainable chickpea productivity. Gene expression profiling through qRT-PCR revealed that the RZ+VAM treatment notably upregulated several key genes, including CaNFP, GST, Leghemoglobin, Nodulin6, and CaLYK3, with CaNFP emerging as a pivotal regulator of nodulation. The marked upregulation of CaNFP underlines its potential as a target for enhancing symbiotic efficiency. The availability of the chickpea draft genome opens new avenues for employing genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas systems. Targeted editing of the CaNFP gene offers a promising strategy to improve nodule formation, nitrogen fixation, and overall plant vigor. Integrating CaNFP gene through genome editing with potential genotypes and use of microbial treatments can accelerate the development of elite chickpea cultivars, enhancing productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.}, }
@article {pmid40959220, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, J and Yin, Y and Wang, Y and Luo, S and Li, Y and Zhao, W and Cao, P and Liu, Y and Ma, H}, title = {Analysis of the community composition and diversity of endophytes in extremely spicy industrial chili peppers from Tibet using high-throughput sequencing.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1630090}, pmid = {40959220}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Industrial chili peppers contain more than 100 times the capsaicin content of common chili peppers; these peppers are primarily used for industrial processing and capsaicin extraction. Chili peppers thrive in warm temperatures, require plenty of sunlight, and are drought-resistant; therefore, making the high-altitude climate of Tibet ideal for their cultivation. Endophytes are microorganisms that can inhabit healthy plants at various stages of their life cycle. Through long-term co-evolution, endophytes and host plants establish a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship, which assists plants in secondary metabolite production. This study investigated the differences in endophyte community structure across various lines of industrial chili peppers. It also explored the relationship between capsaicinoids and endophyte community composition in high-altitude habitats of Tibet using high-throughput sequencing to obtain fundamental data on industrial chili pepper endophytes. The results showed that the diversity of endophyte communities was characterized by conservatism among groups and that the composition and community structure of endophyte communities were specific to different groups. Community composition analysis revealed that there were generally consistent dominant phyla of endophytic microorganisms in industrial chili peppers, although differences in their relative abundance percentage were observed. Bacterial community composition at the genus level was less affected by capsaicin concentration across different groups; however, the fungal community composition at the genus level was more responsive to capsaicinoid concentrations than that of bacteria. Bacterial communities from four different chili pepper varieties showed significant differences in the enrichment of genera. Fungi were differentially enriched in two groups: the td1 group with high capsaicin concentrations and the sylj group with low capsaicin concentrations. Among the four groups, endophytic bacteria exhibited the highest percentage of genes associated with unknown functions, while fungal trophic patterns had the most significant percentage of unknown trophic types. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for the efficient cultivation and utilization of industrial chili peppers in Tibet.}, }
@article {pmid40958419, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, W and Liu, W and Wang, K and Cheng, H and Bai, X and Zhang, J and Wei, G and Chen, J}, title = {Persulfidation of host NADPH oxidase RbohB by rhizobial 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase maintains redox homeostasis and promotes symbiotic nodulation in soybean.}, journal = {Molecular plant}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2025.09.013}, pmid = {40958419}, issn = {1752-9867}, abstract = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in various stages of legume-rhizobium symbiosis, from initial nodulation signaling to nodule senescence. However, how rhizobial redox-related proteins regulate symbiotic nodulation in legumes remains largely unknown. By combining transcriptomics, proteomics, and biochemical and molecular genetics, we investigated the role of the Sinorhizobium fredii Q8 enzyme 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). Although 3MST was not the primary source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) under our conditions, its absence significantly disrupted symbiotic nodule development, redox homeostasis, infection capacity, and nitrogen fixation efficiency in soybean. We identified host plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidase (RbohB) as a pivotal regulator that activates immune responses during nodule development. Notably, 3MST localized to the nucleoid and cytoplasmic membrane and was secreted during nodulation, where it interacted with RbohB and persulfidated Cys791 to suppress NADPH oxidase activity. This 3MST-mediated regulation maintained symbiotic redox balance and promoted nodule development. Genetic analysis of soybean involving RbohB overexpression, RNA interference and site-directed mutagenesis at Cys791 supported the model, linking the 3MST-RbohB interaction to effective rhizobial colonization and improved plant growth. Collectively, our findings shed light on a rhizobium-host redox pathway in which a rhizobial sulfurtransferase modulates RbohB via persulfidation to promote nodulation.}, }
@article {pmid40958172, year = {2025}, author = {Saidi, R and Idbella, M and Ndiaye, PA and Ibnyasser, A and Houasli, C and Rchiad, Z and Miftah Kadmiri, I and Daoui, K and Bargaz, A}, title = {Genotype and Phosphorus Availability Shape Chickpea Symbiotic Efficiency and Rhizosphere Microbiome Composition, Driving Contrasting Agro-Physiological Responses.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70181}, pmid = {40958172}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//This study was financially supported by OCP Foundation at UM6P through UGF (Unit&#xe9; de Gestion des Fonds) within the sustainable agriculture R&amp;D programme between Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) and Agronomic Research Institute (INRA) in Morocco./ ; }, abstract = {Co-inoculation of grain legumes, including chickpea, with nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) improves symbiotic efficiency and plant productivity under low-P availability. However, the extent of chickpea's responsiveness to inoculation and their reliance on symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation remains intricately influenced by plant genotypic diversity and the associated rhizosphere microbiome under different P levels. This study evaluated the agro-physiological, symbiotic and microbial traits of two Moroccan winter chickpea (Cicer arietinum) varieties (Arifi and Bochra) under low-P conditions represented by three rock-P levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P2O5 ha[-1]) and co-inoculation with Mesorhizobium ciceri and Rhanella aceri (PSB). Results showed that inoculation at rock-P levels ≥ 50 kg P2O5 ha[-1], significantly improved symbiotic traits, plant biomass and nutrient uptake in both varieties, with Bochra exhibiting superior performance. At 75 kg P2O5 ha[-1] of rock-P, Bochra exhibited a strong correlation between root morphological traits and P-related rhizosphere traits. Results further highlighted Bochra's robust response to inoculation under 75 kg P2O5 ha[-1] rock-P, driven by its ability to shape the rhizobacterial community composition, where Mesorhizobium dominated and significantly influenced plant and rhizosphere traits. More notably in Bochra than Arifi, rhizobacterial species richness and community composition correlated strongly with nodule traits, plant traits and rhizosphere P-related parameters. These findings elucidate the significant contribution of the rhizosphere bacterial community to the symbiotic performance of Mesorhizobium-inoculated chickpea, which remains both genotype- and P-dependent.}, }
@article {pmid40957907, year = {2025}, author = {Purahong, W and Tanunchai, B and Ji, L and Stellmach, H and Hilman, B and Schulze, ED and Hause, B and Tarkka, M and Buscot, F and Herrmann, S}, title = {Plasticity of symbiotroph-saprotroph lifestyles of Piloderma croceum associated with Quercus robur L.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1344}, pmid = {40957907}, issn = {2399-3642}, mesh = {*Quercus/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Wood/microbiology ; *Basidiomycota/physiology ; Mycelium/growth &amp; development ; }, abstract = {Besides their symbiotic association with tree rootlets, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi have been commonly detected in nature in deadwood and plant debris of various tree species. However, their potential dual roles as symbiotrophs and saprotrophs are still debated. Here, we provide evidence from a series of experiments on the plasticity of symbiotrophic-saprotrophic lifestyles of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Piloderma croceum associated with Quercus robur L. Specifically, we find that P. croceum efficiently colonizes deadwood of oak in an experimental system without living oak. Results based on the productions of hydrolytic enzymes and corticrocin as well as the [14]C content in deadwood and mycelium of P. croceum demonstrate its capability of wood decomposition and assimilation of C from the decomposing wood. Our results also show that in presence of wood pieces colonized by saprotrophic mycelium of P. croceum, the roots of oak plants develop true EM symbiosis with Hartig net formation. Collectively, our results indicate a role for mycelium growing in deadwood as an underestimated EM fungus propagule bank, suggesting that deadwood and other decomposing plant material may indirectly influence the productivity of forest ecosystems by contributing to the recruitment of mycorrhizal fungi, thereby enhancing plant nutrient acquisition.}, }
@article {pmid40961498, year = {2024}, author = {French, KB and Herrera, MJ and German, DP}, title = {Sea Urchin Larvae (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) Select and Maintain a Unique Microbiome Compared to Environmental Sources.}, journal = {The Biological bulletin}, volume = {247}, number = {1}, pages = {56-73}, doi = {10.1086/736931}, pmid = {40961498}, issn = {1939-8697}, mesh = {Animals ; Larva/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Microbiota ; *Strongylocentrotus purpuratus/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis ; Ecosystem ; Seawater ; Bacteria/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {AbstractMany organisms may rely on microbes that seed the host body and are typically maintained as a consortial symbiosis. Marine invertebrates have highly diverse microbiomes and offer many different life history traits across which to explore the members and functions of these symbionts but are largely absent from the holobiont and microbiome literature compared to humans and vertebrates. We tracked the microbiome of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus larvae and examined the role of vertical transmission via gametes and the role of horizontal transmission via diet and seawater for seeding the developing larvae with microbes potentially critical to holobiont health and fitness. We used 16S short-read sequencing to track the composition and relative abundances of bacteria associated with diet (microalgae) and with habitat (filtered seawater), as well as with S. purpuratus gametes and larvae under standard lab rearing conditions. The larval microbiome differed across developmental stages and between filtered seawater and algae, and specific bacterial taxa were associated with those differences. In this experiment, developing larvae selected and maintained a unique microbiome compared to their diet and habitat. Eggs were a potentially significant source of vertical transmission during embryonic development (genus Psychromonas), while horizontal transmission via filtered seawater was the main contributor to larval feeding stages, suggesting that filtered seawater is likely the most important source of potential symbionts. Gaining new insights into how marine invertebrate larval microbiomes are seeded and with what taxa is important for endangered-species aquaculture and for ecosystem restoration and management to protect inoculation sources for early-life stage organisms.}, }
@article {pmid40957508, year = {2025}, author = {Maake, MM and Beukes, CW and Van Der Nest, MA and Avontuur, JR and Muema, EK and Stępkowski, T and Venter, SN and Steenkamp, ET}, title = {Argyrolobium legumes from an African centre of endemism associates with novel Bradyrhizobium species harbouring unique sets of symbiosis genes.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108471}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2025.108471}, pmid = {40957508}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {Given that several, mainly endemic South African Genisteae genera occupy basal positions in legume phylogenetic trees, this region of Africa is considered a primaeval centre of diversification of this legume tribe. Despite the importance of South Africa in Genisteae evolution, almost all studies have focused on rhizobia nodulating Genisteae species in their centres of diversity in either the Mediterranean Basin or the Americas. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and characterize rhizobial strains associated with Argyrolobium species native to areas of the Grassland biome associated with the Great Escarpment, which dominates the subcontinent's eastern landscape and compare these to bradyrhizobia nodulating Genisteae in the remaining centres of diversity. Phylogenetic analyses of five housekeeping genes (dnaK, glnII, gyrB, recA, and rpoB) separated the 18 Bradyrhizobium strains examined into five well-supported groups. Three of these were conspecific with B. arachidis, B. brasilense/B. australafricanum and B. ivorense, while the remaining two appeared to be new to science. After confirming their novelty using Average Nucleotide Identity, a metric for genome relatedness, and certain phenotypic traits, we recognized them as novel species for which we proposed the names B. spitzkopense sp. nov. (Arg816[Ts]) and B. mpumalangense sp. nov. (Arg237L[Ts]). Phylogenetic analyses of nodA gene sequences showed that about half of the strains examined, irrespective of their species identity, harboured alleles known only from the Grassland biome along the Great Escarpment that previously were detected in Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating Crotalarieae genera endemic to this region. Genome-based analyses of data from this and previous studies further showed that strains with these unique nodA alleles typically encode the nodH gene, the product of which adds a sulfate moiety to the Nod factor (the signalling molecule for establishing the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis). The remaining strains had nodA alleles commonly encountered elsewhere in South Africa and other tropical regions of the world. Also, their genomes lacked nodH but encoded nodZ the gene involved in the fucosylation of the Nod factor. Our findings therefore showed that the root nodules of Genisteae (and its sister tribe Crotalarieae) native to the Grassland biome along the Great Escarpment are often related Bradyrhizobium strains that, however, are distinct from bradyrhizobia nodulating Genisteae in the Mediterranean and the Americas.}, }
@article {pmid40957209, year = {2025}, author = {Feng, Y and Jiang, C and Zhang, W and Gong, L and Sun, L}, title = {Single and mixture toxicity effects of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on submerged plants and epiphytic biofilms.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {498}, number = {}, pages = {139862}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139862}, pmid = {40957209}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Although per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), often referred to as "forever chemicals," pose persistent threats to aquatic ecosystems, the effects of multiple PFAS types on submerged macrophyte-biofilm symbiotic systems remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the impacts of single and combined exposures to both legacy and emerging PFAS on submerged macrophytes, biofilms, and associated microbial risks. Our results show that the growth of Vallisneria natans was inhibited under both single and mixed PFAS stress. Photosynthetic performance and nutrient uptake in V. natans were variably affected depending on the PFAS type. Emerging PFAS were more likely to induce oxidative stress, with malondialdehyde content increasing by 36.7 % under hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid exposure. Notably, PFAS stress significantly altered biofilm morphology and microbial community composition, including enrichment of several human bacterial pathogens. Additionally, PFAS exposure promoted the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and the increased abundance of mobile genetic elements suggested a higher potential for horizontal gene transfer. Co-occurrence network analysis further revealed that potential ARG hosts were affected under PFAS stress.}, }
@article {pmid40956093, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, X and Cai, M and Yin, S and Zhou, Z and Yang, J and Shen, Y and Xia, Z and Tang, Q and Yang, G and Yi, S and Gao, Q}, title = {Interaction of host gene-gut microbiota in male grading of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0129025}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01290-25}, pmid = {40956093}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: The giant freshwater prawn (GFP; Macrobrachium rosenbergii), a crustacean of high nutritional and economic value, is crucial for aquaculture. During the same growth cycle, male GFPs develop into three distinct forms: small males, orange claw males, and blue claw males. These morphotypes display varying social behaviors, which severely constrain their industrial development. To address this, this study collected male GFP samples at critical developmental time points (100, 110, and 120 days post-hatching) for phenotypic trait measurement and analysis to obtain external morphological data. Through gut microbiota diversity analysis, we identified key gut bacteria (Lactococcus garvieae and Lactobacillus taiwanensis) influencing male morphotype differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed host Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome pathways and key genes (Wnt-6, CTSB, CTSL, PPAE, and TP53) associated with morphotype differentiation. The interactions among phenotypic traits, gut microbiota, and key genes were systematically studied through association analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was employed to construct co-expression modules, from which critical gene modules influencing phenotypic variation were identified. Through association network analysis, we established an "Achromobacter-CD-TRINITY_DN93139_c0_g2 (calpain clp-1)" interaction model. Our findings provide novel insights into the genetic enhancement of GFPs and offer guidelines for future research regarding gut symbiotic bacteria and breeding initiatives.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Male Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawn [GFP]) in the same growth cycle will develop into small males, orange claw males, and blue claw males. This individual heterogeneity in growth significantly impacts the benefits of aquaculture. However, the factors influencing the differentiation of male GFP morphotype remain unclear. This study analyzed the phenotypic data of various GFP levels, the structure of the intestinal microbiota, and the differential genes within the gonadal transcriptome at critical time points of male GFP-level type differentiation. The aim was to explore the potential role of intestinal microbiota and differential genes in this phenomenon. This study offers new insights into the research on the phenomenon of male GFP-level type differentiation.}, }
@article {pmid40954993, year = {2025}, author = {Park, SL and Kim, MS and Kim, TH}, title = {Gut Microbiome and Estrogen.}, journal = {Journal of menopausal medicine}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {95-101}, doi = {10.6118/jmm.24024}, pmid = {40954993}, issn = {2288-6478}, support = {/SCH/Soonchunhyang University/Korea ; }, abstract = {Estrogens are steroid hormones that are involved in regulating the growth, development, and functioning of the human reproductive system as well as in controlling the neuroendocrine, skeletal, adipogenesis, and cardiovascular systems. Estrogen is released into the bloodstream in two different states: as a free hormone or in association with proteins such as sex hormone-binding globulin or albumin. Unbound estrogen, which is not bound to proteins, can freely pass through cell membranes without any regulatory constraints. The microbiome is a distinct microbial population that inhabits a well-defined environment characterized by specific physio-chemical properties. It engages in a symbiotic relationship with the host, assisting in internal equilibrium regulation and immune reaction modulation. Over the years, several research investigations have underscored the importance of the microbiome in promoting wellness and preventing illnesses. An alteration in the microbiome, also known as dysbiosis, can disrupt bodily processes and contribute to the onset of ailments such as cardiovascular disorders, cancers, and respiratory conditions. The microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. Several elements affect the balance of the intestinal microecological system such as dietary habits, medication usage, pathogens, and endocrine factors. Recent research has indicated a disparity between genders in the prevalence of certain diseases associated with the microbiome, with sex hormones playing a crucial role in affecting specific health conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40951973, year = {2025}, author = {Ser, SL and Ware-Gilmore, F and Dennington, NL and Miller, A and McNulty, BP and Harris, ML and Jones, MJ and Hall, MD and Sgrò, CM and Shea, K and McGraw, EA}, title = {Repeated thermal stress exposure in Aedes aegypti co-infected with Wolbachia and dengue virus.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0012925}, doi = {10.1128/msphere.00129-25}, pmid = {40951973}, issn = {2379-5042}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, affecting the thermal tolerance of mosquitoes and potentially influencing the efficacy of the biological control agent, Wolbachia. This study investigates the impact of repeated thermal stress on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes co-infected with Wolbachia and dengue virus (DENV). We exposed infected mosquitoes (singly and in co-infection) to varying intensities, frequencies, and durations of thermal stress to assess their thermal sensitivity via a "knockdown assay" compared to uninfected controls. Our results demonstrate that co-infection with Wolbachia and DENV significantly increases thermal sensitivity, with mosquitoes exhibiting a twofold faster median knockdown time than either singly infected or uninfected controls in most cases. A comparison of mosquitoes with no prior heat exposure to those given a single exposure revealed some evidence of heat hardening, or a slight lengthening of time to knockdown. Additional exposures provided no substantial benefit, however. Extended thermal stress (60 mins) also significantly reduced DENV loads, while Wolbachia loads remained stable, indicating that prolonged heat may disrupt viral replication without affecting bacterial symbiosis. These findings suggest that heatwaves could lower vector competence and disproportionately affect DENV-infected mosquitoes in Wolbachia-release areas, with implications for biocontrol strategies. Field studies should explore how infection affects mosquitoes' ability to modulate thermal exposure behaviorally, providing insights for optimizing Wolbachia-based control efforts.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Dengue virus (DENV), spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, is a major global health threat affecting millions of people. This study examines how repeated exposures to heat stress affect the thermal tolerance of mosquitoes infected with DENV and/or Wolbachia, a bacterium used for biological control. These repeated exposures mimic the experience of mosquitoes in the wild experiencing heatwaves of increasing frequency under climate change. Our research shows that Ae. aegypti co-infected with Wolbachia and DENV is more susceptible to thermal stress than singly infected or uninfected mosquitoes. We also demonstrate that multiple independent thermal stress exposures do not exacerbate the effect of infection. Understanding these interactions is essential for predicting how climate change may affect dengue transmission and the resilience of Wolbachia-based interventions.}, }
@article {pmid40951533, year = {2025}, author = {Nie, Y and Shi, Y and Yang, Y}, title = {Gut Microbiota: Implications in Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Target in Primary Biliary Cholangitis.}, journal = {Journal of clinical and translational hepatology}, volume = {13}, number = {9}, pages = {776-784}, pmid = {40951533}, issn = {2310-8819}, abstract = {Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by small non-purulent intrahepatic bile duct destruction (ductopenia) and cholestasis. While the etiology of PBC remains unclear, it is believed to involve genetic-environmental interactions. Emerging evidence highlights gut microbiota dysbiosis in PBC patients, with increased symbiotic bacteria and decreased pathogenic bacteria. Microbial alterations potentially influence disease pathogenesis through multiple mechanisms, including immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier damage, BA metabolic dysregulation, and cholestasis. These findings suggest that the gut microbiota can serve not only as a non-invasive biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation but also as a therapeutic target for the disease. In this review, we summarize changes in PBC patients' gut microbiota, explain how these changes affect disease occurrence and development, and discuss treatment methods with potential clinical value that intervene in gut microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid40951316, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, B and Sheng, Z and Bu, C and Wang, L and Lv, W and Wang, Y and Xu, Y and Yan, G and Gong, M and Liu, L and Hu, W}, title = {Whipworm infection remodels the gut microbiome ecosystem and compromises intestinal homeostasis in elderly patients revealed by multi-omics analyses.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1663666}, pmid = {40951316}, issn = {2235-2988}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) coexists with symbiotic microbiota in the gastrointestinal ecosystem. There is a paucity of data on the association between whipworm infection and the gut microbiota composition in elderly individuals. This study was designed to investigate changes in gut microbiota and function and its metabolite profile in patients with whipworm infection.<br><br>METHODS: We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify microbial signatures associated with whipworm infection. Subsequently, shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed functional changes that highlighted disruptions in microbial gene expression and metabolic pathways influencing host health. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics was used to characterize whipworm infectioninduced metabolic perturbations and elucidate metabolite dynamics linked to microbial activity. Collectively, this multi-omics approach deciphered structural, functional, and metabolic remodeling of the gut ecosystem that distinguished whipworm-infected patients from healthy controls.<br><br>RESULTS: Analyses of the gut microbiome in patients with whipworm infection revealed significantly increased observed species richness and ACE indices, along with an enrichment of Prevotella 9-driven enterotypes. Additionally, metagenomic and metabolomic analyses indicated enrichment in metabolic pathways related to amino acid, energy and carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolic network analysis further suggested that the upregulated Prevotella copri and Siphoviridae sp. were positively correlated with elevated levels of myristic acid and DL-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that whipworm infection significantly remodels the gut microbiome ecosystem and compromises intestinal homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid40950589, year = {2025}, author = {Li, YH and Yang, M and Wei, TS and Chen, HG and Gong, L and Wang, Y and Gao, ZM}, title = {Survival strategies for the microbiome in a vent-dwelling glass sponge from the middle Okinawa Trough.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1636046}, pmid = {40950589}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The adaptive mechanisms of sponge microbiomes to harsh deep-sea environments, including hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, remain unclear. Here, we used metagenomics to investigate the microbiome of an undescribed vent-dwelling glass sponge from the middle Okinawa Trough, probably representing a novel species within the family Bolosominae. Eleven high-quality prokaryotic metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were retrieved, none assignable to known species, with two representing new genera. Dominant MAGs included sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea, followed by methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Global distribution analysis suggested that most MAGs were sponge-specific symbionts. Comparative genomics revealed functional redundancy among SOB and early-stage genome reduction in a unique MOB lineage. Additionally, a total of 410 viral contigs were identified, most exhibiting a lytic lifestyle and forming distinct clades from known viruses. Our work expands understanding of the diversity and novelty of deep-sea sponge-associated prokaryotes and viromes, and suggests their niche adaptation to hydrothermal fluid environments.}, }
@article {pmid40948583, year = {2025}, author = {Corning, C and Dolatmoradi, M and Tran, TH and Stacey, G and Szente, L and Samarah, LZ and Vertes, A}, title = {Degree of polymerization and spatial distributions of acyclic and cyclic oligohexoses in soybean root nodules uncovered by MALDI and nanophotonic laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.}, journal = {Materials today. Bio}, volume = {32}, number = {}, pages = {101776}, pmid = {40948583}, issn = {2590-0064}, abstract = {In the symbiotic relationship of legumes and rhizobia, disaccharides, mostly sucrose, are produced by the plant and provided as energy and carbon sources for the bacteria. The microbes, in turn, store these carbohydrates as acyclic oligohexoses to buffer fluctuations in supply. Simultaneously, cyclic oligohexoses (β-glucans) of varying sizes and structures are synthesized by nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria both in free living form and in legume root nodules. In the bacteroids, transformed from Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA110 in soybean (Glycine max) root nodules, glucose units are attached by glycosidic bonds and are known to contain degrees of polymerization with 10 ≤ n ≤ 13 repeat units in branched cyclic structures. Whereas cyclic β-glucans (CβGs) are thought to facilitate bacterial adaptation and legume-rhizobia symbiosis, information on their ring sizes, branching from the ring structures, and their spatial distributions within the nodules is scarce. Here we demonstrate that using mass spectrometry (MS), based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and laser desorption ionization (LDI) from emerging silicon nanopost array (NAPA) nanophotonic platforms, the presence of a wider array of potentially cyclic oligohexoses can be discovered with degrees of polymerization in the 2 ≤ n ≤ 14 residue range. On the low end of the oligomer size distribution, the cyclic nature of CYn with n < 10 can be increasingly questioned based on the large strain such macrocycles would exhibit and the DP control during the CβG synthesis by the glucan phosphorylase involved in their synthesis. At the same time, acyclic oligohexoses with a degree of polymerization of 2 ≤ n ≤ 13 were also detected. Tandem MS with collision induced dissociation (CID) indicated that the cyclic structure with n = 12 contained a branching residue. It detached from the macrocycle at lower collision energies (70 instrument units), whereas the rings themselves fragmented at higher energies (90 instrument units). We also prove that the spatial distributions of acyclic and cyclic oligohexoses in the G. max nodules can be captured by MS imaging (MSI) based on MALDI and NAPA-LDI. The acyclic species were more abundant in the infection zone, whereas the cyclic oligohexoses appeared more concentrated in the inner cortex and in the root vasculature. At some locations, possibly in the vascular bundles surrounding the nodule and traversing the root, the cyclic oligohexoses were especially abundant. The distributions of acyclic oligohexoses were also mapped in the nodule sections. These linear or branching molecules were abundant in the infection zone, where the cyclic oligohexoses were less concentrated or absent.}, }
@article {pmid40947489, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Z and Hu, B and Flemetakis, E and Haensch, R and Franken, P and Rennenberg, H}, title = {Convergent evolution and adaptive diversification of root symbioses.}, journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/brv.70077}, pmid = {40947489}, issn = {1469-185X}, support = {cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0002//Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau/ ; cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0020//Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau/ ; }, abstract = {Mutualistic symbioses between plants and microorganisms have served as a cornerstone for terrestrial ecosystem establishment since the colonization of land by plants ca. 470 million years ago (Ma). These mutualisms diversified in symbiont partners and ecological functions in response to dynamic environmental shifts, with root-based architectures emerging later as a key adaptive innovation. Phylogenomic analyses reveal a conserved common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP) through the mycorrhizal-actinorhizal-rhizobial (MAR) evolutionary trajectory, underscoring convergent evolutionary mechanisms that facilitated the repeated emergence of mutualistic root-microbe interactions. Despite this shared foundation, recent studies highlight lineage-specific adaptations in symbiont recognition, immune evasion, and nutrient exchange, reflecting divergent evolutionary pressures and ecological niches. For instance, actinorhizal symbioses, although understudied compared to legume-rhizobia systems, exhibit unique adaptations in host specificity and nitrogen-fixation efficiency, offering untapped potential for sustainable agriculture and reforestation. This review synthesizes information from different disciplines to elucidate the origin and diversification of root symbioses, emphasizing molecular innovations and ecological drivers that shaped their evolution. We further explore the role of environmental pressures, such as resource availability and climate change, in driving the adaptive diversification of these symbiotic relationships. By integrating evolutionary, molecular, and ecological perspectives, this work advances our understanding of root symbioses as dynamic systems shaped by both conserved mechanisms and context-dependent adaptations.}, }
@article {pmid40909553, year = {2025}, author = {Pujhari, S and Heebner, J and Raumann, E and Zhong, T and Rasgon, JL and Swulius, MT and Shaffer, CL and Kaplan, M}, title = {In situ architecture of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40909553}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {P20 GM130456/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI116636/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM157116/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Hidden within host cells, the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis is the most prevalent bacterial infection in the animal kingdom. Scientific breakthroughs over the past century yielded fundamental mechanisms by which Wolbachia controls arthropod reproduction to shape dynamic ecological and evolutionary trajectories. However, the structure and spatial organization of symbiont machineries that underpin intracellular colonization and orchestrate maternal inheritance remain unknown. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography to directly image the nanoscale architecture of bacterial tools deployed for host manipulation and germline transmission. We discovered that Wolbachia assembles multiple structures at the host-endosymbiont interface including a filamentous ladder-like framework hypothesized to serve as a specialized motility mechanism that enables bacterial translocation to specific host cell compartments during embryogenesis and somatic tissue dissemination. In addition, we present the first in situ structure of the Rickettsiales vir homolog type IV secretion system (rvh T4SS). We provide evidence that the rvh T4SS nanomachine exhibits architectural similarities to the pED208-encoded T4SS apparatus including the biogenesis of rigid conjugative pili extending hundreds of nanometers beyond the bacterial cell surface. Coupled with integrative structural modeling, we demonstrate that in contrast to canonical T4SS architectures, the α-proteobacterial T4SS outer membrane complex assembles a periplasmic baseplate structure predicted to comprise VirB9 oligomers complexed with cognate VirB10 subunits that form extended antennae projections surrounding the translocation channel pore. Collectively, these studies provide an unprecedented view into Wolbachia structural cell biology and unveil the molecular blueprints for architectural paradigms that reinforce ancient host-microbe symbioses.}, }
@article {pmid40946610, year = {2025}, author = {Kochman, NR and Fine, M}, title = {Gulf of Aqaba as a thermal refuge: Insights from four years of intensifying marine heatwaves.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {1000}, number = {}, pages = {180463}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180463}, pmid = {40946610}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are intensifying, posing an increasing threat to coral reefs globally. Despite warming faster than the global average, the Gulf of Aqaba (GoA, Northern Red Sea) has been regarded as a climate refuge for corals. In this study, we analyzed coral-algae symbiosis integrity based on algal densities, chlorophyll content, and host and symbiont energy reserves (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) of tagged colonies of Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora damicornis throughout four consecutive summers characterized by moderate (2022), strong (2021, 2023), and severe (2024) MHWs. The 2024 MHW, lasting 113 days, was exceptional, with sea surface temperatures reaching 32.6 °C, 3.4 °C above the long-term climatology, and accumulating 30 Degree Heating Weeks, the highest recorded globally during 2024. Nonetheless, S. pistillata and P. damicornis persisted without bleaching, while maintaining stable host energy reserves and higher symbiont carbohydrates in 2024 compared to previous summers. To assess potential species-specific responses, we additionally monitored Seriatopora hystrix, Porites spp., and Cyphastrea spp. colonies before, during, and after the severe 2024 MHW. All monitored colonies endured the unprecedented thermal stress without bleaching or photosynthetic impairment. Porites spp. displayed metabolic tolerance with stable values throughout the event. Only Cyphastrea spp. showed significant symbiont reduction (-55 %) during peak stress, recovering by January 2025. As climate change places 44 % of reef-building corals at risk of extinction, our findings highlight the resilience of GoA corals. However, emerging shallow bleaching suggests that this refuge may be approaching its limit, underscoring the urgent need for regional conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid40945623, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, WY and Qin, YS and Zhang, TF and Zou, J and Yang, J and Chen, ZY}, title = {A chromosome-level genome assembly of Termitomyces fuliginosus using Oxford Nanopore and Hi-C sequencing.}, journal = {Genomics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {111110}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2025.111110}, pmid = {40945623}, issn = {1089-8646}, abstract = {Termitomyces fuliginosus is a tasty edible mushroom with both nutritional and medicinal values, consumed by native people throughout Asia. However, studies about this mushroom are limited due to lack of fine genomic information, such as the molecular mechanisms underlying development, symbiosis with termites, and plant biomass degradation. In this study, we reported a chromosome-level reference genome of T. fuliginosus assembled using Oxford Nanopore technologies (ONT) and Hi-C technologies. In total, the clean data obtained from ONT and Hi-C sequencing amounted to 10.42 Gb and 21.75 Gb, respectively. The assembled genome consisted of 13 chromosomes with a total length of 65.66 Mb. Completeness evaluations showed that this assembled genome had high quality, with a complete BUSCO score of 91.6 %. In total, 10,319 protein-coding genes were identified, and each gene received at least one functional annotation hit across the queried databases. Based on single-copy orthologous genes, phylogenetic analysis revealed that T. fuliginosus shared a close evolutionary relationship with Termitomyces cryptogamus, Arthromyces matolae, Tricholoma furcatifolium, Tephrocybe rancida, Lyophyllum atratum, and Tricholoma matsutake. A total of 303 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme) genes were identified in the T. fuliginosus genome, enabling a better understanding of the carbohydrate degradation capabilities for T. fuliginosus. This chromosome-level genome of T. fuliginosus provides valuable reference data for utilizing the medicinal and nutritional value of this mushroom, such as accurate genomic sequences without gaps, genomic analysis of functional genes, and visualization of chromosomal structural variations.}, }
@article {pmid40945362, year = {2025}, author = {Bosco, C and Raspati, GS and Maurin, N and Helness, H}, title = {A systematic literature review on resource recovery toward symbiotic circular economy solutions in the water sector.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {127298}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127298}, pmid = {40945362}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Population growth, climate change, and unsustainable water use have prompted the exploration of alternative solutions for sustainable water management. While significant advancements have been made in resource recovery technologies from wastewater, the large-scale implementation of these systems and associated impact on the environment and society are still far from full realization. This paper reviews the scientific state-of-the art on resource recovery in the water sector with respect to the four pillars of symbiotic circular economy solutions, consisting of technological processes, final applications, business models, and stakeholder involvement. A systematic and transparent literature review has been carried out, showing that a variety of technologies for recovering water, materials, energy, and nutrients have been proposed and tested, but widespread application is constrained by multiple barriers. These include the technical limitations of existing recovery processes, financial obstacles, and the difficulties associated with integrating technologies into existing value chains. This work emphasizes the need for additional research on novel approaches to promote alternative business models and bottom-up involvement of stakeholders, from public and private organisations to local communities, in the planning and implementation of resource recovery systems in the water sector.}, }
@article {pmid40945100, year = {2025}, author = {Caley, A and Marzinelli, EM and Mayer-Pinto, M}, title = {Limited microbial community responses of marine macroalgae to artificial light at night and moderate warming conditions.}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, volume = {212}, number = {}, pages = {107536}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107536}, pmid = {40945100}, issn = {1879-0291}, abstract = {Multiple stressors such as Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) and warming are increasingly common in marine systems and can interact in complex ways. Microbial communities play critical roles in the functioning of coastal habitat-forming species such as seaweeds, however the effects of ALAN on seaweed-associated microbial communities remain unknown. We tested the independent and combined effects of ALAN and warming on microbial communities associated with the habitat-forming seaweeds Ecklonia radiata and Sargassum sp. In Ecklonia, ALAN increased the relative abundance of two potentially light-responsive taxa: Dokdonia sp000212355 and an unidentified ASV from Pseudomonadales, whereas warming had the opposite effect. Warming increased microbial community dispersion in Ecklonia and resulted in non-significant increases in relative abundance of putative pathogenic and agarolytic taxa (microbes capable of degrading algal polysaccharides). However, further analyses using metagenomics are needed to confirm functional roles. In contrast, neither ALAN nor warming affected dominant taxa associated with Sargassum. Contrary to expectations, cyanobacteria relative abundance was unaffected by ALAN in either seaweed host, despite their photosynthetic capacity. We found limited evidence for interactive effects of ALAN and warming, and community composition remained unchanged in both seaweed species. Our findings highlight the importance of considering species-specific microbial responses to ALAN and warming, with implications for coastal management.}, }
@article {pmid40944660, year = {2025}, author = {Rondilla, RR and Edrada-Ebel, R}, title = {Recent biotechnological advances in bioprospecting secondary metabolites from endolichenic fungi for drug discovery applications.}, journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-16}, doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2025.2556931}, pmid = {40944660}, issn = {1549-7828}, abstract = {Endolichenic fungi (ELF) are symbiotic organisms residing in lichens. Since the initial report of its application in natural products and drug discovery, they have emerged as unique valuable sources of compounds with a wide range of structural diversity and biological activities. In this review, we critically examine current strategies to expand ELF metabolite diversity, with emphasis on the One Strain, Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach and metabolomics-guided profiling. We highlight how co-culture systems, epigenetic modifiers, and advanced data acquisition platforms can open new avenues for chemical space exploration. Genomic and transcriptomic studies, though still limited in ELF, reveal untapped biosynthetic potential and point toward integrative omics pipelines. Recent computational and artificial intelligence tools further accelerate genome-metabolome mining, structural elucidation, and prediction of bioactivity. We propose a forward-looking framework that combines OSMAC, integrative omics, and AI to maximize the natural product bioprospecting potential of ELF, while also uncovering their ecological roles within the lichen holobiome.}, }
@article {pmid40944224, year = {2025}, author = {Álvarez-Herms, J and Burtscher, M and Corbi, F and González, A and Odriozola, A}, title = {A Narrative Hypothesis: The Important Role of Gut Microbiota in the Modulation of Effort Tolerance in Endurance Athletes.}, journal = {Nutrients}, volume = {17}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nu17172836}, pmid = {40944224}, issn = {2072-6643}, abstract = {Background: Regulating sensations of fatigue and discomfort while performing maximal endurance exercise becomes essential for making informed decisions about persistence and/or failure during intense exercise. Athletes with a higher effort capacity have competitive advantages over those with a lower one. The microbiota-brain axis is a considered the sixth sense and a modulator of the host's emotional stability and physical well-being. Objectives: This narrative review aims to explore and evaluate the potential mechanisms involved in regulating perceptions during endurance exercise, with a focus on the possible relationship between the gut microbiota balance and the neural system as an adaptive response to high fatigue chronic exposure. Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus) were used to identify studies and hypotheses that had documented predefined search terms related to endurance exercise, gut microbiota, the central nervous system, pain, discomfort, fatigue, and tolerance to effort. Results: This narrative review shifts the focus concerning the symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota, the vagus nerve, the central/enteric nervous system, and the regulation of afferences from different organs and systems to manage discomfort and fatigue perceptions during maximal physical effort. Consequently, the chronicity supporting fatigued exercise and nutritional stimuli could specifically adapt the microbiota-brain connection through chronic efferences and afferences. The present hypothesis could represent a new focus to be considered, analysing individual differences in tolerating fatigue and discomfort in athletes supporting conditions of intense endurance exercise. Conclusions: A growing body of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota has rapid adaptations to afferences from the brain axis, with a possible relationship to the management of fatigue, pain, and discomfort. Therefore, the host-microbiota relationship could determine predisposition to endurance performance by increasing thresholds of sensitive afferences perceived and tolerated. A richer and more diverse GM of athletes in comparison with sedentary subjects can improve the bacteria-producing metabolites connected to brain activity related with fatigue. The increase in fatigue thresholds directly improves exercise performance, and the gut-brain axis may contribute through the equilibrium of metabolites produced for the microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid40943619, year = {2025}, author = {Vladimirova, ME and Roumiantseva, ML and Saksaganskaia, AS and Kozlova, AP and Muntyan, VS and Gaponov, SP}, title = {Dark Matter Carried by Sinorhizobium meliloti phiLM21-like Prophages.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms26178704}, pmid = {40943619}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {Agreement of May 29, 2025 No. 075-15-2025-472//Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {A comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted on the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of intact phiLM21-like prophages (phiLM21-LPhs), which currently represent the most prevalent prophages in Sinorhizobium meliloti-a symbiotic partner of Fabaceae plants. Remarkably, the nucleotide sequences of 25 phiLM21-LPhs, identified across 36 geographically dispersed S. meliloti strains, covered no more than 34% of the phiLM21 phage genome. All prophages were integrated into specific isoacceptor tRNA genes and carried a tyrosine-type integrase gene; however, this integration did not exhibit features of tRNA-dependent lysogeny. Only one-fifth of phiLM21-LPhs encoded the minimal set of regulators for lysogenic/lytic cycle transitions, while the remainder contained either uncharacterized regulatory elements or appeared to be undergoing genomic "anchoring" within the host bacterium. The phiLM21-LPhs harbored open reading frames (ORFs) of diverse origins (phage-derived, bacterial, and unknown), yet over half of these ORFs had undeterminable functions, representing genetic "dark matter". The observed diversification of intact phiLM21-like prophages likely stems from recombination events involving both virulent/temperate phages and phylogenetically remote bacterial taxa. The evolutionary and biological significance of the substantial genetic "dark matter" within these prophages in soil saprophytic bacteria remains an unresolved question.}, }
@article {pmid40943531, year = {2025}, author = {Hao, S and Hua, Z and Yuan, Y}, title = {Stage-Specific Lipidomes of Gastrodia elata Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Fungal Symbiosis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms26178611}, pmid = {40943531}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {SQ2024YFC3500027//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 82325049//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CI2023D001/CI2023E002-04//Science and Technology Innovation Project of CACMS/ ; }, abstract = {The mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia elata relies entirely on symbiosis with Armillaria for nutrient acquisition during tuber development. The signaling mechanisms underlying this interaction have long been a research focus, and several pathways, such as phytohormone-mediated signaling, have been reported. However, the role of plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in G. elata-Armillaria communication remains unexplored. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive lipidomic analysis of G. elata-derived extracellular vesicles (GDEVs) isolated from juvenile, immature (active symbiosis), and mature tubers. By employing high-resolution mass spectrometry and advanced statistical methods, we established a detailed EV lipidome profile for G. elata, identifying 996 lipid species spanning eight major classes. Distinct lipidomic remodeling was observed throughout tuber maturation. Notably, as the immature stage corresponds to the period of peak symbiotic activity, targeted lipidome comparisons enabled the identification of core lipid markers, particularly Glc-sitosterols and the polyketide 7,8-dehydroastaxanthin, which are highly enriched during active symbiosis and potentially associated with inter-kingdom communication. These findings suggest that developmentally regulated lipid transport via EVs plays a critical role in mediating G. elata-Armillaria interaction. Our work not only illuminates the contribution of vesicle lipids to plant-fungal interaction but also provides a methodological foundation for investigating EV-mediated signaling in non-model plant-microbe systems.}, }
@article {pmid40941956, year = {2025}, author = {Cántaro-Segura, H and Zúñiga-Dávila, D}, title = {Exogenous Application of ENOD40 and CEP1 Peptides Boosts Symbiotic Signaling Gene Expression and Productivity in Common Bean.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14172786}, pmid = {40941956}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {177//Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina/ ; }, abstract = {Small signaling peptides play crucial roles in the regulation of legume-rhizobia symbiosis, yet their potential as exogenous biostimulants remains largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the effects of foliar application of the synthetic peptides ENOD40 and CEP1 on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under both greenhouse and field conditions. Using a factorial design, we examined gene expression patterns, nodulation parameters, and yield-related traits in response to peptide treatments alone or in combination with Rhizobium. Results showed that ENOD40 and CEP1 significantly enhanced the transcription of key symbiotic signaling genes (PvENOD40, PvSYMRK, PvCCaMK, PvCYCLOPS, PvVAPYRIN) and modulated defense-related genes (PvAOS, PvICS), with the strongest effects observed at concentrations of 10[-7] M and 10[-8] M. In greenhouse assays, peptide-treated plants exhibited increased root and shoot biomass, nodule number, and seed yield. Field trials confirmed these responses, with CEP1 10[-7] M + Rhizobium treatment achieving the highest grain yield (3322 kg ha[-1]). Our findings provide the first evidence that ENOD40 and CEP1 peptides can function as foliar-applied biostimulants to enhance nodulation efficiency and improve yield in legumes. This approach offers a promising and sustainable strategy to reduce chemical nitrogen inputs and support biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems.}, }
@article {pmid40941938, year = {2025}, author = {Rahbari, A and Esmaielpour, B and Azarmi, R and Fatemi, H and Lajayer, HM and Panahirad, S and Gohari, G and Vita, F}, title = {Symbiotic Fungus Serendipita indica as a Natural Bioenhancer Against Cadmium Toxicity in Chinese Cabbage.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14172773}, pmid = {40941938}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Heavy metal toxicity, particularly cadmium (Cd), poses a growing threat to agriculture and human health due to its persistence and high solubility, which facilitates its entry into the food chain. Among the strategies proposed to reduce Cd toxicity in plants and the environment, the use of beneficial microorganisms, such as endophytic fungi, has gained attention due to its effectiveness and eco-friendliness. This study investigates the potential of the root-colonizing fungus Serendipita indica (formerly Piriformospora indica) to mitigate cadmium (Cd) stress in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. Pekinensis) grown hydroponically under varying Cd concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 4 mM). Several parameters were assessed, including morphological traits, physiological and biochemical responses, and changes in leaf composition. Exposure to Cd significantly reduced plant growth, increased membrane electrolyte leakage, and decreased relative water content and root colonization, while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and the accumulation of phenolics, flavonoids, proline, glycine betaine, and carbohydrates. Notably, plants treated with S. indica showed improved tolerance to Cd stress, indicating the potential of the fungus. These findings suggest that S. indica can enhance plant resilience in Cd-contaminated environments and may offer a promising biological strategy for sustainable crop production under heavy metal stress.}, }
@article {pmid40941937, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Wang, Y and Xu, Z and Wu, C and Zhu, Z and Lyu, X and Li, J and Zhang, X and Wang, Y and Luo, Y and Li, W}, title = {Effects of Roxithromycin Exposure on the Nitrogen Metabolism and Environmental Bacterial Recruitment of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14172774}, pmid = {40941937}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32171628, U24A20639//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; BK20241096//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province/ ; 24KJD180001, 24KJB210003//NaturalScience Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China/ ; SJCX25_2168//Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China/ ; }, abstract = {The ecotoxicity induced by macrolides has attracted widespread attention, but their impacts on the nitrogen metabolism and symbiotic environmental bacteria of microalgae remain unclear. This study examined the effects of roxithromycin (ROX) on the growth, chlorophyll levels, and nitrogen metabolism of Chlorella pyrenoidosa; investigated the changes in the composition and functions of environmental bacterial communities; and finally, analyzed the relationship between microalgae and environmental bacteria. The results indicated that all concentrations of ROX (0.1, 0.25, and 1 mg/L) inhibited microalgae growth, but the inhibition rates gradually decreased after a certain exposure period. For instance, the inhibition rate in the 1 mg/L treatment group reached the highest value of 43.43% at 7 d, which then decreased to 18.93% at 21 d. Although the total chlorophyll content was slightly inhibited by 1 mg/L ROX, the Chl-a/Chl-b value increased between 3 and 21 d. The nitrate reductase activities in the three treatments were inhibited at 3 d, but gradually returned to normal levels and even exceeded that of the control group at 21 d. Under ROX treatment, the consumption of NO3[-] by microalgae corresponded to the nitrate reductase activity, with slower consumption in the early stage and no obvious difference from the control group in the later stage. Overall, the diversity of environmental bacteria did not undergo significant changes, but the abundance of some specific bacteria increased, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria (unclassified-f-Rhizobiaceae and Mesorhizobium) and organic contaminant-degrading bacteria (Limnobacter, Sphingopyxis, and Aquimonas). The 0.25 and 1 mg/L ROX treatments significantly enhanced the carbohydrate metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism of the environmental bacteria, but significantly downregulated nitrogen denitrification. This study provides new insights into the environmental bacteria-driven recovery mechanism of microalgae under antibiotic stress.}, }
@article {pmid40941930, year = {2025}, author = {Vásquez, HV and Valqui, L and Valqui-Valqui, L and Bobadilla, LG and Reyna, M and Maravi, C and Pajares, N and Altamirano-Tantalean, MA}, title = {Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization and Cutting Dynamics on the Yield and Nutritional Composition of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.).}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14172765}, pmid = {40941930}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {No. 127-2020-FONDECYT//National Program for Scientific Research and Advanced Studies (PROCIENCIA)/ ; 2253484//Creation of an Agrostology Laboratory Service at the Toribio Rodr&#xed;guez de Mendoza National University/ ; s/n//National University Toribio Rodr&#xed;guez de Mendoza/ ; }, abstract = {White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is known for its ability to fix nitrogen biologically, its high nutritional value, and its adaptability to livestock systems. However, excessive fertilization with synthetic nitrogen alters its symbiosis with Rhizobium and reduces the protein content of the forage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between nitrogen fertilization (0 and 60 kg N ha[-1]), cutting time, and post-cutting evaluation on the morphology, yield, and nutritional composition of white clover. A completely randomized block experimental design with three factors, distributed in three blocks, was used. Within each block, three replicates of each treatment were assigned (six interactions), giving a total of 54 experimental units. The data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test. Exponential models and generalized additive models (GAMs) were applied to the morphology and yield data to identify the best fit. The treatment with 60 kg N ha[-1] and cutting at 30 days showed significant increases in plant height (47.42%), fresh weight (59.61%), dry weight (98.41%), and leaf width (27.55%) compared to the control. It also produced the highest protein content (28.44%) compared to the other treatments with fertilization, without negatively affecting digestibility. The GAMs best fit most morphological and yield parameters (except leaf height and width). All fertilized treatments had higher fresh and dry weight yields. In conclusion, applying 60 kg N ha[-1] after cutting at 30 days, followed by harvesting between 54 and 60 days, improved both the quality and yield of white clover, which favored sustainable pasture management and reduced excessive nitrogen use.}, }
@article {pmid40941856, year = {2025}, author = {Yurkov, AP and Puzanskiy, RK and Kryukov, AA and Kudriashova, TR and Kovalchuk, AI and Gorenkova, AI and Bogdanova, EM and Laktionov, YV and Romanyuk, DA and Yemelyanov, VV and Shavarda, AL and Shishova, MF}, title = {The Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus and Phosphorus Treatment on Root Metabolome of Medicago lupulina During Key Stages of Development.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14172685}, pmid = {40941856}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {22-16-00064-&#x3c0;//The Russian Science Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) effect on the plant metabolome is an actual question of plant biology. Its alteration during host plant development and at different phosphorus supplies is of special interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis (Błaszk., Wubet, Renker &amp; Buscot) C. Walker &amp; A. Schüßler inoculation and/or phosphorus treatment on the root metabolome of Medicago lupulina L. subsp. vulgaris Koch at the first true leaf, second leaf, third leaf development stages, the lateral branching initiation, the flowering and the mature fruit stages. The assessment of metabolic profiles was performed using GC-MS. In total, 327 metabolites were annotated: among them 20 carboxylic acids, 26 amino acids, 14 fatty acids and 58 sugars. The efficient AM was characterized by the upregulation of the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, as well as an increase in the content of phosphates. The tricarboxylic acid abundance was generally lower during mycorrhization. Fourteen metabolic markers of the efficient AM symbiosis were identified. The lateral branching initiation stage was shown to have key importance. Long-lasting metabolomic profiling indicated variances in mycorrhization and Pi supply effects at different key stages of host plant development.}, }
@article {pmid40941841, year = {2025}, author = {Bravo, TEP and Teixeira, IR and Teixeira, GCDS and Cunha, NMB and Rocha, EC and Comachio, LB and Alves, GPDC}, title = {Optimizing Common Bean Symbiosis via Stage-Specific Reinoculation and Co-Inoculation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14172676}, pmid = {40941841}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {PR&#xd3;-PROGRAMAS No. 01/2023;//Universidade Estadual de Goi&#xe1;s/ ; }, abstract = {The common bean relies on biological nitrogen fixation to meet part of its nitrogen requirements. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reinoculation with Rhizobium tropici, alone or combined with Azospirillum brasilense, at different phenological stages. The experiments were conducted in the winter of 2023 and the rainy season of 2023/24, and significant differences were observed between seasons, mainly due to temperature and water stress, which impacted nodulation, plant growth and grain yield. However, appropriate water management mitigated these limitations, allowing reinoculation combined with co-inoculation at the V4 stage to improve nodular and morphophysiological traits, ensuring adequate nutrition through biological nitrogen fixation. This strategy promoted nodulation and plant development, resulting in an 8.5% increase in yield compared to nitrogen fertilization (80 kg ha[-1]), reaching 2197.87 kg ha[-1]. These results suggest that reinoculation with co-inoculation at the V4 stage can enhance biological nitrogen fixation, reduce dependence on synthetic fertilizers and serve as a sustainable and economically viable alternative.}, }
@article {pmid40941791, year = {2025}, author = {Bursakov, SA and Karlov, GI and Kroupin, PY and Divashuk, MG}, title = {Microorganisms as Potential Accelerators of Speed Breeding: Mechanisms and Knowledge Gaps.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {17}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14172628}, pmid = {40941791}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {075-15-2025-480//Ministry of science and higher education of the Russian Federation/ ; }, abstract = {The rapid and widespread development of technology is in line with global trends of population growth and increasing demand for food. Significant breakthroughs in science have not yet fully met the needs of agriculture for increased food production and higher yields. The aim of this work is to discuss the current advancements in the application of beneficial microorganisms for crop cultivation and their integration into speed breeding technology to create optimal growing conditions and achieve the ultimate goal of developing new plant varieties. New breeding techniques, such as speed breeding-now a critical component of the breeding process-allow multiple plant generations to be produced in a much shorter time, facilitating the development of new plant varieties. By reducing the time required to obtain new generations, breeders and geneticists can optimize their efforts to obtain the required crop genotypes for both agriculture and industry. This helps to meet the demand for food, animal feed and plant raw materials for industrial use. One potential aspect of speed breeding technology is the incorporation of effective beneficial microorganisms that inhabit both the above-ground and below-ground parts of plants. These microorganisms have the potential to enhance the speed breeding method. Microorganisms can stimulate growth and development, promote overall fitness and rapid maturation, prevent disease, and impart stress resistance in speed breeding plants. Utilizing the positive effects of beneficial microorganisms offers a pathway to enhance speed breeding technology, an approach not yet explored in the literature. The controlled practical use of microorganisms under speed breeding conditions should contribute to producing programmable results. The use of beneficial microorganisms in speed breeding technology is considered an indispensable part of future precision agriculture. Drawing attention to their practical and effective utilization is an urgent task in modern research.}, }
@article {pmid40940224, year = {2025}, author = {Arai, H and Harumoto, T and Katsuma, S and Nagamine, K and Kageyama, D}, title = {Striking diversity of male-killing symbionts and their mechanisms.}, journal = {Trends in genetics : TIG}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tig.2025.08.003}, pmid = {40940224}, issn = {0168-9525}, abstract = {Symbiosis is a fundamental characteristic of eukaryotic biology. Arthropods, including insects, often harbor maternally inherited endosymbiotic microbes, some of which have evolved the ability to selectively kill male hosts - a phenomenon known as 'male killing.' The evolutionary history and mechanisms of symbiont-induced male killing have remained poorly understood. However, recent studies have revealed a remarkable diversity of male-killing strategies and their associated causative genes in diverse bacteria and viruses that target different aspects of the host reproductive system. Some insects have evolved various suppressor genes to counteract male-killing actions. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the evolution and mechanisms underlying microbe-induced male killing and explores their broader implications for the ecology and evolution of eukaryotic life forms.}, }
@article {pmid40939656, year = {2025}, author = {Ren, Z and Sun, P and Li, H and Wei, Y and Kraslawski, A and An, X and Sun, L}, title = {Novel photocatalytic bacteria-algae coupling system mediated by g-C3N4 nanoparticles: Effects of microbial ratio on performance and microbiome.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133301}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133301}, pmid = {40939656}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {This study explored symbiotic interactions within a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-enhanced bacterial-algal system for advanced wastewater treatment by examining the effects of varying bacterial-algal ratios (10:1, 5:1, and 1:1) on nutrient removal, microbial aggregation, and community dynamics in sequencing batch reactors. The 1:1 ratio (R3) exhibited optimal performance, achieving highest chemical oxygen demand removal (98.7 %) and ammonium nitrogen removal (92.4 %), alongside increased algal biomass. R3 enhanced microbial aggregation via elevated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS, 80.2 mg/g SS), reduced electrostatic repulsion. Microbial profiling revealed higher abundances of Proteobacteria (37.6 %) and Cyanobacteria (9.1 %), synergistically enabling nitrogen assimilation and integration of photocatalytic and biological degradation pathways. The balanced ratio improved dissolved oxygen regulation via algal photosynthesis, while EPS helped mitigate g-C3N4-induced oxidative stress. These findings provide mechanistic insights for the strategic optimization of bacterial-algal consortia in photocatalytically enhanced wastewater treatment systems, with implications for the development of sustainable and energy-efficient water remediation technologies.}, }
@article {pmid40938452, year = {2025}, author = {Inès, D and Pichereaux, C and Wendehenne, D and Courty, PE and Rosnoblet, C}, title = {Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 modulates the root ubiquitinome of Medicago truncatula in the establishment and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {54}, pmid = {40938452}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {456 RA21031.AEC.IS//I-SITE UBFC project STRESSPROT/ ; 456 RA21031.AEC.IS//I-SITE UBFC project STRESSPROT/ ; 456 RA21031.AEC.IS//I-SITE UBFC project STRESSPROT/ ; 456 RA21031.AEC.IS//I-SITE UBFC project STRESSPROT/ ; 457 UB18052.AGR.AN//Research National Agency project ALGAE-NOS/ ; 457 UB18052.AGR.AN//Research National Agency project ALGAE-NOS/ ; 457 UB18052.AGR.AN//Research National Agency project ALGAE-NOS/ ; 457 UB18052.AGR.AN//Research National Agency project ALGAE-NOS/ ; ANR-10-INBS-08//ProFI, Proteomics French Infrastructure project/ ; }, abstract = {The regulation of cellular protein homeostasis involves the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) by selectively targeting misfolded or end-of-life proteins. The involvement of the UPS in biotic stresses has been studied mainly in plant-pathogen interactions and poorly in plant-mutualistic interactions. Here, we studied through proteomic approaches (western blot, pull-down of polyubiquinated proteins and nano-LC-MS-MS analysis), the involvement of the UPS during the establishment of the mutualistic interaction between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 and the roots of Medicago truncatula, as well as in the established symbiosis. Roots of M. truncatula seedlings were harvested 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h and 15 days post-inoculation. We characterized a short-time and a-long-time response of the root ubiquitinome. Some proteins as such as flotilins or involved in the translational machinery were less-ubiquitinated, suggesting the facilitation of the de novo synthesis of proteins required to the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. In contrast, other proteins as transporters involved in plant nutrition through the direct pathway (i.e., MtPT5) and some enzymes involved in the lipid biosynthesis pathways were more-ubiquitinated, highlighting their putative degradation. In addition, Cdc48 protein accumulates in roots from 9 to 24 h post-inoculation, suggesting a role of Cdc48 in the transitory immune response during plant-fungal interactions. The activity of the UPS is consequently central in the establishment and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by modulating protein ubiquitination.}, }
@article {pmid40938124, year = {2025}, author = {Bernabéu-Roda, LM and Rivera-Hernández, G and Cuéllar, V and Núñez, R and Moreno-Ocampo, &#xc1; and Sohlenkamp, C and Geiger, O and Soto, MJ and López-Lara, IM}, title = {Identification of aSinorhizobium meliloti YbgC-like thioesterase that contributes to the production of the infochemical 2-tridecanone.}, journal = {The Biochemical journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1042/BCJ20253120}, pmid = {40938124}, issn = {1470-8728}, abstract = {Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium that can establish beneficial symbiosis with legume plants. The fadD gene encodes a long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase. Inactivation of FadD in S. meliloti leads to a pleiotropic phenotype, including the overproduction of several volatile methylketones (MKs). One of them, 2-tridecanone (2-TDC), was found to act as an infochemical that affects important bacterial traits and hampers plant-bacteria interactions. Knowledge about bacterial genes involved in MK production is limited. In wild tomato species, MK synthesis requires intermediates of fatty acid biosynthesis and the activity of the methylketone synthase 2 (MKS2), a thioesterase belonging to the hot dog-fold family. In this study, we have identified SMc03960, a conserved hypothetical protein with homology to bacterial YbgC-like thioesterases, as an ortholog of MKS2 in S. meliloti. Heterologous expression of smc03960 in Escherichia coli results in the formation of several MKs, including 2-TDC, and causes the accumulation of free fatty acids. Purified His-SMc03960 showed thioesterase activity for different acyl groups linked either to acyl carrier protein (ACP) or to CoA with preference for C14-long substrates. Moreover, formation of 2-TDC in vitro was achieved by using His-SMc03960 and 3-oxo-myristoyl-ACP. Although deletion of smc03960 in the wild type or in the fadD mutant does not significantly alter the amount of MKs released by S. meliloti, overexpression of the gene results in increased production of 2-TDC in these two strains. Overall, our data demonstrate that SMc03960 is an acyl-ACP/acyl-CoA thioesterase with broad substrate specificity that contributes to 2-TDC formation.}, }
@article {pmid40937477, year = {2025}, author = {Zhong, W and Lin, Z and Schmidt, EW and Agarwal, V}, title = {Discovery, biosynthesis, and bioactivities of peptidic natural products from marine sponges and sponge-associated bacteria.}, journal = {Natural product reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1039/d5np00048c}, pmid = {40937477}, issn = {1460-4752}, abstract = {Covering 2010 to 2025Sponges are benthic, sessile invertebrate metazoans that are some of the most prolific sources of natural products in the marine environment. Sponge-derived natural products are often endowed with favorable pharmaceutical bioactivities, and paired with their structural complexity, have long served as title compounds for chemical syntheses. Sponges are holobionts, in that the sponge host is associated with symbiotic and commensal microbiome. Natural products isolated from sponges can be produced by the sponge host, or the associated microbiome. Recent genomic studies have shed light on the sponge eukaryotic host as the true producer of several classes of sponge-derived peptidic natural products. In this review spanning years 2010-2025, we describe peptidic natural products isolated from the sponge hosts and the associated microbiome, detail their biosynthetic processes where known, and offer forward looking insights into future innovation in discovery and biosynthesis of peptidic natural products from marine sponges.}, }
@article {pmid40936089, year = {2025}, author = {Sun, Q and Wang, J and Zhang, H and Yao, L and Si, E and Li, B and Meng, Y and Wang, C and Yang, K and Shang, X and Xie, X and Wang, H and Ma, X}, title = {The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of wheat seedlings with contrasting phosphorus use efficiencies under low phosphorus stress.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1201}, pmid = {40936089}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {25ZYJA002//the Central guidance for local scientific and technological development funding projects/ ; 25ZYJA002//the Central guidance for local scientific and technological development funding projects/ ; 24JRRA637//Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province/ ; 24JRRA637//Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province/ ; 24JRRA637//Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province/ ; ZYGG-2025-12-3//the Modern Cold and Drought Characteristic Agricultural Seed Industry Research Project/ ; ZYGG-2025-3//the Modern Cold and Drought Characteristic Agricultural Seed Industry Research Project/ ; 24CXNA038//the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province/ ; 24CXNA038//the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province/ ; GSCS-2021-05//the State Key Laboratory of Aridland crop science Open Fund/ ; GSCS-2021-05//the State Key Laboratory of Aridland crop science Open Fund/ ; 24JRRA840//the Gansu Province Science and Technology Joint Plan Fund Project/ ; 24JRRA840//the Gansu Province Science and Technology Joint Plan Fund Project/ ; 24JRRA840//the Gansu Province Science and Technology Joint Plan Fund Project/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can stimulate root development in plants and enhance their ability to adapt to stress conditions. This study investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on the growth, hormone dynamics, and phosphorus (P) metabolism of two wheat cultivars with differing phosphorus utilization efficiencies under both normal and low phosphorus concentration conditions. The research focused on the symbiotic interaction between AMF and these wheat varieties to elucidate their responses to varying phosphorus availability.<br><br>RESULT: The experiment showed that phosphorus inefficient wheat SW14 inoculated with AMF for 30 days under low phosphorus stress showed significant enhancement in plant height, biomass, leaf width, stem thickness, root surface area, and vegetative phosphorus content, while total root length and primary root length were reduced, This change in root length was attributed to the fact that the root system undergoes elongation and growth to adapt to the adversity under low phosphorus stress in crops, and inoculation with AMF effectively alleviated the extent of this low phosphorus stress. while IAA, SL, cellulose and lignin hormone levels and APC enzyme activities were significantly elevated, and stem structure was significantly optimized; whereas, the phosphorus-efficient variety, SW2, did not show significant improvement due to its own unique tolerance to low phosphorus stress (Table&#xa0;2). Transcriptomic profiling identified 2,500 differentially expressed genes (DEGs: 983&#x2191;/1,517&#x2193;), enriched in ABC transporters (ko02010), Plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075), and MAPK signaling pathway - plant (ko04016), Cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis(ko00073). WGCNA further resolved that AMF responded to low phosphorus stress by up-regulating the expression of cellulose, lignin, APC synthesis, and IAA/SL-related genes in SW14, with the most relevant phenotypes shown to correlate to primary root length, total root length, root dry weight and stem diameter.<br><br>CONCLUSION: AMF inoculation significantly enhanced growth and dry matter accumulation in the low-phosphorus-use-efficiency wheat variety SW14 under phosphorus-deficient stress. This treatment concurrently stimulated IAA, SL, and APC activities, resulting in increased phosphorus uptake/accumulation, notable accumulation of cellulose and lignin, and consequently significantly improved stem strength. Although AMF inoculation improved growth in the high-phosphorus-use-efficiency wheat variety SW2, these enhancements failed to reach statistical significance.}, }
@article {pmid40934553, year = {2025}, author = {Zonneveld, KL and Bustos-Diaz, ED and Francisco, BG and Angelica, CJ}, title = {The cycad coralloid root: is there evidence for plant-microbe coevolution?.}, journal = {Current opinion in microbiology}, volume = {88}, number = {}, pages = {102660}, doi = {10.1016/j.mib.2025.102660}, pmid = {40934553}, issn = {1879-0364}, abstract = {Cycads are survivors, ancient plants originating in the Carboniferous. We hypothesize that cycad resilience and recent diversification could be partially explained by their specialized coral-like (coralloid) roots and their microbiome and that these symbiotic partners are co-evolving. The coralloid root is unique in gymnosperms and rare in vascular plants. Coralloid roots and their associated microbes have been studied since the late 19th century, but a deeper understanding of their taxonomy and function has taken place only recently. And yet, we are at the 'tip of the root' as there are many open questions regarding this specialized organ and its evolutionary history. This review provides an overview of cycad coralloid roots and their microbiome, the technical limitations of their study to date, and the exciting questions that remain to be answered.}, }
@article {pmid40934431, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Liu, M}, title = {Relational vulnerability and technological mediation: The ethics of intelligent eldercare.}, journal = {Nursing ethics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {9697330251374394}, doi = {10.1177/09697330251374394}, pmid = {40934431}, issn = {1477-0989}, abstract = {In current China, the 9073 elderly care system is accelerating the process of intelligentization. The fundamental tension between conventional filial piety ethics and technological rationality is evident in the numerous ethical debates triggered by intelligent older people's care services, despite their convenience. This study proposes an analytical paradigm called relational vulnerability, which creatively combines the philosophy of technology with Confucian relational ethics. Through the use of intricate mechanisms, this framework seeks to shed light on how technological mediation alters intergenerational ethics. According to research, intelligent services that improve physical care for older people while weakening emotional ties have a paradoxical effect that creates new kinds of alienation, such as the measurement of filial duty and the breakdown of ritual-embodied behaviors. By incorporating cultural calibration into the development of human-machine symbiosis, this study addresses this issue by proposing the design concepts of "differential regulation" and "embodiment retention." This counteracts the interpretive shortcomings of the Western autonomy-based ethical paradigm in the context of Chinese older people care, creating new avenues for the application of Confucian bioethics in the age of technology and offering fresh perspectives on moral dilemmas in intelligent older people care.}, }
@article {pmid40931017, year = {2025}, author = {Montoya, QV and Gerardo, NM and Martiarena, MJS and Solís-Lemus, C and Kriebel, R and Schultz, TR and Sosa-Calvo, J and Rodrigues, A}, title = {Digging into the evolutionary history of the fungus-growing-ant symbiont, Escovopsis (Hypocreaceae).}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1340}, pmid = {40931017}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {305269/2018-6//Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development)/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Ants/microbiology/physiology ; *Hypocreales/physiology/genetics/classification ; *Biological Evolution ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic relationships shape the evolution of organisms. Fungi in the genus Escovopsis share an evolutionary history with the fungus-growing "attine" ant system and are only found in association with these social insects. Despite this close relationship, there are key aspects of Escovopsis evolution that remain poorly understood. To gain further insight into the evolutionary history of these unique fungi, we delve deeper into Escovopsis' origin and distribution, considering the largest sampling, so far, across the Americas. Furthermore, we investigate Escovopsis' trait evolution, and relationship with attine ants. We demonstrate that, while the genus originated approximately 56.9 Mya, it only became associated with 'higher attine' ants in the last 38 My. Our results, however, indicate that it is likely that the ancestor of Escovopsis lived in symbiosis with early-diverging fungus-growing ants. Since then, the fungi have evolved morphological and physiological adaptations that have increased their reproductive efficiency, possibly to overcome barriers mounted by the ants and their other associated microbes. Taken together, these results provide new clues as to how Escovopsis has evolved within the context of this complex symbiosis and shed light on the evolutionary history of the fungus-growing ant system.}, }
@article {pmid40929513, year = {2025}, author = {Bhaya, D and Birzu, G and Rocha, EPC}, title = {Horizontal Gene Transfer and Recombination in Cyanobacteriota.}, journal = {Annual review of microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-micro-041522-100420}, pmid = {40929513}, issn = {1545-3251}, abstract = {Cyanobacteria played a pivotal role in shaping Earth's early history and today are key players in many ecosystems. As versatile and ubiquitous phototrophs, they are used as models for oxygenic photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, circadian rhythms, symbiosis, and adaptations to harsh environments. Cyanobacterial genomes and metagenomes exhibit high levels of genomic diversity partly driven by gene flow within and across species. Processes such as recombination and horizontal transfer of novel genes are facilitated by the mobilome that includes plasmids, transposable elements, and bacteriophages. We review these processes in the context of molecular mechanisms of gene transfer, barriers to gene flow, selection for novel traits, and auxiliary metabolic genes. Additionally, Cyanobacteriota are unique because ancient evolutionary innovations, such as oxygenic photosynthesis, can be corroborated with fossil and biogeochemical records. At the same time, sequencing of extant natural populations allows the tracking of recombination events and gene flow over much shorter timescales. Here, we review the challenges of assessing the impact of gene flow across the whole range of evolutionary timescales. Understanding the tempo and constraints to gene flow in Cyanobacteriota can help decipher the timing of key functional innovations, analyze adaptation to local environments, and design Cyanobacteriota for robust use in biotechnology.}, }
@article {pmid40928961, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, X and Li, C and Zhang, K and Li, K and Xie, J and Quan, M and Sun, Y and Hu, Y and Xia, L and Hu, S}, title = {Engineering and Functional Expression of the Type III Secretion System in Xenorhabdus: Enhancing Insecticidal Efficacy and Expanding T3SE Libraries.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c08269}, pmid = {40928961}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria (EPNB) enhance nematode insecticidal capacity through symbiosis. This study cloned the complete 32-kb type III secretion system (T3SS) gene cluster from Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 using Red/ET recombineering and functionally expressed it in T3SS-deficient Xenorhabdus stockiae HN_xs01. Heterologous T3SS expression significantly enhanced HN_xs01 adhesion and invasion capabilities in CF-203 cells. In Helicoverpa armigera models, the engineered strain induced severe intestinal damage by suppressing antimicrobial peptide expression and demonstrated improved colonization and biocontrol efficacy (LC50 decreased by 3.7-fold). Crucially, the TT01 derived T3SS mediated delivery of XopA─a novel effector exhibiting YopJ-family homology and characteristic T3SS effector features─into host cells. These findings establish the synthetic biology-driven potential of T3SS and its effectors for biological control applications while providing a mechanistic framework for future research.}, }
@article {pmid40928749, year = {2025}, author = {Fox, PT}, title = {Thirty years of SPM-BrainMap synergy: making and mining coordinate-based literature.}, journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)}, volume = {35}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhaf240}, pmid = {40928749}, issn = {1460-2199}, support = {AG082661//United States National Institutes of Health/ ; AG066456//United States National Institutes of Health/ ; AG076581//United States National Institutes of Health/ ; MH074457//United States National Institutes of Health/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Brain/physiology/diagnostic imaging ; *Brain Mapping/methods/history ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; *Data Mining ; Databases, Factual ; }, abstract = {Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) adheres to rigorous methodological standards, including: spatial normalization, inter-subject averaging, voxel-wise contrasts, and coordinate reporting. This rigor ensures that a thematically diverse literature is amenable to meta-analysis. BrainMap is a community database (www.brainmap.org; www.portal.brainmap.org) launched contemporaneously with SPM with the goal of efficiently sharing the results and methods of the literature compliant with SPM standards. The SPM-BrainMap symbiosis has motivated the development of coordinate-based meta-analytic methods and a substantial literature of secondary analyses. Collectively this corpus constitutes system-level probabilistic maps and models of the human brain, which details its functional organization, network architecture, and alterations by disease.}, }
@article {pmid40928528, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Chen, L and Li, X and Zhang, L and Deveau, A and Martin, F and Zhang, X}, title = {Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with Tuber spp. Enhances host performances in Pinus and Carya and induces host-specific patterns in defense-related regulation in the leaf transcriptomes.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {5}, pages = {53}, pmid = {40928528}, issn = {1432-1890}, support = {2021YFYZ0026, 2024YFHZ0165//Science and Technology Support Project in Sichuan Province/ ; SCCXTD-2024-07//Sichuan Mushroom Innovation Team/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Pinus/microbiology/genetics/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Plant Leaves/microbiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; *Plant Tubers/microbiology ; *Ascomycota/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; }, abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) colonize roots to establish symbiotic associations with plants. Sporocarps of the EMF Tuber spp. are considered as a delicacy in numerous countries and is a kind of EMF of great economic and social importance. Elucidating host responses to Tuber colonization would facilitate the exploration of symbiotic interactions and contribute to truffle cultivation. Tuber indicum and T. panzhihuanense, two primary commercial truffle species in China, were selected to colonize Pinus armandii and Carya illinoinensis in a two-and-a-half-year symbiosis experiment. Host performances, including growth, nutrient uptake, and physiological characteristics, were dynamically monitored. The molecular response of host leaf to Tuber symbiosis was further analyzed using RNA-seq. Tuber indicum and T. panzhihuanense exhibited superior colonization of P. armandii compared to that of C. illinoinensis. Both Tuber species enhanced the performance of the two hosts by increasing their height, stem circumference, and biomass. Phosphorus levels and activities of peroxidase and catalase in hosts were observed to increase during Tuber symbiosis. The results confirmed that Tuber colonization led to significant alterations in leaf transcriptomic profiles of the two trees. Tuber indicum and T. panzhihuanense both elicited defense-related regulation in host leaves, such as secondary metabolism, cell wall biogenesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction, with distinct patterns in P. armandii and C. illinoinensis. Our study provides an evaluation of host performance during truffle symbiosis and highlights the diverse patterns of Tuber-induced systematic defense regulation in hosts, offering insights into the specific symbiotic traits of Tuber-host pairs.}, }
