@article {pmid31979273,
year = {2020},
author = {Quiroga, G and Erice, G and Aroca, R and Delgado-Huertas, A and Ruiz-Lozano, JM},
title = {Elucidating the Possible Involvement of Maize Aquaporins and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in the Plant Ammonium and Urea Transport under Drought Stress Conditions.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/plants9020148},
pmid = {31979273},
issn = {2223-7747},
support = {Project AGL2017-88341-R//Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad/ ; Project AGL2017-88341-R//Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; },
abstract = {This study investigates the possible involvement of maize aquaporins which are regulated by arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) in the transport in planta of ammonium and/or urea under well-watered and drought stress conditions. The study also aims to better understand the implication of the AM symbiosis in the uptake of urea and ammonium and its effect on plant physiology and performance under drought stress conditions. AM and non-AM maize plants were cultivated under three levels of urea or ammonium fertilization (0, 3 µM or 10 mM) and subjected or not to drought stress. Plant aquaporins and physiological responses to these treatments were analyzed. AM increased plant biomass in absence of N fertilization or under low urea/ ammonium fertilization, but no effect of the AM symbiosis was observed under high N supply. This effect was associated with reduced oxidative damage to lipids and increased N accumulation in plant tissues. High N fertilization with either ammonium or urea enhanced net photosynthesis (AN) and stomatal conductance (gs) in plants maintained under well-watered conditions, but 14 days after drought stress imposition these parameters declined in AM plants fertilized with high N doses. The aquaporin ZmTIP1;1 was up-regulated by both urea and ammonium and could be transporting these two N forms in planta. The differential regulation of ZmTIP4;1 and ZmPIP2;4 with urea fertilization and of ZmPIP2;4 with NH4+ supply suggests that these two aquaporins may also play a role in N mobilization in planta. At the same time, these aquaporins were also differentially regulated by the AM symbiosis, suggesting a possible role in the AM-mediated plant N homeostasis that deserves future studies.},
}
@article {pmid31976166,
year = {2019},
author = {Bastías, DA and Martínez-Ghersa, MA and Newman, JA and Card, SD and Mace, WJ and Gundel, PE},
title = {Sipha maydis sensitivity to defences of Lolium multiflorum and its endophytic fungus Epichloë occultans.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e8257},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.8257},
pmid = {31976166},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Background: Plants possess a sophisticated immune system to defend from herbivores. These defence responses are regulated by plant hormones including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Sometimes, plant defences can be complemented by the presence of symbiotic microorganisms. A remarkable example of this are grasses establishing symbiotic associations with Epichloë fungal endophytes. We studied the level of resistance provided by the grass' defence hormones, and that provided by Epichloë fungal endophytes, against an introduced herbivore aphid. These fungi protect their hosts against herbivores by producing bioactive alkaloids. We hypothesized that either the presence of fungal endophytes or the induction of the plant salicylic acid (SA) defence pathway would enhance the level of resistance of the grass to the aphid.<br><br>Methods: Lolium multiflorum plants, with and without the fungal endophyte Epichloë occultans, were subjected to an exogenous application of SA followed by a challenge with the aphid, Sipha maydis.<br><br>Results: Our results indicate that neither the presence of E. occultans nor the induction of the plant's SA pathway regulate S. maydis populations. However, endophyte-symbiotic plants may have been more tolerant to the aphid feeding because these plants produced more aboveground biomass. We suggest that this insect insensitivity could be explained by a combination between the ineffectiveness of the specific alkaloids produced by E. occultans in controlling S. maydis aphids and the capacity of this herbivore to deal with hormone-dependent defences of L. multiflorum.},
}
@article {pmid31975001,
year = {2020},
author = {Cao, J and Feng, Y and Lin, X and Wang, J},
title = {A beneficial role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in influencing the effects of silver nanoparticles on plant-microbe systems in a soil matrix.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-020-07781-w},
pmid = {31975001},
issn = {1614-7499},
support = {41371255//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31800520//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2018M632571//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant/ ; },
abstract = {Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered to be emerging contaminant for plant-soil systems. AM arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can alleviate the negative effects of a variety of pollutants on their hosts, but its potential roles in influencing the toxicity of AgNPs and the underlying mechanisms are still an open question. This study investigated the responses of maize (Zea mays L.) inoculated with or without AM fungi and soil microorganisms to different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 mg kg-1). The inoculation of AM fungi helps to alleviate the AgNP-induced phytotoxicity. Compared to the non-AM fungal inoculated treatments, AM fungal inoculation significantly increased the mycorrhizal colonization, biomass and phosphorus (P) acquisitions of maize, with an upregulation of P transporter gene expression under AgNP treatments. AM fungal inoculation decreased Ag content in plant shoots and roots, downregulated expression levels of genes involved in Ag transport and gene encoding a metallothionein involved in metal homeostasis. The beneficial role of AM fungi extended to soil microbes. Compared to the non-AM fungal inoculated treatments, AM fungal inoculation decreased the toxicity of AgNPs to soil microbial activities and bacterial abundance. AM fungal inoculation increased the bacterial diversity and induced changes in the soil bacterial community composition. Altogether, the present study revealed that AM fungal symbiosis can play beneficial roles in mediating the negative effects exposed by AgNPs on plants probably through changing the expressions of potential Ag transporters and cooperating with soil bacterial community.},
}
@article {pmid31974462,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhang, W and Li, XG and Sun, K and Tang, MJ and Xu, FJ and Zhang, M and Dai, CC},
title = {Mycelial network-mediated rhizobial dispersal enhances legume nodulation.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-020-0587-5},
pmid = {31974462},
issn = {1751-7370},
support = {31870478; 31370507//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
abstract = {The access of rhizobia to legume host is a prerequisite for nodulation. Rhizobia are poorly motile in soil, while filamentous fungi are known to grow extensively across soil pores. Since root exudates-driven bacterial chemotaxis cannot explain rhizobial long-distance dispersal, mycelia could constitute ideal dispersal networks to help rhizobial enrichment in the legume rhizosphere from bulk soil. Thus, we hypothesized that mycelia networks act as vectors that enable contact between rhizobia and legume and influence subsequent nodulation. By developing a soil microcosm system, we found that a facultatively biotrophic fungus, Phomopsis liquidambaris, helps rhizobial migration from bulk soil to the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) rhizosphere and, hence, triggers peanut-rhizobium nodulation but not seen in the absence of mycelia. Assays of dispersal modes suggested that cell proliferation and motility mediated rhizobial dispersal along mycelia, and fungal exudates might contribute to this process. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicated that genes associated with the cell division, chemosensory system, flagellum biosynthesis, and motility were regulated by Ph. liquidambaris, thus accounting for the detected rhizobial dispersal along hyphae. Our results indicate that rhizobia use mycelia as dispersal networks that migrate to legume rhizosphere and trigger nodulation. This work highlights the importance of mycelial network-based bacterial dispersal in legume-rhizobium symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31972930,
year = {2020},
author = {Li, T and Lin, X and Yu, L and Lin, S and Rodriguez, IB and Ho, TY},
title = {RNA-seq profiling of Fugacium kawagutii reveals strong responses in metabolic processes and symbiosis potential to deficiencies of iron and other trace metals.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {705},
number = {},
pages = {135767},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135767},
pmid = {31972930},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {A healthy symbiotic relationship between corals and Symbiodiniaceae relies on suitable temperature and adequate nutrients including trace metals. Besides global warming, trace metal deficiency has been shown to cause coral bleaching, a phenomenon responsible for extensive coral reef degradation around the world. How trace metal deficiency impacts Symbiodiniaceae and coral symbiosis is poorly understood, however. In this study, we applied RNA-seq to investigate how Fugacium kawagutii responds to the deficiency of five trace metals (Fe2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+). We identified 685 to 2805 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from these trace metal deficiency conditions, among which 372 were commonly regulated by all the five trace metals and were significantly enriched in energy metabolism (e.g. fatty acid synthesis). Furthermore, genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM), cell surface structure and cell adhesion were impacted, suggesting that the ability of recognition and adhesion of F. kawagutii may be altered by trace metal deficiencies. In addition, among the five metals, Fe2+ deficiency exhibited the strongest influence, with Fe-rich redox elements and many antioxidant synthesis genes being markedly down-regulated, indicative of adaptive reduction of Fe demand but a compromised ability to combat oxidative stress. Overall, deficiency of trace metals (especially Fe) seems to repress growth and ability of ROS scavenging, elevate energy metabolism and innate immunity, and alter cell adhesion capability, with implications in symbiosis disruption and coral bleaching.},
}
@article {pmid31381903,
year = {2019},
author = {Jose, PA and Ben-Yosef, M and Jurkevitch, E and Yuval, B},
title = {Symbiotic bacteria affect oviposition behavior in the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae.},
journal = {Journal of insect physiology},
volume = {117},
number = {},
pages = {103917},
doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103917},
pmid = {31381903},
issn = {1879-1611},
mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Male ; Metamorphosis, Biological ; Microbiota ; *Oviposition ; Symbiosis ; Tephritidae/*microbiology/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Microbial associations are widespread across the insects. In the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae), vertically transmitted gut symbionts contribute to larval development inside the olive host, and to adult nutrition. Nevertheless, their effect on behavioural decisions of adults is unknown. In this study, we show that symbiotic bacteria affect oviposition behaviour in B. oleae. We studied the effect of different fruits as hosts and different gut-bacteria as gut-symbionts on oviposition attempts and fly development in B. oleae. Untreated flies that had native gut-symbionts attempted oviposition significantly more times than axenic flies as well as flies treated with medfly-associated Pantoea or Klebsiella bacteria. Axenic flies provided with a diet containing the homogenized gut of symbiotic flies recovered the same number of oviposition attempts as their symbiotic counterparts. As for as the different hosts, green olives (unripe) and grapes were preferred while black olives (ripe) elicited the least number of oviposition attempts, with an interactive effect of host and bacterial treatments. It appears that both the host attributes and the native gut-symbionts drive oviposition preference towards green olives in B. oleae. Moreover, both bacterial treatments and hosts significantly affected the development of B. oleae larvae. Though grapes elicited as many oviposition attempts as green olives, they yielded no pupae. Taken together, our results suggest that the intimate association between B. oleae and their gut-microbes, extends beyond nutritional support to behaviour.},
}
@article {pmid31248009,
year = {2019},
author = {Le Pennec, G and Gardères, J},
title = {The Challenge of the Sponge Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792) in the Presence of a Symbiotic Bacterium and a Pathogen Bacterium.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {10},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes10070485},
pmid = {31248009},
issn = {2073-4425},
mesh = {Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Caspase 3/metabolism ; Caspase 7/metabolism ; Gammaproteobacteria/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology ; Immunity ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Pseudoalteromonas/drug effects/metabolism/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Suberites/genetics/*immunology/*microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Sponges, which are in close contact with numerous bacteria in prey/predator, symbiotic and pathogenic relationships, must provide an appropriate response in such situations. This starts with a discriminating recognition of the partner either by a physical contact or through secreted molecules or both. We investigated the expression of the Toll-like receptor, Caspase 3/7, Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor-associated factor 6, Bcl-2 homology protein-2 and macrophage expressed genes of axenic sponge cells in the presence of a symbiotic bacterium (Endozoicomonas sp. Hex311), a pathogen bacterium (Pseudoalteromonas sp. 1A1), their exoproducts and lipopolysaccharides. The vast majority of answers are in line with what could be observed with the symbiotic bacterium. The pathogenic bacterium seems to profit from the eukaryotic cell: suppression of the production of the antibacterial compound, inhibition of the apoptosis caspase-dependent pathway, deregulation of bacterial recognition. This work contributes new scientific knowledge in the field of immunology and apoptosis in early branching metazoan harboring within its tissue and cells a large number of symbiotic bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31223102,
year = {2020},
author = {Noman, MS and Liu, L and Bai, Z and Li, Z},
title = {Tephritidae bacterial symbionts: potentials for pest management.},
journal = {Bulletin of entomological research},
volume = {110},
number = {1},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000403},
pmid = {31223102},
issn = {1475-2670},
mesh = {Animals ; Microbiota ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Symbiosis ; Tephritidae/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Tephritidae is a large family that includes several fruit and vegetable pests. These organisms usually harbor a variegated bacterial community in their digestive systems. Symbiotic associations of bacteria and fruit flies have been well-studied in the genera Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Rhagoletis. Molecular and culture-based techniques indicate that many genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family, especially the genera of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pectobacterium, Citrobacter, Erwinia, and Providencia constitute the most prevalent populations in the gut of fruit flies. The function of symbiotic bacteria provides a promising strategy for the biological control of insect pests. Gut bacteria can be used for controlling fruit fly through many ways, including attracting as odors, enhancing the success of sterile insect technique, declining the pesticide resistance, mass rearing of parasitoids and so on. New technology and recent research improved our knowledge of the gut bacteria diversity and function, which increased their potential for pest management. In this review, we discussed the diversity of bacteria in the economically important fruit fly and the use of these bacteria for controlling fruit fly populations. All the information is important for strengthening the future research of new strategies developed for insect pest control by the understanding of symbiotic relationships and multitrophic interactions between host plant and insects.},
}
@article {pmid31190648,
year = {2020},
author = {Kashkouli, M and Fathipour, Y and Mehrabadi, M},
title = {Habitat visualization, acquisition features and necessity of the gammaproteobacterial symbiont of pistachio stink Bug, Acrosternum heegeri (Hem.: Pentatomidae).},
journal = {Bulletin of entomological research},
volume = {110},
number = {1},
pages = {22-33},
doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000245},
pmid = {31190648},
issn = {1475-2670},
mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gammaproteobacteria/*isolation &amp; purification ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology/ultrastructure ; Heteroptera/*microbiology/ultrastructure ; Ovary/microbiology ; Ovum/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Plant-sucking stinkbugs are especially associated with mutualistic gut bacterial symbionts. Here, we explored the symbiotic relationship of a pistachio stinkbug, Acrosternum heegeri Fieber by histological, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), real-time PCR and molecular phylogenetic techniques. Furthermore, the effects of the symbiont on the resting/wandering behaviors of the newborn nymphs, pre-adult survival rates, and stage compositions were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy and real-time PCR analyses showed that a rod-shaped gammaproteobacterium was persistently located within the posterior midgut crypts. Molecular phylogenetic and FISH techniques strongly suggested that this symbiont should be placed in the genus Pantoea of the Enterobacteriales. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of the bacterial cells on the egg surface which the surface sterilization of the eggs resulted in the successful removal of the symbiont from the eggs. Symbiotic and aposymbiotic A. heegeri showed no significant differences in the wandering behaviors of the first nymphal stages, while the symbiont-free insects suffered retarded growth and lower survivability. Together, the results highlight the habitat and acquisition features of Pantoea symbiont and its contribution in A. heegeri biology that might help us for better pest management in the future.},
}
@article {pmid31164458,
year = {2019},
author = {Rio, RVM and Jozwick, AKS and Savage, AF and Sabet, A and Vigneron, A and Wu, Y and Aksoy, S and Weiss, BL},
title = {Mutualist-Provisioned Resources Impact Vector Competency.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mBio.00018-19},
pmid = {31164458},
issn = {2150-7511},
mesh = {Animals ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Female ; Folic Acid/*biosynthesis ; Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Male ; *Symbiosis ; Trypanosoma/*physiology ; Tsetse Flies/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Wigglesworthia/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Many symbionts supplement their host's diet with essential nutrients. However, whether these nutrients also enhance parasitism is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether folate (vitamin B9) production by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) essential mutualist, Wigglesworthia, aids auxotrophic African trypanosomes in completing their life cycle within this obligate vector. We show that the expression of Wigglesworthia folate biosynthesis genes changes with the progression of trypanosome infection within tsetse. The disruption of Wigglesworthia folate production caused a reduction in the percentage of flies that housed midgut (MG) trypanosome infections. However, decreased folate did not prevent MG trypanosomes from migrating to and establishing an infection in the fly's salivary glands, thus suggesting that nutrient requirements vary throughout the trypanosome life cycle. We further substantiated that trypanosomes rely on symbiont-generated folate by feeding this vitamin to Glossina brevipalpis, which exhibits low trypanosome vector competency and houses Wigglesworthia incapable of producing folate. Folate-supplemented G. brevipalpis flies were significantly more susceptible to trypanosome infection, further demonstrating that this vitamin facilitates parasite infection establishment. Our cumulative results provide evidence that Wigglesworthia provides a key metabolite (folate) that is &quot;hijacked&quot; by trypanosomes to enhance their infectivity, thus indirectly impacting tsetse species vector competency. Parasite dependence on symbiont-derived micronutrients, which likely also occurs in other arthropod vectors, represents a relationship that may be exploited to reduce disease transmission.IMPORTANCE Parasites elicit several physiological changes in their host to enhance transmission. Little is known about the functional association between parasitism and microbiota-provisioned resources typically dedicated to animal hosts and how these goods may be rerouted to optimize parasite development. This study is the first to identify a specific symbiont-generated metabolite that impacts insect vector competence by facilitating parasite establishment and, thus, eventual transmission. Specifically, we demonstrate that the tsetse fly obligate mutualist Wigglesworthia provisions folate (vitamin B9) that pathogenic African trypanosomes exploit in an effort to successfully establish an infection in the vector's MG. This process is essential for the parasite to complete its life cycle and be transmitted to a new vertebrate host. Disrupting metabolic contributions provided by the microbiota of arthropod disease vectors may fuel future innovative control strategies while also offering minimal nontarget effects.},