@article {pmid40927988, year = {2025}, author = {Veresoglou, SD}, title = {Mycorrhizal ecology: In the land of the one-eyed king.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf399}, pmid = {40927988}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Unlike most of the other disciplines in microbial ecology, a substantial fraction of the theory on mycorrhizal ecology originates from times when assaying microbes was laborious and inefficient. Most of those hypotheses target, as a result, the plant partner of the symbiosis, or at best treat the two mycorrhizal partners as a unified organism, a holobiont. I here address the legacy of this era of mycorrhizal ecology, as a means of systematizing our understanding of the discipline, but also identifying gaps of knowledge. First, I pair and review hypotheses that align with the holobiont concept with complementary hypotheses that explicitly consider the fitness of the mycorrhizal fungus. Second, I generate a hierarchy of hypotheses in mycorrhizal ecology to showcase the high potential for classifying theory that the distinction between hypotheses considering mycorrhiza as either a holobiont or an association of two individual partners maintains. Third, I identify settings that might dictate when to better abstract mycorrhizas into holobionts and when to consider all their partners individually to foster research progress. I conclude the review with suggestions on how to further unify expectations in mycorrhizal ecology.}, }
@article {pmid40927683, year = {2025}, author = {Boyno, G and Danesh, YR and Çevik, R and Teniz, N and Demir, S and Calayır, O and Farda, B and Mignini, A and Mitra, D and Pellegrini, M and Porcel, R and Mulet, JM}, title = {Plant-fungus synergy against soil salinity: The cellular and molecular role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {113384}, pmid = {40927683}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in disease control by establishing symbiotic relationships with plant roots. AMF improve salinity tolerance in plants by regulating the Na[+]/K[+] ratio through selective ion transport and mediate osmotic regulation by inducing the accumulation of osmotic-compatible solutes such as glycine betaine and proline to enable plant cells to maintain water content and the metabolic balance. AMF can also activate antioxidant defense responses by stimulating enzymes that protect plant cells from harmful oxidation and pathological infections. Plant salinity tolerance induced by AMF depends on abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent signaling mechanisms, calcium-calmodulin-dependent pathways, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-modulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Therefore, future research should focus on optimizing the production and field efficacy of AMF-based inoculants, including their combined use with microbial biostimulants, to support the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices.}, }
@article {pmid40926683, year = {2025}, author = {Guo, G and Zhao, C and Xu, W and Lu, B and Zhao, Y and Wang, Z}, title = {Treatment of Aquaculture Wastewater by Utilizing Single and Symbiotic Systems of Microalgae-Based Technology and Strigolactone Induction.}, journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation}, volume = {97}, number = {9}, pages = {e70174}, doi = {10.1002/wer.70174}, pmid = {40926683}, issn = {1554-7531}, support = {212102110105//Henan Science and Technology Research Project of Research and utilization of key microorganisms for nitrogen transformation during composting of pond sediment/ ; HARS-22-16-Z1//Special Fund for Henan Agriculture Research System/ ; 31971514//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31670511//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023ss04//Science and Technology Program of Suzhou/ ; }, mesh = {*Microalgae/physiology/metabolism ; *Aquaculture ; *Wastewater/chemistry ; *Lactones/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; *Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/metabolism ; *Chlorella vulgaris/metabolism ; }, abstract = {This study investigated the efficacy of two microalgae treatment systems (Chlorella vulgaris monoculture and a Chlorella vulgaris-S395-2-Clonostachys rosea symbiotic system) in treating aquaculture wastewater, under varying concentrations of synthetic strigolactone analog (GR24). By exposing the systems to four GR24 doses (0, 10[-11], 10[-9], and 10[-7] M), we examined the impact on biomass growth, photosynthesis, and wastewater treatment. Elevated GR24 concentrations bolstered metabolism and photosynthesis in the systems, fostering rapid symbiont growth and enhanced treatment efficiency. Notably, the coculture system outperformed the monoculture in terms of photosynthetic rate, daily biomass accumulation, and nutrient reduction in aquaculture wastewater (p < 0.05). Optimally, at 10[-9] M GR24, the symbiotic system achieved remarkable average removal rates of COD (78.54 ± 6.11%), TN (81.69 ± 7.02%), and TP (82.67 ± 7.58%) from aquaculture wastewater. Additionally, a comparative analysis revealed the system's exceptional capacity to reduce oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) levels, achieving a notable 98.72% removal rate. The outcomes significantly advance bioenhancement approaches and inform the design of efficient algal-bacterial-fungal symbiotic processes for treating antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid40926201, year = {2025}, author = {Bakrani, Z and Ehsanzadeh, P}, title = {Mycorrhizal inoculation mitigates drought stress in borage (Borago officinalis L.): Evidence from biochemical, physiological, and growth responses.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1198}, pmid = {40926201}, issn = {1471-2229}, }
@article {pmid40925330, year = {2025}, author = {Udvardi, M and Mens, C}, title = {Symbiosis: A SWEET deal for nodules.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {35}, number = {17}, pages = {R830-R832}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.07.069}, pmid = {40925330}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {*Symbiosis/physiology ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/metabolism/physiology ; *Glycine max/microbiology/physiology/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Sucrose/metabolism ; Plant Root Nodulation ; Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {A new study shows that sucrose allocation within soybean roots by the sucrose transporter GmSWEET3c promotes rhizobial infection, nodulation, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid40925006, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, Y and Moreau, CS}, title = {Nutritional Symbiosis Between Ants and Their Symbiotic Microbes.}, journal = {Annual review of entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013513}, pmid = {40925006}, issn = {1545-4487}, abstract = {Nutritional symbioses with microorganisms have profoundly shaped the evolutionary success of ants, enabling them to overcome dietary limitations and thrive across diverse ecological niches and trophic levels. These interactions are particularly crucial for ants with specialized diets, where microbial symbionts compensate for dietary imbalances by contributing to nitrogen metabolism, vitamin supplementation, and the catabolism of plant fibers and proteins. This review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of ant-microbe symbioses, focusing on diversity, functional roles in host nutrition, and mechanisms of transmission of symbiotic microorganisms. Despite progress, most research has concentrated on a few ant genera, and further exploration of microbial roles in different ant morphs and life stages and across various ant species is needed. Expanding research to include a broader array of ant lineages and integrating genomic data with additional experimental data will provide deeper insights into the metabolic strategies that facilitate ant success across diverse ecological habitats.}, }
@article {pmid40924927, year = {2025}, author = {Colombo, M}, title = {Cognitive Symbionts. Expanding the Scope of Cognitive Science With Fungi.}, journal = {Topics in cognitive science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/tops.70024}, pmid = {40924927}, issn = {1756-8765}, abstract = {It has been argued that fungi have cognitive capacities, and even conscious experiences. While these arguments risk ushering in unproductive disputes about how words like "mind," "cognitive," "sentient," and "conscious" should be used, paying close attention to key properties of fungal life can also be uncontroversially productive for cognitive science. Attention to fungal life can, for example, inspire new, potentially fruitful directions of research in cognitive science. Here, I introduce a concept of cognitive symbiosis whose significance for cognitive science becomes salient when we consider the centrality of symbioses in the life of fungi. Like fungi, virtually all cognitive systems live in close association with other kinds of cognitive systems, and this living together can have substantive psychological consequences. Expanding the scope of cognitive science to study a wide variety of cognitive symbioses underwrites the importance of biology and evolution in understanding minds.}, }
@article {pmid40924749, year = {2025}, author = {Amoros, J and Buysse, M and Floriano, AM and Moumen, B and Vavre, F and Bouchon, D and Duron, O}, title = {Diversity and spread of cytoplasmic incompatibility genes among maternally inherited symbionts.}, journal = {PLoS genetics}, volume = {21}, number = {9}, pages = {e1011856}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1011856}, pmid = {40924749}, issn = {1553-7404}, abstract = {Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI) causes embryonic lethality in arthropods, resulting in a significant reduction in reproductive success. In most cases, this reproductive failure is driven by Wolbachia endosymbionts through their cifA/cifB gene pair, whose products disrupts arthropod DNA replication during embryogenesis. While a cif pair has been considered a hallmark of Wolbachia, its presence and functional significance in other bacterial lineages remains poorly investigated. Here, we conducted a comprehensive survey of 762 genomes spanning non-Wolbachia endosymbionts and their close relatives, revealing that the cif pair is far more widespread than previously recognized. We identified cif loci in 8.4% of the surveyed genomes, with a striking incidence of 17.4% in facultative symbionts. Beyond Wolbachia, cif pair occurs across eight bacterial genera spanning α-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Mollicutes, and Bacteroidota. Notably, cif pair has been identified in several intracellular pathogens of mammals showing high rate of transovarial transmission in their arthropod hosts, suggesting a potential role of cif pair and CI in vector-borne disease dynamics. Structural analyses further reveal that the PD(D/E)-XK nucleases and AAA-ATPase-like motifs are consistently conserved across cif pairs in all bacterial taxa. Moreover, cif pairs are frequently integrated within diverse mobile genetic elements, from transposons to large intact WO prophages in Wolbachia and RAGEs in Rickettsiaceae. Phylogenetic analyses reveal recent and potentially ongoing horizontal transfers of cif pair between distantly related bacterial lineages, a process potentially facilitated by mobile genetic elements. Indeed, the PDDEXK2 transposase exhibits a phylogenetic pattern consistent with the co-transmission of cif genes, suggesting that it may facilitate horizontal transfers of cif across bacterial lineages. Furthermore, the detection of endosymbionts harboring cif pair in arthropod groups where Wolbachia is scarce, such as ticks, suggests that CI may be more widespread than previously known, with significant implications for arthropod symbiosis, reproductive manipulation, and future biocontrol strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40924454, year = {2025}, author = {Finegan, C and Kates, HR and Guralnick, RP and Soltis, PS and Resende, MFR and Ané, JM and Kirst, M and Folk, RA and Soltis, DE}, title = {Convergent evolution of NFP-facilitated root nodule symbiosis.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {37}, pages = {e2424902122}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2424902122}, pmid = {40924454}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {DE-SC0018247//US Department of Energy/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis/genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/genetics ; *Medicago truncatula/genetics/microbiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {The origin and phylogenetic distribution of symbiotic associations between nodulating angiosperms and nitrogen-fixing bacteria have long intrigued biologists. Recent comparative evolutionary analyses have yielded alternative hypotheses: a multistep pathway of independent gains and losses of root nodule symbiosis vs. a single gain followed by numerous losses. A detailed reconstruction of the history of genes involved in signaling between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and potential hosts, particularly lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) signaling, is needed to distinguish between these hypotheses. LCO recognition by plants involves the Nod Factor Perception (NFP) gene family; in the legume model Medicago truncatula (Fabales), MtNFP is essential for establishing rhizobial symbiosis. Here, we document convergent evolution of NFP, indicating multiple origins of LCO-driven symbiosis. In contrast to previous models that explain the recruitment of NFP via a single duplication in the ancestor of the nitrogen-fixing clade, our phylogenomic and synteny results suggest this duplication does not span the entire clade. Tandem duplication in a common ancestor of Cucurbitales and Rosales resulted in the NFP1 and NFP2 groups. In contrast, the phylogenetically closest paralog of MtNFP is MtLYR1, located on a different chromosome within a large syntenic block. All available data indicate that a large-scale duplication resulted in MtNFP and MtLYR1, likely corresponding to a whole-genome duplication in an ancestor of subfamily Papilionoideae of Fabaceae. We show that MtNFP and the NFP2-like group are not orthologous, indicating multiple independent gains of NFP-based LCO signaling. This molecular convergence provides a possible mechanism for multiple gains of root nodule symbiosis across the nitrogen-fixing clade.}, }
@article {pmid40922700, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, S and Wang, X and Adeniji, OD and Batchelor, WD and Wang, Y and Blersch, D and Higgins, BT and Liles, MR and Luo, W and Chen, CY and Feng, Y and Wang, Y}, title = {Targeted Genome Editing of the ACC Deaminase Gene in Bradyrhizobium: Toward Enhanced Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance.}, journal = {Biotechnology and bioengineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/bit.70064}, pmid = {40922700}, issn = {1097-0290}, support = {//This study was supported by the National Peanut Board award (APPA-RIA16-PID 488 BID 1664)./ ; }, abstract = {Ensuring sufficient crop yields in an era of rapid population growth and limited arable land requires innovative strategies to enhance plant resilience and sustain, or even improve, growth and productivity despite environmental stress. Besides symbiotic nitrogen fixation, rhizobia may play a central role in sustainable agriculture by alleviating the detrimental effects of ethylene-a key stress hormone in plants-especially under conditions like drought through the deamination of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). In this study, we focused on genetically engineering a new Bradyrhizobium sp. isolate (Strain 9) from peanut root nodules to enhance its ACC deaminase activity. First, we developed a sacB-based genome-engineering tool and used it to knock out the ACC deaminase gene (acdS), confirming that its disruption severely diminished the strain's capacity to degrade ACC. Subsequently, we constructed an acdS-overexpressing strain by integrating a strong promoter and an optimized ribosome binding site upstream of acdS, achieving a five-fold increase in ACC deaminase activity relative to the wild-type. Peanut inoculation experiments demonstrated that both the acdS knockout and overexpression mutants effectively nodulated roots without impairing plant growth and nitrogen fixation, indicating that these modifications did not compromise symbiosis. Overall, this study highlights the utility of sacB-mediated counter-selection for precise genome editing in Bradyrhizobium and underscores the potential of enhanced ACC deaminase activity to improve plant growth under stress conditions. These findings pave the way for developing next-generation bioinoculants with superior ethylene mitigation capabilities, contributing to more productive and sustainable crop systems.}, }
@article {pmid40920925, year = {2025}, author = {Marks, JC and Zampini, MC and Fitzpatrick, R and Kariunga, SH and Sitati, A and Samo, TJ and Weber, PK and Thomas, S and Hungate, BA and Ramon, CE and Wulf, M and Leshyk, VO and Schwartz, E and Pett-Ridge, J and Power, ME}, title = {Ecosystem consequences of a nitrogen-fixing proto-organelle.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {37}, pages = {e2503108122}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2503108122}, pmid = {40920925}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {2125088//NSF (NSF)/ ; DE-AC52-07NA27344//US Department of Energy/ ; }, mesh = {*Nitrogen Fixation/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Animals ; Food Chain ; Rivers ; *Diatoms/metabolism/physiology ; Carbon/metabolism ; Seasons ; Cyanobacteria/metabolism/physiology ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; Carbon Isotopes ; }, abstract = {Microscale symbioses can be critical to ecosystem functions, but the mechanisms of these interactions in nature are often cryptic. Here, we use a combination of stable isotope imaging and tracing to reveal carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) exchanges among three symbiotic primary producers that fuel a salmon-bearing river food web. Bulk isotope analysis, nanoSIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) isotope imaging, and density centrifugation for quantitative stable isotope probing enabled quantification of organism-specific C- and N-fixation rates from the subcellular scale to the ecosystem. After winters with riverbed-scouring floods, the macroalga Cladophora glomerata uses nutrients in spring runoff to grow streamers up to 10 m long. During summer flow recession, riverine N concentrations wane and Cladophora becomes densely epiphytized by three species of Epithemia, diatoms with N-fixing endosymbionts (proto-organelles) descended from a free-living Crocosphaera cyanobacterium. Over summertime epiphyte succession on Cladophora, N-fixation rates increased as Epithemia spp. became dominant, Cladophora C-fixation declined to near zero, and Epithemia C-fixation increased. Carbon transfer to caddisflies grazing on Cladophora with high densities of Epithemia was 10-fold higher than C transfer to caddisflies grazing Cladophora with low Epithemia loads. In response to demand for N, Epithemia allocates high levels of newly fixed C to its endosymbiont. Consequently, these endosymbionts have the highest rates of C and N accumulation of any taxon in this tripartite symbiosis during the biologically productive season and can produce one of the highest areal rates of N-fixation reported in any river ecosystem.}, }
@article {pmid40919919, year = {2025}, author = {Luo, Y and Srinivas, A and Guidry, C and Bull, C and Haney, CH and Hamilton, C}, title = {GacA regulates symbiosis and mediates lifestyle transitions in Pseudomonas.}, journal = {mSphere}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0027725}, doi = {10.1128/msphere.00277-25}, pmid = {40919919}, issn = {2379-5042}, abstract = {Through horizontal gene transfer, closely related bacterial strains assimilate distinct sets of genes, resulting in significantly varied lifestyles. However, it remains unclear how strains properly regulate horizontally transferred virulence genes. We hypothesized that strains may use components of the core genome to regulate diverse horizontally acquired genes. To investigate how closely related bacteria assimilate and activate horizontally acquired DNA, we used a model consisting of strains in the brassicacearum/corrugata/mediterranea (BCM) subclade of Pseudomonas fluorescens, including Pseudomonas species N2E2 and N2C3, which exhibit contrasting lifestyles on the model plant Arabidopsis. Pseudomonas sp. N2E2 is a plant commensal and contains genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes for the antifungal compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG). In contrast, Pseudomonas sp. N2C3 lacks DAPG biosynthesis and has gained a pathogenic island encoding syringomycin (SYR)- and syringopeptin (SYP)-like toxins from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. This causes a transition in lifestyle from plant-protective N2E2 to plant-pathogenic N2C3. We found that N2E2 and N2C3 share a highly conserved two-component system GacA/S, a known regulator of DAPG and SYR/SYP. Using knockout mutations, we found that a ΔgacA mutation resulted in loss of expression of SYR/SYP virulence genes and returned pathogenic N2C3 to a plant commensal lifestyle. Our study further explored the conservation of regulatory control across strains by demonstrating that GacA genes from both distant and closely related Pseudomonas strains could functionally complement one another across the genus.IMPORTANCEEmerging pathogens represent a significant threat to humans, agriculture, and natural ecosystems. Bacterial horizontal gene transfer (HGT) aids in the acquisition of novel genes that facilitate adaptation to new environments. Our work shows a novel role for GacA in orchestrating the regulatory changes necessary for virulence and lifestyle transitions facilitated by HGT. These findings suggest that the GacA/S system plays a key role in mediating transitions across diverse Pseudomonas symbiotic lifestyles. This work provides insights into the mechanisms that drive the emergence of pathogenic strains and highlights potential targets for managing bacterial threats to plant health.}, }
@article {pmid40919716, year = {2025}, author = {Xie, T and Lv, J and Wang, L and Wu, H and Chen, Y and Chen, R and Pan, H}, title = {Uninfected cell-specific enzymes coordinate carbon supply and nitrogen assimilation in Medicago truncatula nodules.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70560}, pmid = {40919716}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {2024JJ2014; 2025ZYJ003//Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province/ ; 32441035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32470255//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {In legume root nodules, rhizobia invade host cells to form symbiosomes that drive atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Although the metabolic roles of infected cells (ICs) are well established, the contributions of adjacent uninfected cells (UCs) have remained largely unexplored. Here, through forward genetics methods, we identify DEBINO4, a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) uniquely expressed in UCs, as a pivotal regulator of carbon metabolism essential for sustaining symbiosome function and nitrogen assimilation. DEBINO4-deficient mutants display premature nodule senescence characterized by nonviable symbiosomes in the fixation zone and disrupted carbon and nitrogen metabolic profiles. The nodule-specific PEPC kinases (PPCKs), which are probably involved in DEBINO4 activation, are required to preserve symbiosome integrity, while Glutamine Synthetase 1a (GS1a), also restricted to UCs, is critical for ammonium assimilation and maintaining differentiated symbiosomes. Comprehensive analysis of metabolism-related genes further reveals that UCs execute specialized, stage-specific functions during nitrogen fixation. Collectively, our findings underscore the importance of cell-type-specific metabolic networks in orchestrating successful symbiosis and provide a framework for understanding how distinct nodule cell populations coordinate carbon and nitrogen metabolism to support efficient nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid40919702, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, L and Tian, Y and Li, L and Zhan, W and Sun, H and Ren, N and Tang, Z and Ngo, HH}, title = {Movement Mechanisms Harness Lévy Flight for Energy-Efficient Wastewater Treatment in Microalgae-Bacteria Systems.}, journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e04676}, doi = {10.1002/advs.202504676}, pmid = {40919702}, issn = {2198-3844}, support = {52341001//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022M710953//Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China/ ; 2022ZX02C16//Heilongjiang Key R&amp;D Programme/ ; ES202424//The Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment/ ; }, abstract = {Microalgae-bacteria symbiosis system is significant for sustainable and low-carbon wastewater treatment, with self-aggregation being key to its stable operation and effective pollutant removal. Cellular motility is the main driving force behind self-aggregation, crucial for symbiosis stability, but the characteristics and patterns involved still remain largely unexplored. Here, cellular movement dynamics into the microalgae-activated sludge model (ASM3) is incorporated, enabling synchronized simulation of metabolic activities and movement behaviors through physical and biochemical interactions in bioreactor systems. These findings indicate that microalgae induce bacterial movement towards Lévy flights, thereby increasing the bacterial encounter rate by 12.20%, augmenting signaling molecule concentration and biomass by 20.0% and 27.3%, respectively, which in turn strengthens the bacteria self-aggregation effect. Through practical reactor operations with metagenomic analysis, the efficacy of this model in elucidating self-aggregation is further corroborated, improving system stability and pollutant removal efficiency. An optimized microalgae-bacteria system reduces energy costs associated with cellular aggregation processes, economizing on the cost of chemotaxis-related proteins. This study not only elucidate the unique role of Lévy flight in self-aggregation, enhancing the understanding of microalgae-bacteria symbiosis, but also establish response mechanisms between motility patterns and operation dynamics. This allows for targeted regulation across various biosystems, ensuring cost-effective wastewater treatment and proactive prediction.}, }
@article {pmid40917997, year = {2025}, author = {Meng, G and Li, J and Cao, Y and Li, F and Liu, M and Li, R and Dong, C}, title = {Haplotype-resolved genomes of Phlebopus portentosus reveal nuclear differentiation, TE-mediated variation, and saprotrophic potential.}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {e161411}, pmid = {40917997}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {Phlebopus portentosus is a widely consumed edible mushroom and the only Boletales species currently cultivated on an industrial scale. Despite its economic importance, its trophic strategy and genomic adaptations remain elusive. Here, we presented high-quality, chromosome-level genome assemblies for two sexually compatible monokaryons (PP78 and PP85) of P. portentosus. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a genome size difference of 1.17 Mb (30.87 vs. 32.04 Mb), primarily attributed to transposable element (TE) expansion in strain PP85. Genome structural variations were largely driven by TEs, particularly LTR retrotransposons. DNA transposons were also involved in structural rearrangement of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, impacting their organization and transcriptional profiles. Functional annotation identified 187 PP78-specific and 236 PP85-specific genes, with the latter enriched in TE-related and putative virulence factors. P. portentosus displays genomic signatures of both ECM symbiosis (reduced lignocellulose-degrading enzymes) and saprotroph (expanded glycoside hydrolase 31 and sugar transporters), supporting a facultative ECM lifestyle. The expansion of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase pathways, alongside contraction of terpenoid clusters typical of ECM fungi, further indicated its adaptation to saprotroph. These findings highlight the role of TEs in driving genome plasticity, metabolic diversity, and nuclear divergence in P. portentosus, providing valuable genomic resources for this species.}, }
@article {pmid40917749, year = {2025}, author = {Fu, L and Wang, M and Li, D and Ma, S and Zhang, F and Zheng, L}, title = {Microbial metabolites short chain fatty acids, tight junction, gap junction, and reproduction: a review.}, journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology}, volume = {13}, number = {}, pages = {1624415}, pmid = {40917749}, issn = {2296-634X}, abstract = {The gut microbiota, comprising trillions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, exists in symbiosis with the host. As the largest microbial ecosystem in the human body. The gut microbiota not only shapes the homeostasis of the intestinal microenvironment through gut-derived metabolites but also exerts regulatory effects on the functions of diverse tissues and organs throughout the body via the intricate "gut-distal organ axis" mechanism. Short chain fatty acids, such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid are high abundance intestinal metabolites, not only influence the intestinal barrier by regulating tight junction proteins, but also affect intestinal peristalsis by regulating gap junction proteins. These microbial metabolites may also play a important role in the formation and maintenance of the key barriers of the reproductive system, such as the ovarian blood follicle barrier, the testicular blood-testis barrier, and the endometrial epithelial barrier. In reproductive system, Gap junction-mediated intercellular communication, facilitated by connexins, proves essential in germ cell maturation, embryo implantation, and spermatogenesis. The dysregulation of these microbial metabolites leading to abnormal tight junction and gap junction protein functions provides novel perspectives for understanding the pathogenesis of reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure. This review systematically elucidates the molecular networks through which short-chain fatty acids regulate tight and gap junction proteins, highlighting their potential roles in reproductive physiology.}, }
@article {pmid40916562, year = {2025}, author = {Sharoni, T and Jaimes-Becerra, A and Lewandowska, M and Aharoni, R and Voolstra, CR and Fine, M and Moran, Y}, title = {Heat Stress Drives Rapid Viral and Antiviral Innate Immunity Activation in Hexacorallia.}, journal = {Molecular ecology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70098}, doi = {10.1111/mec.70098}, pmid = {40916562}, issn = {1365-294X}, support = {863809//H2020 European Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {The class Hexacorallia, encompassing stony corals and sea anemones, plays a critical role in marine ecosystems. Coral bleaching, the disruption of the symbiosis between stony corals and zooxanthellate algae, is driven by seawater warming and further exacerbated by pathogenic microbes. However, how pathogens, especially viruses, contribute to accelerated bleaching remains poorly understood. Here the model sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is used to explore these dynamics by creating a transgenic line with a reporter gene regulated by sequences from two RIG-I-like receptor genes involved in antiviral responses. Under heat stress, the reporter genes showed significant upregulation. Further, transcriptomes from N. vectensis, Exaiptasia diaphana and the stony coral Stylophora pistillata were analysed to reveal stress-induced activation of a set of bona fide immune-related genes conserved between the three species. Population-specific differences in stress-induced transcriptional responses of immune-related genes were evident in both Nematostella and Stylophora, depending on geographic origin. In Exaiptasia, the presence of zooxanthellae also influenced stress-induced immune gene expression. To test whether the viruses themselves contribute to this immune response under stress, we subjected N. vectensis to heat stress and measured the transcription dynamics of resident viruses as well as selected antiviral genes. While the antiviral genes responded within hours of heat stress, viral gene expression was already upregulated within 30 min, suggesting that their increase might be contributing to the elevated immune response under stress, and consequentially, the further demise of organismal homeostasis. These findings highlight the interplay between environmental stress, viruses, immune responses and symbiotic states in Hexacorallia.}, }
@article {pmid40915801, year = {2025}, author = {Xue, H and Qiao, X and Du, L and Wang, L and Zhang, K and Li, D and Ji, J and Cui, J and Zhu, X and Luo, J and Gao, X}, title = {Host-microbe synergy in pesticide resilience: Rhodococcus-driven fitness compensation in chlorpyrifos-stressed Binodoxys communis.}, journal = {Pesticide biochemistry and physiology}, volume = {214}, number = {}, pages = {106609}, doi = {10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106609}, pmid = {40915801}, issn = {1095-9939}, mesh = {*Chlorpyrifos/pharmacology/toxicity ; Animals ; *Rhodococcus/physiology/drug effects ; *Insecticides/pharmacology/toxicity ; *Aphids/drug effects ; *Host Microbial Interactions/drug effects ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used organophosphate insecticide in cotton cultivation for controlling Aphis gossypii, has Binodoxys communis as the primary parasitic natural enemy of A. gossypii. This study evaluated the impact of two sub-lethal CPF concentrations (LC10 and LC30) on key biological parameters across two generations, transcriptomic responses, and symbiotic bacterial communities in B. communis. CPF exposure significantly reduced F1 generation survival by 39.89 % (LC10) and F2 generation survival by 33.31 % (LC30). Emergence rates were markedly decreased in both F1 (33.43 %) and F2 (19.86 %) generations under LC10 exposure. Furthermore, LC10 treatment significantly prolonged the F1 pre-pupal stage by 31.58 %. Short-term (1 h) CPF exposure markedly suppressed the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathways. Notably, CPF exposure (both 1 h and 3 days) resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Rhodococcus, suggesting a potential role of this bacterium in enhancing B. communis fitness under insecticide stress. Our findings not only inform the judicious application of CPF, but also identify molecular targets associated with energy and nutrient metabolism, while laying the groundwork for harnessing bacteria to enhance pesticide resistance in parasitoid wasps.}, }
@article {pmid40894694, year = {2025}, author = {Regan, MD and Chiang, E and Grahn, M and Tonelli, M and Assadi-Porter, FM and Suen, G and Carey, HV}, title = {Host-microbiome mutualism drives urea carbon salvage and acetogenesis during hibernation.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40894694}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {P41 GM103399/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P41 GM136463/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; P41 RR002301/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008349/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Hibernation is a seasonal survival strategy employed by certain mammals that, through torpor use, reduces overall energy expenditure and permits long-term fasting. Although fasting solves the challenge of winter food scarcity, it also removes dietary carbon, a critical biomolecular building block. Here, we demonstrate a process of urea carbon salvage (UCS) in hibernating 13-lined ground squirrels, whereby urea carbon is reclaimed through gut microbial ureolysis and used in reductive acetogenesis to produce acetate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) of major value to the host and its gut microbiota. We find that urea carbon incorporation into acetate is more efficient during hibernation than the summer active season, and that while both host and gut microbes oxidize acetate for energy supply throughout the year, the host's ability to absorb and oxidize acetate is highest during hibernation. Metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome indicates that genes involved in the degradation of gut mucins, an abundant endogenous nutrient, are retained during hibernation. The hydrogen disposal associated with reductive acetogenesis from urea carbon helps facilitate this mucin degradation by providing a luminal environment that sustains fermentation, thereby generating SCFAs and other metabolites usable by both the host and its gut microbes. Our findings introduce UCS as a mechanism that enables hibernating squirrels and their gut microbes to exploit two key endogenous nutrient sources - urea and mucins - in the resource-limited hibernation season.}, }
@article {pmid40919466, year = {2025}, author = {Lian, J and Zou, D and Trebuch, LM and Duan, C and Li, M}, title = {Exploring the interactions between algae and archaea.}, journal = {Marine life science &amp; technology}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {450-465}, pmid = {40919466}, issn = {2662-1746}, abstract = {Algae and archaea co-exist in diverse aquatic ecosystems and play a significant role in ecological functions and biogeochemical cycles. Compared to well-studied algal-bacterial interactions, there is a lack of information on algal-archaeal interactions and how their interactions affect their physiological fitness and nutrient cycles in either artificial cultivation systems or natural environments. The vast archaeal biodiversity, as indicated by genomic sequencing and computational approaches, has stimulated great interest in exploring uncultivated archaea to expand our knowledge of algae-archaea symbiosis. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on the diversity of algae-associated archaea and their (putative) symbiotic interactions, highlight the effects of algal-archaeal interactions on biogeochemical cycles and extend such knowledge to facilitate novel archaeal isolation and a broad range of algae-based biotechnological applications.}, }
@article {pmid40915677, year = {2025}, author = {Costa, FF and Lustosa, BPR and Perico, CP and Belmonte-Lopes, R and Carvalho, JLVR and Razzolini, EL and Santos, GDD and Lima, BJFS and Souza-Motta, CM and Raittz, RT and Song, Y and Selbmann, L and de Hoog, GS and Meis, J and Vicente, VA}, title = {In silico search reveals the association of lichens with black yeast-like fungi in the order Chaetothyriales.}, journal = {Fungal biology}, volume = {129}, number = {6}, pages = {101618}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101618}, pmid = {40915677}, issn = {1878-6146}, mesh = {*Lichens/microbiology/classification ; *Ascomycota/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Metagenomics ; Symbiosis ; Phylogeny ; Computer Simulation ; Metagenome ; }, abstract = {Lichens exemplify a unique symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, where fungi (mycobionts) provide structural support, while algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts) provide nutrients. Recent discoveries in the order Chaetothyriales have led to the description of several lichenicolous species, underscoring an intricate relationship of some black yeast-like fungi with lichens. The present study aims to investigate public metagenomic data of lichens available in the SRA database, covering a total of 2888 samples. The analysis incorporated 122 molecular marker sequences (barcodes and padlock probes) previously documented in the literature for species classified within Chaetothyriales. Additionally, 11 novel barcodes for species recently identified in lichens of the genera Cladophialophora and Paracladophialophora are described. The selected metagenomes were then compared with molecular marker sequences using local BLASTn (v2.6.0+), considering only alignments with a coverage cut-off and 100 % identity (perfect match). Reads from each sample were retrieved from the SRA as a multifasta file and analyzed with the SWeeP method for vector-based, alignment-free sequence analysis. The analysis identified fungi that are known as environmental inhabitants and, occasionally, opportunistic pathogens of vertebrates, including species in the genera Cladophialophora, Cyphellophora, and Exophiala. These species were distributed across 11 BioProjects from various locations around the world. The findings of this study corroborate extant knowledge concerning fungal colonization in diverse extremophilic environments, including deserts, tundra, and rocky surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid40915132, year = {2025}, author = {Shu, P and Zhao, L and Wen, X and Wei, Z and Yuan, C and Liu, H and Zhang, X and Long, X and He, Q and Li, W}, title = {Iron oxide-mediated enhancement of extracellular electron transfer and symbiosis in consortium of electroactive bacteria and microalgae for wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {287}, number = {Pt B}, pages = {124516}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124516}, pmid = {40915132}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {This study explores the role of α-Fe2O3 in improving extracellular electron transfer (EET) and symbiotic interactions between electroactive Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, its gene-deficient mutants (ΔmtrC, ΔomcA, and ΔcymA), and microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris). The iron oxide facilitates the efficient transfer of electrons generated by MR-1 to microalgal photosystem via the pathway of CymA-MtrC-OmcA to α-Fe2O3. This process enhances the removals of TOC, TN, and NH4[+]-N in the MR-1 bacterial-algal consortium by 9.99%, 12.32%, and 52.25% respectively via OmcA regulation while boosting phosphorus removal by 16.27% through CymA regulation. The consortium exhibits 26.76% lower CO2 emission and 62.93% higher biomass productivity. When integrated into microbial fuel cells with ΔcymA mutants, α-Fe2O3 elevates open-circuit voltage by 283.33%, confirming its ability to compensate for electron deficiencies caused by CymA defects. α-Fe2O3 enhances energy metabolisms (TCA cycle, quinone pool, and photosynthesis) to modulate the key metabolites including starch/sucrose, glycolysis, amino acids, lipids, and quorum sensing. These adaptations strengthen the symbiotic interactions and utilization of MR-1 bacterial-algal consortium for carbon and nutrients. Reactor experiments validate that α-Fe2O3 integration with the consortium achieves 93.43% COD removal and 55.99% NH4[+]-N removal, while reducing N2O emissions by 61.37%. The results reveal the interplay between OmcA, CymA, and iron oxides in optimizing bacterial-algal consortia and underscore the molecular mechanisms underlying iron oxide-enhanced EET for developing low-carbon, resource-efficient wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40915025, year = {2025}, author = {Ortiz, J and Sanhueza, C and Romero-Munar, A and Sierra, S and Palma, F and Aroca, R and de la Peña, TC and López-Gómez, M and Bascuñán-Godoy, L and Del-Saz, NF}, title = {Nitrogen source and availability associate to mitochondrial respiratory pathways and symbiotic function in Lotus japonicus.}, journal = {Journal of plant physiology}, volume = {314}, number = {}, pages = {154606}, doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154606}, pmid = {40915025}, issn = {1618-1328}, abstract = {Legumes form symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, well studied metabolically but less so in terms of respiration. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation demands high respiratory ATP and carbon skeletons, linking nitrogen assimilation and both NADH- and ATP-dependent process to mitochondrial respiration. The plant mitochondrial electron transport chain contains two terminal oxidases that differentially fractionate against [18]O, providing estimations in vivo of the energy efficiency of respiration. The regulation of N2 fixation by plant respiratory parameters remains unknown. To investigate the regulatory interactions of these two metabolic processes, we tested the effect of different plant N status and sources on respiratory parameters and nutrition in Lotus japonicus. Plants were grown with two levels of KNO3 fertilization (5 mM and 25 mM) and with the N2 fixing symbiotic bacteria Mesorhizobium loti, which induced the formation of root nodules (NP). Additionally, we characterized roots containing non-fixing nodules by growing plants that display spontaneous nodule formation (snf) (SNF). We evaluated the natural abundances of [13]C and [15]N, and [18]O discrimination during respiration in leaves and roots using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. NADH and nutrient content were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. We observed that cytochrome c oxidase activity was higher in nodulated roots capable of nitrogen fixation than in plants fertilized with high availability of nitrate, and that nitrogen status strongly associates to respiratory parameters. These findings highlight the role of cytochrome c oxidase in meeting the carbon and energy demands of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid40914954, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, Y and Wu, Y and Chang, P and Li, P and Hu, S and Liu, L}, title = {Mycorrhizal Network and Symbiotic N-Fixer Jointly Enhance the Interplant Nitrogen Sharing.}, journal = {Ecology letters}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {e70204}, doi = {10.1111/ele.70204}, pmid = {40914954}, issn = {1461-0248}, support = {2022YFF1301701//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32125025//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32330066//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Symbiosis ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; *Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria/physiology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) enhance nitrogen (N) acquisition in host plants and may promote N transfer to neighbouring plants through mycorrhizal networks (MN). Nevertheless, the extent and mechanisms of this transfer remain unclear. On the basis of a synthesis of [15]N labeling studies, we show that MN and NFB synergistically enhanced interplant N sharing. In the presence of MN, N transfer from N-fixing donors to non-N-fixing receivers increased by an average of 9.7-fold, accounting for 5.61% of the total N in receiver plants. Moreover, greater amounts of N were transferred from N-fixing plants towards their phylogenetically distant plants. Source-sink gradients driven by differences in N content between neighbouring plants further promoted N transfer. Together, our findings highlight the ecological significance of an expanded MN framework in explaining interplant N sharing and provide new insights into how symbiotic guild interactions promote species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance.}, }
@article {pmid40914099, year = {2025}, author = {Havlik, MN and Geraldi, NR and Hopkins, LW and Hubert, J and Chapuis, L and Gaffney, LP and Wilson, RP and Simpson, SD and Juanes, FJ and Duarte, CM}, title = {Boat noise alters behaviour of two coral reef macroinvertebrates, Lambis lambis and Tridacna maxima.}, journal = {Marine pollution bulletin}, volume = {222}, number = {Pt 1}, pages = {118650}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118650}, pmid = {40914099}, issn = {1879-3363}, abstract = {Boat noise has been shown to distract and cause harm to many marine organisms. Most of the study effort has focused on fish &amp; marine mammals, even though invertebrates represent over 92 % of all marine life. The few studies conducted on invertebrates have demonstrated clear negative effects of anthropogenic noise pollution. The small giant clam Tridacna maxima and the spider conch Lambis lambis are two invertebrate species which play key roles in coral reef ecosystems, and are little studied for the effects of noise disturbance. T. maxima functions as prey for many fish species, contributes up to 9 % of the reef's calcium carbonate budget, and plays a role in nutrient cycling. The herbivorous strombid L. lambis can occur in large numbers on reef flats and is prey for other snails and several elasmobranchs. Using two case study reefs, we show that both boat noise and biotic sounds are prominent sound sources in Red Sea reef habitats. In-situ controlled exposure experiments were conducted on two shallow central Red Sea reefs, where Daily Diary smart tags were used to measure the reactions of T. maxima and L. lambis during underwater playback of boat noise and ambient reef sound. Both macroinvertebrates exhibited behavioral changes during the boat noise treatment. Our results suggest that L. lambis and T. maxima individuals may spend energy averting the invisible "threat" of boat noise, rather than feeding or staying open for symbiotic algae to perform photosynthesis, in the case of T. maxima. As boat noise is prevalent on Red Sea reefs, invertebrates may be affected on a large scale in the Red Sea.}, }
@article {pmid40913714, year = {2025}, author = {Lopes, MR and Direito, R and Guiguer, EL and Catharin, VCS and Zutin, TLM and Rubira, CJ and Catharin, VMCS and Sloan, KP and Sloan, LA and Junior, JLY and Laurindo, LF and Barbalho, SM and de Alvares Goulart, R}, title = {Bridging the Gut Microbiota and the Brain, Kidney, and Cardiovascular Health: The Role of Probiotics.}, journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40913714}, issn = {1867-1314}, abstract = {The symbiosis between intestinal bacteria and the human body's physiological processes can modulate health. The intestinal microbiota is linked to the development of neurotrophic factors; therefore, it is increasingly related to the modulation of nervous system pathologies. Moreover, microbiota can interfere with inflammation and oxidative stress, which are closely linked to cardiovascular risk factors and several other inflammatory conditions, such as kidney and neurodegenerative diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that help regulate and maintain healthy microbiota; thus, they can help prevent these diseases. Due to these reasons, this review aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics on the gut, kidneys, brain, and heart homeostasis. Clinical trials showed several positive results with the treatment. In the brain, probiotics reduce depressive symptoms (decreases in HAMA, GAD-7, and BDI-II scales), improving patients' sleep quality and fatigue, enhancing cognitive subscales while slowing brain atrophy, and reducing IL-6 levels in the central areas, also modulating REM delta power to reduce high-frequency brain waves. Probiotics can also reduce cardiovascular risk factors, such as inflammation. Probiotics can also benefit the heart by decreasing TMAO, LDL-c, TG, CRP, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, and urea levels, improving dyslipidemia and toxin profiles. Probiotics also increase HDL-c, ApoE, and insulin sensitivity, decreasing BMI, body fat, and the risk of developing chronic hyperglycemia while increasing lean mass. Besides, probiotic supplementation helped reduce toxic uremic toxins (serum urea) and sodium levels, bringing benefits to the kidneys, and improve energy/amino acid metabolism. Probiotics can also modulate and enhance kidney function due to decreased pro-inflammatory TGFβ-1 and TNF-α levels and RUNX2. Furthermore, enhanced gastrointestinal motility and diversity have been reported using specific bacteria. Although probiotics can bring several health benefits, there are still challenges regarding these supplements, such as dose, frequency, and pharmaceutical formula. Therefore, new studies are welcome to deepen the understanding of these microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid40913463, year = {2025}, author = {Mostafa, KM and Cheng, YH and Chu, LW and Nguyen, PT and Liu, CJ and Liao, CW and Posch, T and Leu, JY}, title = {Environment-dependent mutualism-parasitism transitions in the incipient symbiosis between Tetrahymena utriculariae and Micractinium tetrahymenae.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf203}, pmid = {40913463}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Mutualistic endosymbiosis is a cornerstone of evolutionary innovation, enabling organisms to exploit diverse niches unavailable to individual species. However, our knowledge about the early evolutionary stage of this relationship remains limited. The association between the ciliate Tetrahymena utriculariae and its algal endosymbiont Micractinium tetrahymenae indicates an incipient stage of photoendosymbiosis. Although T. utriculariae cells rely on endosymbiotic algae to grow in low-oxygen conditions, they gradually lose the endosymbionts in oxic conditions. In this study, comparative phylogenomics revealed accelerated evolution in mitochondrial DNA and nucleus-encoded mitochondrial genes in T. utriculariae. Symbiotic cells displayed elongated mitochondria that interacted intimately with endosymbionts. Inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation reduced host fitness but increased the endosymbiont population. Time-series transcriptomics revealed physiological fine-tuning of the host across day-night cycles, highlighting symbiosis-associated regulatory adjustments. Endosymbiotic algae downregulated photosynthesis-related genes compared with free-living cells, which correlated with reduced chlorophyll content, suggesting a shift toward host resource exploitation to compensate for diminished photosynthetic capacity. Under oxic conditions, symbiotic T. utriculariae cells exhibited lower fitness than aposymbiotic cells. Our results demonstrate that incipient endosymbioses employ mitochondrial remodeling and endosymbiont metabolic reprogramming to actively regulate transitions between mutualistic and parasitic states, revealing how symbiotic partnerships navigate environmental pressures during their incipient stage of evolutionary establishment.}, }
@article {pmid40913088, year = {2025}, author = {Chandola, U and Manirakiza, E and Maillard, M and Lavier Aydat, LJ and Camuel, A and Trottier, C and Tanaka, A and Chaumier, T and Giraud, E and Tirichine, L}, title = {A Bradyrhizobium isolate from a marine diatom induces nitrogen-fixing nodules in a terrestrial legume.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40913088}, issn = {2058-5276}, abstract = {Biological nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, essential to the global nitrogen cycle. While cyanobacterial diazotrophs are well characterized, recent studies have revealed a broad distribution of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) in marine environments, although their study is limited by poor cultivability. Here we report a previously uncharacterized Bradyrhizobium isolated from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phylogenomic analysis places the strain within photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium, suggesting evolutionary adaptations to marine and terrestrial niches. Average nucleotide identity supports its classification as a previously undescribed species. Remarkably, inoculation experiments showed that the isolate induced nitrogen-fixing nodules in the Aeschynomene indica legume, pointing to symbiotic capabilities across ecological boundaries. Pangenome analysis and metabolic predictions indicate that this isolate shares more features with terrestrial photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium than with marine NCDs. Overall, these findings suggest that symbiotic interactions could evolve across different ecological niches, and raise questions about the evolution of nitrogen fixation and microbe-host interactions.}, }
@article {pmid40911574, year = {2025}, author = {Chang, ACG and Amaral, MWW and Greenwood, M and Ikudaisi, C and Li, J and Hamsher, SE and Miller, S and Kociolek, P}, title = {Evolutionary dynamics in plastomes and mitogenomes of diatoms.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {9}, pages = {e0331749}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0331749}, pmid = {40911574}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {*Diatoms/genetics/classification ; *Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Phylogeny ; Pseudogenes ; }, abstract = {Diatoms are pivotal in global oxygen, carbon dioxide, and silica cycling, contributing significantly to photosynthesis and serving as fundamental components in aquatic ecosystems. Recent advancements in genomic sequencing have shed light on their evolutionary dynamics, revealing evolutionary complex genomes influenced by symbiotic relationships and horizontal gene transfer events. By analyzing publicly available sequences for 120 plastomes and 70 mitogenomes, this paper aims to elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of diatoms across diverse lineages. Gene losses and pseudogenes were more frequently observed in plastomes compared with mitogenomes. Overall, gene losses were particularly abundant in the plastomes of Astrosyne radiata, Toxarium undulatum, and Proboscia sp. Frequently lost and pseudogenized genes were acpP, ilv, serC, tsf, tyrC, ycf42 and bas1. In mitogenomes, mttB, secY and tatA genes were lost repeatedly across several diatom taxa. Analysis of nucleotide substitution rates indicated that, in general, mitogenomes were evolving at a more rapid rate compared to plastomes. This is contrary to what was observed in synteny analyses, where plastomes exhibited more structural rearrangements than mitogenomes, with the exception of the genus Coscinodiscus and one group of species within Thalassiosira.}, }
@article {pmid40911442, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, J and Yang, S and Li, S and Yue, X and Jin, T and Yang, X and Zhang, K and Yang, Q and Liu, T and Zhao, S and Gai, J and Li, Y}, title = {Editing a gibberellin receptor gene improves yield and nitrogen fixation in soybean.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jipb.70026}, pmid = {40911442}, issn = {1744-7909}, support = {32372192//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; JBGS-2021-014//Core Technology Development for Breeding Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; BM2024005//Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Soybean Biotechnology and Intelligent Breeding/ ; }, abstract = {Soybean is an important source of oil, protein, and feed. However, its yield is far below that of major cereal crops. The green revolution increased the yield of cereal crops partially through high-density planting of lodging-resistant semi-dwarf varieties, but required more nitrogen fertilizers, posing an environmental threat. Genes that can improve nitrogen use efficiency need to be integrated into semi-dwarf varieties to avoid the overuse of fertilizers without the loss of dwarfism. Unlike cereal crops, soybean can assimilate atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic bacteria. Here, we created new alleles of GmGID1-2 (Glycine max GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1-2) using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) editing, which improved soybean architecture, yield, seed oil content, and nitrogen fixation, by regulation of important pathways and known genes related to branching, lipid metabolism, and nodule symbiosis. GmGID1-2 knockout reduced plant height, and increased stem diameter and strength, number of branches, nodes on the primary stem, pods, and seeds per plant, leading to an increase in seed weight per plant and yield in soybean. The nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity, and nitrogen content were also improved in GmGID1-2 knockout soybean lines, which is novel compared with the semi-dwarf genes in cereal crops. No loss-of-function allele for GmGID1-2 was identified in soybean germplasm and the edited GmGID1-2s are superior to the natural alleles, suggesting the GmGID1-2 knockout mutants generated in this study are valuable genetic resources to further improve soybean yield and seed oil content in future breeding programs. This study illustrates the pleiotropic functions of the GID1 knockout alleles with positive effects on plant architecture, yield, and nitrogen fixation in soybean, which provides a promising strategy toward sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid40911291, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, G and Yue, Y and Tu, L and Liu, Q and Zhang, Q and Shang, K}, title = {Responses of microbial communities during oilseed plant-based phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.}, journal = {Journal of applied microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jambio/lxaf226}, pmid = {40911291}, issn = {1365-2672}, abstract = {AIMS: Phytoremediation is an effective method of remediating soils contaminated with heavy metals. However, it has some limitations in practical applications with regard to rare plant species, poor environmental adaptability, and long growth cycles. The dynamic response mechanisms of soil microbial communities during phytoremediation are still unclear, which restricts the optimization and promotion of this approach.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: No ethical approval was required for this study. In this study, soil bacterial, fungal, and archaeal communities during the remediation of Cu-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils with five industrial oilseed plants (Xanthium strumarium (XS), Bidens pilosa (BP), Kosteletzkya virginica (KV), Sesbania cannabina (SC), and Commelina communis (CC)) were analyzed using metagenome sequencing. Compared with soil contaminated with heavy metals, remediation through five industrial oilseed plants significantly reduced the content of heavy metals in the soil, with soil Cu, Pb, and Zn decreasing by 44.01%, 46.32%, and 27.62%, respectively, and WSCu, WSPb, and WSZn content decreasing by 28.23%, 50.68%, and 75.26%, respectively. Microbial diversity analysis showed that phytoremediation significantly affected the soil microbial communities, with a significant decrease in archaeal diversity. Variation partitioning analysis and Mantel tests revealed that heavy metals and soil physicochemical properties significantly affected microbial communities, and heavy metals exerted stronger effects on archaeal communities. Meanwhile, soil contaminated with heavy metals was mainly dominated by fungal-fungal interactions, whereas phytoremediation increased the complexity of microbial symbiotic networks.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Collectively, these results provide fundamental insights into the microbial community structure during phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil, which may aid in the bioregulation of phytoremediation.}, }
@article {pmid40911260, year = {2025}, author = {Irum, S and Cilkiz, M and Al-Kubaisi, N and Elshikh, MS and Iqbal, R}, title = {Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of the chitinase gene family in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for fungal stress resistance.}, journal = {Molecular biology reports}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {871}, pmid = {40911260}, issn = {1573-4978}, mesh = {*Cicer/genetics/microbiology/enzymology ; *Chitinases/genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics ; *Disease Resistance/genetics ; Stress, Physiological/genetics ; Fusarium/pathogenicity ; Plant Diseases/microbiology/genetics ; Multigene Family ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; Genome, Plant ; }, abstract = {Chitinases, enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing chitin, a significant component of fungal cell walls, play a crucial role in plant defense mechanisms, growth, symbiotic relationships, and stress resistance. In this study, we identified 27 chitinase genes in chickpeas (CaChi) and classified them into five classes based on phylogenetic analysis. Overall, chitinase genes are clustered on eight chromosomes. Among these chromosomes (Chr), Chr-2 displayed the maximum number of genes. Meanwhile, promoter analysis revealed that cis-elements are involved in responses to phytohormones, biotic stress, plant growth, and development. Tissue-based expression analysis indicated that CaChi genes are predominantly expressed in the seedling and floral parts. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that CaChi genes play diverse roles in plant-environment interactions. Notably, several CaChi members were strongly induced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. and fourteen genes (CaChi20, CaChi25, CaChi11, CaChi3, CaChi16, CaChi14, CaChi1, CaChi4, CaChi5, CaChi8, CaChi9, CaChi21, CaChi18, CaChi13) exhibited elevated expression levels after post-inoculation, depicting a significant function of Chi genes in chickpea resistance to Fusarium wilt. These findings enhance understanding of the chitinase family in chickpea crops and clarify the functions of chickpea chitinase in response to fungal stress.}, }
@article {pmid40910153, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, M and Raisin, A and Judkins, N and Allard, PM and Défossez, E and Stumpe, M and Yruela, I and Becana, M and Reinhardt, D}, title = {Inhibition of rhizobial cheaters by the host Medicago truncatula involves repression of symbiotic functions and induction of defense.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70494}, pmid = {40910153}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033//Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog&#xed;a e Innovaci&#xf3;n/ ; 310030_200367//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&#xf6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; E35_23R//Gobierno de Arag&#xf3;n/ ; }, abstract = {In symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, the host invests considerable amounts of resources in the microbial partner. If the microbe does not reciprocate with a comparable symbiotic benefit, it is regarded as a cheater. The host responds to cheaters with negative feedback mechanisms (sanctions) to prevent fitness deficits resulting from being exploited. We study sanctioning in the symbiosis between Medicago truncatula and the nitrogen-fixing rhizobium Sinorhizobium meliloti. We manipulated the exchange of resources between the partners in three ways: by using mutant rhizobia defective in nitrogenase; replacing nitrogen in the atmosphere with argon gas; and supplying rich nitrogen fertilizer to the host. We follow the consequences of simulated cheating by examining the metabolome and proteome of both partners. We find that sanctioning occurs at multiple levels. In particular, we observe repression of essential symbiotic functions and changes in central metabolism that are likely to be relevant for microbial fitness and that could therefore contribute to sanctioning. In addition, sanctioning triggers a broad panel of defense markers. A thorough understanding of the multilevel phenomenon of sanctioning will be essential for its genetic dissection and for the breeding of elite legume crops with efficient symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40909766, year = {2025}, author = {Bruzzese, DJ and Gstöttenmayer, F and Weiss, BL and Khalil, H and Mach, R and Abd-Alla, AMM and Aksoy, S}, title = {Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of the Spiroplasma glossinidia strain sGff reveal insights into host interaction and trypanosome resistance in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes.}, journal = {Research square}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-7295611/v1}, pmid = {40909766}, issn = {2693-5015}, abstract = {Tsetse (Glossina spp.) are vectors of African trypanosomes, the causative agents of Human and African Animal trypanosomiases, diseases that remain significant medical and socioeconomic challenges in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to trypanosomes, tsetse harbor both obligate and facultative symbiotic bacteria that can influence vector competence and reproductive biology. One such facultative symbiont, Spiroplasma glossinidia , infects several tsetse species within the Palpalis subgroup. In Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff), the Spiroplasma glossinidia strain s Gff induces a trypanosome-refractory phenotype and negatively impacts reproductive fitness by reducing female fecundity. However, the mechanisms behind these Spiroplasma -derived phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we report successful in vitro cultivation of s Gff and present complete genomes from three sources: in vitro cultured s Gff and s Gff isolated from both laboratory-maintained and wild-caught (Uganda) Gff flies. Comparative genomic analyses revealed a high degree of similarity in gene content and synteny among these s Gff samples, confirming that they represent isolates of the same strain. Phylogenomic analyses placed s Gff within the Spiroplasma poulsonii clade. The s Gff genome is highly dynamic, containing numerous mobile genetic elements. Additionally, in silico annotations indicate that s Gff relies on its host for both lipids and carbohydrates and produces several toxins, all of which could be implicated in the observed trypanosome refractory phenotype. Finally, comparative transcriptomic analysis of s Gff from host hemolymph versus in vitro culture provided insights into potential factors relevant to host-symbiont interactions. Our findings provide a foundation for understanding the nutritional dialogue between s Gff and its host and identify symbiotic products that may contribute to trypanosome resistance. Furthermore, the establishment of an in vitro culture system for s Gff represents a significant resource for future functional studies with potential implications for vector control.}, }
@article {pmid40908936, year = {2025}, author = {Oguchi, K and Munakata, M and Hiruta, C and Kakui, K}, title = {Intracellular Localization of the Bacterial Endosymbiont Cardinium in the Ostracod Heterocypris spadix.}, journal = {Zoological science}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2108/zs250018}, pmid = {40908936}, issn = {0289-0003}, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Crustacea/microbiology ; Female ; *Bacteroidetes/physiology ; }, abstract = {Symbiosis is a key driver of evolution in life-history traits and reproductive strategies. Some symbiotic microorganisms manipulate host reproduction to enhance their own transmission, a phenomenon well studied in insects but less understood in crustaceans. Among these microorganisms, Cardinium manipulates host reproductive systems, such as parthenogenesis, cytoplasmic incompatibility, and male killing in arthropods. However, its role in ostracods, small bivalve-shelled crustaceans, remains unclear. Some ostracod species reproduce via parthenogenesis, and high Cardinium infection rates in these lineages suggest a potential link between the symbiont and asexual reproduction. To investigate this relationship, we examined Cardinium localization in the parthenogenetic ostracod Heterocypris spadix from Japan. Using tissue clearing and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we visualized Cardinium within the ovaries. FISH observations revealed a widespread infection across the germarium, nurse cells, and oocytes. In early-stage oocytes, bacteria were evenly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, whereas in more-developed oocytes, they clustered around the nucleus. Additionally, Cardinium was also detected in the hepatopancreas, indicating infection of both the reproductive and digestive systems. The presence of Cardinium in host reproductive structures, particularly the germarium, nurse cells, and developing oocytes, suggests its role in reproductive manipulation. To our knowledge, this study provides the first detailed localization of Cardinium in ostracods, reinforcing its potential influence on reproduction. Future research using antibiotics and genomic analysis will be crucial to confirm Cardinium's role in parthenogenesis induction.}, }
@article {pmid40908830, year = {2025}, author = {Yamlahi, YE and Remmal, I and Maurady, A and Britel, MR and Bakali, AH and Mokhtar, NB and Galiatsatos, I and Stathopoulou, P and Tsiamis, G}, title = {Characterization of the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) microbiome across diverse geographic regions of Morocco.}, journal = {Insect science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1744-7917.70126}, pmid = {40908830}, issn = {1744-7917}, support = {22662//International Atomic Energy Agency/ ; }, abstract = {The olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) is a significant pest threatening olive production worldwide. Bactrocera oleae relies on symbiotic bacteria for nutrition, development, and adaptation to its environment. Among these, Candidatus Erwinia dacicola is the most dominant symbiont and plays a key role in the fly's physiology and ecological adaptation. Understanding the dynamics between B. oleae, Ca. E. dacicola, and other components of the B. oleae microbiome is essential for developing effective targeted area-wide pest management strategies. This study aims to leverage full 16S rRNA gene sequencing to enhance the characterization of microbiome diversity in wild B. oleae populations from different regions in Morocco: Ouezzane, Rabat, Tanger, Errachidia, and Beni-Mellal. The results revealed distinct microbiome compositions influenced by geographic locations, with Candidatus Erwinia dacicola as the dominant symbiont, followed by Erwinia persicina as a secondary contributor. Other bacterial taxa, including Asaia bogorensis, were also identified, highlighting the functional diversity within the olive fly microbiome. These findings provide insights into the microbial ecology of B. oleae, contributing to the development and enhancement of sustainable pest control strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40908814, year = {2025}, author = {Afonso, GVF and Johnson, GD and Collins, R and Pastana, MNL}, title = {Associations between fishes (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) and anthozoans (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in epipelagic waters based on in situ records.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.70214}, pmid = {40908814}, issn = {1095-8649}, abstract = {We formally describe the association of fishes and anthozoans in epipelagic waters, extending this relationship to beyond the benthos. In situ observations and photographs of Aluterus schoepfii, Ariomma regulus, Caranx cf. latus and Brama spp. swimming alongside or holding larval tube anemones (Cerianthidae and Arachnactidae) and larval zoanthids (Sphenopidae) were made during blackwater SCUBA dives off Palm Beach, Florida, USA, and off Punaauia, Tahiti, French Polynesia. We report and illustrate the behaviour of these interactions, and suggest an advantage for the anthozoans.}, }
@article {pmid40908282, year = {2025}, author = {Nishida, H and Itakura, M and Win, KT and Li, F and Kakizaki, K and Suzuki, A and Ohkubo, S and Duc, LV and Sugawara, M and Takahashi, K and Shenton, M and Masuda, S and Shibata, A and Shirasu, K and Fujisawa, Y and Tsubokura, M and Akiyama, H and Shimoda, Y and Minamisawa, K and Imaizumi-Anraku, H}, title = {Genetic design of soybean hosts and bradyrhizobial endosymbionts reduces N2O emissions from soybean rhizosphere.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {8023}, pmid = {40908282}, issn = {2041-1723}, support = {JPNP18016//New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)/ ; }, mesh = {*Glycine max/genetics/microbiology/metabolism ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Nitrous Oxide/metabolism ; *Rhizosphere ; *Bradyrhizobium/genetics/physiology ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Soil Microbiology ; Rhizobium/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Soybeans fix atmospheric N2 through symbiosis with rhizobia. The relationship between rhizobia and soybeans, particularly those with high nitrous oxide (N2O)-reducing (N2OR) activities, can be leveraged to reduce N2O emissions from agricultural soils. However, inoculating soybeans with these rhizobia under field conditions often fails because of the competition from indigenous rhizobia that possess low or no N2OR activity. In this work, we utilize natural incompatibility systems between soybean and rhizobia to address this challenge. Specifically, Rj2 and GmNNL1 inhibit certain rhizobial infections in response to NopP, an effector protein. By combining a soybean line with a hybrid accumulation of the Rj2 and GmNNL1 genes and bradyrhizobia lacking the nopP gene, we develop a soybean-bradyrhizobial symbiosis system in which strains with high N2OR activity predominantly infect. Our optimize symbiotic system substantially reduces N2O emissions in field and laboratory tests, presenting a promising approach for sustainable agricultural practices.}, }
@article {pmid40906400, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, Q and Wang, Z and Shen, Z and Li, W and Luo, K and Qin, Q and Li, S and Gu, Q}, title = {Microbiome Diversity and Dynamics in Lotus-Fish Co-Culture Versus Intensive Pond Systems: Implications for Sustainable Aquaculture.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14081092}, pmid = {40906400}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2023YFD2400902//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2023YFD2401605//National Key Research and Development Plan Program/ ; 23B0073//Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department/ ; }, abstract = {The lotus-fish co-culture (LFC) system leverages plant-fish symbiosis to optimize aqua-culture environments, enhancing both economic and ecological yields. However, the eco-logical mechanisms of microbial communities in LFC systems remain poorly understood, particularly regarding the functional roles of fungi, archaea, and viruses. This study compared microbiota (viruses, archaea, fungi) in water, sediment, and fish (crucian carp) gut of LFC and intensive pond culture (IPC) systems using integrated metagenomic and environmental analyses. Results demonstrated that LFC significantly reduced concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and nitrite nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand in water, and organic matter and total nitrogen in sediment compared to IPC. Community diversity analysis, LefSe, and KEGG annotation revealed suppressed viral diversity in LFC, yet increased complexity and stability of intestinal virus communities compared to IPC. Archaeal and functional analyses revealed significantly enhanced ammonia oxidation and OM decomposition in LFC versus IPC, promoting methane metabolism equilibrium and sediment organic matter decomposition. Moreover, crucian carp intestines in LFC harbored abundant Methanobacteria, which contributed to maintaining a low hydrogen partial pressure, suppressing facultative anaerobes and reducing intestinal infection risk. The abundance of fungi in sediment and crucian carp intestine in LFC was significantly higher than that in IPC, showing higher ecological self-purification ability and sustainability potential in LFC. Collectively, LFC's optimized archaeal-fungal networks strengthened host immunity and environmental resilience, while viral community suppression reduced pathogen risks. These findings elucidate microbiome-driven mechanisms underlying LFC's ecological advantages, providing a framework for designing sustainable aquaculture systems through microbial community modulation.}, }
@article {pmid40906396, year = {2025}, author = {Makwarela, TG and Seoraj-Pillai, N and Nangammbi, TC}, title = {Exploring the Molluscan Microbiome: Diversity, Function, and Ecological Implications.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14081086}, pmid = {40906396}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Mollusks are among the most ecologically and economically significant invertebrates; yet, their associated microbiomes remain understudied relative to those of other metazoans. This scoping review synthesizes the current literature on the diversity, composition, functional roles, and ecological implications of molluscan microbiomes, with an emphasis on three major groups: gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods. Drawing on studies from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems, we identified the dominant bacterial phyla, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, and explored how microbiota vary across different habitats, diets, tissue types, and host taxonomies. We examined the contribution of molluscan microbiomes to host functions, including digestion, immune modulation, stress responses, and nutrient cycling. Particular attention was given to the role of microbiota in shell formation, pollutant degradation, and adaptation to environmental stressors. The review also evaluated microbial interactions at different developmental stages and under aquaculture conditions. Factors influencing microbiome assembly, such as the host's genetics, life history traits, and environmental exposure, were mapped using conceptual and graphical tools. Applications of molluscan microbiome research in aquaculture, conservation biology, and environmental biomonitoring are highlighted. However, inconsistencies in the sampling methods, taxonomic focus, and functional annotations limit the generalizability across taxa. We identify key knowledge gaps and propose future directions, including the use of meta-omics, standardized protocols, and experimental validation to deepen insights. By synthesizing emerging findings, this review contributes to a growing framework for understanding mollusk-microbiome interactions and their relevance to host fitness and ecosystem health. It further establishes the importance of mollusks as model systems for advancing microbiome science.}, }
@article {pmid40906361, year = {2025}, author = {Alcantar-Orozco, EJ and Hernández-Elizárraga, VH and Vega-Tamayo, JE and Ibarra-Alvarado, C and Caballero-Pérez, J and Rodríguez de San Miguel, E and Rojas-Molina, A}, title = {Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Non-Bleached and Bleached Fragments of the Hydrocoral Millepora complanata Reveals Stress Response Signatures Following the 2015-2016 ENSO Event in the Mexican Caribbean.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14081042}, pmid = {40906361}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {The hydrocoral Millepora complanata (fire coral) plays a critical role in reef structure and relies on a symbiotic relationship with Symbiodiniaceae algae. Environmental stressors derived from climate change, such as UV radiation and elevated temperatures, disrupt this symbiosis, leading to bleaching and threatening reef survival. To gain insight into the thermal stress response of this reef-building hydrocoral, this study investigates the proteomic response of M. complanata to bleaching during the 2015-2016 El Niño event. Fragments from non-bleached and bleached colonies of the hydrocoral M. complanata were collected from a coral reef in the Mexican Caribbean, and proteomic extracts were analyzed using nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS). Uni- and multivariate analyses were applied to identify significant differences in protein abundance. A total of 52 proteins showed differential abundance, including 24 that showed increased expression and 28 whose expression decreased in bleached fragments. Differentially abundant proteins were associated with amino acid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, cytoskeleton organization, DNA repair, extracellular matrix composition, redox homeostasis, and protein modification. These molecular alterations reflect critical physiological adaptations that may influence stress sensitivity or tolerance in hydrocorals. The findings indicate that heat stress induces molecular responses involving protein refolding, enhanced vesicular transport, cytoskeletal reorganization, and modulation of redox activity. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying bleaching in reef-building hydrozoans and broadens current knowledge beyond the more extensively studied anthozoan corals.}, }
@article {pmid40906247, year = {2025}, author = {Mohamed, HI and Ullah, I and Toor, MD and Tanveer, NA and Din, MMU and Basit, A and Sultan, Y and Muhammad, M and Rehman, MU}, title = {Heavy metals toxicity in plants: understanding mechanisms and developing coping strategies for remediation: a review.}, journal = {Bioresources and bioprocessing}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {95}, pmid = {40906247}, issn = {2197-4365}, abstract = {Heavy metal (HM) contamination is an increasing environmental and agricultural concern due to the persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulative nature of metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As). These pollutants are primarily introduced through industrial effluents, mining, and agrochemicals, negatively impacting soil health, crop productivity, and food safety, ultimately posing serious risks to both ecosystems and human health. Conventional remediation methods can be costly, labor-intensive, and environmentally disruptive. Heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Hg, and As disrupt cellular homeostasis, inhibit photosynthesis, generate oxidative stress, and interfere with nutrient uptake, leading to significant yield losses in plants. In response to these stresses, plants utilize complex molecular mechanisms for tolerance, including the activation of antioxidant enzymes, upregulation of metal transporters, production of metal-chelating molecules, and modulation of stress-responsive genes and transcription factors. In contrast, bioremediation offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative by leveraging the detoxification capabilities of plants, microbes, and their symbiotic interactions. Techniques such as phytoremediation, microbial-assisted remediation, and integrated strategies involving biochar and organic amendments have demonstrated promising results in restoring heavy metal-contaminated soils. Recent advancements in molecular biology and synthetic biology have further improved the efficiency of bioremediation through the genetic engineering of hyperaccumulator plant species and metal-resistant microbes. This review examines the toxic effects of heavy metals on plants and highlights innovative, nature-based remediation strategies, emphasizing their potential for scalable and sustainable environmental cleanup.}, }
@article {pmid40906125, year = {2025}, author = {Basit, A and Haq, IU and Hyder, M and Humza, M and Younas, M and Akhtar, MR and Ghafar, MA and Liu, TX and Hou, Y}, title = {Microbial Symbiosis in Lepidoptera: Analyzing the Gut Microbiota for Sustainable Pest Management.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14080937}, pmid = {40906125}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20489; 32361143791).//National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20489; 32361143791)./ ; }, abstract = {Recent advances in microbiome studies have deepened our understanding of endosymbionts and gut-associated microbiota in host biology. Of those, lepidopteran systems in particular harbor a complex and diverse microbiome with various microbial taxa that are stable and transmitted between larval and adult stages, and others that are transient and context-dependent. We highlight key microorganisms-including Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Bifidobacterium, and Wolbachia-that play critical roles in microbial ecology, biotechnology, and microbiome studies. The fitness implications of these microbial communities can be variable; some microbes improve host performance, while others neither positively nor negatively impact host fitness, or their impact is undetectable. This review examines the central position played by the gut microbiota in interactions of insects with plants, highlighting the functions of the microbiota in the manipulation of the behavior of herbivorous pests, modulating plant physiology, and regulating higher trophic levels in natural food webs. It also bridges microbiome ecology and applied pest management, emphasizing S. frugiperda as a model for symbiont-based intervention. As gut microbiota are central to the life history of herbivorous pests, we consider how these interactions can be exploited to drive the development of new, environmentally sound biocontrol strategies. Novel biotechnological strategies, including symbiont-based RNA interference (RNAi) and paratransgenesis, represent promising but still immature technologies with major obstacles to overcome in their practical application. However, microbiota-mediated pest control is an attractive strategy to move towards sustainable agriculture. Significantly, the gut microbiota of S. frugiperda is essential for S. frugiperda to adapt to a wide spectrum of host plants and different ecological niches. Studies have revealed that the microbiome of S. frugiperda has a close positive relationship with the fitness and susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi; therefore, targeting the S. frugiperda microbiome may have good potential for innovative biocontrol strategies in the future.}, }
@article {pmid40906110, year = {2025}, author = {Meesil, W and Ardpairin, J and Sharkey, LKR and Pidot, SJ and Vitta, A and Thanwisai, A}, title = {Whole-Genome Sequencing and Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Analysis of Novel Entomopathogenic Bacteria Xenorhabdus thailandensis ALN 7.1 and ALN 11.5.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14080905}, pmid = {40906110}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {PHD / 0084/2561//Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program/ ; R2566B043//Naresuan University (NU) and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF)/ ; R2567C003//Global and Frontier Research University Fund, Naresuan University/ ; }, abstract = {Xenorhabdus species are entomopathogenic bacteria that live in symbiosis with Steinernema nematodes and produce a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites. This study aimed to characterize the complete genomes and biosynthetic potential of two novel Xenorhabdus isolates, ALN7.1 and ALN11.5, recovered from Steinernema lamjungense collected in Northern Thailand. High-quality genome assemblies were generated, and phylogenomic comparisons confirmed that both isolates belonged to the recently described species Xenorhabdus thailandensis. The assembled genomes were approximately 4.02 Mb in size, each comprising a single circular chromosome with a GC content of 44.6% and encoding ~3800 protein-coding sequences, consistent with the features observed in other members of the genus. Biosynthetic gene cluster (BGCs) prediction using antiSMASH identified 19 BGCs in ALN7.1 and 18 in ALN11.5, including known clusters for holomycin, pyrrolizixenamide, hydrogen cyanide, and gamexpeptide C, along with several uncharacterized clusters, suggesting unexplored metabolic potential. Comparative analyses highlighted conserved yet strain-specific BGC profiles, indicating possible diversification within the species. These results provide genomic insights into X. thailandensis ALN7.1 and ALN11.5 and support their potential as valuable sources for the discovery of novel natural products and for future biotechnological applications.}, }
@article {pmid40906071, year = {2025}, author = {Zeng, X and Chen, J and Liu, G and Zhou, Y and Wang, L and Zhang, Y and Liu, S and Shao, Z}, title = {Host Shaping Associated Microbiota in Hydrothermal Vent Snails from the Indian Ocean Ridge.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology14080954}, pmid = {40906071}, issn = {2079-7737}, support = {2023YFC2812903, 2021YFF0501304, and 2018YFC0310702.//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Snails at hydrothermal vents rely on symbiotic bacteria for nutrition; however, the specifics of these associations in adapting to such extreme environments remain underexplored. This study investigated the community structure and metabolic potential of bacteria associated with two Indian Ocean vent snails, Chrysomallon squamiferum and Gigantopelta aegis. Using microscopic, phylogenetic, and metagenomic analyses, this study examines bacterial communities inhabiting the foot and gland tissues of these snails. G. aegis exhibited exceptionally low bacterial diversity (Shannon index 0.14-0.18), primarily Gammaproteobacteria (99.9%), including chemosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing Chromatiales using Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and methane-oxidizing Methylococcales in the glands. C. squamiferum hosted significantly more diverse symbionts (Shannon indices 1.32-4.60). Its black variety scales were dominated by Campylobacterota (67.01-80.98%), such as Sulfurovum, which perform sulfur/hydrogen oxidation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, with both Campylobacterota and Gammaproteobacteria prevalent in the glands. The white-scaled variety of C. squamiferum had less Campylobacterota but a higher diversity of heterotrophic bacteria, including Delta-/Alpha-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes (classified as Desulfobacterota, Pseudomomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Bacillota in GTDB taxonomy). In C. squamiferum, Gammaproteobacteria, including Chromatiales, Thiotrichales, and a novel order "Endothiobacterales," were chemosynthetic, capable of oxidizing sulfur, hydrogen, or iron, and utilizing the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle for carbon fixation. Heterotrophic Delta- and Alpha-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes potentially utilize organic matter from protein, starch, collagen, amino acids, thereby contributing to the holobiont community and host nutrition accessibility. The results indicate that host species and intra-species variation, rather than the immediate habitat, might shape the symbiotic microbial communities, crucial for the snails' adaptation to vent ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid40904995, year = {2025}, author = {Haque, MT and Paul, S and Herberstein, ME and Khan, MK}, title = {A parasitic or mutualistic conundrum: can symbiotic protists increase thermal tolerance in a semi-aquatic insect?.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {12}, number = {9}, pages = {251061}, pmid = {40904995}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Rising temperatures and frequent heatwaves pose a major threat to ectotherms due to their reliance on environmental temperature for physiological processes. Thermal tolerance, the ability to withstand varying temperature, determines how effectively and efficiently individuals can survive under extreme conditions. Host-microbial symbiotic interactions can influence thermal tolerance in insects; however, we have limited information especially for some endosymbionts such as gregarines, a group of apicomplexan endoparasites, which are commonly found in the guts of many aquatic and terrestrial insects. Gregarines are often considered parasitic, while a few recent studies have shown beneficial effects on hosts. Here, we tested the impact of gregarines on thermal tolerance in Ischnura heterosticta damselflies. We found that damselflies naturally infected with gregarines had higher thermal tolerance than damselflies without gregarine infections. Our findings provide evidence in support of gregarines as an endosymbiont of I. heterosticta damselfly. Our study indicates that gregarine endosymbionts may assist damselfly and possibly other semi-aquatic insects to sustain extreme heat and highlights the importance of understanding host-symbiont interactions in the context of climate change and species conservation.}, }
@article {pmid40904700, year = {2025}, author = {Wei, G and Li, B and Huang, M and Lv, M and Liang, Z and Zhu, C and Ge, L and Chen, J}, title = {Polarization of Tumor Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.}, journal = {MedComm}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, pages = {e70372}, pmid = {40904700}, issn = {2688-2663}, abstract = {Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are prominent constituents of solid tumors, and their prevalence is often associated with poor clinical outcomes. These highly adaptable immune cells undergo dynamic functional changes within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), engaging in reciprocal interactions with malignant cells. This bidirectional communication facilitates concurrent phenotypic transformation: tumor cells shift toward invasive mesenchymal states, whereas TAMs develop immunosuppressive, pro-tumorigenic traits. Increasing evidence highlights metabolic reprogramming, characterized by dysregulation of lipid metabolism, amino acid utilization, and glycolytic activity, as the fundamental molecular basis orchestrating this pathological symbiosis. However, a comprehensive understanding of how metabolic reprogramming specifically coordinates the mutual polarization of tumor cells and TAMs is lacking. This review thoroughly examines the molecular mechanisms governing this co-polarization process, detailing critical transcriptional regulators, essential signaling pathways, and the maintenance of adaptive phenotypes within the TME. Furthermore, this review critically assesses promising therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting this alliance, including the use of metabolically targeted agents, engineered chimeric antigen receptor macrophages, and TAM-selective nanoparticle delivery systems. These insights provide a crucial foundation for the development of next-generation cancer immunotherapies focused on reprogramming pathological polarization dynamics to overcome treatment resistance and improve clinical outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40904148, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, JJ and Yu, QX and Chen, DH and Wu, LS and Si, JP}, title = {[Research progress in key technologies for the development of Dendrobium officinale: from a rare and endangered species to a 10-billion-RMB-level industry].}, journal = {Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica}, volume = {50}, number = {13}, pages = {3670-3678}, doi = {10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20250508.103}, pmid = {40904148}, issn = {1001-5302}, mesh = {*Dendrobium/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Endangered Species ; Seeds/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Fungi/physiology ; }, abstract = {Dendrobium officinale(DO) is a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible plant, while it is critically endangered worldwide. This article, primarily based on the original research findings of the author's team and available articles, provides a comprehensive overview of the factors contributing to the endangerment of DO and the key technologies for the conservation, efficient cultivation, and value-added utilization of this plant. The scarcity of wild populations, low seed-setting rates, lack of endosperm in seeds, and the need for symbiosis with endophytic fungi for seed germination under natural conditions are identified as the primary causes for the rarity and endangerment of DO. Artificial seed production and tissue culture are highlighted as key technologies for alleviating the endangered status. The physiological and ecological mechanisms underlying the adaptation of DO to epiphytic growth are explored, and it is proposed that breaking the coupling of high temperature and high humidity is essential for preventing southern blight, a devastating affliction of DO. The roles of endophytic fungi in promoting the growth, improving the quality, and enhancing the stress resistance of DO are discussed. Furthermore, the integration of variety breeding, environment selection, and co-culture with endophytic fungi is emphasized as a crucial approach for efficient cultivation. The value-added applications of DO in pharmaceuticals, health foods, food products, and daily chemicals-particularly in the food and daily chemical industries-are presented as key drivers for a 10-billion-RMB-level industry. This systematic review offers valuable insights for the further development, utilization, and industrialization of DO resources, as well as for the broader application of conservation strategies for other rare and endangered plant species.}, }
@article {pmid40904135, year = {2025}, author = {Guo, BL and Pan, C}, title = {[Resource assessment as collaborative bridge: resolving dilemmas and fostering symbiosis in traditional Chinese medicine research and industry].}, journal = {Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica}, volume = {50}, number = {13}, pages = {3556-3560}, doi = {10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20250508.102}, pmid = {40904135}, issn = {1001-5302}, mesh = {*Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Quality Control ; *Drugs, Chinese Herbal/standards/economics ; Humans ; *Drug Industry ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {The research and development of new traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) drugs has entered a phase integrating high-quality development with resource assurance. Drawing from 18 new TCM drug registration resource assessment projects, this study systematically summarizes three core challenges in TCM resource management:(1) industrial chain complexity amplifies quantity-quality risks through material heterogeneity(multi-origin variations and wild-to-cultivated genetic shifts) and production chain coupling(germplasm-cultivation-processing whole-chain volatility);(2) structural misalignment among institutions, enterprises, and producers leads to disattachment of research and development from industrial demand;(3) technical barriers exist in quality control systems, involving producing area shift, cultivation evolution, and harvesting and processing innovations. This study proposes a four-dimensional assessment framework prioritizing "species stabilization, quantity availability, quality control, and quality optimization", which is supported by an early-warning system addressing multi-origin selection, adulterant control, endangered species protection, and standardized cultivation. Risk management strategies emphasize supply chain traceability, particularly for imported and ethnic medicinal materials. Using Epimedii Folium as a case study, this study demonstrates a tripartite industrial upgrade paradigm integrating premium germplasm, cultivation technology, and quality control, ultimately establishing an innovation mechanism with deep academia-industry collaboration. The research advocates transforming resource assessment from compliance checks to strategic decision-making tools through enhanced academia-industry collaboration, so as to provide resource assurance for high-quality TCM development.}, }
@article {pmid40903900, year = {2025}, author = {Yuan, QS and Luo, L and Shi, H and Wang, H and An, J and Gao, Y and Xu, J and Ou, X and Yang, Y and Tabl, KM and Guo, L and Huang, L and Zhou, T}, title = {Fungal symbiont Mycena complements impaired nitrogen utilization in Gastrodia elata and supplies indole-3-acetic acid to facilitate its seed germination.}, journal = {Plant communications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101500}, doi = {10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101500}, pmid = {40903900}, issn = {2590-3462}, abstract = {Nitrogen and auxin uptake plays pivotal roles in seed germination and development. Gastrodia elata, a fully mycoheterotrophic plant, depends entirely on its symbiotic association with Mycena for early growth and seed germination. The process by which Mycena enables the supply of nitrogen nutrients and auxin, which are deficient in G. elata, remains poorly understood. In this study, a genome-scale dataset for G. elata revealed the loss of genes associated with nitrogen utilization and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, genes which were present in Mycena. Further evaluation of the dynamic transcriptomic interactions between G. elata seeds and Mycena at different symbiotic stages demonstrated that genes involved in nitrogen- and tryptophan-dependent IAA biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in Mycena. Concurrently, G. elata seeds exhibited increased expression of genes involved in the "hormone signal transduction pathway" and "starch and sucrose metabolism pathway." As representative enzymes in nitrogen assimilation and IAA biosynthesis pathways, functional disruption of nitrite reductase (MyNir, EVM0012344) and amidase (MyAmid, EVM0010270) in Mycena significantly impeded the symbiotic germination of G. elata seeds. This disruption interfered with the energy supply and caused cellular restructuring and hormonal signaling crosstalk. In conclusion, our findings provide novel insights into the mutualistic symbiotic relationship between Mycena and G. elata. Specifically, the fungus Mycena compensated for the incomplete nitrogen metabolism of its plant partner, G. elata, promoting seed germination. These results shed light on plant-fungal symbiotic associations from the perspective of nitrogen utilization.}, }
@article {pmid40900337, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, J and Du, C and Xu, N and Shi, C and Liu, B and Tu, B and Zhang, K and Gao, K}, title = {A novel algae-assisted sequencing batch and intermittent air-lift bioreactor (A-SBIAB) using polyester filament-based carriers for piggery wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Bioprocess and biosystems engineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40900337}, issn = {1615-7605}, abstract = {Algae-assisted biological wastewater treatment technology has been widely applied in wastewater treatment due to its low cost and great removal performance. However, the stabilization and sustainability of the alga-bacteria symbiosis system still need to be developed. In this work, an algae-assisted sequencing batch and intermittent air-lift bioreactor (A-SBIAB) system was constructed for removing the nutrients from the piggery wastewater. A strengthened algae-bacterial symbiosis system was also achieved with the aid of a suspended bio-carrier composed of polyester filament fixed on concentric plastic rings, which provided enhanced surface area and illumination access for microbial attachment. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were up to 92.0%, 81.7% and 89.3%, respectively, at the optimum parameters (Chl-a concentration of 1000 mg/m[3], light intensity of 6000 lx and lighting time 10 h). The Campylobacteria (72.05%), Desulfuromonadia (11.16%), Spirochaetia (3.10%) and Bacteroidia (1.73%) as the dominant bacterial communities would be responsible for the nitrate ammonification, nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction and organics degradation, respectively. Meanwhile, Chlorophyceae (98.21%) became the overwhelming algal community, playing a positive effect on the nutrients removal.}, }
@article {pmid40898710, year = {2025}, author = {Laplanche, V and Speciale, I and De Castro, C and Juge, N}, title = {Cell surface polysaccharides in the gut microbiota: occurrence, structure and role.}, journal = {Gut microbes}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2536082}, doi = {10.1080/19490976.2025.2536082}, pmid = {40898710}, issn = {1949-0984}, mesh = {*Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; *Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism ; *Bacteria/chemistry/metabolism/genetics/classification ; *Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Animals ; Cell Wall/chemistry/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; *Polysaccharides/chemistry/metabolism ; Host Microbial Interactions ; }, abstract = {The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms living in a symbiotic relationship with the host. Commensal bacteria in the gut engage in cross-talks with epithelial and immune cells through effector molecules secreted or attached to the cell surface. Although cell surface polysaccharides have mainly been studied in the context of pathogen-host interactions, these are increasingly being recognized as important factors of the symbiotic interaction between the gut microbiota and the host conferring biological activities and physiological functions. In this review, we focus on the structure and role of polysaccharides surrounding the bacterial cell wall, namely capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS), both tightly linked to the cell surface, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) which are loosely attached to the extracellular surface or secreted into the environment. We will focus on structurally characterized CPS, CWPS and EPS from both gut commensal bacteria and food-derived bacteria found in the gut. These polysaccharides show high structural diversity and are important for the bacteria to adapt to the GI environment and/or influence host immune response. The combined diversity of microbes in the gut provides a vast array of glycans that could be harnessed to benefit human health.}, }
@article {pmid40898197, year = {2025}, author = {Kamyab, A and Samsampour, D}, title = {How thyme thrives under drought: insights into photosynthetic and membrane-protective mechanisms.}, journal = {BMC biotechnology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {95}, pmid = {40898197}, issn = {1472-6750}, mesh = {*Photosynthesis/physiology ; *Droughts ; *Thymus Plant/physiology/microbiology/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Ferric Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry ; Endophytes/physiology ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drought is an abiotic stress that significantly reduces the yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). This study investigated how iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs), together with symbiotic bacterial (Azospirillum lipoferum) and fungal (Aspergillus oryzae) endophytes, modulate osmotic adjustment, molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to photosynthesis, and drought tolerance mechanisms in thyme.<br><br>RESULTS: The experiment was evaluated as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. evaluating three treatment factors: four irrigation levels (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of field capacity), four FeNPs concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5&#xa0;mg L&#x207b;&#xb9;), and three endophyte treatments (control, bacterial (EB), and fungal (EF) inoculation). At 25% FC, EB and spraying with 1 mg L[-&#x2009;1] FeNPs increased Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll, carotenoids, relative water content (RWC), and protein levels level protein levels by 18.75%, 10.41%, 31.54%, 18.20%, 14.26%, 35.53%, and 125.22% respectively, compared to the control. At 25% FC, electrolyte leakage (EL) was increased by 47.44% with the combination of EF and 1.5 mg L[-&#x2009;1] FeNPs. The highest proline accumulation at 25% FC was observed after inoculation with EF and 1 mg L[-&#x2009;1] FeNPs, resulting in significant increases of 36.36% and 13.04%, respectively, compared to the control. Soluble sugar was remarkably increased by 28.57% under upon treatment with FeNPs (1.5 mg L[-&#x2009;1] FeNPs). At 25% FC, EB and 1.5 mg L[-&#x2009;1] FeNPs showed significant reductions of 17.33% and 37.10%, respectively, in malondialdehyde levels compared to control plants. At 50% FC, 1&#xa0;mg L&#x207b;&#xb9; FeNPs increased Catalase by 15%, peroxidase by 31.25%, and superoxide dismutase by 43.42%, while higher concentrations reduced enzyme activities. Similarly, 1.5&#xa0;mg L&#x207b;&#xb9; FeNPs and EB inoculation enhanced ascorbate peroxidase by 37.44% and 17.37%, respectively. FeNPs acted as abiotic stressors at low levels but became toxic at higher concentrations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that the synergistic application of FeNPs and endophytes significantly enhances drought tolerance in T. vulgaris by optimizing photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm, chlorophyll content) and preserving membrane integrity (RWC, MDA reduction). These results provide a framework for leveraging nano-bio partnerships to improve crop resilience under water scarcity.}, }
@article {pmid40894865, year = {2025}, author = {Masoudi, A and Joseph, RA and Keyhani, NO}, title = {Spatial organization within social ambrosia beetle nests limits spread of infectious disease.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {113281}, doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2025.113281}, pmid = {40894865}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Ambrosia beetles are social, fungal-farming insects that nest within tree xylem. Their close living conditions make them potentially vulnerable to microbial infectious diseases. We show that the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae effectively infects and kills Xyleborus affinis adults, even within sawdust-based colony habitats. Healthy beetles did not avoid infected nestmates, and increased contact led to higher mortality and reduced offspring; however, larvae and pupae were still produced, even when colonies began with only infected beetles. Diseased individuals and Metarhizium CFUs were concentrated in the upper third of the nest, while surviving adults and brood were found in the middle/lower areas. A beetle symbiotic fungus, Neocosmospora sp. Xa1 was identified, which inhibited Metarhizium growth, potentially aiding in defense. Our findings suggest spatial structuring and microbial interactions within the nest help protect vulnerable brood to support colony persistence, revealing colony-level mechanisms that buffer against spread of infectious diseases, favoring offspring survival.}, }
@article {pmid40894719, year = {2025}, author = {De Santiago, A and Barnes, S and Pereira, TJ and Marcellino-Barros, M and Durden, L and Han, MK and Thrash, JC and Bik, HM}, title = {Pseudoalteromonas is a novel symbiont of marine invertebrates that exhibits broad patterns of phylosymbiosis.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.08.22.671635}, pmid = {40894719}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Despite growing insights into the composition of marine invertebrate microbiomes, our understanding of their ecological and evolutionary patterns remains poor, owing to limited sampling depth and low-resolution datasets. Previous studies have provided mixed results when evaluating patterns of phylosymbiosis between marine invertebrates and marine bacteria. Here, we investigated potential animal-microbe symbioses in Pseudoalteromonas, an overlooked bacterial genus consistently identified as a core microbiome taxon in diverse invertebrates. Using a pangenomic analysis of 236 free-living and invertebrate-associated bacterial strains (including two new nematode-associated isolates generated in this study), we confirm that Pseudoalteromonas is a novel symbiont with substantial evidence of phylosymbiosis across at least three marine invertebrate phyla (e.g., Nematoda, Mollusca, and Cnidaria). Patterns of symbiosis were consistent irrespective of geography (including in Antarctica), with FISH images from nematodes indicating that bacterial symbionts form biofilms in the mouth and esophagus. The evolutionary history of Pseudoalteromonas is marked by substantial host-switching and lifestyle transitions, and host-associated genomes suggest that these bacteria are facultative symbionts involved in nutritional mutualisms. In marine environments, we hypothesize that horizontally-acquired symbionts may have co-evolved with invertebrates, using host mucus as a physical niche and food source, while providing their animal hosts with Vitamin B, amino acids, and bioavailable carbon compounds in return.}, }
@article {pmid40894499, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Z and Zhao, X and Yang, J and Chen, X and Cai, Y and Shaaban, M and Peng, QA and Cai, Y}, title = {Microbial removal mechanism of chromium and cadmium by humic acid-loaded nano zero-valent iron prepared by liquid-phase reduction method.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1596063}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2025.1596063}, pmid = {40894499}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Heavy metal pollution is a global issue that has drawn significant attention due to its environmental and health risks. This thesis focuses on the research of highly toxic chromium and cadmium in the environment. It explores the removal mechanism of Cr and Cd contamination using humic acid-loaded nano-zero-valent iron (NZVI@HA) prepared through a liquid-phase reduction method. Additionally, it investigates the interaction mechanism of removing Cr and Cd contamination by synergizing with the Chromium and Cadmium Symbiotic Bacterial Colony (NZVI@HA+Cr/CdMC). The findings indicate that NZVI@HA exhibited optimal removal efficiency for Cr(VI) at pH=2 (85.7%) and Cd(II) at pH=8 (94.8%). The initial concentration of Cr and Cd pollution showed an inverse relationship with the removal rates of Cd(II) and Cr(VI). Moreover, the reaction temperatures were positively correlated with the removal rates of Cd(II) and Cr(VI). Cu2+ significantly enhanced Cr(VI) removal in the water column (p<0.01), whereas Zn2+ notably inhibited Cd(II) removal (p<0.05). In the NZVI@HA+Cr/CdMC system, extracellular polymers (EPS), tyrosine, and tryptophan, through van der Waals forces, facilitated the removal of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) complexation. This reduced the stress of Cr(VI) and Cd(II) on Cr/CdMC, thereby enhancing the removal of Cr(VI) and Cd(II).}, }
@article {pmid40894109, year = {2025}, author = {Lopez, JV and Pomponi, SA and Hentschel, U and Erpenbeck, D and Pruzinsky, N and Fiore, C and Mulheron, R and Oatley, G and Sinclair, E and Aunin, E and Gettle, N and Santos, C and Paulini, M and Niu, H and McKenna, V and O'Brien, R and ,  and ,  and ,  and ,  and , }, title = {The chromosomal genome sequence of the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta Schmidt 1870 and its associated microbial metagenome sequences.}, journal = {Wellcome open research}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {336}, doi = {10.12688/wellcomeopenres.24173.1}, pmid = {40894109}, issn = {2398-502X}, abstract = {We present a genome assembly from a specimen of Xestospongia muta (Caribbean barrel sponge; Porifera; Demospongiae; Haplosclerida; Petrosiidae). The genome sequence has a total length of 158.52 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.56%) is scaffolded into 15 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 18.99 kilobases in length. Several symbiotic bacterial genomes were assembled as MAGs, including Candidatus Poribacteria species, Candidatus Latescibacteria, Acidobacteriota, Actinomycetota Gemmatimonadota, multiple Chloroflexota and the archaeon Nitrosopumilus. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 20,220 protein-coding genes.}, }
@article {pmid40894070, year = {2025}, author = {Tayeh, M and Sama-Ae, I and Wisessombat, S and Sianglum, W}, title = {Antimigration and Anti-Invasion Properties of Aspergillus aculeatus Extract, an Endophyte Isolated From Capsicum annuum L. on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells: In Vitro Experiments and In Silico Methods.}, journal = {Scientifica}, volume = {2025}, number = {}, pages = {5676577}, doi = {10.1155/sci5/5676577}, pmid = {40894070}, issn = {2090-908X}, abstract = {Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that infect living plant tissues internally without producing obvious symptoms of infection, existing in a symbiotic relationship with plants for a portion of their life cycle. Currently, endophytic fungi serve as alternate sources for the production of new bioactive chemicals with great efficacy. This study aimed to examine the antimigration and anti-invasion capabilities of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus aculeatus extract, isolated from Capsicum annuum L., utilizing in vitro and in silico methods. This study isolated the endophytic fungus A. aculeatus from the leaves of C. annuum L. LC-MS analysis revealed fifty-five active components within the extract. Ten compounds exhibited favorable results in the in silico assessment. Computational predictions indicate that tajixanthone methanoate (-8.80 kcal/mol) and aspernigerin (-12.95 kcal/mol) exhibited high binding affinity against MMP-2. The A. aculeatus extract demonstrated antiproliferative activity with an IC50 value of 286.36 ± 122.57 μg/mL. The extract, at noncytotoxic concentrations, reduced the migration and invasion of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, A. aculeatus extract demonstrated a marked reduction in MMP-2 activity. According to these results, the compounds may serve as antimigration and anti-invasion agents by inhibiting the MMP-2 protein. The results demonstrated that A. aculeatus extract derived from C. annuum L. inhibited A549 cell migration and invasion via reducing MMP-2 activity. The findings indicated that A. aculeatus extract derived from C. annuum L. may be utilized for the treatment of lung cancer.}, }
@article {pmid40893913, year = {2025}, author = {Pandit, SS and Meganathan, P and Vedagiri, H}, title = {Harmonizing gut microbiota dysbiosis: Unveiling the influence of diet and lifestyle interventions.}, journal = {Metabolism open}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {100384}, doi = {10.1016/j.metop.2025.100384}, pmid = {40893913}, issn = {2589-9368}, abstract = {The gut microbiota, comprising trillions of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, is essential to human health and disease. Recent research has illuminated the interactions between many components of human physiology and the gut microbiota, including immune function, metabolism, and neurological health. Central to maintaining this symbiotic relationship is the concept of dysbiosis - an imbalance in the makeup and roles of the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has emerged as a significant factor in the pathogenesis of numerous health conditions, spanning from gastrointestinal disorders like inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome to systemic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and even neurological disorders like depression and anxiety. While dysbiosis can result from a myriad of factors including antibiotic use, stress, and genetic predispositions, emerging evidence suggests that diet and lifestyle choices exert profound influences regarding the make-up and capabilities of the gut microbiota. In this review, We explore the complex interactions among lifestyle, nutrition, and gut microbial dysbiosis. In particular, we investigate how the gut microbiota can be modified and dysbiosis can be mitigated by dietary patterns, food composition, prebiotics, probiotics, and lifestyle factors including exercise, stress reduction, and good sleep hygiene. Restoring microbial balance and enhancing general health and well-being can be achieved through preventive and therapeutic measures that can be made more effective by understanding how dietary and lifestyle changes might affect the gut microbiota. Through this exploration, we aim to elucidate the possibility of using lifestyle and dietary modifications as tools for managing gut microbial dysbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40893412, year = {2025}, author = {Margarita, V and Nguyen, THT and Petretto, GL and Congiargiu, A and Ligas, A and Diaz, N and Ton Nu, PA and Pintore, G and Rappelli, P}, title = {Effect of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus grandis, and Mentha arvensis on Trichomonas vaginalis and role of its symbionts Mycoplasma hominis and Ca. Mycoplasma girerdii.}, journal = {Frontiers in parasitology}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {1610965}, doi = {10.3389/fpara.2025.1610965}, pmid = {40893412}, issn = {2813-2424}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, is caused by the protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis. T. vaginalis can establish a symbiosis with two bacteria, Mycoplasma hominis and Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii, whose intracellular presence may modulate several characteristics of the protozoan, including its sensitivity to 5-nitroimidazoles, the only class of drugs currently effective in treating trichomoniasis. The rising prevalence of T.vaginalis strains resistant to metronidazole, the most commonly used antitrichomonal drug, underscores the need for therapeutic alternatives active against the protozoon.<br><br>METHODS: In this study, we evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from three plants cultivated in Vietnam - Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus grandis, and Mentha arvensis - against thirty T. vaginalis strains isolated from symptomatic women in Italy and Vietnam. We also assess the influence of M. hominis and Ca. M. girerdii on T. vaginalis susceptibility to essential oils and metronidazole, through dedicated susceptibility assays. Additionally, given the importance of lactobacilli in maintaining vaginal health, we investigate the effects of the essential oils on Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus. The cytotoxic activity of the oils against HeLa cells was also tested in vitro.<br><br>RESULTS: All three essential oils showed effective antitrichomonal activity without inhibiting lactobacilli growth. Among them, C. citratus oil exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on T. vaginalis, including strains harboring bacterial symbionts. Moreover, the oils demonstrated no cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells at the concentrations effective against the protozoan.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The results support the potential of C. citratus essential oil as a natural antitrichomonal agent. Its effectiveness against both free and symbiont-infected T. vaginalis strains positions it as a promising candidate for developing alternative therapies against drug-resistant trichomoniasis.}, }
@article {pmid40891805, year = {2025}, author = {Cheng, P and Wang, Z and Lu, B and Zhao, Y and Zhang, H}, title = {Effect of different concentrations of gibberellins on antibiotics and nutrient removal using microalgae-bacteria consortia system.}, journal = {International journal of phytoremediation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1080/15226514.2025.2554172}, pmid = {40891805}, issn = {1549-7879}, abstract = {Phytohormone gibberellins (GAs) were utilized to enhance the removal of tetracycline antibiotics and nutrients from swine wastewater by different algal-bacterial symbiosis. Compared to microalgae monoculture, microalgae-activated sludge, and microalgae-Bacillus licheniformis, microalgae-endophytic bacteria showed better growth, photosynthetic, and purification performance. At 50 mg L[-1] GAs addition concentration, the specific growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris-endophytic bacterial (S395-2) system was 0.331 ± 0.03 d[-1], the maximum removal rate of tetracycline (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) was 96.31 ± 2.73%, 86.37 ± 8.31% and 87.26 ± 8.42%, respectively. The purification effect was much higher than the level of microalgae monoculture without GAs addition (TC removal of 81.33 ± 7.71%, TN and TP removal of 62.51 ± 5.95% and 64.25 ± 6.13%, respectively). In summary, exogenous GAs simultaneously promoted the resistance and biomass accumulation of algal symbiosis, which supplied a theoretical foundation for the treatment of high-concentration nutrients and antibiotics wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid40891513, year = {2025}, author = {McCauley, M and Montesanto, F and Bedgood, SA and Miner, C and Plichon, K and Weis, VM and Loesgen, S}, title = {Manipulation of the Symbiodiniaceae microbiome confers multigenerational impacts on symbioses and reproductive ecology of its Exaiptasia diaphana host.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf189}, pmid = {40891513}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Symbiodiniaceae-associated microbiota strongly affect cnidarian symbioses. We systematically reduced the bacterial and fungal communities associated with Symbiodiniaceae to study effects on the cnidarian holobiont Exaiptasia diaphana (Aiptasia). Clonal anemones were inoculated with xenic Breviolum minutum (SSB01) and microbiome manipulated cultures after antibacterial or antifungal treatment. The asexual reproduction of pedal laceration allowed for three generations of clonal aposymbiotic Aiptasia to be included in this study, from the initial adult generation (G0), to the first (G1) and second (G2) generation. We inoculated small and large G1 Aiptasia with algae and monitored onset of symbiosis, rate of algal proliferation, and holobiont characteristics. Sequencing the 16S and 18S rRNA gene regions identified significant differences in the bacterial and fungal communities of the G0 and G1 generations, alongside differences between the size classes of small and large G1 anemones. The microbiome of larger G1 individuals was distinct to the smaller G1 anemones, suggesting a microbiome maturation process. Control B. minutum cultures exhibited a significantly greater proliferation rate in large G1 anemones when compared to antibacterial or antifungal treated cultures, whereas the opposite trend was documented in the small G1 anemones. Although no differences were observed between algal photochemical parameters, or the growth and behavior of G1 juveniles, we observed a significant influence in the production of G2 clones between treatments. Overall, we provide strong ecological implications of manipulating Symbiodiniaceae microbiome, not for the algae themselves, but for the maturation of the host Aiptasia, as well as for the cnidarian holobiont over multiple generations.}, }
@article {pmid40891201, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, G and Ding, M and Li, X and Jiang, S and Xia, Z and Xie, C and Zhang, W and Wan, Y}, title = {Genome Assembly of Elysia leucolegnote Reveals the Secrets of Autonomous Photosynthesis and Extraordinary Symbiotic Relationships in Photosynthetic Animals.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70155}, pmid = {40891201}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//This study is supported by Hainan Normal University Talent Research Start-up Fund Project Funding (HSZK-KYQD-202436)./ ; }, }
@article {pmid40891179, year = {2025}, author = {Orosz, J and Lin, EX and Torres Ascurra, YC and Kappes, M and Lindsay, P and Bashyal, S and Everett, H and Gautam, CK and Jackson, D and Müller, LM}, title = {CORYNE modulates Medicago truncatula inflorescence meristem branching and plays a conserved role in the regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf386}, pmid = {40891179}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {The CLAVATA signaling pathway regulates plant development and plant-environment interactions. CLAVATA signaling consists of mobile, cell-type or environment-specific CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) peptides, which are perceived by a receptor complex consisting of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases such as CLAVATA1 and receptor-like proteins such as CLAVATA2, which often functions with the pseudokinase CORYNE (CRN). CLAVATA signaling has been extensively studied in various plant species for its developmental role in meristem maintenance. In addition, CLAVATA signaling was implicated in plant-microbe interactions, including root nodule symbiosis and plant interactions with mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However, knowledge on AM symbiosis regulation by CLAVATA signaling is limited. Here, we report a dual role for Medicago truncatula CRN in development and plant-microbe interactions. In shoots, MtCRN modulates inflorescence meristem branching. In roots, the MtCRN promoter is active in vascular tissues and meristematic regions. In addition, MtCRN expression is activated in cortex cells colonized by AM fungi and negatively regulates root interactions with these microbes in a nitrogen-dependent manner; negative AM symbiosis regulation by CRN was also observed in the monocot Zea mays, suggesting this function is conserved across plant clades. We further report that MtCRN functions partially independently of the AM autoregulation signal MtCLE53. Transcriptomic data revealed that M. truncatula crn roots display signs of perturbed nutrient, symbiosis, and stress signaling, suggesting that MtCRN plays various roles in plant development and interactions with the environment.}, }
@article {pmid40889905, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, MF and Gao, YZ}, title = {Application of [15]N stable isotope techniques to biological nitrogen fixation in terrestrial ecosystems.}, journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology}, volume = {36}, number = {7}, pages = {1952-1960}, doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.202507.010}, pmid = {40889905}, issn = {1001-9332}, mesh = {*Nitrogen Fixation/physiology ; *Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; *Isotope Labeling/methods ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is an important nitrogen source in terrestrial ecosystems. Accurate estimation of BNF rate is essential to accurately quantify atmospheric nitrogen input to natural ecosystems. [15]N natural abundance is commonly used to measure the BNF in symbiotic and associative nitrogen fixing plants, but are highly dependent on the choice of the reference plants. In contrast, the [15]N isotope labeling technique allows precise determination of BNF rates of symbiotic, free-living, and associative N-fixing types, and surpasses the previous methods in studying plant nitrogen fixation strategies, nitrogen transfer processes, and carbon-nitrogen trading between nodules and hosts. The [15]N isotope dilution method is mainly used for plant nitrogen fixation research. Although the [15]N stable isotope probe technique is technically challenging and expensive, it enables the detection and study of N-fixing microorganisms by labeling DNA or RNA, and provides an effective way for assessing asymbiotic microorganism nitrogen fixation rates. The development of [15]N stable isotope technique provides a strong technical guarantee for biological nitrogen fixation research.}, }
@article {pmid40888447, year = {2025}, author = {Petinger, C and Crowley, T and Wyk, BV}, title = {Patterns of Transition of Adolescents in an HIV Care Programme in Peri-Urban Cape Town, South Africa: A Photovoice Study.}, journal = {Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care}, volume = {24}, number = {}, pages = {23259582251362908}, doi = {10.1177/23259582251362908}, pmid = {40888447}, issn = {2325-9582}, mesh = {Humans ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Adolescent ; *HIV Infections/psychology/therapy/drug therapy ; Male ; Female ; *Transition to Adult Care ; Focus Groups ; Social Support ; Young Adult ; Photography ; Qualitative Research ; Adult ; }, abstract = {Successful transition from paediatric to adult HIV care programme is a critical developmental milestone in the care trajectory of adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV). The transition process involves a shift from a structured, caregiver-supported healthcare model to one that requires independence and self-management. This process should be guided and supportive to ensure continued engagement in care and optimal adherence when ALHIV are transferred. This study utilised photovoice methods to explore the transition experiences of ALHIV in the Cape Town Metropole. Audio-recorded focus group data were transcribed verbatim and subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. Three distinctive patterns of behaviour from ALHIV were identified as themes. Type 1: socially reliant, dependent adolescent who heavily relies on family and peer support and struggles with adherence. Type 2: socially disconnected, hyper-independent adolescent, who is self-reliant, seeks solitude, and is generally resistant to external support. We configured a third (ideal) type, who is interdependent and able to self-manage their chronic condition, but within a supportive health care environment that provides positive healthcare and transition experiences. The findings underscore the need for supportive transition models promoting self-management skills, while facilitating a symbiotic relation with healthcare staff promoting sustained engagement in care well into adulthood. We recommend that adolescent or youth friendly services for ALHIV be expanded to support and monitor the transition process and outcomes in the adult HIV program.}, }
@article {pmid40888030, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, H and Wang, Y}, title = {From Fragmentation to Resolution: High-Fidelity Genome Assembly of Zancudomyces culisetae through Comparative Insights from PacBio, Nanopore, and Illumina Sequencing.}, journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/g3journal/jkaf204}, pmid = {40888030}, issn = {2160-1836}, abstract = {Zancudomyces culisetae is an obligate symbiotic fungus inhabiting the digestive tracts of aquatic insect larvae, including black flies, midges, and mosquitoes. With a global distribution and high prevalence in disease-transmitting insects, Z. culisetae serves as a model for studying insect gut fungi. A previous draft genome assembly using Illumina short reads provided insights into its genome composition, such as a low GC ratio and evidence of horizontal gene transfer. However, its fragmented nature has limited deeper exploration of the evolutionary mechanisms shaping these gut symbionts. To address this gap, we generated a wealth of genomic resources for Z. culisetae using multiple sequencing platforms, including Illumina, Oxford Nanopore, PacBio-CLR (Complete Long Reads), and PacBio-HiFi (High Fidelity). This also provides an opportunity to compare these popular sequencing methods to suggest the optimal approach for fungal genome assembly. Our results suggest that PacBio-HiFi produced the most complete assembly, yielding a 27.8 Mb genome size with 26 contigs, representing the highest-quality genome of insect gut fungi to date. Additionally, we generated transcriptomic data to support genome annotation, identifying 8,484 protein-coding genes. Despite the improved genome quality, Z. culisetae lacks approximately 20% of Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologue (BUSCO) commonly found in fungi, reflecting adaptations to its obligate symbiotic lifestyle. This study not only provides valuable genomic resources for insect gut fungal research but also evaluates the strengths and limitations of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches, offering best practices for fungal genome analysis and genetic research.}, }
@article {pmid40885196, year = {2025}, author = {Li, L and Yang, Q and Liu, M and Lin, S and Hua, W and Shi, D and Yan, J and Shi, X and Hoffmann, AA and Zhu, B and Liang, P}, title = {Symbiotic bacteria mediate chemical-insecticide resistance but enhance the efficacy of a biological insecticide in diamondback moth.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.004}, pmid = {40885196}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Insecticide resistance has been a major challenge for pest management worldwide. Here, we investigated how gut symbiotic bacteria in insects might affect resistance to chemical (organophosphate) and biological (Bacillus thuringiensis) insecticides in different ways to create opportunities for strategic pesticide rotations. Using the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) as the target pest, we demonstrated that long-term exposure to chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate insecticide) promotes the proliferation of the gut symbiont Enterococcus mundtii in P. xylostella populations, resulting in chlorpyrifos resistance in field populations across China that correlates closely with the abundance of this bacterium. Metabolic analysis revealed that E. mundtii can directly metabolize chlorpyrifos via a conserved cytochrome P450 enzyme in the genus Enterococcus. However, the accumulation of E. mundtii in the gut of chlorpyrifos-resistant populations may increase their susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, resulting in the increased efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis in populations with high chemical insecticide resistance. The gut barrier disruption caused by Bacillus thuringiensis promotes invasion of E. mundtii from the gut into the hemolymph, leading to death by septicemia to enhance susceptibility. The study highlights an interaction between resistance to chemically synthesized and biological insecticides mediated by gut symbiotic bacteria and suggests a control strategy involving chemical/biological pesticide rotations that may apply to other cases of resistance to chemically synthesized insecticides.}, }
@article {pmid40885195, year = {2025}, author = {Grujcic, V and Mehrshad, M and Vigil-Stenman, T and Lundin, D and Foster, RA}, title = {Stepwise genome evolution from a facultative symbiont to an endosymbiont in the N2-fixing diatom-Richelia symbioses.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.003}, pmid = {40885195}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {A few genera of diatoms that form stable partnerships with N2-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria Richelia spp. are widespread in the open ocean. A unique feature of the diatom-Richelia symbioses is the symbiont cellular location spans a continuum of integration (epibiont, periplasmic, and endobiont) that is reflected in the symbiont genome size and content. In this study, we analyzed genomes derived from cultures and environmental metagenome-assembled genomes of Richelia symbionts, focusing on characters indicative of genome evolution. Our results show an enrichment of short-length transposases and pseudogenes in the periplasmic symbiont genomes, suggesting an active and transitionary period in genome evolution. By contrast, genomes of endobionts exhibited fewer transposases and pseudogenes, reflecting advanced stages of genome reduction. Pangenome analyses identified that endobionts streamline their genomes and retain most genes in the core genome, whereas periplasmic symbionts and epibionts maintain larger flexible genomes, indicating higher genomic plasticity compared with the genomes of endobionts. Functional gene comparisons with other N2-fixing cyanobacteria revealed that Richelia endobionts have similar patterns of metabolic loss but are distinguished by the absence of specific pathways (e.g., cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase and lipid A) that increase both dependency and direct interactions with their respective hosts. In conclusion, our findings underscore the dynamic nature of genome reduction in N2-fixing cyanobacterial symbionts and demonstrate the diatom-Richelia symbioses as a valuable and rare model to study genome evolution in the transitional stages from a free-living facultative symbiont to a host-dependent endobiont.}, }
@article {pmid40884179, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Y and Feng, R and Zhao, Y and Guo, X and Ding, J and Liu, S and Wang, Y and Zhu, J and Li, X}, title = {Solar-Mechano Symbiosis Dual-Mode Janus Bioaerogel for Context-Adaptive Atmospheric Water Harvesting Beyond Solar Reliance.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e12244}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202512244}, pmid = {40884179}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {22305192//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52372225//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22261142666//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52172237//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; KF2301//Opening Project of Engineering Research Center of Eco-friendly Polymeric Materials, Ministry of Education/ ; //Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; 2024YFF0506000//the National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2025JC-QYCX-037//the Shaanxi Science Foundation/ ; 20250425//the Shaanxi Association for Science and Technology Youth Talent Support Program/ ; }, abstract = {Solar-driven sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SS-AWH) offers promise for addressing global freshwater scarcity. However, the SS-AWH heavily relies on favorable and sustained solar irradiation; yet real-world solar irradiation exhibits significant spatiotemporal fluctuations, limiting its sustainable application, as non/low-light conditions sharply reduce water productivity. This constraint is fundamentally due to the singleness of the water release pathway via photothermal desorption. Here, a novel dual-mode bio-based Janus aerogel (DBJA) is presented, enabling efficient, all-weather, multi-scenario atmospheric water harvesting via selectively solar-driven and compression-activated water release. The Janus structure optimizes mass/heat transfer between hygroscopic and photothermal domains, achieving the most balanced adsorption-desorption kinetics and compression-recovery strength for solar-mechano symbiosis. Under favorable sunlight, DBJA demonstrates a competitive water release efficiency of 1.32 g g[-1] day[-1] outdoors. Crucially, without solar irradiation, DBJA achieves a total water productivity of 12.80 g g[-1] over 5-cycle adsorption-compression with 98% volume recovery and is stable within 50 cycles. Enhanced physical inlay and multiple chemical interactions ensure limited leakage of Li[+] ions during compression, and the collected water easily conforms to the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. This work provides a flexible approach for sustainable atmospheric water harvesting beyond solar reliance through multi-mode synergy and gradient architecture.}, }
@article {pmid40882880, year = {2025}, author = {Niu, Z and Guo, H and Li, D and Xu, Y and Liu, J and Xiao, Y and Li, W and Promboon, A and Xia, Q and Goldsmith, MR and Mita, K}, title = {Characterizing the Symbiotic Relationship between Wolbachia (wSpic) and Spodoptera picta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): From Genome to Phenotype.}, journal = {Insect biochemistry and molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104396}, doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2025.104396}, pmid = {40882880}, issn = {1879-0240}, abstract = {Wolbachia is a genus of symbiotic bacteria prevalent in arthropods, with diverse effects on host reproduction and fecundity; however, it is unclear how Wolbachia modulates the host reproductive system. In this study, a novel Wolbachia strain, wSpic, was identified in the Noctuid moth Spodoptera picta and its effect on the reproduction of this host was investigated. We sequenced and annotated the 1,339,720 bp genome of wSpic. We identified a total of five WO phage regions in the genome and found no evidence of any plasmids associated with wSpic. Evolutionary analysis revealed that wSpic belongs to supergroup B and has undergone horizontal transmission between S. picta and Trichogramma pretiosum, a wasp parasitoid of insect eggs. The removal of Wolbachia by antibiotic treatment resulted in significantly decreased fecundity and abnormal development of S. picta ovaries, but no differences in egg hatching rate. An integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis indicated that major molecular pathways for Wolbachia-induced reproduction fitness benefits include its effects on insect juvenile hormone, vitellogenesis, choriogenesis, and nutritional metabolism. Our findings demonstrate that wSpic plays a critical role in promoting ovary development and sustaining fecundity in S. picta hosts.}, }
@article {pmid40882272, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, K and Xu, J and Luo, X and Yu, Z and Tang, A and Peng, K and Song, J and Chen, X and Ren, M}, title = {Insights into microalgal-bacterial consortia in sustaining denitrification via algal-derived organic matter in harsh low-C/N wastewater.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {127108}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127108}, pmid = {40882272}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Conventional nitrate removal processes are often hampered by insufficient carbon sources for remediating low-C/N wastewater. Herein, a microalgal-bacterial (MB) consortia system was constructed to leverage algal-derived organic matter for sustaining denitrification. The system demonstrated superior nitrate removal performance when assisted by algal-derived organic matter, achieving a 168.62 ± 4.17 % enhancement in nitrate removal capacity compared to the sole bacterial system. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) analysis of algal-derived organic matter revealed that specific components facilitating nitrate elimination included unsaturated aliphatic compounds, aliphatic/peptide-like/amino sugars, lignin-like, and tannin-like substances. Notably, the consortia showed preferential utilization of unsaturated aliphatic (35.21 %) and aliphatic/amino sugars over aliphatic/peptide-like/amino acids (31.05 %) and aliphatic/peptide-like compounds (31.31 %) within the CHO, CHON, CHON2, and CHON3 classes, respectively. Metagenomic analysis identified notable disparities in microbial community composition between the bacterial and MB consortia systems. Moreover, the MB consortia exhibited higher abundances of genes encoding nitrate removal enzymes, including those involved in denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory reduction, and L-glutamate synthesis pathways. Genes associated with lignin degradation were also detected, suggesting potential indirect contributions to nitrate elimination. Besides, the MB symbiotic microspheres were successfully fabricated and achieved efficient nitrate removal. These findings provide novel insights into the development of innovative MB symbiotic systems for nitrate removal under harsh carbon-limited conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40881295, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, X and Li, H and Liu, A and Zhang, Z}, title = {Editorial: Microbial symbiosis and infectious disease dynamics in reptiles and wildfowl.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1673344}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1673344}, pmid = {40881295}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid40880884, year = {2024}, author = {Padilla-Serrato, JG and Soriano-Honorato, LD and Kuk-Dzul, JG and Flores-Garza, R and Torreblanca-Ramírez, C and Campos, E}, title = {Rediscovery of Mesotheres unguifalcula (Glassell, 1936) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) with Remarks on the Symbiotic Relationship with its New Host, the Spindle Sea Snail Leucozonia cerata (W. Wood, 1828) (Mollusa: Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae).}, journal = {Zoological studies}, volume = {63}, number = {}, pages = {e44}, doi = {10.6620/ZS.2024.63-44}, pmid = {40880884}, issn = {1810-522X}, abstract = {The symbiotic pinnotherid crab Mesotheres unguifalcula was rediscovered in Acapulco Guerrero, Mexico, and was found infesting the spindle sea snail Leucozonia cerata (Fasciolaridae), a new host record for this crab. A total of 432 snails were collected in 2020, with a prevalence of 77%, well explained by the host width frequency. Monthly prevalence varied from 54% to 90%, and the mean intensity was 1.4 +/- 0.5 crabs per host. The sex ratio of snails was 1:1, and the crab did not prefer to infest males or females. The sex ratio of the crabs was positively skewed towards females. Crabs infested both small and large snails; however, most infested snails ranged between 20 and 40 mm in width. Prevalence increased with the host size: with hosts smaller than 30 mm experiencing an average of 53% infestation, while those from 30 mm to 52 mm averaged 93% infestation. The number of crabs by host varied from 1 to 3; solitary females and males were dominant (51%), followed by heterosexual couples (24%) and other combinations that included homosexual couples and triads, which barely represented 2%. Although there are many heterosexual couples, monogamy is ruled out due to the higher number of solitary males and females and the lower number of heterosexual couples compared to those statistically expected. The available evidence about the life history of Mesotheres unguialcula, like that of other studied species of the subfamily Pinnotherinae sensu stricto, suggests a pure-search polygynandry of sedentary females as its mating system (i.e., larger, solitary, and sedentary females, and smaller males who, in reproductive season, are roaming from one host to another in search of females receptive to copulation).}, }
@article {pmid40877949, year = {2025}, author = {Gonçalves, CS and Catta-Preta, CMC and Repolês, BM and Ferreira, WRR and Morini, FS and Mottram, JC and Cavalcanti, DP and de Souza, W and Fragoso, SP and Machado, CR and Motta, MCM}, title = {From mitochondrial DNA arrangement to repair: a kinetoplast-associated protein with different roles in two trypanosomatid species.}, journal = {Parasites &amp; vectors}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {366}, pmid = {40877949}, issn = {1756-3305}, support = {APQ-02533-24, BPD-00548-22//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; 305299/2022-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico/ ; E-26/201.011/2021//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; }, mesh = {*DNA, Kinetoplast/genetics/metabolism ; *Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics/radiation effects/metabolism ; *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Trypanosomatina/genetics/metabolism ; *Protozoan Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Animals ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: One of the most intriguing and unusual features of trypanosomatids is their mitochondrial DNA, known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), which is organized into a network of concatenated circles. The kDNA is contained within the mitochondrial matrix and can exhibit distinct arrangements across different species and during cell differentiation. In addition to kDNA, the kinetoplast contains multiple proteins, including those involved in mitochondrial DNA topology and metabolism, such as the kinetoplast-associated proteins (KAPs). In this work, we obtained mutant cells to investigates the role of KAP7 in two trypanosomatid species, Trypanosoma cruzi and Angomonas deanei, which have distinct kinetoplast shapes and kDNA arrangements.<br><br>METHODS: For this purpose, the kDNA replication process and cell morphology and ultrastructure were evaluated using microscopy methods. Furthermore, the proliferation of cells treated with genotoxic agents, such as cisplatin and ultraviolet radiation, was analyzed.<br><br>RESULTS: In A. deanei, which contains a symbiotic bacterium, KAP7 seems to be essential, since the deletion of one KAP7 allele generated mutants with a decay in cell proliferation, as well as changes in kDNA structure and replication. In T. cruzi, null mutants exhibited disturbances in kDNA replication, although the overall topology remained unaltered. The use of cisplatin and ultraviolet (UV) radiation affected the ultrastructure of A. deanei and T. cruzi. Cisplatin promoted increased kDNA compaction in both KAP7 mutants, but only in T. cruzi did the proliferative capacity fail to recover after treatment, as was also observed following UV radiation exposure.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Proteins associated with DNA are evolutionarily conserved and usually perform similar functions in different organisms. Our findings reveal that KAP7 is involved in kDNA replication, but its roles differ in trypanosomatid species: in A. deanei, KAP7 is associated with kDNA arrangement, while in T. cruzi, it is related to mitochondrial metabolism, such as kDNA replication and damage response.}, }
@article {pmid40876856, year = {2025}, author = {Zhai, H and Liu, M and Zhang, X and Li, X and Hu, B and Li, H and Gao, S and Wei, Y and Sun, W}, title = {Science mapping of root ecology: a bibliometric review covering 2015-2024.}, journal = {Annals of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/aob/mcaf200}, pmid = {40876856}, issn = {1095-8290}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Root ecology has rapidly advanced as a key discipline for understanding plant adaptive strategies and ecosystem functioning. However, comprehensive assessments of its overarching framework remain limited. This study provides a global perspective by systematically analyzing research power, intellectual bases, and research frontiers in root ecology.<br><br>METHODS: We analyzed 35,371 articles from the Web of Science Core Collection using CiteSpace and VOSviewer within a customized bibliometric framework. Co-occurrence analyses based on publication volume, citation frequency, and micro-citation labels revealed the spatiotemporal distribution of research power. Intellectual bases and research frontiers were identified through document co-citation and cluster analyses.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: The results indicate a three-phase growth trajectory in root ecology research over the past decade. China (13,027 articles) and the United States (5,679 articles) dominate global academic output. Frontiers in Plant Science (2,721 articles) and Plant and Soil (1,436 articles) are the leading journals in terms of publication volume. Key articles forming the intellectual base of this field were identified and interpreted, encompassing six major aspects, including method standardization and the root economics spectrum theory. The research frontiers were clustered into five core themes - abiotic stress, microbial symbiosis, ecological remediation, functional traits and physiological mechanisms - which were further subdivided into 19 specific research directions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Root ecology is evolving from a primarily theoretical discipline toward practical applications. To support sustainable agriculture, ecological restoration, and carbon neutrality, the development of global observation networks and multifactorial stress models should be further advanced.}, }
@article {pmid40875413, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, X and Huang, H and Gu, Y and Li, J and Zhang, X and Liu, T}, title = {Low-Cost IMU-Based System for Automated Parkinson's Subtype and Stage Classification to Support Precision Rehabilitation.}, journal = {IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society}, volume = {PP}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3603555}, pmid = {40875413}, issn = {1558-0210}, abstract = {Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, for which early detection and precise rehabilitation planning are essential to alleviate its impact on quality of life and reduce societal burden. Accurate, automated PD subtype classification and staging play a key role in designing effective rehabilitation strategies while minimizing reliance on intensive expert assessments. Unlike existing automated methods that typically depend on high-cost medical imaging (e.g., MRI) or extensive sensor networks, we introduce a low-cost motion measurement system employing only two inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on the lower legs. We propose a Symbiotic Graph Attention Network (SGAT)-based algorithm that fuses node features and whole-body features for automated PD subtype and stage detection. By establishing a symbiotic mechanism between the subtype and staging tasks and using adaptive fusion weights, our method achieves outstanding performance-subtype accuracy of 0.91 and staging accuracy of 0.85-validated on data from 46 participants. Notably, the entire detection and recognition process requires merely a simple walking task and incurs minimal time cost. The system's affordability, ease of use, and scalability underscore its substantial potential for large‑scale clinical deployment.}, }
@article {pmid40874126, year = {2025}, author = {Niu, Y and Shao, Y and Chen, L and Wang, Y and Sun, S and Zhang, X}, title = {Social and environmental determinants of disease uncertainty in obstructive sleep apnea: a dyadic qualitative study on patients and co-residents.}, journal = {Frontiers in neurology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1582173}, pmid = {40874126}, issn = {1664-2295}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to significant health issues and reduced quality of life. Despite its increasing prevalence, particularly among middle-aged and older adults, low awareness and treatment rates contribute to a substantial burden of disease uncertainty for both patients and their co-residents. This study aims to investigate the social and environmental determinants of disease uncertainty experienced by OSA patients and their co-residents, focusing on the impact of these factors on health behaviors and access to care.<br><br>METHODS: The study employed the theoretical model of disease uncertainty as a guiding framework and utilized the KJ method for data analysis. Using purposive sampling, 13 OSA patients and their 13 co-residents were selected to form dyads. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured from all participants prior to the study.<br><br>RESULTS: The analysis of the interview data yielded seven major themes and 19 sub-themes. (1) "The Shadow of Knowing Little"; (2) "The Fog of Night and Day"; (3) "Symbiotic Suffering"; (4) "The Hidden Costs"; (5) "Delay in Seeking Medical Care"; (6) "Complex Choices"; (7) "Vacancies Calling for Attention."<br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings underscore that OSA patients and their co-residents face considerable uncertainty related to disease awareness, symptom experiences, medical decision-making, treatment plans, and social support. This uncertainty leads to delays in seeking care and poor treatment adherence. To mitigate these issues, it is recommended to enhance public health education on OSA, improve disease awareness and self-management skills among patients and their families, and better integrate medical resources and social support networks. These interventions should address the social and environmental determinants of health to reduce the burden of disease uncertainty and improve overall health outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40873703, year = {2025}, author = {Racioppo, A and Martins, V and Speranza, B and Laranjo, M}, title = {Editorial: Innovative strategies for enhancing crop productivity and soil health using PGPB and nano-organics.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1672604}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1672604}, pmid = {40873703}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid40873650, year = {2025}, author = {Niu, Y and Feng, J and Ma, J and Xiao, T and Yuan, W}, title = {Targeting the Tumor Microbiota in Cancer Therapy Basing on Nanomaterials.}, journal = {Exploration (Beijing, China)}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {e20210185}, pmid = {40873650}, issn = {2766-2098}, abstract = {Intra-tumoral microbiota, which is a potential component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), has been emerging as a key participant and driving factor in cancer. Previously, due to technical issues and low biological content, little was known about the microbial community within tumors. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and molecular biology techniques, it has been demonstrated that tumors harbor highly heterogeneous symbiotic microbial communities, which affect tumor progression mechanisms through various pathways, such as inducing DNA damage, activating carcinogenic pathways, and inducing an immunesuppressive environment. Faced with the harmful microbial communities in the TME, efforts have been made to develop new technologies specifically targeting the microbiome and tumor microecology. Given the success of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment, the development of nanotechnology to regulate microscale and molecular-scale interactions occurring in the microbiome and tumor microecology holds promise for providing new approaches for cancer therapy. This article reviews the latest progress in this field, including the microbial community within tumors and its pro-cancer mechanisms, as well as the anti-tumor strategies targeting intra-tumoral microorganisms using nanotechnology. Additionally, this article delivers prospects for the potential clinical significance and challenges of anti-tumor strategies against intra-tumoral microorganisms.}, }
@article {pmid40872788, year = {2025}, author = {Jeon, J and Kwon, M and Lee, BC and Kil, EJ}, title = {Comparative Endosymbiont Community Structures of Nonviruliferous and Rice Stripe Virus-Viruliferous Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Korea.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v17081074}, pmid = {40872788}, issn = {1999-4915}, support = {PJ01556601//Rural Development Administration/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera/microbiology/virology ; *Symbiosis ; *Tenuivirus/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/virology ; Republic of Korea ; Oryza/virology ; Wolbachia/genetics ; Plant Diseases/virology ; Burkholderia/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Rickettsia/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Insects and their bacterial endosymbionts form intricate ecological relationships, yet their role in host-pathogen interactions are not fully elucidated. The small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus), a polyphagous pest of cereal crops, acts as a key vector for rice stripe virus (RSV), a significant threat to rice production. This study aimed to compare the endosymbiont community structures of nonviruliferous and RSV-viruliferous L. striatellus populations using 16S rRNA gene sequencing with high-throughput sequencing technology. Wolbachia was highly dominant in both groups; however, the prevalence of other endosymbionts, specifically Rickettsia and Burkholderia, differed markedly depending on RSV infection. Comprehensive microbial diversity and composition analyses revealed distinct community structures between nonviruliferous and RSV-viruliferous populations, highlighting potential interactions and implications for vector competence and virus transmission dynamics. These findings contribute to understanding virus-insect-endosymbiont dynamics and could inform strategies to mitigate viral spread by targeting symbiotic bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40872311, year = {2025}, author = {Etebari, K and Tugaga, AM and Divekar, G and Uelese, OA and Tusa, SSA and Vaega, E and Sasulu, H and Uini, L and Ren, Y and Furlong, MJ}, title = {Characterising the Associated Virome and Microbiota of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri) in Samoa.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens14080801}, pmid = {40872311}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {HORT/2016/185//Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Hemiptera/virology/microbiology ; *Virome/genetics ; *Microbiota ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; *Citrus/microbiology/parasitology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Phylogeny ; Insect Vectors/microbiology/virology ; }, abstract = {The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) is an economically important pest of citrus as it is a vector of the bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, CLas) that causes huanglongbing disease (HLB). Understanding the virome of D. citri is important for uncovering factors that influence vector competence, to support biosecurity surveillance, and to identify candidate agents for biological control. Previous studies have identified several D. citri-associated viruses from various geographical populations of this pest. To further investigate virus diversity in this pest, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyse D. citri populations from the Samoan islands of Upolu and Savai'i. Eleven novel viruses from the Yadokariviridae, Botourmiaviridae, Nodaviridae, Mymonaviridae, Partitiviridae, Totiviridae, and Polymycoviridae were identified as well as some that corresponded to unclassified groups. In addition, microbiome analysis revealed the presence of several endosymbiotic microorganisms, including Wolbachia, as well as some plant pathogenic fungi, including Botrytis cinerea. However, the causative agent of HLB disease (CLas) was not detected in the RNA-Seq data. These findings highlight the complex and diverse microbiota associated with D. citri and suggest potential interactions and dynamics between microorganisms and psyllid-associated viruses. Further research is needed to understand the ecological significance of these discoveries, and whether the novel viruses play a role in regulating field populations of the psyllid.}, }
@article {pmid40872269, year = {2025}, author = {Britto Martins de Oliveira, J and Barbieri, M and Corrêa-Junior, D and Schmitt, M and Santos, LLR and Bahia, AC and Parente, CET and Frases, S}, title = {Urban Mangroves Under Threat: Metagenomic Analysis Reveals a Surge in Human and Plant Pathogenic Fungi.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens14080759}, pmid = {40872269}, issn = {2076-0817}, support = {CNE//FAPERJ/ ; 001//CAPES/ ; BP//CNPQ/ ; }, mesh = {*Metagenomics/methods ; *Fungi/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Humans ; *Wetlands ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Mycobiome ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; }, abstract = {Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by climate change and anthropogenic pressures, which can disrupt microbial communities and favor the emergence of pathogenic organisms. In this study, we applied metagenomic analysis to characterize fungal communities in sediment samples from an urban mangrove subjected to environmental stress. The results revealed a fungal community with reduced richness-28% lower than expected for similar ecosystems-likely linked to physicochemical changes such as heavy metal accumulation, acidic pH, and eutrophication, all typical of urbanized coastal areas. Notably, we detected an increase in potentially pathogenic genera, including Candida, Aspergillus, and Pseudoascochyta, alongside a decrease in key saprotrophic genera such as Fusarium and Thelebolus, indicating a shift in ecological function. The fungal assemblage was dominated by the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and despite adverse conditions, symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi remained present, suggesting partial resilience. A considerable fraction of unclassified fungal taxa also points to underexplored microbial diversity with potential ecological or health significance. Importantly, this study does not aim to compare pristine and contaminated environments, but rather to provide a sanitary alert by identifying the presence and potential proliferation of pathogenic fungi in a degraded mangrove system. These findings highlight the sensitivity of mangrove fungal communities to environmental disturbance and reinforce the value of metagenomic approaches for monitoring ecosystem health. Incorporating fungal metagenomic surveillance into environmental management strategies is essential to better understand biodiversity loss, ecological resilience, and potential public health risks in degraded coastal environments.}, }
@article {pmid40872079, year = {2025}, author = {Xia, M and Tang, L and Zhai, H and Liu, Y and Zhang, L and Chen, D}, title = {Genome-Wide Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of the GATA Transcription Factor Family in Nitrogen-Fixing Legumes.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {16}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/plants14162456}, pmid = {40872079}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32400295//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 0205-6602-A12201//Research Startup Funding from Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University/ ; }, abstract = {GATA transcription factors are crucial for plant development and environmental responses, yet their roles in plant evolution and root nodule symbiosis are still not well understood. This study identified GATA genes across the genomes of 77 representative plant species, revealing that this gene family originated in Charophyta and significantly expanded in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. Phylogenetic analyses, along with examinations of conserved motifs and cis-regulatory elements in Glycine max and Arabidopsis, clearly demonstrated structural and functional divergence within the GATA family. Chromosomal mapping and synteny analysis indicated that GATA gene expansion in soybean primarily resulted from whole-genome duplication events. These genes also exhibit high conservation and signs of purifying selection in Glycine max, Lotus japonicus, and Medicago truncatula. Furthermore, by integrating phylogenetic and transcriptomic data from eight nitrogen-fixing legume species, several GATA genes were identified as strongly co-expressed with NIN1, suggesting their potential co-regulatory roles in nodule development and symbiosis. Collectively, this study offers a comprehensive overview of the evolutionary dynamics of the GATA gene family and highlights their potential involvement in root nodule symbiosis in legumes, thus providing a theoretical foundation for future mechanistic studies.}, }
@article {pmid40871461, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, T and Qi, Z and Wang, H and Zheng, P and Kao, SJ and Diao, X}, title = {Seasonal Variation in In Hospite but Not Free-Living, Symbiodiniaceae Communities Around Hainan Island, China.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081958}, pmid = {40871461}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {2021M702729//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 41967032//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by global climate change, and mass bleaching and mortality events caused by elevated seawater temperature have led to coral loss worldwide. Hainan Island hosts extensive coral reef ecosystems in China, yet seasonal variation in Symbiodiniaceae communities within this region remains insufficiently understood. We aimed to investigate the temperature-driven adaptability regulation of the symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae community in reef-building corals, focusing on the environmental adaptive changes in its community structure in coral reefs between cold (23.6-24.6 °C) and warm (28.2-30.6 °C) months. Symbiodiniaceae shuffling and rare genotype turnover were discovered in adaptability variations in the symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae community between two months. Symbiodiniaceae genetic diversity increased during warm months, primarily due to temporal turnover of rare genotypes within the Cladocopium and Durusdinium genera. Coral Favites, Galaxea, and Porites exhibited the shuffling of Symbiodiniaceae between tolerant Durusdinium and sensitive Cladocopium. Symbiodiniaceae interactions in G. fascicularis and P. lutea exhibited the highest levels of stability with the increase in temperature, whereas the interactions in A. digitifera and P. damicornis showed the lowest levels of stability. Rare genotypes functioned as central hubs and important roles within Symbiodiniaceae communities, exhibiting minimal responsiveness to temperature fluctuations while maintaining community structural stability. The temperature-driven adaptability regulation of symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae could be achieved by Symbiodiniaceae shuffling and rare genotype turnover. The process might be aggravated by concurrent adverse factors, including elevated salinity, pollution, and anthropogenic disturbance. These findings provide insights into how the Symbiodiniaceae community influences the adaptation and resilience of coral hosts to temperature fluctuations in coral reefs. Furthermore, they may contribute to assessing the reef-building coral's capacity to withstand environmental stressors associated with global climate change.}, }
@article {pmid40871434, year = {2025}, author = {Rincón-Rosales, R and Díaz-Hernández, M and Manzano-Gómez, LA and Rincón-Molina, FA and Ruíz-Valdiviezo, VM and Gen-Jiménez, A and Villalobos-Maldonado, JJ and Maldonado-Gómez, JC and Rincón-Molina, CI}, title = {Analysis of the Bacterial Community and Fatty Acid Composition in the Bacteriome of the Lac Insect Llaveia axin axin.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081930}, pmid = {40871434}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {22004.25-P//Tecnol&#xf3;gico Nacional de M&#xe9;xico/ ; 21914.25-P//Tecnol&#xf3;gico Nacional de M&#xe9;xico/ ; }, abstract = {Microbial symbioses play crucial roles in insect physiology, contributing to nutrition, detoxification, and metabolic adaptations. However, the microbial communities associated with the lac insect Llaveia axin axin, an economically significant species used in traditional lacquer production, remain poorly characterized. In this study, the bacterial diversity and community structure of L. axin axin were investigated using both culture-dependent and culture-independent (metagenomic) approaches, combined with fatty acid profile analysis. The insects were bred at the laboratory level, in controlled conditions, encompassing stages from eggs to adult females. Bacterial strains were isolated from bacteriomes and identified through 16S rRNA gene amplification and genomic fingerprinting through ARDRA analysis. Metagenomic DNA was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 20 bacterial strains were isolated, with Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus detected in first-instar nymphs; Methylobacterium, Microbacterium, and Bacillus in pre-adult females; and Bacillus and Microbacterium in adults. Metagenomic analysis revealed key genera including Sodalis, Blattabacterium, and Candidatus Walczuchella, with Sodalis being predominant in early stages and Blattabacteriaceae in adults. Fatty acid analysis identified palmitic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic, and stearic acids, with stearic acid being the most abundant. These results suggest that dominant bacteria contribute to lipid biosynthesis and metabolic development in L. axin axin.}, }
@article {pmid40871425, year = {2025}, author = {Danilova, OV and Salova, VD and Oshkin, IY and Naumoff, DG and Ivanova, AA and Suzina, NE and Dedysh, SN}, title = {Isolation of Ultra-Small Opitutaceae-Affiliated Verrucomicrobia from a Methane-Fed Bioreactor.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081922}, pmid = {40871425}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {25-24-00426//Russian Science Foundation (RSF)/ ; }, abstract = {The bacterial phylum Verrucomicrobiota accommodates free-living and symbiotic microorganisms, which inhabit a wide range of environments and specialize in polysaccharide degradation. Due to difficulties in cultivation, much of the currently available knowledge about these bacteria originated from cultivation-independent studies. A phylogenetic clade defined by the free-living bacterium from oilsands tailings pond, Oleiharenicola alkalitolerans, and the symbiont of the tunicate Lissoclinum sp., Candidatus Didemniditutus mandelae, is a poorly studied verrucomicrobial group. This clade includes two dozen methagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) retrieved from aquatic and soil habitats all over the world. A new member of this clade, strain Vm1, was isolated from a methane-fed laboratory bioreactor with a Methylococcus-dominated methane-oxidizing consortium and characterized in this study. Strain Vm1 was represented by ultra-small, motile cocci with a mean diameter of 0.4 µm that grew in oxic and micro-oxic conditions at temperatures between 20 and 42 °C. Stable development of strain Vm1 in a co-culture with Methylococcus was due to the ability to utilize organic acids excreted by the methanotroph and its exopolysaccharides. The finished genome of strain Vm1 was 4.8 Mb in size and contained about 4200 predicted protein-coding sequences, including a wide repertoire of CAZyme-encoding genes. Among these CAZymes, two proteins presumably responsible for xylan and arabinan degradation, were encoded in several MAGs of Vm1-related free-living verrucomicrobia, thus offering an insight into the reasons behind wide distribution of these bacteria in the environment. Apparently, many representatives of the Oleiharenicola-Candidatus Didemniditutus clade may occur in nature in trophic associations with methanotrophic bacteria, thus participating in the cycling of methane-derived carbon.}, }
@article {pmid40871343, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, X and Lu, Y and Liu, X and Gu, Y and Li, F}, title = {Trichoderma: Dual Roles in Biocontrol and Plant Growth Promotion.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081840}, pmid = {40871343}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {Qiankehejichu-ZK [2022] Zhongdian 033//Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province/ ; }, abstract = {The genus Trichoderma plays a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture through its multifaceted contributions to plant health and productivity. This review explores Trichoderma's biological functions, including its roles as a biocontrol agent, plant growth promoter, and stress resilience enhancer. By producing various enzymes, secondary metabolites, and volatile organic compounds, Trichoderma effectively suppresses plant pathogens, promotes root development, and primes plant immune responses. This review details the evolutionary adaptations of Trichoderma, which has transitioned from saprotrophism to mycoparasitism and established beneficial symbiotic relationships with plants. It also highlights the ecological versatility of Trichoderma in colonizing plant roots and improving soil health, while emphasizing its role in mitigating both biotic and abiotic stressors. With increasing recognition as a biostimulant and biocontrol agent, Trichoderma has become a key player in reducing chemical inputs and advancing eco-friendly farming practices. This review addresses challenges such as strain selection, formulation stability, and regulatory hurdles and concludes by advocating for continued research to optimize Trichoderma's applications in addressing climate change, enhancing food security, and promoting a sustainable agricultural future.}, }
@article {pmid40871230, year = {2025}, author = {Iram, N and Ren, Y and Zhao, R and Zhao, S and Dong, C and Han, Y and Zhang, Y}, title = {Deciphering Soil Keystone Microbial Taxa: Structural Diversity and Co-Occurrence Patterns from Peri-Urban to Urban Landscapes.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081726}, pmid = {40871230}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {[No.32060011, 32160007, 32260003]//The National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; [Qian Ke He [2020] 6005]//"Hundred" Talent Projects of Guizhou Province/ ; [GNYL [2017]009]//Construction Program of Biology First-class Discipline in Guizhou/ ; }, abstract = {Assessing microbial community stability and soil quality requires understanding the role of keystone microbial taxa in maintaining diversity and functionality. This study collected soil samples from four major habitats in the urban and peri-urban areas of 20 highly urbanized provinces in China using both the five-point method and the S-shape method and explored their microbiota through high-throughput sequencing techniques. The data was used to investigate changes in the structural diversity and co-occurrence patterns of keystone microbial communities from peri-urban (agricultural land) to urban environments (hospitals, wastewater treatment plants, and zoos) across different regions. Using network analysis, we examined the structure and symbiosis of soil keystone taxa and their association with environmental factors during urbanization. Results revealed that some urban soils exhibited higher microbial diversity, network complexity, and community stability compared to peri-urban soil. Significant differences were observed in the composition, structure, and potential function of keystone microbial taxa between these environments. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative relationship between keystone taxa and mean annual precipitation (p < 0.05), and a strong positive correlation with soil nutrients, microbial diversity, and community stability (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that diverse keystone taxa are vital for sustaining microbial community stability and that urbanization-induced environmental changes modulate their composition. Shifts in keystone taxa composition reflect alterations in soil health and ecosystem functioning, emphasizing their role as indicators of soil quality during urban development. This study highlights the ecological importance of keystone taxa in shaping microbial resilience under urbanization pressure.}, }
@article {pmid40870637, year = {2025}, author = {Qi, Q and Li, B and Zhang, X and Chen, X and Chen, H and King-Jones, K}, title = {Ecological Significance of a Novel Nitrogen Fixation Mechanism in the Wax Scale Insect Ericerus pela.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16080836}, pmid = {40870637}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {CAFYBB2019SZ005//Central Non-profit Research Institution of CAF/ ; }, abstract = {As a sessile wax scale insect, Ericerus pela heavily relies on its host plant for nutrition. While E. pela utilizes the nitrogen-poor plant sap as its primary nutrient source, the mechanisms by which this insect overcomes the nitrogen deficiency are poorly understood. In this study, we first confirm the nitrogen fixation capability of E. pela through isotopic tracer experiments and the acetylene reduction assay, which demonstrate that female adults exhibit an efficient nitrogen fixation rate. High-throughput sequencing further revealed 42 nitrogen-fixing bacterial species in the tissues of E. pela, most notably including Rhizobiales and Methylobacterium as the dominant species converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Several critical genes involved in nitrogen fixation, ammonia transporting, amino acid synthesis, and transportation were determined to be transcriptionally active across different developmental stages of E. pela. In addition, the symbiotic fungus Ophiocordyceps-located in the fat body of E. pela-was found to be capable of synthesizing all amino acids, including the essential amino acids required for the survival of E. pela. Taken together, this study demonstrates that E. pela has evolved a highly effective nitrogen acquisition system driven by symbiotic microorganisms, ensuring a sufficient nitrogen supply and enabling it to thrive on nitrogen-deficient food sources. Our findings reveal a unique evolutionary adaptation in which E. pela leveraged both bacterial nitrogen fixation and fungal amino acid synthesis to bolster its growth and development.}, }
@article {pmid40870591, year = {2025}, author = {Siden-Kiamos, I and Pantidi, G and Vontas, J}, title = {The Journey of the Bacterial Symbiont Through the Olive Fruit Fly: Lessons Learned and Open Questions.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/insects16080789}, pmid = {40870591}, issn = {2075-4450}, abstract = {Dysbiosis is a strategy to control insect pests through disrupting symbiotic bacteria essential for their life cycle. The olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, has been considered a suitable system for dysbiosis, as the insect is strictly dependent on its unique symbiont Candidatus Erwinia dacicola. Here, we review older and recent results from studies of the interaction of the symbiont and its host fly. We then discuss possible methods for disrupting the symbiosis as a means to control the fly. Specifically, we summarize studies using microscopy methods that have investigated in great detail the organs where the bacterium resides and it is always extracellular. Furthermore, we discuss how genome sequences of both host and bacterium can provide valuable resources for understanding the interaction and transcriptomic analyses that have revealed important insights that can be exploited for dysbiosis strategies. We also assess experiments where compounds have been tested against the symbiont. The hitherto limited efficacy in decreasing bacterial abundance suggests that novel molecules and/or new ways for the delivery of agents will be important for successful dysbiosis strategies. Finally, we discuss how gene drive methods could be implemented in olive fly control, though a number of hurdles would need to be overcome.}, }
@article {pmid40869242, year = {2025}, author = {Khatoon, A and Aslam, MM and Komatsu, S}, title = {Role of Plant-Derived Smoke Solution on Plants Under Stress.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {16}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms26167911}, pmid = {40869242}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {This research was funded by the University-Special Research Grants (Practical application, 2025)//Fukui University of Technology/ ; }, mesh = {*Stress, Physiological/drug effects ; *Smoke ; *Plants/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Plant Development/drug effects ; }, abstract = {Plants are constantly exposed to various environmental challenges, such as drought, flooding, heavy metal toxicity, and pathogen attacks. To cope with these stresses, they employ several adaptive strategies. This review highlights the potential of plant-derived smoke (PDS) solution as a natural biostimulant for improving plant health and resilience, contributing to both crop productivity and ecological restoration under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Mitigating effects of PDS solution against various stresses were observed at morphological, physiological, and molecular levels in plants. PDS solution application involves strengthening the cell membrane by minimizing electrolyte leakage, which enhances cell membrane stability and stomatal conductance. The increased reactive-oxygen species were managed by the activation of the antioxidant system including ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase to meet oxidative damage caused by challenging conditions imposed by flooding, drought, and heavy metal stress. PDS solution along with other by-products of fire, such as charred organic matter and ash, can enrich the soil by slightly increasing its pH and improving nutrient availability. Additionally, some studies indicated that PDS solution may influence phytohormonal pathways, particularly auxins and gibberellic acids, which can contribute to root development and enhance symbiotic interactions with soil microbes, including mycorrhizal fungi. These combined effects may support overall plant growth, though the extent of PDS contribution may vary depending on species and environmental conditions. This boost in plant growth contributes to protecting the plants against pathogens, which shows the role of PDS in enduring biotic stress. Collectively, PDS solution mitigates stress tolerance in plants via multifaceted changes, including the regulation of physico-chemical responses, enhancement of the antioxidant system, modulation of heavy metal speciation, and key adjustments of photosynthesis, respiration, cell membrane transport, and the antioxidant system at genomic/proteomic levels. This review focuses on the role of PDS solution in fortifying plants against environmental stresses. It is suggested that PDS solution, which already has been determined to be a biostimulant, has potential for the revival of plant growth and soil ecosystem under abiotic and biotic stresses.}, }