}
@article {pmid30380004,
year = {2019},
author = {Swift, S and Munroe, S and Im, C and Tipton, L and Hynson, NA},
title = {Remote tropical island colonization does not preclude symbiotic specialists: new evidence of mycorrhizal specificity across the geographic distribution of the Hawaiian endemic orchid Anoectochilus sandvicensis.},
journal = {Annals of botany},
volume = {123},
number = {4},
pages = {657-666},
doi = {10.1093/aob/mcy198},
pmid = {30380004},
issn = {1095-8290},
mesh = {Basidiomycota/*physiology ; Hawaii ; Islands ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Orchidaceae/microbiology/*physiology ; *Plant Dispersal ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: For symbiotic organisms, their colonization and spread across remote oceanic islands should favour generalists. Plants that form obligate symbiotic associations with microbes dominate island ecosystems, but the relationship between island inhabitance and symbiotic specificity is unclear, especially in the tropics. To fill this gap, we examined the mycorrhizal specificity of the Hawaiian endemic orchid Anoectochilus sandvicensis across multiple populations encompassing its entire geographic distribution.<br><br>METHODS: By molecular phylogenetic approaches we identified the mycorrhizal fungi associated with A. sandvicensis across its entire geographic distribution and determined the relationship of these fungi to others found elsewhere around the globe. With richness estimators, we assessed the mycorrhizal specificity of A. sandvicensis within and among islands. We then tested whether geographic proximity of orchid populations was a significant predictor for the presence of particular mycorrhizal fungi and their community composition.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: We found that each population of A. sandvicensis forms specific associations with one of three fungi in the genus Ceratobasidium and that the closest relatives of these fungi are globally widespread. Based on diversity indices, A. sandvicensis populations were estimated to partner with one to four mycorrhizal taxa with an estimated total of four compatible mycorrhizal fungi across its entire distribution. However, the geographic proximity of orchid populations was not a significant predictor of mycorrhizal fungal community composition.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the colonization and survival of plant species on even the most remote oceanic islands is not restricted to symbiotic generalists, and that partnering with few, but cosmopolitan microbial symbionts is an alternative means for successful island establishment. We suggest that the spatial distribution and abundance of symbionts in addition to island age, size and isolation should also be taken into consideration for predictions of island biodiversity.},
}
@article {pmid31972378,
year = {2019},
author = {Fraser, S and Fomiatti, R and Moore, D and Seear, K and Aitken, C},
title = {Is another relationship possible? Connoisseurship and the doctor-patient relationship for men who consume performance and image-enhancing drugs.},
journal = {Social science &amp; medicine (1982)},
volume = {246},
number = {},
pages = {112720},
doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112720},
pmid = {31972378},
issn = {1873-5347},
abstract = {Consumption of steroids and other performance and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs) is thought to be on the rise in Australia. Along with the benefits experienced by consumers come a range of health risks. This article draws on interviews conducted for an Australian research project on men who inject PIEDs to consider the ways in which information about managing these risks can be provided, the sources of information men use and value, and the professional relationships most effective for securing the best outcomes for them. As we will show, the men in our project expressed a very strong desire for reliable, credible information about risks and how to manage them, but also described often having to rely on information gleaned from sources of questionable reliability such as online forums and friends and acquaintances. Among the sources of information, advice and monitoring they expressed a desire to access were general medical practitioners (GPs), but high-quality interactions with GPs were, they argued, rarely possible. Using the recent work of Isabelle Stengers, particularly the notions of connoisseurship and symbiosis, we argue that new modes of engagement need to be developed that might allow men who consume PIEDs to access the information and support they need, including through their GPs. Following Stengers, we characterise the men in our project as 'connoisseurs' of PIEDs, and we consider what might be at stake and made possible were GPs and PIED connoisseurs to enter into more collaborative relationships to manage PIED-related health issues. In conducting our analysis, we argue for greater recognition of the complexities GPs face when encountering people engaged in illegal forms of consumption and call for new symbiotic models of engagement beyond both zero tolerance-style refusals to help and narrowly focused harm reduction approaches.},
}
@article {pmid31969929,
year = {2020},
author = {Li, CL and Xue, DX and Wang, YH and Xie, ZP and Staehelin, C},
title = {A method for functional testing constitutive and ligand-induced interactions of lysin motif receptor proteins.},
journal = {Plant methods},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {3},
doi = {10.1186/s13007-020-0551-4},
pmid = {31969929},
issn = {1746-4811},
abstract = {Background: Plant receptors with lysin motifs (LsyM) recognize microbial signals such as fungal chitin and lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod factors of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. It is generally assumed that ligand-induced dimerization of LysM receptors is an essential step in activation of intracellular kinase domains and downstream signaling. Consequently, genes required for plant defense and establishment of symbiosis are expressed. We recently found that three LysM receptor proteins (namely LYK1, LYK4 and LYK5) of Arabidopsis thaliana form a tripartite receptor complex to perceive chitin. However, constitutive and ligand-induced interactions of LysM receptors generally remain difficult to be characterized.<br><br>Results: Interactions between ectodomains of LYK1, LYK4 and LYK5 were investigated by a chimeric receptor approach using hairy roots of the legume Lotus japonicus. Synthetic receptor pairs consisting of a LYK ectodomain and the intracellular domain of a L. japonicus Nod factor receptor (NFR1 and NFR5, respectively) were tested for their capacity to activate expression of the symbiotic NIN (nodule inception) gene. The results indicated constitutive (LYK4ED-LYK4ED, LYK4ED-LYK5ED) and chitin-induced interactions (LYK1ED-LYK1ED, LYK1ED-LYK5ED) of the examined ectodomains.<br><br>Conclusion: We present a method to functionally analyze constitutive and ligand-induced interactions of LysM-type proteins.},
}
@article {pmid31966273,
year = {2018},
author = {Sensui, N and Hirose, E},
title = {Cytoplasmic UV-R Absorption in an Integumentary Matrix (tunic) of Photosymbiotic Ascidian Colonies.},
journal = {Zoological studies},
volume = {57},
number = {},
pages = {e33},
doi = {10.6620/ZS.2018.57-33},
pmid = {31966273},
issn = {1810-522X},
abstract = {Noburu Sensui and Euichi Hirose (2018) In didemnid ascidians with cyanobacterial symbionts, the tunic has a specific peak absorbing ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) due to the presence of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds, which probably include mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). The UV-R absorbing tunic is supposed to protect the symbionts in the common cloacal cavity of the host colony. The histological distribution of UV-R absorption in the tunic was examined using a UV light microscope equipped with a digital camera, from which the low-pass filter of the UV-sensitive image sensor was removed. The cell peripheries of tunic bladder cells and cell-like objects were visualized with the trans-illumination of UV light, indicating UV-R absorption at that site. In contrast, tunic matrix and vacuolar content of tunic bladder cells appeared to lack of UV-R absorption, allowing damaging wavelengths to penetrate. Accordingly, UV-absorbing compounds are expected to be contained in the cytoplasmic matrix of tunic bladder cells and possibly other types of tunic cells.},
}
@article {pmid31966164,
year = {2016},
author = {Yuyama, I and Nakamura, T and Higuchi, T and Hidaka, M},
title = {Different Stress Tolerances of Juveniles of the Coral Acropora tenuis Associated with Clades C1 and D Symbiodinium.},
journal = {Zoological studies},
volume = {55},
number = {},
pages = {e19},
doi = {10.6620/ZS.2016.55-19},
pmid = {31966164},
issn = {1810-522X},
abstract = {Ikuko Yuyama, Takashi Nakamura, Tomihiko Higuchi, and Michio Hidaka (2016) Reef-building corals are often associated with multiple clades of symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp., where the relative composition of Symbiodinium can alter the phylogenetic properties (e.g., stress responsiveness, growth rate) of the host coral. The genus Symbiodinium contains nine clades, some of which behave differently in response to strong light and/or temperature stresses, for example, clade D Symbiodinium are thermally tolerant. However, previous studies are based on corals present in the field, and it is possible that the corals used in previous experiments did not contain single Symbiodinium clades. For an accurate assessment of the effects of each Symbiodinium clade on host thermal stress resistance, monoclonal cultures of clades C1 and D were inoculated into aposymbiotic juvenile polyps. Photosynthetic efficiency (maximum quantum yield: Fv /Fm) showed a decline at 30°C than at 25°C in both clades. Symbiodinium clade C1 showed a consistently higher rETRmax with larger fluctuations than clade D, with a lower survival rate of juveniles during thermal stress treatment. Under strong light exposure, corals containing clade C1 showed a greater decline in Fv /Fm (-74%), compared to decline in corals associated with clade D (-50%) after 3 hours. This is the first study to assess stress tolerances of juvenile corals in association with the monoclonal Symbiodinium clades C and D, and our results indicated greater tolerance of corals associated with clade D to strong light (500 μmol m-2 s-1). However, it is difficult to determine the impact of high-temperature stress on coral-algae symbiosis from photosynthetic activity. At high temperatures, clade C1 Symbiodinium exhibited high photosynthetic activity, but host survival rates were higher in corals associated with clade D Symbiodinium. Since clade C1 has a relatively high photosynthetic activity under high temperatures, clade C1 symbiosis at high temperatures might have a negative impact on corals compared with clade D.},
}
@article {pmid31966152,
year = {2016},
author = {Limviriyakul, P and Tseng, LC and Hwang, JS and Shih, TW},
title = {Anomuran and Brachyuran Symbiotic Crabs in Coastal Areas between the Southern Ryukyu arc and the Coral Triangle.},
journal = {Zoological studies},
volume = {55},
number = {},
pages = {e7},
doi = {10.6620/ZS.2016.55-07},
pmid = {31966152},
issn = {1810-522X},
abstract = {Parinya Limviriyakul, Li-Chun Tseng, Jiang-Shiou Hwang, and Tung-Wei Shih (2016) Symbiotic anomuran and brachyuran crabs were identified after extensive surveys of reef zones, especially from sponges, scleractinian corals, crinoids, and sea urchins, in the coastal areas of the southern East China Sea. Twenty-nine species belonging to 17 genera, 9 families, and 2 infraorders were identified (3 were identified to the generic level). More crabs belonged to the infraorder Brachyura (82.8%) than to Anomura (17.2%). Two anomuran symbionts (Allogalathea elegans and Petrolisthes virgatus) and 5 brachyuran symbionts (Tetralia glaberrima, Tetralia rubridactyla, Trapezia cymodoce, Trapezia septata, and Cymo melanodactylus) are common in this area. Two species of Anomura (Lauriea simulata, Petrolisthes virgatus) and 3 of Brachyura (Gonatonotus nasutus, Tetralia aurantistellata and Tetralia nigrolineata) were identified for the first time from waters adjacent to Taiwan. These records represent the northernmost recorded of L. simulata and T. aurantistellata. The occurrence of P. virgatus is the second in the western Pacific Ocean. This study revealed the geospatial distribution of symbiotic crabs, which connects the region from the southern Ryukyu arc to the Coral Triangle, and provides the supporting taxonomic account of symbiotic anomuran and brachyuran crab fauna inhabiting the reef zone in northern Taiwan.},
}
@article {pmid31966139,
year = {2015},
author = {Haryanti, D and Yasuda, N and Harii, S and Hidaka, M},
title = {High tolerance of symbiotic larvae of Pocillopora damicornis to thermal stress.},
journal = {Zoological studies},
volume = {54},
number = {},
pages = {e52},
doi = {10.1186/s40555-015-0134-7},
pmid = {31966139},
issn = {1810-522X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: When coral planulae, which use a horizontal mode of symbiont transmission, are inoculated with Symbiodinium, they suffer greater oxidative stress under strong light or high-temperature stress than non-symbiotic counterparts. Thus, dinoflagellate symbionts may become a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stress. However, it remains unknown whether vertically transmitted symbionts negatively affect coral larvae under stress. We investigated the thermal tolerance of symbiotic planulae of a vertical transmitter coral, Pocillopora damicornis.<br><br>RESULTS: P. damicornis larvae, which have a large number of symbionts, survived the high-temperature treatment (32 °C) for 2 weeks. Significant reductions in Symbiodinium cell density were observed, but these did not lead to increased mortality of planulae during the 2-week experimental period. Although no significant difference was detected in the percentage of apoptotic cells between temperature treatment groups, pre-bleaching larvae exposed to 31 °C tended to exhibit higher percentages of apoptotic (TUNEL-positive) cells in the gastrodermis than 32 °C-treated larvae, which contained reduced numbers of Symbiodiniumcells.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Symbiotic larvae of P. damicornis survived well under high-temperature conditions, although their Symbiodinium cell density decreased. This suggests that P. damicornis larvae have the capacity to reduce the symbiont cell density without a harmful effect on their survivorship under thermal stress. Further studies on antioxidant systems and possible suppression of apoptotic pathways are necessary to elucidate the mechanism underlying the high thermal tolerance of symbiotic larvae of P.damicornis.},
}
@article {pmid31206517,
year = {2019},
author = {Steimle, A and Menz, S and Bender, A and Ball, B and Weber, ANR and Hagemann, T and Lange, A and Maerz, JK and Parusel, R and Michaelis, L and Schäfer, A and Yao, H and Löw, HC and Beier, S and Tesfazgi Mebrhatu, M and Gronbach, K and Wagner, S and Voehringer, D and Schaller, M and Fehrenbacher, B and Autenrieth, IB and Oelschlaeger, TA and Frick, JS},
title = {Flagellin hypervariable region determines symbiotic properties of commensal Escherichia coli strains.},
journal = {PLoS biology},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {e3000334},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3000334},
pmid = {31206517},
issn = {1545-7885},
mesh = {Animals ; Colitis/chemically induced/immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Female ; Flagellin/*genetics/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Intestines ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Signal Transduction/immunology ; Symbiosis/*genetics/physiology ; Toll-Like Receptor 5/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Escherichia coli represents a classical intestinal gram-negative commensal. Despite this commensalism, different E. coli strains can mediate disparate immunogenic properties in a given host. Symbiotic E. coli strains such as E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) are attributed beneficial properties, e.g., promotion of intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, we aimed to identify molecular features derived from symbiotic bacteria that might help to develop innovative therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of intestinal immune disorders. This study was performed using the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, which is routinely used to evaluate potential therapeutics for the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs). We focused on the analysis of flagellin structures of different E. coli strains. EcN flagellin was found to harbor a substantially longer hypervariable region (HVR) compared to other commensal E. coli strains, and this longer HVR mediated symbiotic properties through stronger activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)5, thereby resulting in interleukin (IL)-22-mediated protection of mice against DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, using bone-marrow-chimeric mice (BMCM), CD11c+ cells of the colonic lamina propria (LP) were identified as the main mediators of these flagellin-induced symbiotic effects. We propose flagellin from symbiotic E. coli strains as a potential therapeutic to restore intestinal immune homeostasis, e.g., for the treatment of IBD patients.},
}
@article {pmid31095639,
year = {2019},
author = {Hosseinzadeh, S and Ramsey, J and Mann, M and Bennett, L and Hunter, WB and Shams-Bakhsh, M and Hall, DG and Heck, M},
title = {Color morphology of Diaphorina citri influences interactions with its bacterial endosymbionts and 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {e0216599},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0216599},
pmid = {31095639},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Citrus/*microbiology/parasitology ; Color ; Hemiptera/*microbiology/physiology ; Hemocyanins/metabolism ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology/physiology ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Rhizobiaceae/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Diaphorina citri is a vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,' (CLas), associated with Huanglongbing, (HLB, or citrus greening) disease in citrus. D. citri exhibits three different color morph variants, blue, gray and yellow. Blue morphs have a greater capacity for long-distance flight as compared to non-blue morphs, but little else is known about how color morphology influences vector characteristics. In this study, we show that the color morphology of the insect is derived from pigmented cells of the fat body. Blue morphs acquire a lower level of CLas in their bodies from infected trees as compared to their gray and yellow conspecifics, referred to in this paper collectively as non-blue morphs. Accordingly, CLas titer in citrus leaves inoculated by non-blue insects was 6-fold higher than in leaves inoculated by blue insects. Blue color morphs harbored lower titers of Wolbachia and 'Candidatus Profftella armatura,' two of the D. citri bacterial endosymbionts. Expression of hemocyanin, a copper-binding oxygen transport protein responsible for the blue coloration of hemolymph of other arthropods and mollusks, was previously correlated with blue color morphology and is highly up-regulated in insects continuously reared on CLas infected citrus trees. Based on our results, we hypothesized that a reduction of hemocyanin expression would reduce the D. citri immune response and an increase in the titer of CLas would be observed. Surprisingly, a specific 3-fold reduction of hemocyanin-1 transcript levels using RNA silencing in blue adult D. citri morphs had an approximately 2-fold reduction on the titer of CLas. These results suggest that hemocyanin signaling from the fat body may have multiple functions in the regulation of bacterial titers in D. citri, and that hemocyanin is one of multiple psyllid genes involved in regulating CLas titer.},
}
@article {pmid31967537,
year = {2020},
author = {Cohen, ML and Mashanova, EV and Jagannathan, SV and Soto, W},
title = {Adaptation to pH stress by Vibrio fischeri can affect its symbiosis with the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes).},
journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/mic.0.000884},
pmid = {31967537},
issn = {1465-2080},
abstract = {Many microorganisms engaged in host-microbe interactions pendulate between a free-living phase and a host-affiliated stage. How adaptation to stress during the free-living phase affects host-microbe associations is unclear and understudied. To explore this topic, the symbiosis between Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) and the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri was leveraged for a microbial experimental evolution study. V. fischeri experienced adaptation to extreme pH while apart from the squid host. V. fischeri was serially passaged for 2000 generations to the lower and upper pH growth limits for this microorganism, which were pH 6.0 and 10.0, respectively. V. fischeri was also serially passaged for 2000 generations to vacillating pH 6.0 and 10.0. Evolution to pH stress both facilitated and impaired symbiosis. Microbial evolution to acid stress promoted squid colonization and increased bioluminescence for V. fischeri, while symbiont adaptation to alkaline stress diminished these two traits. Oscillatory selection to acid and alkaline stress also improved symbiosis for V. fischeri, but the facilitating effects were less than that provided by microbial adaptation to acid stress. In summary, microbial adaptation to harsh environments amid the free-living phase may impact the evolution of host-microbe interactions in ways that were not formerly considered.},
}
@article {pmid31964845,
year = {2020},
author = {Smith, TE and Moran, NA},
title = {Coordination of host and symbiont gene expression reveals a metabolic tug-of-war between aphids and Buchnera.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1916748117},
pmid = {31964845},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Symbioses between animals and microbes are often described as mutualistic, but are subject to tradeoffs that may manifest as shifts in host and symbiont metabolism, cellular processes, or symbiont density. In pea aphids, the bacterial symbiont Buchnera is confined to specialized aphid cells called bacteriocytes, where it produces essential amino acids needed by hosts. This relationship is dynamic; Buchnera titer varies within individual aphids and among different clonal aphid lineages, and is affected by environmental and host genetic factors. We examined how host genotypic variation relates to host and symbiont function among seven aphid clones differing in Buchnera titer. We found that bacteriocyte gene expression varies among individual aphids and among aphid clones, and that Buchnera gene expression changes in response. By comparing hosts with low and high Buchnera titer, we found that aphids and Buchnera oppositely regulate genes underlying amino acid biosynthesis and cell growth. In high-titer hosts, both bacteriocytes and symbionts show elevated expression of genes underlying energy metabolism. Several eukaryotic cell signaling pathways are differentially expressed in bacteriocytes of low- versus high-titer hosts: Cell-growth pathways are up-regulated in low-titer genotypes, while membrane trafficking, lysosomal processes, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and cytokine pathways are up-regulated in high-titer genotypes. Specific Buchnera functions are up-regulated within different bacteriocyte environments, with genes underlying flagellar body secretion and flagellar assembly overexpressed in low- and high-titer hosts, respectively. Overall, our results reveal allowances and demands made by both host and symbiont engaged in a metabolic &quot;tug-of-war.&quot;},
}
@article {pmid31964765,
year = {2020},
author = {Vincent, F and Bowler, C},
title = {Diatoms Are Selective Segregators in Global Ocean Planktonic Communities.},
journal = {mSystems},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00444-19},
pmid = {31964765},
issn = {2379-5077},
abstract = {Diatoms are a major component of phytoplankton, believed to be responsible for around 20% of the annual primary production on Earth. As abundant and ubiquitous organisms, they are known to establish biotic interactions with many other members of plankton. Through analyses of cooccurrence networks derived from the Tara Oceans expedition that take into account both biotic and abiotic factors in shaping the spatial distributions of species, we show that only 13% of diatom pairwise associations are driven by environmental conditions; the vast majority are independent of abiotic factors. In contrast to most other plankton groups, on a global scale, diatoms display a much higher proportion of negative correlations with other organisms, particularly toward potential predators and parasites, suggesting that their biogeography is constrained by top-down pressure. Genus-level analyses indicate that abundant diatoms are not necessarily the most connected and that species-specific abundance distribution patterns lead to negative associations with other organisms. In order to move forward in the biological interpretation of cooccurrence networks, an open-access extensive literature survey of diatom biotic interactions was compiled, of which 18.5% were recovered in the computed network. This result reveals the extent of what likely remains to be discovered in the field of planktonic biotic interactions, even for one of the best-known organismal groups.IMPORTANCE Diatoms are key phytoplankton in the modern ocean that are involved in numerous biotic interactions, ranging from symbiosis to predation and viral infection, which have considerable effects on global biogeochemical cycles. However, despite recent large-scale studies of plankton, we are still lacking a comprehensive picture of the diversity of diatom biotic interactions in the marine microbial community. Through the ecological interpretation of both inferred microbial association networks and available knowledge on diatom interactions compiled in an open-access database, we propose an ecosystems approach for exploring diatom interactions in the ocean.},
}
@article {pmid31964698,
year = {2020},
author = {Guckes, KR and Cecere, AG and Williams, AL and McNeil, AE and Miyashiro, T},
title = {The Bacterial Enhancer Binding Protein VasH Promotes Expression of a Type VI Secretion System in Vibrio fischeri during Symbiosis.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/JB.00777-19},
pmid = {31964698},
issn = {1098-5530},
abstract = {Vibrio fischeri is a bacterial symbiont that colonizes the light organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes Certain strains of V. fischeri express a type VI secretion system (T6SS), which delivers effectors into neighboring cells that result in their death. Strains that are susceptible to the T6SS fail to establish symbiosis with a T6SS-positive strain within the same location of the squid light organ, which is a phenomenon termed strain incompatibility. This study investigates the regulation of the T6SS in V. fischeri strain FQ-A001. Here we report that the expression of Hcp, a necessary structural component of the T6SS, depends on the alternative sigma factor σ54 and the bacterial enhancer binding protein VasH. VasH is necessary for FQ-A001 to kill other strains, suggesting that VasH-dependent regulation is essential for the T6SS of V. fischeri to affect intercellular interactions. In addition, this study demonstrates VasH-dependent transcription of hcp within host-associated populations of FQ-A001, suggesting that the T6SS is expressed within the host environment. Together, these findings establish a model for transcriptional control of hcp in V. fischeri within the squid light organ, thereby increasing understanding of how the T6SS is regulated during symbiosis.IMPORTANCE Animals harbor bacterial symbionts with specific traits that promote host fitness. Mechanisms that facilitate intercellular interactions among bacterial symbionts impact which bacterial lineages ultimately establish symbiosis with the host. How these mechanisms are regulated are poorly characterized in non-human bacterial symbionts. This study establishes a model for the transcriptional regulation of a contact-dependent killing machine, thereby increasing understanding of mechanisms by which different strains compete while establishing symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31961542,
year = {2017},
author = {Hitzenberger, JF and Dral, PO and Meinhardt, U and Clark, T and Thiel, W and Kivala, M and Drewello, T},
title = {Stability of Odd- Versus Even-Electron Gas-Phase (Quasi)Molecular Ions Derived from Pyridine-Substituted N-Heterotriangulenes.},
journal = {ChemPlusChem},
volume = {82},
number = {2},
pages = {163},
doi = {10.1002/cplu.201600596},
pmid = {31961542},
issn = {2192-6506},
abstract = {Invited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany and at the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Germany. The cover picture shows the symbiosis of quantum chemical theory and gas-phase collision experiment investigating the influence of the electronic state on stability of the radical cation ([M]+.) and protonated triangulene ([M+H]+). The dissociation of the radical cation requires less energy due to the formation of an energetically favored extended aromatic π-system. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201600416.},
}
@article {pmid30264343,
year = {2019},
author = {Van Dexter, S and Boopathy, R},
title = {Biodegradation of phenol by Acinetobacter tandoii isolated from the gut of the termite.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {26},
number = {33},
pages = {34067-34072},
pmid = {30264343},
issn = {1614-7499},
mesh = {Acinetobacter/*metabolism ; Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; *Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biofuels ; Cellulose/metabolism ; Environmental Pollutants/*metabolism ; Isoptera/*microbiology ; Lignin/metabolism ; Phenol/metabolism ; Phenols/*metabolism ; Polysaccharides ; Symbiosis ; Wood/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The diet of wood-feeding termites (WFT) consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose are utilized by symbiotic protozoa as a carbon source. Protozoa produce acetate, which is the carbon source of the termite. Recently, the mechanisms by which lignin is modified by termites have been reported. Lignin is broken down into its phenylpropanoid monomers and phenolic compounds. Bacteria from WFT gut capable of degrading lignin metabolic products are potentially valuable for bioremediation and biofuel production. A bacterium was isolated from the gut of the WFT and identified as Acinetobacter tandoii. This bacterium was capable of utilizing phenol as the sole carbon source and was able to completely degrade phenol at the concentration of 280 mg/L. A. tandoii degraded phenol via the ortho and β-ketoadipase pathway. This bacterium is a known phenol degrader, but to our knowledge, this is the first time it was isolated and tested for phenol-degrading ability from termites.},
}
@article {pmid31962076,
year = {2020},
author = {Morran, LT},
title = {Evolution: Convergent Pathways to Symbiosis.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
pages = {R64-R66},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.070},
pmid = {31962076},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {Little is known about the establishment of symbioses. A new study finds that two independent protist-algae symbioses utilize convergent patterns of nutrient exchange, suggesting that certain complementary host and symbiont traits can increase the likelihood of establishing beneficial symbiotic interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31961452,
year = {2020},
author = {Williams, SD and Patterson, MR},
title = {Resistance and robustness of the global coral-symbiont network.},
journal = {Ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e02990},
doi = {10.1002/ecy.2990},
pmid = {31961452},
issn = {1939-9170},
abstract = {Increasing ocean temperatures have widespread consequences for coral reefs, one of which is coral bleaching. We analyzed a global network of associations between coral species and Symbiodiniaceae for resistance to temperature stress and robustness to perturbations. Null networks were created by changing either the physiological parameters of the nodes or the structures of the networks. We developed a bleaching model in which each link, association, is given a weight based on temperature thresholds for specific host-symbiont pairs and links are removed as temperature increases. Resistance to temperature stress was determined from the response of the networks to the bleaching model. Ecological robustness, defined by how much perturbation is needed to decrease the number of nodes by 50%, was determined for multiple removal models that considered traits of the hosts, symbionts, and their associations. Network resistance to bleaching and robustness to perturbations differed from the null networks and varied across spatial scales, supporting that thermal tolerances, local association patterns, and environment play an important role in network persistence. Networks were more robust to attacks on associations than to attacks on species. Although the global network was fairly robust to random link removals, when links are removed according to the bleaching model, robustness decreases by about 20%. Specific environmental attacks, in the form of increasing temperatures, destabilize the global network of coral species and Symbiodiniaceae. On a global scale, the network was more robust to removals of links with susceptible Symbiodiniaceae than it was to removals of links with susceptible hosts. Thus, the symbionts convey more stability to the symbiosis than the hosts when the system is under an environmental attack. However, our results also provide evidence that the environment of the networks affects robustness to link perturbations. Our work shows that ecological resistance and robustness can be assessed through network analysis that considers specific biological traits and functional weaknesses. The global network of associations between corals and Symbiodiniaceae and its distribution of thermal tolerances are non-random, and the evolution of this architecture has led to higher sensitivity to environmental perturbations.},
}
@article {pmid31960995,
year = {2020},
author = {Becana, M and Yruela, I and Sarath, G and Catalán, P and Hargrove, MS},
title = {Plant hemoglobins: a journey from unicellular green algae to vascular plants.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16444},
pmid = {31960995},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {Globins (Glbs) are widely distributed in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. They can be classified into proteins with 2/2 or 3/3 α-helical folding around the heme cavity. Both types of Glbs occur in green algae, bryophytes and vascular plants. The Glbs of angiosperms have been more intensively studied and several protein structures have been solved. They can be hexacoordinate or pentacoordinate, depending on whether a histidine is coordinating or not at the sixth position of the iron atom. The 3/3 Glbs of class 1 and the 2/2 Glbs (also called class 3 in plants) are present in all angiosperms, whereas the 3/3 Glbs of class 2 have been only found in early angiosperms and eudicots. The three Glb classes are expected to play different roles. Class 1 Glbs are involved in hypoxia responses and modulate NO concentration, which may explain their roles in plant morphogenesis, hormone signaling, cell fate determination, nutrient deficiency, nitrogen metabolism and plant-microorganism symbioses. Symbiotic Glbs derive from class 1 or class 2 Glbs and transport O2 in nodules. The physiological roles of class 2 and 3 Glbs are poorly defined but could involve O2 and NO transport and/or metabolism, respectively. More research is warranted on these intriguing proteins to determine their non-redundant functions.},
}
@article {pmid31959067,
year = {2020},
author = {Kanazawa, H and Ozaki, S and Doi, Y and Masuo, S and Takaya, N},
title = {Symbiotic riboflavin degradation by Microbacterium and Nocardioides bacteria.},
journal = {Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-6},
doi = {10.1080/09168451.2020.1715783},
pmid = {31959067},
issn = {1347-6947},
abstract = {Unlike its biosynthetic mechanisms and physiological function, current understanding of riboflavin degradation in soil is limited to a few bacteria that decompose it to lumichrome. Here, we isolated six Microbacterium and three Nocardioides strains. These strains utilized riboflavin and lumichrome, respectively, as carbon sources. Among these strains, we identified Microbacterium paraoxydans R16 (R16) and Nocardioides nitrophenolicus L16 (L16), which were isolated form the same enrichment culture. Co-cultured R16 and L16 reconstituted a riboflavin-degrading interspecies consortium, in which the R16 strain degraded riboflavin to lumichrome and ᴅ-ribose. The L16 strain utilized the lumichrome as a carbon source, indicating that R16 is required for L16 to grow in the consortium. Notably, rates of riboflavin degradation and growth were increased in co-cultured, compared with monocultured R16 cells. These results indicated that a beneficial symbiotic interaction between M. paraoxydans R16 and N. nitrophenolicus L16 results in the ability to degrade riboflavin.},
}
@article {pmid31160824,
year = {2019},
author = {Briliūtė, J and Urbanowicz, PA and Luis, AS and Baslé, A and Paterson, N and Rebello, O and Hendel, J and Ndeh, DA and Lowe, EC and Martens, EC and Spencer, DIR and Bolam, DN and Crouch, LI},
title = {Complex N-glycan breakdown by gut Bacteroides involves an extensive enzymatic apparatus encoded by multiple co-regulated genetic loci.},
journal = {Nature microbiology},
volume = {4},
number = {9},
pages = {1571-1581},
doi = {10.1038/s41564-019-0466-x},
pmid = {31160824},
issn = {2058-5276},
support = {BB/M029018/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Bacteroides/*enzymology/*genetics/growth &amp; development ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Polysaccharides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Glycans are the major carbon sources available to the human colonic microbiota. Numerous N-glycosylated proteins are found in the human gut, from both dietary and host sources, including immunoglobulins such as IgA that are secreted into the intestine at high levels. Here, we show that many mutualistic gut Bacteroides spp. have the capacity to utilize complex N-glycans (CNGs) as nutrients, including those from immunoglobulins. Detailed mechanistic studies using transcriptomic, biochemical, structural and genetic techniques reveal the pathway employed by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) for CNG degradation. The breakdown process involves an extensive enzymatic apparatus encoded by multiple non-adjacent loci and comprises 19 different carbohydrate-active enzymes from different families, including a CNG-specific endo-glycosidase activity. Furthermore, CNG degradation involves the activity of carbohydrate-active enzymes that have previously been implicated in the degradation of other classes of glycan. This complex and diverse apparatus provides Bt with the capacity to access the myriad different structural variants of CNGs likely to be found in the intestinal niche.},
}
@article {pmid30084239,
year = {2019},
author = {Kranabetter, JM and Harman-Denhoed, R and Hawkins, BJ},
title = {Saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp stoichiometry (C : N : P) across temperate rainforests as evidence of shared nutrient constraints among symbionts.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {221},
number = {1},
pages = {482-492},
doi = {10.1111/nph.15380},
pmid = {30084239},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {//British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations/International ; },
mesh = {British Columbia ; Carbon/analysis ; Ecosystem ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/*chemistry ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Pseudotsuga ; *Rainforest ; Soil/*chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Quantifying nutritional dynamics of free-living saprotrophs and symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field is challenging, but the stoichiometry of fruiting bodies (sporocarps) may be an effective methodology for this purpose. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations of soils, foliage and 146 sporocarp collections were analyzed from 14 Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii stands across a podzolization gradient on Vancouver Island (Canada). N and P concentrations were considerably higher in saprotrophic fungi. Fungal N% increased with soil N content at a greater rate for saprotrophs than ectomycorrhizal fungi, while fungal P% of saprotrophs was more constrained. Fungal N : P was more responsive to soil N : P for ectomycorrhizal fungi (homeostatic regulation coefficient 'H' = 2.9) than saprotrophs (H = 5.9), while N : P of ectomycorrhizal fungi and host tree foliage scaled almost identically. Results underscore the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi as nutrient conduits, supporting host trees, whereas saprotrophs maintain a greater degree of nutritional homeostasis. Site nutrient constraints were shared in equal measure between ectomycorrhizal fungi and host trees, particularly for P, suggesting neither partner benefits from enhanced nutrition at the expense of the other. Sporocarp stoichiometry provides new insights into mycorrhizal relationships and illustrates pervasive P deficiencies across temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest.},