@article {pmid40869153, year = {2025}, author = {Kwon, EH and Ahmad, S and Lee, IJ}, title = {Melatonin-Producing Bacillus aerius EH2-5 Enhances Glycine max Plants Salinity Tolerance Through Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Modulation.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {16}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms26167834}, pmid = {40869153}, issn = {1422-0067}, mesh = {*Melatonin/biosynthesis/metabolism ; *Bacillus/metabolism/genetics ; *Salt Tolerance ; *Glycine max/microbiology/physiology/growth &amp; development/genetics/metabolism ; Salinity ; Salt Stress ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Oxidative Stress ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Climate change has intensified extreme weather events and accelerated soil salinization, posing serious threats to crop yield and quality. Salinity stress, now affecting about 20% of irrigated lands, is expected to worsen due to rising temperatures and sea levels. At the same time, the global population is projected to exceed 9 billion by 2050, demanding a 70% increase in food production (UN, 2019; FAO). Agriculture, responsible for 34% of global greenhouse gas emissions, urgently needs sustainable solutions. Microbial inoculants, known as "plant probiotics," offer a promising eco-friendly alternative by enhancing crop resilience and reducing environmental impact. In this study, we evaluated the plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and melatonin-producing capacity of Bacillus aerius EH2-5. To assess its efficacy under salt stress, soybean seedlings at the VC stage were inoculated with EH2-5 and subsequently subjected to salinity stress using 150 mM and 100 mM NaCl treatments. Plant growth parameters, the expression levels of salinity-related genes, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured to determine the microbe's role in promoting plant growth and mitigating salt-induced oxidative stress. Here, our study shows that the melatonin-synthesizing Bacillus aerius EH2-5 (7.48 ng/mL at 24 h after inoculation in Trp spiked LB media) significantly improved host plant (Glycine max L.) growth, biomass, and photosynthesis and reduced oxidative stress during salinity stress conditions than the non-inculcated control. Whole genome sequencing of Bacillus aerius EH2-5 identified key plant growth-promoting and salinity stress-related genes, including znuA, znuB, znuC, and zur (zinc uptake); ptsN, aspA, and nrgB (nitrogen metabolism); and phoH and pstS (phosphate transport). Genes involved in tryptophan biosynthesis and transport, such as trpA, trpB, trpP, and tspO, along with siderophore-related genes yusV, yfhA, and yfiY, were also detected. The presence of multiple stress-responsive genes, including dnaK, dps, treA, cspB, srkA, and copZ, suggests EH2-5's genomic potential to enhance plant tolerance to salinity and other abiotic stresses. Inoculation with Bacillus aerius EH2-5 significantly enhanced soybean growth and reduced salt-induced damage, as evidenced by increased shoot biomass (29%, 41%), leaf numbers (12% and 13%), and chlorophyll content (40%, 21%) under 100 mM and 150 mM NaCl compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicate EH2-5's strong potential as a plant growth-promoting and salinity stress-alleviating rhizobacterium. The EH2-5 symbiosis significantly enhanced a key ABA biosynthesis enzyme-related gene NCED3, dehydration responsive transcription factors DREB2A and NAC29 salinity stresses (100 mM and 150 mM). Moreover, the reduced expression of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) by 16%, 29%, and 24%, respectively, and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxy peroxidase (H2O2) by 12% and 23% were observed under 100 mM NaCl compared to non-inoculated plants. This study demonstrated that Bacillus aerius EH2-5, a melatonin-producing strain, not only functions effectively as a biofertilizer but also alleviates plant stress in a manner comparable to the application of exogenous melatonin. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing melatonin-producing microbes as a viable alternative to chemical treatments. Therefore, further research should focus on enhancing the melatonin biosynthetic capacity of EH2-5, improving its colonization efficiency in plants, and developing synergistic microbial consortia (SynComs) with melatonin-producing capabilities. Such efforts will contribute to the development and field application of EH2-5 as a promising plant biostimulant for sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid40868890, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, M and Zhang, Y and Zhao, Z and Deng, F and Jiang, H and Liu, C and Li, Y and Chai, J}, title = {Bacterial-Fungal Interactions: Mutualism, Antagonism, and Competition.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life15081242}, pmid = {40868890}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {The interaction between bacteria and fungi is one of the key interactions of microbial ecology, including mutualism, antagonism, and competition, which profoundly affects the balance and functions of animal microbial ecosystems. This article reviews the interactive dynamics of bacteria and fungi in more concerned microenvironments in animals, such as gut, rumen, and skin. Moreover, we summarize the molecular mechanisms and ecological functions of the interaction between bacteria and fungi. Three major bacterial-fungal interactions (mutualism, antagonism, and competition) are deeply discussed. Understanding of the interactions between bacteria and fungi allows us to understand, modulate, and maintain the community structure and functions. Furthermore, this summarization will provide a comprehensive perspective on animal production and veterinary medicine, as well as guide future research directions.}, }
@article {pmid40868558, year = {2025}, author = {Salazar-Páramo, M and de Santos Ávila, F and Ortiz-Velázquez, GE and Ramirez-Jaramillo, I and Delgado-Lara, DLC and Torres-Sánchez, ED and Ortiz, GG}, title = {Inflammatory Joint Pathologies and the Oral-Gut Microbiota: A Reason for Origin.}, journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {13}, number = {16}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/healthcare13161942}, pmid = {40868558}, issn = {2227-9032}, abstract = {The human gut microbiota, which can weigh as much as 2 kg and harbor 100 trillion bacteria, is specific to each individual. In healthy adults, a balanced microbiota-a state known as eubiosis-can be altered by various factors such as diet and lifestyle. Microbiota imbalance-or dysbiosis-can have consequences for host health. Given that 80% of the human immune system is located in the gut, studies have investigated the role of the microbiota in immune system diseases, including joint and inflammatory pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis. A better understanding of this pathology might enable the development of new treatments in the future. The microbiota includes all unicellular organisms in the digestive tract, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea. This complex ecosystem is unique to each individual. Associations between the human body and the microorganisms that it hosts can be considered mutualistic, symbiotic, or parasitic. These microorganisms are responsible for essential functions in maintaining health; the microbiota can even be considered another organ of the body. Microbiota composition varies considerably between early life and older age but remains relatively stable for most of a lifespan.}, }
@article {pmid40867596, year = {2025}, author = {Lushchak, VI}, title = {Symphony of Digestion: Coordinated Host-Microbiome Enzymatic Interplay in Gut Ecosystem.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biom15081151}, pmid = {40867596}, issn = {2218-273X}, mesh = {Humans ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Digestion/physiology ; Animals ; Probiotics ; Prebiotics ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; }, abstract = {Digestion was once viewed as a host-driven process, dependent on salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal enzymes to break down macronutrients. However, new insights into the gut microbiota have redefined this view, highlighting digestion as a cooperative effort between host and microbial enzymes. Host enzymes initiate nutrient breakdown, while microbial enzymes, especially in the colon, extend this process by fermenting resistant polysaccharides, modifying bile acids, and transforming phytochemicals and xenobiotics into bioactive compounds. These microbial actions produce metabolites like short-chain fatty acids, which influence gut barrier function, immune regulation, and metabolism. I propose two frameworks to describe this interaction: the "duet," emphasizing sequential enzymatic cooperation, and the "orchestra," reflecting a spatially and temporally coordinated system with host-microbiota feedback. Disruption of this symbiosis, through antibiotics, inflammation, diet, or aging, leads to dysbiosis, impaired digestion, and contributes to metabolic, neurologic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases. Recognizing digestion as a dynamic, integrated system opens new paths for therapies and nutrition. These include enzyme-targeted prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and personalized diets. Embracing this systems-level perspective enables innovative diagnostics and treatments, aiming to restore enzymatic balance and improve digestive and systemic health.}, }
@article {pmid40867433, year = {2025}, author = {Gu, Y and He, J and Huang, W and Sun, B}, title = {Professional Development for Teachers in the Digital Age: A Comparative Analysis of Online Training Programs and Policy Implementation.}, journal = {Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/bs15081076}, pmid = {40867433}, issn = {2076-328X}, support = {2025DQJK47//Education Science Planning for Guangdong Province/ ; }, abstract = {In the digital age, online teacher professional development (TPD) has become a key strategy for enhancing instructional quality and ensuring equitable access to continuous learning. This research compares and analyzes Chinese online teacher professional development (TPD) with the United States over a period of ten years, from 2014 to 2024. This study uses a mixed-methods approach based on policy documents, structured surveys, and interviews to investigate how governance regimes influence TPD outcomes for fair education. Both countries experienced a massive expansion of web-based TPD access and engagement, with participation rates over 75% and effectiveness scores over 4.3 by 2024. China focused on fast scaling by way of centralized mandates and investments in infrastructure, while the United States emphasized gradual expansion through decentralized, locally appropriate models. Most indicators had converged by the end of the period, even with these different approaches. Yet, qualitative evidence reveals persisting gaps in functional access and contextual appropriateness, especially in rural settings. Equality frameworks with attention to teacher agency, policy implementation, and digital usability must supplant weak access metrics. A hybrid paradigm presents itself as an attractive means toward building equitable and productive digital TPD environments through the symbiotic integration of China's successful scalability and the United States' professional autonomy.}, }
@article {pmid40865664, year = {2025}, author = {Mavima, L and Steenkamp, ET and Beukes, CW and Palmer, M and De Meyer, SE and James, EK and Venter, SN and Coetzee, MPA}, title = {Estimated timeline for the evolution of symbiotic nitrogen fixing Paraburkholderia.}, journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108447}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2025.108447}, pmid = {40865664}, issn = {1095-9513}, abstract = {The nitrogen-fixing and nodule-forming symbionts of legumes, which belong to the class Betaproteobacteria, are informally known as beta-rhizobia. Thus far, members of this group have only been found in the genera Paraburkholderia, Trinickia and Cupriavidus. In this study, we investigate the poorly characterized evolutionary history of this trait in the predominant beta-rhizobial genus, Paraburkholderia. This was determined in the context of the current evolutionary theories and date estimates of rhizobia, the genus Paraburkholderia and the earth. Evolutionary divergence dates of rhizobial Paraburkholderia as well as their ancestral nodulation states were estimated using over 800 diverse proteobacterial genomes. Molecular dating was carried out using the software BEAST (Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees) and APE (using the 'chronopl' function). Our results showed that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the extant beta-rhizobial species emerged between 2744 and 1752 million years ago (Ma) and later (2135-514 Ma) diverged into the lineages Cupriavidus, Trinickia and Paraburkholderia. However, major diversifications of rhizobial Paraburkholderia occurred in three phases: (i) during the Permian and Triassic periods (400-200 Ma) when Pangaea was fully assembled and its landmass filling up with flora and fauna, (ii) during the Jurassic period (200-150 Ma) when fauna and flora were flourishing in Pangaea, and (iii) during the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods (150-23 Ma) when Gondwana was breaking up. Furthermore, Paraburkholderia were estimated to have acquired their precursor nodulation loci that evolved into their current nodulation loci from different sources between 103 and 48 Ma. Accordingly, our study describes the evolutionary history of rhizobial Paraburkholderia, thus enabling us to understand the past environmental factors that shaped the current geographical distribution of these agriculturally important bacteria, and to identify locations potentially rich in beta-rhizobia.}, }
@article {pmid40757506, year = {2025}, author = {Min, BR and Lourencon, RV and Nagaraju, I and Pitta, D and Ismael, H and Abdo, H and Chaudhary, S and Hilaire, M and Kanyi, V and Solaiman, S and Puchala, R}, title = {The effect of the forage-to-concentrate ratio of the total mixed ration on ruminal microbiota changes in Alpine dairy goats.}, journal = {Journal of animal science}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40757506}, issn = {1525-3163}, support = {//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; ALX-SRS22//McIntire-Stennis/ ; NR233A750004G103//USDA/NRCS Climate-Smart Commodities/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Goats/microbiology/physiology ; *Rumen/microbiology ; *Diet/veterinary ; *Animal Feed/analysis ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteria/classification ; Fermentation ; }, abstract = {This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of the forage-to-concentrate ratio's effects in a total mixed ratio (TMR) on the dry matter intake (DMI) and ruminal microbiome community changes in Alpine dairy goats. Thirty-two multiparous Alpine dairy goats (53.3 ± 1.14 kg body weight [BW]) were used in this experiment. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with two treatments replicated twice, consisting of a TMR diet that contained either a high-concentrate (HC; 60%:40%) or a low-concentrate (LC; 30:70%) diet. Goats were used in a 45-d experiment to assess the effects of feeding different levels of concentrate diets on DMI, rumen fermentation characteristics, and changes in the ruminal microbiome community. The Calan head gate feeders were used to control individual DMI. The present study showed that BW was similar among the diets (P = 0.126), but DMI was lower (P < 0.05) for the LC diet than for the HC diet. The results showed that the most abundant bacterial species were Clostridium spp. (14.8% and 14.8%), followed by Rikenella spp. (8.2% and 9.7%), Prevotella ruminicola (4.1% and 6.3%), Clostridium sp. (3.5% and 4.8%), and Lachnoclostridium eubacterium contortum (3.4% and 1.2%) in the rumen of dairy goats fed HC and LC diets, respectively. According to the Archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences, the most abundant Methanogen species were Methanobrevibacter sp. (97.3%), followed by M. wolinii (0.1% and 1.0%), Methanobrevibacter spp. (0.9%), and M. smithii (0.1% and 0.6%) in the rumen of Alpine dairy goats fed HC and LC diets, respectively. Our findings revealed that the rumen of Alpine dairy goats fed HC compared to LC diet had a higher or tended to have higher DMI and proportion of Firmicutes (55.0 vs. 49.2%; P = 0.07), Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratios (1.9 vs. 1.31; P = 0.06), Chloroflexi (3.7 vs. 1.4%; P < 0.01), Actinobacteria (3.8 vs. 1.5%; P < 0.01), and Tenericutes (1.3 vs. 0.6%; P < 0.01), respectively. Furthermore, the level of Methanobrevibacter sp. was not impacted by diets (P > 0.05). The alpha diversity analysis confirmed that the richness of rumen bacterial species was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when dairy goats were fed the HC diet compared to the LC diet. The examination of the richness of both Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, in relation to the relative abundance of microbiota, will help elucidate the structure of gut microbiota as an indicator of animal performance (e.g., milk and meat production).}, }
@article {pmid40865576, year = {2025}, author = {Du, Z and Fang, J and Pang, H and Cai, Y}, title = {Utilising rice straw to prepare a culture medium for synthesizing lactic acid bacteria biofilms and regulating silage fermentation.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133201}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133201}, pmid = {40865576}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {To effectively utilize crop by-product resources, we developed a low-cost natural culture medium using rice straw as material, successfully synthesized a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) biofilm conducive to silage, and activated LAB activity to drive the silage fermentation process. Commercial freeze-dried LAB strains FG1 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) and TH14 (Lacticaseibacillus casei) and their corresponding culture medium, used for the preparation of silage from orchard grass and timothy grass. The crude protein and mineral content in fresh grass was higher than 14.4 % and 3.0 g/kg based on dry matter (DM), respectively, and formed a microbial biofilm structure and symbiotic network dominated by harmful microorganisms. Compared with the control and other treatments, silage prepared using the FG1 medium exhibited excellent fermentation quality, with pH and ammonia nitrogen content below 3.6 and 0.7 g/kg of fresh weight (FW) (P < 0.05), respectively, while lactic acid content exceeded 1.1 g/kg of FW (P < 0.05). The single LAB biofilm constructed using the FG1 medium developed in this study promoted a rapid shift in the silage biofilm community structure from Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacteria. Ultimately, a biofilm structure dominated by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was formed. This structure effectively regulated the dynamic symbiotic network of silage fermentation microorganisms, increasing the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to 35.4 %, significantly driving carbohydrate metabolism and global and overview map metabolic pathways while inhibiting amino acid metabolic pathways. This study achieved low-cost and high-quality silage fermentation by scientifically designing the biofilm structure of microorganisms related to silage fermentation.}, }
@article {pmid40865219, year = {2025}, author = {Jia, J and Liu, Q and Wang, T and Zou, B and Xiong, X and Xu, J and Wu, C}, title = {Multiple stressors enhance Microcystis dominance and modulate phycospheric antibiotic resistome in aquatic mesocosm.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {497}, number = {}, pages = {139633}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139633}, pmid = {40865219}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Assessing the response of phycospheric antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to pollutants such as antibiotics and microplastics (MPs) under the background of climate warming is crucial for understanding ARG fate in aquatic ecosystems. In this work, we conducted mesocosm experiments to evaluate how these stressors influence phytoplankton dominance, phycospheric bacteria, and ARG evolution. Results showed that in Microcystis-dominant ecosystem, a single stressor strengthened Microcystis dominance (up to 82.37 % of total abundance), but only warming significantly enhanced phycospheric bacterial metabolic activity and promoted phycospheric ARG proliferation (1.34-fold higher on day 16). The increased propagation of Microcystis symbiotic bacteria (e.g., Roseomonas and Methylobacterium) and microcystin-degraders (e.g., Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas) drove the spread of ARGs. Though the single treatment of antibiotics (0.85- and 0.53-fold for days 16 and 30) or MPs (0.72- and 0.20-fold for days 16 and 30) decreased the abundance of ARGs, co-treatment with warming reversed this suppression (e.g., 1.55- and 1.96-fold for WA and MW groups on day 16). The results underscore the necessity of considering the combined warming-pollutant effects in ARG ecological risk assessment in natural waters, particularly under phytoplankton succession scenarios. Such insights are vital for managing antimicrobial resistance in evolving aquatic environments under global change pressures.}, }
@article {pmid40865124, year = {2025}, author = {Hanrio, E and Severn-Ellis, A and Batley, J and Loh, R and Clode, P and Dang, C}, title = {A novel thraustochytrid in vitro isolate from the abalone Haliotis roei in Western Australia.}, journal = {Protist}, volume = {178}, number = {}, pages = {126114}, doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2025.126114}, pmid = {40865124}, issn = {1618-0941}, abstract = {Thraustochytrids are heterotrophic protozoa that can be saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic. They have become increasingly important as a potential source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study describes the isolation and characterisation of a novel thraustochytrid isolate from the abalone Haliotis roei in Western Australia. Isolate W7B6 was propagated in vitro and characterised using optical and electron microscopy as well as phylogenetic analysis. This thraustochytrid exhibits characteristic cell types of the Thraustochytriaceae family, including small sporogenous cells, cysts, encysted amoebosporangia and amoebosporangia. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA sequence of the W7B6 isolate indicate its classification within the Monorhizochytrium clade, nested within the broader Aurantiochytrium super-clade. This study adds a new thraustochytrid strain that potentially has significance in the bio-production of long-chain fatty acids.}, }
@article {pmid40863595, year = {2025}, author = {You, Y and Zhao, S and Xie, B and Li, Z and Gong, W and Zhang, G and Li, Q and Zhao, X and Xin, Z and Wu, J and Gao, Y and Xiang, H}, title = {A Review of Maricultural Wastewater Treatment Using an MBR: Insights into the Mechanism of Membrane Fouling Mitigation Through a Microalgal-Bacterial Symbiotic and Microbial Ecological Network.}, journal = {Membranes}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40863595}, issn = {2077-0375}, support = {No. 52100036, No. 52270027//The National Natural Science Fund of China/ ; No. ZR2021QE119, ZR2023ME212//The Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China/ ; No. QA202140//Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology/ ; 2023SYLHY13//the Taishan Industrial Experts Program and the Double First-class Discipline Construction Fund Project of Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai/ ; }, abstract = {Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been utilized for maricultural wastewater treatment, where high-salinity stress results in dramatic membrane fouling in the actual process. A microalgal-bacterial symbiotic system (MBSS) offers advantages for photosynthetic oxygen production, dynamically regulating the structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and improving the salinity tolerance of bacteria and algae. This study centered on the mechanisms of membrane fouling mitigation via the microalgal-bacterial interactions in the MBSS, including improving the pollutant removal, optimizing the system parameters, and controlling the gel layer formation. Moreover, the contribution of electrochemistry to decreasing the inhibitory effects of high-salinity stress was investigated in the MBSS. Furthermore, patterns of shifts in microbial communities and the impacts have been explored using metagenomic technology. Finally, this review aims to offer new insights for membrane fouling mitigation in actual maricultural wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40863558, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, DM and Wang, SH and Wang, K and Li, JX and Yang, WQ and Han, XX and Cao, B and He, SH and Liu, WW and Zhao, RL}, title = {Species Diversity and Resource Status of Macrofungi in Beijing: Insights from Natural and Urban Habitats.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40863558}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {2019HJ2096001006//the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China/ ; }, abstract = {This study systematically documented macrofungal diversity in Beijing, China (field surveys conducted from 2020 to 2024) using line-transect and random sampling. A total of 1056 species were identified, spanning 2 phyla, 7 classes, 25 orders, 109 families, and 286 genera. The inventory includes 12 new species, 456 new records for Beijing, 79 new records for China, and comprises 116 edible, 56 edible-medicinal, 123 medicinal, and 58 poisonous species. Among these, 542 species were assessed against China's Macrofungi Redlist, revealing eight species needing conservation attention (seven Near Threatened, one Vulnerable). Analysis revealed stark differences in dominant taxa between natural ecosystems (protected areas) and urban green spaces/parks. In natural areas, macrofungi are dominated by 31 families (e.g., Russulaceae, Cortinariaceae) and 47 genera (e.g., Russula, Cortinarius). Ectomycorrhizal lineages prevailed, highlighting their critical role in forest nutrient cycling, plant symbiosis, and ecosystem integrity. In urban areas, 10 families (e.g., Agaricaceae, Psathyrellaceae) and 17 genera (e.g., Leucocoprinus, Coprinellus) were dominant. Saprotrophic genera dominated, indicating their adaptation to decomposing organic matter in human-modified habitats and the provision of ecosystem services. The study demonstrates relatively high macrofungal diversity in Beijing. The distinct functional guild composition-ectomycorrhizal dominance in natural areas versus saprotrophic prevalence in urban zones-reveals complementary ecosystem functions and underscores the conservation value of protected habitats for maintaining vital mycorrhizal networks. These findings provide fundamental data and scientific support for regional biodiversity conservation and sustainable macrofungal resource development.}, }
@article {pmid40863553, year = {2025}, author = {Gao, Y and Huang, S and Zhang, J and Zhu, L and Zhan, B and Yu, X and Chen, Y}, title = {JA Signaling Inhibitor JAZ Is Involved in Regulation of AM Symbiosis with Cassava, Including Symbiosis Establishment and Cassava Growth.}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40863553}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {ZDYF2023XDNY179//Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund/ ; }, abstract = {Mutualism between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is imperative for sustainable agricultural production. Jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction has been demonstrated to play an important role in AMF symbiosis with the host. In this study, SC9 cassava was selected as the research object to investigate the effect of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway on symbiosis establishment and cassava growth in AMF and cassava symbiosis. It was first found that the symbiosis of cassava and mycorrhizal fungi could increase the biomass of both the aboveground and belowground parts of cassava. Secondly, JA content increased significantly in the early stage of AMF inoculation and auxin content increased significantly in the late stage of AMF inoculation, suggesting that JA signal transduction played an important role in the symbiosis between cassava and mycorrhizal fungi. Transcriptome data were used to analyze the expression differences of genes related to JA synthesis and signal transduction in cassava. The MeJAZ gene positively responded to symbiosis between cassava and mycorrhizal fungi. The analysis of MeJAZ gene family expression and its promoter supported this result. Spraying different concentrations of MeJA on leaves could affect the colonization rate and root biomass of cassava, indicating that JA was an active regulator of mycorrhizal formation. PPI prediction and qPCR analysis suggested that the MeJAZ7 gene might be a key transcriptional regulator responding to jasmonic acid signals and regulating mycorrhizal influence on cassava growth and development.}, }
@article {pmid40863539, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, X and Ma, X and Wang, S and Zhang, P and Sun, L and Jia, Z and Zhang, Y and Bao, Q and Bao, Y and Wei, J}, title = {Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Insights into the Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Root Vegetative Growth and Saline-Alkali Stress Response in Oat (Avena sativa L.).}, journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {}, pmid = {40863539}, issn = {2309-608X}, support = {32160335//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023YFF1306004//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {Soil salinization limits the growth of agricultural crops in the world, requiring the use of methods to increase the tolerance of agricultural crops to salinity-alkali stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant stress adaptation through symbiosis and offer a promising strategy for remediation. However, in non-model crops such as oat (Avena sativa L.), research has mainly focused on physiological assessments, while the key genes and metabolic pathways involved in AMF-mediated growth and saline-alkali tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we employed integrated multi-omics and physiological analyses to explore the regulatory mechanisms of AMF in oats under normal and saline-alkali stress. The results indicated that AMF symbiosis significantly promoted oat growth and physiological performance under both normal and saline-alkali stress conditions. Compared to the non-inoculated group under normal conditions, AMF increased plant height and biomass by 8.5% and 15.3%, respectively. Under saline-alkali stress, AMF enhanced SPAD value and relative water content by 16.7% and 7.3%, reduced MDA content by 35.8%, increased soluble protein by 21.8%, and decreased proline by 13.3%. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) were elevated by 18.4%, 18.2%, and 14.8%, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that AMF colonization under saline-alkali stress induced about twice as many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as under non-saline-alkali stressed conditions. These DEGs were primarily associated with Environmental Information Processing, Genetic Information Processing, and Metabolic Processes. According to metabolomic analysis, a total of 573 metabolites were identified across treatments, mainly comprising lipids (29.3%), organic compounds (36.8%), and secondary metabolites (21.5%). Integrated multi-omics analysis indicated that AMF optimized energy utilization and antioxidant defense by enhancing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism pathways. This study provides new insights into how AMF may enhance oat growth and tolerance to saline-alkali stress.}, }
@article {pmid40862350, year = {2025}, author = {Lirette, A-O and Ishigami, K and Ohbayashi, T and Kikuchi, Y}, title = {Complete genome sequence of Caballeronia sp. strain HLA56-a bacterial symbiont isolated from midgut crypts of the leaf-footed bug Hygia lativentris.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0060325}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00603-25}, pmid = {40862350}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {Caballeronia sp. strain HLA56 is a bacterial symbiont belonging to the Coreoidea clade in the genus of Caballeronia, isolated from the midgut crypts of phytophagous stink bug Hygia lativentris. Here, we report the complete 7.78 Mb genome of this symbiont, which consists of six circular replicons containing 7,095 protein-coding genes.}, }
@article {pmid40862159, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Jiang, L and Zhou, F and Zhang, Y and Fine, RD and Li, M}, title = {The hidden dancers in water: the symbiotic mystery of Legionella pneumophila and free-living amoebae.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1634806}, pmid = {40862159}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Legionella pneumophila, a Gram-negative bacillus, is the primary etiological agent of Legionnaires' disease, a severe respiratory infection. The symbiotic relationship between L. pneumophila and free-living amoebae (FLAs), particularly Acanthamoeba spp., represents a critical intersection of microbial ecology and human pathogenesis. This symbiosis provides Legionella with a protective intracellular niche, enhancing its resistance to biocides, increasing its pathogenicity, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer. These interactions not only boost the environmental persistence and dissemination of L. pneumophila but also elevate the risk of human exposure through contaminated drinking water systems. This review delves into the sophisticated survival strategies employed by L. pneumophila within host cells, including evasion of endocytic pathways, inhibition of phagosome maturation and acidification, and prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion. By elucidating these mechanisms, we underscore the critical need for in-depth research into the Legionella-amoebae symbiosis and its broader implications for public health. Additionally, we address the challenges and strategies for mitigating environmental risks, emphasizing the importance of innovative approaches to ensure water system safety and prevent pathogen transmission.}, }
@article {pmid40861366, year = {2025}, author = {Jiang, W and Li, Y and Hu, X and Ma, D}, title = {Reframing individual roles in collaboration: digital identity construction and adaptive mechanisms for resistance-based professional skills in AI-human intelligence symbiosis.}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1652130}, pmid = {40861366}, issn = {1664-1078}, abstract = {Amid the unprecedented wave of AI advancement, AI-resistant professional skills play a significant role in enhancing the effectiveness of human-AI collaboration. However, existing research tends to isolate professional skills from their broader context, overlooking the triadic construction of digital identity recognition through individual motivation, structural position, and knowledge articulation. This oversight weakens the sustainability and adaptability of skill expression, thereby hindering innovation performance in AI-HI (Artificial Intelligence-Human Intelligence) collaboration. Drawing on the entropy weight method, gradient descent algorithm, and a residual-matching decision matrix, this study conducted quantitative modeling of 418 participants in the financial co-production sector from 2022 to 2024. The findings reveal that network centrality (NC; β = 0.04[**]) and proactive personality (PP; β = 0.05[**]) significantly amplify the impact of two key AI-resistant skills-foreign language proficiency (FL) and passion/optimism (PO)-on collaboration effectiveness, through structural empowerment and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, this study develops a digital identity recognition and classification framework that identifies three distinct groups: core innovators, marginal experts, and low performers. By extending the theoretical model of digital identity construction within AI-HI collaboration, this study also proposes a differentiated approach to talent development and resource allocation based on innovation effectiveness and identity alignment, offering new insights into the advancement of digital human capital.}, }
@article {pmid40860189, year = {2025}, author = {Shi, X and Xia, X and Xiao, Y and Shu, H and Xu, Z and Liu, M and Shi, C and Zhang, Y and Wei, Y and Gong, Y and Wang, W and Chen, Y and Liu, J and Huang, J and Shi, M and Wang, J and Wu, W}, title = {Ferroptosis-Resistant Adipocytes Drive Keloid Pathogenesis via GPX4-Mediated Adipocyte-Mesenchymal Transition and Iron-Cystine Metabolic Communication.}, journal = {International journal of biological sciences}, volume = {21}, number = {11}, pages = {5097-5115}, pmid = {40860189}, issn = {1449-2288}, mesh = {*Ferroptosis/physiology ; *Adipocytes/metabolism ; Humans ; *Iron/metabolism ; *Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism/genetics ; Animals ; *Keloid/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Deferoxamine ; Signal Transduction ; Male ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Background: Keloids are a challenging fibrotic disorder with limited treatment options. The study sought to examine the underlying mechanisms of keloid pathogenesis, emphasizing the influence of dermal adipocytes and ferroptosis resistance in driving fibrosis. Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was employed for determining essential cell populations in keloid tissue. Mechanistic studies assessed iron overload, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) exhaustion, and interferon responses in ferroptosis-resistant adipocytes. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression and TGF-β signaling activation were evaluated in adipocyte-mesenchymal transition (AMT). Paracrine signaling and metabolic symbiosis between adipocytes and fibroblasts were analyzed. Therapeutic interventions (ferroptosis inducer RSL3 and iron chelator deferoxamine DFO) were tested in vivo. Results: Through single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified ferroptosis-resistant dermal adipocytes as key contributors to keloid pathogenesis, exhibiting iron overload, ROS suppression, and impaired interferon responses. These adipocytes demonstrated elevated GPX4 expression, which mechanistically drove AMT via iron-dependent activation of TGF-β signaling pathways. GPX4-activated adipocytes promoted fibroblast collagen production through paracrine signaling while establishing a metabolic symbiosis: adipocytes exported iron via solute carrier family 40 member 1 (SLC40A1) to neighboring fibroblasts, which reciprocally supplied cystine through cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS)/cystinosin, lysosomal cystine transporter (CTNS) to sustain GPX4 activity. This vicious cycle was further amplified by iron/ROS-mediated suppression of interferon signaling, creating a pro-fibrotic feedback loop. Therapeutic targeting with either the ferroptosis inducer RSL3 or iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) effectively disrupted this pathological network, suppressing GPX4/AMT while restoring interferon responses and attenuating keloid growth in vivo. This study clarifies a new adipocyte-focused mechanism in keloid development and identifies ferroptosis regulation as a potential treatment approach for this persistent condition. Conclusions: This study reveals a novel adipocyte-centered mechanism in keloid pathogenesis driven by GPX4-mediated ferroptosis resistance, metabolic symbiosis, and disrupted interferon signaling. The findings establish ferroptosis modulation (via RSL3 or iron chelation) as a promising therapeutic strategy for keloids, offering potential new treatments for this recalcitrant condition.}, }
@article {pmid40859120, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, H and Wang, Y and Cheng, X and He, Y and Shen, Z and Zhang, W and Pu, X}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization facilitates nitrogen uptake in cotton under nitrogen - reduction condition.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1129}, pmid = {40859120}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {32460538//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2024DB015//Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Science and Technology Program/ ; 2023ZD049//Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Guiding Science, Technology Program/ ; CXBJ202201//Youth Innovative Talents Project of Shihezi University/ ; }, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Gossypium/microbiology/metabolism ; Plant Roots/microbiology/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Biomass ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cotton is an economically important global crop, the yield and quality of which are strongly influenced by soil nitrogen. Low nitrogen use efficiency poses an important challenge to improve cotton yield and quality. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been proposed as an effective solution to this challenge. Therefore, we conducted an indoor experiment using a compartmentalized culture system with cotton as the material and established three nitrogen treatments (1 g·kg[-1], 0.7 g·kg[-1], and 0 g·kg[-1]) to investigate whether symbiosis between AMF and cotton roots could improve the nitrogen absorption capacity of cotton.<br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that under high-nitrogen, low-nitrogen, and nitrogen- free treatments, the contributions of AMF colonization to root NO&#x2083;&#x207b;-N and NH&#x2084;&#x207a;-N were 5.89%, 10.10%, 19.92% and 24.35%, 12.37%, 13.16% respectively. Furthermore, the symbiosis between AMF and roots promoted the absorption of soil NO&#x2083;&#x207b;-N, NH&#x2084;&#x207a; -N, and dissolved organic nitrogen, and was beneficial for increasing the content of soil readily oxidizable carbon. Additionally, AMF colonization was significantly positively correlated with root tissue density, cotton biomass, and soil microbial activity, but significantly negatively correlated with soil total organic carbon.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, under nitrogen - reduction condition, roots will be more dependent on the contribution of mycelium to NO&#x2083;&#x207b;-N, and AMF colonization was significantly positively correlated with root tissue density (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), suggesting that mycelium may prolong its functional cycle by improving the root structure, thereby reducing the carbon and nitrogen consumption in host organ reconstruction. However, this mechanism needs to be further verified in combination with the direct measurement of root turnover rate.}, }
@article {pmid40858312, year = {2025}, author = {Schwarz, EM and Baniya, A and Heppert, JK and Schwartz, HT and Tan, CH and Antoshechkin, I and Sternberg, PW and Goodrich-Blair, H and Dillman, AR}, title = {Genomes of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum and its associated bacteria.}, journal = {Genetics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/iyaf170}, pmid = {40858312}, issn = {1943-2631}, abstract = {As an entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Steinernema hermaphroditum parasitizes insect hosts and harbors symbiotic Xenorhabdus griffinae bacteria. In contrast to other Steinernematids, S. hermaphroditum has hermaphroditic genetics, offering the experimental scope found in Caenorhabditis elegans. To enable study of S. hermaphroditum, we have assembled and analyzed its reference genome. This genome assembly has five chromosomal scaffolds and 83 unassigned scaffolds totaling 90.7 Mb, with 19,426 protein-coding genes having a BUSCO completeness of 88.0%. Its autosomes show higher densities of strongly conserved genes in their centers, as in C. elegans, but repetitive elements are evenly distributed along all chromosomes, rather than with higher arm densities as in C. elegans. Either when comparing protein motif frequencies between nematode species or when analyzing gene family expansions during nematode evolution, we observed two categories of genes preferentially associated with the origin of Steinernema or S. hermaphroditum: orthologs of venom genes in S. carpocapsae or S. feltiae; and some types of chemosensory G protein-coupled receptors, despite the tendency of parasitic nematodes to have reduced numbers of chemosensory genes. Three-quarters of venom orthologs occurred in gene clusters, with the larger clusters comprising functionally diverse gene groups rather than paralogous repeats of a single venom gene. While assembling S. hermaphroditum, we coassembled bacterial genomes, finding sequence data for not only the known symbiont, X. griffinae, but also for eight other bacterial genera. All eight genera have previously been observed to be associated with Steinernema species or the EPN Heterorhabditis, and may constitute a "second bacterial circle" of EPNs.}, }
@article {pmid40856799, year = {2025}, author = {Pushkareva, E and Keilholz, L and Böse, J and von Berg, KL}, title = {Genetic Diversity and Potential of Cyanobacteria and Fungi Living on Arctic Liverworts.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {90}, pmid = {40856799}, issn = {1432-184X}, support = {PU867/1-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; }, mesh = {Arctic Regions ; *Hepatophyta/microbiology ; *Cyanobacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Fungi/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification ; *Genetic Variation ; Symbiosis ; Soil Microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Nitrogen Fixation ; }, abstract = {Liverworts often form symbiotic associations with fungi and cyanobacteria, yet the distribution and specificity of these relationships remain largely unexplored, particularly in Arctic environments. This study used metagenomic sequencing to investigate fungal and cyanobacterial communities associated with Arctic liverworts, analyzing photosynthetic parts of gametophytes and their rhizoids with attached soil separately. The results revealed that Ascomycota dominated the fungal community. The cyanobacterial community was primarily composed of heterocytous Nostoc and non-heterocytous filamentous Leptolyngbya, with Nostoc showing evidence of nitrogen fixation, especially in gametophytes, suggesting a potential role in enhancing nitrogen availability for the host. These findings underscore the ecological significance of liverwort-associated microorganisms in Arctic ecosystems, with microbial composition differing between upper and lower parts of plants, as well as between leafy and thalloid liverworts, indicating possible functional specialization.}, }
@article {pmid40855951, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, NF and Ma, XY and Hong, JS and Luan, JB}, title = {Rickettsia symbionts favor whitefly ovary development by promoting germ cell mitosis.}, journal = {Pest management science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ps.70167}, pmid = {40855951}, issn = {1526-4998}, support = {32225042//National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Maternally inherited symbionts can impact the reproduction of their host insects in various ways. The ovary is critical for the successful reproduction of female insects. Such symbionts have strong ovary tropism. Intracellular symbionts depend on host cells for replication and transmission. However, the cellular mechanisms by which symbionts impact insect reproduction through affecting ovary development have seldom been investigated. Our previous work has shown that the facultative symbiont Rickettsia can be vertically transmitted through eggs in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and Rickettsia increases female fecundity. This study is aimed to explore the cellular mechanisms of Rickettsia symbionts affecting the whitefly fecundity.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that Rickettsia symbionts are highly concentrated in the tropharium of whitefly ovarioles. We demonstrated that Rickettsia increases whitefly fecundity by promoting ovary development. Moreover, Rickettsia enhances the expression of cell division genes (Cyclin B1 and CDK1) and germ cell mitosis. Furthermore, Cyclin B1 and CDK1 gene silencing or CDK1 inhibitor treatment reduced the germ cell mitosis, delayed ovary development and decreased whitefly fecundity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Overall, we revealed that Rickettsia promotes ovary development by regulating germ cell mitosis, which enhances whitefly fecundity. These findings suggest that regulating the host cell cycle by the symbiont is important for the maintenance of the intracellular symbiosis. This study provides new insights into the cellular mechanism of symbionts regulating host reproduction. Our study also provides excellent genetic targets for insect control. &#xa9; 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.}, }
@article {pmid40855682, year = {2025}, author = {Goto-Ito, S and Kato, S and Takahashi, M and Sakamoto, A and Yamagata, A and Lee, Y and Ehara, H and Sato, M and Toyooka, K and Ohkuma, M and Ito, T}, title = {Structural analysis of a symbiotic system involving a Nanobdellati archaeon by cryo-electron tomography.}, journal = {Journal of biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jb/mvaf049}, pmid = {40855682}, issn = {1756-2651}, abstract = {Nanobdellati (formerly DPANN) archaea are considered as primitive archaeal organisms that often live in symbiosis with archaeal hosts. In this study, we investigated the symbiotic mechanism between a Nanobdellati archaeon, Nanobdella aerobiophila strain MJ1, and its host archaeon Metallosphaera sedula strain MJ1HA, using cryo-electron tomography. In our tomographic observations, we identified a conical attachment organelle at the interface between MJ1 and MJ1HA during symbiosis. This structure consists of a concentric array of short cylindrical shells, consistent with a previous report. Subtomogram averaging, combined with AlphaFold 3 structural predictions, allowed us to identify a potential component of attachment organelles. Additionally, we inferred potential components of the S-layers in MJ1 and MJ1HA based on tomographic data and subtomogram averages. Based on these analyses, we hypothesize that a MJ1 S-layer component may undergo conformational changes to also serve as a component of attachment organelles, warranting further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid40855672, year = {2025}, author = {Hu, B and Liu, Z and Peng, T and Yin, M and Efrose, R and Flemetakis, E and Franken, P and Rennenberg, H}, title = {Revealing the Role of Actinorhizal Symbioses in Ecosystem Nitrogen Dynamics.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70146}, pmid = {40855672}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//This study was funded by Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0002 &amp; cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0020) and the funding support is acknowledged./ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic associations between plants and microorganisms are crucial to global biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem stability. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria are recognized as the two main groups of microorganisms involved in such symbiotic interactions. They not only constitute the most wide-spread symbiotic microorganisms, but also ensure plants to acquire additional N resources directly from the atmosphere. Although plant-microbial interactions, for example, the performance of AM-plant and rhizobia-legume plant symbioses, have been well studied and reviewed in detail previously, still less information is known about these processes in actinorhizal symbioses. The present review is aimed to summarize current knowledge of the interaction of partners in actinorhizal root symbioses, in particular the signalling processes during establishment of BNF, and the specificity of and dependency on different symbiotic partners in this interactions, based on evolution and distribution in the plant and microbial kingdom. The features of nutrient transfer in these root symbiotic relationships and the significance of actinorhizal symbioses for the performance of plants under environmental stress are discussed and compared with AM and rhizobia-legume symbioses. In addition, research gaps in actinorhizal root symbioses research are identified and future research avenues are suggested.}, }
@article {pmid40855059, year = {2025}, author = {Zhao, X and Huang, Q and Liu, Y and He, X and Chen, W and Liu, Y and Gan, L and Wei, J and Zhang, H and Chen, T}, title = {Harnessing dual-channel probiotics to synergistically correct intestinal and vaginal dysbiosis after antibiotic disruption.}, journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {174}, pmid = {40855059}, issn = {2055-5008}, support = {82460297//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Probiotics/administration &amp; dosage ; Female ; *Dysbiosis/therapy/microbiology/chemically induced/drug therapy ; Animals ; *Vagina/microbiology/drug effects ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects ; Mice ; Limosilactobacillus reuteri/physiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Helicobacter Infections/microbiology/drug therapy ; Helicobacter pylori/drug effects ; Humans ; *Intestines/microbiology/drug effects ; Lactobacillus crispatus/physiology ; }, abstract = {Antibiotics are widely used to treat infectious diseases, yet antibiotic therapy has been shown to disrupt symbiotic microbiota. Notably, the dosage and duration of antibiotic use for specific infections may exert detrimental effects on microbiota in non-infected sites. Here, we propose a dual-channel probiotic delivery strategy to address gut and vaginal dysbiosis caused by antibiotic therapies. In a Helicobacter pylori infection model, oral administration of Limosilactobacillus reuteri NCU-15 alleviated gastritis and protected the intestinal barrier and microbiota. In a vaginal dysbiosis model, intravaginal delivery of Lactobacillus crispatus NCU-23 reduced local inflammation and apoptosis, restoring vaginal microbial homeostasis. In the entero-vaginal disordered mice, dual-channel probiotic therapy produced synergistic effects by reducing inflammation, inhibiting apoptosis, and reestablishing microbial balance. These findings demonstrate the potential of dual-channel probiotic intervention to modulate gut-vaginal microbiota interactions and offer a scientific basis for developing strategies to prevent or treat antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40854139, year = {2025}, author = {Qu, M and Zhang, Y and Woltering, J and Liu, Y and Liu, Z and Wan, S and Jiang, H and Yu, H and Chen, Z and Wang, X and Zhang, Z and Qin, G and Schneider, R and Meyer, A and Lin, Q}, title = {Symbiosis with and mimicry of corals were facilitated by immune gene loss and body remodeling in the pygmy seahorse.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {35}, pages = {e2423818122}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2423818122}, pmid = {40854139}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {42425004//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 42230409//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 42376126//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 42006108//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 42106120//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; ZDBS-LY-DQC004//CAS | BFSE | Key Research Program of Frontier Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences ()/ ; 2022YFC3102403//MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs)/ ; 2023YFC3108800//MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs)/ ; 2023A1515012165//Guangdong basic and applied basic research foundation/ ; XDB42030204//Strategic priority research program of the CAS/ ; 2024PVA0054//CAS president's international fellowship initiative/ ; }, abstract = {A remarkable example of symbiosis involves the pygmy seahorse (Hippocampus bargibanti). It lives obligatorily on gorgonian corals, mimicking their polyps with pink coloration and skin protuberances. Unique for seahorses, pygmy seahorses retain juvenile paedomorphic stunted snouts, resembling the coral's polyps. We analyzed the tiny seahorse's genome revealing the genomic bases of several adaptations to their mutualistic life including substantial reductions in conserved noncoding elements that are associated with genes in the vicinity of those CNEs that are known to play a role in growth and metamorphosis-related pathways. Comparative RNA- and ATAC-Seq analyses during their ontogeny suggest that their stunted snout might result from craniofacial remodeling associated with hoxa2b defunctionalization. This is consistent also with findings from in situ hybridization and CRISPR experiments. Their immune system shows extremely low numbers of MHC genes and additional considerable losses of other immune-related genes. This is likely facilitated by the host coral's antimicrobial metabolites and by the earlier evolution of male pregnancy that requires immunotolerance.}, }
@article {pmid40853994, year = {2025}, author = {Meesil, W and Sharkey, LKR and Pidot, SJ and Thanwisai, A}, title = {Comprehensive genomic analysis of Xenorhabdus bovienii strain MEL2.2.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e0331132}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0331132}, pmid = {40853994}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {The genome sequences of entomopathogenic bacteria and their functional analyses provide valuable insights for genetic engineering to enhance their use as biocontrol agents. In this study, we examine the draft genome of Xenorhabdus bovienii strain MEL2.2, which was isolated from entomopathogenic nematodes in Melbourne, Australia. The genome of Xenorhabdus strain MEL2.2 spans approximately 4.4 million base pairs and has a G + C content of 44.8%, aligning with known characteristics of the genus. Within the genome, 3,823 protein-coding genes were identified. Functional analysis revealed genes associated with nematode symbiosis and insect virulence. Moreover, 15 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were detected, potentially responsible for synthesizing various secondary metabolites. Comparative genomic analysis indicated a combination of conserved and strain-specific genes when compared to other Xenorhabdus bovienii strains, suggesting genetic traits that may enhance MEL2.2's adaptability and pathogenicity. Altogether, these findings offer a foundation for exploring the strain's utility in further applications.}, }
@article {pmid40853413, year = {2025}, author = {Kang, R and Xuan, Z and Tong, L and Wang, Y and Jin, S and Xiao, Q}, title = {Nurse Researchers' Experiences and Perceptions of Generative AI: Qualitative Semistructured Interview Study.}, journal = {Journal of medical Internet research}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {e65523}, pmid = {40853413}, issn = {1438-8871}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: With the rapid development and iteration of generative artificial intelligence, the growing popularity of such groundbreaking tools among nurse researchers, represented by ChatGPT (OpenAI), is receiving passionate debate and intrigue. Although there has been qualitative research on generative artificial intelligence in other fields, little is known about the experiences and perceptions of nurse researchers; this study seeks to report on the topic.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the experiences and perceptions of generative artificial intelligence among Chinese nurse researchers, as well as provide a reference for the application of generative artificial intelligence in nursing research in the future.<br><br>METHODS: Semistructured interviews were used to collect data in this qualitative study. Researchers mainly conducted interviews on the cognition, experience, and future expectations of nurse researchers regarding the use of generative artificial intelligence. Twenty-seven nurse researchers were included in the study. Through purposive sampling and snowball sampling, there were 7 nursing faculty researchers, 10 nursing graduate students, and 10 clinical nurse researchers. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: Five themes and 12 subthemes were categorized from 27 original interview documents as follows: (1) diverse reflections on human-machine symbiosis, which includes the interplay between substitution and assistance, researchers shaping the potential of generative artificial intelligence, and acceptance of generative artificial intelligence with alacrity; (2) multiple factors of the usage experience, including individual characteristics and various usage scenarios; (3) research paradigm reshaping in the infancy stage, which involves full-process groundbreaking assistive tools and emergence of new research paths; (4) application risks of generative artificial intelligence, including intrinsic limitations of generative artificial intelligence and academic integrity and medical ethics; and (5) the co-improvement of technology and literacy, which concerns reinforcement needs for generative artificial intelligence literacy, development of nursing research generative artificial intelligence and urgent need for artificial intelligence-generated content detection tools. In this context, the first 4 themes form the rocket of the human-machine symbiosis journey. Only when humans fully leverage the advantages of machines (generative artificial intelligence) and overcome their shortcomings can this human-machine symbiosis journey reach the correct future direction (fifth theme).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study explored the experiences and perceptions of nurse researchers interacting with generative artificial intelligence, which was a "symbiotic journey" full of twists and turns, and provides a reference and basis for achieving harmonious coexistence between nurse researchers and generative artificial intelligence in the future. Nurse researchers, policy makers, and application developers can use the conclusions of this study to further promote the application of generative artificial intelligence in nursing research, policy making, and product development.}, }
@article {pmid40853247, year = {2025}, author = {Baiju, DC and V M, L and Mondal, R}, title = {From Warburg to Warnings: A Genomic Approach to Oral Cancer Surveillance.}, journal = {DNA and cell biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1177/10445498251371120}, pmid = {40853247}, issn = {1557-7430}, abstract = {Mitochondria, originating from symbiotic ancestors, are acknowledged as the powerhouses of the cell. Their relevance to various cancer types is underscored by altered glucose metabolism (Warburg effect). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays a crucial role in oxidative damage and is a significant contributor to cancer onset and progression. Tobacco and alcohol consumption increases reactive oxygen species generation, inducing oxidative stress that disrupts respiratory activity and mtDNA, thereby promoting carcinogenesis. This review emphasizes the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer, particularly in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), highlighting the role of mtDNA mutations. This review discusses environmental factors, such as tobacco use and human papillomavirus infection, that impact mitochondrial function, stresses the importance of mitochondrial-targeted therapies, and explores the influence of microRNAs (miRNAs) on mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells. Mitocans and miRNAs have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for OSCC. The subsequent sections delve into recent pivotal research on mitochondria, identifying mtDNA alterations as potential cancer biomarkers. These insights promise new perspectives on noninvasive cancer detection, heralding advancements in cancer therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid40852815, year = {2025}, author = {Benrkia, R and Fianu, AE and Ovatlarnporn, C and Olatunji, OJ}, title = {Mediterranean Seaweeds: Bridging Chemistry Knowledge, Microbial Community Profiling, Therapeutic, Nutraceutical, and Industrial Applications.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c06430}, pmid = {40852815}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Mediterranean seaweeds are a valuable source of bioactive compounds that evolved in response to the region's unique conditions. These compounds, initially serving defensive roles, show strong pharmaceutical potential with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and essential fatty acids, these macroalgae are increasingly recognized for their role in functional foods and nutraceuticals. However, research gaps persist, especially in chemical characterization and microbial profiling. The diversity, ecological roles, metabolic capabilities, and nutraceutical potential of the associated microorganisms are still poorly understood. This review offers an overview of the chemical and microbial profiling of Mediterranean seaweeds, emphasizing their pharmacological and nutraceutical value. It highlights the role of symbiotic microorganisms in metabolite biosynthesis and explores strategies to enhance the production of bioactive compounds. By doing so, this review aims to unlock the full potential of Mediterranean seaweeds and their microbial partners for sustainable pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and industrial applications.}, }
@article {pmid40852124, year = {2025}, author = {Douglas S Stuehler,  and Hunter, WB and Qureshi, JA and Cano, LM}, title = {Transcriptomic characterization of Wolbachia endosymbiont from Leuronota fagarae (Hemiptera: Psylloidae).}, journal = {Microbiome research reports}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {19}, pmid = {40852124}, issn = {2771-5965}, abstract = {Aim: Wolbachia species are among the most abundant intracellular endosymbionts of insects worldwide. The extensive distribution of Gram-negative Wolbachia among insects highlights their evolutionary success and close relationship with many insect host species. This study aimed to characterize a novel Wolbachia strain from the Wild Lime Psyllid, Leuronota fagarae (L. fagarae), to understand its evolutionary relationship with Wolbachia from psyllid pests like Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing (HLB). Methods: Wild-caught L. fagarae colonies from Florida, USA, were maintained on Zanthoxylum fagara. RNA was extracted from the salivary glands, heads, and whole bodies of male and female adult L. fagarae. Four cDNA libraries were sequenced using short read technology and de novo transcriptome assembly was performed. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of nine conserved loci and wsp gene analysis classified the strain's phylogeny, while sequence mapping and functional annotation provided insight into host-microbe interactions. Results: The new Wolbachia strain, designated Wolbachia endosymbiont of Leuronota fagarae (wLfag-FL), was assigned to supergroup B, showing relation to Wolbachia strains of other related psyllids. Transcriptome analysis identified 1,359 Wolbachia transcripts with 465 assigned functions encompassing metabolic and secretion system pathways. Ankyrin domain proteins and a partial bacterioferritin sequence were detected, suggesting nutritional provisioning roles. Conclusion: The characterization of wLfag-FL expands the known Wolbachia host range and informs HLB-related pest biology. Its phylogenetic placement and transcript annotations offer insights into symbiotic interactions, potentially guiding environmentally safe pest control strategies targeting psyllid fitness and pathogen transmission.}, }
@article {pmid40851996, year = {2025}, author = {Nebieridze, A and Abu-Bakr, A and Nazir, A and Ghosson, A and Minova, A and Uwishema, O}, title = {Microbiome and cardiovascular health unexplored frontiers in precision cardiology: a narrative review.}, journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)}, volume = {87}, number = {7}, pages = {4255-4261}, pmid = {40851996}, issn = {2049-0801}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gut microbiota has a symbiotic relationship with their host. It is known that the gut microbiome has the potential to affect the host and vice versa. Cardiovascular disease and its comorbidities are the leading cause of death worldwide. Patients with various heart conditions have been observed to have a different composition of the gut microbiome. It has been postulated that the gut microbiome and its derivatives exert various effects on the cardiovascular system, termed the gut-heart axis. In this study, we aim to explore how the gut microbiome and the active metabolites produced by these microorganisms affect patient cardiovascular health. Additionally, we will discuss how gut microbiota can become a target for the new era of precision cardiology.<br><br>METHODS: Data were collected through the online databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Ovid MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect. Articles regarding cardiovascular health and pathology as well as its overlap with gut microbiome and health were used.<br><br>RESULTS: Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiome has a significant influence on cardiovascular disease through its metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and short-chain fatty acids, which impact cholesterol metabolism, systemic inflammation, and plaque stability. Targeting said derivatives has proven to provide beneficial results for patients suffering from cardiovascular disease.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Finding reported here highlights the importance of microbiome in cardiovascular disease and health and suggest that microbiome-based interventions hold promise for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. More research needs to be conducted to study more concrete effects of specific microorganisms on cardiovascular health. Multicenter, longitudinal studies with a large sample size will provide the best evidence for clinically significant findings. Using precision cardiology, to target the gut microbiome and its derivatives, with medications like antibiotics, and nonpharmacologic interventions like lifestyle modification and fecal transplantation can positively influence cardiovascular health and help with the effective management of ongoing diseases.}, }
@article {pmid40850781, year = {2025}, author = {Fukunaga, S and Ratu, STN and Okazaki, S}, title = {Regulation of Root Nodule Symbiosis by Soybean Rj Genotypes and Rhizobial Effectors.}, journal = {Microbes and environments}, volume = {40}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME25027}, pmid = {40850781}, issn = {1347-4405}, mesh = {*Glycine max/genetics/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; *Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology/genetics ; Genotype ; *Rhizobium/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Plant Root Nodulation ; }, abstract = {Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Root nodule symbiosis between soybean and rhizobia has been extensively exami-ned due to its significance for agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. Recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the soybean genotypes known as the Rj/rj genotypes, which play a critical role in regulating root nodule symbiosis. Furthermore, the function of rhizobium-secreted proteins, termed effectors, in eliciting specific responses in soybean Rj/rj genotypes has been elucidated. This review summarizes the involvement of soybean Rj/rj genotypes and their corresponding root nodule bacterial effectors in the regulation of nodule formation. We also discussed the potential for manipulating root nodule symbiosis by applying Rj/rj genotypes in soybean breeding programs, which may enhance nitrogen fixation efficiency and subsequently reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural land.}, }
@article {pmid40808381, year = {2025}, author = {Vargas, JJ and Tarnonsky, F and Maderal, A and Podversich, F and Fernández-Marenchino, I and Cuervo, W and Ramirez, V and Novo, S and Fernández-Lehmann, A and Ruiz-Moreno, M and Schulmeister, TM and Ruiz-Ascacibar, I and Ipharraguerre, IR and DiLorenzo, N}, title = {Impact of supplementing different sources of non-protein nitrogen on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle consuming a corn silage-based diet.}, journal = {Journal of animal science}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40808381}, issn = {1525-3163}, mesh = {Animals ; Cattle/physiology ; Fermentation/drug effects ; *Rumen/physiology/metabolism ; Male ; Diet/veterinary ; *Digestion/drug effects ; Zea mays/chemistry ; Silage/analysis ; Dietary Supplements/analysis ; *Nitrogen/metabolism/administration &amp; dosage ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Nutrients/metabolism ; Urea/administration &amp; dosage ; }, abstract = {Supplementation of low-protein diets with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) increases ruminal degradable protein and improves rumen fermentation and microbial growth. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of supplementing urea-biuret (UB) and urea-biuret-nitrate (UBN) mixtures relative to urea (U) on rumen fermentation and microbial N outflow in growing steers. Twelve American Aberdeen steers were used in a replicated and balanced 3 × 3 Latin square design (LSD) with 3 periods of 35 d each. Steers were housed in pens and consumed a corn silage-based diet. Steers were stratified by body weight and randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 NPN supplementation treatments. Treatments were supplementation with U, UB, and UBN, adjusted to the amount of N provided by U when included at 1% of the diet on a dry matter (DM) basis. Intake and feeding behavior were individually recorded throughout the experiment. In each period, steers were adapted to increasing levels of NPN during the first 8 days. From days 19 to 23, feed and fecal samples were collected to assess nutrient digestibility. Samples of blood, rumen contents, and omasal digesta were collected on days 20 to 23. On day 24, rumen evacuation was performed, and subsequently steers were dosed with Co-EDTA and YbCl3 to determine the passage rate of digesta flow. Rumen fluid collection was conducted on days 24 and 25. Steers did not receive NPN supplementation from days 26 to 35 during the washout period. Microbial N flow was estimated for each animal within periods. Intake, digestibility, digesta flow, and microbial N flow were analyzed using a 3 × 3 LSD, while blood and rumen fermentation parameters were analyzed using a 3 × 3 LSD with repeated measures. Steers supplemented with UB tended (P < 0.07) to consume more DM and organic matter (OM) than those supplemented with UBN; however, animals supplemented with UBN tended (P = 0.051) to digest more acid detergent fiber in the total tract. Steers supplemented with U and UB showed greater (P < 0.05) DM and OM flow throughout the omasum than those with UBN. Microbial N flow, microbial efficiency, and the concentration of total volatile fatty acids were not different (P > 0.10) among NPN-supplemented treatments. Steers supplemented with UBN showed lesser (P < 0.05) concentration of ammonia than those with U and UB. In conclusion, novel NPN mixtures have the potential to modify ruminal fermentation without affecting microbial protein outflow.}, }
@article {pmid40850636, year = {2025}, author = {Płoszka, Z and Nowak, KH and Tischer, M and Michalik, A and Kolasa, MR and Łukasik, P}, title = {Dissecting multitrophic interactions: The relationships among Entomophthora, their dipteran hosts, and associated bacteria.}, journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108425}, doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2025.108425}, pmid = {40850636}, issn = {1096-0805}, abstract = {Interactions with microorganisms across the parasite-mutualist continuum shape the biology of insects at all levels - from individual traits to populations to communities. However, the understanding of pathogens infecting non-model insect species in natural ecosystems, or their interactions with other insect-associated microorganisms, is fragmentary. Here, we tested a conceptually novel approach - the simultaneous sequencing of insect, fungal, and bacterial marker gene amplicons - as a means of dissecting interactions among entomopathogenic fungi in the genus Entomophthora and their dipteran hosts in South Greenland. We aimed to describe the taxonomic diversity of Entomophthora, their dipteran hosts, and the bacterial diversity within a set of field-collected dead insects exhibiting signs of Entomophthora infection. Across nine collected dipteran species, we identified multiple Entomophthora genotypes, with strong but not perfect patterns of host-specificity across the five targeted marker regions. Additionally, we found consistent differences in bacterial community composition among fungus-killed fly species and sampling sites. Our results substantially expand the knowledge of Entomopthora diversity and host associations while providing the very first insights into associated bacteria and their potential roles. We also conclude that multi-target amplicon sequencing can be a powerful tool for addressing broad questions about biological interactions in diverse natural communities.}, }
@article {pmid40850578, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, C and Li, A and Ji, B}, title = {Stirring speed optimization for improved microalgal-bacterial granular sludge morphology and performance in complex organic wastewater treatment.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {133187}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133187}, pmid = {40850578}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {This study investigated the morphology regulation and pollutant removal performance of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) under different organic carbon conditions, specifically comparing simple and complex organics. Results showed that MBGS proliferated faster due to filamentous cyanobacteria dominance in conditions of complex organics, requiring higher stirring speeds (300 rpm, 0.128 Pa) to inhibit excessive growth and maintain stability. Optimizing the stirring speed improved granule morphology in the complex group, reducing size and increasing density, which significantly enhanced pollutant removal efficiencies to 90.2 % for chemical oxygen demand, 86.2 % for total nitrogen, and 82.9 % for total phosphorus. Microbial community analysis further revealed that dominant phyla (Bacteroidota, Planctomycetota, Actinobacteriota) contributed significantly to the abundance of key carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus metabolic genes (mqo, GLT1, ppk) under complex organic conditions. This study highlights the need for higher stirring speed to regulate MBGS in complex wastewater, providing practical strategies for optimizing treatment performance.}, }
@article {pmid40850424, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, T and Lv, J and Bian, B and Wu, Q and Zhou, L and Zhang, S and Song, W and Li, X and Tian, H and Cheng, K and Shi, L}, title = {Postbiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri cultured with Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides ameliorates high-fat-high-sugar-deteriorated colitis and associated hepatobiliary disorders.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {147065}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147065}, pmid = {40850424}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {Unhealthy diet exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease and its associated hepatic disruptions. The present study demonstrated the superior efficacy of the heat-inactivated Limosilactobacillus reuteri WX-94 (L. reuteri), cultured with Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides (PKP postbiotic) in ameliorating a high-fat-high-sugar (HFHS)- deteriorated colitis in rats, which outperforming PKP alone, its symbiotic form, and inactivated L. reuteri cultured without PKP. HFHS deteriorated liver functions in rats following a DSS administration, which were reversed by PKP postbiotic. PKP postbiotic exclusively enriched Prevotella and Lactobacillus while decreasing Escherichia.coil, along with the elevation in fecal short-chain fatty acids, serum bile acids (e.g., taurocholic acid, taurallocholic acid and tauroursocholic acid), indole derivatives (e.g., indolepropionic acid, indoleacetic acid, indolelactic acid) and phospholipids. Mechanistically, PKP postbiotic suppressed colonic inflammation and hepatobiliary disorders through regulating tryptophan catabolism-activated AHR/IL-22 signaling and bile acids-activated TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 signaling. Furthermore, we utilized human data sourced from Gene Expression Omnibus databases to confirm the involvement of key pathways regulated by PKP postbiotic in the colitis pathogenesis. Mendelian randomization-derived causal associations were observed between PKP postbiotic-elevated indole lactic acid with both colitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Our study presents compelling evidence of a novel property of PKP that augments the health-promoting benefits of inactivated L. reuteri.}, }
@article {pmid40849563, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Z and Yu, S and Du, X and Yan, X and Xin, Y}, title = {Role of branched chain amino acid metabolism on aging.}, journal = {Biogerontology}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, pages = {169}, pmid = {40849563}, issn = {1573-6768}, support = {7244324//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality/ ; 82400402//NSFC/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism ; *Aging/metabolism ; Animals ; Homeostasis ; Longevity/physiology ; }, abstract = {Aging is a complex biochemical phenomenon that considerably impacts both individual health and societal dynamics. Recent researches have emphasized the essential function of metabolism in the processes of aging and longevity. Metabolites-chemical byproducts produced by the host organism and its symbiotic partners, including the microbiota, are generated through numerous metabolic pathways. In the last fifteen years, major progress has been made in elucidating the metabolism of BCAAs and the detailed molecular mechanisms that connect BCAAs homeostasis to the aging process. The growing body of literature presents a comprehensive view of the tissue- and disease-specific regulatory mechanisms governing BCAAs and their activation of various molecular pathways. These pathways link fluctuations in BCAA levels to the onset and progression of age-related diseases. This review seeks to consolidate current knowledge on the factors influencing BCAA levels and their metabolic pathways. It further aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms linking dysregulated BCAA homeostasis to age-related diseases, evaluate epidemiological evidence correlating BCAAs with various cardiovascular conditions, and identify gaps in current understanding that warrant further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid40849284, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, Y and Chu, J and Dong, S and Song, W and Xu, C}, title = {Sugar codes for plant fitness: arabinosylation in small peptide signaling.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2025.07.011}, pmid = {40849284}, issn = {1878-4372}, abstract = {Arabinosylation, a critical post-translational modification (PTM) ubiquitous in plants, has received insufficient scientific attention relative to its biological significance. While small secreted peptides (SSPs) are crucial signaling molecules that orchestrate plant growth, stress adaptation, and host-microbe communication, emerging evidence positions arabinosylation as a key regulatory mechanism modulating SSP functionality. In this review we synthesize current knowledge on arabinosylated SSPs, emphasizing their regulatory roles in developmental programming and reprogramming, stress resilience, and symbiotic interactions. We discuss biochemical mechanisms through which arabinosylation enhances peptide biological activity or stability, including receptor interaction modulation, structural stabilization, and proteolytic resistance. We also evaluate future opportunities for leveraging arabinosylation engineering in developing climate-smart crops through targeted arabinosylated SSPs.}, }
@article {pmid40845095, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, H and Xu, S and Jangir, Y and Wegener, G and Orphan, VJ and El-Naggar, MY}, title = {Redox conduction facilitates direct interspecies electron transport in anaerobic methanotrophic consortia.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {11}, number = {34}, pages = {eadw4289}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adw4289}, pmid = {40845095}, issn = {2375-2548}, mesh = {Electron Transport ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Methane/metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; *Archaea/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Microbial Consortia ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) form syntrophic partnerships in marine sediments to consume greenhouse gas methane. While direct interspecies electron transport is proposed to enable ANME/SRB symbiosis, its electrochemical properties remain uncharacterized. Here, using sediment-free enrichment cultures, we measured the electron transport capabilities of marine consortia under physiological conditions. Diverse ANME/SRB consortia exhibited high dry conductance close to electrogenic biofilms. This conductance diminished upon exposure to heat or oxygen but was preserved following paraformaldehyde fixation, indicating a biomolecular origin for this electric charge transfer. Cyclic voltammetry revealed redox activity centered at 28 ± 11, 94 ± 6, and 24 ± 7 millivolts for ANME-1/Desulfofervidus, ANME-2a/Seep-SRB1, and ANME-2a+2c/Seep-SRB1+2 consortia, respectively. Generator-collector measurements further demonstrated that these redox components facilitate electron transport over micrometer-scale distances, sufficient to link archaeal and bacterial partners. Collectively, our results establish that marine ANME/SRB symbiosis uses redox conduction, consistent with multiheme cytochrome c, for direct interspecies electron transport.}, }
@article {pmid40844740, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, J and Zhang, X and Tan, Z and Jiao, J and Zhou, C}, title = {Microbiome-host co-oscillation patterns in shaping ruminal ecosystem from birth to puberty in a goat model.}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40844740}, issn = {1869-1889}, abstract = {The maturation of the gastrointestinal tract and its interconnected microbial consortia in various ruminant species is essential for their survival and productivity, as this symbiotic group plays a key role in metabolizing phyto-derived feeds into bioavailable nutrients. The rumen mucosa serves as a crucial conduit for complex host-microbiota interplay, while scarce knowledge is available regarding their co-oscillation patterns from birth to puberty. Here, we characterized th overall interaction of five age groups, from 1-day-old to 90-day-old goats. The findings indicated that the composition of the mucosa-attached microbiota underwent significant changes, with Mannheimia, Porphyromonas and Streptococcus taking the lead as the dominant genera at day 1, Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus amylovorus dominated at day 10, and a mature microbiota characterized by Succiniclasticum ruminis, Ruminococcus albus, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes until day 90. Additionally, the rumen mucosa underwent a three-phase temporal shift during early life, from digestive system to immune development, and finally to nutrient metabolism. Furthermore, the integration of mucosal microbiome and host gene expression profiles uncovered a phase-specific interaction between the microbial community and host epithelium, with the early phase emphasizing digestive and immune development and the later phase focusing on enhanced nutrient metabolism. Collectively, microbiome-host co-oscillation in the rumen mucosa shaped the ruminal ecosystem during early life.}, }
@article {pmid40843366, year = {2025}, author = {Wu, JY and Tang, RN and Wang, JW and Chen, WY and Liu, X and Wang, JW and Li, MY and Jiang, FS}, title = {Gymnadenia conopsea orchid: a systematic review.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1595714}, pmid = {40843366}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br., a medicinally significant orchid used for millennia in China, is systematically reviewed regarding its botany, resources, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and propagation strategies to advance therapeutic utilization and conservation.<br><br>METHODS: Using keywords such as "G. conopsea," "phytochemistry," "propagation and breeding," "bioactive compounds," "immunomodulatory effects," and "neuroprotective potential," we systematically searched literature related to G. conopsea plants from databases including Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, ACS Publications, CNKI, Wanfang Data, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 1,074 papers were retrieved and 133 full-text articles were ultimately selected and comprehensively reviewed. Up to now, over 203 metabolites have been identified in the tubers of G. conopsea, including benzyl ester glucosides, stilbenoids, phenanthrenes, phenolic derivatives, alkaloids and polysaccharides. Pharmacological studies validate its multi-target therapeutic potential across tonification, anti-fatigue interventions, oxidative stress mitigation, antiviral defense, and management of gastric ulcers and silicosis. Despite extensive research on the pharmacological properties of crude extracts, the relationship between specific bioactive compounds and their corresponding pharmacological activities, particularly in vivo, remains poorly understood. Critically, overexploitation and habitat degradation have led to its classification as an endangered species. Current propagation efforts face significant challenges, including low natural germination rates, and dependence on specific habitats and obligate mycorrhizal fungi, precluding the development of efficient large-scale cultivation and seedling production systems.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Marked progress has been made in characterizing small-molecule metabolites of G. conopsea, yet comprehensive structural elucidation of polysaccharides remains incomplete. Additionally, research must be intensified on synergistic interactions of bioactive constituents, molecular targets, mechanisms of action, and in vivo metabolic pathways to facilitate development of a quality standard system. For propagation, wild-simulated cultivation should be adopted for resource conservation, while optimizing symbiotic germination techniques is critical to overcome propagation bottlenecks, ultimately enabling sustainable utilization.}, }
@article {pmid40842834, year = {2025}, author = {Cheng, R and Ying, Z and Yang, Y and Zhang, C and Zhou, W and Zhang, Z and Ding, H and Zhou, Y and Zhang, C}, title = {Changes of intestinal microbiota and liver metabolomics in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) before and after rice flowering in rice-fish symbiosis farmed mode.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1617168}, pmid = {40842834}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The rice-fish symbiosis farming model (RFFM) has been shown to enhance gut microbial diversity and improve immunity in fish. To examine changes in gut microbiota and hepatic metabolism in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) during different rice growth stages, we analyzed samples collected from the pre-flowering (Group P) and after-flowering (Group A) phases. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing, with data analyzed using Principal component analysis (PCA), while hepatic metabolic profiles were characterized through untargeted metabolomics using XCMS and metaX for data processing. Our results revealed a significant increase in gut microbial diversity in Group A. Notably, the relative abundances of Pseudomonas and Cetobacterium were significantly lower in Group A compared to Group P, whereas Brevundimonas, Oxyphotobacteria_unclassified, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 were more abundant in Group A. Hepatic metabolic profiles also differed between the two groups, with amino acid metabolism and related pathways being upregulated, while lipid metabolism and associated pathways were downregulated in Group A. Correlation analysis using SPSS suggested that Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, a dominant bacterial group, played a key role in mediating hepatic metabolic changes under the RFFM. These findings indicate that rice flowering in the rice-fish symbiosis system positively influences gut microbiota composition and hepatic metabolism in yellow catfish. Furthermore, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 may have potential as a probiotic for improving fish health in this integrated farming system.}, }
@article {pmid40842833, year = {2025}, author = {Doni, F and Chen, J and Satyan, KB}, title = {Editorial: Advances in beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions in cereal crops.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1663889}, pmid = {40842833}, issn = {1664-302X}, }
@article {pmid40842674, year = {2025}, author = {Réblová, M and Nekvindová, J and Hynar, O and Vohník, M}, title = {From seagrass roots to saline soils: discovery of two new genera in Lulworthiales (Sordariomycetes) from osmotically stressed habitats.}, journal = {IMA fungus}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {e157688}, pmid = {40842674}, issn = {2210-6340}, abstract = {As part of an ongoing study of marine fungi associated with seagrasses, we discovered a novel root-fungus symbiosis in the Indo-Pacific species Thalassodendronciliatum from Mauritius. Culturing its mycobionts yielded dozens of morphologically and genetically uniform isolates, all representing a previously unknown fungus. A second undescribed fungus was isolated from saline soils in Czechia. Phylogenetic analyses based on three rDNA markers confirmed both taxa as distinct, hitherto unknown lineages within the Lulworthiales, which are introduced here as Thalassodendromycespurpureus gen. et sp. nov. and Halomyrmapluriseptata gen. et sp. nov., respectively. Both species developed characteristic structures under culture conditions that enabled their morphological characterisation: T.purpureus forms distinctive clusters of dark brown monilioid hyphae, while H.pluriseptata is characterised by holoblastic conidiogenesis and solitary, dark brown, multicellular conidia. Thalassodendromyces clustered in a strongly supported clade with Spathulospora, a parasitic genus of the red macroalga Ballia, while the closest relatives of Halomyrma were identified as the asexual genera Halazoon and Halophilomyces (nom. inval. Art. 40.7). An analysis of published metabarcoding ITS rDNA data from environmental samples in the GlobalFungi database indicated that H.pluriseptata is widely distributed across temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The species exhibits a strong preference for aquatic biomes, particularly marine and estuarine, with a few records in terrestrial ecosystems. In contrast, no record of T.purpureus was retrieved from GlobalFungi, suggesting narrower ecological specialisation, a close association with its seagrass host, and/or a restricted geographical range. Our findings expand the ecological and phylogenetic scope of the Lulworthiales, bridging marine and terrestrial fungal communities, and highlight seagrass roots as an important source of novel symbiotic marine fungi. Recent discoveries of the Lulworthiales in saline inland soils challenge their marine exclusivity and raise important questions about their ecological plasticity, dispersal mechanisms, and adaptive strategies. In light of current observations, we discuss the taxonomic challenges of the Spathulosporales and the lulworthialean fungi, integrating molecular and morphological perspectives. We address the importance of combining morphological and molecular approaches to accurately delineate new fungal taxa, as well as the value of environmental DNA metabarcoding for uncovering cryptic fungal diversity and enhancing our understanding of fungal distribution and ecological functions.}, }
@article {pmid40842040, year = {2025}, author = {Prioux, C and Ferrier-Pagès, C and Lamarca, T and Allemand, D and Tignat-Perrier, R}, title = {Heatwave-driven persistent microbes threaten the resilience of Mediterranean coral holobionts.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {107}, pmid = {40842040}, issn = {2524-6372}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The climate crisis poses a serious threat to octocorals in the Mediterranean Sea as marine heatwaves (MHWs) not only impair coral metabolism but also disrupt the complex symbiosis between the coral host and its microbiome. Since octocorals are the foundation species of the Mediterranean animal forests, understanding their resilience, i.e. ability to recover and survive to MHWs, is crucial to predict their viability under future climatic conditions. Using amplification of 16 S and 18 S rRNA genes for metabarcoding and qPCR analyses to follow the changes in bacterial microbiome and eukaryome as well as host response under stress and recovery conditions, this study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the resilience of an iconic Mediterranean octocoral (the red coral Corallium rubrum) to a mild (19 °C) and more severe (23 °C) heat stress.<br><br>RESULTS: The results of this work indicate a stress response of the host to elevated temperatures, even under mild temperature. The eukaryome was highly sensitive to heat stress and underwent rapid structural changes among the dominant microeukaryotes. In contrast, the relative and absolute abundance of the major bacterial symbionts remained stable throughout the stress. However, heat stress led to a significant increase in the abundance of some taxa such as Vibrionaceae that persisted after a week of recovery.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: While the host recovered from the stress, and the microbiome largely returned to its original composition during recovery, the results highlight the persistent presence of some taxa that might compromise the short-term resilience of octocoral holobionts. This study provides new information on how octocoral holobionts respond to MHWs in the Mediterranean Sea. This knowledge is crucial for the development of effective, science-based strategies for coral protection and restauration.}, }