}
@article {pmid30078224,
year = {2019},
author = {Sui, XL and Zhang, T and Tian, YQ and Xue, RJ and Li, AR},
title = {A neglected alliance in battles against parasitic plants: arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses alleviate damage to a legume host by root hemiparasitic Pedicularis species.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {221},
number = {1},
pages = {470-481},
doi = {10.1111/nph.15379},
pmid = {30078224},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {31400440//Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; 31370512//Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; U1303201//Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; 2016FB059//Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province/International ; //Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences/International ; 2014HB047//Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province/International ; },
mesh = {Agricultural Inoculants ; Glomeromycota/physiology ; Host-Parasite Interactions/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Pedicularis/*physiology ; Phosphorus/metabolism ; Plant Root Nodulation/physiology ; Plant Roots/microbiology/parasitology ; Plant Shoots/chemistry/metabolism ; Rhizobium leguminosarum/*physiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Trifolium/*microbiology/*parasitology/physiology ; },
abstract = {Despite their ubiquitous distribution and significant ecological roles, soil microorganisms have long been neglected in investigations addressing parasitic plant-host interactions. Because nutrient deprivation is a primary cause of host damage by parasitic plants, we hypothesized that beneficial soil microorganisms conferring nutrient benefits to parasitized hosts may play important roles in alleviating damage. We conducted a pot cultivation experiment to test the inoculation effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae), a rhizobium (Rhizobium leguminosarum) and their interactive effects, on alleviation of damage to a legume host (Trifolium repens) by two root hemiparasitic plants with different nutrient requirements (N-demanding Pedicularis rex and P-demanding P. tricolor). Strong interactive effects between inoculation regimes and hemiparasite identity were observed. The relative benefits of microbial inoculation were related to hemiparasite nutrient requirements. Dual inoculation with the rhizobium strongly enhanced promotional arbuscular mycorrhizal effects on hosts parasitized by P. rex, but reduced the arbuscular mycorrhizal promotion on hosts parasitized by P. tricolor. Our results demonstrate substantial contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses to alleviating damage to the legume host by root hemiparasites, and suggest that soil microorganisms are critical factors regulating host-parasite interactions and should be taken into account in future studies.},
}
@article {pmid30009496,
year = {2019},
author = {Patterson, A and Flores-Rentería, L and Whipple, A and Whitham, T and Gehring, C},
title = {Common garden experiments disentangle plant genetic and environmental contributions to ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {221},
number = {1},
pages = {493-502},
doi = {10.1111/nph.15352},
pmid = {30009496},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {//Arizona Space Grant Consortium/International ; DBI-1126840//National Science Foundation/International ; DEB DEB0816675//National Science Foundation/International ; //Northern Arizona University Hooper Undergraduate Research Award/International ; },
mesh = {Biodiversity ; Droughts ; Ecosystem ; Gardens ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Mycobiome/genetics/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*genetics/physiology ; Pinus/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The interactions among climate change, plant genetic variation and fungal mutualists are poorly understood, but probably important to plant survival under drought. We examined these interactions by studying the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities of pinyon pine seedlings (Pinus edulis) planted in a wildland ecosystem experiencing two decades of climate change-related drought. We established a common garden containing P. edulis seedlings of known maternal lineages (drought tolerant, DT; drought intolerant, DI), manipulated soil moisture and measured EMF community structure and seedling growth. Three findings emerged: EMF community composition differed at the phylum level between DT and DI seedlings, and diversity was two-fold greater in DT than in DI seedlings. EMF communities of DT seedlings did not shift with water treatment and were dominated by an ascomycete, Geopora sp. By contrast, DI seedlings shifted to basidiomycete dominance with increased moisture, demonstrating a lineage by environment interaction. DT seedlings grew larger than DI seedlings in high (28%) and low (50%) watering treatments. These results show that inherited plant traits strongly influence microbial communities, interacting with drought to affect seedling performance. These interactions and their potential feedback effects may influence the success of trees, such as P. edulis, in future climates.},
}
@article {pmid31958683,
year = {2020},
author = {Quiroga, G and Erice, G and Aroca, R and Zamarreño, ÁM and García-Mina, JM and Ruiz-Lozano, JM},
title = {Radial water transport in arbuscular mycorrhizal maize plants under drought stress conditions is affected by indole-acetic acid (IAA) application.},
journal = {Journal of plant physiology},
volume = {246-247},
number = {},
pages = {153115},
doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153115},
pmid = {31958683},
issn = {1618-1328},
abstract = {Drought stress is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses, compromising crop growth, reproductive success and yield. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has been demonstrated to be beneficial in helping the plant to bear with water deficit. In plants, development and stress responses are largely regulated by a complex hormonal crosstalk. Auxins play significant roles in plant growth and development, in responses to different abiotic stresses or in the establishment and functioning of the AM symbiosis. Despite these important functions, the role of indole-3acetic acid (IAA) as a regulator of root water transport and stress response is not well understood. In this study, the effect of exogenous application of IAA on the regulation of root radial water transport in AM plants was analyzed under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Exogenous IAA application affected root hydraulic parameters, mainly osmotic root hydraulic conductivity (Lo), which was decreased in both AM and non-AM plants under water deficit conditions. Under drought, the relative apoplastic water flow was differentially regulated by IAA application in non-AM and AM plants. The effect of IAA on the internal cell component of root water conductivity suggests that aquaporins are involved in the IAA-dependent inhibition of this water pathway.},
}
@article {pmid31958173,
year = {2020},
author = {Drain, A and Thouin, J and Wang, L and Boeglin, M and Pauly, N and Nieves-Cordones, M and Gaillard, I and Véry, AA and Sentenac, H},
title = {Functional characterization and physiological roles of the single Shaker outward K+ channel in Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/tpj.14697},
pmid = {31958173},
issn = {1365-313X},
abstract = {The model legume Medicago truncatula possesses a single outward Shaker K+ channel, while Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two channels of this type, named AtSKOR and AtGORK, the former having been shown to play a major role in K+ secretion into the xylem sap in the root vasculature and the latter to mediate the efflux of K+ across the guard cell membrane leading to stomatal closure. Here we show that the expression pattern of the single M. truncatula outward Shaker channel, which has been named MtGORK, includes the root vasculature, guard cells and root hairs. As shown by patch-clamp experiments on root hair protoplasts, besides the Shaker-type slowly-activating outwardly-rectifying K+ conductance encoded by MtGORK, a second K+ -permeable conductance, displaying fast activation and weak rectification, can be expressed by M. truncatula. A KO mutation resulting in absence of MtGORK activity is shown to weakly reduce K+ translocation to shoots, and only in plants engaged in rhizobial symbiosis, but to strongly affect the control of stomatal aperture and transpirational water loss. In legumes, the early electrical signaling pathway triggered by Nod factor perception is known to comprise a short transient depolarization of the root hair plasma membrane. In absence of MtGORK functional expression, the rate of the membrane repolarization is found to be decreased by about 2 times. This defect was without any consequence on infection thread development and nodule production in plants grown in vitro, but a decrease in nodule production was observed in plants grown in soil.},
}
@article {pmid31955493,
year = {2020},
author = {van der Zande, RM and Achlatis, M and Bender-Champ, D and Kubicek, A and Dove, S and Hoegh-Guldberg, O},
title = {Paradise lost: End-of-century warming and acidification under business-as-usual emissions have severe consequences for symbiotic corals.},
journal = {Global change biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.14998},
pmid = {31955493},
issn = {1365-2486},
abstract = {Despite recent efforts to curtail greenhouse gas emissions, current global emission trajectories are still following the business-as-usual RCP8.5 emission pathway. The resulting ocean warming and acidification have transformative impacts on coral reef ecosystems, detrimentally affecting coral physiology and health, and these impacts are predicted to worsen in the near future. In this study, we kept fragments of the symbiotic corals Acropora intermedia (thermally sensitive) and Porites lobata (thermally tolerant) for 7 weeks under an orthogonal design of predicted end-of-century RCP8.5 conditions for temperature and pCO2 (3.5 °C and 570 ppm above present-day respectively) to unravel how temperature and acidification, individually or interactively, influence metabolic and physiological performance. Our results pinpoint thermal stress as the dominant driver of deteriorating health in both species because of its propensity to destabilize coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis (bleaching). Acidification had no influence on metabolism but had a significant negative effect on skeleton growth, particularly when photosynthesis was absent such as in bleached corals or under dark conditions. Total loss of photosynthesis after bleaching caused an exhaustion of protein and lipid stores and collapse of calcification that ultimately led to A. intermedia mortality. Despite complete loss of symbionts from its tissue, P. lobata maintained small amounts of photosynthesis and experienced a weaker decline in lipid and protein reserves that presumably contributed to higher survival of this species. Our results indicate that ocean warming and acidification under business-as-usual CO2 emission scenarios will likely extirpate thermally-sensitive coral species before the end of the century, while slowing the recovery of more thermally-tolerant species from increasingly severe mass coral bleaching and mortality. This could ultimately lead to the gradual disappearance of tropical coral reefs globally, and a shift on surviving reefs to only the most resilient coral species.},
}
@article {pmid31952335,
year = {2020},
author = {Ramadan, WS and Zaher, DM and Altaie, AM and Talaat, IM and Elmoselhi, A},
title = {Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Lung and Breast Cancers through Understanding the Anti-Angiogenesis Resistance Mechanisms.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {21},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms21020565},
pmid = {31952335},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Breast and lung cancers are among the top cancer types in terms of incidence and mortality burden worldwide. One of the challenges in the treatment of breast and lung cancers is their resistance to administered drugs, as observed with angiogenesis inhibitors. Based on clinical and pre-clinical findings, these two types of cancers have gained the ability to resist angiogenesis inhibitors through several mechanisms that rely on cellular and extracellular factors. This resistance is mediated through angiogenesis-independent vascularization, and it is related to cancer cells and their microenvironment. The mechanisms that cancer cells utilize include metabolic symbiosis and invasion, and they also take advantage of neighboring cells like macrophages, endothelial cells, myeloid and adipose cells. Overcoming resistance is of great interest, and researchers are investigating possible strategies to enhance sensitivity towards angiogenesis inhibitors. These strategies involved targeting multiple players in angiogenesis, epigenetics, hypoxia, cellular metabolism and the immune system. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms of resistance to angiogenesis inhibitors and to highlight recently developed approaches to overcome this resistance.},
}
@article {pmid31951556,
year = {2020},
author = {Shahan, R and Benfey, PN},
title = {A Co-opted Regulator of Lateral Root Development Controls Nodule Organogenesis in Lotus.},
journal = {Developmental cell},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {6-7},
doi = {10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.009},
pmid = {31951556},
issn = {1878-1551},
abstract = {Legumes, a subset of flowering plants, form root nodules in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The regulatory network controlling nodule formation has remained mysterious. In a recent issue of Science, Soyano et al. (2019) demonstrate that co-option of an existing lateral root developmental program is used in Lotus for nodule organogenesis.},
}
@article {pmid31949309,
year = {2020},
author = {Tena, G},
title = {Synthetic symbiosis.},
journal = {Nature plants},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {2},
doi = {10.1038/s41477-019-0585-7},
pmid = {31949309},
issn = {2055-0278},
}
@article {pmid31948791,
year = {2020},
author = {Bürger, M and Chory, J},
title = {The Many Models of Strigolactone Signaling.},
journal = {Trends in plant science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.009},
pmid = {31948791},
issn = {1878-4372},
abstract = {Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones involved in several biological processes that are of great agricultural concern. While initiating plant-fungal symbiosis, SLs also trigger germination of parasitic plants that pose a major threat to farming. In vascular plants, SLs control shoot branching, which is linked to crop yield. SL research has been a fascinating field that has produced a variety of different signaling models, reflecting a complex picture of hormone perception. Here, we review recent developments in the SL field and the crystal structures that gave rise to various models of receptor activation. We also highlight the increasing number of discovered SL molecules, reflecting the existence of cross-kingdom SL communication.},
}
@article {pmid31945518,
year = {2019},
author = {Puvar, AC and Nathani, NM and Shaikh, I and Bhatt, AD and Bhargava, P and Joshi, CG and Joshi, MN},
title = {Bacterial line of defense in Dirinaria lichen from two different ecosystems: First genomic insights of its mycobiont Dirinaria sp. GBRC AP01.},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {233},
number = {},
pages = {126407},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2019.126407},
pmid = {31945518},
issn = {1618-0623},
abstract = {Lichens have been widely studied for their symbiotic properties and for the secondary metabolites production by its fungal symbiont. Recent molecular studies have confirmed coexistence of bacteria along with the fungal and algal symbionts. Direct nucleic acid study by -omics approaches is providing better insights into their structural and functional dynamics. However, genomic analysis of individual members of lichen is difficult by the conventional approach. Hence, genome assembly from metagenome data needs standardization in the eukaryotic system like lichens. The present study aimed at metagenomic characterization of rock associated lichen Dirinaria collected from Kutch and Dang regions of Gujarat, followed by genome reconstruction and annotation of the mycobiont Dirinaria. The regions considered in the study are eco-geographically highly variant. The results revealed higher alpha diversity in the dry region Kutch as compared to the tropical forest associated lichen from Dang. Ascomycota was the most abundant eukaryote while Proteobacteria dominated the bacterial population. There were 23 genera observed only in the Kutch lichen (KL) and one genus viz., Candidatus Vecturithrix unique to the Dang lichen (DL). The exclusive bacterial genera in the Kutch mostly belonged to groups reported for stress tolerance and earlier isolated from lithobionts of extreme niches. The assembled data of KL &amp; DL were further used for genome reconstruction of Dirinaria sp. using GC and tetra-pentamer parameters and reassembly that resulted into a final draft genome of 31.7 Mb and 9556 predicted genes. Twenty-eight biosynthesis gene clusters were predicted that included genes for polyketide, indole and terpene synthesis. Association analysis of bacteria and mycobiont revealed 8 pathways specific to bacteria with implications in lichen symbiosis and environment interaction. The study provides the first draft genome of the entire fungal Dirinaria genus and provides insights into the Dirinaria lichen metagenome from Gujarat region.},
}
@article {pmid31945243,
year = {2020},
author = {Chung, SH and Parker, BJ and Blow, F and Brisson, JA and Douglas, AE},
title = {Host and Symbiont Genetic Determinants of Nutritional Phenotype in a Natural Population of the Pea Aphid.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15355},
pmid = {31945243},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {A defining feature of the nutritional ecology of plant sap feeding insects is that the dietary deficit of essential amino acids (EAAs) in plant sap is supplemented by EAA-provisioning microbial symbionts in the insect. Here, we demonstrated substantial variation in the nutritional phenotype of 208 genotypes of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum collected from natural populations. Specifically, the genotypes varied in performance (larval growth rates) on four test diets lacking EAA arginine, histidine, methionine or aromatic EAAs (phenylalanine and tryptophan), relative to the diet containing all EAAs. These data indicate that EAA supply from the symbiotic bacteria Buchnera can meet total aphid nutritional demand for only a subset of the EAA/aphid genotype combinations. We then correlated SNPs identified in the aphid and Buchnera genomes by reduced genome sequencing against aphid performance for each EAA deletion diet. This yielded significant associations between performance on the histidine-free diet and Buchnera SNPs, including metabolism genes predicted to influence histidine biosynthesis. Aphid genetic correlates of performance were obtained for all four deletion diets, with associations on the arginine-free diet and aromatic-free diets dominated by genes functioning in regulation of metabolic and cellular processes. The specific aphid genes associated with performance on different EAA deletion diets are largely non-overlapping, indicating some independence in the regulatory circuits determining aphid phenotype for the different EAAs. This study demonstrates how variation in phenotype of associations collected from natural populations can be applied to elucidate the genetic basis of ecologically-important traits in systems intractable to traditional forward/reverse genetic techniques.},
}
@article {pmid31943225,
year = {2020},
author = {Davison, J and García de León, D and Zobel, M and Moora, M and Bueno, CG and Barceló, M and Gerz, M and León, D and Meng, Y and Pillar, VD and Sepp, SK and Soudzilovaskaia, NA and Tedersoo, L and Vaessen, S and Vahter, T and Winck, B and Öpik, M},
title = {Plant functional groups associate with distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16423},
pmid = {31943225},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {Benefits of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis for associating plants and fungi are modulated by the functional characteristics of both partners. However, it is unknown to what extent functionally distinct groups of plants naturally associate with different AM fungi. We reanalysed 14 high-throughput sequencing data sets describing AM fungal communities associating with plant individuals (2427) belonging to 297 species. We examined how root-associating AM fungal communities varied between plants with different growth forms, photosynthetic pathways, CSR strategies, mycorrhizal statuses and N-fixing statuses. AM fungal community composition differed in relation to all studied plant functional groupings. Grasses, C4 and non-ruderal plants were characterised by high AM fungal alpha diversity; C4, ruderal and obligately mycorrhizal plants by high beta diversity. Phylogenetic diversity of AM fungi, a potential surrogate for functional diversity, was higher among forbs than other plant growth forms. Putatively ruderal (previously cultured) AM fungi disproportionately associated with forbs and ruderal plants. There was phylogenetic correlation among AM fungi in the degree of association with different plant growth forms and photosynthetic pathways. Associated AM fungal communities constitute an important component of plant ecological strategies. Functionally different plants associate with distinct AM fungal communities, linking mycorrhizal associations with functional diversity in ecosystems.},
}
@article {pmid31941021,
year = {2020},
author = {Carrouel, F and Viennot, S and Ottolenghi, L and Gaillard, C and Bourgeois, D},
title = {Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation.},
journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nano10010140},
pmid = {31941021},
issn = {2079-4991},
abstract = {Many investigations have pointed out widespread use of medical nanosystems in various domains of dentistry such as prevention, prognosis, care, tissue regeneration, and restoration. The progress of oral medicine nanosystems for individual prophylaxis is significant for ensuring bacterial symbiosis and high-quality oral health. Nanomaterials in oral cosmetics are used in toothpaste and other mouthwash to improve oral healthcare performance. These processes cover nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based materials, especially domains of application related to biofilm management in cariology and periodontology. Likewise, nanoparticles have been integrated in diverse cosmetic produces for the care of enamel remineralization and dental hypersensitivity. This review summarizes the indications and applications of several widely employed nanoparticles in oral cosmetics, and describes the potential clinical implementation of nanoparticles as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and remineralizing agents in the prevention of dental caries, hypersensitivity, and periodontitis.},
}
@article {pmid31940756,
year = {2020},
author = {Li, T and Yu, L and Song, B and Song, Y and Li, L and Lin, X and Lin, S},
title = {Genome Improvement and Core Gene Set Refinement of Fugacium kawagutii.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms8010102},
pmid = {31940756},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {NSFC31661143029//NSFC/ ; NSFC41776116//NSFC/ ; 20720180101//Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; },
abstract = {Cataloging an accurate functional gene set for the Symbiodiniaceae species is crucial for addressing biological questions of dinoflagellate symbiosis with corals and other invertebrates. To improve the gene models of Fugacium kawagutii, we conducted high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) for the genome and Illumina combined with PacBio sequencing for the transcriptome to achieve a new genome assembly and gene prediction. A 0.937-Gbp assembly of F. kawagutii were obtained, with a N50 > 13 Mbp and the longest scaffold of 121 Mbp capped with telomere motif at both ends. Gene annotation produced 45,192 protein-coding genes, among which, 11,984 are new compared to previous versions of the genome. The newly identified genes are mainly enriched in 38 KEGG pathways including N-Glycan biosynthesis, mRNA surveillance pathway, cell cycle, autophagy, mitophagy, and fatty acid synthesis, which are important for symbiosis, nutrition, and reproduction. The newly identified genes also included those encoding O-methyltransferase (O-MT), 3-dehydroquinate synthase, homologous-pairing protein 2-like (HOP2) and meiosis protein 2 (MEI2), which function in mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) biosynthesis and sexual reproduction, respectively. The improved version of the gene set (Fugka_Geneset _V3) raised transcriptomic read mapping rate from 33% to 54% and BUSCO match from 29% to 55%. Further differential gene expression analysis yielded a set of stably expressed genes under variable trace metal conditions, of which 115 with annotated functions have recently been found to be stably expressed under three other conditions, thus further developing the &quot;core gene set&quot; of F. kawagutii. This improved genome will prove useful for future Symbiodiniaceae transcriptomic, gene structure, and gene expression studies, and the refined &quot;core gene set&quot; will be a valuable resource from which to develop reference genes for gene expression studies.},
}
@article {pmid31938759,
year = {2019},
author = {Wolff, CA and Esser, KA},
title = {Exercise Timing and Circadian Rhythms.},
journal = {Current opinion in physiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {64-69},
pmid = {31938759},
issn = {2468-8673},
support = {R01 AR055246/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; U01 AG055137/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Circadian rhythms and exercise physiology are intimately linked, but the symbiosis of this relationship has yet to be fully unraveled. Exercise exerts numerous health benefits from the organelle to the organism. Proper circadian function is also emerging as a prerequisite for maintaining health. The positive effects of exercise on health may be partially mediated by an exercise-induced change in tissue molecular clocks and/or the outcomes of exercise may be modified depending on when exercise is performed. This review provides a brief overview of circadian biology and the influence of exercise on the molecular clock, with an emphasis on skeletal muscle. Additionally, we provide considerations for future investigations seeking to unravel the mechanistic interactions of exercise and the molecular clock.},
}
@article {pmid31937897,
year = {2020},
author = {Cui, L and Guo, F and Zhang, J and Yang, S and Meng, J and Geng, Y and Li, X and Wan, S},
title = {Author Correction: Synergy of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and exogenous Ca2+ benefits peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth through the shared hormone and flavonoid pathway.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {755},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-57448-2},
pmid = {31937897},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.},
}
@article {pmid31936508,
year = {2020},
author = {Rizzo, E and Sherman, T and Manosalva, P and Gomez, SK},
title = {Assessment of Local and Systemic Changes in Plant Gene Expression and Aphid Responses during Potato Interactions with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Potato Aphids.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/plants9010082},
pmid = {31936508},
issn = {2223-7747},
support = {2014-67014-21771//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; },
abstract = {This research examined aphid and plant responses to distinct levels (none, low, and high) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal root colonization by studying the association between potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), and AM fungi (Rhizophagus intraradices). It extends knowledge on gene expression changes, assessed by RT-qPCR, of ten defense-related genes at two time-points post-herbivory (24 h and 10 days), focusing on aphid-infested local leaves, non-infested systemic leaves, and roots. The results showed that aphid fitness was not altered by AM symbiosis. At 24 h, ETHYLENE RECEPTOR1 gene expression was repressed in roots of aphid-infested non-mycorrhizal plants and aphid-infested plants with a high level of AM fungal root colonization, but not on aphid-infested plants with a low level of AM fungal root colonization. At 10 days, ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE and POTATO TYPE I PROTEASE INHIBITOR were upregulated exclusively in local leaves of aphid-infested plants with a low level of AM fungal root colonization. In addition, local and systemic changes in plant gene expression appeared to be regulated exclusively by AM status and aphid herbivory. In summary, the gene expression data provide insights on mycorrhizal potato responses to aphid herbivory and serve as a starting point for future studies using this system.},
}
@article {pmid31935845,
year = {2020},
author = {Kumar, A and Cousins, DR and Liu, CW and Xu, P and Murray, JD},
title = {Nodule Inception Is Not Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization of Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/plants9010071},
pmid = {31935845},
issn = {2223-7747},
support = {17DZ2252700//undefined undefined/ ; },
abstract = {Most legumes can engage in symbiosis with N-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. This symbiosis, called nodulation, evolved from the more widespread symbiosis that most land plants form with arbuscular mycorrhiza, which is reflected in a common requirement of certain genes for both these symbioses. One key nodulation gene, Nodule Inception (NIN), has been intensively studied. Mutants in NIN are unable to form nodules, which has made it difficult to identify downstream genes under the control of NIN. The analysis of data from our recent transcriptomics study revealed that some genes with an altered expression of nin during nodulation are upregulated in mycorrhizal roots. In addition, another study reported the decreased colonization of nin roots by arbuscular mycorrhiza. We therefore investigated a role for NIN in mycorrhiza formation. Our time course study, using two nin alleles with differing genetic backgrounds, suggests that that loss of NIN does not affect colonization of Medicago truncatula roots, either in the presence or absence of rhizobia. This, and recent phylogenetic analyses showing that the loss of NIN is correlated with loss of nodulation in the FaFaCuRo clade, but not with the ability to form mycorrhiza, argue against NIN being required for arbuscular mycorrhization in legumes.},
}
@article {pmid31935179,
year = {2020},
author = {Becerra-Rivera, VA and Arteaga, A and Leija, A and Hernández, G and Dunn, MF},
title = {Polyamines produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm8530 contribute to symbiotically relevant phenotypes ex planta and to nodulation efficiency on alfalfa.},
journal = {Microbiology (Reading, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/mic.0.000886},
pmid = {31935179},
issn = {1465-2080},
abstract = {In nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, emerging evidence shows significant roles for polyamines in growth and abiotic stress resistance. In this work we show that a polyamine-deficient ornithine decarboxylase null mutant (odc2) derived from Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm8530 had significant phenotypic differences from the wild-type, including greatly reduced production of exopolysaccharides (EPS; ostensibly both succinoglycan and galactoglucan), increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and decreased swimming motility. The introduction of the odc2 gene borne on a plasmid into the odc2 mutant restored wild-type phenotypes for EPS production, growth under oxidative stress and swimming. The production of calcofluor-binding EPS (succinoglycan) by the odc2 mutant was also completely or mostly restored in the presence of exogenous spermidine (Spd), norspermidine (NSpd) or spermine (Spm). The odc2 mutant formed about 25 % more biofilm than the wild-type, and its ability to form biofilm was significantly inhibited by exogenous Spd, NSpd or Spm. The odc2 mutant formed a less efficient symbiosis with alfalfa, resulting in plants with significantly less biomass and height, more nodules but less nodule biomass, and 25 % less nitrogen-fixing activity. Exogenously supplied Put was not able to revert these phenotypes and caused a similar increase in plant height and dry weight in uninoculated plants and in those inoculated with the wild-type or odc2 mutant. We discuss ways in which polyamines might affect the phenotypes of the odc2 mutant.},
}
@article {pmid31925240,
year = {2019},
author = {Grimaldi, DA and Peñalver, E and Barrón, E and Herhold, HW and Engel, MS},
title = {Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
pages = {408},
doi = {10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7},
pmid = {31925240},
issn = {2399-3642},
abstract = {Angiosperms and their insect pollinators form a foundational symbiosis, evidence for which from the Cretaceous is mostly indirect, based on fossils of insect taxa that today are anthophilous, and of fossil insects and flowers that have apparent anthophilous and entomophilous specializations, respectively. We present exceptional direct evidence preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, 100 mya, for feeding on pollen in the eudicot genus Tricolporoidites by a basal new aculeate wasp, Prosphex anthophilos, gen. et sp. nov., in the lineage that contains the ants, bees, and other stinging wasps. Plume of hundreds of pollen grains wafts from its mouth and an apparent pollen mass was detected by micro-CT in the buccal cavity: clear evidence that the wasp was foraging on the pollen. Eudicots today comprise nearly three-quarters of all angiosperm species. Prosphex feeding on Tricolporoidites supports the hypothesis that relatively small, generalized insect anthophiles were important pollinators of early angiosperms.},
}
@article {pmid31925107,
year = {2019},
author = {Weizman, E and Levy, O},
title = {The role of chromatin dynamics under global warming response in the symbiotic coral model Aiptasia.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
pages = {282},
doi = {10.1038/s42003-019-0543-y},
pmid = {31925107},
issn = {2399-3642},
support = {4598//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Gordon E. and Betty I. Moore Foundation)/ ; 4598//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Gordon E. and Betty I. Moore Foundation)/ ; },
abstract = {Extreme weather events frequency and scale are altered due to climate change. Symbiosis between corals and their endosymbiotic-dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) is susceptible to these events and can lead to what is known as bleaching. However, there is evidence for coral adaptive plasticity in the role of epigenetic that have acclimated to high-temperature environments. We have implemented ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to study the cnidarian-dinoflagellate model Exaptasia pallida (Aiptasia) and expose the role of chromatin-dynamics in response to thermal-stress. We have identified 1309 genomic sites that change their accessibility in response to thermal changes. Moreover, apo-symbiotic Aiptasia accessible sites were enriched with NFAT, ATF4, GATA3, SOX14, and PAX3 motifs and expressed genes related to immunological pathways. Symbiotic Aiptasia accessible sites were enriched with NKx3-1, HNF4A, IRF4 motifs and expressed genes related to oxidative-stress pathways. Our work opens a new path towards understanding thermal-stress gene regulation in association with gene activity and chromatin-dynamics.},
}
@article {pmid31923325,
year = {2020},
author = {Rog, I and Rosenstock, NP and Körner, C and Klein, T},
title = {Share the wealth: trees with greater ectomycorrhizal species overlap share more carbon.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15351},
pmid = {31923325},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {The mutualistic symbiosis between forest trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) is among the most ubiquitous and successful interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. Specific species of EMF are known to colonize specific tree species, benefitting from their carbon source, and in turn, improving their access to soil water and nutrients. EMF also form extensive mycelial networks that can link multiple root-tips of different trees. Yet the number of tree species connected by such mycelial networks, and the traffic of material across them, are just now under study. Recently we reported substantial belowground carbon transfer between Picea, Pinus, Larix and Fagus trees in a mature forest. Here we analyze the EMF community of these same individual trees and identify the most likely taxa responsible for the observed carbon transfer. Among the nearly 1200 EMF root-tips examined, 50-70% belong to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were associated with 3 or 4 tree host species, and 90% of all OTUs were associated with at least two tree species. Sporocarp 13 C signals indicated that carbon originating from labeled Picea trees was transferred among trees through EMF networks. Interestingly, phylogenetically more closely related tree species exhibited more similar EMF communities and exchanged more carbon. Our results show that belowground carbon transfer is well orchestrated by the evolution of EMFs and tree symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31922733,
year = {2020},
author = {Song, QY and Li, F and Nan, Z and Coulter, J and Wei, WJ},
title = {Do Epichloë endophytes and their grass symbiosis only produce toxic alkaloids to insects and livestock?.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06614},
pmid = {31922733},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {Epichloë endophytes in forage grasses have attracted widespread attention and interest of chemistry researchers due to the various unique chemical structures and interesting biological activities of their secondary metabolites. This review describes the diversity of unique chemical structures of taxa from Epichloë endophytes and grass infected with Epichloë endophytes and demonstrates their reported biological activities. Until now, nearly 160 secondary metabolites (alkaloids, peptides, indole derivatives, pyrimidines, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, phenol and phenolic acid derivatives, aliphatic metabolites, sterols, amines and amides, and others) have been reported from Epichloë endophytes and grass infected with Epichloë endophytes. Among these, non-alkaloids account for half of the population of total metabolites, indicating that they also play an important role in Epichloë endophytes and grass infected with Epichloë endophytes. Also, a diverse array of secondary metabolites isolated from Epichloë endophytes and symbionts is a rich source for developing new pesticides and drugs. Bioassays disclose that in addition to toxic alkaloids, the other metabolites isolated from Epichloë endophytes and symbionts have notable biological activities, such as antifungal, anti-insect, and phytotoxic activities. Accordingly, the biological functions of non-alkaloids should not be neglected in the future investigation of Epichloë endophytes and symbionts.},
}
@article {pmid31922549,
year = {2020},
author = {Lemaire, ON and Méjean, V and Iobbi-Nivol, C},
title = {The Shewanella genus: ubiquitous organisms sustaining and preserving aquatic ecosystems.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsre/fuz031},
pmid = {31922549},
issn = {1574-6976},
abstract = {The Gram-negative Shewanella bacterial genus currently includes about 70 species of mostly aquatic γ-proteobacteria, which were isolated around the globe in a multitude of environments such as surface freshwater and the deepest marine trenches. Their survival in such a wide range of ecological niches is due to their impressive physiological and respiratory versatility. Some strains are among the organisms with the highest number of respiratory systems, depending on a complex and rich metabolic network. Implicated in the recycling of organic and inorganic matter, they are important components of organism-rich oxic/anoxic interfaces, but they also belong to the microflora of a broad group of eukaryotes from metazoans to green algae. Examples of long-term biological interactions like mutualism or pathogeny have been described, although molecular determinants of such symbioses are still poorly understood. Some of these bacteria are key organisms for various biotechnological applications, especially the bioremediation of hydrocarbons and metallic pollutants. The natural ability of these prokaryotes to thrive and detoxify deleterious compounds explains their use in wastewater treatment, their use in energy generation by microbial fuel cells, and their importance for resilience of aquatic ecosystems.},
}
@article {pmid31921269,
year = {2019},
author = {Russo, G and Carotenuto, G and Fiorilli, V and Volpe, V and Faccio, A and Bonfante, P and Chabaud, M and Chiapello, M and Van Damme, D and Genre, A},
title = {TPLATE Recruitment Reveals Endocytic Dynamics at Sites of Symbiotic Interface Assembly in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Interactions.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1628},