@article {pmid40841061, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Wang, S and Zhuang, LL and Liu, S and Su, Y and Hu, Z and Wang, X and Cui, S and Peng, G}, title = {The growth-promoting effect and mechanism of microalgae on plants in PAHs contaminated soil.}, journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)}, volume = {158}, number = {}, pages = {883-894}, doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.02.007}, pmid = {40841061}, issn = {1001-0742}, mesh = {*Soil Pollutants/metabolism/analysis ; *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/metabolism/analysis ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Microalgae/physiology ; *Triticum/growth &amp; development ; Chlorella vulgaris ; Rhizosphere ; Soil Microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; }, abstract = {Microalgae can effectively degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water. However, the remediation mechanism of microalgae in PAH-contaminated soil remains unclear. In this study, the growth-promoting effects of wheat by Chlorella vulgaris in PAH-contaminated soil were studied. Structural changes in the rhizosphere bacterial community and the bacterial metabolism were further explored. It revealed that the addition of C. vulgaris promoted wheat's dry weight and height by 10.22 % and 122.15 %, respectively. One explanation was the degradation and transformation of PAHs by C. vulgaris, which relieved the inhibitory effect on wheat growth. Compared with the blank control group, C. vulgaris addition enhanced the degradation efficiencies of phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pry) by 4.81 % and 8.34 %, respectively (with the initial concentrations in soil of 1.03 × 10[4] and 2.21 × 10[4] µg/g, respectively). The binding state of Phe and Pyr changed to a free state, which facilitated microbial degradation. The Phe and Pyr contents in wheat decreased by 22.23 % and 18.54 %, respectively. The presence of C. vulgaris increased the abundance of Sphingosinomonas bacteria capable of degrading PAHs by 95.24 %. Enzyme activities related to the transport, oxidation, and dehydrogenation of PAHs in the bacterial community also increased. This study demonstrated C. vulgaris' multiple pathways for remediating PAH-polluted soil, including PAH degradation, nutrient and hormone release, and bacterial community adjustment. In conclusion, C. vulgaris addition enhanced the algae-bacteria symbiosis, which was of great significance for the removal of PAHs from the soil and the promotion of plant growth.}, }
@article {pmid40840251, year = {2025}, author = {Gui, L and Wang, S and Chen, L and Dou, Y and Fan, Y and Huang, S and Wu, T and Tian, X}, title = {Crumpled polyethyleneimine nanofiltration membranes regulated by thermocapillary effect for efficient magnesium-lithium separation.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {287}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {124352}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124352}, pmid = {40840251}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {The advancement of lithium (Li) extraction from brines is crucial for boosting Li production capacity and meeting the growing demands of emerging energy markets. However, the presence of symbiotic ions, particularly magnesium ions (Mg[2+]), poses significant challenges. Although conventional nanofiltration (NF) membranes have demonstrated considerable potential in magnesium-lithium (Mg[2+]/Li[+]) separation, they often face the inherent trade-off between membrane permeance and salt rejection. In this study, NF membranes with desirable ridge-like structures were fabricated via temperature-gradient-assisted interfacial polymerization. Notably, under the action of thermocapillary effect, the surface morphology of the membranes can be precisely controlled by adjusting the amount of residual aqueous film on the substrate. The separation performances revealed that the unique microscale hollow ridges provided a larger effective filtration area, leading to a substantial improvement in membrane permeance. Compared to conventional polyethyleneimine-based NF membranes, the optimized membrane exhibited a threefold increase in permeance (17.6 L·m[-2]·h[-1]·bar[-1]) while exhibiting a higher Mg[2+] rejection rate (97.6 %) and exceptional Mg[2+]/Li[+] selectivity (SLi[+]/Mg[2+] = 32.2). Additionally, the membrane demonstrated excellent long-term operational and storage stability. These crumpled membranes displayed advantages such as ease of production and high separation efficiency, making them highly promising for practical applications in Mg[2+]/Li[+] separation.}, }
@article {pmid40839311, year = {2025}, author = {Majhi, P and Prajapati, N and Pradhan, U and Das, SN and Shukla, AK}, title = {Sustainable stress management in crops: unlocking the potential of rhizospheric microbes.}, journal = {Archives of microbiology}, volume = {207}, number = {10}, pages = {233}, pmid = {40839311}, issn = {1432-072X}, mesh = {*Rhizosphere ; *Crops, Agricultural/microbiology/physiology/growth &amp; development ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Microbiota ; Symbiosis ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; }, abstract = {Biotic and abiotic stresses pose significant challenges to global agricultural productivity by adversely affecting soil health, plant vitality, and crop yields. These stresses can lead to economic crises, highlighting the urgent need for cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solutions to mitigate their negative impacts. Traditionally, agrochemicals such as pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers, and herbicides have been extensively and often improperly used to protect plants and enhance crop productivity. However, this over-reliance has harmed ecosystems and human health. In response to these challenges, plants have evolved symbiotic relationships with microbes as a natural defense mechanism. Increasingly, attention is being directed toward rhizospheric microbiomes like Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pantoea sp., Rhizobium sp., Trichoderma sp., Piriformospora sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., etc. for their potential to manage pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and herbivores responsible for biotic stress and abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperature, and metal toxicity in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Validating these microbial interactions through experimental research is essential to understand their effects on rhizosphere biodiversity, soil heath status, plant growth and crop productivity. This review examines the role of rhizospheric microbes in protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses through plant-microbiota symbioses.}, }
@article {pmid40839117, year = {2025}, author = {Oravecz, O and Xie, Y and Balogh, A and Posta, M and Harms, C and Farkas, E and Borowski, S and Szekeres-Barthó, J and Than, NG and Blois, SM}, title = {Maternal and placental galectins: key players in the feto-maternal symbiotic tango.}, journal = {Seminars in immunopathology}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {35}, pmid = {40839117}, issn = {1863-2300}, mesh = {Humans ; Pregnancy ; *Galectins/metabolism/genetics ; Female ; *Placenta/metabolism/immunology ; Animals ; *Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology ; Placentation/immunology ; Immune Tolerance ; }, abstract = {Galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins, are critical in regulating feto-maternal interactions during pregnancy. Their evolutionary trajectory is reflected in their expression patterns and diverse functions in embryo implantation, trophoblast invasion, and maternal immune and vascular adaptation, contributing to healthy placentation and uncomplicated pregnancy. Galectin-1 (gal-1), one of the most ancient galectins, plays a pivotal role in feto-maternal immune regulation, acting predominantly from the maternal side to promote immune tolerance, a function integrated early in placental mammalian evolution. In contrast, anthropoid primates introduced a unique set of fetal (placental) galectins (gal-13, gal-14, and gal-16) through birth-and-death evolution, with these genes localized on human chromosome 19. Notably, these primate species have evolved varying degrees of deep placentation, with humans exhibiting the deepest, which facilitates enhanced nutrient delivery to the fetus, particularly for brain development. Placental galectins have been implicated in the evolution of immune tolerance mechanisms that support deep placentation. During pregnancy, reduced expression of maternal galectins (e.g., gal-1) and placental galectins (e.g., gal-13) has been associated with severe obstetric complications, signaling disruptions in feto-maternal tolerance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of gal-1, gal-13, gal-14, and gal-16, highlighting their shared and unique roles in maternal and placental immune regulation and placental development. Additionally, the review explores the potential of maternal versus placental galectins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve diagnostic and treatment strategies for adverse pregnancy outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40837223, year = {2025}, author = {Tang, HM and Zhang, QL and Qiao, X and Dai, MW and Yuan, YS and Tang, XM and Yang, WJ and Jing, R and Li, XC and Zhang, Q and Yan, X and Ma, YC and Huang, YB and Zhou, LX and Long, J and Peng, NN and Cai, CH and Meng, JH and Luo, KJ}, title = {Innexin DNA-binding domains regulate Microplitis bicoloratus bracoviral transcription in symbiotic wasps.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {28}, number = {9}, pages = {113276}, pmid = {40837223}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Bracoviruses have two hosts: symbiotic wasps and infected hosts. Although symbiotic wasps and infected Spodoptera litura larva host bracoviruses, mature virions form only in the wasps after the integrated Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV) proviral genome replicates. However, the associated mechanisms of transcription regulation have not been characterized. Here, we found that innexins (Inxs) of the Microplitis bicoloratus wasp (Mb-Inx1 and Mb-Inx2) contain DNA-binding domains that directly bind to, and regulate transcription promoters of the viral envelope genes MbBVp74 and MbBVe56-1. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Mb-Inx1 and Mb-Inx2 RNA interference cause abnormal bracoviral virion formation. This led to inhibited virion assembly in wasp ovaries and downregulated envelope genes that are analogous to baculovirus proteins. The ectopic expression of Mb-Inx1 and Mb-Inx2 in the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus expression system promoted nuclear polyhedra formation. We propose that unique bracoviral transcription strategies regulated by wasp Inx proteins govern virus-wasp interactions.}, }
@article {pmid40837070, year = {2025}, author = {Bunch, KM and Greeneway, GP and Ansari, DS and Patel, C and Nottmeier, EW and Madhavan, KHS and Pirris, SM and Sama, AA and Brooks, NP}, title = {The symbiosis of robotics, enabling technology and minimally invasive surgery.}, journal = {North American Spine Society journal}, volume = {23}, number = {}, pages = {100769}, pmid = {40837070}, issn = {2666-5484}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Procedural and technical advances in spinal surgery, such as the utilization of minimally-invasive techniques, have evolved alongside the development and distribution of tools such as navigation, robotics, augmented reality (AR), dynamic visualization, and preoperative planning modules. Each innovative advancement in a surgeon's ability to see, measure, and manipulate human tissue entails an improvement or novel application of existing tools. Similarly, given the enormous economic and opportunity costs associated with the research and development of novel technologies, these efforts must be refined to address existing needs and infrastructure gaps. The successful application of enabling technologies such as robotics, navigation, and minimally-invasive techniques, is therefore dependent upon the expansion of new surgical tools and techniques.<br><br>METHODS: We review numerous technological advances (Navigation, Intraoperative Imaging, Robotics, Augmented Reality, Computational Planning and Visualization) within the field of spine surgery and demonstrate their mutually beneficial, yet dependent, relationship with one another in advancing spine surgery technology through both expert opinion and published literature.<br><br>RESULTS: We provide an overview of several different domains of enabling technology as they pertain to novel applications in spinal surgery and review current uses, limitations, and areas of potential improvement.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The integration of augmented reality, robotics, visualization and navigational technologies, minimally invasive techniques, and other advanced tools have enabled the surgeon to perform both standard and novel procedures in unique ways.}, }
@article {pmid40836244, year = {2025}, author = {Yu, LC and Wei, SC and Li, YH and Huang, CY and Pai, YC and Hung, YM and Lai, LC and Ni, YH}, title = {Phenotypic characterization and complete genome of a tumorigenic pathobiont Escherichia coli LI60C3.}, journal = {Gut pathogens}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {63}, pmid = {40836244}, issn = {1757-4749}, support = {NHRI-EX111/112/113-11108BI//National Health Research Institute, Taiwan/ ; NHRI-EX111/112/113-11108BI//National Health Research Institute, Taiwan/ ; NHRI-EX111/112/113-11108BI//National Health Research Institute, Taiwan/ ; NHRI-EX111/112/113-11108BI//National Health Research Institute, Taiwan/ ; NSTC 113-2320-B002-062-MY3, MoST 110-2320-B-002-011-MY3//National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symbiotic microbes benefit the host, but the emergence of pathobionts leads to disease. An invasive Escherichia coli LI60C3, isolated from mouse colonocytes, shows colitogenic and tumorigenic properties. Despite extensive research on the role of microbiota in colorectal cancer (CRC) development, the genetic markers associated with this pathobiont remain elusive. The objective is to characterize the tumorigenic E. coli through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotypic assays, and validate their presence in human CRC.<br><br>METHODS: The intracellular bacterial counts and proliferation rates of human intestinal epithelial cells were evaluated after exposure to various E. coli strains. Tumor burden was assessed in mice orally administered LI60C3. WGS of LI60C3 was performed on a PacBio Sequel II platform, and the long reads were assembled de novo for gene annotation and detection of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Bacteria-specific genes were assessed in CRC specimens by qPCR analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: A 100-fold increase in intracellular bacterial count was observed in epithelial cells exposed to LI60C3 compared to commensal E. coli strains. LI60C3 resulted in a threefold increase in epithelial cell cycle rate and a fourfold rise in mouse tumor numbers. WGS revealed a circular chromosome of 4,863,930 bases for LI60C3, demonstrating a high sequence homology to adherent-invasive E. coli LF82 (91%) and NC101 (87%) and to uropathogenic E. coli 536 (88%). Two extrachromosomal plasmids, pTra and pCoMb, were identified. While pTra exhibits sequence homology with other commensal E. coli plasmids, pCoMb has partial matches with those found in pathogenic bacteria. LI60C3 is classified as phylogroup B2 and expresses virulence factors, including Type 1 and P fimbriae, contact-dependent growth inhibition system, iron acquisition system, and hemolysin. Unique gene clusters, named Epm and Phz islands, were identified in the LI60C3 genome. The emergence of LI60C3-specific genes was observed in mouse tumors induced by chemicals and gene mutation, and higher levels of LI60C3 markers were validated in human CRC specimens compared with healthy mucosal samples.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Genetic signatures of LI60C3 were detected in mouse and human CRC. The comparative genome analysis for LI60C3 helps identify pathobionts and may be used as cancer predictors.}, }
@article {pmid40836206, year = {2025}, author = {Xiong, Q and Zheng, L and Zhang, Q and Li, T and Zheng, L and Song, L}, title = {Comparative genomic insights into ecological adaptations and evolutionary dynamics of Trebouxiophyceae algae.}, journal = {BMC genomics}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {764}, pmid = {40836206}, issn = {1471-2164}, support = {Grant No.2021xjkk0600//Supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program/ ; }, mesh = {Phylogeny ; *Genomics/methods ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Chlorophyta/genetics/classification ; *Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Trebouxiophyceae is a diverse and species-rich class within the Chlorophyta, exhibiting a wide array of lineages and remarkable variations in morphology and ecology. This group encompasses various lifestyles, including photobionts in symbiotic relationships, free-living forms, and parasitic heterotrophs lacking photosynthetic capacity. Trebouxiophycean algae have attracted considerable scientific interest due to their fundamental biological significance and their promising applications in biotechnology. This study presents a comprehensive genomic analysis of six newly sequenced strains of Trebouxiophyceae, expanding upon a foundation of 25 previously reported high-quality genomes to conduct comparative genomics and evolutionary assessments.<br><br>RESULTS: Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 18&#xa0;S rDNA and single-copy orthologues confirmed the accurate identification of species. The analyzed strains exhibited variable genome sizes ranging from 2.37&#xa0;Mb to 106.45&#xa0;Mb, with GC content varying between 46.19% and 67.20%, and repeat content ranging from 1.67 to 19.73%. Gene family expansion and contraction analyses revealed that the subaerial species Apatococcus exhibited the most extensive expansions, while Picochlorum, along with the ancestors of the parasitic genera (Auxenochlorella, Helicosporidium, and Prototheca) experienced pronounced contractions. Evolutionary analyses using the branch model and branch-site model in PAML indicated that genera with the most marked gene family expansion and contraction also contained orthogroups undergoing positive selection and rapid evolution. Comparative assessments of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), nitrogen transport and assimilation proteins, hexose-proton symporter-like genes (HUP1, HUP2, and HUP3), and C4-related enzymes across 31 Trebouxiophyceae genomes revealed further patterns of adaptation. Coccomyxa was the only genus containing all the ten types of BGCs, while most other genera exhibited relatively fewer BGCs. The nitrate transporter and the urea active transporter were both absent in the three parasitic genera, and urease, the urease accessory proteins and arginase were nearly universally missing in all the species. All the species possessed the HUP1, HUP2, and HUP3 genes, except that HUP2 was absent in Prototheca and Picochlorum, and the relative abundances of the three genes varied among genera. The NAD-ME, and PCK subtypes of C4-related genes were widely distributed in all the samples, while the malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) was identified only in the four freshwater strains belonging to Chlorella and Coccomyxa.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Expanded gene families, along with the rapid evolution and positive selection genes, likely played important roles in environmental adaption across terrestrial and marine habitat. Conversely, genome streamlining due to widespread gene families likely contributed to the parasitic heterotrophic lifestyles. Additionally, the distribution of BGCs, nitrogen transport proteins and HUP-like genes, and the types of C4-related enzymes perhaps highlighted the potential of Trebouxiophyceae to adapt to complex and varied environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40835991, year = {2025}, author = {Guo, M and Yuan, T and Jiang, L and Zhou, G and Huang, H}, title = {Acclimation mechanisms of reef-building coral Acropora gemmifera juveniles to long-term CO2-driven ocean acidification.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {30655}, pmid = {40835991}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {2018A0303130173//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China/ ; 2023B1212060047//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China/ ; 2021YFC3100500//National Key Research and Development Project of China/ ; U23A2035//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; }, abstract = {Ocean acidification (OA) is a major threat to the sexual recruitment of reef-building corals. Acclimation mechanisms are critical but poorly understood in reef-building corals to OA during early life stages. Here, Acropora gemmifera, a common Indo-Pacific coral cultured in in situ seawater from Luhuitou reef at three levels of pCO2 (pH 8.14, 7.83, 7.54), showed significantly delayed larval metamorphosis and juvenile growth, but adapted to long-term high pCO2. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) emerged as a time- and dose-dependent mode of short-term response (3 days post settlement, d p.s.) and long-term acclimation (40 d p.s.), with more DEGs responding to high pCO2 (pH 7.54) than to medium pCO2 (pH 7.83). High pCO2, a presumed threatening seawater baseline for A. gemmifera juveniles, activated DNA repair, macroautophagy, microautophagy and mitophagy mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis, recycle cytosolic proteins and damaged organelles, and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H[+], but at the cost of delayed development through cell cycle arrest associated with epigenetic and genetic regulation at 3 d p.s.. However, A.gemmifera juveniles acclimated to high pCO2 by up-regulating cell cycle, transcription, translation, cell proliferation, cell-extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, cell communication, signal transduction, transport, binding, Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis, development and calcification from 3 d p.s. to 40 d p.s., when energy reallocation and metabolic suppression occurred for high demand but short-term energy limitation in coral cells undergoing flexible symbiosis. All results indicate that acclimation mechanisms of complicated gene expression improve larval and juvenile resilience to OA for coral population recovery and reef restoration.}, }
@article {pmid40834857, year = {2025}, author = {Teyssendier de la Serve, J and Gautrat, P and Laffont, C and Lesterps, Z and Huault, E and Guerard, F and San Clemente, H and Aguilar, M and Bensmihen, S and Gakière, B and Frei-Dit-Frey, N and Frugier, F}, title = {The sTDIF signaling peptide modulates the root stele diameter and primary metabolism to accommodate symbiotic nodulation.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.07.056}, pmid = {40834857}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Legume plants form specific organs on their root system, the nitrogen-fixing nodules, thanks to a symbiotic interaction with soil bacteria collectively named rhizobia. Rhizobia, however, do not only induce the formation of these nodule organs but also modulate root system architecture. We identified in Medicago truncatula a previously unnoticed increase in the root stele diameter occurring upon rhizobium inoculation. This symbiotic root response, similarly observed in another crop legume, pea, occurs rapidly and locally after rhizobium inoculation, leading to an increased number of vascular cells. Interestingly, this root stele diameter symbiotic response requires tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor (TDIF) signaling peptides and, notably, the MtCLE37 TDIF-encoding gene whose expression is increased during nodulation, thus being referred to as symbiotic nodulation TDIF (sTDIF). Indeed, a cle37/stdif mutant is not responsive to rhizobium regarding its root stele diameter increase and has a reduced nodule number. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that stdif has a defective primary metabolism, notably affecting carbohydrate/sugar accumulation in both roots and nodules. Remarkably, a sucrose or a malate exogenous treatment is able to rescue the rhizobium-induced stele diameter symbiotic response in stdif. This metabolic deregulation is thus instrumental in explaining the altered symbiotic response of the mutant. Overall, this study highlights a novel function of TDIF signaling peptides in legumes plants, which, beyond regulating stele development, also modulates the root primary metabolism adaptations required for symbiotic nodule development.}, }
@article {pmid40834321, year = {2025}, author = {Busenitz, K and Lundgren, JG}, title = {No effects of human-grade probiotics on Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) health metrics.}, journal = {Journal of economic entomology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jee/toaf210}, pmid = {40834321}, issn = {1938-291X}, abstract = {Dietary-administered probiotics may address poor health and performance in honey bees (Apis mellifera L. [Hymenoptera: Apidae]). Human-grade probiotics are an affordable source of general probiotics. We examined the effects of human-grade probiotics by comparing colony and individual level health and performance between colonies administered a probiotic every other week, and those not given probiotic supplementation (control treatment group). We found that probiotics did not statistically increase individual honey bee health and performance as measured by body lipid level, tibial length, and weight of bees, nor colony performance as measured by monthly assessments of brood area, colony weight, and Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) mite infestation rate.}, }
@article {pmid40833415, year = {2025}, author = {Khan, F and Liu, Y and Whitfield, D and Pang, L and Ali, H and Huang, Y and Zhou, F and Hagan, RS and Frenis, K and Rowe, RG and Chen, P}, title = {Macrophage TBK1 signaling drives the development and outgrowth of breast cancer brain metastasis.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {122}, number = {34}, pages = {e2420793122}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2420793122}, pmid = {40833415}, issn = {1091-6490}, support = {R01 NS124594/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; R01NS127824//HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)/ ; W81XWH-21-1-0380//U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)/ ; P30CA043703//HHS | NIH | NCI | Center for Cancer Research (CCR)/ ; }, mesh = {*Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism/genetics ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/metabolism/genetics ; Humans ; Female ; *Brain Neoplasms/secondary/metabolism/pathology/genetics ; *Signal Transduction ; Animals ; Mice ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism ; Tumor Microenvironment ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Macrophages/metabolism/pathology ; *Tumor-Associated Macrophages/metabolism/pathology ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Cell Movement ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; }, abstract = {Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the predominant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment that promote breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM). Here, we identify TANK-binding kinase (TBK1) as a critical signaling molecule enriched and activated in TAMs of BCBM tumors, playing an indispensable role in BCBM development and metastatic outgrowth in the brain. Mechanistically, BCBM cell-secreted matrix metalloproteinase 1 binds to protease-activated receptor 1 and integrin αVβ5 on macrophages, leading to TBK1 activation mediated by the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. Reciprocally, TBK1-regulated TAMs produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to drive breast cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion, ultimately contributing to BCBM development and brain metastatic outgrowth. Inhibition of TBK1 signaling in TAMs or GM-CSF receptor in cancer cells impedes BCBM development and brain metastatic outgrowth. Correspondingly, the TBK1-GM-CSF signaling axis correlates with lower overall survival in patients with BCBM. Thus, TBK1-mediated tumor-TAM symbiotic interaction provides a promising therapeutic target for patients with BCBM.}, }
@article {pmid40833097, year = {2025}, author = {Staehelin, C and Forsberg, LS and D'Haeze, W and Gao, M-Y and Carlson, RW and Xie, Z-P and Pellock, BJ and Jones, KM and Walker, GC and Streit, WR and Broughton, WJ}, title = {Correction for Staehelin et al., "Exo-Oligosaccharides of Rhizobium sp. Strain NGR234 Are Required for Symbiosis with Various Legumes".}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0015725}, doi = {10.1128/jb.00157-25}, pmid = {40833097}, issn = {1098-5530}, }
@article {pmid40833026, year = {2025}, author = {Li, Z and Lu, Y and Du, P and Zhang, M and Li, D and Xie, F and Chen, D and Lin, H and Li, Y}, title = {A Lipopolysaccharide Lipid A Acyltransferase Gene msbB Is Involved in Soybean Rhizobial Intracellular Colonization and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-02-25-0018-R}, pmid = {40833026}, issn = {0894-0282}, abstract = {Three major components of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rhizobia, namely core polysaccharide, o-antigen, and lipid A, act as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to participate in the symbiosis between rhizobia and legume. Rhizobia have a different lipid A structure from other Gram-negative bacteria. The 3-hydroxy group on the 2' or 3' myristate acyl chain of its lipid A is substituted by a unique very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA). VLCFAs are transferred to lipid A by an acyltransferase MsbB. In this research, we constructed the msbB deletion mutant, complementary, and overexpression strains of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103, and investigated their free-living and symbiotic phenotypes. The findings revealed that deletion of msbB had no impact on the autonomous growth of HH103, yet significantly reduced the resistance of rhizobia to abiotic stresses. The promoter-GUS assays revealed that msbB was mainly expressed at the early stage of nodulation. Quantitative analysis of early infection revealed that the mutation of msbB significantly reduced root hair curling, infection threads, and nodule primordia, suggesting impairment of the symbiotic infection process. The nodulation assay and transmission electron microscopy analysis of nodule ultrastructure showed that msbB deletion led to the formation of ineffective root nodules without colonization of rhizobia, thereby causing a loss of nitrogen fixation capacity. RNA-seq analysis indicated that HH103ΩmsbB inoculation trigger a localized defense response in the soybean root to result in symbiotic deficiencies. Taken together, these results reveal the important role of VLCFAs in soybean rhizobia in the establishment of effective symbiosis and nodule nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid40832871, year = {2025}, author = {Fu, J and Liu, Y and Yoshioka, T and Igai, K and Mabuchi, T and Kihara, K and Murakami, T and Lo, N and Ohkuma, M and Hongoh, Y}, title = {Functional division of labor in motility, lignocellulose digestion, and nitrogen metabolism revealed for the Mixotricha paradoxa holobiont.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf178}, pmid = {40832871}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Mixotricha paradoxa is a large, cellulolytic flagellate present in the hindgut of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. This parabasalid flagellate is unique in its reliance on ectosymbiotic spirochetes for motility. We analyzed the transcriptome of M. paradoxa and the genomes of the ectosymbiotic spirochete Propulsinema mixotrichae ("Treponematales"), the rod-shaped ectosymbiont Synergitannerella mixotrichae (Bacteroidales), and the endosymbiont Endomicrobiellum mixotrichae (Endomicrobiales), all of which are obligately associated with M. paradoxa and were taxonomically described in this study. Mixotricha paradoxa highly expressed genes for diverse glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and likely ferments sugars to H2, CO2, acetate, ethanol, and glycerol. Similar to the case for parasitic parabasalids such as Trichomonas vaginalis, transcripts for biosynthesis of nucleotides and many amino acids were not detected in our analyses of M. paradoxa. Propulsinema mixotrichae possesses genes encoding proteins for the assembly of flagella and for those in pathways associated with chemotaxis and dinitrogen fixation. Such genes are absent in Syn. mixotrichae, which instead possesses numerous genes encoding GH enzymes, which are largely complementary to the GH repertoire of M. paradoxa. Endomicrobiellum mixotrichae appears to provide nucleotides and nine amino acids to its host, which in turn likely supplies three amino acids, including tryptophan, to Endo. mixotrichae. Because bacterial cells, in addition to wood particles, were observed in food vacuoles of M. paradoxa, these ecto- and endosymbionts may be digested by the flagellate host. Overall, the distinct roles of each symbiont highlight the efficient functional division of labor that has evolved in this holobiont.}, }
@article {pmid40832279, year = {2025}, author = {Selmoni, O and Cleves, PA and Exposito-Alonso, M}, title = {Global coral genomic vulnerability explains recent reef losses.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2024.03.25.586253}, pmid = {40832279}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {The dramatic decline of reef-building corals calls for a better understanding of coral adaptation to ocean warming. Here, we characterized genetic diversity of the widespread genus Acropora by building a genomic database of 595 coral samples from different oceanic regions-from the Great Barrier Reef to the Persian Gulf. Through genome-environment associations, we found that different Acropora species showed parallel evolutionary signals of heat-adaptation in the same genomic regions, pointing to genes associated with molecular heat shock responses and symbiosis. We then projected the present and the predicted future distribution of heat-adapted genotypes across reefs worldwide. Reefs projected with low frequency of heat-adapted genotypes display higher rates of Acropora decline, indicating a potential genomic vulnerability to heat exposure. Our projections also suggest a transition where heat-adapted genotypes will spread at least until 2040. However, this transition will likely involve mass mortality of entire non-adapted populations and a consequent erosion of Acropora genetic diversity. This genetic diversity loss could hinder the capacity of Acropora to adapt to the more extreme heatwaves projected beyond 2040. Genomic vulnerability and genetic diversity loss estimates can be used to reassess which coral reefs are at risk and their conservation.}, }
@article {pmid40830815, year = {2025}, author = {Monzón-Ramos, A and Pérez-González, S and Pulido-Suárez, L and Díaz-Peña, F and Rodríguez-Pérez, A and Reyes-Betancort, JA and León-Barrios, M}, title = {Efficient but Elusive Rhizobia Fix Nitrogen in the Wild Legumes Bituminaria bituminosa and Coronilla Viminalis.}, journal = {Journal of basic microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70095}, doi = {10.1002/jobm.70095}, pmid = {40830815}, issn = {1521-4028}, support = {//This study was financed by the Consejer&#xed;a de Transici&#xf3;n Ecol&#xf3;gica, Lucha contra el Cambio Clim&#xe1;tico y Planificaci&#xf3;n Territorial of the Gobierno de Canarias within the framework of the FEDER Operational Program (2014-2020)./ ; }, abstract = {In ecological restoration of degraded natural habitats, revegetation with wild native plants is a priority. Legumes play a key role in this process through nitrogen (N)-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia, obtaining N for their growth and improving soil fertility, which benefits other nonleguminous plants in the environment. This study explores the rhizobia of two wild legumes, Coronilla viminalis and Bituminaria bituminosa, found in a degraded habitat in Lanzarote (Canary Islands). We found these legumes nodulated by highly efficient N-fixing mesorhizobia harboring the symbiovars canariensis and hedysari in Mesorhizobium species distinct from those originally reported to carry these symbiovars. However, isolating these rhizobia was challenging. Despite the good plant development and the pink color of root nodules indicating effective N-fixation, these rhizobia could not be cultured in most cases. This suggests the presence of unculturable or "fastidious" rhizobia in the nodules, with requirements poorly mimicked in conventional rhizobial media. Additionally, the presence of fast-growing non-rhizobial endophytes in the nodules complicates the isolation of slower-growing rhizobia, which requires special care during the isolation protocol to avoid endophytes and extend incubation times. The difficulty of cultivating the rhizobia of these two wild legumes suggests that their diversity may be greater than described here.}, }
@article {pmid40830270, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, Q and Guo, B and Lu, M and Liu, Y and Kardol, P and Reich, PB and Bardgett, RD and Cornelissen, JHC and Kraft, NJB and Díaz, S and Wright, IJ and He, N and Hogan, JA and Pei, Y and Han, Q and Li, Z and Wang, Z and Yang, W and Ding, J and Yang, Z and Wu, H and Carmona, CP and Valverde-Barrantes, OJ and Li, D and Cai, J and Zeng, H and Zhang, Y and Ren, W and Zhao, Y and Yang, X and Fan, G and Wang, J and Li, G and Kong, D}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal association regulates global root-seed coordination.}, journal = {Nature plants}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40830270}, issn = {2055-0278}, abstract = {Terrestrial plants exhibit immense variation in their form and function among species. Coordination between resource acquisition by roots and reproduction through seeds could promote the fitness of plant populations. How root and seed traits covary has remained unclear until our analysis of the largest-ever compiled joint global dataset of root traits and seed mass. Here we demonstrate that seed mass and seed phosphorus mass scale positively with root diameter in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants, depending on variation in root cortical thickness instead of root vessel size. These findings suggest a dual role of AM association in phosphorus uptake and pathogen resistance which drives the global root-seed coordination, instead of initially expected resource transport via root vessels as the main driver. In contrast, we found no relationship between root traits and seed mass in ectomycorrhizal plants. Overall, our study reveals coordination between roots and seeds in AM plants, which is probably regulated by root-mycorrhizal symbiosis, and may be crucial in shaping global plant diversity and species distributions.}, }
@article {pmid40829788, year = {2025}, author = {Hadfield, MG and Freckelton, M and Nedved, BT}, title = {Marine Bacterial Biofilms: Shaping Surface Communities.}, journal = {Annual review of microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-micro-051524-024455}, pmid = {40829788}, issn = {1545-3251}, abstract = {The assembly of marine benthic communities has become a focal point in marine ecology. We address how the bottom layers of benthic communities (i.e., the microbes inhabiting the basal biofilm) influence the complex accumulation of eukaryotes that grow on top of them. Specifically, we discuss (a) what organisms make up benthic biofilms, what brings about their attachment to surfaces, and how they vary in space and time; (b) what eukaryotic organisms are in marine benthic communities, how they vary in space and time, and the nature of microbial cues that bring about their recruitment to particular benthic sites; (c) the roles of bacterial-animal symbiosis in the composition of benthic communities; (d) what is happening to biofilms and their roles as habitat engineers in the rapidly changing world; and (e) how the geological history of bacteria and microbial mats on the ocean floor powerfully influenced the evolution of larval-bacterial interactions.}, }
@article {pmid40829558, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, WC and Spang, A}, title = {DPANN archaea.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {35}, number = {16}, pages = {R791-R794}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.06.038}, pmid = {40829558}, issn = {1879-0445}, mesh = {*Archaea/genetics/physiology/classification/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Phylogeny ; *Genome, Archaeal ; Biological Evolution ; }, abstract = {Archaea are one of the two primary domains of life alongside Bacteria. Extant archaea play an important role in global nutrient cycles and comprise members that were crucial for the evolution of life on Earth including the origin of eukaryotic cells through a symbiotic integration of an archaeal and bacterial partner. Despite their importance in ecology and evolution, our knowledge of archaeal diversity and function remains limited in part because it has proven challenging to cultivate archaea in the laboratory. Over the last two decades, the use of novel cultivation-independent approaches such as metagenomics has not only led to the discovery of a vast diversity of previously unknown archaeal lineages but also provided a window into their genomic content, allowing researchers to make predictions about metabolic functions and lifestyles. For example, by combining genomics approaches with phylogenetic analyses (that is, the reconstruction of species trees) researchers have uncovered several phylum-level lineages of putative genome-reduced archaea referred to as the 'DPANN' archaea, whose members were shown to have limited metabolic capabilities, indicating their dependency on symbiotic partners. These findings are consistent with observations from cultivation-based studies that have succeeded in enriching some of these small-cell symbionts in co-cultures with their hosts. Although they were initially discovered in extreme environments, DPANN archaea have now been shown to be widespread across a variety of environments and may thus play an important role in not only host evolution but also ecology. Herein, we aim to highlight DPANN archaea by providing an overview of their diversity, genomic and metabolic features, unique cell biology and interactions, and evolutionary origins. We also underscore several fascinating topics that remain underexplored.}, }
@article {pmid40829389, year = {2025}, author = {Qin, T and Yang, Z and Dou, Y and Wang, J and Wang, L and Tang, L and Wu, Z and Qiu, R}, title = {Effects of artificial humic acid on rhizosphere ecology and microbial regulation in a ryegrass-Bacillus cereus symbiotic system for remediating Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {497}, number = {}, pages = {139566}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139566}, pmid = {40829389}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Pollution by heavy metals, particularly hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), has become a significant environmental threat. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of artificial humic acid (A-HA) and Bacillus cereus Q-0 on Cr(VI) remediation in a ryegrass-soil system. A-HA was synthesized, and B. cereus Q-0 was labeled with gfp to enable tracking of its colonization in the soil-plant environment. The results showed that compared with the control group, combined treatment with A-HA and B. cereus Q-0-gfp significantly improved Cr(VI) reduction efficiency, decreasing soil Cr(VI) content from 69.8 mg kg[-1] to 17.07 mg kg[-1]. Simultaneously, the total Cr content in plants increased by 37.2 %, indicating enhanced hyperaccumulation capacity in ryegrass. A-HA promoted the enrichment of functional microbial communities associated with heavy metal resistance, such as Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, reflecting an optimized soil microbial structure. In terms of plant growth, the combined treatment increased ryegrass biomass by up to 790.3 %, root length by 310.0 %, soil organic matter content by 650.12 %, and soil enzyme activity. Additionally, A-HA significantly enhanced the colonization ability of B. cereus Q-0 in both the rhizosphere and endophytic compartments of plants. This study highlights the unique potential of combining A-HA and B. cereus for effective and eco-friendly Cr(VI) remediation, offering a novel strategy to enhance phytoremediation efficiency in contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid40829280, year = {2025}, author = {Papadopoulos, C and Roshanfekrrad, M and Tsikou, D and Papadopoulou, KK and Calonne-Salmon, M and Declerck, S and Karpouzas, DG}, title = {Developing a toolbox of Tier I tests to assess pesticides toxicity on the asymbiotic and symbiotic phases of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.}, journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety}, volume = {303}, number = {}, pages = {118892}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118892}, pmid = {40829280}, issn = {1090-2414}, abstract = {Soil microorganisms are a key protection goal in the European Union (EU) pesticide regulatory framework. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were identified as good proxies for assessing pesticides toxicity on the soil microbiota. This could involve ecotoxicity testing at the different life stages of AMF. We evaluated the effects of five pesticides (pyraclostrobin, fludioxonil, hymexazol, etridiazole, glyphosate) and a transformation product (AMPA), with distinct mode of action, on the development and functionality of Rhizophagus irregularis at the asymbiotic and symbiotic phase using a spore germination assay and a gnotobiotic AMF-host plant system (AMF-sandwich test), respectively. Based on arbuscular colonization in the AMF-sandwich test, fludioxonil was the most toxic (EC50 0.085 mg/L) followed by glyphosate (EC50 2.58 mg/L) and pyraclostrobin (EC50 9.22 mg/L), while etridiazole, hymexazol, and AMPA showed EC50 values higher than the highest tested concentration. However, for glyphosate and pyraclostrobin negative effects on symbiosis functioning were observed at lower concentrations than for colonization, as depicted by the expression of plant marker genes and/or P-uptake, suggesting the establishment of non-functional arbuscular symbiosis. The high toxicity of fludioxonil (EC50 0.03 mg/L) and the low toxicity of AMPA (EC50 > 432 mg/L) on R. irregularis was verified also for the asymbiotic phase via spore germination assay. Comparative tests showed differences in the toxicity of pure active substances and commercial formulations of fludioxonil and pyraclostrobin on the AMF-sandwich test. We propose that the AMF-sandwich system together with the spore germination test could be used as a toolbox for Tier-I assessment of pesticides toxicity on AMF.}, }
@article {pmid40829219, year = {2025}, author = {Jing, J and Wang, T and Guo, X and Huang, P and Li, C and Qu, Y}, title = {Continuous exogenous bioaugmented remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil: Ecological effects, microbial communities, and mechanisms.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {127007}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127007}, pmid = {40829219}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {The exogenous bioaugmentation technique is a widely employed strategy for remediating petroleum-contaminated soil. However, sustaining exogenous functional bacteria over extended periods in complex petroleum-contaminated environments is challenging, leading to reduced efficacy, and the interaction mechanisms with indigenous microorganisms remain poorly understood. This study utilized the previously developed petroleum-degrading bacterial agent ECT in a continuous bioaugmentation (C-Bio) approach for soil remediation. The outcomes were compared with those from a disposable bioaugmentation (D-Bio) and a control group (CG). After a 200-day remediation period, the C-Bio approach achieved a simulated petroleum degradation rate of 99.42 %. Concurrently, assessments of soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and plant growth demonstrated that C-Bio resulted in favorable ecological restoration. Metagenomic analysis confirmed the successful colonization of the three exogenous bacteria in the C-Bio system. Network analysis revealed that this approach facilitated the directional succession of soil microbial communities, with the newly dominant indigenous bacteria forming cooperative or symbiotic relationships with the exogenous strains. Together, they synergistically degrade alkanes via terminal oxidation pathways and aromatic hydrocarbons through salicylic acid and phthalic acid pathways, leading to effective remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. This study offers theoretical insights and empirical evidence supporting the development of continuous bioaugmentation processes for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils.}, }
@article {pmid40828971, year = {2025}, author = {Singh, J}, title = {Metabolic Detour, Symbiotic Delay: Insights from Sinorhizobium meliloti Suppressor Mutants.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, pages = {490}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-07-25-0078-CM}, pmid = {40828971}, issn = {0894-0282}, }
@article {pmid40828281, year = {2025}, author = {Enciso Garcia, JS and Chignola, M and Ragionieri, L and Rey, F and Fluch, M and Borruso, L and Corretto, E and Schuler, H}, title = {High-Throughput Amplicon Sequencing for Analyzing Microbial Communities of Insects.}, journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)}, volume = {2935}, number = {}, pages = {237-258}, pmid = {40828281}, issn = {1940-6029}, abstract = {Insects represent more than 80% of all described species on the planet. This diversity is a result of millions of years of evolution, during which insects have colonized nearly every habitat. Their success is partly due to their ability to form symbiotic relationships with a wide variety of other organisms, especially microorganisms. Identifying and characterizing associated microorganisms are crucial to understanding the complexity and dynamics of these symbiotic relationships. To date, advancements in sequencing technologies that provide large sequence data sets have become ideal tools for characterizing insect microbiomes, including information about non-cultivable microorganisms commonly found in insects. Despite the growing number of studies focused on insect microbiome characterization, there are few protocols detailing methodological procedures for fieldwork, DNA extraction, and data processing. Here, we present an overview of the characterization of insect-associated bacterial communities. We cover best practices for data interpretation and visualization, including alpha and beta diversity analyses, community composition profiling, and statistical testing to identify microbial associations of insects.}, }
@article {pmid40827673, year = {2025}, author = {Ninzatti, L and Sana, TG and Acar, T and Moreau, S and Jardinaud, MF and Marti, G and Coen, O and Carlier, AL}, title = {Artificial symbiont replacement in a vertically transmitted plant symbiosis reveals a role for microbe-microbe interactions in enforcing specificity.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf177}, pmid = {40827673}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Some plants engage in permanent, vertically transmitted symbioses with bacteria. Often, these bacteria are hosted extracellularly within structures on the leaves, where they produce specialized bioactive metabolites that benefit their host. These associations are highly specific, with one plant species associating with a single bacterial species, but little is known about how these symbioses originate and how specificity is maintained. In this study, we show that the symbiotic association between a wild yam and a bacterium can be manipulated experimentally, and that bacteria-free plants are open to colonization by environmental bacteria. Through metabolic profiling, we show that the endophytic niche is rich in organic acids and intermediates of the TCA cycle. Environmental bacteria capable of utilizing these acids, such as the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida, readily colonize aposymbiotic plants. However, successful colonization is contingent upon the absence of the vertically transmitted symbiont or the impairment of its type VI secretion system. Unexpectedly for a vertically transmitted symbiosis, these findings suggest that microbe-microbe interactions, including antagonism, may play a crucial role in maintaining the specificity of an association. However, low transmission rates of synthetic symbionts provide evidence that transmission barriers or bottlenecks may still occur, further enforcing partner fidelity. Together, these results highlight the complexity of mechanisms underlying mutualistic associations, and provide insights into the evolution of bacterial leaf symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40826837, year = {2025}, author = {Hill, RA and Plett, KL and Wong-Bajracharya, JW and Wang, M and Lipzen, A and Ng, V and Grigoriev, IV and Martin, F and Anderson, IC and Jeffries, TC and Plett, JM}, title = {Eucalyptus grandis MYB-Like and RAN-Like Zinc Finger Proteins Display Dual Roles in Regulating Plant Immunity and Symbiosis Pathways.}, journal = {Physiologia plantarum}, volume = {177}, number = {4}, pages = {e70454}, doi = {10.1111/ppl.70454}, pmid = {40826837}, issn = {1399-3054}, support = {ANR-11- LABX-0002-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; DP160102684//Australian Research Council/ ; DP220103325//Australian Research Council/ ; CSP1953//U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute/ ; DE-AC02-05CH11231//Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy/ ; }, abstract = {Plant roots live in constant contact with diverse microbes in the soil. Plant fitness, therefore, relies on signaling pathways that mount an effective immune response against pathogens while fostering mutualistic symbioses. Plant pathways, and specifically immune genes that may act as "switches," discriminating between pathogenic or mutualistic fungi, remain largely unknown. Using Eucalyptus grandis as a model system, we investigate alterations to the root transcriptomic landscape during pre-symbiosis with either the pathogen Armillaria luteobubalina or the mutualistic fungus Pisolithus microcarpus. Comparative analyses identified three strongly counter-regulated genes that may act as immune switches to accommodate or to repress fungal colonization. We characterized two of these, a MYB-like and RAN-like zinc finger protein, using a transgenic approach and demonstrated that they have bifunctional roles in the regulation of cell death and a hypersensitive-like response, depending on the lifestyle of the associated fungus. Using co-expression network analysis, we identified hypothetical pathways correlated to these genes. We functionally validated these predictions using plants with transgenic roots with increased or decreased transcription of these genes, thereby showing the power of co-expression networks as an a priori approach to identify key immune response pathways in plants. Overall, our results demonstrate that prior to physical contact with microbes, MYB-like and RAN-like zinc finger proteins are key regulators of plant immune signaling that respond to fungal signals and enable or repress symbiotic establishment.}, }
@article {pmid40825678, year = {2025}, author = {Nam, Y and Lee, J and Kim, SR and Kim, JN}, title = {Isolation and Purification of Antibacterial Compound from Kombucha of SCOBY.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {e2504012}, doi = {10.4014/jmb.2504.04012}, pmid = {40825678}, issn = {1738-8872}, abstract = {The misuse of antibiotics has contributed to the widespread emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), emphasizing the need for alternative antimicrobial agents. Kombucha, a fermented beverage containing a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), has gained attention for its antibacterial activity and potential health benefits. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of kombucha and SCOBY, isolating and characterizing the active compounds responsible for these effects. Both kombucha broth and dried SCOBY effectively inhibited Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella Typhimurium, with dried SCOBY demonstrating stronger activity. Instrumental analyses identified 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as the primary antibacterial compound in the SCOBY extracts. HMF significantly inhibited L. monocytogenes and S. aureus, with its antibacterial inhibition surpassing that of chloramphenicol in these two bacterial species. Previous studies have shown that, in addition to its antibacterial effects, HMF has potential applications in the production of polymers and pharmaceuticals, and as a fuel additive, suggesting its potential in the chemical and biofuel industries. This study highlights the antibacterial activity of HMF and underscores the need for further research to evaluate its safety and applicability in various fields.}, }
@article {pmid40810324, year = {2025}, author = {Aniski, BF}, title = {School Nursing and SchoolYard Gardening: A Tale of Mutual Symbiosis.}, journal = {NASN school nurse (Print)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1942602X251360002}, doi = {10.1177/1942602X251360002}, pmid = {40810324}, issn = {1942-6038}, abstract = {Working within NASN's School Nursing Practice Framework, this author proposes schoolyard gardening as an action oriented approach found in the "Leadership" principle of the Framework. Leadership references "activities related to the mind-set of leadership, not a position." The author suggests that schoolyard gardening is an emerging topic with student health being the desired outcome, as well as, proposing a schoolyard garden is needed in every school. A basic overview of School Nurse Certification in New Jersey is shared along with a 15 year outline of an award-winning schoolyard garden and how a schoolyard garden relates to wellness and teaching health within the New Jersey Student Learning Standards.}, }
@article {pmid40803112, year = {2025}, author = {Ma, S and Guo, R and Wang, Y and Yan, Y and Chu, Q and Cui, N and Zhang, Y and Zhang, L and Jiang, L and Shi, L and Guo, J and Gao, Y and Xing, F and Zhang, T}, title = {Nitrogen and phosphorus addition affected soil organic carbon storage and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contributions.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {393}, number = {}, pages = {126904}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126904}, pmid = {40803112}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {Substantial quantities of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released by human activities, enter terrestrial ecosystems, thereby affecting the carbon cycling within these ecosystems. Previous studies found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could affect soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, the impacts of AMF on SOC under nutrients enrichment have yet to be well understood. Here, we conducted an 8-year field experiment involving N and P addition, and a[13]C labeled microcosm experiment labeled with AMF inoculation, to explore how SOC respond to nutrients enrichment, as well as AMF-induced changes in SOC. N addition increased particulate organic carbon (POC) content by 5.03 % by promoting plant primary productivity. Phosphorus (P) addition reduced the mineral-bound organic carbon (MAOC) by 16.0 % by facilitating the microbial degradation process. Correlation analysis showed that AMF intraradical infection intensity (IRII) was positively correlated with both nitrate nitrogen (NO3[-]-N) and MAOC, but negatively correlated with available phosphorus (AP) and total phosphorus (TP). This result suggested that nutrients enrichment potentially modulate MAOC accumulation via affecting AMF-plant symbiosis. Furthermore, Structural equation modeling (SEM) results also showed that AMF are crucial in regulating plant and soil microbial contributions to SOC. [13]C stable isotope labelling experiment results further showed that AMF inoculation increased the [13]C content in the soil by 4.75 % and simultaneously increased plant N uptake by 6.32 %. Therefore, we speculated that AMF could promote the accumulation of SOC by facilitating the exchange of carbon and nitrogen between plants and soil. These findings suggest that global nutrient eutrophication could significantly affect the stability of SOC, highlighting the critical role of AMF in mediating the responses of SOC stability to environmental changes.}, }
@article {pmid40792181, year = {2025}, author = {You, YH and Bae, HJ and Park, JM and Ku, YB and Nam, GH and Kwak, TW and Bang, YJ and Jeong, TY and Hong, JW}, title = {Fungal and Bacterial Community Dynamics in the Rhizosphere and Rhizoplane of Diabelia spathulata in Relation to Soil Properties.}, journal = {Mycobiology}, volume = {53}, number = {5}, pages = {605-619}, pmid = {40792181}, issn = {1229-8093}, abstract = {Diabelia spathulata, a rare deciduous shrub native to East Asia, is critically endangered in Korea, yet little is known about its interactions with soil fungal communities. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of fungal and bacterial communities in the rhizoplane (RP), rhizosphere (RS), and surrounding soil (SS) of D. spathulata in its natural habitat on Mt. Cheonseong, South Korea. High-throughput sequencing of the ITS and 16S rRNA gene regions revealed distinct microbial assemblages across soil compartments. Fungal taxa such as Russula, Trechispora, and Capronia were enriched in RP and RS, highlighting their potential roles in nutrient cycling, organic matter (OM) decomposition, and symbiosis. In contrast, the SS exhibited greater fungal richness but lower specialization. Among bacteria, root-associated compartments were enriched with plant-beneficial genera such as Bacillus and Bradyrhizobium, while bulk soil hosted more generalist taxa. Soil physicochemical analyses showed higher OM and total nitrogen in RS compared to SS, indicating root-driven enrichment. Correlation and network analyses identified strong links between specific fungal and bacterial taxa and key soil properties including pH, OM, and cation exchange capacity. These results suggest that D. spathulata modulates its RS microbiome to enhance nutrient availability and stress tolerance. This study highlights the ecological significance of fungal communities in root-associated microhabitats and provides foundational knowledge for incorporating soil microbiota into conservation and habitat restoration efforts for endangered plant species.}, }
@article {pmid40749791, year = {2025}, author = {Li, M and Zhao, G and Li, MM}, title = {Regulatory mechanisms of quorum sensing in microbial communities and their potential applications in ruminant livestock production.}, journal = {Journal of advanced research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2025.07.055}, pmid = {40749791}, issn = {2090-1224}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system that enables microbial communities to dynamically regulate their metabolism and physiological activities according to the surrounding cell density. The rumen's diverse microbial ecosystem represents a classic example of host-microbiome symbiosis. Despite significant progress in understanding the composition and function of ruminal microbial communities, the underlying communication mechanisms in the rumen ecosystem remain largely enigmatic. Gaining insight into these regulatory mechanisms is crucial for developing knowledge-based strategies to improve animal productivity, health, and sustainability in ruminant livestock production.<br><br>AIM OF REVIEW: This review aims to provide an overview of microbial QS communication systems mediated by diverse signaling molecules, including bacterial intraspecies and interspecies QS, fungal QS, and archaeal QS. We conducted a structured review by searching multiple scientific databases, synthesizing data from relevant studies, and critically evaluating the roles of QS systems in microbial communities. This approach ensures a comprehensive analysis of the current understanding of QS mechanisms and their implications for ruminant livestock. Specifically, we elucidate the identification and potential mechanisms of the QS system facilitated by three prevalent signaling molecules (N-acyl homoserine lactones, autoinducing peptides, and autoinducer 2) in ruminants. Recent advances in understanding the effects of QS on microbial fermentation, immune function, biofilm formation, and virulence factor production are summarized in detail, providing a scientific basis for applying QS in ruminant livestock production.<br><br>The rumen harbors various QS signaling molecules that modulate microbial community dynamics, impacting composition, structure, and function. The versatility of QS allows it to regulate ruminal fermentation and inhibit pathogen growth, thereby improving productivity and reducing disease risk in ruminants. This review synthesizes recent advances in QS mechanisms, crucial for disease prevention, combating antibiotic resistance, and promoting sustainable livestock production. Future research should investigate QS pathways and networks in the rumen microbiome through in vivo experiments and multi-omics analyses to gain a deeper understanding of microbial community regulation.}, }
@article {pmid40695816, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, X and Wang, Q and Sun, T and Gao, H and Gu, R and Yang, J and Zhou, J and Fu, P and Wen, H and Yang, G}, title = {Structural basis for the activity regulation of Medicago calcium channel CNGC15.}, journal = {Cell discovery}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {63}, pmid = {40695816}, issn = {2056-5968}, support = {32422038//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) in plants mediate Ca[2+] influx in response to environmental changes. Among numerous plant CNGCs, Medicago truncatula CNGC15a/b/c (MtCNGC15) is localized to the nuclear envelope. The opening and closing cycle of MtCNGC15 is tightly associated with the Ca[2+] oscillation in symbiosis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MtCNGC15 activity regulation remains unclear. In this study, we present the structures of MtCNGC15 in its apo form and in the presence of CaM. The apo MtCNGC15b exhibits a flexible cytoplasmic domain (CPD), whereas binding of the MtCaM inhibits Ca[2+] currents and stabilizes the highly dynamic CPD. Furthermore, the activity of MtCNGC15b seems to be independent of cGMP. The hypothetical binding pocket for cGMP is occupied by an arginine residue. These findings elucidate the structural basis for the activity regulation of nuclear localized MtCNGC15.}, }
@article {pmid40691349, year = {2025}, author = {Nobu, MK}, title = {A model 'organism' split to uncover microbial symbiosis.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology}, volume = {23}, number = {9}, pages = {548}, pmid = {40691349}, issn = {1740-1534}, }
@article {pmid40559014, year = {2025}, author = {Jia, J and Liang, M and Zhao, Z and Huang, W and Feng, Q and Lin, Z and Ji, X}, title = {Effects of Periodic Short-Term Heat Stress on Biological Characteristics and Gut Bacteria of Spodoptera frugiperda.}, journal = {Insects}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {}, pmid = {40559014}, issn = {2075-4450}, support = {FW20230002//This work was supported by the technical innovation project of the provincial scientific research institute of the Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China/ ; }, abstract = {In this study, the migratory agricultural pest Spodoptera frugiperda was exposed to three periodic short-term heat stress regimes at 37 °C, 40 °C, and 43 °C (2 h daily), with a constant 26 °C control. We systematically evaluated the effects of periodic thermal stress on developmental traits across all life stages. Combined with 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed the structural and functional characteristics of the gut bacterial community in adults under heat stress. The results demonstrated that 37 °C exposure accelerated egg-to-adult development, whereas 43 °C markedly extended it. Additionally, 43 °C heat stress suppressed pupation and eclosion rates. Increasing stress temperatures were negatively correlated with pupal weight and body size in both sexes. Notably, 43 °C heat stress caused complete loss of hatching ability in offspring eggs, thereby rendering population reproduction unattainable. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria (>90%) dominated the gut bacterial community at the phylum level across all treatments. Under 43 °C heat stress, although female and male adults exhibited an increase in specific bacterial species within their gut bacteria, Alpha diversity analysis revealed no significant differences in the diversity (Shannon index) and richness (Chao index) of gut bacterial communities between sexes under temperature treatments. PICRUSt2 functional prediction indicated that metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and microbial metabolism in diverse environments constituted the dominant functions of gut bacteria in both sexes, while heat stress exerted minimal effects on the functional profiles of gut bacteria in S. frugiperda. These findings not only provide a theoretical basis for predicting summer population dynamics and formulating ecological control strategies for S. frugiperda but also offer critical insights into the adaptive interactions between this pest and its gut bacterial community under heat stress. The results lay a foundation for further exploring the interactions between insect environmental adaptability and bacterial symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40456416, year = {2025}, author = {Han, X and Zhou, Y and Feng, X and Wang, Y and Zhang, H}, title = {Potassium uptake function of LbKT1 and LbSKOR from Lycium barbarum and their influence on the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.}, journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology}, volume = {359}, number = {}, pages = {112587}, doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112587}, pmid = {40456416}, issn = {1873-2259}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Potassium/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; *Lycium/metabolism/genetics/microbiology/physiology ; Nicotiana/microbiology/metabolism/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Plant Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; *Potassium Channels/metabolism/genetics ; }, abstract = {Potassium participates in a variety of plant physiological processes and has great impact on plant growth and stress adaptation. The absorption of potassium by Plant is mediated by potassium channels and transporters, and the Shaker potassium channel gene family plays an important role in potassium uptake. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form ubiquitous symbioses with plants and increase plants' potassium uptake. However, few studies have focused on the interaction of plant potassium channels from the Shaker gene family with AM fungi. In this study, the potassium uptake function of LbKT1 and LbSKOR (homologs of AKT1 and SKOR in Arabidopsis) from the Shaker gene family in Lycium barbarum was verified by the complementary assay using a yeast potassium uptake mutant. LbKT1 and LbSKOR were also overexpressed in tobacco to assess their influence on AM fungi under low and normal potassium conditions in a pot experiment. LbKT1 could rescue the phenotype of the yeast mutant, while LbSKOR could not. Overexpression of LbKT1 increased tobacco plant growth and potassium uptake and promoted the colonization of AM fungi. Meanwhile, overexpression of LbSKOR promoted potassium translocation from root to shoot and showed no obvious influence on the colonization of AM fungi. Our results suggested that the AM fungi could promote tobacco growth and potassium uptake, while the plant potassium status and the AM fungal colonization may form positive feedback in promoting tobacco potassium uptake and growth.}, }
@article {pmid40080223, year = {2025}, author = {Dondero, L and De Negri Atanasio, G and Tardanico, F and Lertora, E and Boggia, R and Capra, V and Cometto, A and Costamagna, M and Fi L S E,  and Feletti, M and Garibaldi, F and Grasso, F and Jenssen, M and Lanteri, L and Lian, K and Monti, M and Perucca, M and Pinto, C and Poncini, I and Robino, F and Rombi, JV and Ahsan, SS and Shirmohammadi, N and Tiso, M and Turrini, F and Zaccone, M and Zanotti-Russo, M and Demori, I and Ferrari, PF and Grasselli, E}, title = {Unlocking the Potential of Marine Sidestreams in the Blue Economy: Lessons Learned from the EcoeFISHent Project on Fish Collagen.}, journal = {Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {63}, pmid = {40080223}, issn = {1436-2236}, support = {EcoeFISHent-101036428//European Commission/ ; Research for Programma Operativo Nazionale (PON) Ricerca e Innovazione, FSE REACT-EU: D31B21008650007//Ministero dell'Universit&#xe0; e della Ricerca/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Collagen/chemistry/biosynthesis ; *Fishes/metabolism ; Fisheries/economics ; Aquaculture/economics ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; }, abstract = {This review provides a general overview of collagen structure, biosynthesis, and biological properties, with a particular focus on marine collagen sources, especially fisheries discards and by-catches. Additionally, well-documented applications of collagen are presented, with special emphasis not only on its final use but also on the processes enabling sustainable and safe recovery from materials that would otherwise go to waste. Particular attention is given to the extraction process, highlighting key aspects essential for the industrialization of fish sidestreams, such as hygiene standards, adherence to good manufacturing practices, and ensuring minimal environmental impact. In this context, the EcoeFISHent projects have provided valuable insights, aiming to create replicable, systemic, and sustainable territorial clusters based on a multi-circular economy and industrial symbiosis. The main goal of this project is to increase the monetary income of certain categories, such as fishery and aquaculture activities, through the valorization of underutilized biomass.}, }
@article {pmid39574446, year = {2024}, author = {El-Sappah, AH and Li, J and Yan, K and Zhu, C and Huang, Q and Zhu, Y and Chen, Y and El-Tarabily, KA and AbuQamar, SF}, title = {Fibrillin gene family and its role in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {1453974}, pmid = {39574446}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Fibrillins (FBNs), highly conserved plastid lipid-associated proteins (PAPs), play a crucial role in plant physiology. These proteins, encoded by nuclear genes, are prevalent in the plastoglobules (PGs) of chloroplasts. FBNs are indispensable for maintaining plastid stability, promoting plant growth and development, and enhancing stress responses. The conserved PAP domain of FBNs was found across a wide range of photosynthetic organisms, from plants and cyanobacteria. FBN families are classified into 12 distinct groups/clades, with the 12th group uniquely present in algal-fungal symbiosis. This mini review delves into the structural attributes, phylogenetic classification, genomic features, protein-protein interactions, and functional roles of FBNs in plants, with a special focus on their effectiveness in mitigating abiotic stresses, particularly drought stress.}, }
@article {pmid38150088, year = {2024}, author = {Wang, XM and Fan, L and Meng, CC and Wang, YJ and Deng, LE and Yuan, Z and Zhang, JP and Li, YY and Lv, SC}, title = {Gut microbiota influence frailty syndrome in older adults: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.}, journal = {Biogerontology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {107-129}, pmid = {38150088}, issn = {1573-6768}, support = {National Traditional Chinese Medicine People's Education Letter[2021] No. 203//the QI HUANG Scholars (Junping Zhang) Special Funding/ ; Jin Wei Zhong[2020]No.732//the Tianjin Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine (Junping Zhang) Inheritance Studio Special Funding/ ; No. CACM-2018-QNRC2-B04//the Young Talent Lifting Project of China Association of Chinese Medicine/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; Aged ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Frailty/therapy ; Frail Elderly ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Prebiotics ; }, abstract = {Frailty syndrome denotes a decreased capacity of the body to maintain the homeostasis and stress of the internal environment, which simultaneously increases the risk of adverse health outcomes in older adults, including disability, hospitalization, falls, and death. To promote healthy aging, we should find strategies to cope with frailty. However, the pathogenesis of frailty syndrome is not yet clear. Recent studies have shown that the diversity, composition, and metabolites of gut microbiota significantly changed in older adults with frailty. In addition, several frailty symptoms were alleviated by adjusting gut microbiota with prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiosis. Therefore, we attempt to explore the pathogenesis of frailty syndrome in older people from gut microbiota and summarize the existing interventions for frailty syndrome targeting gut microbiota, with the aim of providing timely and necessary interventions and assistance for older adults with frailty.}, }
@article {pmid23291051, year = {2013}, author = {Edge, SE and Shearer, TL and Morgan, MB and Snell, TW}, title = {Sub-lethal coral stress: detecting molecular responses of coral populations to environmental conditions over space and time.}, journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {128-129}, number = {}, pages = {135-146}, doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.11.014}, pmid = {23291051}, issn = {1879-1514}, mesh = {Alveolata/physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Stress, Physiological ; Time Factors ; }, abstract = {In order for sessile organisms to survive environmental fluctuations and exposures to pollutants, molecular mechanisms (i.e. stress responses) are elicited. Previously, detrimental effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors on coral health could not be ascertained until significant physiological responses resulted in visible signs of stress (e.g. tissue necrosis, bleaching). In this study, a focused anthozoan holobiont microarray was used to detect early and sub-lethal effects of spatial and temporal environmental changes on gene expression patterns in the scleractinian coral, Montastraea cavernosa, on south Florida reefs. Although all colonies appeared healthy (i.e. no visible tissue necrosis or bleaching), corals were differentially physiologically compensating for exposure to stressors that varied over time. Corals near the Port of Miami inlet experienced significant changes in expression of stress responsive and symbiont (zooxanthella)-specific genes after periods of heavy precipitation. In contrast, coral populations did not demonstrate stress responses during periods of increased water temperature (up to 29°C). Specific acute and long-term localized responses to other stressors were also evident. A correlation between stress response genes and symbiont-specific genes was also observed, possibly indicating early processes involved in the maintenance or disruption of the coral-zooxanthella symbiosis. This is the first study to reveal spatially- and temporally-related variation in gene expression in response to different stressors of in situ coral populations, and demonstrates that microarray technology can be used to detect specific sub-lethal physiological responses to specific environmental conditions that are not visually detectable.}, }
@article {pmid13483498, year = {1957}, author = {NETTESHEIM, F and PILLAR, W}, title = {Nil nocere!: tuberculostatics &amp; appendicitis; a contribution on interference with intestinal symbiosis.}, journal = {Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950)}, volume = {99}, number = {38}, pages = {1366-1367}, pmid = {13483498}, issn = {0027-2973}, mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/*adverse effects ; *Antibiotics, Antitubercular ; Appendicitis/*etiology ; *Aviation ; *Dermatologic Agents ; Humans ; *Intestines ; *Symbiosis ; Tuberculosis/*therapy ; }, }
@article {pmid40824823, year = {2025}, author = {Sunal, E and Castro-Rodriguez, V and Sadoine, M}, title = {Fluorophore-based Genetically Encoded Biosensors for Ratiometric Fluorescence Imaging in Microbes.}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, volume = {}, number = {222}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3791/68339}, pmid = {40824823}, issn = {1940-087X}, abstract = {Investigating small-molecule dynamics within microbes is essential for comprehensive studies of microbial function. Both intra-organism and inter-organism small molecule dynamics play critical roles in microbial physiology, symbiosis, and disease. However, monitoring these dynamics remains highly challenging using most existing techniques. Fluorophore-based genetically encoded biosensors are powerful tools for tracking small-molecule dynamics in vivo and hold high potential for driving new discoveries. These biosensors are most commonly used in fluorescence imaging, often in combination with perfusion devices that allow precise control over environmental conditions. When integrated with advanced imaging techniques, this approach provides high-resolution, spatially and temporally resolved data, enabling insights into single-cell microbial responses. Despite their promise, implementing such biosensors remains technically challenging. Understanding the key steps is crucial for broader adoption. Here, we present a protocol designed to support the effective deployment of newly engineered biosensors into microbes for quantitative ratiometric fluorescence imaging under controlled conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40824068, year = {2025}, author = {Sather, LM and Fazeli, N and Kearsley, JVS and Jones, K and Finan, TM}, title = {Unexpected modulation of Hna phage defense activity by the symbiotic regulator NolR.}, journal = {Journal of bacteriology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0018225}, doi = {10.1128/jb.00182-25}, pmid = {40824068}, issn = {1098-5530}, abstract = {The Hna phage defense system is one of many systems that protect bacteria against bacterial viruses (phages). Hna was first discovered in the nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, which forms root nodules on leguminous plants. We report that the efficacy of the Hna system depends on NolR, a transcriptional regulator known to regulate expression of nodulation genes. Strains carrying a mutant nolR gene (e.g., the widely used laboratory strain Rm1021) display dramatically reduced Hna-mediated phage resistance compared to those with the wild-type nolR gene. hna expression is approximately doubled in nolR[+] (wild-type) compared to nolR[-] strains. Integration of a second copy of hna increased phage resistance in a nolR[-] strain >1,000-fold, indicating that a moderate hna expression difference is sufficient to affect the Hna phage resistance phenotype. NolR does not appear to directly regulate hna,as there is no predicted NolR binding site upstream of hna, and purified NolR protein does not bind to the hna upstream sequence. Other genes whose transcription is regulated by NolR were identified through RNA-seq experiments. These include the lipopolysaccharide sulfotransferase gene lpsS, which is located downstream of a NolR binding site. This work illustrates how modest differences in expression between strains can dramatically alter the protective phenotype of a defense system.IMPORTANCEThe ability of a bacterial culture to survive phage infection is significant in both medical (phage therapy) and industrial (e.g., cheese production) contexts. This study describes a factor that influences the efficacy of a recently discovered phage defense system (Hna) in the agriculturally relevant soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Like other phage defense systems, Hna systems undergo extensive horizontal transfer and must be able to maintain functionality across different genetic backgrounds. Our work demonstrates that host factor differences can significantly impact the performance of phage defense systems.}, }
@article {pmid40823834, year = {2025}, author = {Sarasa-Buisán, C and Nieves-Morión, M and Lindblad, P and Nierzwicki-Bauer, S and Schluepmann, H and Flores, E}, title = {Intercellular communication in the fern endosymbiotic cyanobacterium Nostoc azollae.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0118725}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.01187-25}, pmid = {40823834}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {The water fern Azolla spp. harbors as an endobiont the N2-fixing, filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Nostoc azollae. N. azollae provides the fern with fixed nitrogen permitting its growth in nitrogen-poor environments. In the diazotrophic filaments of heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria, intercellular molecular exchange occurs in which heterocysts provide vegetative cells with fixed nitrogen and vegetative cells provide heterocysts with reduced carbon. Intercellular molecular exchange takes place by diffusion through septal junctions and can be probed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis with fluorescent markers such as calcein and 5-carboxyfluorescein. The septal junctions traverse the septal peptidoglycan (PG) through nanopores that can be visualized in isolated septal PG disks by electron microscopy. Here, we obtained from Azolla plants material containing the symbiotic cyanobacterium in a viable state and with different morphologies, including heterocyst-containing filaments. FRAP analysis showed effective transfer of the fluorescent markers between vegetative cells, as well as from vegetative cells to heterocysts. Interestingly, communicating and noncommunicating vegetative cells and heterocysts could be distinguished, showing conservation in the endobiont of a mechanism regulating the septal junctions. PG sacculi were also isolated and showed septal disks with arrays of nanopores that conform to those visualized in other heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria. However, a wider range of septal disk size was observed in N. azollae. In spite of its eroded genome, N. azollae maintains the intercellular communication system that is key for its growth as a multicellular organism. Additionally, labeling with the fluorescent sucrose analog esculin suggests sucrose as a source of reduced carbon for the endobiont.IMPORTANCEThe water fern Azolla constitutes a unique symbiotic system in which cyanobacterial endobionts capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen provide the plant with the nitrogen needed for growth. This symbiosis is an important fertilizer for rice crops worldwide, thereby reducing the reliance on fossil fuel-derived nitrogen fertilizers. The symbiotic cyanobacterium, Nostoc azollae, is a heterocyst-forming strain in which a filament of cells is the organismic unit of growth. Here, we show that the intercellular molecular exchange function necessary for the multicellular behavior of the organism is conserved in the endobiotic N. azollae.}, }
@article {pmid40823765, year = {2025}, author = {Shan, Y and Zhu, X and Wang, T and Zhang, L and Qi, Y and Hu, Z and Jiang, Z and Zhu, Y and Lu, Y and Yao, J and Xiong, H}, title = {Mitochondria-Targeted Ferroptosis Nanodrug for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy via Fatty Acid Metabolism Remodeling and Tumor Bacterial Symbiosis Inhibition.}, journal = {Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e06443}, doi = {10.1002/smll.202506443}, pmid = {40823765}, issn = {1613-6829}, support = {2018Z063//Post-doctoral support of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, abstract = {Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is considered one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, due to its pronounced propensity for metastasis. This challenge is amplified by the critical role of mitochondria in metastasis, regulating processes like fatty acid metabolism that drive tumor cell migration. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that bacterial infiltration, particularly Staphylococcus xylosus (S. xylosus), could further exacerbate TNBC metastasis. To address both metabolic dysregulation and bacterial involvement, a mitochondria-targeted ferroptosis-activated nanosystem is developed, named ICM, which is integrated the mitochondrial membrane (MM) for mitochondrial targeting, the FeCl3 for ferroptosis therapy, the photosensitizer indocyanine green, and cytochrome c (CytC) through self-assembly technology. During assembly, CytC interacted with cardiolipin on the MM, endowing ICM with peroxidase-like and catalase-like activities. Dual enzymatic activities, combined with phototherapy, enhance FeCl3-induced ferroptosis in tumor cell mitochondria, thereby reprogramming fatty acid metabolism and inhibiting metastasis. Additionally, the amplified ferroptosis effects also effectively inhibit S. xylosus, disrupting the tumor-bacteria symbiosis and further preventing metastatic spread. Finally, ICM nanoparticles significantly suppress TNBC metastasis by modulating lipid metabolism and inhibiting bacterial-mediated metastasis. These findings suggest that ICM offer a multifaceted therapeutic approach for combating TNBC metastasis, providing a potential strategy for cancer treatments.}, }
@article {pmid40822732, year = {2025}, author = {Daud, M and Qiao, H and Xu, S and Hui, X and Adil, M and Lu, Y}, title = {Understanding abiotic stress in alfalfa: physiological and molecular perspectives on salinity, drought, and heavy metal toxicity.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1627599}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2025.1627599}, pmid = {40822732}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a vital perennial legume forage, has been widely cultivated owing to a variety of favorable characteristics, including comprehensive ecological resilience, superior nutritive value, digestibility, and nitrogen fixation capacity. The productivity traits of alfalfa, particularly its biomass yield and forage quality, are profoundly influenced by a range of abiotic stress conditions. As a common abiotic stress, drought adversely impacts growth and photosynthetic efficiency, accompanied by increased oxidative damage and stomatal closure as a mechanism to minimize water loss; meanwhile, transgenic approaches have been employed to enhance drought resilience by improving antioxidant activity and water-use efficiency. Salinity stress disturbs ionic balance, resulting in sodium (Na[+]) toxicity and the generation of oxidative damage; however, alfalfa cultivars exhibit salinity tolerance through mechanisms such as Na[+] exclusion, K[+] retention, activation of antioxidant defenses, hormonal regulation, and the upregulation of stress-responsive genes. In addition, heavy metals pose a significant challenge to alfalfa production, as they impair plant development and disrupt symbiotic nitrogen fixation, but recent studies have highlighted the potential of microbial-assisted phytoremediation in mitigating these detrimental effects. By integrating recent findings, this review highlights the intricate physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved in alfalfa's responses to key abiotic stressors specifically drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. Breakthroughs in genetic modification, notably the development of transgenic lines exhibiting altered expression of stress-responsive genes, offer valuable potential for improving stress resilience. Future research should employ omics approaches, advanced gene-editing and de novo gene synthesis to target key regulatory elements responsible for stress adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid40822399, year = {2025}, author = {Luo, C and Song, Y and Meng, L and Cheng, Y and Dai, H and Qiao, Y and Xie, X}, title = {Transcriptomic insights into the molecular mechanism of abietic acid promoting growth and branching in Armillaria gallica.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1632512}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1632512}, pmid = {40822399}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Armillaria gallica, a valuable edible and medicinal fungus, is essential for the symbiotic cultivation of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Gastrodia elata. Abietic acid, a plant-derived secondary metabolite, modulates microbial growth and metabolism. This study investigates the effects of abietic acid on A. gallica growth and branching using phenotypic analysis and transcriptomic approaches to uncover underlying molecular mechanisms. The experiment compared an abietic acid treatment group (0.6 g/L) with a control group, assessing growth over several days via biomass measurements, rhizomorph counting, and RNA sequencing for transcriptomic profiling. Abietic acid significantly promoted A. gallica growth and branching, with the most pronounced effects on the third day: dry biomass weight increased by 302% and total rhizomorphs by 378.4% (p < 0.01). Transcriptomic analysis showed upregulation of GH5, GH16, MFS, and NAD(P)-binding protein genes in the treatment group, optimizing carbon utilization, cell wall remodeling, and nutrient transport. These findings elucidate abietic acid's role in regulating A. gallica development and provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the symbiotic cultivation of G. elata and A. gallica.}, }
@article {pmid40822337, year = {2025}, author = {Xin Yee Tan, K and Shigenobu, S}, title = {Targeted disruption of the cls gene in Buchnera aphidicola impairs membrane integrity and host symbiont dynamics.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {113178}, doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2025.113178}, pmid = {40822337}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {The obligate symbiosis between pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and Buchnera aphidicola represents metabolic interdependence between the host insect and its bacterial symbiont. Buchnera has a highly reduced genome that has lost nearly all phospholipid synthesis genes except cls, encoding a cardiolipin synthase homologue. We employed in vivo antisense, cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-conjugated synthetic peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) to knock down cls in Buchnera. This intervention resulted in significant downregulation of cls expression, lowered Buchnera titers, pronounced morphological distortions, and reduced aphid reproduction. Notably, Buchnera cells were often detected in the aphid gut following anti-cls PNAs treatment, deviating from their typical intracellular niche within bacteriocytes. Collectively, the cls gene is critical for maintaining Buchnera integrity, proper cellular localization, and symbiont-host interactions. Given that the retention of cls is a common feature among many obligate endosymbionts despite massive gene loss, our findings offer key insights into the evolutionary principles shaping symbiotic relationships involving membrane biology.}, }