pmid = {31921269},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Introduction: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis between soil fungi and the majority of plants is based on a mutualistic exchange of organic and inorganic nutrients. This takes place inside root cortical cells that harbor an arbuscule: a highly branched intracellular fungal hypha enveloped by an extension of the host cell membrane-the perifungal membrane-which outlines a specialized symbiotic interface compartment. The perifungal membrane develops around each intracellular hypha as the symbiotic fungus proceeds across the root tissues; its biogenesis is the result of an extensive exocytic process and shows a few similarities with cell plate insertion which occurs at the end of somatic cytokinesis. Materials and Methods: We here analyzed the subcellular localization of a GFP fusion with TPLATE, a subunit of the endocytic TPLATE complex (TPC), a central actor in plant clathrin-mediated endocytosis with a role in cell plate anchoring with the parental plasma membrane. Results: Our observations demonstrate that Daucus carota and Medicago truncatula root organ cultures expressing a 35S::AtTPLATE-GFP construct accumulate strong fluorescent green signal at sites of symbiotic interface construction, along recently formed perifungal membranes and at sites of cell-to-cell hyphal passage between adjacent cortical cells, where the perifungal membrane fuses with the plasmalemma. Discussion: Our results strongly suggest that TPC-mediated endocytic processes are active during perifungal membrane interface biogenesis-alongside exocytic transport. This novel conclusion, which might be correlated to the accumulation of late endosomes in the vicinity of the developing interface, hints at the involvement of TPC-dependent membrane remodeling during the intracellular accommodation of AM fungi.},
}
@article {pmid31921260,
year = {2019},
author = {Calabrese, S and Cusant, L and Sarazin, A and Niehl, A and Erban, A and Brulé, D and Recorbet, G and Wipf, D and Roux, C and Kopka, J and Boller, T and Courty, PE},
title = {Imbalanced Regulation of Fungal Nutrient Transports According to Phosphate Availability in a Symbiocosm Formed by Poplar, Sorghum, and Rhizophagus irregularis.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1617},
pmid = {31921260},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, key components of nutrient uptake and exchange are specialized transporters that facilitate nutrient transport across membranes. As phosphate is a nutrient and a regulator of nutrient exchanges, we investigated the effect of P availability to extraradical mycelium (ERM) on both plant and fungus transcriptomes and metabolomes in a symbiocosm system. By perturbing nutrient exchanges under the control of P, our objectives were to identify new fungal genes involved in nutrient transports, and to characterize in which extent the fungus differentially modulates its metabolism when interacting with two different plant species. We performed transportome analysis on the ERM and intraradical mycelium of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis associated to Populus trichocarpa and Sorghum bicolor under high and low P availability in ERM, using quantitative RT-PCR and Illumina mRNA-sequencing. We observed that mycorrhizal symbiosis induces expression of specific phosphate and ammonium transporters in both plants. Furthermore, we identified new AM-inducible transporters and showed that a subset of phosphate transporters is regulated independently of symbiotic nutrient exchange. mRNA-Sequencing revealed that the fungal transportome was not similarly regulated in the two host plant species according to P availability. Mirroring this effect, many plant carbohydrate transporters were down-regulated in P. trichocarpa mycorrhizal root tissue. Metabolome analysis revealed further that AM root colonization led to a modification of root primary metabolism under low and high P availability and to a decrease of primary metabolite pools in general. Moreover, the down regulation of the sucrose transporters suggests that the plant limits carbohydrate long distance transport (i.e. from shoot to the mycorrhizal roots). By simultaneous uptake/reuptake of nutrients from the apoplast at the biotrophic interface, plant and fungus are both able to control reciprocal nutrient fluxes.},
}
@article {pmid31921065,
year = {2019},
author = {Del Barrio-Duque, A and Ley, J and Samad, A and Antonielli, L and Sessitsch, A and Compant, S},
title = {Beneficial Endophytic Bacteria-Serendipita indica Interaction for Crop Enhancement and Resistance to Phytopathogens.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2888},
pmid = {31921065},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Serendipita (=Piriformospora) indica is a fungal endophytic symbiont with the capabilities to enhance plant growth and confer resistance to different stresses. However, the application of this fungus in the field has led to inconsistent results, perhaps due to antagonism with other microbes. Here, we studied the impact of individual bacterial isolates from the endophytic bacterial community on the in vitro growth of S. indica. We further analyzed how combinations of bacteria and S. indica influence plant growth and protection against the phytopathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Bacterial strains of the genera Bacillus, Enterobacter and Burkholderia negatively affected S. indica growth on plates, whereas Mycolicibacterium, Rhizobium, Paenibacillus strains and several other bacteria from different taxa stimulated fungal growth. To further explore the potential of bacteria positively interacting with S. indica, four of the most promising strains belonging to the genus Mycolicibacterium were selected for further experiments. Some dual inoculations of S. indica and Mycolicibacterium strains boosted the beneficial effects triggered by S. indica, further enhancing the growth of tomato plants, and alleviating the symptoms caused by the phytopathogens F. oxysporum and R. solani. However, some combinations of S. indica and bacteria were less effective than individual inoculations. By analyzing the genomes of the Mycolicibacterium strains, we revealed that these bacteria encode several genes predicted to be involved in the stimulation of S. indica growth, plant development and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Particularly, a high number of genes related to vitamin and nitrogen metabolism were detected. Taking into consideration multiple interactions on and inside plants, we showed in this study that some bacterial strains may induce beneficial effects on S. indica and could have an outstanding influence on the plant-fungus symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31920999,
year = {2019},
author = {Pastor-Bueis, R and Sánchez-Cañizares, C and James, EK and González-Andrés, F},
title = {Formulation of a Highly Effective Inoculant for Common Bean Based on an Autochthonous Elite Strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli, and Genomic-Based Insights Into Its Agronomic Performance.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2724},
pmid = {31920999},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Common bean is a poor symbiotic N-fixer, with a low response to inoculation owing to its promiscuous nodulation with competitive but inefficient resident rhizobia. Consequently, farmers prefer to fertilize them rather than rely on their capacity for Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF). However, when rhizobial inoculants are based on autochthonous strains, they often have superior BNF performance in the field due to their genetic adaptations to the local environment. Nevertheless, there is scant information at the genomic level explaining their superiority or on how their genomes may influence the inoculant performance. This information is especially important in technologically advanced agri-systems like Europe, where environmental concerns and increasingly stringent fertilizer regulations are encouraging a return to the use of rhizobial inoculants, but based upon strains that have been thoroughly characterized in terms of their symbiotic performance and their genetics. The aim of this study was to design an inoculant formulation based on a superior autochthonous strain, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli LCS0306, to assess its performance in the field, and to determine the genomic features contributing to the high effectiveness of its symbiosis with common bean. Plants inoculated with the autochthonous strain LCS0306 fixed significantly more nitrogen than those with the allochthonous strains R. phaseoli ATCC 14482T and R. etli CFN42T, and had grain yield similar to the nitrogen-fertilized controls. Inoculation with LCS0306 was particularly efficacious when formulated with a carrier based upon a mixture of perlite and biochar. Whole genome comparisons revealed no differences in the classical symbiotic genes of strain LCS0306 within the symbiovar phaseoli. However, its symbiotic superior performance might be due to its genomic versatility, as it harbors a large assortment of genes contributing to fitness and competitiveness. It is concluded that inoculation with elite rhizobia formulated with perlite-biochar carriers might constitute a step-change in the sustainable cultivation of common bean in Spanish soils.},
}
@article {pmid31919175,
year = {2020},
author = {Sycheva, MV and Popova, LP and Pashkova, TM and Khlopko, YA and Kartashova, OL and Andreeva, AV and Poshvina, DV},
title = {Genomic Sequence of the Strain Enterococcus faecium ICIS 18.},
journal = {Microbiology resource announcements},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {31919175},
issn = {2576-098X},
abstract = {We report here the draft genome sequence of Enterococcus faecium strain ICIS 18, which was isolated from human feces. Analysis of the E. faecium ICIS 18 genome revealed genes encoding resistance to metals, fluoroquinolones, and beta-lactam antibiotics.},
}
@article {pmid31918733,
year = {2020},
author = {Tempalski, B and Williams, LD and West, BS and Cooper, HLF and Beane, S and Ibragimov, U and Friedman, SR},
title = {Predictors of historical change in drug treatment coverage among people who inject drugs in 90 large metropolitan areas in the USA, 1993-2007.},
journal = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {3},
pmid = {31918733},
issn = {1747-597X},
support = {R01 DA037568/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DA13336//Foundation for the National Institutes of Health/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adequate access to effective treatment and medication assisted therapies for opioid dependence has led to improved antiretroviral therapy adherence and decreases in morbidity among people who inject drugs (PWID), and can also address a broad range of social and public health problems. However, even with the success of syringe service programs and opioid substitution programs in European countries (and others) the US remains historically low in terms of coverage and access with regard to these programs. This manuscript investigates predictors of historical change in drug treatment coverage for PWID in 90 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) during 1993-2007, a period in which, overall coverage did not change.<br><br>METHODS: Drug treatment coverage was measured as the number of PWID in drug treatment, as calculated by treatment entry and census data, divided by numbers of PWID in each MSA. Variables suggested by the Theory of Community Action (i.e., need, resource availability, institutional opposition, organized support, and service symbiosis) were analyzed using mixed-effects multivariate models within dependent variables lagged in time to study predictors of later change in coverage.<br><br>RESULTS: Mean coverage was low in 1993 (6.7%; SD 3.7), and did not increase by 2007 (6.4%; SD 4.5). Multivariate results indicate that increases in baseline unemployment rate (β = 0.312; pseudo-p < 0.0002) predict significantly higher treatment coverage; baseline poverty rate (β = - 0.486; pseudo-p < 0.0001), and baseline size of public health and social work workforce (β = 0.425; pseudo-p < 0.0001) were predictors of later mean coverage levels, and baseline HIV prevalence among PWID predicted variation in treatment coverage trajectories over time (baseline HIV * Time: β = 0.039; pseudo-p < 0.001). Finally, increases in black/white poverty disparity from baseline predicted significantly higher treatment coverage in MSAs (β = 1.269; pseudo-p < 0.0001).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: While harm reduction programs have historically been contested and difficult to implement in many US communities, and despite efforts to increase treatment coverage for PWID, coverage has not increased. Contrary to our hypothesis, epidemiologic need, seems not to be associated with change in treatment coverage over time. Resource availability and institutional opposition are important predictors of change over time in coverage. These findings suggest that new ways have to be found to increase drug treatment coverage in spite of economic changes and belt-tightening policy changes that will make this difficult.},
}
@article {pmid31918098,
year = {2019},
author = {Jaspal, D and Malviya, A},
title = {Composites for wastewater purification: A review.},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {246},
number = {},
pages = {125788},
doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125788},
pmid = {31918098},
issn = {1879-1298},
abstract = {The review deals with different kinds of composites which have been used for wastewater treatment. The use of different types of composites ranging from nanocomposites, activated charcoal composites, polymer composites, oxide-based composites, hybrid composites, and biosorbent composites, etc. has been dealt with in detail, and presented as a central source of knowledge. The paper incorporates water purification explicitly via adsorption process, which has proven to be economical and efficient. These composites have been explored for treating or elimination of various hazardous substances like heavy metal species, different classes of colored contaminants (dyes), several organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. The composites discussed have successfully eliminated Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Hg, etc. In some instances the removal percentage of the contaminants was almost 100%. The presented data reveals the efficiency of composite materials in wastewater treatment over the conventional singular materials.},
}
@article {pmid31917866,
year = {2020},
author = {Preuss, M and Zuccarello, GC},
title = {A comment on Salomaki and Lane 2019 &quot;Molecular phylogenetics supports a clade of red algal parasites retaining native plastids: Taxonomy and terminology revised&quot;.},
journal = {Journal of phycology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jpy.12963},
pmid = {31917866},
issn = {1529-8817},
abstract = {Salomaki and Lane (2019) proposed a new terminology to group red algal parasites either as parasites containing their own (native) reduced plastid: 'archaeplastic' (allied to the old designation 'alloparasite') or parasites that contain only a host plastid: 'neoplastic' (similar to the older term 'adelphoparasite'). We believe this is premature. There are examples that contradict their proposed grouping, and their proposal was based on work from the mid-1990s that should be re-evaluated. We also believe that grouping red algal parasites into two groups obscures both our lack of knowledge of these organisms and the diversity that is already seen in the few intensively studied parasites. Instead of making generalizations based on limited knowledge, further in-depth study should be encouraged and will be useful in understanding these intriguing organisms.},
}
@article {pmid31916486,
year = {2020},
author = {Hay, AE and Herrera-Belaroussi, A and Rey, M and Fournier, P and Normand, P and Boubakri, H},
title = {Feedback Regulation of N Fixation in Frankia-Alnus Symbiosis Through Amino Acids Profiling in Field and Greenhouse Nodules.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {MPMI10190289R},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-10-19-0289-R},
pmid = {31916486},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {Symbiosis established between actinorhizal plants and Frankia spp., which are nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria, promotes nodule organogenesis, the site of metabolic exchange. The present study aimed to identify amino acid markers involved in Frankia-Alnus interactions by comparing nodules and associated roots from field and greenhouse samples. Our results revealed a high level of citrulline in all samples, followed by arginine (Arg), aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu), γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), and alanine (Ala). Interestingly, the field metabolome approach highlighted more contrasted amino acid patterns between nodules and roots compared with greenhouse samples. Indeed, 12 amino acids had a mean relative abundance significantly different between field nodule and root samples, against only four amino acids in greenhouse samples, underlining the importance of developing &quot;ecometabolome&quot; approaches. In order to monitor the effects on Frankia cells (respiration and nitrogen fixation activities) of amino acid with an abundance pattern evocative of a role in symbiosis, in-vitro assays were performed by supplementing them in nitrogen-free cultures. Amino acids had three types of effects: i) those used by Frankia as nitrogen source (Glu, Gln, Asp), ii) amino acids stimulating both nitrogen fixation and respiration (e.g., Cit, GABA, Ala, valine, Asn), and iii) amino acids triggering a toxic effect (Arg, histidine). In this paper, a N-metabolic model was proposed to discuss how the host plant and bacteria modulate amino acids contents in nodules, leading to a fine regulation sustaining high bacterial nitrogen fixation.},
}
@article {pmid31915274,
year = {2020},
author = {James, SL and Lucchesi, LR and Bisignano, C and Castle, CD and Dingels, ZV and Fox, JT and Hamilton, EB and Liu, Z and McCracken, D and Nixon, MR and Sylte, DO and Roberts, NLS and Adebayo, OM and Aghamolaei, T and Alghnam, SA and Aljunid, SM and Almasi-Hashiani, A and Badawi, A and Behzadifar, M and Behzadifar, M and Bekru, ET and Bennett, DA and Chapman, JR and Deribe, K and Duko Adema, B and Fatahi, Y and Gelaw, BK and Getahun, EA and Hendrie, D and Henok, A and Hidru, H and Hosseinzadeh, M and Hu, G and Jahani, MA and Jakovljevic, M and Jalilian, F and Joseph, N and Karami, M and Kelbore, AG and Khan, MN and Kim, YJ and Koul, PA and La Vecchia, C and Linn, S and Majdzadeh, R and Mehndiratta, MM and Memiah, PTN and Mengesha, MM and Merie, HE and R Miller, T and Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M and Mohammad Darwesh, A and Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N and Mohammadibakhsh, R and Moodley, Y and Moradi-Lakeh, M and Musa, KI and Nascimento, BR and Nikbakhsh, R and Nyasulu, PS and Omar Bali, A and Onwujekwe, OE and Pati, S and Pourmirza Kalhori, R and Salehi, F and Shahabi, S and Shallo, SA and Shamsizadeh, M and Sharafi, Z and Shukla, SR and Sobhiyeh, MR and Soriano, JB and Sykes, BL and Tabarés-Seisdedos, R and Tadesse, DBB and Tefera, YM and Tehrani-Banihashemi, A and Tlou, B and Topor-Madry, R and Wiangkham, T and Yaseri, M and Yaya, S and Yenesew, MA and Younis, MZ and Ziapour, A and Zodpey, S and Pigott, DM and Reiner, RC and Hay, SI and Lopez, AD and Mokdad, AH},
title = {Morbidity and mortality from road injuries: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.},
journal = {Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043302},
pmid = {31915274},
issn = {1475-5785},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global burden of road injuries is known to follow complex geographical, temporal and demographic patterns. While health loss from road injuries is a major topic of global importance, there has been no recent comprehensive assessment that includes estimates for every age group, sex and country over recent years.<br><br>METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study to report incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years for all locations in the GBD 2017 hierarchy from 1990 to 2017 for road injuries. Second, we measured mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we assessed the distribution of the natures of injury (eg, traumatic brain injury) that result from each road injury.<br><br>RESULTS: Globally, 1 243 068 (95% uncertainty interval 1 191 889 to 1 276 940) people died from road injuries in 2017 out of 54 192 330 (47 381 583 to 61 645 891) new cases of road injuries. Age-standardised incidence rates of road injuries increased between 1990 and 2017, while mortality rates decreased. Regionally, age-standardised mortality rates decreased in all but two regions, South Asia and Southern Latin America, where rates did not change significantly. Nine of 21 GBD regions experienced significant increases in age-standardised incidence rates, while 10 experienced significant decreases and two experienced no significant change.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: While road injury mortality has improved in recent decades, there are worsening rates of incidence and significant geographical heterogeneity. These findings indicate that more research is needed to better understand how road injuries can be prevented.},
}
@article {pmid31915210,
year = {2020},
author = {Quigley, KM and Randall, CJ and van Oppen, MJH and Bay, LK},
title = {Assessing the role of historical temperature regime and algal symbionts on the heat tolerance of coral juveniles.},
journal = {Biology open},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/bio.047316},
pmid = {31915210},
issn = {2046-6390},
abstract = {The rate of coral reef degradation from climate change is accelerating and, as a consequence, a number of interventions to increase coral resilience and accelerate recovery are under consideration. Acropora spathulata coral colonies that survived mass bleaching in 2016 and 2017 were sourced from a bleaching-impacted and warmer northern reef on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). These individuals were reproductively crossed with colonies collected from a recently bleached but historically cooler central GBR reef to produce pure- and crossbred offspring groups (warm - warm, warm - cool, and cool - warm). We tested whether corals from the warmer reef produced more thermally tolerant hybrid and purebred offspring compared with crosses produced with colonies sourced from the cooler reef and whether different symbiont taxa affect heat tolerance. Juveniles were infected with Symbiodinium tridacnidorum, Cladocopium goreaui, Durusdinium trenchii and survival, bleaching, and growth were assessed at 27.5 and 31°C. The contribution of host genetic background and symbiont identity varied across fitness traits. Offspring with either both or one parent from the northern population exhibited a 13 to 26-fold increase in survival odds relative to all other treatments where survival probability was significantly influenced by familial cross identity at 31°C but not 27.5°C (Kaplan-Meier p=0.001 versus 0.2). If in symbiosis with D. trenchii, a warm sire and cool dam provided the best odds of juvenile survival. Bleaching was predominantly driven by Symbiodiniaceae treatment, where juveniles hosting D. trenchii bleached significantly less than the other treatments at 31°C. The greatest overall fold-benefits in growth and survival at 31°C occurred in having at least one warm dam and in symbiosis with D. trenchii Juveniles associated with D. trenchii grew the most at 31°C, but at 27.5°C, growth was fastest in juveniles associated with C. goreaui In conclusion, selective breeding with warmer GBR corals in combination with algal symbiont manipulation can assist in increasing thermal tolerance on cooler but warming reefs. Such interventions have the potential to improve coral fitness in warming oceans.},
}
@article {pmid31912218,
year = {2020},
author = {Liu, F and Xu, Y and Wang, H and Zhou, Y and Cheng, B and Li, X},
title = {APETALA 2 transcription factor CBX1 is a regulator of mycorrhizal symbiosis and growth of Lotus japonicus.},
journal = {Plant cell reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00299-019-02501-2},
pmid = {31912218},
issn = {1432-203X},
support = {2018M632520//Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China/ ; 2018yjs-40//Graduate Innovation Fund of Anhui Agricultural University/ ; 31870415//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {KEY MESSAGE: An AP2 family gene CBX1 is involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis and growth of Lotus japonicus. APETALA 2 (AP2) transcriptional regulator is highly conserved in plants. CBX1 from Lotus japonicus is a member of AP2 family. AMF (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) inoculation experiment demonstrated that expression of CBX1 was significantly induced by AMF. Further promoter analysis showed that the - 764 to - 498 bp region of the CBX1 promoter containing CTTC motif is the AMF responsive region. Functional analysis of cbx1 mutant suggested CBX1 is critical for mycorrhizal symbiosis, especially for arbuscule formation. Moreover, under noncolonized condition, overexpression of CBX1 reduced the root length of L. japonicus but increased the size of root system and shoot length, whereas cbx1 mutant reduced the root size and shoot length, but not effect on root length. In addition, cbx1 altered activity of monolignol biosynthetic gene and increased lignin levels. Collectively, these data indicated that CBX1 is a positive regulator of symbiotic activity and plays roles in the growth of L. japonicus.},
}
@article {pmid31910734,
year = {2020},
author = {Arab, DA and Bourguignon, T and Wang, Z and Ho, SYW and Lo, N},
title = {Evolutionary rates are correlated between cockroach symbionts and mitochondrial genomes.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {20190702},
doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2019.0702},
pmid = {31910734},
issn = {1744-957X},
abstract = {Bacterial endosymbionts evolve under strong host-driven selection. Factors influencing host evolution might affect symbionts in similar ways, potentially leading to correlations between the molecular evolutionary rates of hosts and symbionts. Although there is evidence of rate correlations between mitochondrial and nuclear genes, similar investigations of hosts and symbionts are lacking. Here, we demonstrate a correlation in molecular rates between the genomes of an endosymbiont (Blattabacterium cuenoti) and the mitochondrial genomes of their hosts (cockroaches). We used partial genome data for multiple strains of B. cuenoti to compare phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary rates for 55 cockroach/symbiont pairs. The phylogenies inferred for B. cuenoti and the mitochondrial genomes of their hosts were largely congruent, as expected from their identical maternal and cytoplasmic mode of inheritance. We found a correlation between evolutionary rates of the two genomes, based on comparisons of root-to-tip distances and on comparisons of the branch lengths of phylogenetically independent species pairs. Our results underscore the profound effects that long-term symbiosis can have on the biology of each symbiotic partner.},
}
@article {pmid31909107,
year = {2020},
author = {Gogoleva, NE and Konnova, TA and Ismailov, TT and Balkin, AS and Belimov, AA and Gogolev, YV},
title = {Dataset for transcriptome analysis of abscisic acid degrading bacterium Novosphingobium sp. P6W.},
journal = {Data in brief},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {105001},
pmid = {31909107},
issn = {2352-3409},
abstract = {Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improve plant productivity and stress resistance. The mechanisms involved in plant-microbe interactions include the modulation of plant hormone status. The Novosphingobium sp. strain P6W was previously described as the bacterium capable of abscisic acid (ABA) degradation, and its inoculation decreased ABA concentrations in planta. The metabolic pathway for the ABA degradation in bacteria is still unknown. Here we present transcriptome data of Novosphingobium sp. P6W grown in the medium supplemented with ABA or fructose as the carbon source. Cleaned FASTQ files for the RNA-seq libraries are deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA, Identifier: SRP189498) and have been assigned BioProject accession PRJNA529223.},
}
@article {pmid31906451,
year = {2020},
author = {Acosta-Jurado, S and Alías-Villegas, C and Almozara, A and Espuny, MR and Vinardell, JM and Pérez-Montaño, F},
title = {Deciphering the Symbiotic Significance of Quorum Sensing Systems of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms8010068},
pmid = {31906451},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {BIO2016-78409-R//Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/ ; S. Acosta-Jurado PhD grant//V Plan Propio de Investigación (Universidad de Sevilla)/ ; A. Almozara Garantía Juvenil grant//Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal (SEPE)/ ; },
abstract = {Quorum sensing (QS) is a bacterial cell-to-cell signaling mechanism that collectively regulates and synchronizes behaviors by means of small diffusible chemical molecules. In rhizobia, QS systems usually relies on the synthesis and detection of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). In the model bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti functions regulated by the QS systems TraI-TraR and SinI-SinR(-ExpR) include plasmid transfer, production of surface polysaccharides, motility, growth rate and nodulation. These systems are also present in other bacteria of the Sinorhizobium genus, with variations at the species and strain level. In Sinorhizobium fredii NGR234 phenotypes regulated by QS are plasmid transfer, growth rate, sedimentation, motility, biofilm formation, EPS production and copy number of the symbiotic plasmid (pSym). The analysis of the S. fredii HH103 genomes reveal also the presence of both QS systems. In this manuscript we characterized the QS systems of S. fredii HH103, determining that both TraI and SinI AHL-synthases proteins are responsible of the production of short- and long-chain AHLs, respectively, at very low and not physiological concentrations. Interestingly, the main HH103 luxR-type genes, expR and traR, are split into two ORFs, suggesting that in S. fredii HH103 the corresponding carboxy-terminal proteins, which contain the DNA-binding motives, may control target genes in an AHL-independent manner. The presence of a split traR gene is common in other S. fredii strains.},
}
@article {pmid31902730,
year = {2019},
author = {Benezech, C and Berrabah, F and Jardinaud, MF and Le Scornet, A and Milhes, M and Jiang, G and George, J and Ratet, P and Vailleau, F and Gourion, B},
title = {Medicago-Sinorhizobium-Ralstonia Co-infection Reveals Legume Nodules as Pathogen Confined Infection Sites Developing Weak Defenses.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.066},
pmid = {31902730},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {Legumes have the capacity to develop root nodules hosting nitrogen-fixing bacteria, called rhizobia. For the plant, the benefit of the symbiosis is important in nitrogen-deprived conditions, but it requires hosting and feeding massive numbers of rhizobia. Recent studies suggest that innate immunity is reduced or suppressed within nodules [1-10]; this likely maintains viable rhizobial populations. To evaluate the potential consequences and risks associated with an altered immuni`ty in the symbiotic organ, we developed a tripartite system with the model legume Medicago truncatula [11, 12], its nodulating symbiont of the genus Sinorhizobium (syn. Ensifer) [13, 14], and the pathogenic soil-borne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum [15-18]. We show that nodules are frequent infection sites where pathogen multiplication is comparable to that in the root tips and independent of nodule ability to fix nitrogen. Transcriptomic analyses indicate that, despite the presence of the hosted rhizobia, nodules are able to develop weak defense reactions against pathogenic R. solanacearum. Nodule defense response displays specificity compared to that activated in roots. In agreement with nodule innate immunity, optimal R. solanacearum growth requires pathogen virulence factors. Finally, our data indicate that the high susceptibility of nodules is counterbalanced by the existence of a diffusion barrier preventing pathogen spreading from nodules to the rest of the plant.},
}
@article {pmid31902722,
year = {2019},
author = {Sørensen, MES and Wood, AJ and Minter, EJA and Lowe, CD and Cameron, DD and Brockhurst, MA},
title = {Comparison of Independent Evolutionary Origins Reveals Both Convergence and Divergence in the Metabolic Mechanisms of Symbiosis.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.053},
pmid = {31902722},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {Through the merger of previously independent lineages, symbiosis promotes the acquisition of new traits and exploitation of inaccessible ecological niches [1, 2], driving evolutionary innovation and important ecosystem functions [3-6]. The transient nature of establishment makes study of symbiotic origins difficult, but experimental comparison of independent origins could reveal the degree of convergence in the underpinning mechanisms [7, 8]. We compared the metabolic mechanisms of two independent origins of Paramecium bursaria-Chlorella photosymbiosis [9-11] using a reciprocal metabolomic pulse-chase method. This showed convergent patterns of nutrient exchange and utilization for host-derived nitrogen in the Chlorella genotypes [12, 13] and symbiont-derived carbon in the P. bursaria genotypes [14, 15]. Consistent with a convergent primary nutrient exchange, partner-switched host-symbiont pairings were functional. Direct competition of hosts containing native or recombined symbionts against isogenic symbiont-free hosts showed that the fitness benefits of symbiosis for hosts increased with irradiance but varied by genotype. Global metabolism varied more between the Chlorella than the P. bursaria genotypes and suggested divergent mechanisms of light management. Specifically, the algal symbiont genotypes either produced photo-protective carotenoid pigments at high irradiance or more chlorophyll, resulting in corresponding differences in photosynthetic efficiency and non-photochemical quenching among host-symbiont pairings. These data suggest that the multiple origins of P. bursaria-Chlorella symbiosis use a convergent nutrient exchange, whereas other photosynthetic traits linked to functioning of photosymbiosis have diverged. Although convergence enables partner switching among diverse strains, phenotypic mismatches resulting from divergence of secondary symbiotic traits could mediate host-symbiont specificity in nature.},
}
@article {pmid31900591,
year = {2020},
author = {Bourles, A and Guentas, L and Charvis, C and Gensous, S and Majorel, C and Crossay, T and Cavaloc, Y and Burtet-Sarramegna, V and Jourand, P and Amir, H},
title = {Co-inoculation with a bacterium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves root colonization, plant mineral nutrition, and plant growth of a Cyperaceae plant in an ultramafic soil.},
journal = {Mycorrhiza},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00572-019-00929-8},
pmid = {31900591},
issn = {1432-1890},
abstract = {The ecological restoration of nickel mining-degraded areas in New Caledonia is strongly limited by low availability of soil mineral nutrients, metal toxicity, and slow growth rates of native plant species. In order to improve plant growth for restoration programs, special attention was paid to interactions between plant and soil microorganisms. In this study, we evaluated the influence of inoculation with Curtobacterium citreum BE isolated from a New Caledonian ultramafic soil on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and growth of Tetraria comosa, an endemic sedge used in restoration programs. A greenhouse experiment on ultramafic substrate was conducted with an inoculum comprising two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species isolated from New Caledonian ultramafic soils: Rhizophagus neocaledonicus and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. The effects on plant growth of the AMF and C. citreum BE inoculated separately were not significant, but their co-inoculation significantly enhanced the dry weight of T. comosa compared with the non-inoculated control. These differences were positively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization which was improved by C. citreum BE. Compared with the control, co-inoculated plants were characterized by better mineral nutrition, a higher Ca/Mg ratio, and lower metal translocation. However, for Ca/Mg ratio and metal translocation, there were no significant differences between the effects of AMF inoculation and co-inoculation.},
}
@article {pmid31900467,
year = {2020},
author = {Gupta, N and Ansari, A and Dhoke, GV and Chilamari, M and Sivaccumar, J and Kumari, S and Chatterjee, S and Goyal, R and Dutta, PK and Samarla, M and Mukherjee, M and Sarkar, A and Mandal, SK and Rai, V and Biswas, G and Sengupta, A and Roy, S and Roy, M and Sengupta, S},
title = {Author Correction: Computationally designed antibody-drug conjugates self-assembled via affinity ligands.},
journal = {Nature biomedical engineering},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {131},
doi = {10.1038/s41551-019-0511-3},
pmid = {31900467},
issn = {2157-846X},
abstract = {An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.},
}
@article {pmid31900357,
year = {2020},
author = {Shimoda, Y and Nishigaya, Y and Yamaya-Ito, H and Inagaki, N and Umehara, Y and Hirakawa, H and Sato, S and Yamazaki, T and Hayashi, M},
title = {The rhizobial autotransporter determines the symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity of Lotus japonicus in a host-specific manner.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1913349117},
pmid = {31900357},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Leguminous plants establish endosymbiotic associations with rhizobia and form root nodules in which the rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen. The host plant and intracellular rhizobia strictly control this symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We recently reported a Lotus japonicus Fix- mutant, apn1 (aspartic peptidase nodule-induced 1), that impairs symbiotic nitrogen fixation. APN1 encodes a nodule-specific aspartic peptidase involved in the Fix- phenotype in a rhizobial strain-specific manner. This host-strain specificity implies that some molecular interactions between host plant APN1 and rhizobial factors are required, although the biological function of APN1 in nodules and the mechanisms governing the interactions are unknown. To clarify how rhizobial factors are involved in strain-specific nitrogen fixation, we explored transposon mutants of Mesorhizobium loti strain TONO, which normally form Fix- nodules on apn1 roots, and identified TONO mutants that formed Fix+ nodules on apn1 The identified causal gene encodes an autotransporter, part of a protein secretion system of Gram-negative bacteria. Expression of the autotransporter gene in M. loti strain MAFF3030399, which normally forms Fix+ nodules on apn1 roots, resulted in Fix- nodules. The autotransporter of TONO functions to secrete a part of its own protein (a passenger domain) into extracellular spaces, and the recombinant APN1 protein cleaved the passenger protein in vitro. The M. loti autotransporter showed the activity to induce the genes involved in nodule senescence in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we conclude that the nodule-specific aspartic peptidase, APN1, suppresses negative effects of the rhizobial autotransporter in order to maintain effective symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.},
}
@article {pmid31899547,
year = {2020},
author = {Liu, J and Chen, J and Xie, K and Tian, Y and Yan, A and Liu, J and Huang, Y and Wang, S and Zhu, Y and Chen, A and Xu, G},
title = {A mycorrhiza-specific H+ -ATPase is essential for arbuscule development and symbiotic phosphate and nitrogen uptake.},
journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pce.13714},
pmid = {31899547},
issn = {1365-3040},
abstract = {Most land plants can form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to enhance uptake of mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate (Pi) and nitrogen (N), from the soil. It is established that transport of Pi from interfacial apoplast into plant cells depends on the H+ gradient generated by the H+ -ATPase located on the periarbuscular membrane (PAM), however, little evidence regarding the potential link between mycorrhizal N transport and H+ -ATPase activity is available to date. Here, we report that a PAM-localized tomato H+ -ATPase, SlHA8, is indispensable for arbuscule development and mycorrhizal P and N uptake. Knockout of SlHA8 resulted in truncated arbuscule morphology, reduced shoot P and N accumulation, and decreased H+ -ATPase activity and acidification of apoplastic spaces in arbusculated cells. Overexpression of SlHA8 in tomato promoted both P and N uptake, and increased total colonization level, but did not affect arbuscule morphology. Heterogeneous expression of SlHA8 in the rice osha1 mutant could fully complement its defects in arbuscule development and mycorrhizal P and N uptake. Our results propose a pivotal role of the SlHA8 in energizing both the symbiotic P and N transport, and highlight the evolutionary conservation of the AM-specific H+ -ATPase orthologs in maintaining AM symbiosis across different mycorrhizal plant species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid31898406,
year = {2020},
author = {Frederickson, ME},
title = {No selection for cheating in a natural meta-population of rhizobia.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {23},
number = {2},
pages = {409-411},
doi = {10.1111/ele.13293},
pmid = {31898406},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {Discovery Grant//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
mesh = {*Fabaceae ; *Rhizobium ; Selection, Genetic ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Whether natural selection favours 'cheating' in mutualisms is hotly debated. Gano-Cohen et al. (2019a) report a negative correlation between fitness and mutualist quality in rhizobia, suggesting that rhizobia evolve to cheat. However, reanalysis of their data shows that the correlation is an artefact of unequal sampling across populations.},
}
@article {pmid31898244,
year = {2020},
author = {Tonelli, M and Cotta, SR and Rigotto, A and Dias, ACF and Andreote, FD and Bento, JMS},
title = {The composition of the bacterial community in the foam produced by Mahanarva fimbriolata is distinct from those at gut and soil.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s42770-019-00211-1},
pmid = {31898244},
issn = {1678-4405},
support = {001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; #2014/50871-0//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; #465511/2014-7//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