@article {pmid40819100, year = {2025}, author = {Shin, MS and Yang, I and Wang, W and Kim, H}, title = {Diversity and composition of sponge-associated microbiomes from Korean sponges revealed by full-length 16S rRNA analysis.}, journal = {Scientific reports}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {30021}, pmid = {40819100}, issn = {2045-2322}, support = {NRF-2021R1F1A1063787//Ministry of Science and ICT/ ; RS-2022-NR071935//Ministry of Science and ICT/ ; RS-2023-NR076615//Ministry of Science and ICT/ ; RS-2022-NR072431//Ministry of Science and ICT/ ; }, abstract = {Marine sponges host diverse and specialized microbial communities that serve essential functions in nutrient cycling, ecosystem stability, and biotechnological applications. This study investigates the diversity and composition of sponge-associated microbiomes from eight sponge species collected in Chuksan Harbor, South Korea, using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing and amplicon sequence variant (ASV)-based methods. Our results demonstrate that each sponge species harbors distinct and highly structured microbial communities. Proteobacteria, and especially Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, were generally dominant; however, unique dominance patterns, such as the near-exclusive presence of an uncharacterized Gammaproteobacterial lineage in Cliona celata, suggest strong host-symbiont specificity and possible coevolution. Notably, no ASVs were shared between seawater and sponge samples, confirming that sponge hosts select and maintain unique sets of microbial partners. In several Halichondria species, we detected the presence of Entotheonella, a symbiont with high biosynthetic gene cluster diversity that may contribute to host chemical defense and metabolic versatility. Depth-driven differences in microbial community composition were exemplified by Geodia reniformis, whose microbiome was dominated by deep-sea adapted and metabolically versatile lineages such as SAR202, PAUC34f, and Dadabacteriales. This study establishes a new baseline for understanding sponge-microbe partnerships in Korean marine environments. Our integrative, high-resolution approach not only uncovers remarkable taxonomic and functional diversity, but also provides a valuable genetic resource for future marine natural-product discovery and advances ecological restoration efforts.}, }
@article {pmid40818932, year = {2025}, author = {Ansari, BK and Shukla, AK and Sinam, G and Upreti, DK}, title = {Active transplantation study of nickel uptake by Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.: prospection for atmospheric nickel biomonitoring.}, journal = {Environmental technology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.1080/09593330.2025.2545633}, pmid = {40818932}, issn = {1479-487X}, abstract = {The prevalence of nickel pollution is anticipated to rise due to the advent of novel low-carbon technologies and electric vehicles. Biomonitoring, which is increasingly overlooked in favour of technology-driven methods, remains a cost-effective approach and enables the monitoring of extensive spatial areas. In the present study, Pyxine cocoes (P. cocoes), a symbiotic lichen, was examined for the first time for its capacity to uptake sprayed nickel (Ni) in vivo and the subsequent effects on its physicochemical parameters. Transplanted P. cocoes was treated with different concentrations of Ni solutions (5 µM, 50 µM, 100 µM, 150 µM, 200 µM). The lichen, P. cocoes, had the capacity to accumulate Ni linearly in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The effect of Ni on photosynthetic parameters, cell membrane integrity, antioxidants and protein content was quantified corresponding to concentrations and durations of treatment. At a low dose (5 µM), a beneficial effect was observed on chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll and protein content in P. cocoes. At higher doses of Ni (150 µM, 200 µM), it exhibited an inhibitory effect as observed by reduced photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant activity. Cell membrane integrity (CMI) deteriorated in response to increasing Ni exposure, as indicated by increased electrolyte conductivity. Using the linear regression coefficient, it was determined that at lower Ni concentrations, the adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order (chemisorption) and, at higher concentrations, it followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (physisorption). This active (transplant) monitoring method is a novel endeavour in monitoring Ni stress and utilising the physicochemical parameters as a bioindicator for Ni pollution.}, }
@article {pmid40816675, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Song, Y and Qiu, Y and Liu, G and Feng, Y}, title = {Simultaneous carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal and energy recovery from wastewater in a zero-energy microbial electrochemical system with algal-bacterial biocathode.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {122607}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122607}, pmid = {40816675}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Addressing the challenge of high energy consumption in conventional wastewater treatment, this study develops a zero-energy microbial electrochemical system (MES) featuring an algal-bacterial symbiotic biocathode. Under simulated day-night cycles, this configuration achieves simultaneous and efficient removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus pollutants while recovering electrical energy. During the illuminated phase, algal photosynthesis generates oxygen to sustain a stable voltage output (∼600 mV) without external aeration. In the dark phase, the system promotes denitrification, thereby enabling effective nitrogen removal. A petal-like NiO-modified carbon felt biocathode was fabricated, significantly enhancing the cathode's specific surface area and active sites, thereby effectively promoting the formation of a microbial-algal composite biofilm and cathodic reduction reaction. This innovative design and operational strategy enable zero-energy wastewater treatment coupled with resource recovery, offering a promising pathway toward energy self-sufficiency and carbon neutrality in practical wastewater treatment applications.}, }
@article {pmid40815476, year = {2025}, author = {Papaleo, S and Panelli, S and Bitar, I and Sterzi, L and Nodari, R and Comandatore, F}, title = {Nucleotide composition shapes gene expression in Wolbachia pipientis: a role for MidA methyltransferase?.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0077925}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.00779-25}, pmid = {40815476}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Wolbachia pipientis is an obligate intracellular bacterium, associated with several arthropods and filarial nematodes. Wolbachia establishes a variety of symbiotic relationships with its hosts, with consequent genomic rearrangements, variation in gene content, and loss of regulatory regions. Despite this, experimental studies show that Wolbachia gene expression is coordinated with host developmental stages, but the mechanism is still unknown. In this work, we analyzed published RNA-seq data of four Wolbachia strains, finding a correlation between gene nucleotide composition and gene expression. The strength and direction of this phenomenon changed with the expression of the S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent methyltransferase midA. Specifically, when midA is overexpressed, there is a negative relationship between gene adenine content and gene expression, while downregulation of midA reverses this trend. MidA is known to methylate protein arginine, with potential effect on protein affinity for substrates, including nucleic acids. To expand our understanding of this poorly characterized enzyme, we investigated its ability to methylate DNA expressing it in Escherichia coli. The experiment revealed that the Wolbachia MidA can methylate both adenine and cytosine. Lastly, we found upstream the midA gene, a conserved binding site for the Ccka/CtrA signaling transduction system, and we hypothesize that this mechanism could be involved in the communication between the host and the bacterium. Overall, these findings suggest a cascade mechanism in which the host activates the bacterium Ccka/CtrA signaling system, thus inducing the expression of the midA gene, with subsequent effect on the expression of several Wolbachia genes on the basis of their nucleotide composition.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Wolbachia pipientis is one of the most common intracellular bacteria in insects, and it is currently utilized as a tool for the control of vector-borne diseases. As for many other endosymbiont bacteria, Wolbachia experienced important genome rearrangements, gene content changes, and the loss of several regulatory sequences, affecting the integrity of operons and promoters. Nevertheless, experimental studies have shown that Wolbachia gene expression is coordinated with the host physiology (e.g., developmental stages), although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this work, based on in silico analyses and an experimental study on wOo methyltransferase, we propose that bacterial DNA methylation could be a key mechanism regulating Wolbachia gene expression. Additionally, we found evidence suggesting that the DNA methylation process in Wolbachia can be activated by the host.}, }
@article {pmid40815469, year = {2025}, author = {Dai, M and Zhao, F and Shi, X and Tian, C and Lin, Y and Bai, L and Li, T and Jin, X and Xiao, L and Kristiansen, K and Li, X and Zhang, Z}, title = {Cultivation and sequencing of microbiota members unveil the functional potential of yak gut microbiota.}, journal = {mSystems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0036725}, doi = {10.1128/msystems.00367-25}, pmid = {40815469}, issn = {2379-5077}, abstract = {The animal gut microbiota exhibits extensive taxonomic diversity, yet cultivated isolates and complete genomes from animal hosts remain scarce, hindering functional and ecological insights. We present a cultivated Yak (Bos grunniens) Fecal bacteria genome Reference (YFR), comprising 548 high-quality genomes based on aerobic and anaerobic cultivation. Notably, 216 strains represented novel taxa, classified into 29 species-level clusters spanning 4 phyla and 14 genera. The YFR increased the proportion of cultured ruminant gut bacterial species by 19.39%, significantly expanding the reference database for this ecosystem. Among these, 11 species harbor abundant CAZymes Gene Clusters (CGCs), indicating a high capacity for digesting complex polysaccharides. Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs) are predicted and demonstrated to possess distinct novelty in YFR genomes, demonstrating a potential for future applications. We demonstrated that the symbiotic relationship between host bacterial strains and bacteriophages can be effectively studied using cultured strains by enabling precise mapping of viral genes to host metabolic adaptations. Culturing animal gut bacterial species not only expands the resources of culturable strains but also provides a basis for subsequent functional mining.IMPORTANCEAs a representative species in high-altitude extreme environments, yaks rely on their gut microbiota to support critical physiological functions and adapt to harsh conditions. This study established a comprehensive pipeline by integrating innovative single-bacterium culture conditions with optimized strategies for the yak gut microbiota. The resulting genomic repository not only expands the culturable microbial resources for extremophile mammals but also reveals unique metabolic traits, including polysaccharide-digesting CAZyme clusters, novel BGCs, and phage-host interactions. This approach provides essential microbial resources for advancing our understanding of host-microbial adaptations to extreme environments and offers tangible tools for industrial enzyme discovery and synthetic biology applications.}, }
@article {pmid40814858, year = {2025}, author = {DelPercio, R and McGregor, M and Morley, S and Nikaeen, N and Meyers, B and Baldrich, P}, title = {Transcriptional Dynamics of Nitrogen Fixation and Senescence in Soybean Nodules: A Dual Perspective on Host and Bradyrhizobium Regulation.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-04-25-0037-R}, pmid = {40814858}, issn = {0894-0282}, abstract = {The Soybean-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis enables symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) within root nodules, reducing reliance on synthetic N-fertilizers. However, nitrogen fixation is transient, peaking several weeks after Bradyrhizobium colonization and declining as nodules senesce in coordination with host development. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms governing SNF and senescence, we conducted a temporal transcriptomic analysis of soybean nodules colonized with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110. Weekly nodule samples (2-10 weeks post-inoculation, wpi) were analyzed using RNA and small RNA sequencing, while acetylene reduction assays assessed nitrogenase activity from 4 to 7 wpi. We identified three major nodule developmental phases: early development (2-3 wpi), nitrogen fixation (3-8 wpi), and senescence (8-10 wpi). Soybean showed extensive transcriptional reprogramming during senescence, whereas Bradyrhizobium underwent major transcriptional shifts early in development before stabilizing during nitrogen fixation. We identified seven soybean genes and several microRNAs as candidate biomarkers of nitrogen fixation, including lipoxygenases (Lox), suggesting roles for oxylipin metabolism. Soy hemoglobin-2 (Hb2), previously classified as non-symbiotic, was upregulated during senescence, implicating oxidative stress responses within aging nodules. Upregulation of the Bradyrhizobium paa operon and rpoH during senescence suggested metabolic adaptation for survival beyond symbiosis. Additionally, Bradyrhizobium NIF gene expression showed stage-specific regulation, with nifK peaking at 2 wpi, nifD and nifA at 2 and 10 wpi, and nifH, nifW, and nifS at 10 wpi. These findings provide insights into SNF regulation and nodule aging, revealing temporal gene expression patterns that could inform breeding or genetic engineering strategies to enhance nitrogen fixation in soybeans and other legume crops.}, }
@article {pmid40812734, year = {2025}, author = {Pu, D and Jin, Y and Wang, L and Wang, R and Li, L and Song, Y and Han, X}, title = {Combined supplementation of short-chain fatty acids reduces hyperphosphorylation of Tau at T181,T231 and S396 sites and improves cognitive impairment in a chemically induced AD mouse model via regulation of HDAC and Keap1.}, journal = {Neurochemistry international}, volume = {189}, number = {}, pages = {106034}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuint.2025.106034}, pmid = {40812734}, issn = {1872-9754}, abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the pathological hallmarks of β-amyloid deposition and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation, with memory loss and cognitive dysfunction as its primary clinical manifestations. The incidence of AD has been progressively increasing in recent years. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), key effector molecules in host-gut microbial interactions, play a crucial role in maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. In this study, AD mouse model was established via AlCl3/D-gal induction. The effects of mixed SCFA intervention on spatial learning and memory in AD model mice were assessed using behavioral tests, including the Morris Water Maze. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activities of oxidative stress-related enzymes in brain and colon tissues were quantified using ELISA and commercial kits. Key protein expression levels were analyzed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Results demonstrated that SCFAs significantly alleviated cognitive dysfunction in AD model, reduced Tau hyperphosphorylation at T181, T231 and S396 sites, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and enhanced antioxidant capacity, but with no reversal in elevated Aβ levels in AD model. Mechanistically, SCFAs inhibited glial cell activation, upregulated MCT-1 and tight junction proteins in the blood-brain barrier and strengthened gut-brain barrier integrity, potentially regulating small molecule trans-barrier transport. Furthermore, examination of relevant protein expressions revealed that SCFAs activated HDAC1 and inhibited overexpressed HDAC3 and Keap-1 in AD mice model. These findings suggest that SCFAs may regulate epigenetic modifications in the brain of AD to exert neuroprotective effects. This study provides novel evidence supporting the potential of symbiotic microbe-derived SCFAs in alleviating AD.}, }
@article {pmid40812177, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Tan, X and Wang, E}, title = {Networks of the symbiosis-immunity continuum in plants.}, journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {1256-1275}, doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2025.06.009}, pmid = {40812177}, issn = {1934-6069}, abstract = {Plants continuously interact with diverse microbes. Forming essential symbiotic relationships promotes plant growth, while defending against harmful microbes prevents disease. Plants resist pathogens by detecting molecules released from microbes. Beneficial microbes distinguish themselves from harmful pathogens before establishing symbiosis by releasing molecules and suppressing plant defenses during the infection and colonization stages. Despite their distinct outcomes, symbiotic and immune responses lie on a continuum and share key features, including dynamic cellular remodeling, metabolite rearrangement, and the maintenance of defenses against pathogens. This review explores the regulatory networks governing these processes, highlighting the shared and unique molecular mechanisms underlying symbiotic and immune responses. Understanding how plants integrate environmental signals to balance symbiotic compatibility and defense will provide valuable insights into optimizing plant health and productivity in changing ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid40812045, year = {2025}, author = {Zhou, Y and Zhang, C and Deng, Y and Lei, L and Hu, T}, title = {Oral microecological community- Streptococcus mutans dysbiosis and interaction provide therapeutic perspectives for dental caries.}, journal = {Archives of oral biology}, volume = {178}, number = {}, pages = {106367}, doi = {10.1016/j.archoralbio.2025.106367}, pmid = {40812045}, issn = {1879-1506}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This review aims to provide an overview of the dysbiosis and interaction between Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and other Streptococci, Veillonella spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Candida albicans in the oral cavity, which is a major driver of cariogenicity.<br><br>DESIGN: The search for this narrative review was conducted in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, employing keywords like "Dental caries," "Streptococcus mutans," "Commensal Streptococci," "Veillonella," "Lactobacillus," "Candida albicans," and "Interaction" while manually retrieving the reference lists of journal articles.<br><br>RESULTS: Dental caries has a high prevalence and low treatment rate in the population, which poses a great burden to public health and the social economy. The etiology of dental caries is closely linked to the imbalance of oral microbial communities. S. mutans is the major pathogen of dental caries. The cariogenic mechanism of S. mutans is primarily related to acid production and acid resistance, as well as polysaccharide production, adhesion, colonization, and the formation of cariogenic biofilm. However, there are complex interactions between S. mutans and other symbiotic microorganisms in the oral cavity, which synergistically or antagonistically affect the pathogenicity of microorganisms.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The interactions between S. mutans and oral commensal microorganisms on the microecology provide an in-depth understanding of the etiology of cariogenicity and new pathways for multiple caries prevention and treatment, such as hydrogen peroxide, arginine, farnesol, and probiotics.}, }
@article {pmid40811611, year = {2025}, author = {Araújo, NH and Landry, D and Quilbé, J and Pervent, M and Nouwen, N and Klopp, C and Cullimore, J and Gully, D and Vicedo, C and Gasciolli, V and Brottier, L and Pichereaux, C and Racoupeau, M and Rios, M and Gressent, F and Chaintreuil, C and Gough, C and Giraud, E and Lefebvre, B and Arrighi, JF}, title = {The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase AeRLCK2 mediates Nod-independent rhizobial symbiosis in Aeschynomene legumes.}, journal = {The Plant cell}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/plcell/koaf201}, pmid = {40811611}, issn = {1532-298X}, abstract = {Many plants interact symbiotically with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to enhance inorganic phosphorus uptake, and legumes also develop a nodule symbiosis with rhizobia for nitrogen acquisition. The establishment and functioning of both symbioses rely on a common plant signaling pathway activated by structurally related Myc and Nod factors. Recently, a SPARK receptor-like kinase (RLK)/receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) complex was shown to be essential for arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in both monocot and dicot plants. Here, we show that in Aeschynomene legumes, the RLCK component of this receptor complex has undergone a gene duplication event and mediates a unique nodule symbiosis that is independent of rhizobial Nod factors. In Aeschynomene evenia, AeRLCK2 is crucial for nodule initiation but not for arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. Additionally, AeRLCK2 physically interacts with and is phosphorylated by the cysteine-rich RLK, AeCRK, which is also required for nodulation. This finding uncovers an important molecular mechanism that controls the establishment of nodulation and is associated with Nod-independent symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40811509, year = {2025}, author = {Pen, IAM and Benedict, C and Broe, MB and Delgado, A and Glon, H and Zhang, M and Daly, M}, title = {Resolving Acuticulata (Metridioidea: Enthemonae: Actiniaria), a clade containing many invasive species of sea anemones.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e0328544}, pmid = {40811509}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Acuticulata is a globally distributed group in the actiniarian superfamily Metridioidea comprised of taxa with ecological, economic, and scientific significance. Prominent members such as Exaiptasia diaphana and Diadumene lineata serve as model organisms for studying coral symbiosis, bleaching phenomena, and ecological invasions. Despite their importance, unresolved phylogenetic relationships and outdated taxonomic frameworks hinder a full understanding of the diversity and evolution of the taxa in this clade. In this study, we employ a targeted sequence-capture approach to construct a robust phylogeny for Acuticulata, addressing long-standing questions about familial monophyly and comparing the results to results from a more conventional five-gene dataset. Specimens from previously underrepresented families and global regions, including the Falkland Islands, were included to elucidate evolutionary interrelationships and improve resolution. Our results support the monophyly of Aliciidae, Boloceroididae, Diadumenidae, Gonactiniidae, and Metridiidae. Our results reiterate the need for taxonomic revision within the family Sagartiidae, as the specimens we included from this family were recovered in four distinct clades. Based on our results, we transfer Paraiptasia from Aiptasiidae to Sagartiidae. These findings emphasize the utility of genome-scale data for resolving phylogenetic ambiguities for morphologically problematic taxa and suggest a framework for future integrative taxonomic and ecological studies within Acuticulata.}, }
@article {pmid40811445, year = {2025}, author = {Gebre, KY and Demissie, AG and Tesema, AA and Belay, HZ and Akalye, MW and Friew, AB and Baye, FG and Felatie, HB and Yohannes, MA and Eshetu, MA and Shiferaw, WA}, title = {Isolation, biochemical characterization, and greenhouse authentication of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) rhizobia collected from some major chickpea growing areas of Woldia, North Wollo, Ethiopia.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e0330169}, pmid = {40811445}, issn = {1932-6203}, abstract = {Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a vital legume crop worldwide, valued for its high nutritional content and significant contribution to food security and soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. Despite its importance, chickpea yields remain suboptimal in many regions, including Ethiopia, primarily due to constraints such as poor soil fertility and inadequate use of effective rhizobia inoculants. This study aimed to isolate and characterize native Rhizobium strains from chickpea root nodules collected from fields in the Woldia region and to assess their potential to promote plant growth. A total of 41 bacterial isolates were obtained, of which 12 were presumptively identified as Rhizobium based on growth characteristics on Congo red and bromothymol blue media. These isolates were further characterized morphologically and biochemically. Five biochemically promising isolates were selected for evaluation in a controlled 45-day greenhouse experiment under sterile conditions. Inoculation with these isolates significantly enhanced seed germination and early seedling growth compared to uninoculated controls. The symbiotic effectiveness of the isolates ranged from 74.3% to 121.9%, with isolates WUSFDG-23, WUSFMC-31, and WUSFMC-23 demonstrating high effectiveness, isolate WUSFDG-23 markedly increased nodulation and biomass accumulation. This study highlights the potential of native Rhizobium isolates from Woldia chickpea fields, especially WUSFDG-23, as effective bio-inoculants to promote sustainable chickpea production and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.}, }
@article {pmid40811300, year = {2025}, author = {Zheng, J and Nishida, Y and Okrasinska, A and Bonito, GM and Heath-Heckman, EAC and Liu, KJ}, title = {The Impact of Species Tree Estimation Error on Cophylogenetic Reconstruction.}, journal = {IEEE transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {1265-1277}, doi = {10.1109/TCBBIO.2025.3553405}, pmid = {40811300}, issn = {2998-4165}, abstract = {Just as a phylogeny encodes the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms, a cophylogeny represents the coevolutionary relationships among symbiotic partners. Both are primarily reconstructed using computational analysis of biomolecular sequence data. The most widely used cophylogenetic reconstruction methods utilize an important simplifying assumption: species phylogenies for each set of coevolved taxa are required as input and assumed to be correct. Many studies have shown that this assumption is rarely - if ever - satisfied, and the consequences for cophylogenetic studies are poorly understood. To address this gap, we conduct a comprehensive performance study that quantifies the relationship between species tree estimation error and downstream cophylogenetic estimation accuracy. We study the performance of state-of-the-art methods for cophylogenetic reconstruction using in silico model-based simulations. Our investigation also assessed cophylogenetic reproducibility using genomic sequence data from two important models of symbiosis: soil-associated fungi and their endosymbiotic bacteria, and bobtail squid and their bioluminescent bacterial symbionts. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the major impact that upstream phylogenetic estimation error has on downstream cophylogenetic reconstruction. Relative to other experimental factors such as cophylogenetic estimation method choice and coevolutionary event costs, phylogenetic estimation error ranked highest in importance based on a random forest-based variable importance assessment. We conclude with practical guidance and future research directions. Among the many considerations needed for accurate cophylogenetic reconstruction - choice of computational method, method settings, sampling design, and others - just as much attention must be paid to careful species phylogeny estimation using modern best practices.}, }
@article {pmid40810521, year = {2025}, author = {Kruasuwan, W and Arigul, T and Munnoch, JT and Nutaratat, P and Songvorawit, N}, title = {Gut-associated bacteria and their roles in wood digestion of saproxylic insects: The case study of flower chafer larvae.}, journal = {Insect molecular biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/imb.70010}, pmid = {40810521}, issn = {1365-2583}, support = {FF-2567A10512010//National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF), Thaksin University (Research Project Grant) Fiscal Year 2024/ ; CUFRB65_bcg(20)_088_23_18//Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University/ ; R016841017//Mahidol University (Fundamental Fund: Fiscal Year 2025)/ ; B13F660073//Program Management Unit for Human Resources &amp; Institutional Development, Research Innovation/ ; }, abstract = {Protaetia acuminata (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia and plays a significant role in nutrient cycling by facilitating the decomposition of woody materials, a process that likely relies heavily on the contribution of symbiotic bacteria within their digestive system. However, their gut bacteria have not been thoroughly studied. By using V3-V4 amplicon sequencing, it was revealed that the midgut (MG) of Pr. acuminata larvae and fermented sawdust after rearing (FSD) share a similar microbial community, predominantly composed of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, as well as functional genes associated with cellulolysis, nitrogen respiration, nitrate reduction and aerobic chemoheterotrophy. In contrast, the bacterial community in the hindgut (HG) was distinctly different, with anaerobic respiration being the dominant metabolic process. Agromyces, Altererythrobacter, Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Lysinibacillus, Pseudoxanthomonas and the family Promicromonosporaceae were the most common genera in MG, HG and FSD samples. The culture-based isolation method yielded 67 isolates from the larvae, with gram-positive bacteria predominating in HG and MG, whereas gram-negative bacteria were primarily found in the FSD. These microorganisms produce a range of lignocellulolytic enzymes including β-endoglucanase, laccase and xylanase that enable the beetles to digest their plant-based diet efficiently and also involve many biochemical pathways relating to biogeochemical cycling. Our results provide valuable insights into the gut-associated Pr. acuminata flower chafer larvae and could serve as a basis and reservoir for future studies on lignocellulolytic enzyme-producing bacteria.}, }
@article {pmid40810464, year = {2025}, author = {González-López, AM and Quiñones-Aguilar, EE and Guizar-González, C and Rincón-Enríquez, G}, title = {Annonacin accumulation in leaves of Annona muricata L. induced by mycorrhizal colonization.}, journal = {FEMS microbiology letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnaf085}, pmid = {40810464}, issn = {1574-6968}, abstract = {Annona muricata L. is a tropical tree known for its secondary metabolites, particularly acetogenins, which have cytotoxic and antitumor properties. Research has shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis and drought stress can increase the production of terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds in plants. Our objective was to assess whether AMF symbiosis (both species and consortia) and two irrigation regimens enhanced foliar annonacin concentration, the primary acetogenin in A. muricata leaves. Two irrigation levels were used: normal irrigation (NI) and low irrigation (LI). Trees were inoculated with two AMF consortia: Cerro del Metate (CM) and Agua Duce (AD); and two AMF species: Rhizophagus intraradices (RI) and Funneliformis mosseae (FM). Results showed that annonacin concentration was 83% lower in leaves under LI compared to NI. However, AMF symbiosis increased annonacin concentration, especially under LI conditions. Dry leaf weight was higher in mycorrhizal plants under the LI level than in controls. No growth promotion due to AMF symbiosis was observed under NI. In conclusion, AMF symbiosis promotes foliar annonacin concentration in A. muricata leaves in the two irrigation levels. FM treatment promotes higher annonacin concentration in the NI condition while AD, CM, and FM treatments promotes annonacin concentration in the LI condition.}, }
@article {pmid40810459, year = {2025}, author = {Boo, KH and Oh, YK and Møller, C and Lee, D and Jeon, GL and Kim, D and Burow, M and Großkinsky, DK and Kim, J and Ryu, MY and Lee, B and Suh, J and Ha, CM and Roitsch, T and Lim, PO and Berger, F and Suh, JW and Kim, SI and Oh, TR and Cho, SK and Kim, W and Kim, S and Riu, KZ and Yang, SW}, title = {Dasineura asteriae Reprograms the Flower Gene Expressions of Vegetative Organs to Create Flower-Like Gall in Aster scaber.}, journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/pce.70127}, pmid = {40810459}, issn = {1365-3040}, support = {//This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Ministry of Science and ICT (No. 2017R1A2B4010255) and by Samsung Science and Technology Foundation Project SSTF-BA1801-09 to S.W.Y. and was also supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the NRF funded by the Korean Ministry of Education (2016R1A6A1A03012862) and (2017R1D1A1B03034952) to K.Z.R and S.K., respectively. The "Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science &amp; Technology Development (Project No. PJ01319101)" funded by the Korean Rural Development Administration and a grant (715003-07) from the Research Center for Production Management and Technical Development for High Quality Livestock Products through Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Research Center Support Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs to K.Z.R. Lastly, this study was supported by the National Sustainability Program I (NPU w, grant number LO1415) funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic to T.R. F.B. was supported by core funding from GMI./ ; }, abstract = {Plant galls are abnormal growing tissues induced by various parasitic organisms, exhibiting diverse and complex morphologies. Typically, these galls differ significantly in appearance from their host plants. Here, we report that larvae of a parasitic fly generate unique, rosette galls on Aster scaber, a perennial herb. These galls develop from vegetative organs after the larvae reprogram floral gene expression. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we conducted whole-genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis. Our findings reveal that the larvae induce host organ dedifferentiation into an amorphous callus, activate floral genes, and selectively suppress genes associated with carpel development. As a result, the pseudoflowers consist solely of tepal-like leaflets and a specialized chamber, and the larvae influence pigment biosynthesis. Hijacking plants developmental gene networks by insects to sequentially mediate dedifferentiation, cytokinin regulation, and tepal-like leaflets formation provides a framework to study highly elaborate forms of parasitism and symbiosis between plants and insects.}, }
@article {pmid40809550, year = {2025}, author = {Gallardo Salamanca, ML&#xc1; and Asorey, C and Macpherson, E}, title = {A new species of Galathea (Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the seamounts of the Easter Island area (Southeast Pacific Ocean Ridge) associated with a sea urchin.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, volume = {1248}, number = {}, pages = {111-123}, pmid = {40809550}, issn = {1313-2989}, abstract = {Galatheatukitukimea sp. nov. is described from the seamounts near Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and represents the first record of the genus for this region of the Pacific Ocean and for Chilean territory. The new species belongs to the group of species having the carapace with median protogastric and cardiac spines. G.tukitukimea has always been observed associated with the sea urchin Stereocidarisnascaensis. This potential mimicry-based association is uncommon in squat lobsters, which warrants further study.}, }
@article {pmid40809039, year = {2025}, author = {Strzelecki, P and Nowicki, D}, title = {Tools to study microbial iron homeostasis and oxidative stress: current techniques and methodological gaps.}, journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {1628725}, pmid = {40809039}, issn = {2296-889X}, abstract = {Iron is a vital nutrient for both microbial pathogens and their eukaryotic hosts, playing essential roles in stress adaptation, symbiotic interactions, virulence expression, and chronic inflammatory diseases. This review discusses current laboratory methods for iron detection and quantification in microbial cultures, host-pathogen models, and environmental samples. Microbial pathogens have evolved sophisticated specialized transport systems, iron acquisition strategies to overcome its limitation, including siderophore production, uptake of heme and host iron-binding. These iron-scavenging systems are closely linked to the regulation of virulence traits such as adhesion, motility, toxin secretion, and biofilm formation. In ESKAPEE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli), iron limitation enhances biofilm development, which protects bacteria from antibiotics and immune responses and promotes persistent infections. Even worse, pathogens can also manipulate host iron metabolism, exacerbating inflammation and disease progression. Although iron is indispensable for microbial growth, excessive intracellular iron promotes reactive oxygen species generation, causing oxidative damage and ferroptosis-like cell death. Understanding the dual role of iron as both a nutrient and a toxic agent highlights its importance in infection dynamics. We provide a critical overview of existing analytical techniques and emphasize the need for careful selection of methods to improve our understanding of microbial iron metabolism, host-pathogen interactions, and to support the development of new therapeutic and environmental monitoring strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40808256, year = {2025}, author = {Kumar, A and Gao, JP and Murray, JD}, title = {How Plants Discriminate Mutualistic Symbiosis from Immunity.}, journal = {Molecular plant}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2025.08.005}, pmid = {40808256}, issn = {1752-9867}, }
@article {pmid40808187, year = {2025}, author = {Asan, G and Arslan, O}, title = {Multifunctional, Biocompatible Hybrid Surface Coatings Combining Antibacterial, Hydrophobic and Fluorescent Applications.}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {17}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40808187}, issn = {2073-4360}, abstract = {The hybrid inorganic-organic material concept plays a bold role in multifunctional materials, combining different features on one platform. Once varying properties coexist without cancelling each other on one matrix, a new type of supermaterial can be formed. This concept showed that silver nanoparticles can be embedded together with inorganic and organic surface coatings and silicon quantum dots for symbiotic antibacterial character and UV-excited visible light fluorescent features. Additionally, fluorosilane material can be coupled with this prepolymeric structure to add the hydrophobic feature, showing water contact angles around 120°, providing self-cleaning features. Optical properties of the components and the final material were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and PL analysis. Atomic investigations and structural variations were detected by XPS, SEM, and EDX atomic mapping methods, correcting the atomic entities inside the coating. FT-IR tracked surface features, and statistical analysis of the quantum dots and nanoparticles was conducted. Multifunctional final materials showed antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus, exhibiting self-cleaning features with high surface contact angles and visible light fluorescence due to the silicon quantum dot incorporation into the sol-gel-produced nanocomposite hybrid structure.}, }
@article {pmid40807545, year = {2025}, author = {Guzińska, N and Castillo, MDD and Kordialik-Bogacka, E}, title = {Fermentation to Increase the Value of Roasted Coffee Silverskin as a Functional Food Ingredient.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40807545}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {PID2019-11510RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&#xf3;n y Universidades/ ; }, abstract = {Roasted coffee silverskin (RCSS) is a by-product of coffee production characterized by its content of phenolic compounds, both free and bound to macromolecules. In this study, RCSS was fermented to release these compounds and consequently increase its value as a functional food ingredient. Fermentation was carried out using yeast, acetic acid bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria, either as single strains or as a designed microbial consortium. The latter included Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Gluconobacter oxydans, and Levilactobacillus brevis, mimicking a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast commonly used in kombucha fermentation (SCOBY). This symbiotic microbial culture consortium demonstrated notable efficacy, significantly enhancing the total phenolic content in RCSS, with values reaching 14.15 mg GAE/g as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and 7.12 mg GAE/g according to the Fast Blue BB method. Antioxidant capacity improved by approximately 28% (ABTS) and 20% (DPPH). Moreover, the fermented RCSS supported the viability of probiotic strains (Saccharomyces boulardii SB01 and Levilactobacillus brevis ŁOCK 1152) under simulated intestinal conditions. These results suggest that RCSS, particularly after fermentation with a full symbiotic microbial culture consortium, has strong potential as a clean label, zero-waste functional food ingredient.}, }
@article {pmid40807366, year = {2025}, author = {Ziemlewska, A and Zagórska-Dziok, M and Nowak, A and Muzykiewicz-Szymańska, A and Wójciak, M and Sowa, I and Szczepanek, D and Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Z}, title = {Enhancing the Cosmetic Potential of Aloe Vera Gel by Kombucha-Mediated Fermentation: Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Aging and Moisturizing Properties.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {30}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40807366}, issn = {1420-3049}, abstract = {Aloe vera gel is a valuable raw material used in the cosmetic industry for its skin care properties. The present study analyzed the effects of the fermentation of aloe vera gel with a tea fungus kombucha, which is a symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeast, carried out for 10 and 20 days (samples F10 and F20, respectively). The resulting ferments and unfermented gel were subjected to chromatographic analysis to determine the content of biologically active compounds. The permeability and accumulation of these compounds in pig skin were evaluated. In addition, the methods of DPPH, ABTS and the determination of intracellular free radical levels in keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts (HDF) cell lines were used to determine antioxidant potential. The results showed a higher content of phenolic acids and flavonoids and better antioxidant properties of the ferments, especially after 20 days of fermentation. Cytotoxicity tests against HaCaT and HDF cells confirmed the absence of toxic effects; moreover, samples at the concentrations tested (mainly 10 and 25 mg/mL) showed cytoprotective effects. The analysis of enzymatic activity (collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase) by the ELISA technique showed higher levels of inhibition for F10 and F20. The kombucha ferments also exhibited better moisturizing properties and lower levels of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), confirming their cosmetic potential.}, }
@article {pmid40806669, year = {2025}, author = {Colby, L and Preskitt, C and Ho, JS and Balsara, K and Wu, D}, title = {Brain Metastasis: A Literary Review of the Possible Relationship Between Hypoxia and Angiogenesis in the Growth of Metastatic Brain Tumors.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40806669}, issn = {1422-0067}, abstract = {Brain metastases are a common and deadly complication of many primary tumors. The progression of these tumors is poorly understood, and treatment options are limited. Two important components of tumor growth are hypoxia and angiogenesis. We conducted a review to look at the possibility of a symbiotic relationship between two transcription factors, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and the role they play in metastasis to the brain. We delve further into this possible relationship by examining commonly used chemotherapeutic agents and their targets. Through an extensive literature review, we identified articles that provided evidence of a strong connection between these transcription factors and the growth of brain metastases, many highlighting a symbiotic relationship. Further supporting this, combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs with varying targets have increased the efficacy of treatment. Angiogenesis and hypoxia have long been known to play a large role in the invasion, growth, and poor outcomes of tumors. However, it is not fully understood how these factors influence one another during metastases. While prior studies have investigated the effects separately, we specifically delve into the synergistic and compounding effects that may exist between them. Our findings underscore the need for greater research allocation to investigate the possible symbiotic relationship between angiogenesis and hypoxia in brain metastasis.}, }
@article {pmid40806290, year = {2025}, author = {Sonkodi, B}, title = {It Is Time to Consider the Lost Battle of Microdamaged Piezo2 in the Context of E. coli and Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {26}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40806290}, issn = {1422-0067}, abstract = {The recent identification of early-onset mutational signatures with geographic variations by Diaz-Gay et al. is a significant finding, since early-onset colorectal cancer has emerged as an alarming public health challenge in the past two decades, and the pathomechanism remains unclear. Environmental risk factors, including lifestyle and diet, are highly suspected. The identification of colibactin from Escherichia coli as a potential pathogenic source is a major step forward in addressing this public health challenge. Therefore, the following opinion manuscript aims to outline the likely onset of the pathomechanism and the critical role of acquired Piezo2 channelopathy in early-onset colorectal cancer, which skews proton availability and proton motive force regulation toward E. coli within the microbiota-host symbiotic relationship. In addition, the colibactin produced by the pks island of E. coli induces host DNA damage, which likely interacts at the level of Wnt signaling with Piezo2 channelopathy-induced pathological remodeling. This transcriptional dysregulation eventually leads to tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer. Mechanotransduction converts external physical cues to inner chemical and biological ones. Correspondingly, the proposed quantum mechanical free-energy-stimulated ultrafast proton-coupled tunneling, initiated by Piezo2, seems to be the principal and essential underlying novel oscillatory signaling that could be lost in colorectal cancer onset. Hence, Piezo2 channelopathy not only contributes to cancer initiation and impaired circadian regulation, including the proposed hippocampal ultradian clock, but also to proliferation and metastasis.}, }
@article {pmid40806090, year = {2025}, author = {Shremo Msdi, A and Wang, EM and Garey, KW}, title = {Prebiotics Improve Blood Pressure Control by Modulating Gut Microbiome Composition and Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Nutrients}, volume = {17}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40806090}, issn = {2072-6643}, abstract = {Background: Ingestion of dietary fibers (DFs) is a safe and accessible intervention associated with reductions in blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of DFs remain poorly defined. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates how DFs influence BP regulation by modulating gut microbial composition and enhancing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE were systematically searched for interventional studies published between January 2014 and December 2024. Eligible studies assessed the effects of DFs or other prebiotics on systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in addition to changes in gut microbial or SCFA composition. Results: Of the 3010 records screened, nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria (seven human, twelve animal). A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on six human trials reporting post-intervention BP values. Prebiotics were the primary intervention. In hypertensive cohorts, prebiotics significantly reduced SBP (-8.5 mmHg; 95% CI: -13.9, -3.1) and DBP (-5.2 mmHg; 95% CI: -8.5, -2.0). A pooled analysis of hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients showed non-significant reductions in SBP (-4.5 mmHg; 95% CI: -9.3, 0.3) and DBP (-2.5 mmHg; 95% CI: -5.4, 0.4). Animal studies consistently showed BP-lowering effects across diverse etiologies. Prebiotic interventions restored bacterial genera known to metabolize DFs to SCFAs (e.g., Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia, and Coprococcus) and increased SCFA levels. Mechanistically, SCFAs act along gut-organ axes to modulate immune, vascular, and neurohormonal pathways involved in BP regulation. Conclusions: Prebiotic supplementation is a promising strategy to reestablish BP homeostasis in hypertensive patients. Benefits are likely mediated through modulation of the gut microbiota and enhanced SCFA production.}, }
@article {pmid40806005, year = {2025}, author = {Thompson, RS and Hopkins, S and Kelley, T and Wilson, CG and Pecaut, MJ and Fleshner, M}, title = {A Prebiotic Diet Containing Galactooligosaccharides and Polydextrose Attenuates Hypergravity-Induced Disruptions to the Microbiome in Female Mice.}, journal = {Nutrients}, volume = {17}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40806005}, issn = {2072-6643}, support = {80NSSC19K1038, 16-ROSBFP_PI-0079/NASA/NASA/United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Environmental stressors, including spaceflight and altered gravity, can negatively affect the symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiome and host health. Dietary prebiotics, which alter components of the gut microbiome, show promise as an effective way to mitigate the negative impacts of stressor exposure. It remains unknown, however, if the stress-protective effects of consuming dietary prebiotics will extend to chronic altered-gravity exposure.<br><br>METHODS: Forty female C57BL/6 mice consumed either a control diet or a prebiotic diet containing galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and polydextrose (PDX) for 4 weeks, after which half of the mice were exposed to 3 times the gravitational force of Earth (3g) for an additional 4 weeks. Fecal microbiome samples were collected weekly for 8 weeks, sequenced, and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Terminal physiological endpoints, including immune and red blood cell characteristics, were collected at the end of the study.<br><br>RESULTS: The results demonstrate that dietary prebiotic consumption altered the gut microbial community structure through changes to &#x3b2;-diversity and multiple genera across time. In addition, consuming dietary prebiotics reduced the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and increased red blood cell distribution width (RDW-CV). Importantly, the prebiotic diet prevented the impacts of altered-gravity on &#x3b2;-diversity and the bloom of problematic genera, such as Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Turicibacter. Furthermore, several prebiotic diet-induced genera-level changes were significantly associated with several host physiological changes induced by 3g exposure.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that the stress-protective potential of consuming dietary prebiotics extends to environmental stressors such as altered gravity, and, potentially, spaceflight.}, }
@article {pmid40805780, year = {2025}, author = {Xue, DY and Chen, WF and Yang, GP and Li, YG and Zhang, JJ}, title = {Screening and Application of Highly Efficient Rhizobia for Leguminous Green Manure Astragalus sinicus in Lyophilized Inoculants and Seed Coating.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {15}, pages = {}, pmid = {40805780}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {2021YFD1700200//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2024-2027//Professor Workstation of Anhui WeiHua Biotechnology Co., Ltd./ ; }, abstract = {Astragalus sinicus, a key leguminous green manure widely cultivated in Southern China's rice-based cropping systems, plays a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil organic matter sequestration, improving rice yield, and elevating grain quality. The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing association between A. sinicus and its matching rhizobia is fundamental to its agronomic value; however, suboptimal inoculant efficiency and field application methodologies constrain its full potential. To address these limitations, we conducted a multi-phase study involving (1) rhizobial strain screening under controlled greenhouse conditions, (2) an optimized lyophilization protocol evaluating cryoprotectant (trehalose, skimmed milk powder and others), and (3) seed pelleting trails with rhizobial viability and nodulation assessments over different storage periods. Our results demonstrate that Mesorhizobium huakuii CCBAU 33470 exhibits a superior nitrogen-fixing efficacy, significantly enhancing key traits in A. sinicus, including leaf chlorophyll content, tiller number, and aboveground biomass. Lyophilized inoculants prepared with cryoprotectants (20% trehalose or 20% skimmed milk powder) maintained >90% bacterial viability for 60 days and markedly improved nodulation capacity relative to unprotected formulations. The optimized seed pellets sustained high rhizobial loads (5.5 × 10[3] cells/seed) with an undiminished viability after 15 days of storage and nodulation ability after 40 days of storage. This integrated approach of rhizobial selection, inoculant formulation, and seed coating overcomes cultivation bottlenecks, boosting symbiotic nitrogen fixation for A. sinicus cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid40804293, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, M and Zhai, R and Niu, G and Chen, J and Tan, B and Wu, D and Meng, G and Wei, M}, title = {Telomere-to-telomere genome assembly uncovers Wolbachia-driven recurrent male bottleneck effect and selection in a sawfly.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1211}, pmid = {40804293}, issn = {2399-3642}, support = {20232BAB215017//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (Jiangxi Province Natural Science Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia, a widespread endosymbiotic bacterium, profoundly impacts insect hosts by distorting reproduction and population dynamics. Despite extensive laboratory research, its long-term effects on host evolution in nature remain poorly understood, especially the genomic consequences linked to disruptions in sex determination and reproductive processes. We present the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome assembly of the sawfly Analcellicampa danfengensis and the complete genome of its symbiotic Wolbachia. Comparative population genomics across six Analcellicampa species revealed that Wolbachia-infected populations show starkly different demographic signals. While uninfected populations show similar demographic signals for both sexes, infected populations exhibit a lower apparent effective population size (Ne) in males, which may reflect a recurrent male bottleneck effect driven by Wolbachia-induced male scarcity. Genomic scans identified positively selected genes associated with reproductive functions, sensory perception, neural development, and longevity, suggesting that Wolbachia likely manipulates critical host pathways to promote its transmission. These findings provide direct genomic insights into Wolbachia as an evolutionary force, highlighting specific host genes and regions under selection resulting from these altered evolutionary dynamics. This work provides deeper insights into host-endosymbiont coevolution and has important implications for evolutionary theory and pest management strategies.}, }
@article {pmid40804160, year = {2025}, author = {Majerová, E and Steinle, C and Drury, C}, title = {BAK knockdown delays bleaching and alleviates oxidative DNA damage in a reef-building coral.}, journal = {Communications biology}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1216}, pmid = {40804160}, issn = {2399-3642}, abstract = {As climate change threatens marine ecosystems, efforts to restore coral reefs using resilient corals are increasing. This conservation approach remains limited by our understanding of cellular mechanisms of resilience and trade-offs. Here, we demonstrate that downregulation of pa-BAK stabilizes the coral-algal endosymbiosis and slows bleaching during acute heat stress in Pocillopora acuta through coordinated expression of gene clusters. The improvement in thermal tolerance was closely related to the downregulation efficiency in individual corals. Oxidative DNA damage, a hallmark of thermal stress response, was prevented in corals with stabilized symbiosis, likely through a decrease in mitochondrial ROS release. We hypothesize that this manipulation causes a cascading molecular response, which may impact other traits such as oxidative mitochondrial damage, proving detrimental over the longer term. Developing our understanding of heat-stress defense mechanisms that promote stability in the coral-algal symbiosis is fundamental for effective modern coral reef restoration practices based on improving ecosystem resilience.}, }
@article {pmid40803427, year = {2025}, author = {Li, XG and Zhao, X and Zheng, J and Xian, C and Liu, Z and Chen, H}, title = {The potential and underlying mechanisms of punicalagin in mitigating enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea.}, journal = {The Journal of nutrition}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.08.002}, pmid = {40803427}, issn = {1541-6100}, abstract = {Punicalagin is a well-studied polyphenolic compound with a wide array of pharmacological effects. This review summarizes its potential mechanisms of action along with the pathogenic implications and molecular pathways associated with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). One primary mechanism by which punicalagin exerts its effects is through antibacterial activity that suppresses ETEC proliferation and mitigates intestinal infections. It further promotes the growth of beneficial microbiota, including bifidobacteria and lactic acid-producing bacteria, thereby improving the symbiotic balance of the gut microbiome and bolstering resistance to ETEC colonization. In addition, punicalagin has been shown to inhibit the activity of ETEC, thereby enhancing intestinal mucosal integrity and fortifying the intestinal barrier. This action reduces the permeability of harmful substances, ultimately protecting gut health. Moreover, punicalagin has the potential to chelate metals, leading to various biological activities and applications. This positions it as a candidate for further exploration as a novel therapeutic agent or a raw material in health products. In conclusion, this study offers preliminary insights into the potential application of punicalagin in managing ETEC-induced diarrhea, highlighting its pharmacological efficacy. However, it should be emphasized that current clinical evidence supporting its effectiveness for this specific use remains limited and preliminary, requiring validation through rigorous clinical trials.}, }
@article {pmid40802030, year = {2025}, author = {Gaye, M and Zinai, AZR and Armstrong, N and Herbette, G and Monnier, V and Bassene, H and Diatta, G and Sambou, M and Sokhna, C and Raoult, D and Fenollar, F and Mediannikov, O}, title = {Antibacterial activity of fungus comb extracts from Senegalese fungus-farming termites.}, journal = {AMB Express}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {117}, pmid = {40802030}, issn = {2191-0855}, support = {10-IAHU-03//Fondation M&#xe9;diterran&#xe9;e Infection/ ; }, abstract = {Fungus-farming termites (Macrotermitinae), predominantly found in Africa, are eusocial insects with significant ecological roles. Historically, they have been valued in traditional medicine, human diets, and livestock feed. These termites share a long-standing symbiotic relationship with Termitomyces fungi, which has evolved over millions of years and is critical to their survival and ecological impact. This mutualism promotes a unique monoculture of Termitomyces in the fungus comb while suppressing fungal and bacterial antagonists, likely due to the comb's structural or chemical properties, sparking interest among researchers. In this study, we conducted an extensive examination of 11 fungus combs associated with five termite species collected in Senegal. Our analysis revealed significant antibacterial properties in the crude extracts of the combs, notably against multidrug-resistant strains. Chemical analyses led to the identification of dicrotalic acid (Meglutol) in the active fractions of two combs from agricultural areas. This compound, likely of plant origin, suggests a link between termite feeding habits and the antimicrobial potential of the combs. Although the exact bioactive compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity have not yet been fully identified, the presence of various metabolites may explain the maintenance of Termitomyces monocultures and the suppression of pathogens. This also illustrates the complex ecological relationship between Termitomyces and termites, which may work together to produce natural bioactive compounds that suppress pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid40801964, year = {2025}, author = {Neves, AS and van Galen, LG and Vohník, M and Peter, M and Martino, E and Crowther, TW and Delavaux, CS}, title = {Ericoid mycorrhizal growth response is influenced by host plant phylogeny.}, journal = {Mycorrhiza}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {51}, pmid = {40801964}, issn = {1432-1890}, abstract = {Ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi (ErMF) are crucial for the establishment of thousands of ericaceous species in heathlands and wetlands by increasing their tolerance to harsh conditions and improving nutrient uptake. However, ErM research has largely focused on a limited number of host species and four ErMF species (especially Hyaloscypha hepaticicola and Oidiodendron maius, to a lesser extent H. bicolor/H. finlandica and H. variabilis). Therefore, the degree to which other ericaceous plants and ErMF form functional associations, and corresponding benefits for plant growth, are not well understood. As such, we lack a clear understanding of how changes in fungal partners may influence plant fitness. To address this gap, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with nine ericaceous plant species and eight ErMF isolates to expand baseline knowledge regarding the effects of the ErM symbiosis on host plant growth. By analyzing ErM root colonization and host plant growth response, we observed that the mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) was variable and depended on plant and fungal identity. Moreover, overall inoculation effects on plant growth were independent from colonization levels. Finally, we found evidence that MGR was influenced by plant phylogeny. These results expand our basic understanding of the ErM symbiosis and provide valuable information for future restoration and conservation efforts.}, }
@article {pmid40801536, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, JL and Zhu, H and Sadh, P and Aumiller, K and Guvener, ZT and Ludington, WB}, title = {Commensal acidification of specific gut regions produces a protective priority effect against enteropathogenic bacterial infection.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0070725}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00707-25}, pmid = {40801536}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {The commensal microbiome has been shown to protect against newly introduced enteric pathogens in multiple host species, a phenomenon known as a priority effect. Multiple mechanisms can contribute to this protective priority effect, including antimicrobial compounds, nutrient competition, and pH changes. In Drosophila melanogaster, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum has been shown to protect against enteric pathogens. However, the strains of L. plantarum studied were derived from laboratory flies or non-fly environments and have been found to be unstable colonizers of the fly gut that mainly reside on the food. To study the priority effect using a naturally occurring microbial relationship, we isolated a wild fly-derived strain of L. plantarum that stably colonizes the fly gut in conjunction with a common enteric pathogen, Serratia marcescens. Flies stably associated with the L. plantarum strain were more resilient to oral Serratia marcescens infection as seen by longer life span and lower S. marcescens load in the gut. Through in vitro experiments, we found that L. plantarum inhibits S. marcescens growth due to acidification. We used gut imaging with pH indicator dyes to show that L. plantarum reduces the gut pH to levels that restrict S. marcescens growth in vivo. In flies colonized with L. plantarum prior to S. marcescens infection, L. plantarum and S. marcescens are spatially segregated in the gut, and S. marcescens is less abundant where L. plantarum heavily colonizes, indicating that acidification of specific gut regions is a mechanism of a protective priority effect.IMPORTANCEThe gut microbiomes of animals harbor an incredible diversity of bacteria, some of which can protect their hosts from invasion by enteric pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms behind this protection is essential for developing precision probiotics to support human and animal health. This study used Drosophila melanogaster as a model system due to its low cost, experimentally tractable gut microbiome, and overlap with bacterial species found in mammals. While resident microbes can protect hosts through various means, including toxin production and immune stimulation, we found that acidification was sufficient to limit a pathogen that normally reduces life span. Remarkably, specific gut regions are acidified either by host mechanisms or by the resident bacterium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, highlighting joint microbial and host control of gut chemistry. These findings are broadly relevant to microbiology and gut health, providing insight into how hosts may manage pathogens through their symbiotic microbiota.}, }
@article {pmid40801187, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, L and Mai, C and He, S and Niu, B and Jia, G and Yang, T and Xu, Y and Ren, M and Zhao, X and Liu, X and Kong, Z}, title = {Dynamic 3D chromatin organization and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in peanut nodules.}, journal = {Journal of integrative plant biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jipb.70007}, pmid = {40801187}, issn = {1744-7909}, support = {2021xG003//Scientific research fund for talents of Shanxi Agricultural University/ ; 2022xG0014//Scientific research fund for talents of Shanxi Agricultural University/ ; 202204051002013//Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team of Shanxi Province/ ; 202204051001020//Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team of Shanxi Province/ ; 32241045//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32241046//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20210302123365//Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province/ ; 202103021224146//Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province/ ; }, abstract = {Root nodules are specialized organs formed by the symbiotic relationship between legumes and soil-borne rhizobia, facilitating an exchange of energy and nutrients essential for both organisms. This process is accompanied by dynamic changes in genomic organization and gene expression. While the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the genome is known to influence gene regulation, its role in nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation remains largely unexplored. In this study, we present the first high-resolution (40 kb) 3D genomic map of peanut roots and root nodules, generated using a high-throughput/resolution chromosome conformation capture strategy. Compared to roots, ∼2.0% of chromosomal regions in nodules transition from a repressive (B) to an active (A) compartment and exhibit significant alterations in topologically associated domains (TADs). Peanut nodules also show more extensive cis-interactions, with 100s of differentially expressed genes enriched in symbiotic pathways and nitrate metabolism. Additionally, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing identifies 25,863 and 14,703 open chromatin regions (OCRs) in roots and nodules, respectively. By integrating OCR mapping with epigenomic modifications, we reveal dynamic local OCRs (LoOCRs) and histone modifications associated with nodulation-related genes. Notably, novel TADs and long-range chromatin loops are detected in peanut nodules, including an H3K27me3 modification-mediated loop that may regulate the expression of Nodule Inception. Another altered chromatin loop highlights the nodule highly expressed AhMsrA gene, which positively influences nodulation. Together, these findings shed new light on how chromatin architecture shapes gene expression during legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid40797046, year = {2025}, author = {Wei, L and Chen, S and Qin, Z and Pan, N and Lan, M and Zhang, T and He, R and Liang, H and Deng, W and Mo, C and Yu, K}, title = {Responses of the Coral Symbiont Cladocopium goreaui to Extreme Temperature Stress in Relatively High-Latitude Reefs, South China Sea.}, journal = {Microbial ecology}, volume = {88}, number = {1}, pages = {88}, pmid = {40797046}, issn = {1432-184X}, abstract = {Global climate change has led to frequent extreme temperature events in oceans. Corals are susceptible to extreme high-temperature stress in summer and extreme low-temperature stress in winter in the relatively high-latitude reef areas of the South China Sea (SCS). The most abundant symbiotic coral Symbiodiniaceae in the higher-latitude reefs of the SCS is Cladocopium goreaui, predominantly associating with dominant coral hosts such as Acropora and Porites. However, to date, relatively few studies have focused on the response and mechanism of C. goreaui to the extreme high- and low-temperature stress. In this study, the responses and regulatory mechanisms of the dominant C. goreaui to extreme high- and low-temperature stress were investigated based on physiological indexes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transcriptome analysis. The results showed that (1) under 34 °C heat stress, the disintegration of thylakoids triggered photosynthetic collapse in C. goreaui; survival is enabled through metabolic reprogramming that upregulates five protective pathways and redirects energy via pentose/glucuronate shunting to sustain ATP homeostasis, revealing a trade-off between damage containment and precision energy governance under thermal extremes. (2) Low temperature exposure induced suppression of maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), compounded by glutathione pathway inhibition, crippling ROS scavenging. The transcriptome results revealed that C. goreaui prioritizes gene fidelity maintenance under low temperature stress. These findings reveal that energy allocation trade-offs constitute the core strategy of C. goreaui temperature response: prioritizing energy maintenance under high-temperature stress, while safeguarding genetic fidelity at the expense of antioxidant defense under low-temperature stress.}, }
@article {pmid40796904, year = {2025}, author = {Nowak, KH and Hartop, E and Prus-Frankowska, M and Buczek, M and Kolasa, MR and Roslin, T and Ovaskainen, O and Łukasik, P}, title = {What lurks in the dark? An innovative framework for studying diverse wild insect microbiota.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {186}, pmid = {40796904}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {2016-203 4.3//Swedish Taxonomy Initiative/ ; 856506//Horizon 2020/ ; 336212//Research Council of Finland/ ; PPN/PPO/2018/1/00015//Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej/ ; 2018/31/B/NZ8/01158//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symbiotic microorganisms can profoundly impact insect biology, including their life history traits, population dynamics, and evolutionary trajectories. However, microbiota remain poorly understood in natural insect communities, especially in 'dark taxa'-hyperdiverse yet understudied clades.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we implemented a novel multi-target amplicon sequencing approach to study microbiota in complex, species-rich communities. It combines four methodological innovations: (1) To establish a host taxonomic framework, we sequenced amplicons of the host marker gene (COI) and reconstructed barcodes alongside microbiota characterisation using 16S-V4 rRNA bacterial gene amplicons. (2) To assess microbiota abundance, we incorporated spike-in-based quantification. (3) To improve the phylogenetic resolution for the dominant endosymbiont, Wolbachia, we analysed bycatch data from the COI amplicon sequencing. (4) To investigate the primary drivers of host-microbe associations in massive multi-dimensional datasets, we performed Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities (HMSC). Applying this approach to 1842 wild-caught scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from northern Sweden, we organised them into 480 genotypes and 186 species and gained unprecedented insights into their microbiota. We found orders-of-magnitude differences in bacterial abundance and massive within-population variation in microbiota composition. Patterns and drivers differed among microbial functional categories: the distribution and abundance of facultative endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma) were shaped by host species, genotype, and sex. In contrast, many other bacterial taxa were broadly distributed across species and sites.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights facultative endosymbionts as key players in insect microbiota and reveals striking variations in distributional patterns of microbial clades. It also demonstrates the power of integrative sequencing approaches in uncovering the ecological complexity and significance of symbiotic microorganisms in multi-species natural communities. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid40796359, year = {2025}, author = {Szuba, A and Żukowska, WB and Mucha, J and Strugała, A and Marczak, &#x141;}, title = {Low Temperature Enhances N-Metabolism in Paxillus involutus Mycelia In Vitro: Evidence From an Untargeted Metabolomic Study.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {e70162}, pmid = {40796359}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {DEC-2011/03/D/NZ9/05500//National Science Centre (Poland)/ ; 2022/03/ZB/FBW/00006//Institute of Dendrology/ ; }, abstract = {This metabolomic study investigates, using GC MS/MS analysis, the molecular response of Paxillus involutus mycelia to prolonged low temperature (4°C) exposure. Alongside reduced growth, decreased overall nutrient levels, and increased oxidative stress indicators, analyses revealed a significant increase in nitrogen (N) concentration and enhanced N metabolism, particularly via the GS-GOGAT pathway, which was associated with elevated concentrations of numerous amino acids. In contrast, carbon (C) metabolism was not intensified but largely reprogrammed, with varying changes in carbohydrate abundance but higher levels of several stress-related metabolites, such as trehalose and inositol family members, indicating activation of tolerance mechanisms, all with unchanged C (%). These changes suggest enhanced NH4 [+] uptake and a redirection of glycolysis-derived C skeletons towards N-compound biosynthesis. The lack of massive upregulation of typical anti-stress compounds under low temperature exposure indicates either acclimatisation or mild stress. Mycelial restructuring, including increased dry mass (%) and accumulation of chitin precursors, implies cell wall remodelling and cold acclimatisation, supported by changes in membrane components. All these findings suggest that low temperatures may enhance N metabolism in ECM fungi even without additional carbon supply, potentially affecting symbiotic balance under climate change. Further studies are needed to validate these mechanisms and ecological implications.}, }
@article {pmid40796349, year = {2025}, author = {Huang, WC and Probst, M and Hua, ZS and Szánthó, LL and Szöllősi, GJ and Ettema, TJG and Rinke, C and Williams, TA and Spang, A}, title = {Phylogenomic analyses reveal that Panguiarchaeum is a clade of genome-reduced Asgard archaea within the Njordarchaeia.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaf201}, pmid = {40796349}, issn = {1537-1719}, abstract = {The Asgard archaea are a diverse archaeal phylum important for our understanding of cellular evolution because they include the lineage that gave rise to eukaryotes. Recent phylogenomic work has focused on characterising the diversity of Asgard archaea in an effort to identify the closest extant relatives of eukaryotes. However, resolving archaeal phylogeny is challenging, and the positions of two recently-described lineages - Njordarchaeales and Panguiarchaeales - are uncertain, in ways that directly bear on hypotheses of early evolution. In initial phylogenetic analyses, these lineages branched either with Asgards or with the distantly-related Korarchaeota, and it has been suggested that their genomes may be affected by metagenomic contamination. Resolving this debate is important because these clades include genome-reduced lineages that may help inform our understanding of the evolution of symbiosis within Asgard archaea. Here, we performed phylogenetic analyses revealing that the Njordarchaeales and Pangiuarchaeales constitute the new class Njordarchaeia within Asgard archaea. We found no evidence of metagenomic contamination affecting phylogenetic analyses. Njordarchaeia exhibit hallmarks of adaptations to (hyper-)thermophilic lifestyles, including biased sequence compositions that can induce phylogenetic artifacts unless adequately modelled. Panguiarchaeum is metabolically distinct from its relatives, with reduced metabolic potential and various auxotrophies. Phylogenetic reconciliation recovers a complex common ancestor of Asgard archaea that encoded the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. The subsequent loss of this pathway during the reductive evolution of Panguiarchaeum may have been associated with the switch to a symbiotic lifestyle potentially based on H2-syntrophy. Thus, Panguiarchaeum may contain the first obligate symbionts within Asgard archaea.}, }
@article {pmid40795952, year = {2025}, author = {Pluer, BD and Travis, J}, title = {The Digestive Microbiome Diversity of the Least Killifish, Heterandria formosa, and Its Implications for Host Adaptability to Varying Trophic Levels.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology reports}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {e70164}, pmid = {40795952}, issn = {1758-2229}, support = {G2020031598770049//Sigma Xia/ ; //Florida State University/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic microbes, in associations with aquatic hosts, aid in the acquisition of nutrients, breakdown xenobiotics, and contribute to immune system function. If associations with microbial communities facilitate host adaptation to different ecosystems, understanding the important ecological factors that act as drivers of differences among conspecific populations' microbiomes can help conservation efforts to promote beneficial interactions between fish and their microbiome for freshwater fish species facing rapid environmental changes. Here we describe the microbial communities in the gut of a freshwater fish, Heterandria formosa, in spring habitats using 16S rRNA sequencing. We quantified microbiota composition and diversity among springs ranging from oligotrophic to near eutrophic to determine the extent to which the microbiota are associated with different environmental conditions. We found higher microbial richness at sites with lower nutrient load stress. At more eutrophic sites, we detected the potential for increased metabolic capacity for pollutant degradation in the associated microbiota. We noted greater phylogenetic similarity between more environmentally similar sites, supporting previous evidence that the microbiota of freshwater fish is influenced by site water chemistry. Our findings bring to light microbial taxa and pathways that might play critical roles in the bioremediation of stressful environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid40795928, year = {2025}, author = {Moore, LD and Ballinger, MJ}, title = {Evolution of specialized toxin arsenals in a bacterial symbiont of arthropods.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf174}, pmid = {40795928}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Bacteria commonly deploy toxic proteins that act with specificity on target molecules to support invasion and improve survival in competitive environments. Many toxin-encoding bacteria have evolved into host-associated defensive partnerships, in which they use toxins to improve host survival during infection. The stability of these relationships requires that symbiont toxins target diverse parasites while minimizing damage to the host. We investigate the specificity of a group of ribosome-targeting toxins (RIPs) encoded by heritable Spiroplasma symbionts that contribute to defense against parasite infection in fruit fly hosts. Using E. coli to express five divergent copies of this toxin, we show that distantly related members of the family all retain the ability to inactivate ribosomes by adenine cleavage at the α-sarcin/ricin loop, the enzymatic hallmark of RIPs. However, when exposed to live insect and fungal cells, ribosome inactivation varies across the five toxins, suggesting cellular recognition or localization play a role in target specificity. To identify toxin domains required for specificity, we removed rapidly evolving "accessory" domains from two toxins. Both truncated toxins exhibit significantly increased activity on purified ribosomes in vitro, suggesting one role of accessory domains is to reduce toxicity, which may help protect hosts from collateral damage. One of the truncated toxins also showed significantly reduced inactivation of cellular ribosomes in vivo, indicating a role for accessory domains in cell specificity. Together, these data reveal a mechanism for symbiont discrimination between hosts and parasites and highlight how dynamic toxin evolution can contribute to stability and novelty in defensive symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40795033, year = {2025}, author = {Friar, L and Keepers, K and Garber, AI and McCutcheon, JP and Wing, B and Kane, NC}, title = {Selection maintains photosynthesis in a symbiotic cyanobacterium despite redundancy with its fern host.}, journal = {Molecular biology and evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/molbev/msaf181}, pmid = {40795033}, issn = {1537-1719}, abstract = {Vertically inherited symbionts experience different physical, chemical, and population genetic environments than free-living organisms. As a result, they can experience long-term reductions in effective population size (Ne) and weaker purifying selection on genes that are less important in the host-associated environment. Over time, these forces result in gene loss. A comparative genomic approach using independently evolved symbiotic bacteria and free-living relatives can reveal which genes are important in the symbiotic state. We apply this approach to understand why some diazotrophic cyanobacteria evolving as vertically inherited symbionts of photosynthetic eukaryotic hosts have lost their ancestral capacity for photosynthesis while others have retained that capacity. We look specifically at Trichormus azollae, a diazotrophic cyanobacterium that remains photosynthetic after 50-90Ma as a vertically inherited symbiont of Azolla ferns. We show that gene loss is ongoing, with different genes lost across the eight T. azollae strains examined. We apply molecular evolutionary models to genomes of T. azollae and free-living relatives, finding genome-wide signatures of drift in T. azollae consistent with long-term reductions in Ne. Ribosomal proteins and proteins from the energy-capturing photosynthetic light reactions are under stronger purifying selection than genes from other pathways, including nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic carbon fixation. Strong purifying selection is expected for the ribosome given its extraordinary levels of conservation, even in ancient vertically inherited symbionts. That genes in the light reactions are under strong purifying selection and never lost in any strain suggests that energy capture, likely required for energy-intensive nitrogen fixation, remains important to this symbiont.}, }
@article {pmid40794807, year = {2025}, author = {Méndez, SG and Mertens, S and Temmerman, A and Van den Eynde, H and Vermeersch, M and Vlaminck, L and Berteloot, O and Van Dingenen, J and Clarysse, A and De Keyser, A and Beullens, S and de Baenst, I and Roy, N and De Paepe, Q and Michiels, J and Roldan-Ruiz, I and Pannecoucque, J and Willems, A and Maere, S and Goormachtig, S}, title = {Fast track to environmentally adapted rhizobia for growing soybean at northern latitudes using citizen science.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf152}, pmid = {40794807}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Soybean serves as a crucial source of plant-based protein for human diets. Recently, there is a growing incentive to extend the range of this crop to more northern latitudes, in order to enable profitable soybean production in Europe. To reach economic yields, soybean requires inoculation with symbiotic, diazotrophic rhizobial bacteria. However, the performance of commercial inocula is often variable under local conditions. Here, we present the citizen science project "Soy in 1,000 Gardens", a large-scale trapping experiment for isolating local soybean-nodulating rhizobia in Flanders, Belgium. We identified two locally isolated Bradyrhizobium strains performing at least as well as commercial strain B. diazoefficiens G49 in local field trials. Additionally, we found that nutrient content, microbial alpha diversity, and the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil were correlated with nodulation. Finally, we report a correlation between low bacterial alpha diversity and red nodule interior, and identified Tardiphaga as a dominant colonizer of red nodules.}, }
@article {pmid40794795, year = {2025}, author = {Garfias-Gallegos, D and Pardo-De la Hoz, CJ and Haughland, DL and Magain, N and Aguero, B and Miadlikowska, J and Lutzoni, F}, title = {Central metabolism and development are rewired in lichenized cyanobacteria.}, journal = {The ISME journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/ismejo/wraf166}, pmid = {40794795}, issn = {1751-7370}, abstract = {Nostoc cyanobacteria are among the few organisms capable of fixing both carbon and nitrogen. These metabolic features are essential for the cyanolichen symbiosis, where Nostoc supplies both carbon (as glucose) and nitrogen (as ammonium) to a cyanolichen-forming fungal partner. This nutrient flow was established by seminal biochemical studies published in the 20th century. Since then, cyanolichen metabolism has received little attention, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie the physiology of lichenized Nostoc remain mostly unknown. Here, we aimed to elucidate the genomic and transcriptional changes that enable Nostoc's metabolic role in cyanolichens. We used comparative genomics across 243 genomes of Nostoc s. lat. Coupled with metatranscriptomic experiments using Peltigera cyanolichens. We found that genes for photoautotrophic carbon fixation are upregulated in lichenized Nostoc. This likely results in a higher rate of carbon fixation that allows Nostoc to provide carbon to the fungal partner while meeting its own metabolic needs. We also found that the transfer of ammonium from Nostoc to the lichen-forming fungus is facilitated by two molecular mechanisms: (i) transcriptional downregulation of glutamine synthetase, the key enzyme responsible for ammonium assimilation in Nostoc; and (ii) frequent losses of a putative high-affinity ammonium permease, which likely reduces Nostoc's capacity to recapture leaked ammonium. Finally, we found that the development of motile hormogonia is downregulated in lichenized Nostoc, which resembles the repression of motility in Nostoc symbionts after they colonize symbiotic cavities of their plant hosts. Our results pave the way for a revival of cyanolichen ecophysiology in the omics era.}, }
@article {pmid40794723, year = {2025}, author = {Muffett, KM and Labonté, JM and Miglietta, MP}, title = {Florida Keys Cassiopea host benthos-like external microbiomes and a gut dominated by Vibrio, Endozoicomonas and Mycoplasma.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e0330180}, pmid = {40794723}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Animals ; Florida ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Mycoplasma/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/classification ; *Vibrio/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; *Scyphozoa/microbiology ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Interactions with microbial communities fundamentally shape metazoans' physiology, development, and health across marine ecosystems. This is especially true in zooxanthellate (symbiotic algae-containing) cnidarians. In photosymbiotic anthozoans (e.g., shallow water anemones and corals), the key members of the associated microbiota are increasingly well studied, however there is limited data on photosymbiotic scyphozoans (true jellyfish). Using 16S rRNA barcoding, we sampled the internal and external mucus of the zooxanthellate Upside-Down Jellyfish, Cassiopea xamachana during August throughout eight sites covering the full length of the Florida Keys. We find that across sites, these medusae have low-diversity internal microbiomes distinct from the communities of their external surfaces and their environment. These internal communities are dominated by only three taxa: Endozoicomonas cf. atrinae, an uncultured novel Mycoplasma, and Vibrio cf. coralliilyticus. In addition, we find that Cassiopea bell mucosal samples were high diversity and conform largely to the communities of surrounding sediment with the addition of Endozoicomonas cf. atrinae. The microbial taxa we identify associated with wild Florida Keys Cassiopea bear a strong resemblance to those found within photosymbiotic anthozoans, increasing the known links in ecological position between these groups.}, }
@article {pmid40794385, year = {2025}, author = {Rousk, K}, title = {Moss-cyanobacteria associations: A model for studying symbiotic interactions and evolutionary strategies.}, journal = {American journal of botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e70086}, doi = {10.1002/ajb2.70086}, pmid = {40794385}, issn = {1537-2197}, }
@article {pmid40794121, year = {2025}, author = {Abdalla, MA and Waqas, K and Neugart, S and Mühling, KH}, title = {Flavonol glycosides accumulation in faba bean grown under combined selenium and sulfur application.}, journal = {Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society}, volume = {21}, number = {5}, pages = {113}, pmid = {40794121}, issn = {1573-3890}, mesh = {*Vicia faba/metabolism/growth &amp; development ; *Flavonols/metabolism/analysis ; *Selenium/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Sulfur/metabolism ; *Glycosides/metabolism/analysis ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolomics/methods ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves are edible; hence, they are primarily used as animal feed in agriculture. Additionally, seed pods and other plant tissues are considered edible and are used as green vegetables in many parts of the world.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: Flavonol glycosides are well-known in faba bean leaves; accordingly, in this study, we followed a targeted metabolomic approach to explore glycosylated flavonols and their concentrations in response to contrasting levels of selenium (Se) and sulfur (S) enrichment under faba bean-Rhizobium symbiosis.<br><br>METHODS: Faba bean plants were cultivated under growth chamber conditions and enriched with different levels of selenium and sulfur under Rhizobium inoculation. Their leaves were extracted using 70% methanol to quantify glycosylated flavonoids. Sample leaves were analyzed through a targeted method using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS).<br><br>RESULTS: The analysis led to semi-quantifying 11 flavonol glycosides. Analysis of the metabolites of the different faba bean leaf extracts confirmed that selenium has a considerable impact on the accumulation of flavonol glycosides, especially under sulfur availability, possibly because it induces chalcone synthase and other enzymes for flavonols' biosynthesis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the impact of selenium and sulfur enrichment on the accumulation of faba bean flavonols under atmospheric nitrogen (N2) fixation conditions. This study highlights the medicinal and nutritional benefits of legumes as an essential source of protein in plant-based foods.}, }
@article {pmid40792658, year = {2025}, author = {Rocha, AP and Palmeiras, MA and deOliveira, MA and Florentino, LH and Cataldi, TR and de C Bittencourt, DM and Labate, CA and Rosinha, GMS and Rech, EL}, title = {Cell-Free Production of Soybean Leghemoglobins and Nonsymbiotic Hemoglobin.}, journal = {ACS synthetic biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acssynbio.5c00197}, pmid = {40792658}, issn = {2161-5063}, abstract = {Hemoglobins are heme proteins and are present in certain microorganisms, higher plants, and mammals. Two types of hemoglobin are found in legume nodules: leghemoglobin (LegH) or symbiotic and nonsymbiotic (nsHb). LegHs occur in high amounts in legume roots, and together with bacteroides, are responsible for the nitrogen fixation process. nsHb Class 1 proteins have very high affinity for O2 and are found in monocotyledons and legumes. LegH has attracted great interest in the vegetable meat industry owing to its organoleptic and nutritional properties. In this study, soybean LegHs A, C1, C2 and C3 and nsHb were produced via Escherichia coli-based cell-free systems (CFS) and their amino acid sequences were correctly synthesized. In addition, certain post-translational modifications were made, which were confirmed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. All LegHs produced in this system exhibited peroxidase activity and heme binding, which were correlated with their concentrations in the assays. Furthermore, all proteins were readily digested by pepsin within 1 min under analog digestion conditions. Thus, LegHs and nsHb proteins were produced in this study using cell-free systems, maintaining their functionality and digestibility. These findings suggest that they could serve as viable alternative food additives for plant-based meat.}, }
@article {pmid40791400, year = {2025}, author = {Gajigan, AP and Schvarcz, CR and Laughlin, AB and Weatherby, TM and Culley, AI and Edwards, KF and Steward, GF}, title = {A dinoflagellate-infecting giant virus with a micron-length tail.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.07.19.665647}, pmid = {40791400}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Viral infection is a ubiquitous source of marine plankton mortality, but relatively few viruses that infect phytoplankton have been characterized. Here we describe a virus, PelV-1, with unusual morphological and genomic features that infects a dinoflagellate, Pelagodinium sp. Both host and virus were isolated from the epipelagic zone in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. PelV-1 has a ∼200 nm capsid size, and the virion variably exhibits two appendages, the presence and length of which may reflect different stages of virion maturity or artifacts of sample preparation. The appendages are a thinner 30 nm-wide tail-like structure that can extend to 2.3 µm - the longest virus appendage described to date- and a shorter, thicker (>40-70 nm) protrusion, which appears to emerge from a star-shaped capsid opening directly opposite the attachment point of the long, thin tail. Sequencing and assembly of material in a purified lysate generated a high-coverage (> 4,000×) genome of 459 kb (33.8% GC). A second, distinct genome of 504 kb (25.8% GC) was also assembled, but had low read coverage (< 24×), suggesting the presence of a low-abundance, co-cultured virus (co-PelV). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that both PelV-1 and co-PelV are members of Mesomimiviridae . They contain various genes for the metabolism of amino acids (e.g., asparagine synthase), carbohydrates (e.g., epimerase, glycosyl hydrolase, aconitate hydratase, succinate dehydrogenase of the TCA cycle), and lipids (e.g., phospholipases), as well as other noteworthy genes (e.g., light-harvesting complex, rhodopsin, ion channel, sugar transporters, aquaporin). PelV-1 also has ORFs most similar to tail fiber genes of Synechococcus phage and other tail domain-containing protein homologs. The ecological advantages that might be conferred by the extraordinarily long tail and metabolic genes of PelV-1 is unknown, but this isolate expands the scope of morphological and metabolic diversity of viruses and suggests many more unusual marine viruses await discovery.<br><br>AUTHOR SUMMARY: Giant viruses challenged our traditional views of virology due to their large size and the presence of hundreds of auxiliary metabolic genes. But despite the immense giant virus diversity discovered through sequencing, few isolates were described, and those were primarily viruses that infect amoeba host and rarely from phytoplankton. This hampers our understanding of marine host-virus interaction and thus the impact of viruses on the ocean ecosystem. Here we provide genomic and morphological characterization of a novel dinoflagellate giant virus (PelV-1) and a second co-occurring, albeit low abundance, virus (co-PelV). Dinoflagellates are vital in marine symbiosis and algal blooms but only two giant virus isolates have been described with no available genomic resources to date. Thus, this is a significant contribution to the literature on dinoflagellate viruses. Among the notable features of PelV-1 are its unique micron-length tail appendage, phagocytosis-like entry mechanism and its varied auxiliary metabolic genes including photosynthesis and energy generating genes.}, }
@article {pmid40790863, year = {2025}, author = {Alders, RG}, title = {The broader symbiotic relationships between animals and humans in low-, middle- and high-income countries.}, journal = {The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-4}, doi = {10.1017/S0029665125101201}, pmid = {40790863}, issn = {1475-2719}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human-animal relationships have evolved over millennia, shaping societies, economies, and ecosystems. Domestic animals play critical roles in food and nutrition security, livelihoods, and cultural practices, with livestock systems varying by region and purpose. Since the 1950s, rising demand for animal products, urbanization, and technological advances have transformed some livestock production systems. Globally, animals support household well-being by contributing to social, spiritual, and physical health, particularly in resource-limited settings. Livestock offer vital services, such as manure production, draft power, and employment, while also supporting agroecosystems through regenerative practices that promote biodiversity and soil health.<br><br>BENEFITS AND ACCESSIBILITY: Animal-source foods (ASF)-including meat, milk, eggs, and offal-are rich in essential nutrients such as vitamin B12, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, and high-quality protein. They are especially important for vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly. ASF also provide year-round nutritional support in rainfed systems and offer economic security through barter or sale during crises. However, policies must consider local contexts to promote sustainable consumption and production, ensuring equitable access to ASF.<br><br>UTILISATION: Nose-to-tail eating is a traditional, sustainable approach that maximizes resource use, reduces waste, and enhances nutrition by utilizing all edible parts of animals. Organ meats and bone products are nutrient-dense and cost-effective, benefiting low-income communities and honouring ethical consumption values.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This review explores the diverse roles animals play in human societies, with a focus on the contribution of ASF to sustainable human nutrition through the integrated perspectives of One Health and One Welfare. It also provides policy recommendations to foster ethical and responsible human-animal relationships.}, }
@article {pmid40788120, year = {2025}, author = {Takagi, T and Aoyama, K}, title = {Complete genome sequence of Maribacter sp. strain C-4077, isolated from the cell surface of a symbiotic dinoflagellate of the bivalve Fragum sp.}, journal = {Microbiology resource announcements}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0035825}, doi = {10.1128/mra.00358-25}, pmid = {40788120}, issn = {2576-098X}, abstract = {A Maribacter sp. strain C-4077 was isolated from an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate of a bivalve and the genome was sequenced using a PacBio Sequel IIe system. The genome consists of a circular 4,085,762 bp chromosome and is predicted to harbor 6 rRNA genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 3,473 coding sequences.}, }
@article {pmid40785991, year = {2025}, author = {Takeuchi, H and Matsuishi, TF and Hayakawa, T}, title = {Metagenomic Insights Into the Role of Gut Microbes in the Defensive Ink "Tsunabi" of Physeteroid Whales.}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {15}, number = {8}, pages = {e71910}, pmid = {40785991}, issn = {2045-7758}, abstract = {Whales of the superfamily Physeteroidea, which includes the genera Physeter and Kogia, exhibit a unique visual defense mechanism involving the release of dark reddish-brown feces (locally called "tsunabi-ink" in Japan) into the water to obscure themselves from predators and other threats. However, the mechanism underlying pigmentation remains unknown. Because physeteroids possess an enlarged distal colon that retains fecal material, a possible explanation is that symbiont microbial metabolism contributes to the feces pigmentation. To investigate this, we provided a shotgun metagenomic catalog of gut microbiomes from the intestinal tracts of eight cetacean species, including two physeteroids: a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). The colonic microbiome of physeteroids exhibited relatively high abundances of tryptophan metabolism genes, particularly indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductases (iorA and iorB), suggesting that physeteroids accumulate indole-3-pyruvate-derived pigments in their colons. Furthermore, bacterial members of the phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota were identified in the physeteroid colon as primary taxa conferring heavy-metal resistance, which may be related to the primary predation of physeteroids on cephalopods, which bioaccumulate high levels of heavy metals. Prolonged fecal retention can expose gut microbes to chronic heavy-metal stress and colonize them as heavy metal-tolerant microbial communities, some of which may produce pigments to reduce their toxicity. Thus, we propose that tsunabi-ink is a metabolic byproduct of shifts in the gut microbial community, influenced by the host's digestive physiology and foraging behavior through sustained ecological interactions with gut symbionts. Moreover, we believe that further empirical investigation would validate this hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid40785172, year = {2025}, author = {Mocci, G and Orrù, G and Elisei, W and Usai Satta, P and Onidi, FM and Tursi, A}, title = {Efficacy of a Preparation based on Symbiotic Association Between Inulin, FOS, L. rhamnosus GG, Bromelin, Boswellia, Vitamin D3, Quercetin and L-tryptophan in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Retrospective Multicenter Study.}, journal = {Reviews on recent clinical trials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.2174/0115748871318114250725082904}, pmid = {40785172}, issn = {1876-1038}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several compounds based on short-chain fatty acids and/or probiotics/prebiotics have shown promising results in the therapy of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of a preparation based on symbiotic association between inulin, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, bromelin, Boswellia, vitamin D3, quercetin and L-tryptophanon in patients with active mild-to-moderate UC.<br><br>MATERIALS: andMethods: This was a multicentre, retrospective, observational cohort study between January 2023 and June 2023. Disease activity was assessed using the partial Mayo score. Patients were assessed at baseline, at 8-week, and 16-week follow-up (FU). The primary endopoint was clinical response, defined as a partial Mayo score reduction of at least 2 points, whereas C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin (FC) reduction at weeks 8 and 16 were secondary endpoints.<br><br>RESULTS: Data were collected at baseline from 17 UC patients (M 8, F 9). Median age at diagnosis was 48 years (IQR 20-80), and median disease duration was 10 years (IQR: 2-23). The clinical response at 8 and 16 weeks was observed in 9/17 (52%) and 11/17 (64%) patients, respectively (p =0.697). No difference was observed regarding CRP values, neither at week 8 nor at week 16. Concerning FC levels, we observed a significant decrease from baseline to week 8, from baseline values of 252 (76-359) &#x3bc;g/g to values of 98 (20-448) &#x3bc;g/g at week 8 (p <0.02); no difference was observed from baseline to week 16. Finally, no adverse events were observed during the study period.<br><br>CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, the supplementation with the symbiotic association between inulin, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, bromelin, Boswellia, vitamin D3, quercetin and L-tryptophanon offers real-world potential in controlling disease activity in patients with mild-to-moderate UC. Further multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials are needed to validate our results on larger cohorts of patients with UC.}, }
@article {pmid40784505, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, L and Shu, M and Fang, L and Xu, Y}, title = {Revealing roles of immobilization in microalgae-bacteria symbiosis system for nutrient removal from wastewater.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {437}, number = {}, pages = {133136}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133136}, pmid = {40784505}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {Limited information is available on immobilization roles in the microalgae-bacteria system for pollutant removal. In this work, nutrient removal performances and pathways were investigated in suspended microalgae-bacteria, immobilized microalgae-bacteria and co-immobilized microalgae-bacteria systems. Alginate immobilization enabled efficient biomass recovery with remarkable settling velocity at 1.88 cm s[-1]. Co-immobilization achieved the highest total nitrogen (TN) removal (50 %) despite the lowest ammonium removal (84 %). Bacterial nitrification dominated ammonium removal, despite contribution variations from 58 % in suspended group to 70 % in immobilized microalgae-bacteria due to decreasing microalgal assimilation, and to 51 % in co-immobilized group ascribed to encapsulation-induced mass transfer limitation. Co-immobilization enhanced bacterial denitrification (17 %) for TN removal. All systems achieved complete phosphorus removal via microalgal assimilation (>90 %), despite slight chemical oxygen demand increase in co-immobilized group originating from polymer hydrolysis. Considering lower separation cost ($0.47 m[-3]) and comparable stability, immobilization would provide alternatives realizing efficient wastewater treatment and resource recovery simultaneously.}, }
@article {pmid40784295, year = {2025}, author = {Cho, H and Kim, SJ and Choi, YJ and Ji, S and Lee, JW and Hur, JS and Kang, KS and Shim, SH}, title = {Novel oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-one derivatives with NO inhibitory and cytotoxic activities, and xanthone derivatives from the endolichenic fungus Exophiala sp.}, journal = {Bioorganic chemistry}, volume = {164}, number = {}, pages = {108843}, doi = {10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108843}, pmid = {40784295}, issn = {1090-2120}, abstract = {Eight new compounds (1-8) featuring an unusual oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-one moiety, along with three new xanthone-type compounds (11-13), were isolated from the culture extracts of the endolichenic fungus Exophiala sp., which lives in symbiosis with the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum. Molecular networking analysis of the culture extract revealed clusters containing nodes with unknown molecular weights with a distinct UV pattern, prompting targeted isolation through chromatographic techniques. Compounds 1-6 feature a unique 2- oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-one core linked to a linear methyl-hexatriene and a trimethyl-cyclopentanone moiety. Their structures were completely established by spectroscopic methods combined with computer calculations. In contrast, compounds 7 and 8, which lack the cyclized trimethyl-cyclopentanone moiety seen in 1-6, were found to be unstable and degraded after NMR analysis, preventing the determination of their final stereochemistry. Although similar structural frameworks have been reported in two previous studies, compounds 1-8 differ in the stereochemistry at C-6 and C-13. Additionally, the newly identified xanthone-type new compounds (11-13) exhibit diverse prenyl group modifications. Biological evaluation of the isolated compounds revealed that compound 1 exhibited the strongest NO inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 21 μg/mL.}, }
@article {pmid40784175, year = {2025}, author = {Duan, S and Qiao, Z and Chen, Y and Shen, Y and Du, Z and Dong, J and Yu, L and Li, Y and Yang, R and Fang, C}, title = {Ultrasound-assisted extraction and flavor quality assessment of in vitro biomimetically fermented Kopi Luwak.}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, volume = {120}, number = {}, pages = {107499}, pmid = {40784175}, issn = {1873-2828}, abstract = {Kopi Luwak, renowned for its distinctive flavor profile, has long been esteemed in specialty coffee circles; however, the conventional animal digestive process is fraught with significant ethical and sustainability controversies. Building upon these findings, the present study established a tightly controlled in vitro biomimetic fermentation system, complemented by ultrasound-assisted extraction and multi-omics analyses, to faithfully reconstruct and elevate the hallmark flavour of civet coffee. Leveraging metagenomic data from the civet gut, thirty core functional strains were selected from 1870 isolates to create a synthetic symbiotic consortium. Fermentation parameters were optimised in three stages-single-factor experiments, Box-Behnken response-surface design, and a genetic-algorithm-artificial-neural-network (GA-ANN) model. Fermentation products were recovered by ultrasound-assisted extraction (40 kHz, 400 W, 10 min); volatile and non-volatile metabolites were quantified in both targeted and untargeted modes via GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS, and their temporal dynamics were deciphered through time-series clustering and metabolic-network analysis. The optimal conditions-16.5 % inoculum, initial pH 6.25, 33 ℃, 135 h-yielded an average SCA cupping score of 82.92, with a maximum of 85.25, significantly higher than those of natural fermentation and conventional civet coffee (P < 0.05). Total acidity increased to 0.78 g L[-1], total polyphenol content reached 225.3 mg L[-1], and key bioactive compounds remained stable. GC-MS quantification showed 1.9-2.3-fold increases in 2,3-dimethoxyphenol, phenylethanol, and 5-methylfurfural, alongside 63 % and 41 % reductions in 2-methylpyrazine and caffeine, respectively. Multi-omics evidence indicated that lipid β-oxidation, the amino-acid Ehrlich pathway, and esterification jointly enriched fruity, nutty, and floral notes; the elevated copy numbers of ndmA/B and pyoA/B genes underpinned the attenuation of bitter compounds. Relative to conventional solvent and Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction improved volatile recovery by approximately 28 %, reduced energy consumption by ≥66 %, and halved solvent usage. Overall, this work achieves a high-fidelity in vitro replication of the civet gut microbiome and its metabolic functions, enables precision flavour modulation through intelligent optimisation and green extraction, and demonstrates industrial feasibility-the processing cost per kilogram of raw beans is 76.7 % lower than that of the traditional animal-derived method.}, }
@article {pmid40783937, year = {2025}, author = {Levin, GJ and Kearsley, JVS and Finan, TM and Geddes, BA}, title = {Stachydrine Catabolism Contributes to an Optimal Root Nodule Symbiosis Between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago sativa.}, journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1094/MPMI-02-25-0021-SC}, pmid = {40783937}, issn = {0894-0282}, abstract = {Sinorhizobium meliloti forms a robust N2-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with Medicago sativa. We are interested in identifying the minimal symbiotic genome of the model strain S. meliloti Rm1021. This gene set refers to the minimal genetic determinants required to form a robust N2-fixing symbiosis. Many symbiotic genes are located on the 1,354 kb pSymA megaplasmid of S. meliloti Rm1021. We recently constructed a minimalized pSymA, minSymA2.1, that lacked over 90% of the pSymA genes. Relative to the wild-type, minSymA2.1 showed a reduction in M. sativa shoot biomass production and nodule size with an increase in total nodule number. Here we show that the addition of either the stachydrine (stc) or trigonelline (trc) catabolism genes from pSymA to minSymA2.1 restores nodule size and total nodule number to levels indistinguishable from the wild-type but does not restore reduced shoot biomass production. In the context of the complete Rm1021 genome, removing the stc genes reduced nodule size and increased total nodule number while removal of the trc genes alone had no apparent effect. Together, these observations implicate stachydrine catabolism as an important determinant of root nodule symbiosis between S. meliloti and M. sativa while trigonelline catabolism seems to contribute in a more conditional manner, in the context of the minimized genome. These findings highlight the minimal symbiotic genome as a tool for investigating the impact individual genetic determinants have in conferring an optimal symbiosis. Factors whose impact, in the context of a complete genome, may be hidden or dampened due to redundancies.}, }
@article {pmid40783821, year = {2025}, author = {Butler, MJ and McMurray, SE and Pawlik, JR}, title = {Competition for waterborne food resources among tropical shallow-water sponges.}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {106}, number = {8}, pages = {e70178}, pmid = {40783821}, issn = {1939-9170}, support = {00D26814//US Environmental Protection Agency/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Porifera/physiology ; Florida ; *Ecosystem ; Seawater/chemistry ; }, abstract = {A recurrent theme in marine ecology is that the community dynamics of sessile, suspension-feeding animals is primarily limited by the availability of space, but in some habitats, filtration by these organisms may locally deplete water column resources, setting the stage for exploitative competition for food. We examined filtration by sponge assemblages in the shallow waters (~2 m depth) of Florida Bay (Florida, USA), where water residence times are often high and filtration by dense communities of sponges was hypothesized to deplete the water column of food, primarily picoplankton and dissolved organic matter (DOM). We transplanted three sponge species into replicate locations that differed by an order of magnitude in natural sponge community biomass. Sponge transplants were clones, enabling us to control for sponge genotype effects across all sites. The growth of sponge clones was recorded seasonally for 18-30 months. Growth of transplants placed in areas devoid of sponges was 10 times greater than growth in areas with dense sponge communities and three times greater than growth in areas with average sponge biomass. Sponge mortality was similar regardless of background sponge density. Measurements of picoplankton, DOM, and PO4 concentration confirmed an inverse relationship with sponge community biomass, whereas nitrogen concentrations in seawater were highest where sponge species replete with nitrogen-fixing symbiotic microbial communities were most abundant. This is striking evidence that filtration of waterborne resources by sponges in shallow, coastal environments can deplete those resources sufficiently to cause exploitative competition that limits sponge growth.}, }
@article {pmid40782379, year = {2025}, author = {Li, J and Kong, Q and Zhu, J and Li, L and Wang, S and Whelan, J and Shou, H}, title = {Identification and functional verification of key iron homeostasis genes in soybean roots and nodules through integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis.}, journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology}, volume = {123}, number = {3}, pages = {e70406}, doi = {10.1111/tpj.70406}, pmid = {40782379}, issn = {1365-313X}, support = {2023ZD04072//National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; 2021YFF1001204//National Science and Technology Major Project/ ; 32572127//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; B14027//111 project of Ministry of Education/ ; 2021C02057//Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province/ ; }, mesh = {*Glycine max/genetics/metabolism ; *Iron/metabolism ; Homeostasis/genetics ; *Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism/genetics ; Plant Roots/metabolism/genetics ; *Proteome/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Gene Expression Profiling ; }, abstract = {Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. However, the mechanisms underlying Fe homeostasis in nodules remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted integrated transcriptome and proteome analyses of soybean roots and nodules under Fe deficiency to identify distinct Fe regulatory networks. Notably, nodules retained 42% of Fe levels under Fe-deficient conditions, despite severe depletion in roots (85% loss) and leaves (71% loss), suggesting a prioritized Fe allocation mechanism. Transcriptome and proteome sequencing of roots and nodules under Fe-sufficient and -deficient conditions revealed significant differences, confirming distinct expression profiles in nodules compared with roots. Among the differentially expressed genes, those encoding vacuolar Fe transporter-like protein 1a (GmVTL1a), yellow-strip like 7 (GmYSL7), and natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 3a (GmNRAMP3a) were highly expressed in nodules, emerging as key candidates. Transgenic soybeans expressing promoter:GUS fusion constructs for GmVTL1a, GmYSL7, and GmNRAMP3a confirmed their expression in nodules. Functional studies demonstrated that GmVTL1a mediates Fe transport across the symbiosome membrane, while GmYSL7 is critical for nodule development. Knockout of either gene impaired nitrogen fixation and ureide synthesis. Co-expression analysis of GmVTL1a and GmVTL1b identified 19 putative transcription factors potentially regulating GmVTL1a. An immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry assay on nodule protein extracts from the pGmVTL1a-3Flag-gGmVTL1a plants yielded 55 candidate interactors, including 26 nodule-expressed proteins and 17 that overlapped with known symbiosome membrane proteins. Taken together, our study reveals nodule-specific adaptations in Fe homeostasis, highlighting GmVTL1a and GmYSL7 as central players.}, }
@article {pmid40781723, year = {2025}, author = {Escobar-Prieto, JD and Van Goethem, MW and Vernooij, B and Antony, CP and Cheng, L and Mishra, H and Marasco, R and Daffonchio, D}, title = {Microbial diversity and functional potential of the Halobates melleus (Heteroptera: Gerridae) microbiome from the Red Sea coastline.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {103}, pmid = {40781723}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {CRG-7-3739//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology/ ; CRG-7-3739//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology/ ; CRG-7-3739//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Halobates, commonly known as sea skaters, are predatory Hemipterans uniquely adapted to tropical marine environments. Their ability to thrive in oligotrophic and environmentally extreme habitats, such as the open ocean surface and marine coastal areas, suggests the evolution of specialised adaptations, possibly including symbiotic associations with microorganisms that can support nutrition, niche adaptation, and stress resilience. To explore this hypothesis, we analysed the bacterial communities associated with Halobates melleus, a species inhabiting the Red Sea coastal mangroves in Saudi Arabia.<br><br>RESULTS: Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic analyses of composite body and gut samples from adult H. melleus revealed a population-level bacterial community dominated by Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, consistent with patterns observed in several terrestrial predatory insects. Members of Providencia and Swaminathania were also detected, along with other minor taxa that may represent transient environmental commensals. The identified bacteria encoded genes for the biosynthesis of essential vitamins and prosthetic groups, such as riboflavin and heme-compounds typically not synthesised de novo by insects-as well as amino acids, likely contributing to the host's nutritional requirements. Notably, the Wolbachia metagenome-assembled genome from H. melleus clustered within the supergroup B, showing high genetic similarity to strains from phylogenetically distant Dipteran and Lepidopteran hosts that nonetheless inhabit common ecological niches, i.e., mangrove and tropical environments. This extends the known ecological breadth of Wolbachia symbioses to marine insects, underscoring their evolutionary and environmental versatility.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the potential nutritional and metabolic roles of the Halobates-associated bacterial microbiome, particularly members of the Wolbachia genus. This emphasises the importance of microbial symbionts in the ecological success and adaptation of marine insects, offering a perspective complementary to previously studied terrestrial insect microbiomes.}, }
@article {pmid40781199, year = {2025}, author = {Murugesan, P and Sharma, P and Bhowmik, SN and Chowdhury, S and Kaushik, R}, title = {Diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phosphorus-deficient acidic soils of Northeast India: implications for sustainable agriculture.}, journal = {World journal of microbiology &amp; biotechnology}, volume = {41}, number = {8}, pages = {303}, pmid = {40781199}, issn = {1573-0972}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; India ; *Phosphorus/deficiency/analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Soil/chemistry ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Agriculture ; Biodiversity ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Soil acidity significantly impacts plant growth and yield, affecting approximately 90% of India's land, with 54% of acidic soils concentrated in the North-Eastern Region of India. Aluminium (Al) toxicity and phosphorus (P) deficiency coexist under acidic conditions, limiting agricultural productivity. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) form symbiotic associations with plants, enhancing phosphorus uptake and mitigating Al toxicity. This study explores total and root-colonizing AMF diversity in acidic soils from undisturbed and cultivated sites in Mizoram (upland) and Tripura (lowland) using next-generation sequencing of amplicons from nested PCR with AMF-specific primers. Distinct variations in AMF communities were observed between undisturbed and cultivated sites in both regions. We identified 26 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in soil and six in roots, with Glomeraceae dominating. Cultivated sites in Mizoram showed the highest alpha diversity (Shannon: 2.17, Simpson: 0.84), with unique ASVs (e.g., Funneliformis, Diversispsora). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity showed greater AMF community similarity between undisturbed sites in Mizoram and Tripura. Soil parameters such as pH, EC, Al, and Cu significantly influenced AMF community composition. These findings provide crucial ecological insights into AMF communities in acidic soils, guiding the future development of targeted, AMF-based biofertilizers for sustainable crop production.}, }
@article {pmid40781167, year = {2025}, author = {Carvalho, ASP and Wingert, ST and Kirsch, R and Vogel, H and Kölsch, G and Kaltenpoth, M}, title = {Symbionts with eroded genomes adjust gene expression according to host life-stage and environment.}, journal = {EMBO reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40781167}, issn = {1469-3178}, support = {GRK2526/1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)/ ; ERC CoG 819585 SYMBeetle//EC | ERC | HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (ERC)/ ; }, abstract = {Symbiotic bacteria in long-term host associations frequently undergo extreme genome reduction. While they retain genes beneficial to the host, their repertoire of transcription factors is severely reduced. Here, we assessed whether genome-eroded symbionts can still regulate gene expression by characterizing the transcriptional responses of obligate symbionts in reed beetles to different temperatures and host life stages. These symbionts feature a small genome (~0.5 Mb), encoding for 9-10 essential amino acid biosynthesis pathways, 0-2 pectinases, and 4-5 transcription factors. We found that the symbionts respond to winter conditions by upregulating a heat-shock sigma factor and downregulating translation machinery. Across life stages, symbionts adjusted gene expression to meet the hosts' nutritional demands, upregulating amino acid biosynthesis in larvae, while expression and activity of host and symbiont enzymes involved in plant cell wall breakdown increased in the folivorous adults. In addition, the regulation of symbiont cell morphology genes corresponded to cell shape differences across life stages. Thus, reed beetle symbionts may use their few transcription factors to respond to the host's environment, highlighting the regulatory potential of long-term coevolved symbionts despite severely reduced genomes.}, }
@article {pmid40780365, year = {2025}, author = {Yang, R and Liu, Z and Liu, Y and Yang, Z and Wang, Z and Zhang, Y and Lei, J and Han, T and Wang, J and Li, Z}, title = {Coupling mechanisms of community assembly and pollutant removal in algal-bacterial granular sludge systems.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {437}, number = {}, pages = {133122}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133122}, pmid = {40780365}, issn = {1873-2976}, abstract = {This study comparatively assessed algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) decontamination performance and microbial community mechanisms under two cultivation modes: flocculated sludge transformed into ABGS (AS_ABGS) and aerobic granular sludge transformed into ABGS (AGS_ABGS). The results indicated that, AS_ABGS achieved superior pollutant removal (COD: 92.2 %, TN: 82.1 %, TP: 61.5 %) versus AGS_ABGS (COD: 96.3 %, TN: 75.1 %, TP: 53.3 %). Microbial community analysis revealed deterministic assembly dominated AS_ABGS, narrowing niches, and enhancing functional specialization of N/P-removing taxa. AS_ABGS exhibited higher modularity, robustness, and stronger positive algal-bacterial interactions (52.32 %). Conversely, stochastic assembly in AGS_ABGS yielded weaker interactions (50.45 %). Metagenomics confirmed AS_ABGS enriched N/P metabolic genes (amo, acc) may be driven by Thauera, Micavibrio, and Aquisediminimonas, while AGS_ABGS favored Amaricoccus and Rhodovulum but showed lower N/P gene abundance. This study highlights the effect of algal-bacterial ecological interactions mediated by functional genes on the decontamination efficiency of ABGS and provides valuable insights for advancing this method.}, }
@article {pmid40779939, year = {2025}, author = {Cao, X and Yan, Z and Tang, K and Xing, Q and Lin, J and Su, H and Wu, Z and Wu, G and Yang, C and Tang, J and Zhou, Z}, title = {Threats of BaA-SM2 as key bioaccumulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and antibiotic components to coral energy dynamics and symbiosis stability.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {287}, number = {Pt A}, pages = {124297}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124297}, pmid = {40779939}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {Scleractinian corals, integral to marine biodiversity, are increasingly threatened by environmental contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and antibiotics. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their bioaccumulation and effects on scleractinian corals within natural reef ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation of PAHs and antibiotics in both coral hosts and algal symbionts of Galaxea fascicularis, and examined the impacts of these pollutants on coral-algal symbiosis and energy metabolism in situ. Our results show that algal symbionts exhibited a higher capacity for PAH accumulation than coral hosts, with benzo [a]anthracene (BaA) and dibenzo [a,h]anthracene (DahA) being preferentially retained by coral hosts and algal symbionts, respectively. However, coral hosts demonstrated a greater propensity for antibiotic accumulation, especially sulfamethazine (SM2), from the surrounding seawater. BaA might play a crucial role in regulating bioaccumulation in both coral hosts and algal symbionts, not only affecting the accumulation of other PAH components but also interacting with SM2. Furthermore, BaA and SM2 could influence coral-algal symbiosis and energy metabolism. The combined bioaccumulation of BaA and SM2 may amplify the overall detrimental effects of pollutants on coral health. Collectively, BaA and SM2 have the potential to serve as biomarkers for assessing the threats of PAHs and antibiotics contamination on coral-algal symbiosis and energy metabolism.}, }
@article {pmid40779019, year = {2025}, author = {Obayashi, K and Kodama, Y}, title = {Exploring the digestive processes of symbiotic Chlorella sp. in non-endosymbiotic Paramecium species, Paramecium multimicronucleatum.}, journal = {Protoplasma}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40779019}, issn = {1615-6102}, support = {Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (Grant Number 20K06768)//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (Grant Number 23H02529)//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, abstract = {Chlorella spp. live in mutual symbiosis with Paramecium bursaria. In the present study, we investigated the digestive processes of Chlorella variabilis isolated from P. bursaria ingested by P. multimicronucleatum, a species that does not have the ability to undergo endosymbiosis with algae. The digestion of algae within the digestive vacuole (DV) of P. multimicronucleatum began within 5 min, and complete digestion occurred within 12 h. The digested algae were retained in P. multimicronucleatum even after 72 h of incubation. Additionally, after 0.5 h, some single green alga appeared in the P. multimicronucleatum cytoplasm by budding from the DV membrane. Comparing the re-endosymbiosis process between P. bursaria and Chlorella sp., some algae exhibited temporary lysosomal enzyme resistance in P. multimicronucleatum DVs and appeared from the DVs by budding the DV membrane one cell at a time. However, the differentiation of the DV membrane surrounding a single green alga into a symbiosome membrane, called the perialgal vacuole membrane, localized beneath the P. bursaria cell cortex was not observed in P. multimicronucleatum. These findings provide insights into the digestive process of symbiotic algae in Paramecium species incapable of endosymbiosis and highlight the unique adaptations required for the establishment of endosymbiosis between P. bursaria and Chlorella spp.}, }
@article {pmid40778777, year = {2025}, author = {Phimphong, T and Hashimoto, S and Songwattana, P and Wongdee, J and Greetatorn, T and Teamtisong, K and Boonchuen, P and Masuda, S and Shibata, A and Shirasu, K and Sibounnavong, P and Tittabutr, P and Boonkerd, N and Sato, S and Gully, D and Giraud, E and Piromyou, P and Teaumroong, N}, title = {Diversity of bradyrhizobial T3SS systems and their roles in symbiosis with peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and Vigna species (V. radiata and V. mungo).}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0060025}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00600-25}, pmid = {40778777}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {Symbiosis between Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and intercropped legumes (Arachis hypogaea, Vigna radiata, and V. mungo) was regulated by the type III secretion system (T3SS), which delivers effector proteins (T3Es) into host plant cells to modulate nodulation. To explore this mechanism, we sequenced and analyzed seven Bradyrhizobium genomes, identifying putative T3Es across five T3SS groups (G.1-G.5), which were classified based on the sequence of rhcN, a conserved ATPase gene essential for T3SS function. Phylogenetic analysis of rhcN more closely reflected the evolutionary relationships of nodulation genes than those based on 16S rRNA or whole-genome comparisons, underscoring its symbiotic relevance. Functional assays using rhcN mutants revealed group-specific effects on nodulation; G.1 strains showed neutral effects on A. hypogaea, negative effects on V. radiata, and positive effects on V. mungo. G.2 strains consistently promoted nodulation across all hosts and lacked effectors related to SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) pathways, which have been implicated in host defense regulation. G.3 strains reduced nodulation in A. hypogaea but enhanced it in Vigna species. G.4 strains suppressed nodulation in A. hypogaea, and G.5 strains inhibited nodulation across all tested legumes. These findings highlight the diversity in T3SS organization, effector composition, and symbiotic responses among native Bradyrhizobium strains. The identification of known and uncharacterized effectors suggests roles in host compatibility and specificity. These strains, along with their effector profiles, provide a foundation for future functional studies to better understand T3SS-mediated interactions and support the development of targeted inoculants for legume hosts.IMPORTANCEThis study advances our understanding of legume-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis by examining the genetic organization and evolutionary patterns of T3SS genes. Our findings revealed that T3SS gene evolution does not always align with phylogenies based on 16S rRNA or whole-genome sequences, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer and functional adaptation may shape diversification. The observed variation in T3SS architecture and effector profiles among the five distinct Bradyrhizobium groups was correlated with host-specific nodulation outcomes in A. hypogaea, V. radiata, and V. mungo. We also identified novel candidate genes influencing symbiotic signaling and compatibility. These insights into the diversity and function of T3SS components contribute to a broader understanding of host-microbe communication and may support the development of more targeted and efficient rhizobial inoculants for sustainable legume cultivation and improved biological nitrogen fixation.}, }
@article {pmid40778206, year = {2025}, author = {Umer, M and Anwar, N and Mubeen, M and Li, Y and Ali, A and Alshaharni, MO and Liu, P}, title = {Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant growth and disease management for sustainable agriculture.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1616273}, pmid = {40778206}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the basis symbionts in terrestrial ecosystems, profoundly influencing plant development, nutrient acquisition, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. This review synthesizes current systematic understandings of AMF-mediated augmentation of plant growth and disease resistance, with a particular emphasis on their role in sustainable crop production. AMF improves host plant performance through enhanced phosphorus, nitrogen, and water uptake via extensive extraradical hyphal networks. Moreover, AMF colonization modulates phytohormonal signaling pathways, including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and nitric oxide, priming SR and upregulating defense-related gene expression. Increased biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, reinforcement of cell walls, and activation of antioxidant enzyme systems often accompany these responses. AMF also engage in synergistic interactions with rhizosphere microbiota such as Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus, enhancing their collective biocontrol efficacy against a broad spectrum of soil-borne pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. Through modulation of root exudates, glomalin-mediated soil aggregation, and microbiome restructuring, AMF contributes to the establishment of disease-suppressive soils. Genomic and transcriptomic studies have elucidated key components of the common symbiosis-signaling pathway, supporting AMF-host specificity and functional outcomes. AMF is a promising biotechnological tool for integrated pest, disease, and nutrient management. Advancing their application in field settings requires targeted research on strain-host-environment interactions, formulation technologies, and long-term ecosystem impacts, aligning AMF-based strategies with the goals of resilient and sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid40777803, year = {2025}, author = {Mensah, A and Bao, Q and Zhang, Z and Chen, Y and Jiang, Q and Cai, P}, title = {Symbiopersonal intelligence towards symbiotic and personalized digital medicine.}, journal = {Fundamental research}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {1423-1428}, pmid = {40777803}, issn = {2667-3258}, abstract = {In this perspective, we introduce the concept of Symbiopersonal Intelligence (SymAI)-a specialized form of artificial intelligence designed to facilitate and optimize symbiotic interactions between individuals and intelligent devices in digital medicine. SymAI represents a new frontier in personalized intelligent systems, adaptively learning from and catering to individual needs and behaviors. We explore its emergence and potential implementation in both personal and public healthcare, encompassing telemedicine, precision medicine, surgical assistance, chronic disease management, and policy optimization. Key technological frameworks and hardware enablers are outlined, with a particular emphasis on multimodal data retrieval, transmission, and processing, as well as personalized interventions delivered via wearable and implantable devices. By integrating artificial intelligence into sensor technologies and addressing barriers in flexible electronics, SymAI holds the potential to revolutionize digital health, offering more responsive, tailored care and improved health outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40777375, year = {2025}, author = {Dupuis, S and Lingappa, UF and Purvine, SO and Chiang, L and Gallaher, SD and Nicora, CD and Lipton, MS and Merchant, SS}, title = {Mono-mix strategy enables comparative proteomics of a cross-kingdom microbial symbiosis.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40777375}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {Cross-kingdom microbial symbioses, such as those between algae and bacteria, are key players in biogeochemical cycles. The molecular changes during initiation and establishment of symbiosis are of great interest, but quantitatively monitoring such changes can be challenging, particularly when the microorganisms differ greatly in size or are intimately associated. Here, we analyze output from data-dependent acquisition (DDA) LC-MS/MS proteomics experiments investigating the well-studied interaction between the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the heterotrophic bacterium Mesorhizobium japonicum. We found that detection of bacterial proteins decreased in coculture by 50% proteome-wide due to the abundance of algal proteins. As a result, standard differential expression analysis led to numerous false-positive reports of significantly downregulated proteins, where it was not possible to distinguish meaningful biological responses to symbiosis from artifacts of the reduced protein detection in coculture relative to monoculture. We show that data normalization alone does not eliminate the impact of altered detection on differential expression analysis of the cross-kingdom symbiosis. We assessed two additional strategies to overcome this methodological artifact inherent to DDA proteomics. In the first, we combined algal and bacterial monocultures at a relative abundance that mimicked the coculture, creating a "mono-mix" control to which the coculture could be compared. This approach enabled comparable detection of bacterial proteins in the coculture and the monoculture control. In the second strategy, we enhanced detection of lowly abundant bacterial proteins by using sample fractionation upstream of LC-MS/MS analysis. When these simple approaches were combined, they allowed for meaningful comparisons of nearly 10,000 algal proteins and over 4,000 bacterial proteins in response to symbiosis by DDA. They successfully recovered expected changes in the bacterial proteome in response to algal coculture, including upregulation of sugar-binding proteins and transporters. They also revealed novel proteomic responses to coculture that guide hypotheses about algal-bacterial interactions.}, }
@article {pmid40777051, year = {2025}, author = {Kramer, N and Galindo-Martínez, CT and Jacques, SL and Tresguerres, M and Loya, Y and Wangpraseurt, D}, title = {Depth-dependent microskeletal features modify light harvesting in Turbinaria reniformis corals.}, journal = {iScience}, volume = {28}, number = {8}, pages = {113137}, pmid = {40777051}, issn = {2589-0042}, abstract = {Coral skeletal morphology modulates light exposure in symbiotic algae, especially in light-limited environments like mesophotic reefs. However, quantifying light capture within complex coral structures remains challenging. Here, we used optical coherence tomography and high-resolution X-ray scanning to explore depth-dependent bio-optical properties of shallow and mesophotic Turbinaria reniformis corals from the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba, Red Sea. We identified two distinct skeletal layers: a highly scattering superficial layer and a deeper, more light-penetrating layer. Mesophotic corals showed higher scattering coefficients and a lower anisotropy of scattering values, yielding increased reflectivity. Regardless of depth, coenosteum grooves facilitated forward scattering, while protruding features such as spines and septa increased surface reflectivity and isotropic scattering. Light simulations demonstrated an enhanced fluence rate at the skeleton-water interface, with mesophotic corals enhancing the available light up to 2.7-fold. These findings suggest that microskeletal heterogeneity fine-tunes light capture at the microenvironmental scale, thereby enhancing light-harvesting efficiency across depth.}, }
@article {pmid40774854, year = {2025}, author = {Ding, W and Dong, S and Lambers, H}, title = {Phosphorus acquisition and pathogen defense: synergies versus trade-offs.}, journal = {Trends in plant science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2025.07.010}, pmid = {40774854}, issn = {1878-4372}, abstract = {During their life cycle, plants encounter simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses. A low availability of inorganic phosphorus (P) commonly limits plant growth in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Pathogen attacks pose risks to plant productivity and biodiversity, causing yield loss and ecosystem degradation. Plants evolved various strategies to cope with P limitation, which, in turn, affect their resistance to pathogens. However, a comprehensive understanding of how efficient plant P-acquisition strategies influence their pathogen resistance under P-limited conditions remains elusive. We highlight how these P-acquisition strategies can enhance or decrease pathogen resistance through multiple mechanisms. We advocate using this information to design more sustainable agricultural systems and explain species turnover in natural ecosystems, especially in the context of global change.}, }
@article {pmid40774824, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, I and Kim, BS and Suk, KT and Lee, SS}, title = {Gut Microbiome-Based Strategies for the Control of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology}, volume = {35}, number = {}, pages = {e2406017}, pmid = {40774824}, issn = {1738-8872}, mesh = {*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; *Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; *Enterobacteriaceae Infections/prevention &amp; control/microbiology/therapy ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Antimicrobial Stewardship ; }, abstract = {Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent a critical antimicrobial resistance threat due to their resistance to last-resort antibiotics and high transmission potential. While conventional strategies-such as infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and novel antibiotic development-remain essential, growing attention has shifted toward the gut microbiome, which plays a central role in mediating colonization resistance against CRE. Disruption of the intestinal microbiota-primarily driven by antibiotic exposure and further exacerbated by non-antibiotic drugs such as proton pump inhibitors-reduces microbial diversity and impairs functional integrity, facilitating CRE acquisition, prolonged carriage, and horizontal transmission. In response, microbiome-based strategies-including microbiome disruption indices (MDIs), fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and rationally designed symbiotic microbial consortia-are being explored as novel approaches for CRE prevention and decolonization. Mechanistic studies have shown that colonization resistance is mediated by both direct mechanisms (e.g., nutrient competition, short-chain fatty acid production) and indirect mechanisms (e.g., immune modulation via IL-36 signaling). Advances in metagenomics, metabolomics, and culturomics have enabled high-resolution profiling of gut microbial communities and their functional roles. Emerging preclinical and clinical evidence supports the potential of microbiome-informed interventions to predict infection risk, enhance antimicrobial stewardship, and guide the development of next-generation probiotics targeting CRE. Longitudinal studies continue to evaluate the efficacy of FMT and synthetic microbial consortia in eradicating intestinal CRE colonization. Collectively, these insights underscore the promise of gut microbiome science as a complementary and innovative strategy for CRE control in the post-antibiotic era.}, }
@article {pmid40773571, year = {2025}, author = {Nahrendorf, M and Ginhoux, F and Swirski, FK}, title = {Immune system influence on physiology.}, journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {389}, number = {6760}, pages = {594-599}, doi = {10.1126/science.adx4380}, pmid = {40773571}, issn = {1095-9203}, mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Cell Communication ; Homeostasis ; *Immune System/physiology ; Leukocytes/physiology/immunology ; Phagocytosis ; Nervous System ; }, abstract = {The immune system's central function is to maintain homeostasis by guarding the organism against dangerous external and internal stressors. Immunity's operational toolbox contains diverse processes, such as phagocytosis, antigen recognition, cell killing, and secretion of cytokines and antibodies. Although immune cells interact with each other, they also communicate with cells typically associated with other organ systems, including the nervous, circulatory, metabolic, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and hematopoietic. This abundant cross-talk shows that immunity transcends defense and homeostasis: It is a network that participates in many physiological processes necessary for life. By accessing the circulation and inhabiting every tissue, leukocytes sense, interpret, and regulate biological processes. In this Review, we highlight recent studies that illustrate the often bidirectional and symbiotic relationships through which the immune system regulates physiology.}, }
@article {pmid40772886, year = {2025}, author = {Qiu, P and Liu, X and Wei, D}, title = {Iron acquisition in the mutualistic fungus Penicillium herquei: implications of mineral elements in insect-fungus symbiosis.}, journal = {Microbiology spectrum}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0105125}, doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01051-25}, pmid = {40772886}, issn = {2165-0497}, abstract = {Mutualistic interactions between insects and fungi are pivotal in ecosystem dynamics, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This study investigates iron acquisition strategies of the mutualistic Penicillium herquei, revealing the involvement of mineral elements in insect-fungus symbiosis. Comparative transcriptomics of weevil-farming strain (WFS) and soil free-living strain (SFS) revealed distinct transcriptional profiles, with 4,357 upregulated genes in WFS. Enrichment analyses highlighted a significant upregulation of genes linked to oxidoreductase activity, iron and heme binding, with a notable prevalence of cytochrome P450 (CYP450). qRT-PCR confirmed differential expression of CYP450 and siderophore-related genes, indicating enhanced iron absorption in WFS. Comparative analysis of iron content further demonstrated significantly higher iron levels in WFS than in SFS and weevil host plant leaves, suggesting a nutritional adaptation for symbiotic lifestyle. These findings provide novel insights into the role of iron metabolism in insect-fungus mutualism, highlighting potential evolutionary mechanisms that bolster symbiotic fitness.IMPORTANCEUnraveling the complex interplay between insects and fungi is crucial for deciphering the intricate dynamics of ecosystems. In this study, a notable upregulation of genes associated with iron and heme binding, as well as a significant increase in iron content within WFS was revealed, suggesting a specialized adaptation strategy to enhance iron acquisition, potentially enabling the fungus to efficiently provide essential nutrients, including bioavailable iron, to weevil host. This research not only advances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing insect-fungus mutualism but also highlights the potential evolutionary mechanisms that bolster symbiotic fitness and contribute to the co-evolution of these interacting species.}, }
@article {pmid40772389, year = {2025}, author = {Dauphin, B and de Freitas Pereira, M and Croll, D and Cardoso Anastácio, T and Fauchery, L and Guinet, F and Dutra Costa, M and Martin, F and Peter, M and Kohler, A}, title = {Genetic variation among progeny shapes symbiosis in a basidiomycete with poplar.}, journal = {The New phytologist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nph.70395}, pmid = {40772389}, issn = {1469-8137}, support = {//Funda&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Amparo &#xe0; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)/ ; //Coordena&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Aperfei&#xe7;oamento de Pessoal de N&#xed;vel Superior (CAPES)/ ; ANR-11-LABX-0002-01//Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE/ ; //Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#xed;fico e Tecnol&#xf3;gico (CNPq)/ ; //CNPq Research Grant/ ; }, abstract = {Forest trees rely on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi for acquiring scarce resources such as water and nutrients. However, the molecular mechanisms governing ECM traits remain inadequately understood, particularly the role of intraspecific fungal variation in root-tip colonisation and trophic interactions. This study examined six ECM traits using Pisolithus microcarpus, an ECM fungus capable of forming ECM rootlets in poplar. A collection of 40 sibling monokaryons and their parental dikaryon was analysed through genome and transcriptome sequencing to examine quantitative trait loci, gene expression and mating-type loci. These findings revealed a pronounced phenotypic continuum in poplar root colonisation by sibling monokaryons, ranging from incompatible to fully compatible strains. Genetic recombination among monokaryons was demonstrated, and genomic regions potentially involved in ECM fungal traits were identified. Transcriptomic analysis revealed greater differentiation in transcriptomic profiles between fungal strains than between fungal tissues, and uncovered tissue-specific functional responses for ECM and free-living mycelia. Poplar exhibited distinct transcriptomic responses when interacting with different sibling monokaryons and the parental dikaryon. Allele sorting at 11 mating-type loci confirmed the species' heterothallic tetrapolar system. This study advances understanding of the genetic and transcriptomic mechanisms underlying ECM symbioses, highlighting intraspecific fungal diversity's role in forest ecosystem functioning.}, }
@article {pmid40772380, year = {2025}, author = {Duan, Y and Zhang, W and Liu, H and Wang, M and Zhong, L and Liu, J and Chen, X and Zhang, S}, title = {Insights into the molecular response mechanisms of fasting stress and refeeding in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) through transcriptome and histological analysis.}, journal = {Journal of fish biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jfb.70164}, pmid = {40772380}, issn = {1095-8649}, support = {JATS [2023] 374//Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System/ ; CARS-46//China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA/ ; PZCZ201741//Important New Varieties Selection Project of Jiangsu Province/ ; }, abstract = {Throughout their life cycles, many fish alternate between periods of fasting and feeding due to the temporal and geographical variability of food availability in aquatic environments. The ability to adapt to fasting and restore internal balance after refeeding is fundamental to the long-term survival and symbiotic relationships of aquatic species. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which the fish adapt to fasting and refeeding remains limited. We looked at the growth performance, intestinal and liver histology, and liver gene expression patterns of channel catfish, a significant commercial species, during three weeks of fasting stress and three weeks of refeeding, respectively, in order to clarify the molecular response mechanisms to these two events. Our study revealed that fasting significantly impacts growth, histological characteristics and physiological metabolism. During the fasting period, catfish growth performance was greatly inhibited, but growth compensation was observed after refeeding. Histological analysis showed that liver and intestinal tissues experienced varying degrees of apoptotic injury during fasting, with a modest number of TUNEL-positive cells still present in the liver after refeeding. We identified 787 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the control group in three weeks (CG3) groups versus the fasting-refeeding group inthree week (EG3) group, while only 35 DEGs were defined in the CG6 group versus the EG6 group. Gene Ontology functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses suggested that fasting stress affected gene expression related to the mitotic cell cycle, cell cycle processes, amino acid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism and immune responses. Metabolism and cellular process response genes were significantly downregulated in the fasting group. Significant alterations in the expression levels of genes related to metabolism and apoptosis were validated by quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This study provides insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying fish adaptation to fasting or nutritional deficiency stress, shedding light on how channel catfish respond to fasting stress and refeeding.}, }
@article {pmid40772276, year = {2025}, author = {Adil, G and Liu, S and Bao, X and Mamut, R}, title = {The chloroplast genome of the Peltigera elisabethae photobiont Chloroidium sp. W5 and its phylogenetic implications.}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1602048}, pmid = {40772276}, issn = {1664-8021}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Lichens are globally distributed symbiotic organisms comprising fungi (mycobionts) and photosynthetic partners (photobionts), with exceptional adaptability to extreme environments. Despite growing interest in lichen symbiosis, chloroplast genome data for photobionts remain scarce, hindering insights into symbiotic coevolution and genomic architecture.<br><br>METHODS: To address this gap, we characterized the chloroplast genome of Chloroidium sp. W5, a photobiont of the lichen Peltigera elisabethae, using next-generation sequencing. The circular genome (190,579 bp) was assembled and annotated using a combination of bioinformatics tools, including GetOrganelle for genome assembly and GeSeq for annotation. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the genome's structure, gene content, and repetitive elements. Codon usage patterns were assessed using MEGA 11, and phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood analysis with IQ-tree.<br><br>RESULTS: The circular genome (190,579 bp) lacks the canonical quadripartite structure (LSC/IR/SSC) and exhibits a strong AT bias (56.1%). Annotation identified 110 functional genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNAs, and 3 rRNAs. Repetitive sequence analysis revealed 5,000 dispersed repeats (2.62% of the genome), predominantly forward and palindromic types, with SSR loci showing a significant A/T preference. Codon usage analysis demonstrated a pronounced bias toward A/U-ending codons (RSCU > 1), suggesting translational adaptation to symbiotic nutrient constraints. Phylogenetic reconstruction robustly placed Chloroidium sp. W5 within the Watanabeales clade (ML = 100), while synteny analysis revealed extensive genomic rearrangements compared to close relatives.<br><br>DISCUSSION: These findings enrich the chloroplast genome database for lichen photobionts, shedding light on symbiosis-driven genomic plasticity and providing a foundation for studying host-photobiont coevolution and lichen ecological adaptation.}, }
@article {pmid40771817, year = {2025}, author = {Lai, X and Huang, J and Li, Y and Dong, L}, title = {Symbiotic bacteria-mediated imbalance and repair of immune homeostasis: exploring novel mechanisms of microbiome-host interactions in atopic dermatitis.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1649857}, pmid = {40771817}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Humans ; *Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology/microbiology/therapy/metabolism ; *Homeostasis/immunology ; Dysbiosis/immunology ; Animals ; *Microbiota/immunology ; *Symbiosis/immunology ; *Skin/microbiology/immunology ; *Host Microbial Interactions/immunology ; *Bacteria/immunology/metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; }, abstract = {The skin surface is colonised by a rich microbiome, and intricate interactions between this microenvironment and microbial communities are critical for maintaining skin homeostasis. Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by skin barrier dysfunction and aberrant immune activation, exhibits a rising global incidence. While conventional therapeutic strategies offer short-term symptom control, their long-term use is limited by adverse effects including skin atrophy, metabolic disorders, and increased infection risk. Critically, these approaches fail to cure AD or reverse the underlying immune imbalance. Recent research has firmly established the skin microbiome as a central driver in AD pathogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underpinning microbiome-host interactions, including the potential for remote regulation via the gut-skin axis, are now being actively investigated. This review systematically analyses how microbial dysbiosis in AD promotes Th2/Th17 immune polarization through three key pathways: microbial metabolites, immune signalling, and barrier integrity. Building on these mechanistic insights and recent advances, we propose novel multimodal therapeutic strategies targeting the microbial-immune axis. We further elucidate the role of commensal bacteria in maintaining immune homeostasis. Ultimately, this synthesis aims to bridge fundamental research with clinical applications, providing a robust theoretical foundation for future therapeutic development and clinical studies in AD management.}, }
@article {pmid40771681, year = {2025}, author = {Lethielleux-Juge, C}, title = {Review: roles of mycorrhizal symbioses and associated soil microbiomes in ecological restoration.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1456041}, pmid = {40771681}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The ecological roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are diverse, providing essential nutrients to host plants, tolerance to stress, and regulation of metabolic pathways, greatly involved in soil C dynamics, unlocking minerals and promoting reactive Fe minerals. Although spores dispersal modes are still not clearly understood, a strong positive relationship exists between intra-and extraradical mycelium at the ecosystem level. AMF are essential in ecosystem restoration by improving soil attributes, above and belowground biodiversity, seedlings survival, growth, and establishment on stressed soils, driving plant succession and preventing plant invasion. AMF inoculants from native and early seral instead of exotics and late seral, consortia instead of few or single species, are more efficient. Plant and AMF communities evolve together after revegetation, fine fescues are among the most resilient species, especially Festuca rubra, whose fungal strategies have been recently finely studied. Distinct AMF communities are associated with functionally different plants, which are related to differences in P and C transportomes and genetic variations within the AMF symbiont. Ligneous species react differently to forest soil inoculations according to their arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AM) or ectomycorrhizal symbiosis (EM) status, and in dual-mycorrhizal plants, costs and benefits are context-dependent, with mycorrhizal switch occurring under various abiotic or biotic factors and resource availability. In mine restoration, root colonization is generally very low during the first year post-reclamation, then increases rapidly before stabilizing. Parallel to plant successions, increased soil parameters, and decreased contaminants, AMF diversity increased and changed, affiliated Glomus genera with small spores being completed by Acaulospora or Gigaspora larger spores under southern climates. A similar recovery period was observed for fungal communities in forest restoration, where ectomycorrhizal mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) species dominate, and diversity increased with time post-revegetation, influenced by edaphic variables and tree species. Under heavy metal (HM) contamination, microorganism classes, enzymes, and AMF efficiency vary with time, soil parameters, restoration treatments, plant species, and levels of soil contamination, with Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria being often predominant. Dual applications of specific microbial and AMF species induced synergistic effects on plant growth and soil resilience. Under other contaminants, several AMF and microbial consortia proved to favorize plant growth and nutrient availability and decrease soil toxicity. New quality indicators to compare rehabilitation studies are proposed.}, }
@article {pmid40770989, year = {2025}, author = {Javaux, EJ}, title = {A diverse Palaeoproterozoic microbial ecosystem implies early eukaryogenesis.}, journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences}, volume = {380}, number = {1931}, pages = {20240092}, pmid = {40770989}, issn = {1471-2970}, support = {//Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS/ ; //Belgian Federal Science Policy Office/ ; }, mesh = {*Fossils ; *Biological Evolution ; *Eukaryota/physiology ; *Microbiota ; *Ecosystem ; Symbiosis ; }, abstract = {Microbial interactions may lead to major events in life and planetary evolution, such as eukaryogenesis, the birth of complex nucleated cells. In synergy with microbiology, cellular palaeobiology may shed some light on this very ancient and debated affair and its circumstances. The 1.78-1.73 Ga McDermott Formation, McArthur Basin (Australia), preserves a microfossil assemblage that provides unique insights into the evolution of early eukaryotes. The fossil cells display a level of morphological complexity, disparity and plasticity requiring a complex cytoskeleton and an endomembrane system, pushing back the minimum age of uncontested eukaryotic fossils by more than 100 million years (Ma). They also document an earlier appearance of reproduction by budding, simple multicellularity and diverse programmed openings of cyst wall implying a life cycle, as well as possible evidence for microbial symbiosis and behaviour, including eukaryovory and ectosymbiosis. This microbial community that also includes cyanobacterial cells preserving thylakoids, microbial mats and other microfossils, thrived in supratidal to intertidal marine environments with heterogeneous but mostly suboxic to anoxic redox conditions. Taken together, these observations imply early eukaryogenesis, including mitochondrial endosymbiosis in micro-/nano-oxic niches, and suggest a >1.75 Ga minimum age for the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA), preceded by a deeper history of the domain Eukarya, consistent with several molecular clocks and the fossil record.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Chance and purpose in the evolution of biospheres'.}, }
@article {pmid40770786, year = {2025}, author = {Galambos, N and Parisot, N and Vallier, A and Bevilacqua, C and Balmand, S and Vincent-Monégat, C and Rebollo, R and Gillet, B and Hughes, S and Heddi, A and Zaidman-Rémy, A}, title = {Dual-transcriptomics on microdissected cells reveals functional specialisation of symbiont-bearing-cells and contrasted responses to nutritional stress in the cereal weevil.}, journal = {Microbiome}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {182}, pmid = {40770786}, issn = {2049-2618}, support = {ANR-19-CE20-0010//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0010//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0010//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0010//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0010//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0010//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-19-CE20-0010//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; *Weevils/microbiology/genetics/physiology/metabolism ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/metabolism/isolation &amp; purification ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Transcriptome ; Stress, Physiological ; Laser Capture Microdissection ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Insects thriving on a nutritionally imbalanced diet often establish long-term relationships with intracellular symbiotic bacteria (endosymbionts), which complement their nutritional needs and improve their physiological performances. Endosymbionts are in host specialised cells, called the bacteriocytes, which in many insects group together to form a symbiotic organ, the bacteriome. The cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae houses multiple bacteriomes at the adult mesenteric caeca.<br><br>RESULTS: Using microscopic cell imaging, we revealed that bacteriomes consist of several cell types, including progenitor cells, peripheral bacteriocytes, central bacteriocytes and epithelial cells. By combining laser capture microdissection and dual RNA-sequencing, we showed that both host cell types and their associated endosymbionts express distinct transcriptional profiles. The comparison between peripheral bacteriocytes and midgut cells from insects artificially deprived from endosymbionts (aposymbiotic) unravelled cellular pathways modulated by the presence of endosymbionts. The cell-specific response to endosymbionts in peripheral bacteriocytes includes a boost of fatty-acid and amino acid metabolisms. We found that central bacteriocytes overexpress transport and G-protein signalling-related genes when compared to peripheral bacteriocytes, indicating a signalling and/or transport function of these cells. Diet composition strongly impacts host and endosymbiont gene expression and reveals a molecular trade-off among metabolic pathways.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence on how endosymbionts interfere and enhance metabolic performances of insect bacteriocytes and highlights key genes involved in the bacteriocyte differentiation and metabolic pathways. Video Abstract.}, }
@article {pmid40770781, year = {2025}, author = {Boulenger, A and Aires, T and Engelen, AH and Muyzer, G and Marengo, M and Gobert, S}, title = {Microbiome matters: how transplantation methods and donor origins shape the successful restoration of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica.}, journal = {Environmental microbiome}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {99}, pmid = {40770781}, issn = {2524-6372}, support = {STARECAPMED//Territorial Collectivity of Corsica/ ; STARECAPMED//Territorial Collectivity of Corsica/ ; STARECAPMED//Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsican Water Agency/ ; STARECAPMED//Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsican Water Agency/ ; FSR2021//University of Liege/ ; FSR2021//University of Liege/ ; ASP 40006932//Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS/ ; UIDB/04326/2020//Portuguese national funds FCT/ ; UIDB/04326/2020//Portuguese national funds FCT/ ; RESTORESEAS//Biodiversa/ ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Posidonia oceanica forms extensive seagrass meadows in the Mediterranean Sea, providing key ecosystem services. However, these meadows decline due to anthropogenic pressures like anchoring and coastal development. Transplantation-based restoration has been explored for decades, yet the role of the plant-associated microbiome in restoration success remains largely unknown.<br><br>RESULTS: 16&#xa0;S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to investigate how different transplantation methods and donor origins influence the bacterial communities of P. oceanica cuttings two years post-transplantation. We tested three transplantation methods, iron staples, coconut fiber mats, and BESE elements, and compared them with control meadows and donor populations from two different origins: naturally uprooted storm-fragments and intermatte cuttings manually harvested from established meadows. Our results show that transplantation methods strongly shape bacterial communities in seagrass roots. Iron staples promoted microbial assemblages most similar to natural meadows, likely due to direct sediment contact enhancing recruitment of key functional bacterial orders such as Chromatiales and Desulfobacterales. In contrast, BESE elements and coconut fiber mats displayed dissimilar bacterial communities compared to control meadows, likely due to material composition and physical separation between the cuttings and the sediment. Donor origin had only subtle effects on bacterial communities' structure, although intermatte cuttings showed higher abundances of Candidatus Thiodiazotropha, a genus thought to be involved sulfur oxidation and nitrogen fixation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that transplantation methods strongly influence root-associated bacterial communities. Limited sediment contact in elevated substrates delayed the establishment of key functional bacteria, highlighting the importance of direct interaction with the sediment microbial pool. These results imply that restoration strategies should prioritize methods enhancing sediment-root interactions to support microbial recovery. Incorporating microbiome considerations, such as optimized substrates or microbial inoculation, could improve the resilience and long-term success of P. oceanica restoration.}, }
@article {pmid40770683, year = {2025}, author = {Pu, Z and Zhang, R and Zhang, C and Wang, H and Wang, XX}, title = {The balance between rhizosphere carboxylates and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in wheat phosphorus acquisition.}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {1031}, pmid = {40770683}, issn = {1471-2229}, support = {2021YFD1901001//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; }, mesh = {*Triticum/microbiology/metabolism/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Mycorrhizae/physiology ; *Phosphorus/metabolism ; *Rhizosphere ; *Symbiosis ; *Carboxylic Acids/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism/microbiology ; Plant Shoots/metabolism ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Changes in plant growth and root traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) vary depending on the level of phosphorus (P) supply. Two important strategies for P acquisition in wheat are the release of carboxylates into the rhizosphere and the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, the relationship between root exudates and P concentration in the shoot and root, as well as the role of AMF in this process, is not yet fully understood. This study was conducted utilizing three P supply rates (0, 50, and 200 mg P kg[-1] soil) in conjunction with AMF inoculation. We examined the effects of AMF on amount of rhizosphere carboxylates and plant P uptake for nine P contrasting wheat genotypes.<br><br>RESULTS: AMF decreased carboxylates, root biomass, root P content of wheat, and AMF reduced wheat root P allocation of wheat under all P levels. Notably, at 50&#xa0;mg kg[-1] P level, the shoot P concentration of AMF-inoculated wheat exceeded that of other P levels, having a positive mycorrhizal responsiveness in all wheat genotypes. Furthermore, analysis revealed that wheat root morphology and acid phosphatase activity significantly influenced mycorrhizal growth responsiveness, while root carboxylates played a significant role in mycorrhizal P responsiveness.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The P acquisition of wheat was found to be contingent upon the interplay of root morphology, AMF, and carboxylate levels, with AMF and carboxylate playing a more crucial role in enhancing P absorption. Consequently, the current research provides important insights for nutrient management in wheat agricultural cultivation.}, }
@article {pmid40770490, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Y and Zhou, Z and Jarman, JB and Chen, H and Miranda-Velez, M and Terkeltaub, R and Dodd, D}, title = {Gut bacteria degrade purines via the 2,8-dioxopurine pathway.}, journal = {Nature microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40770490}, issn = {2058-5276}, support = {K08-DK110335//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01-AT011396//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; }, abstract = {Approximately one-third of urate, which at elevated levels contributes to hyperuricaemia and gout, is excreted into the intestinal tract of healthy individuals where bacteria aid its elimination. However, the molecular details of purine metabolism in the gut microbiome are unclear. Here we uncovered the 2,8-dioxopurine pathway, an anaerobic route for purine degradation in the gut bacteria, Clostridium sporogenes and Escherichia coli. Reconstitution with purified enzymes and mutational analysis combined with isotope tracking and mass spectrometry identified a selenium-dependent enzyme, 2,8-dioxopurine dehydrogenase (DOPDH), and seven additional enzymes that connect purine metabolism to short-chain fatty acid synthesis and ATP generation (measured via luciferase assay). Competition experiments in gnotobiotic mice showed that bacteria harbouring this pathway exhibit a fitness advantage, with wild-type bacteria rapidly outcompeting a DOPDH-deficient strain. Widespread presence of these genes across host-associated microbiomes suggests a host-microbe symbiosis, where host-secreted urate fosters a metabolic niche for bacteria that break it down. These findings could have therapeutic implications for the modification and enhancement of intestinal elimination of urate.}, }
@article {pmid40769503, year = {2025}, author = {Thomas, T and Garritano, AN}, title = {Symbiotic Ammonia Oxidation in the Marine Environment.}, journal = {Annual review of marine science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-marine-040824-032008}, pmid = {40769503}, issn = {1941-0611}, abstract = {Ammonia oxidation is a fundamental step in the marine nitrogen cycle, catalyzing the conversion of ammonia to nitrite or nitric oxide and generating reductive power for the autotrophic growth of microorganisms. The ecology, diversity, and properties of ammonia-oxidizing microbes in the ocean's plankton have been extensively studied, but these microbes can also live in association or symbiosis with marine hosts such as sponges, corals, jellyfish, bivalves, and crustaceans. Sequencing-based studies have revealed that ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the family Nitrosopumilaceae are prevalent in various marine hosts, although other taxa are also found and coexist within the same host. Ammonia oxidation rates are highly variable between host species, even between closely related taxa. Limited knowledge is available on the metabolic interactions that ammonia-oxidizing microbes have, but theoretical considerations indicate that they could make significant contributions to carbon fixation for their hosts. Additionally, ammonia-oxidizing microbes appear to also have undergone specific genomic adaptations to their host environment, and the hosts may also enable ammonia oxidation to occur in habitats where planktonic counterparts might be limited. This review identifies key knowledge gaps and highlights the need for further research to fully understand the ecological significance of symbiotic ammonia oxidation in marine ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid40769480, year = {2025}, author = {Dong, X and Zhang, Q and Li, M and Al-Dhabi, NA and Chen, J and He, J and Wang, H and Tang, W}, title = {Metagenomic analysis of algal-bacteria symbiosis system (ABSS) under aniline stress: Synergistic optimization of aniline degradation and nitrogen metabolism.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {122510}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122510}, pmid = {40769480}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {As an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly algae-bacteria symbiotic system (ABSS), the underlying mechanisms governing its response to aniline remained inadequately explored. To address this, our research conducted a metagenomics-bathe superior performance of an ABSS (R2) over conventional activated sludge (R1) for aniline wastewater treatment. Specifically, R2 exhibited more stable aniline and COD removal capabilities compared to R1, with a 20 % significant increase in total nitrogen removal efficiency. Metagenomic analysis revealed that microbial growth and metabolism in R2 were more vigorous. The abundance of functional genes associated with aniline degradation, ammonia assimilation, and nitrification in R2 was significantly higher than in R1. Notably, OLB12 in R2 made prominent contributions to aniline degradation and nitrogen metabolism. The introduction of microalgae reshaped the functional microbial community structure, collaboratively promoting the efficient operation of the system. These findings provided valuable guidance for the management of aniline wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid40768754, year = {2025}, author = {Akhtar, JR and O'Connor, EK and Chung, KC}, title = {Parallel Advancements in Art and Anatomy.}, journal = {Annals of plastic surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1097/SAP.0000000000004456}, pmid = {40768754}, issn = {1536-3708}, abstract = {The relationship between art and medicine is symbiotic, and one of its foundations is the anatomical dissection. Dissections simultaneously contributed to an advancement of scientific understanding of the human body and the creation of artwork that depicted accurate human anatomy and body movements, specifically in European painting. Dissections became a standard component of both medical education and art training during the Renaissance, which introduced new expectations for artists to acquire a deep understanding of anatomy and reflect this in their work. With each art movement following the Renaissance, artists continued to strengthen their mastery of illustrating the human body and push the boundaries of artistic representation of the body. This paper outlines a brief history of how cadaver dissections became a cornerstone of both medical education and training for artists in European contexts, and the ways in which medical understanding and anatomical accuracy in art developed simultaneously. This is illustrated through close visual analyses of works from 3 time periods and art movements that exhibit increasing anatomical accuracy leading to mastery and artistic freedom.}, }
@article {pmid40767474, year = {2025}, author = {Sui, J and Wang, L and Zhou, Y and Chen, F and Wang, T and Chen, SH and Cui, X and Yang, Y and Zhang, W}, title = {Resolving the Dilemma of Dicarboximide Fungicides Residue Contamination: Promises and Challenges of Microbial Degradation.}, journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c04153}, pmid = {40767474}, issn = {1520-5118}, abstract = {Dicarboximide fungicides are widely used due to their low toxicity, broad spectrum, and high efficacy. However, their extensive accumulation in the environment can alter the composition of soil microbial communities, reduce the complexity of symbiotic networks within these communities, and pose potential threats to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, removing dicarboximide fungicide residues from various environmental media is of great practical significance. Microbial degradation has become a key focus in pollutant remediation research. To date, several microorganisms, including Providencia stuartii, Brevundimonas naejangsanensis, Rhodococcus, and Arthrobacter, have been identified as capable of degrading dicarboximide fungicides, with degradation rates ranging from 50% to 80%. This paper reviews the current research and challenges in microbial degradation of dicarboximide fungicide residues, focusing on fungicidal mechanisms, environmental fate, nontarget organism toxicity, potential degrading microorganisms, and molecular mechanisms. The findings serve as a reference for the rational use and bioremediation of dicarboximide fungicides, helping to mitigate their negative impact on the environment and living organisms while promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation.}, }
@article {pmid40766715, year = {2025}, author = {Vlaenderen, LV and Conner, WR and Shropshire, JD}, title = {Counting cytoplasmic incompatibility factor mRNA using digital droplet PCR.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40766715}, issn = {2692-8205}, support = {R35 GM124701/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria inhabit over half of all insect species and often spread through host populations via efficient maternal transmission and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), killing aposymbiotic embryos when fertilized by symbiotic males. Wolbachia's cifB gene triggers CI in males, while cifA, expressed in females, rescues embryos from CI-induced lethality. In some systems, cifA also contributes to CI induction. CI strength-the percentage of embryos that die from CI-is a key determinant of Wolbachia's prevalence in host populations, and cifB mRNA levels in testes generally correlate with CI strength. Yet, cifB's rarity can hamper precise quantification, necessitating tissue pooling for reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to achieve reliable measurements, obscuring variation at the level of individual insect tissues. Here, we present four RT digital droplet PCR (RT-ddPCR) assays to count rare cifA and cifB mRNA from wMel Wolbachia in Drosophila melanogaster. These assays count cif transcripts alongside a synthetic spike-in RNA or a D. melanogaster housekeeping gene to normalize for technical or biological variation. These assays have a limit of detection of about 1 cifA and 3 cifB copies per reaction. We expect these methods to be useful for mosquito-control programs that use wMel to block the spread of pathogens from Aedes aegypti to humans. Moreover, the oligos were designed with homology to cifA and cifB sequences from at least 33 Wolbachia strains, suggesting utility beyond wMel. These methods will allow researchers to measure cif mRNA levels from individual insect tissues, enabling efforts to pair molecular and phenotypic data at unprecedented resolutions.}, }
@article {pmid40765519, year = {2025}, author = {Uchida, T and Li, Y and Yamashita, H and Shimada, G and Shinzato, C}, title = {Microbiome of the Boring Giant Clam Provides Insights Into Holobiont Resilience Under Coral Reef Environmental Stress.}, journal = {Environmental microbiology}, volume = {27}, number = {8}, pages = {e70161}, pmid = {40765519}, issn = {1462-2920}, support = {20H03235//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 21H04742//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24KJ0896//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 24K01847//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Coral Reefs ; *Microbiota ; Symbiosis ; *Bivalvia/microbiology/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Bacteria/genetics/classification/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; Anthozoa/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Giant clams are key denizens of coral reef ecosystems, forming holobionts through symbiotic relationships with algae of the family Symbiodiniaceae, as in reef-building corals. In this study, we performed a tissue-specific microbiome analysis of the boring giant clam, Tridacna crocea and evaluated the impact of dark-induced bleaching on its outer mantle bacterial community. Using 16S rRNA metabarcoding, Endozoicomonas was identified as the dominant bacterial genus in most tissues, particularly in gills, implying an important contribution to the giant clam holobiont. In contrast, in the outer mantle, where algal symbionts reside, the microbiome exhibited greater diversity, with a significant presence of carotenoid-producing bacteria such as Rubritalea (Rubritaleaceae) and Muricauda (Flavobacteriaceae). These bacteria may protect symbiotic algae from light and thermal stresses, potentially enhancing holobiont resilience in coral reef environments. Although dark-induced bleaching significantly reduced algal cell density, bacterial diversity remained largely unaffected, suggesting a robust bacterial association, independent of algal dynamics. This study highlights the potential ecological significance of Endozoicomonas and carotenoid-producing bacteria in sustaining giant clam holobiont health and provides insights into microbial mechanisms that support stress tolerance in coral reef organisms.}, }
@article {pmid40765126, year = {2025}, author = {Li, L and Tang, L}, title = {Gut Microbiota in Exercise-Regulated Development, Progression, and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Role and Mechanisms.}, journal = {Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research}, volume = {31}, number = {}, pages = {e947511}, pmid = {40765126}, issn = {1643-3750}, mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology/therapy/physiopathology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Exercise/physiology ; Disease Progression ; Insulin Resistance/physiology ; Dysbiosis ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Imbalance of the gut microbiota is considered a possible factor in the rapid progression of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can alter intestinal barrier function and host metabolism, as well as signaling pathways in T2DM patients, which are directly or indirectly associated with insulin resistance. Additionally, symbiotic fungi and opportunistic bacteria can stimulate the local immune system, increasing intestinal permeability and leading to gut leakage. This, in turn, activates systemic inflammation and contributes to insulin resistance. Exercise is known to play a crucial role in disease prevention and blood glucose control, as well as in managing diabetes-related organ complications. Aerobic exercise, in particular, is commonly used to prevent and control diabetes by enhancing skeletal muscle responsiveness to insulin through the upregulation of enzymes involved in cellular glucose utilization. Various forms of exercise can also alter the composition and function of the gut microbiota. This paper focuses on the relationship between the gut microbiota and T2DM, the impact of exercise on gut microbiota, and the role of the gut microbiota in exercise-induced improvement of T2DM, aiming to review the role and mechanisms of the gut microbiota in exercise-regulated development, progression, and management of T2DM.}, }
@article {pmid40764272, year = {2025}, author = {Peng, Q and Jiang, P and Yi, L and Li, Y and Yang, Q and Wan, X and He, J and Mo, Z and Niu, H and Lan, Q and Jia, H and Xu, D and Wang, C and Yang, H and Liu, Z and Chen, WH}, title = {In vivo systematic analysis of microbiota-prebiotic crosstalk reveals a synbiotic that effectively ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice.}, journal = {Gut microbes}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {2541028}, pmid = {40764272}, issn = {1949-0984}, mesh = {Animals ; *Synbiotics/administration &amp; dosage ; *Colitis/chemically induced/microbiology/therapy ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Dextran Sulfate/adverse effects ; Mice ; Humans ; *Prebiotics/administration &amp; dosage ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Akkermansia ; }, abstract = {Systematic identification of prebiotic-microbe interactions is essential for developing precision microbiome-targeted interventions to improve human health. In this study, we developed an in vivo systematic screening platform to evaluate microbiota-prebiotic crosstalk and applied it to identify a synbiotic combination effective against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Specifically, we first established a humanized gut microbiota mouse model by colonizing mice with 73 microbial strains, which showed highly abundant and prevalent in the human gut. Concurrently, we administered the mice with 28 different prebiotic or prebiotic candidates, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, vitamins, and minerals common in the market. Following the DSS-induced colitis, we evaluated the protective effects of each microbiota-prebiotic pairing. Fourteen prebiotic or prebiotic candidates, designated as the ESS group, significantly alleviated colitis, partly by enriching specific beneficial microbes such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum prior to disease onset. Further experiments revealed two symbiotic combinations with the strongest anti-inflammatory effects: calcium-magnesium tablets (CMT) combined with either B. thetaiotaomicron or A. muciniphila. Mechanistically, CMT promoted the growth of B. thetaiotaomicron and alleviated inflammation by upregulating genes associated with probiotic activity. Finally, in an intervention trial involving healthy human volunteers, CMT selectively increased B. thetaiotaomicron abundance without altering the overall gut microbiota composition. Together, our study presents a systematic framework for elucidating microbe-prebiotic interactions, identifying synbiotic combinations with therapeutic potential, and advancing precision microbiome-based strategies for disease prevention and treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40763899, year = {2025}, author = {Ahmad, F and Bodawatta, KH and Poulsen, M and Zhu, D}, title = {Advancing approaches to cultivate industrially and ecologically relevant microorganisms from termite guts.}, journal = {Biotechnology advances}, volume = {84}, number = {}, pages = {108676}, doi = {10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108676}, pmid = {40763899}, issn = {1873-1899}, abstract = {The termite gut harbours a remarkably dense and diverse consortium of symbiotic microbes, encompassing archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic taxa. These symbiotic communities hold intricate ecological processes and a pronounced potential for exploitation across multifaceted domains, including industrially important enzymes, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and bioremediation. Despite the conspicuous richness, a substantial portion of microbial assemblages inhabiting the termite gut remains undiscovered and inadequately characterized. Although traditional culture-based and culture-independent molecular-based technologies are broadly used to study termite gut microbiota, they more recent frequently encounter limitations in the isolation, culturing, and characterization of less prevalent microbial lineages and are biased toward certain taxa. The rapid development of molecular techniques has greatly promoted the identification and genomic potential of microbes in termite guts, revealing hidden diversity and application potential. However, limitations in culture-based approaches to build on genomic insights have hampered our understanding of the ecology of most of these microbes and the capitalisation on their properties. To help improve culturomics approaches for termite gut microbes, we provide an overview of past and emerging methodologies for isolation and cultivation of symbiotic microbes. In doing so, we highlight future directions and current challenges that need to be overcome to advance these approaches.}, }
@article {pmid40763740, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, K and Wang, X and Pang, R and Chen, L and Chen, J and Ren, Z and Wang, S and Wang, Y and Li, X and Su, C}, title = {The sucrose transporter GmSWEET3c drives soybean nodulation by regulating root sucrose allocation.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.07.032}, pmid = {40763740}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes, driven by the interaction between rhizobia and host plants, provides essential nitrogen for plant growth but demands substantial energy. Sucrose, the principal product of photosynthesis, is critical in supporting this process. Despite its importance, the mechanisms underlying sucrose allocation following rhizobia inoculation remain poorly understood. Here, we identified and characterized GmSWEET3c, a rhizobia-induced sucrose transporter that is critical for sucrose allocation to the root susceptible zone. Functional analysis of the Gmsweet3c mutant revealed impaired sucrose allocation and a significant reduction in nodule formation, underscoring its critical role in symbiotic nodulation. Using a GmSWEET3c-GFP fusion protein, we found that the protein is located in both the plasma membrane of root cells and the membranes of infection threads, suggesting dual roles of GmSWEET3c in facilitating sucrose transport to the root susceptible zone and directing sucrose toward infection threads. Moreover, we demonstrated that GmNSP1, a key symbiotic transcription factor, directly binds to the promoter region of GmSWEET3c, activating its expression. Collectively, our findings highlight GmSWEET3c as a key mediator of sucrose distribution in soybean roots after rhizobia inoculation, enhancing our understanding of carbohydrate allocation in legume-rhizobia symbioses.}, }
@article {pmid40762940, year = {2025}, author = {Wang, Y and Zhao, Z and Liu, J and Yang, A and Jacquemyn, H and Yang, L and Qian, X and Li, T and Ding, G and Xing, X}, title = {Contribution of orchids to the carbon budget of fungi in germinating seeds of Gymnadenia conopsea.}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {40762940}, issn = {1869-1889}, abstract = {Orchids critically rely on mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination and seedling development, but the extent to which the fungus benefits from the orchid is less clear. Recent work in arbuscular mycorrhizae has suggested that plants can provide fatty acids (FAs) to fungi, but empirical evidence in orchids remains limited. Here, we combine lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses to test the hypothesis that the germination-promoting fungus Ceratobasidium sp. GS2 receives carbon in the form of FAs from Gymnadenia conopsea seeds during symbiotic germination. Confocal and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the potential of FA transfer from seeds to the fungus. Symbiosis resulted in significant changes in the lipid composition of the fungus, with increased concentrations of FAs in the external mycelium. RNA-seq showed upregulation of genes associated with FA synthesis in seeds and downregulation of de novo FA synthesis genes in fungi 12 d post-symbiosis, indicating that the increased amounts of FAs in the fungus may originate from the seeds. These results indicate that FAs absorbed by hyphae in the colonized inner cortex cells support hyphal growth, providing evidence for directional carbon flow from the orchid seeds to the fungus and supporting a "give now and get now" model of mutualism in orchid-fungus symbioses.}, }
@article {pmid40761278, year = {2025}, author = {Boyno, G and Rezaee Danesh, Y and Çevik, R and Teniz, N and Demir, S and Demirer Durak, E and Farda, B and Mignini, A and Djebaili, R and Pellegrini, M and Porcel, R and Mulet, JM}, title = {Synergistic benefits of AMF: development of sustainable plant defense system.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1551956}, pmid = {40761278}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a ubiquitous group of soil microorganisms that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of over 80% of terrestrial plant species. These beneficial fungi are crucial in plant growth, nutrition enhancement, and abiotic and biotic stress resilience. This review explores the AMF synergistic benefits including their capacity to interact with plant roots system to enhance nutrient absorption, improve stress resilience, and confer disease resistance, and their potential applications in sustainable agriculture. The Review integrates recent insights illustrating the molecular processes responsible for improving plant defense mechanisms by AMF, including the modulation of signaling pathways. It highlights the importance of AMF-induced systemic resistance in enhanced abiotic and biotic stress resistance. Moreover, the article provides an integrative perspective on applying AMF toward sustainable plant protection. Within this context, we discussed how these fungi improve plant performance, including enhanced nutrient acquisition, increased tolerance to environmental stressors, and enhanced protection against pathogens by improving plant resistance to biotic stress through the activation of the plant immune system. We also examine the ecological significance of AMF in maintaining soil health and fertility and highlight the importance of incorporating their management into sustainable agricultural practices. Future research directions and innovative applications are also presented. The literature survey demonstrated these fungi's versatility in improving plant tolerance to several biotic and abiotic stresses. At the scientific level, these abilities are supported by several open-field experiments on different plant species. Available commercial formulations and positive ongoing research of AMF, in combination with other sustainable tools, highlight the solid research outline on these beneficial fungi.}, }
@article {pmid40759634, year = {2025}, author = {Lee, H and Kim, B and Park, J and Park, S and Yoo, G and Yum, S and Kang, W and Lee, JM and Youn, H and Youn, B}, title = {Cancer stem cells: landscape, challenges and emerging therapeutic innovations.}, journal = {Signal transduction and targeted therapy}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {248}, pmid = {40759634}, issn = {2059-3635}, support = {RS-2023-00207904//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; No. RS-2023-00301938//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; }, mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology/metabolism/immunology ; *Tumor Microenvironment/genetics ; *Neoplasms/genetics/therapy/pathology/metabolism/immunology ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics ; Animals ; }, abstract = {Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a highly plastic and therapy-resistant cell subpopulation within tumors that drives tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and relapse. Their ability to evade conventional treatments, adapt to metabolic stress, and interact with the tumor microenvironment makes them critical targets for innovative therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and multiomics integration have significantly improved our understanding of CSC heterogeneity and metabolic adaptability. Metabolic plasticity allows CSCs to switch between glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and alternative fuel sources such as glutamine and fatty acids, enabling them to survive under diverse environmental conditions. Moreover, interactions with stromal cells, immune components, and vascular endothelial cells facilitate metabolic symbiosis, further promoting CSC survival and drug resistance. Despite substantial progress, major hurdles remain, including the lack of universally reliable CSC biomarkers and the challenge of targeting CSCs without affecting normal stem cells. The development of 3D organoid models, CRISPR-based functional screens, and AI-driven multiomics analysis is paving the way for precision-targeted CSC therapies. Emerging strategies such as dual metabolic inhibition, synthetic biology-based interventions, and immune-based approaches hold promise for overcoming CSC-mediated therapy resistance. Moving forward, an integrative approach combining metabolic reprogramming, immunomodulation, and targeted inhibition of CSC vulnerabilities is essential for developing effective CSC-directed therapies. This review discusses the latest advancements in CSC biology, highlights key challenges, and explores future perspectives on translating these findings into clinical applications.}, }
@article {pmid40758735, year = {2025}, author = {Chen, CL and Zeng, KW and Chen, HC and Deng, YY and Lee, CF and Huang, DC and Liu, LC}, title = {Secure and efficient graduate employment: A consortium blockchain framework with InterPlanetary file system for privacy-preserving resume management and efficient talent-employer matching.}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {e0315277}, pmid = {40758735}, issn = {1932-6203}, mesh = {Humans ; *Employment ; *Blockchain ; *Personnel Selection/methods ; Job Application ; *Privacy ; *Computer Security ; Students ; }, abstract = {In recent years, the unemployment situation of teenagers has become increasingly serious, and many college students face the problem of unemployment upon graduation. Concurrently, Companies need more support in their talent acquisition processes, including high costs, security concerns, inefficiencies, and time-consuming sourcing procedures. Moreover, job applicants frequently confront risks associated with potentially compromising their personal information during the application process. Since blockchain technology has the characteristics of non-tampering, traceability, and non-repudiation, it has outstanding significance for solving the trust problem between organizations. Blockchain has emerged as a powerful tool for tackling talent acquisition campaigns. This study proposes a novel approach utilizing consortium chain technology in conjunction with the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to develop a decentralized talent recruitment system. This approach enables students, educational institutions, and potential employers to encrypt and upload data to the blockchain through consortium chain technology, with strict access controls requiring student authorization for resume data retrieval. The proposed system facilitates a symbiotic relationship between educational institutions and industry partners, allowing students to identify suitable employment opportunities while enabling companies to source candidates with requisite expertise efficiently. Finally, the system could meet the characteristic requirements of various blockchains, perform well in terms of communication cost, computing cost, throughput, and transaction delay in the blockchain, and contribute to solving talent recruitment.}, }
@article {pmid40758630, year = {2025}, author = {Klamert, L and Brockett, C and Craike, M and Shrestha, N and Parker, AG}, title = {The imperative of planetary mental health: insights, recommendations, and a call to action.}, journal = {Global public health}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {2541220}, doi = {10.1080/17441692.2025.2541220}, pmid = {40758630}, issn = {1744-1706}, mesh = {Humans ; *Mental Health ; *Global Health ; *Environmental Health ; }, abstract = {An alarming progression of human-centred and environmental concerns has marked the Anthropocene, including climatic changes and the inextricably linked deterioration of human mental health. Expanding on the 2015 Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on Planetary Health, we propose that mental health be explicitly included within the planetary health approach. This inclusion acknowledges the importance of population mental health as part of planetary health and addresses the symbiotic deterioration of global mental health and environmental health. As part of this approach, we conceptualise several types of interventions, including symbiocentric and transformative mental health interventions, with the latter combining active environmentalism with the aim of simultaneously improving mental health and wellbeing. We further identify several areas of opportunity in which transformative interventions could be translated to practice and implemented across a range of settings, including workplaces, educational contexts, and organised sport. Making a call to action, we highlight the urgency of shifting from individualised to collective environmental responsibility, including collective transformative reflection, with different stakeholders coming together to scale up transformative interventions and working towards true planetary (mental) health. Finally, we give recommendations to promote symbiocentric and transformative interventions in policy and reform.}, }
@article {pmid40756436, year = {2025}, author = {Priya Reddy, YN and Johnson, JM and Oelmüller, R}, title = {A cell wall extract of a Fusarium incarnatum strain requires the mitochondrial POLY(A)-SPECIFIC RIBONUCLEASE AtPARN for inducing cytoplasmic calcium elevation in Arabidopsis roots.}, journal = {Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology}, volume = {31}, number = {6}, pages = {851-861}, pmid = {40756436}, issn = {0971-5894}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Cytoplasmic Ca[2+] ([Ca[2+]]cyt) elevation is a rapid response of roots to colonizing beneficial and pathogenic fungi. We have previously demonstrated that the elicitor-active compound cellotriose from a cell wall (CW) extract of the beneficial fungus Piriformospora indica requires the MALECTIN-DOMAIN CONTAINING CELLOOLIGOMER RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CORK1) and the mitochondrial POLY(A)-SPECIFIC RIBONUCLASE AtPARN for [Ca[2+]]cyt elevation in Arabidopsis roots. Here, we show that CW extracts from beneficial and pathogenic Fusarium strains, in particular Fusarium incarnatum strain K23, require AtPARN, but not CORK1 for [Ca[2+]]cyt elevation and the activation of Ca[2+]-dependent downstream responses. [Ca[2+]]cyt elevation by the F. incarnatum strain K23 extract does not require the BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1) co-receptor or the TWO-PORE Ca[2+] CHANNEL1 (TPC1) but operates synergistically with the cellotriose- and chitin-induced signaling pathways. We propose a convergence of the signaling pathways induced by the CW extracts from P. indica and K23 at AtPARN prior to the increase in [Ca[2+]]cyt ~ 90 s after the stimulus. Furthermore, the elevated [Ca[2+]]cyt levels activate a mild defense response which might be used by the roots to restrict fungal propagation and to balance beneficial and non-beneficial traits in the symbiosis.<br><br>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-025-01600-7.}, }
@article {pmid40754665, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, X and Gu, L and Yang, G and Liu, C and Huang, K and Chen, Q}, title = {Effects of Isaria cateniannulata on the colonization process and enzyme activity of Fagopyrum tataricum seeds during germination.}, journal = {Virulence}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {2543062}, doi = {10.1080/21505594.2025.2543062}, pmid = {40754665}, issn = {2150-5608}, abstract = {Endophytic colonization of entomopathogenic fungi has garnered significant attention for its role in promoting plant growth. Specifically, Isaria cateniannulata has shown a positive effect on the germination of Fagopyrum tataricum (buckwheat) seeds, but the mechanisms underlying this promotion remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the colonization process of I. cateniannulata in F. tataricum seeds during germination stages, quantify the colonization efficiency and tissue specificity of the fungus, and investigate the temporal dynamics of antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content triggered by fungal colonization. Furthermore, we evaluated the potential of I. cateniannulata-colonized seedlings to suppress T. urticae populations through oviposition inhibition. The results demonstrated for the first time that I. cateniannulata could successfully colonize germinating F. tataricum seeds during the seed imbibition and germination stages, either by forming dissolution zones with its spores or by germinating and forming mycelia. Initial colonization of all tissues was observed within 16 h, with colonization rates peaking after 5 d, with a preferential colonization rate observed as endosperm > embryo > seed coat. Furthermore, the colonization by I. cateniannulata enhanced peroxidase (POD) activity in the embryo and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Seedlings grown after colonization were also found to effectively reduce the number of eggs laid by T. urticae. These findings provide both theoretical insights and practical foundations for developing a symbiotic system between I. cateniannulata and F. tataricum seeds.}, }
@article {pmid40753811, year = {2025}, author = {Xu, Y and Wang, SP and Zhang, WS and Sun, ZY and Gou, M and Wang, ST and Tang, YQ}, title = {Modified biochar mitigates nitrogen loss in distilled grain waste composting by modulating microbial community assembly and function.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {122495}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122495}, pmid = {40753811}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {Pristine biochar (DB)-assisted composting can enhance product maturity and mitigate nitrogen loss, but its efficacy varies and is limited by feedstock variability and preparation conditions, highlighting the need for surface modifications to optimize performance. This study systematically investigated the effects of DB and KOH-modified biochar (DBK) on compost maturity, nitrogen loss, and the related microbial mechanisms during the composting of distilled grain waste, using a group without biochar addition (D) as the control. Results indicated that DBK exhibited a specific surface area of 644.33 m[2]/g and was rich in pore structures and functional groups. DBK significantly promoted compost maturity, with the seed germination index (GI) reaching 70 % by 23 d and biological nitrification occurring earlier (16 d). Additionally, compared to D and DB, DBK reduced nitrogen loss by 34.13 % and 10.47 %, respectively. DBK accelerates critical nitrogen transformation processes by increasing the abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and associated functional genes. Neutral community modeling and symbiotic networks indicated higher microbial community complexity and stochasticity, thereby promoting functional redundancy and improving nitrogen retention. Furthermore, Actinomadura and Chryseolinea were identified as key microbial drivers of nitrogen transformation, with their nxrABC and hao genes playing crucial roles in establishing efficient 'microbe-gene' synergistic mechanisms. Finally, economic analysis indicated that DBK generated a net profit of up to 63.63 RMB/t. These findings provide a theoretical basis for using modified biochar to promote maturity and control nitrogen loss during composting.}, }
@article {pmid40753805, year = {2025}, author = {Ai, L and Wei, M and Ma, J and Dai, Y and Zhang, J and Chen, F and Qin, Y and Yang, H}, title = {Occurrence patterns and ecological implications of microplastic contamination in citrus orchard soils on Karst Sloping Terrains, South China.}, journal = {Journal of hazardous materials}, volume = {496}, number = {}, pages = {139391}, doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139391}, pmid = {40753805}, issn = {1873-3336}, abstract = {Microplastics have emerged as pervasive pollutants in soil ecosystems, posing threats to fragile karst environments. However, their occurrence characteristics and ecological consequences remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the pollution characteristics, ecological risks, and relationships among soil environment indicators and microplastics in citrus-cultivated soils in the Lijiang karst sloping terrains, South China. The average concentration of soil microplastics was 3160 ± 342 items/kg, and the particle abundance and pollution load index increased with cultivation years and declined with slope position. Moreover, we detected significant correlations among the abundance, shape, and composition of microplastics and key soil parameters. Notably, microplastics were observed to have significant effects on the structure, network relationships, and functionalities of soil microbial communities. Positive relationships were identified between the soil microplastic abundance and the energy-sourcing function of bacteria and the symbiotic mode of nutrition in fungi. Shape differences of microplastics were significantly positively correlated with saprophytic nutrition in fungi. Our findings provide valuable insights into the ecological risks posed by microplastics and highlight the urgent necessity of implementing sustainable strategies for plastic waste management to mitigate adverse impacts on ecologically sensitive regions, including agricultural soils in the karst sloping terrains of South China.}, }
@article {pmid40752570, year = {2025}, author = {Igamberdiev, AU}, title = {The development of code systems during eukaryogenesis and the rise of multicellularity.}, journal = {Bio Systems}, volume = {255}, number = {}, pages = {105546}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105546}, pmid = {40752570}, issn = {1872-8324}, abstract = {The expansion of the set of biological codes associated with the appearance and complexification of eukaryotic cells (eukaryogenesis) and the evolution of multicellularity is based on the development of higher codes operating over the genetic system. In the course of evolution, the perception-action functional cycles described by Jakob von Uexküll become complemented by the secondary meta-cycles, which perceive the work of the primary cycles, and finally by tertiary cycles of meta-reflexivity, which perceive and evaluate the previous activity of the secondary functional cycles and generate a new field of meanings associated with conscious experience. The development of secondary and tertiary cycles forms the basis of higher-level codes operating over the genetic system and resulting in the evolutionary separation between unikonts and bikonts, in the divergence between protostomes and deuterostomes, in all events of cellular differentiation manifested as differentiation trees, and finally in the appearance of consciousness. The expansion of codes associated with the rise of eukaryotic organelles and with the cytoskeleton rearrangements in the ontogenesis of multicellular organisms determines the course of the evolutionary process toward complexification. The internally controlled recombination process, in particular, in the course of meiotic cell division and ontogenetic differentiation, becomes the driving factor of progressive evolution. It corresponds to the growing role of the epigenome and epigenetic regulation in the complexification of biological organization. It is concluded that the evolutionary process unfolds as a propagating non-deducible construction following the generation of functional redundancy, which is achieved through gene duplication, symbiosis, and cell-cell interactions, and becomes an important precondition for the appearance of new evolutionary acquisitions.}, }
@article {pmid40749845, year = {2025}, author = {Lu, YZ and Di, C and Sun, J and Wang, L and Li, X and Zhu, GC}, title = {Bentazone stress resistance in Methylocystis-Tetradesmus symbiosis: Biochemical and communicative exchanges.}, journal = {Bioresource technology}, volume = {436}, number = {}, pages = {133053}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133053}, pmid = {40749845}, issn = {1873-2976}, mesh = {*Symbiosis/drug effects ; *Stress, Physiological/drug effects ; *Methylocystaceae/drug effects/physiology/metabolism ; Methane/metabolism ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Benzothiadiazines ; }, abstract = {Methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB)-microalgae symbiosis is vital for greenhouse gas and carbon regulation in shallow aquatic ecosystems (e.g., rice paddies). However, the effects of pesticide exposure on these non-target species and their stress-induced microbial interactions remain poorly understood. In this study, the widely used pesticide bentazone (BTZ), known to occur at concentrations ranging from background levels to higher values (e.g., up to 100 mg/L) in specific contaminated scenarios like agricultural wastewater, was employed as a model stressor to investigate its effects on the symbiotic system formed by Methylocystis bryophila (M. bryophila) and Tetradesmus obliquus (T. obliquus). Results showed that while BTZ exposure (tested at 10-30 mg/L) inhibited key processes like cell proliferation, methane oxidation, and photosynthesis in individual species, the symbiotic system exhibited significantly enhanced resilience. This resilience stemmed from synergistic interactions, including: facilitated gas exchange promoting metabolic recovery; altered metabolic coupling (e.g., MOB porphyrin supporting algal chlorophyll, algal use of MOB-derived acetate); enhanced intercellular exchange of nutrients and protective extracellular polymeric substances formation; and strengthened physical association via algal metabolites promoting bacterial aggregation and mass transfer. This study elucidates key biochemical and communication mechanisms driving enhanced stress tolerance in MOB-microalgae symbiosis, highlighting the crucial role of microbial interactions in mitigating pesticide impacts in aquatic environments.}, }
@article {pmid40749676, year = {2025}, author = {Qian, JM and Li, K and Liu, W and Zhang, J and Wylie, A and Arnall, B and Krzmarzick, MJ and Wang, E and Oldroyd, GED and Bai, Y and Feng, F and Zhang, J}, title = {Chitooligosaccharide receptors modulate root microbiota to enhance symbiosis and growth in Medicago.}, journal = {Current biology : CB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2025.07.010}, pmid = {40749676}, issn = {1879-0445}, abstract = {Plant roots interact with beneficial microbes, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to aid in nutrient uptake. The interaction with AMF is initiated by plant Lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinases, CERK1 and LYR4 in Medicago truncatula, that detect AMF signals such as chitooligosaccharides (COs). However, the broader role of AMF-detecting receptors in shaping the root microbial community is largely unknown, and the impact of these receptor-mediated microbial communities on the AMF symbiosis is yet to be determined. This study examines the effects of CERK1 and LYR4 mutations on the root bacterial community, showing that these receptors have significant effects on shaping the bacterial community. Using bacteria isolated from wild-type roots, we created a synthetic bacterial community (SynCom), CO-SynCom. Plants inoculated with CO-SynCom exhibited significantly enhanced growth and AMF colonization in a manner dependent on the CO receptors LYR4 and CERK1, likely due to CERK1- and LYR4-mediated changes in hormone-related pathways and activation of symbiosis signaling. Our results highlight the essential role of plant symbiotic receptors in shaping root microbiota and offer valuable insights into optimizing plant-microbe interactions to enhance symbiosis and support sustainable agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid40749035, year = {2025}, author = {Gómez de Las Heras, MM and Carrasco, E and Pérez-Manrique, M and Inohara, N and Delgado-Pulido, S and Fernández-Almeida, &#xc1; and Gálvez-Castaño, MI and Francos-Quijorna, I and Simó, C and García-Cañas, V and Escrig-Larena, JI and Aranda, JF and Soto-Heredero, G and Gabandé-Rodríguez, E and Blanco, EM and Días-Almeida, J and Núñez, G and Mittelbrunn, M}, title = {CD4 T cell therapy counteracts inflammaging and senescence by preserving gut barrier integrity.}, journal = {Science immunology}, volume = {10}, number = {110}, pages = {eadv0985}, doi = {10.1126/sciimmunol.adv0985}, pmid = {40749035}, issn = {2470-9468}, mesh = {Animals ; Mice ; *Inflammation/immunology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; *Aging/immunology ; *CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/transplantation ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Intestinal Mucosa/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Adoptive Transfer ; Cellular Senescence ; }, abstract = {Healthy aging relies on a symbiotic host-microbiota relationship. The age-associated decline of the immune system can pose a threat to this delicate equilibrium. In this work, we investigated how the functional deterioration of T cells can affect host-microbiota symbiosis and gut barrier integrity and the implications of this deterioration for inflammaging, senescence, and health decline. Using the Tfam[fl/fl]Cd4[Cre] mouse model, we found that T cell failure compromised gut immunity leading to a decrease in T follicular cells and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and an accumulation of highly proinflammatory and cytotoxic T cells. These alterations were associated with intestinal barrier disruption and gut dysbiosis. Microbiota depletion or adoptive transfer of total CD4 T cells or a Treg cell-enriched pool prevented gut barrier dysfunction and mitigated premature inflammaging and senescence, ultimately enhancing the health span in this mouse model. Thus, a competent CD4 T cell compartment is critical to ensure healthier aging by promoting host-microbiota mutualism and gut barrier integrity.}, }
@article {pmid40748298, year = {2025}, author = {Cersosimo, A and Longo Elia, R and Condello, F and Colombo, F and Pierucci, N and Arabia, G and Matteucci, A and Metra, M and Adamo, M and Vizzardi, E and LA Fazia, VM}, title = {Cardiac rehabilitation in patients with atrial fibrillation.}, journal = {Minerva cardiology and angiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.23736/S2724-5683.25.06885-1}, pmid = {40748298}, issn = {2724-5772}, abstract = {Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for significant public health and economic burdens. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary program designed to aid patients in recovering from cardiac events and to prevent further complications. The aim of CR is to improve their quality of life and prognosis. It involves continued prognostic stratification, clinical stabilization, optimization of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy, management of comorbidities, treatment of disabilities, reinforcement of secondary prevention interventions, and maintenance of adherence to therapy. The most recent European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation (AF) emphasize the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness, recommending that patients engage in moderate-intensity exercise and remain physically active to prevent AF incidence or recurrence. Through this symbiotic relationship, CR addresses all aspect of cardiac fitness in AF management. The program's structured exercise regimens are specifically tailored to address the challenges associated with AF, promoting overall cardiovascular health and reducing the risk for cardiac death. CR is also crucial for emotional well-being, offering support and coping mechanisms for the psychological impact of AF, beyond the physical training program. CR programs involve a multidisciplinary approach that is carried out collaboratively by a team of healthcare professionals, including nurses, physiotherapists, psychologists, and dietitians. Moreover, CR in AF patients aims to carry out comprehensive patient support through clinical stabilization and therapy optimization interventions, prescription and implementation of physical activity, educational support on lifestyle risk factors and social-emotional distress, and periodic assessment of outcomes. This narrative review aims to elucidate the role of CR in AF patients, shedding light on the potential benefits and challenges associated with integrating rehabilitation programs into the care of individuals with AF.}, }
@article {pmid40747421, year = {2025}, author = {Ansaldo, E and Yong, D and Carrillo, N and McFadden, T and Abid, M and Corral, D and Rivera, C and Farley, T and Bouladoux, N and Gribonika, I and Belkaid, Y}, title = {T-bet expressing Tr1 cells driven by dietary signals dominate the small intestinal immune landscape.}, journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1101/2025.06.30.662190}, pmid = {40747421}, issn = {2692-8205}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Intestinal immunity defends against enteric pathogens, mediates symbiotic relationships with the resident microbiota, and provides tolerance to food antigens, safeguarding critical nutrient absorption and barrier functions of this mucosal tissue. Despite the abundance of tissue resident activated T cells, their contributions to these various roles remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a dominant population of IL-10 producing, T-bet expressing CD4+ Tr1 T cells, residing in the small intestinal lamina propria at homeostasis. Remarkably, these intestinal Tr1 cells emerge at the time of weaning and accumulate independently of the microbiota displaying similar abundance, function and TCR repertoire under germ-free conditions. Instead, the small intestinal T-bet+ Tr1 program is driven and shaped by dietary antigens, and accumulates in a cDC1-IL-27 dependent manner. Upon activation, these cells robustly express IL-10 and multiple inhibitory receptors, establishing a distinct suppressive profile. Altogether, this work uncovers a previously unappreciated dominant player in homeostatic small intestinal immunity with the potential to play critical suppressive roles in this tissue, raising important implications for the understanding of immune regulation in the intestine.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Establishing immunological tolerance to self and environmental antigens is critical to preserve tissue homeostasis and function. In the intestine, both dietary and microbiota derived antigens are routinely encountered by the immune system, which deploys a variety of mechanisms to maintain tolerance to these innocuous antigens. Understanding how immunological tolerance is established is critical, a when this process goes awry it can lead to severe inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease. However, how tolerance is established in the intestine is still poorly understood. In this study we describe a novel dominant T cell population in the small intestine shaped by dietary components with the potential to play important roles in immune tolerance at this site. back # IntroductionBarrier surfaces such as the gut and skin represent the first line of defense against the environment. These organs must strike a delicate balance between providing protection against environmental and infectious agents, maintaining tissue function, and establishing a homeostatic symbiotic relationship with resident microbes collectively known as the microbiota (1). The immune system plays a critical role in establishing these dynamic and carefully regulated relationships, as evidenced by the large number of immune cells present at these sites. Of particular note, activated T cells are very abundant at barrier tissues, where they orchestrate immune effector functions geared towards these varied tasks (1, 2). In the small intestine, the intraepithelial compartment harbors innate like natural CD8aa&#x207a; IELs, many of which are self reactive; as well as CD4&#x207a;CD8aa&#x207a; and CD8ab&#x207a; IELs responding to dietary and microbial antigens (3). The underlying lamina propria (SILP) harbors predominantly CD4&#x207a; T cells, which participate in responses to commensal-derived and dietary antigens (2, 4). Despite the abundance of small intestinal CD4 T cells, only a handful of cognate immune interactions focusing on Type 17 and T regulatory helper subsets have been described. Thus, whether immune responses in this tissue are truly limited to a small number of antigenic triggers and effector functions remains to be fully elucidated. The small number of gut homeostatic CD4 T cell responses described thus far have been shown to primarily respond to specific commensal bacteria or dietary antigens (1, 2, 5-8): Among other examples, SFB induces cognate Th17 cells in the small intestine (9, 10), a consortium human commensal bacteria induces CD8b&#x207a; cells in the colon (11), and Akkermansia muciniphila indices T FH and other effector cells in the Peyer's patches and lamina propria, respectively (12). Furthermore most regulatory T cells in the colon are induced in response to commensal or pathobiont species at homeostasis, providing critical regulatory functions (13, 14). Cognate immune responses to SFB help contain this commensal species in the intestine (15), but also have systemic impacts on the susceptibility to autoimmune disease (16, 17). Interestingly, despite presenting a classical Th17 effector profile, a subset of SFB-induced Th17 cells possess IL-10 secretion capabilities and suppress cognate immune responses without the expression of Foxp3 (18), suggesting immunoregulatory functions reminiscent of Tr1 cells. Whether these competing capabilities are unique to SFB-specific immune responses or a general hallmark of small intestinal immunity remains unknown. The description of SFB-specific Tr1-like cells in the small intestine was surprising, as this CD4&#x207a; T cell subset, characterized by abundant IL-10 secretion in the absence of Foxp3 expression, has only been described in the context of chronic antigen stimulation, such as chronic infection or cancer (19). The Tr1 cell program is controlled by a variety of transcription factors and upstream signaling pathways, including IL-27 signaling, MAF and AHR (20). AHR-ligands are abundant in the intestine, and MAF is a hallmark of other regulatory commensal-specific responses (21, 14). Furthermore, IL-27, which can induce both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions, is abundant in the small intestine (22, 23). This raises the possibility that the Tr1 program is a more general feature of small intestinal immunity, not uniquely restricted to SFB-specific responses. In this study we explore the breadth of CD4&#x207a; T cell responses in the small intestine, and uncover a previously uncharacterized CD4&#x207a;T-bet&#x207a; T cell immune response that is dominant in this tissue. Unexpectedly, these SILP CD4&#x207a;T-bet&#x207a; T cells are independent of the microbiota, maintaining a similar functional profile and shared antigen specificities in germ-free conditions. Instead, we reveal that dietary components drive the accumulation, function, and clonal selection of this T cell population. Finally, we show that, contrary to classical Th1 cells, SILP CD4&#x207a;T-bet&#x207a; T cells adopt a Tr1 immunoregulatory functional program during activation, suggesting that this is a general feature of CD4&#x207a; T cell immunity in the small intestine wired towards immune regulation and tissue homeostasis.}, }
@article {pmid40746883, year = {2025}, author = {Alvarado-Ortiz, E and Sarabia-SáNCHEZ, MA}, title = {Hypoxic link between cancer cells and the immune system: The role of adenosine and lactate.}, journal = {Oncology research}, volume = {33}, number = {8}, pages = {1803-1818}, pmid = {40746883}, issn = {1555-3906}, mesh = {Humans ; *Adenosine/metabolism ; *Neoplasms/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology ; *Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Animals ; *Immune System/metabolism/immunology ; Tumor Escape ; }, abstract = {The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by a symbiosis between cancer cells and the immune cells. The scarcity of oxygen generates hostility that forces cancer cells to alter their biological features in solid tumors. In response to low oxygen availability, the Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIF-1/2/3α) act as metabolic mediators, producing extracellular metabolites in the tumor microenvironment that influence the immune cells. The modulation of lactate and adenosine on immune evasion has been widely described; however, under hypoxic conditions, it has been barely addressed. Evidence has demonstrated an interplay between cancer and the immune cells, and the present review explores the findings that support HIFs bridging the gap between the rise of these metabolites and the immunosurveillance failure in a hypoxic context. Moreover, new insights based on systemic oxygen administration are discussed, which might counterbalance the effect mediated by lactate and adenosine, to recover anti-tumor immunity. Thus, the disruption of anti-tumor immunity has been the focus of recent research and this novel avenue opens therapeutic vulnerabilities that can be useful for cancer patients.}, }
@article {pmid40744917, year = {2025}, author = {van Galen, LG and Stewart, JD and Qin, C and Corrales, A and Manley, BF and Kiers, ET and Crowther, TW and Van Nuland, ME}, title = {Global divergence in plant and mycorrhizal fungal diversity hotspots.}, journal = {Nature communications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, pages = {6702}, pmid = {40744917}, issn = {2041-1723}, mesh = {*Mycorrhizae/physiology/classification ; *Biodiversity ; Soil Microbiology ; *Plants/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Forests ; Grassland ; Ecosystem ; *Fungi/classification ; }, abstract = {Environmental protection strategies often rely on aboveground biodiversity indicators for prioritising conservation efforts. However, substantial biodiversity exists belowground, and it remains unclear whether aboveground diversity hotspots are indicative of high soil biodiversity. Using geospatial layers of vascular plant, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and ectomycorrhizal fungi alpha diversity, we map plant-fungal diversity associations across different scales and evaluate evidence for potential correlation drivers. Plant-fungal diversity correlations are weak at the global scale but stronger at regional scales. Plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal correlations are generally negative in forest biomes and positive in grassland biomes, whereas plant-ectomycorrhizal fungal correlations are mostly positive or neutral. We find evidence that symbiosis strength, environmental covariation, and legacy effects all influence correlation patterns. Only 8.8% of arbuscular mycorrhizal and 1.5% of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity hotspots overlap with plant hotspots, indicating that prioritising conservation based solely on aboveground diversity may fail to capture diverse belowground regions.}, }
@article {pmid40744203, year = {2025}, author = {Fu, H and Chen, W and Guo, T and Huang, W and Xu, H and Qu, Z and Yan, N}, title = {Mitigation of waste sulfur acid in lead smelting: Substance flow analysis of a case study in China.}, journal = {Environmental research}, volume = {285}, number = {Pt 3}, pages = {122472}, doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122472}, pmid = {40744203}, issn = {1096-0953}, abstract = {The migration and conversion of sulfur resources throughout the entire production process of lead smelting (LS), a key process in non-ferrous heavy metal production, underscores the significance of analyzing its flow characteristics. This study elucidates the sulfur flow dynamics during the lead smelting process based on production data from a representative group company in China in 2020. We found a predominantly singular structure of sulfur products, resulting in a low corresponding sulfur utilization index (∼89.23 %). Conversely, the sulfur waste index was notably high (∼9.68 %). Here we propose a three-phase optimization strategy: optimizing the structure of raw materials and products in the initial stage, augmenting the scale and structure of primary processes in the middle stage, and advancing industrial symbiosis technology, alongside adjusting industry scale, product structures, and promoting pollutant end-treatment technologies in the latter stages. Through the implementation of these measures, it is anticipated that approximately 180,000 tons of waste acid can be mitigated in the non-ferrous heavy metal industry while 257,600 tons of sulfur resources can be recycled in lead smelting annually in China.}, }
@article {pmid40743974, year = {2025}, author = {Qin, S and Deng, L and Lin, Y and Jiang, L and Liu, X and Zhang, Q}, title = {Quorum sensing signaling molecules enhance the treatment performance of the HN-AD bacteria-Chlorella symbiotic system in MABR.}, journal = {Journal of environmental management}, volume = {392}, number = {}, pages = {126783}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126783}, pmid = {40743974}, issn = {1095-8630}, abstract = {To enhance the stability of membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) and accelerate the formation of biofilm, this study introduced a symbiotic system composed of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacteria and Chlorella into the MABR, and compared it with a control system inoculated with HN-AD bacteria and activated sludge. The effects of adding 0.8 μM exogenous C8-HSL on biofilm formation and the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal were investigated by comparing systems with and without the signaling molecule. Results showed that 0.8 μM C8-HSL enhanced the removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) by 25.17 %, 36.22 %, and 38.74 %, respectively, and increased extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production by 68.62 %. High-throughput sequencing identified Desulfomicrobium and Aliidiomarina as the dominant microorganisms involved in nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The nirB gene played a key role in the denitrification process, and phoBR gene was essential for phosphorus removal. This study provides theoretical support for the application of quorum sensing in MABR systems, offering a novel strategy to improve the efficiency and stability of high ammonia wastewater treatment.}, }
@article {pmid40741765, year = {2025}, author = {Baatsen, J and Hosaka, GK and Mondin, M and Azevedo, JL and Hungria, M and Quecine, MC}, title = {Benzoxazinoids stimulate chemotaxis and act as a signaling molecule in Azospirillum brasilense Ab-V5, while showing minor effects on Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5.}, journal = {mBio}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0141425}, doi = {10.1128/mbio.01414-25}, pmid = {40741765}, issn = {2150-7511}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Root colonization by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) involves recruiting beneficial partners from the rhizosphere. Among well-studied PGPB, Azospirillum brazilense Ab-V5 and Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 are two well-known bacterial strains renowned for their growth-enhancing capacity and extensively used as bio-inputs. Many cereals, such as maize, produce indole-derived benzoxazinoids (BXs), specialized metabolites that shape root-associated microbiomes to promote colonization by plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Although the mechanisms by which BXs recruit PGPB remain unclear, we hypothesize that BXs directly facilitate root colonization by favoring bacteria adapted to these metabolites in the soil environment. In this study, we investigated the impact of the relatively stable lactam BX-derivative, 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA), on two PGPB strains: Azospirillum brasilense Ab-V5 and Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that MBOA had minimal effects on Pf-5, but triggered extensive gene expression changes in Ab-V5, particularly in pathways related to energy metabolism, chemotaxis, and biofilm formation. Subsequent assays confirmed that MBOA acts as a chemoattractant for Ab-V5 and, at moderate concentrations, enhances both biofilm formation and colonization of Arabidopsis roots. We propose that the chemotactic property of MBOA on Ab-V5 can enhance its establishment in the rhizosphere and that this metabolite can trigger the metabolic transition required for root colonization.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: In this paper, we studied the impact of benzoxaziniods on root colonization mechanisms of two potent plant-growth- promoting bacterial strains. We explored these mechanisms by an RNA sequencing experiment and by microscopy. The paper highlights how biofilm is particularly affected and reports on chemotactic responses. Most of the results we obtained we could validate with phenotypic assays. We show that benzoxazinoids, produced by many cereals, profoundly affect bacterial behavior related to plant-bacterial interactions. The bacteria in this study are known for their ecological roles in the soil, being either in plant protection or as biofertilizers. Thus, this work holds significant socio-economic value for society.}, }
@article {pmid40740717, year = {2025}, author = {Parmentier, T and Wybouw, N}, title = {Lasius flavus ants protect root aphid eggs from predators and pathogens during winter hibernation.}, journal = {Royal Society open science}, volume = {12}, number = {7}, pages = {250217}, pmid = {40740717}, issn = {2054-5703}, abstract = {Cooperative brood care is key to the ecology and evolution of social insects. Interestingly, social insects may also care for the brood of other species that dwell in their nests. This study explores how the yellow meadow ant Lasius flavus cares for the eggs of the root aphid Anoecia zirnitsi and how this service affects the resistance of aphid eggs to predators and pathogens. In winter, A. zirnitsi eggs were found exclusively in L. flavus nest chambers near the ant brood. Laboratory experiments showed that L. flavus detects, transports, piles and grooms the aphid eggs. We could recapitulate these caring behaviours in L. flavus using glass beads coated with chemical cues extracted from the aphid egg surface. Other ant species did not collect or nurse the eggs, suggesting a specific interaction between L. flavus and the eggs of A. zirnitsi. We further demonstrated that L. flavus strongly increased the aphid eggs' protection against predators and fungal pathogens. Ants, however, were not essential for the eggs to hatch, and aphid nymphs were capable of independently colonizing grass roots. Our research highlights the crucial protection services L. flavus ants provide to root aphids in winter, while the potential costs and delayed benefits (honeydew provision) of this protection for the ants should be further explored.}, }
@article {pmid40740338, year = {2025}, author = {Mancabelli, L and Tarracchini, C and Longhi, G and Alessandri, G and Ventura, M and Turroni, F}, title = {Dissecting the molecular interactions between botanical extracts and the human gut microbiota.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {1610170}, pmid = {40740338}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {Over millions of years, humans and their gut microbes have developed a symbiotic relationship that benefits both organisms. Many plants and herbs consumed as food by humans, such as aloe vera gel and dandelion root extracts, contain bioactive compounds with recognized therapeutic or preventive effects. However, the impact of these botanicals on the composition and functionality of the human gut microbiota is not yet understood. In this study, the molecular impact of these botanicals on reconstructed human gut microbiota was assessed by in-vitro bioreactor experiments followed by metagenomics and transcriptomic approaches, highlighting both taxonomic and functional changes in the human gut microbiome. Furthermore, cross-feeding activities established by common human gut microbial taxa like Bacteroides spp. when cultivated on these extracts were assessed. In conclusion, the results show that botanicals affect intestinal populations that are highly dependent on the microbial taxa present and that trophic interactions are established in few key gut members.}, }
@article {pmid40740254, year = {2025}, author = {English, EL and Krueger, JM}, title = {Bacterial peptidoglycan levels have brain area, time of day, and sleep loss-induced fluctuations.}, journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience}, volume = {19}, number = {}, pages = {1608302}, pmid = {40740254}, issn = {1662-4548}, abstract = {Sleep-inducing bacterial cell wall components isolated from brain and urine of sleep deprived animals were identified as peptidoglycan (PG) and muropeptides in the 1980s. Following host detection of PG/muropeptides, downstream signaling mechanisms include release of effector molecules, e.g., cytokines involved in sleep regulation. Understanding of physiological brain PG changes has remained limited, in part due to the historic difficulties of PG quantitation. Herein, we report murine brain PG levels in multiple brain areas within the context of animals' rest-wake cycles and after sleep loss. Significant time-of-day changes in brain PG levels occurred in all brain areas; lowest levels occurred during the transition from rest to wake periods, at zeitgeber time 12 (ZT12). Highest levels of PG were in brainstem while olfactory bulb, hypothalamic, and cortical PG levels were lower. After 3 h of sleep disruption, PG levels increased in the somatosensory cortex, but decreased in brainstem, and hypothalamus. After 6 h of sleep disruption, PG increased in the brainstem and olfactory bulb compared to control levels. Further, RNA-seq analyses of somatosensory cortical tissue was used to assess sleep loss-dependent changes in genes previously linked to PG. Multiple PG-related genes had altered expression with sleep loss including PG binding and signaling molecules, e.g., Pglyrp1 and Nfil3. In summary, brain PG levels were dependent on time of day, brain area, and sleep history. Further, sleep loss altered brain gene expression for PG-linked genes. Collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that microbe-host symbiotic interactions are involved in murine sleep regulatory mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid40739833, year = {2025}, author = {Fan, JW and Chen, M and Tian, F and Yao, R and Turner, NC and Yang, L and Fang, WY and Abbott, L and Li, FM and Du, YL}, title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance alfalfa production by changing root morphology and physiology.}, journal = {Journal of experimental botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/eraf335}, pmid = {40739833}, issn = {1460-2431}, abstract = {Soil phosphorus (P) deficiency can severely limit crop and forage productivity. With limited P resources, breeding programs to select high-P efficiency (HPE) genotypes have been developed, but the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in altering root morphology and physiology to increase P use efficiency and production remains poorly understood. In this study, we compared mycorrhizal responsiveness, and plasticity of root morphological and physiological traits between two low-P efficiency (LPE) and two HPE alfalfa genotypes under low and high P treatments. Plants were grown either in soil with naturally occurring AMF or in sterilized soil added with AMF-free bacteria. The results indicated that the AMF symbiosis significantly increased alfalfa productivity and physiological P use efficiency by enhancing total root length and root surface area while reducing carboxylate release. Under low P conditions, HPE genotypes with AMF symbiosis showed higher shoot dry weight, greater mycorrhizal responsiveness, thicker and more robust roots, as well as increased carboxylate release compared to LPE genotypes. We conclude that exploitation of the dominant species in indigenous AMF populations and breeding of crop genotypes with high mycorrhizal responsiveness show promising avenues with which to improve forage productivity and alleviate P-limitation in modern agricultural ecosystems.}, }
@article {pmid40739792, year = {2025}, author = {Faghihkhorasani, F and Moosavi, M and Rasool Riyadh Abdulwahid, AH and Kavei, M and Karimi, S and Seyed Karimi, M and Vezvaei, P and Manafi Varkiani, M and Aref, AR and Ebrahimi, N}, title = {Role of monocarboxylate transporters in cancer immunology and their therapeutic potential.}, journal = {British journal of pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/bph.70110}, pmid = {40739792}, issn = {1476-5381}, abstract = {Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) affect cancer metabolism and the regulation of immune responses, making them targets for cancer therapy. This study examines the roles of MCTs, specifically MCT1 and MCT4, in various cancer types and their influence on the advancement of tumours, metastasis and patient prognosis. We analyse the interaction among MCTs, tumour microenvironments (TMEs) and the immune system, as biomarkers and targets for therapy. Initial clinical trials have demonstrated encouraging outcomes with MCT inhibitors, including AZD3965. The combination of MCT inhibition and immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint blockade, has shown synergistic effects in boosting the antitumour responses of the body's immune system. This study reviews the importance of MCTs and their potential as new targets for enhancing cancer therapy efficacy, especially when used in conjunction with current medicine treatment regimes. In numerous malignancies, tumour cells form a metabolic symbiosis wherein glycolytic cells, marked by elevated MCT4 expression, secrete lactate into the TME, while oxidative cancer cells, expressing MCT1, absorb this lactate as a metabolic substrate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Disrupting this lactate shuttle through targeted inhibition of MCTs is a promising strategy to overcome immune evasion and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies. Targeting monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in glycolytic and oxidative tumour cells enhances antitumour immunity. Combinational therapy using MCT1 inhibitors (e.g. AZD3965), MCT4 inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade can suppress lactate-mediated immunosuppression in the TME. By disrupting lactate shuttling between glycolytic and oxidative tumour cells, this strategy promotes T cell function and improves cancer treatment outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid40738088, year = {2025}, author = {Zhang, H and Yin, J and Jiang, H and Zeng, W and Cheng, Y and Yang, J and Lin, D and Bai, L and Liang, H}, title = {Reduction of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in simulated-sunlight-supported counter-diffusion bacteria-Algae biofilms: Interface properties and functional gene responses.}, journal = {Water research}, volume = {286}, number = {}, pages = {124285}, doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124285}, pmid = {40738088}, issn = {1879-2448}, abstract = {A novel bacteria-algae symbiotic counter-diffusion biofilm system integrated within simulated-sunlight (designated UV-MABAR) was engineered to simultaneously address antibiotic residuals and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) while maintaining functional microbial consortia under simulated solar irradiation. The non-algal control system (UV-MABR) demonstrated elevated repulsion energy barriers accompanied by significant suppression of ATP synthase (p < 0.01) and DNA repair-related gene clusters, leading to biofilm homeostasis disruption and subsequent sulfamethoxazole (SMX) effluent accumulation peaking at 138.11±2.34 μg/L. In contrast, the UV-MABAR configuration exhibited dynamic quenching of tyrosine-associated fluorescence moieties within extracellular polymeric substances, thereby diminishing complexation potential with SMX aromatic rings and achieving 70.75 %±3.21 % abiotic photodegradation efficiency, which substantially curtailed ARG proliferation pathways, promoting a significant downregulation of sul1 (-1.9 log2 fold-change) and sul2 (-1.1 log2 fold-change) expression compared to conventional MABR controls. Besides, algal in UV-MABAR attenuated the irradiation-induced α-helix/(β-sheet + random coil) conformational shift, moderating biofilm matrix compaction. Crucially, algal proliferation up-regulated bacterial recA expression (1.7-fold increase), thereby preserving catabolic gene integrity and preventing endogenous substances release. These protective measures kept effluent concentrations of SMX, NH4[+]-N, total nitrogen, and COD in UV-MABAR at 19.84 μg/L, 3.88 mg/L, 12.76 mg/L, and 34.97 mg/L, respectively, during 150 days of operation.}, }
@article {pmid40737754, year = {2025}, author = {Torralbo, F and López, CM and Alseekh, S and Martínez-Rivas, FJ and Reyes, MR and Fernie, AR and Alamillo, JM}, title = {The source of nitrogen conditions transcriptomic responses to water deficit in common bean roots.}, journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB}, volume = {228}, number = {}, pages = {110264}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110264}, pmid = {40737754}, issn = {1873-2690}, abstract = {Drought stress reduces plant growth and yield of crops. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) establishes symbiosis with rhizobia, ensuring an adequate nitrogen supply without fertilizers. However, the relationship with rhizobia is constrained by limited water availability which inhibits both nitrogen fixation and plant growth. In addition, physiological and molecular responses of common bean to drought are conditioned by the form of nitrogen assimilated. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism(s) triggered in common bean under water-deficit conditions is relevant to identify the best strategies to resist drought stress. With the objective of understanding the molecular responses of roots and nodules from common bean to water-deficit stress, plants cultivated under N2-fixation or nitrate fertilization were exposed to ten days of water deprivation. Afterwards, transcriptomic analysis was performed in roots, while metabolome profiling was carried out in roots and nodules. Physiological results showed that under water-deficit, N2-fixing plants increased their root biomass more than nitrate-fertilized plants. Furthermore, water-deficit stress induced more transcriptional changes in nitrate-fertilized plants than in N2-fixing plants, including a larger number of transcription factors in these plants compared with the N2-fixing plants. On the other hand, roots from N2-fixing plants accumulated more metabolites with potential protective functions such as allantoin, proline, raffinose, abscisic acid, and flavonoids in response to water-deficit stress than plants fertilized with nitrate, indicating that symbiosis might facilitate a faster and more efficient response to water-deficit stress. Moreover, common bean nodules exposed to water-deficit stress accumulated proline and erythritol, but reduced their content of maltose, pyruvic acid and allantoin compared to their respective controls. Taken collectively, these findings suggest that, despite the inhibition of nodule activity, N2-fixing plants respond better to water-deficit stress than nitrate-fertilized plants.}, }
@article {pmid40736480, year = {2025}, author = {Martin, F}, title = {[Fungal communities in forest soils under climate change].}, journal = {Comptes rendus biologies}, volume = {348}, number = {}, pages = {167-181}, doi = {10.5802/crbiol.179}, pmid = {40736480}, issn = {1768-3238}, mesh = {*Soil Microbiology ; *Climate Change ; *Forests ; *Fungi/physiology/classification ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Trees/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Ecosystem ; Soil ; }, abstract = {Forest fungi are crucial for the function and sustainability of forest ecosystems. This article reviews the current understanding of the biology and ecology of two main fungal guilds in forests: saprotrophic fungi, which decompose plant detritus and soil organic matter, and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi, which promote tree growth. I will explore the factors influencing the diversity and dynamics of fungal communities in forest soils under climate change conditions. Finally, I briefly discuss research programs aimed at defining the conditions for utilising tree microbiota, particularly mycorrhizal symbionts, in planting and assisted migration projects for forestry species. Controlled mycorrhiza formation allows for the production of young forest seedlings mycorrhized with selected fungal strains, thereby enhancing the mineral and water nutrition of seedlings, stimulating juvenile growth, and increasing resistance to drought and pathogens. It is also used for truffle cultivation and edible mushroom production.}, }
@article {pmid40736419, year = {2025}, author = {Li, X and Li, H and Wang, S and Zhang, H and Shao, Y and Chen, Y and Yuan, Z}, title = {Distinct strategies of soil bacterial generalists and specialists in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests.}, journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e0099225}, doi = {10.1128/aem.00992-25}, pmid = {40736419}, issn = {1098-5336}, abstract = {UNLABELLED: Based on global biotic homogenization, habitat generalists and specialists play an important role in maintaining the stability of ecosystems. However, limited information is available about the assembly processes and co-occurrence patterns of soil bacterial habitat specialists and generalists in forest ecosystems, particularly their response mechanisms to environmental factors. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to investigate the role of the ecological assemblage processes of soil bacterial habitat specialists and generalists and their role in maintaining the stability of the symbiotic network in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests (China). The results showed that compared with specialists, the diversity of bacterial habitat generalists was lower, but their distribution ranges and environmental niche breadth were wider. Results from the null and neutral models indicate that, compared to deterministic processes, the community assembly of habitat generalists and specialists is more strongly influenced by stochastic processes, with generalists exhibiting a higher degree of stochasticity than specialists. Network analysis results showed that habitat specialists played a greater role in maintaining the stability of the bacterial co-occurrence network than the generalists. In addition, bacterial habitat specialists were more likely to be affected by light and spatial feature vectors than generalists. These findings provide a novel perspective for understanding the assembly processes and diversity maintenance mechanisms of the forest soil bacterial community.<br><br>IMPORTANCE: Limited information is available about bacterial specialists and generalists in forests. Generalists were more affected by stochastic processes than specialists. Specialists played a more important role in network stability than generalists. Light and spatial vectors had stronger effects on specialists than generalists.}, }
@article {pmid40736175, year = {2025}, author = {Shi, Q and Wei, Z and Pang, J and Qudsi, AI and Wei, M and Zhang, Z and Zhang, Y and Wang, Z and Chen, K and Xu, X and Lu, X and Liang, Q}, title = {Achromobacter in the Conjunctival Sac Microbiota: Potential Association With Acanthamoeba Keratitis Related to Orthokeratology Lenses.}, journal = {Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science}, volume = {66}, number = {9}, pages = {71}, pmid = {40736175}, issn = {1552-5783}, mesh = {Humans ; Male ; Female ; *Microbiota ; *Acanthamoeba Keratitis/microbiology/etiology ; *Conjunctiva/microbiology ; Adult ; *Achromobacter/isolation &amp; purification/genetics/physiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Orthokeratologic Procedures/adverse effects/instrumentation ; Acanthamoeba ; *Contact Lenses/adverse effects ; Young Adult ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/analysis ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Middle Aged ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a severe infection linked to orthokeratology lens use, whereas the involvement of conjunctival microbiota in AK remains poorly understood. This study investigates microbiota dysbiosis in AK pathogenesis to inform microbiota-based interventions.<br><br>METHODS: Conjunctival swabs from 14 patients with AK and 10 healthy controls underwent 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbiome analysis compared diversity, taxa, and metabolic pathways. Functional assays quantified Achromobacter-enhanced Acanthamoeba adhesion and migration. Metagenomics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with species-specific probes confirmed endosymbiosis.<br><br>RESULTS: Patients with AK showed reduced bacterial diversity compared with the healthy controls (P < 0.001) but similar richness. Relative abundance of Achromobacter in the AK group was higher compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.001). Achromobacter dominated microbiota among the AK group, being identified as a key biomarker via the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). In vitro, Achromobacter increased Acanthamoeba adhesion (P = 0.007) and the migration area (P < 0.05). Metagenomic analysis and FISH further showed Achromobacter spp. as potential endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed upregulated phenylalanine, fatty acid, and propanoate metabolism in the AK group (all P < 0.001). MetaCyc highlighted enriched pyruvate fermentation to isobutanol, aerobic respiration I, and L-isoleucine biosynthesis II in the AK group (P < 0.001).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: AK-associated conjunctival dysbiosis features Achromobacter dominance, reduced diversity, and altered metabolism. Achromobacter is associated with enhanced adhesion and migration of Acanthamoeba, indicating a possible symbiotic interaction and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.}, }
@article {pmid40736111, year = {2025}, author = {Goginyan, V and Harutyunyan, S and Stepanyan, T and Khachatryan, G and Bagiyan, V and Hovhannisyan, R and Harutyunyan, B and Kinosyan, M and Ghazanchyan, N and Davidyan, T and Verdyan, A and Chitchyan, K}, title = {Effect of complex microbial preparation of free-living and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria for agricultural crops.}, journal = {Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia}, volume = {85}, number = {}, pages = {e292171}, doi = {10.1590/1519-6984.292171}, pmid = {40736111}, issn = {1678-4375}, mesh = {*Crops, Agricultural/microbiology/growth &amp; development ; *Symbiosis/physiology ; *Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria/physiology/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation/physiology ; *Fertilizers/microbiology ; *Soil Microbiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The aim of this work was to study the newly developed biofertilizer and plant growth-promoting activity of a consortium of bacterial strains Azotobacter chroococcum MDC 6111, Paenibacillus polymyxa MDC 280 and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum MDC 5609, Mesorhizobium ciceri MDC 6048 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum MDC 5789. It should be noted that in the biofertilizer formula, the strains A. chroococcum and P. polymyxa are unaltered components, and the nodule bacteria are included depending on the type of crop, taking into account the specificity of these bacteria to plants. In this case, both the nitrogen-fixing capacity and the phosphate-mobilizing activity of these bacteria were taken into account. It was found that the increase in the organic layer content from 2.73 to 5.79% occurs with the active participation of microbial strains introduced into the soil. During the plant growth period, an increase in mobile nitrogen forms (NO3-) to 71.9 mg-eq/100 g and soil saturation with molecular nitrogen to 16.2 mg/100 g were detected. A decrease in the content of phosphorus salts (Р2О5, РО43-) and potassium (K+) to 2.86, 3.82 and 5.86 mg-eq/100 g, respectively, was shown. Thus, the content of the immobile form of potassium (K2O) decreases approximately 3 times, and the amount of immobile phosphorus (P2O5) - 3.63 times. These processes in the soil are due to the active activity of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, as well as the use of these ions by plants. At the same time, the nitrogen (N) content increases by 2.38 times, and its mineralized form - NO3- by 3.0 times, respectively. As a result of the field experiments, it was found that the tested soil rhizobacteria actively adhere to seeds and seedlings, spreading in the rhizosphere of plants, contributing to the effective action of the biopreparation, thereby fixing more nitrogen. Microorganisms in the process of metabolism increase the efficiency of obtaining soluble salts of phosphorus, potassium and calcium by plants. In general, it was found that joint inoculation of rhizobacteria strains demonstrated higher growth parameters and plant biomass, and crop ripening is achieved 12-20 days earlier compared to the control options. The use of biopreparation in agriculture allows to improve the content of the organic component of the soil, thereby contributing to the restoration of the ecological balance of the soil.}, }
@article {pmid40735137, year = {2025}, author = {Yin, M and Yang, M and Han, X and Yin, L and Peng, H and Huang, L}, title = {Spatial metabolic heterogeneity in Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (Fushen): Insights from quantitative analysis and widely targeted metabolomics.}, journal = {Food chemistry: X}, volume = {29}, number = {}, pages = {102802}, pmid = {40735137}, issn = {2590-1575}, abstract = {Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (Fushen) is valued for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Fushen is commonly processed into slices of different shapes and sizes. We quantified alkali-soluble and water-soluble polysaccharides, total amino acids, and triterpenoids in Fushen slices of varying geometries (square: 1-9 cm width; round: 1-6 cm radii). Results showed that triterpenes and water-soluble polysaccharides initially decreased and then stabilized with increasing slice size, while total amino acids accumulated progressively, indicating spatial metabolic heterogeneity in Fushen. To map metabolite distribution, we segmented the Fushen into seven concentric zones and profiled the metabolites using a widely targeted metabolomics approach. A total of 359 metabolites were identified. The fungal symbiotic matrix exhibited metabolic profiles similar to the intermediate regions, while peripheral regions maintained comparable levels of triterpenes, saccharides, and amino acid derivatives. This study provides a detailed metabolomic blueprint of Fushen and offers insights for standardized processing and optimized medicinal use.}, }
@article {pmid40734651, year = {2025}, author = {Liao, IJ and Sakagami, T and Lewin, TD and Bailly, X and Hamada, M and Luo, YJ}, title = {Animal-chlorophyte photosymbioses: evolutionary origins and ecological diversity.}, journal = {Biology letters}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, pages = {20250250}, pmid = {40734651}, issn = {1744-957X}, support = {//KAKENHI/ ; //National Science and Technology Council/ ; //Royal Society/ ; //Academia Sinica/ ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *Symbiosis ; *Biological Evolution ; *Chlorophyta/physiology/genetics ; *Photosynthesis ; *Cnidaria/physiology ; *Mollusca/physiology ; Phylogeny ; }, abstract = {Photosynthetic symbiosis occurs across diverse animal lineages, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Xenacoelomorpha and Mollusca. These associations between animal hosts and photosynthetic algae often involve the exchange of essential macronutrients, supporting adaptation to a wide range of aquatic environments. A small yet taxonomically widespread subset of animals host photosymbionts from the core chlorophytes, a phylogenetically expansive clade of green algae. These rare instances of 'plant-like' animals have arisen independently across distantly related lineages, resulting in striking ecological and physiological diversity. Although such associations provide valuable insights into the evolution of symbiosis and adaptation to novel ecological niches, animal-chlorophyte photosymbioses remain relatively understudied. Here, we present an overview of photosymbioses between animals and chlorophytes, highlighting their independent evolutionary origins, ecological diversity and emerging genomic resources. Focusing on Porifera, Cnidaria and Xenacoelomorpha, we review shared and lineage-specific adaptations underlying these associations. We also contrast them with dinoflagellate-based systems to demonstrate their distinct ecological and cellular features. Our work sets the stage for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations, enhancing our understanding of how interspecies interactions drive adaptation to unique ecological niches through animal-chlorophyte symbiosis.}, }
@article {pmid40733477, year = {2025}, author = {Leng, J and Xu, R and Liu, Y and Jiang, T and Hu, H and Ding, Z and Dai, S}, title = {Genome-Wide Analysis of GmMYB S20 Transcription Factors Reveals Their Critical Role in Soybean Nodulation.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {40733477}, issn = {2223-7747}, support = {32441006//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32070300//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 17DZ2252700//Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources of China/ ; }, abstract = {Soybean relies on symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) to support sustainable agriculture. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the GmMYB transcription factor subfamily 20, with a focus on GmMYB62a and GmMYB62b. Phylogenetic and structural analyses revealed that these genes are evolutionarily conserved among legumes and possess distinct domain architectures. Expression profiling and GUS staining showed that GmMYB62a and GmMYB62b are constitutively expressed in nodules. Functional analyses revealed that loss of GmMYB62s function significantly reduced nodule density, while overexpression promoted nodulation. Transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) further demonstrated that GmMYB62s regulate key pathways, including hormone signaling, immune responses, and cell wall metabolism, thereby coordinating symbiotic interactions. Collectively, our findings identify GmMYB62a and GmMYB62b as critical molecular regulators of nodulation in soybean, providing promising targets for improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency in legume crops.}, }
@article {pmid40733334, year = {2025}, author = {Radi, H and Koufan, M and Belkoura, I and Koussa, T and Mazri, MA}, title = {In Vitro Mycorrhization for Plant Propagation and Enhanced Resilience to Environmental Stress: A Review.}, journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {14}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {40733334}, issn = {2223-7747}, abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a key role in enhancing plant stress tolerance, nutrient uptake, and overall health, making them essential for sustainable agriculture. Their multifaceted contributions to the rhizosphere-through biofertilization, bioprotection, and biostimulation-have led to growing interest in their application. In recent years, in vitro mycorrhization has emerged as a promising approach for the rapid propagation of economically and ecologically important plant species, offering improved agronomic and physiological traits as well as increased resilience to environmental stressors. However, challenges remain in achieving consistent AMF-plant symbiosis under in vitro conditions across diverse species. This review highlights the potential of in vitro mycorrhization as a controlled system for investigating AMF interactions and their impact on plant development. Various in vitro mycorrhization systems are described and discussed, along with their applications in the mass production of AMF propagules and mycorrhizal plants, and their role in enhancing the acclimatization of micropropagated plantlets to ex vitro conditions. The role of in vitro mycorrhization as an effective tissue culture approach that integrates plant propagation with enhanced resilience to environmental stress is emphasized. The factors influencing the success of in vitro mycorrhization and strategies for the large-scale production of AMF propagules and mycorrhizal plants are explored. Although research in this area is still limited, existing studies underscore the potential of in vitro mycorrhization to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses-an increasingly urgent goal in the context of climate change and global food security.}, }
@article {pmid40732484, year = {2025}, author = {Ahangar, MN and Farhat, ZA and Sivanathan, A}, title = {AI Trustworthiness in Manufacturing: Challenges, Toolkits, and the Path to Industry 5.0.}, journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {25}, number = {14}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732484}, issn = {1424-8220}, support = {123456789//Innovate Uk/ ; }, abstract = {The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into manufacturing is transforming the industry by advancing predictive maintenance, quality control, and supply chain optimisation, while also driving the shift from Industry 4.0 towards a more human-centric and sustainable vision. This emerging paradigm, known as Industry 5.0, emphasises resilience, ethical innovation, and the symbiosis between humans and intelligent systems, with AI playing a central enabling role. However, challenges such as the "black box" nature of AI models, data biases, ethical concerns, and the lack of robust frameworks for trustworthiness hinder its widespread adoption. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of AI trustworthiness in the manufacturing industry, examining the evolution of industrial paradigms, identifying key barriers to AI adoption, and examining principles such as transparency, fairness, robustness, and accountability. It offers a detailed summary of existing toolkits and methodologies for explainability, bias mitigation, and robustness, which are essential for fostering trust in AI systems. Additionally, this paper examines challenges throughout the AI pipeline, from data collection to model deployment, and concludes with recommendations and research questions aimed at addressing these issues. By offering actionable insights, this study aims to guide researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in developing ethical and reliable AI systems that align with the principles of Industry 5.0, ensuring both technological advancement and societal value.}, }
@article {pmid40732102, year = {2025}, author = {Liu, Y and Ren, J and Yu, B and Liu, S and Cao, X}, title = {Metagenomic and Metabolomic Perspectives on the Drought Tolerance of Broomcorn Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.).}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732102}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {YDZJSX2022A044//the Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Funds/ ; CARS-06-14.5-A16//the earmarked fund for CARS/ ; 2025CYJSTX03-23//the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System/ ; }, abstract = {Drought stress is an important abiotic stress factor restricting crop production. Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) has become an ideal material for analyzing the stress adaptation mechanisms of crops due to its strong stress resistance. However, the functional characteristics of its rhizosphere microorganisms in response to drought remain unclear. In this study, metagenomics and metabolomics techniques were employed to systematically analyze the compositional characteristics of the microbial community, functional properties, and changes in metabolites in the rhizosphere soil of broomcorn millet under drought stress. On this basis, an analysis was conducted in combination with the differences in functional pathways. The results showed that the drought treatment during the flowering stage significantly altered the species composition of the rhizosphere microorganisms of broomcorn millet. Among them, the relative abundances of beneficial microorganisms such as Nitrosospira, Coniochaeta, Diversispora, Gigaspora, Glomus, and Rhizophagus increased significantly. Drought stress significantly affects the metabolic pathways of rhizosphere microorganisms. The relative abundances of genes associated with prokaryotes, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and other metabolic process (e.g., ribosome biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and fructose and mannose metabolism) increased significantly. Additionally, the expression levels of functional genes involved in the phosphorus cycle were markedly upregulated. Drought stress also significantly alters the content of specific rhizosphere soil metabolites (e.g., trehalose, proline). Under drought conditions, broomcorn millet may stabilize the rhizosphere microbial community by inducing its restructuring and recruiting beneficial fungal groups. These community-level changes can enhance element cycling efficiency, optimize symbiotic interactions between broomcorn millet and rhizosphere microorganisms, and ultimately improve the crop's drought adaptability. Furthermore, the soil metabolome (e.g., trehalose and proline) functions as a pivotal interfacial mediator, orchestrating the interaction network between broomcorn millet and rhizosphere microorganisms, thereby enhancing plant stress tolerance. This study sheds new light on the functional traits of rhizosphere microbiota under drought stress and their mechanistic interactions with host plants.}, }
@article {pmid40732090, year = {2025}, author = {da Silva, IA and de Andrade, JLS and Barbosa, FLA and Almeida, MS and Araújo, MLH and de Souza, AJ and Araujo, ASF and Pereira, APA and Garcia, KGV}, title = {Co-Application of Seaweed Extract (Solieria filiformis) and Silicon: Effect on Sporulation, Mycorrhizal Colonization, and Initial Growth of Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732090}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Seaweed extracts (SEs) and silicon (Si) are known to enhance plant growth under adverse conditions. However, their combined effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are not yet fully understood. This study evaluated the effect of the co-application of an SE and Si on the AMF spore abundance, mycorrhizal colonization, and early growth of Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia. Plants were grown in a greenhouse for 70 days in soil with or without an SE (Solieria filiformis) and three Si levels (0, 150, and 300 mg kg[-1]). Growth parameters, AMF spore abundance, mycorrhizal colonization, and plant/soil chemical composition were assessed. SE and Si increased the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and shoot dry mass, while higher Si levels reduced the root dry mass and length. Mycorrhizal colonization was highest (64%) at 150 mg kg[-1] Si with SE, whereas AMF spore abundance decreased as Si increased. SE and 300 mg kg[-1] Si raised the Si levels in the shoot, while root Si increased only at 300 mg kg[-1] Si. Shoot Na increased at 300 mg kg[-1] Si without SE, whereas K was highest at 150 mg kg[-1] Si with SE. The soil pH, electrical conductivity, and Na increased at 300 mg kg[-1] Si, while K and P decreased at this level without SE. These findings indicate that SE and Si co-application benefits early growth and may modulate mycorrhizal symbiosis, highlighting the importance of proper management to maximize plant and soil benefits.}, }
@article {pmid40732061, year = {2025}, author = {Alahmari, AN and Hassoubah, SA and Alaidaroos, BA and Al-Hejin, AM and Bataweel, NM and Farsi, RM and Algothmi, KM and Alshammari, NM and Ashour, ATK}, title = {Antimicrobial Metabolites Isolated from Some Marine Bacteria Associated with Callyspongia crassa Sponge of the Red Sea.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732061}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {The Red Sea is rich in symbiotic microorganisms that have been identified as sources of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of marine sponge-associated bacteria as sources of antibacterial compounds, emphasizing their significance in combating antibiotic resistance (AMR). The crude extracts of Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones measuring 12 mm and 14 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and other infectious strains. The DPPH assay showed that the bacterial isolates AN3 and AN6 exhibited notable antioxidant activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. To characterize the chemical constituents responsible for the observed bioactivity, a GC-MS analysis was performed on ethyl acetate extracts of the potent strains. The analysis identified a range of antimicrobial compounds, including straight-chain alkanes (e.g., Tetradecane), cyclic structures (e.g., Cyclopropane derivatives), and phenolic compounds, all of which are known to disrupt microbial membranes or interfere with metabolic pathways. The bioprospecting and large-scale production of these compounds are challenging. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential for marine bacteria associated with sponges from the Red Sea to be a source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic relevance.}, }
@article {pmid40732002, year = {2025}, author = {Jin, Y and Chen, Z and Malik, K and Li, C}, title = {Achnatherum inebrians Bacterial Communities Associated with Epichloë gansuensis Endophyte Infection Under Low-Concentration Urea Treatment: Links to Plant Growth and Root Metabolite.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40732002}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {32201445, 2021M701525, 2024M761243, 22JR5RA434, 22ZSCQD01, 22JR5RA532, lzujbky-2022-kb02, lzujbky-2023-49 and [2021]794.//the National Science Foundation of China , the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Gansu Province Outstanding Doctoral Students Project , Intellectual Property Plan (Targeted Organization) Project of Gansu Administration for Market Regulation, Gansu Pr/ ; }, abstract = {Despite chemical exchange often serving as the first step in plant-microbe interactions, the specialized chemical metabolites produced by grass-Epichloë endophyte symbiosis as mediators of host growth, nutrient acquisition, and modulators of the rhizosphere community under low-nitrogen conditions are areas lacking in knowledge. In this study, we investigated the plant growth-promoting effects of the Epichloë endophyte strain and identified the growth of the Epichloë strain under different types of nitrogen source treatments. In addition to the in vitro test, we evaluated growth performance for Epichloë endophyte-infected plants (E+) and Epichloë endophyte-free plants (E-) in a pot trial under 0.01 mol/L urea treatment. Seedlings from E+ and E- groups were collected to analyze the plant bacterial microbiome and root metabolites. The E. gansuensis endophyte strain was found not to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA), pectinase, or contain ferritin. The nitrogenase gene, essential for nitrogen fixation, was also absent. These results suggest that E. gansuensis endophyte strains themselves do not contain attributes to promote plant growth. Concerning N fertilization, it was observed an increase in the colony diameter of E. gansuensis strain was observed only in the NO3[-]-N (NN) treatment, while inhibition was observed in the urea-N (UN) treatment. E. gansuensis endophyte symbiosis significantly increased tiller number and plant dry weight. Overall, our results suggest that the E+ plants had more root forks and greater average root diameter compared to E- plants under the UN treatment. In a pot experiment using UN, data from 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that E. gansuensis endophyte infection significantly altered the bacterial community composition in shoot and root, and significantly increased Shannon (p < 0.001) and Chao 1 (p < 0.01) indexes. The relative abundance of Acidobacteriota, Actinomycetota, Cyanobacteriota, Fibrobacterota, Myxococcota, and Patescibacteria in the shoot, and Cyanobacteriota, Pseudomonadota, and Verrucomicrobiota in the root were significantly increased by E. gansuensis endophyte infection. Similarly, E. gansuensis endophyte symbiosis shifted the metabolite composition of the host plants, with the E+ plants showing a higher number of metabolites than the E- plants. In addition, co-metabolism network analysis revealed that the positive relevance between exudates and microorganisms in the root of the E+ plants is higher than that of the E- plants. These findings provide valuable insights into the knowledge of the effects of the symbiotic relationship between host plants and Epichloë endophyte on interspecific interactions of plant microbiome, beneficial for harnessing endophytic symbiosis, promoting plant growth.}, }
@article {pmid40731996, year = {2025}, author = {Asimakis, E and Galiatsatos, I and Apostolopoulou, G and Savvidou, EC and Balatsos, G and Karras, V and Evangelou, V and Dionyssopoulou, E and Augustinos, A and Papadopoulos, NT and Michaelakis, A and Stathopoulou, P and Tsiamis, G}, title = {The Symbiotic Bacterial Profile of Laboratory-Reared and Field-Caught Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes from Greece.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {13}, number = {7}, pages = {}, pmid = {40731996}, issn = {2076-2607}, support = {&#xab;moSquITo&#xbb;: Innovative approaches for monitoring and management of the Asian tiger mosquito with emphasis on the Sterile Insect Technique (&#x3a4;&#x391;&#x395;&#x394;&#x39a;06173)//National Recovery and Resilience Plan, "Greece 2.0" &amp; EU Funding - Next Generation EU/ ; }, abstract = {The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive species capable of transmitting human pathogens. For population management, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is considered an effective an