abstract = {The development of insects is strongly influenced by their resident microorganisms. Symbionts play key roles in insect nutrition, reproduction, and defense. Bacteria are important partners due to the wide diversity of their biochemical pathways that aid in the host development. We present evidence that the foam produced by nymphs of the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata harbors a diversity of bacteria, including some that were previously reported as defensive symbionts of insects. Analysis of the microbiomes in the nymph gut and the soil close to the foam showed that the microorganisms in the foam were more closely related to those in the gut than in the soil, suggesting that the bacteria are actively introduced into the foam by the insect. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the predominant groups found in the foam. Since members of Actinobacteria have been found to protect different species of insects by producing secondary metabolites with antibiotic properties, we speculate that the froth produced by M. fimbriolata may aid in defending the nymphs against entomopathogenic microorganisms.},
}
@article {pmid31893457,
year = {2020},
author = {Mandal, D and Srivastava, D and Sinharoy, S},
title = {Optimization of Hairy Root Transformation for the Functional Genomics in Chickpea: A Platform for Nodule Developmental Studies.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2107},
number = {},
pages = {335-348},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-0716-0235-5_18},
pmid = {31893457},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Chickpea is a major protein source in low socio-economic classes and cultivated in marginal soil without fertilizer or irrigation. As a result of its root nodule formation capacity chickpea can directly use atmospheric nitrogen. Chickpea is recalcitrant to stable transformation, particularly root regeneration efficiency of chickpea is low. The composite plant-based system with a non-transformed shoot and transformed root is particularly important for root biologist and this approach has already been used successfully for root nodule symbiosis, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, and other root-related studies. Use of fluorescent marker-based approach can accurately identify the transformed root from its non-transgenic counterpart. RNAi-based gene knockout, overexpression of genes, promoter GUS analysis to understand tissue specific expression and localization of protein can be achieved using the hairy root-based system. We have already published a hairy root-based transformation and composite plant regeneration protocol of chickpea. Here we are describing the recent modification that we have made to increase the transformation frequency and nodule morphology. Further, we have developed a pouch based artificial system, large number of plants can be scored for its nodule developmental phenotype, by using this system.},
}
@article {pmid31893333,
year = {2019},
author = {Ten Veldhuis, MC and Ananyev, G and Dismukes, GC},
title = {Symbiosis extended: exchange of photosynthetic O2 and fungal-respired CO2 mutually power metabolism of lichen symbionts.},
journal = {Photosynthesis research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s11120-019-00702-0},
pmid = {31893333},
issn = {1573-5079},
support = {DE-FG02-10ER16195//Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division/ ; NWO-TUD//NWO-Aspasia/ ; },
abstract = {Lichens are a symbiosis between a fungus and one or more photosynthetic microorganisms that enables the symbionts to thrive in places and conditions they could not compete independently. Exchanges of water and sugars between the symbionts are the established mechanisms that support lichen symbiosis. Herein, we present a new linkage between algal photosynthesis and fungal respiration in lichen Flavoparmelia caperata that extends the physiological nature of symbiotic co-dependent metabolisms, mutually boosting energy conversion rates in both symbionts. Measurements of electron transport by oximetry show that photosynthetic O2 is consumed internally by fungal respiration. At low light intensity, very low levels of O2 are released, while photosynthetic electron transport from water oxidation is normal as shown by intrinsic chlorophyll variable fluorescence yield (period-4 oscillations in flash-induced Fv/Fm). The rate of algal O2 production increases following consecutive series of illumination periods, at low and with limited saturation at high light intensities, in contrast to light saturation in free-living algae. We attribute this effect to arise from the availability of more CO2 produced by fungal respiration of photosynthetically generated sugars. We conclude that the lichen symbionts are metabolically coupled by energy conversion through exchange of terminal electron donors and acceptors used in both photosynthesis and fungal respiration. Algal sugars and O2 are consumed by the fungal symbiont, while fungal delivered CO2 is consumed by the alga.},
}
@article {pmid31892378,
year = {2020},
author = {Semenova, TA and Dunaevsky, YE and Beljakova, GA and Belozersky, MA},
title = {Extracellular peptidases of insect-associated fungi and their possible use in biological control programs and as pathogenicity markers.},
journal = {Fungal biology},
volume = {124},
number = {1},
pages = {65-72},
doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.005},
pmid = {31892378},
issn = {1878-6146},
abstract = {This review deals with characteristics of peptidases of fungi whose life cycles are associated with insects to varying degrees. The review examines the characteristic features of the extracellular peptidases of entomopathogenic fungi, the dependence of the specificity of these peptidases on the ecological characteristics of the fungi, and the role of peptidases in the development of the pathogenesis. Data on the properties and physiological role of hydrolytic enzymes of symbiotic fungi in &quot;fungal gardens&quot; are also considered in detail. For the development of representations about mechanisms of control over populations of insect pests, special attention is given to analysis of possibilities of genetic engineering for the creation of entomopathogens with enhanced virulence. Clarification of the role of fungi and their secreted enzymes and careful environmental studies are still required to explain their significance in the composition of the biota and to ensure widespread adoption of these organisms as effective biological control agents. The systematization and comparative analysis of the existing data on extracellular peptidases of insect-associated fungi will help in the planning of further work and the search for markers of pathogenesis and symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31892374,
year = {2020},
author = {Nguyen, DQ and Li, H and Tran, TT and Sivasithamparam, K and Jones, MGK and Wylie, SJ},
title = {Four Tulasnella taxa associated with populations of the Australian evergreen terrestrial orchid Cryptostylis ovata.},
journal = {Fungal biology},
volume = {124},
number = {1},
pages = {24-33},
doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2019.10.006},
pmid = {31892374},
issn = {1878-6146},
abstract = {Of the more than 400 indigenous orchid species in Western Australia, Cryptostylis ovata is the only species that retains its leaves all year round. It exists as a terrestrial herb and occasionally as an epiphyte in forested areas. Like all terrestrial orchids, C. ovata plants associate with mycorrhizal fungi, but their identities have not previously been investigated. Fungi were isolated from pelotons in rhizomes collected from three southern and two northern populations of C. ovata on six occasions over two years. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences temporally and spatially revealed that all the fungal isolates were of Tulasnella species of four distinct groups. One Tulasnella group was present only in the three southern orchid populations, and it closely resembled T. prima isolates previously described from Chiloglottis sp. orchids from eastern Australia. Isolates collected from plants in the two northern populations were of three undescribed Tulasnella groups. Analysis of intra-group diversity using inter-simple sequence repeat markers revealed that plants were usually colonised by a single genotype of Tulasnella at each sampling period, and this genotype usually, but not always, persisted with the host plant over both years tested.},
}
@article {pmid31885873,
year = {2019},
author = {Pareek, S and Kurakawa, T and Das, B and Motooka, D and Nakaya, S and Rongsen-Chandola, T and Goyal, N and Kayama, H and Dodd, D and Okumura, R and Maeda, Y and Fujimoto, K and Nii, T and Ogawa, T and Iida, T and Bhandari, N and Kida, T and Nakamura, S and Nair, GB and Takeda, K},
title = {Comparison of Japanese and Indian intestinal microbiota shows diet-dependent interaction between bacteria and fungi.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {37},
pmid = {31885873},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {K08 DK110335/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The bacterial species living in the gut mediate many aspects of biological processes such as nutrition and activation of adaptive immunity. In addition, commensal fungi residing in the intestine also influence host health. Although the interaction of bacterium and fungus has been shown, its precise mechanism during colonization of the human intestine remains largely unknown. Here, we show interaction between bacterial and fungal species for utilization of dietary components driving their efficient growth in the intestine. Next generation sequencing of fecal samples from Japanese and Indian adults revealed differential patterns of bacterial and fungal composition. In particular, Indians, who consume more plant polysaccharides than Japanese, harbored increased numbers of Prevotella and Candida. Candida spp. showed strong growth responses to the plant polysaccharide arabinoxylan in vitro. Furthermore, the culture supernatants of Candida spp. grown with arabinoxylan promoted rapid proliferation of Prevotella copri. Arabinose was identified as a potential growth-inducing factor in the Candida culture supernatants. Candida spp. exhibited a growth response to xylose, but not to arabinose, whereas P. copri proliferated in response to both xylose and arabinose. Candida spp., but not P. copri, colonized the intestine of germ-free mice. However, P. copri successfully colonized mouse intestine already harboring Candida. These findings demonstrate a proof of concept that fungal members of gut microbiota can facilitate a colonization of the intestine by their bacterial counterparts, potentially mediated by a dietary metabolite.},
}
@article {pmid31883524,
year = {2019},
author = {Manara, S and Asnicar, F and Beghini, F and Bazzani, D and Cumbo, F and Zolfo, M and Nigro, E and Karcher, N and Manghi, P and Metzger, MI and Pasolli, E and Segata, N},
title = {Microbial genomes from non-human primate gut metagenomes expand the primate-associated bacterial tree of life with over 1000 novel species.},
journal = {Genome biology},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {299},
pmid = {31883524},
issn = {1474-760X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Humans have coevolved with microbial communities to establish a mutually advantageous relationship that is still poorly characterized and can provide a better understanding of the human microbiome. Comparative metagenomic analysis of human and non-human primate (NHP) microbiomes offers a promising approach to study this symbiosis. Very few microbial species have been characterized in NHP microbiomes due to their poor representation in the available cataloged microbial diversity, thus limiting the potential of such comparative approaches.<br><br>RESULTS: We reconstruct over 1000 previously uncharacterized microbial species from 6 available NHP metagenomic cohorts, resulting in an increase of the mappable fraction of metagenomic reads by 600%. These novel species highlight that almost 90% of the microbial diversity associated with NHPs has been overlooked. Comparative analysis of this new catalog of taxa with the collection of over 150,000 genomes from human metagenomes points at a limited species-level overlap, with only 20% of microbial candidate species in NHPs also found in the human microbiome. This overlap occurs mainly between NHPs and non-Westernized human populations and NHPs living in captivity, suggesting that host lifestyle plays a role comparable to host speciation in shaping the primate intestinal microbiome. Several NHP-specific species are phylogenetically related to human-associated microbes, such as Elusimicrobia and Treponema, and could be the consequence of host-dependent evolutionary trajectories.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The newly reconstructed species greatly expand the microbial diversity associated with NHPs, thus enabling better interrogation of the primate microbiome and empowering in-depth human and non-human comparative and co-diversification studies.},
}
@article {pmid31880983,
year = {2019},
author = {Yoro, E and Suzaki, T and Kawaguchi, M},
title = {CLE-HAR1 Systemic Signaling and NIN-Mediated Local Signaling Suppress the Increased Rhizobial Infection in the daphne Mutant of Lotus japonicus.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {MPMI08190223R},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-08-19-0223-R},
pmid = {31880983},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {Legumes survive in nitrogen-limited soil by forming a symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria. During root nodule symbiosis, legumes strictly control the development of their symbiotic organs, the nodules, in a process known as autoregulation of nodulation (AON). The study of hypernodulation mutants has elucidated the molecular basis of AON. Some hypernodulation mutants show an increase in rhizobial infection in addition to developmental alteration. However, the relationship between the AON and the regulation of rhizobial infection has not been clarified. We previously isolated daphne, a nodule inception (nin) allelic mutant, in Lotus japonicus. This mutant displayed dramatically increased rhizobial infection, suggesting the existence of NIN-mediated negative regulation of rhizobial infection. Here, we investigated whether the previously isolated components of AON, especially CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-RELATED-ROOT SIGNAL1 (CLE-RS1), CLE-RS2, and their putative receptor HYPERNODULATION AND ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1), were able to suppress increased infection in the daphne mutant. The constitutive expression of LjCLE-RS1/2 strongly reduced the infection in the daphne mutant in a HAR1-dependent manner. Moreover, reciprocal grafting analysis showed that strong reduction of infection in daphne rootstock constitutively expressing LjCLE-RS1 was canceled by a scion of the har1 or klavier mutant, the genes responsible for encoding putative LjCLE-RS1 receptors. These data indicate that rhizobial infection is also systemically regulated by CLE-HAR1 signaling, a component of AON. In addition, the constitutive expression of NIN in daphne har1 double-mutant roots only partially reduced the rhizobial infection. Our findings indicate that the previously identified NIN-mediated negative regulation of infection involves unknown local signaling, as well as CLE-HAR1 long-distance signaling.},
}
@article {pmid31879707,
year = {2019},
author = {Ngamniyom, A and Sriyapai, T and Sriyapai, P and Panyarachun, B},
title = {Contributions to the knowledge of Pseudolevinseniella (Trematoda: Digenea) and temnocephalans from alien crayfish in natural freshwaters of Thailand.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {5},
number = {12},
pages = {e02990},
pmid = {31879707},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) is a decapod species originating from Australian freshwater. For more than two decades, these crayfish have been re-distributing to environments in many countries, including Thailand. Moreover, they can carry endosymbionts and/or ectosymbionts into new environments. The aim of this study was to introduce a morphological description of Pseudolevinseniella anenteron as a metacercaria of the endoparasites of redclaw crayfish collected from natural water sources in Thailand. The occurrence of two ectosymbiotic temnocephalans (Diceratocephala boschmai and Temnosewellia sp.) in C. quadricarinatus was also reported. The internal morphology of P. anenteron, D. boschmai and Temnosewellia were described and discussed. The surface ultrastructure of the multidentate spines on the body and the metacercarial cyst wall of P. anenteron was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By performing a search of the GenBank nucleotide database of partial sequences of 18S, 28S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1), P. anenteron was found to be related to Maritrema, and Temnosewellia was found to be related to T. fasciata. However, according to the cox1 gene, Temnosewellia was found to be similar to T. minor. These results reveal that redclaw crayfish that inhabit natural freshwaters in Thailand may harbour endoparasites and ecto- and endosymbionts. Furthermore, these findings may be able to monitor invasive or non-invasive species in an ecosystem.},
}
@article {pmid31878026,
year = {2019},
author = {Rahnama, M and Maclean, P and Fleetwood, DJ and Johnson, RD},
title = {VelA and LaeA are Key Regulators of Epichloë festucae Transcriptomic Response during Symbiosis with Perennial Ryegrass.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms8010033},
pmid = {31878026},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {AGR1002//Marsden Fund/ ; A20067//New Zealand Strategic Science Investment Fund/ ; },
abstract = {VelA (or VeA) is a key global regulator in fungal secondary metabolism and development which we previously showed is required during the symbiotic interaction of Epichloë festucae with perennial ryegrass. In this study, comparative transcriptomic analyses of ∆velA mutant compared to wild-type E. festucae, under three different conditions (in culture, infected seedlings, and infected mature plants), were performed to investigate the impact of VelA on E. festucae transcriptome. These comparative transcriptomic studies showed that VelA regulates the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in membrane transport, fungal cell wall biosynthesis, host cell wall degradation, and secondary metabolism, along with a number of small secreted proteins and a large number of proteins with no predictable functions. In addition, these results were compared with previous transcriptomic experiments that studied the impact of LaeA, another key global regulator of secondary metabolism and development that we have shown is important for E. festucae-perennial ryegrass interaction. The results showed that although VelA and LaeA regulate a subset of E. festucae genes in a similar manner, they also regulated many other genes independently of each other suggesting specialised roles.},
}
@article {pmid31873949,
year = {2019},
author = {Boivin, S and Ait Lahmidi, N and Sherlock, D and Bonhomme, M and Dijon, D and Heulin-Gotty, K and Le-Queré, A and Pervent, M and Tauzin, M and Carlsson, G and Jensen, E and Journet, EP and Lopez-Bellido, R and Seidenglanz, M and Marinkovic, J and Colella, S and Brunel, B and Young, P and Lepetit, M},
title = {Host-specific competitiveness to form nodules in Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiovar viciae.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16392},
pmid = {31873949},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {Fabeae legumes such as pea and fababean form symbiotic nodules with a large diversity of soil Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiovar viciae (Rlv) bacteria. However, bacteria Competitive to Form root Nodules (CFN) are generally not the most efficient to fix dinitrogen, resulting in a decrease of legume crop yields. Here, we investigate differential selection by host plants on the diversity of Rlv. A large collection of Rlv was collected by nodule trapping with pea and fababean from soils at five European sites. Representative genomes were sequenced. In parallel, diversity and abundance of Rlv were estimated directly in these soils using metabarcoding. The CFN of isolates was measured with both legume hosts. Pea/fababean CFN were associated to Rlv genomic regions. Variations of bacterial pea and/or fababean CFN explained the differential abundance of Rlv genotypes in pea and fababean nodules. No evidence was found for genetic association between CFN and variations in the core genome, but variations in specific regions of the nod locus, as well as in other plasmid loci, were associated with differences in CFN. These findings shed light on the genetic control of CFN in Rlv and emphasize the importance of host plants in controlling rhizobium diversity.},
}
@article {pmid31870316,
year = {2019},
author = {Deutscher, AT and Chapman, TA and Shuttleworth, LA and Riegler, M and Reynolds, OL},
title = {Tephritid-microbial interactions to enhance fruit fly performance in sterile insect technique programs.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {19},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {287},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-019-1650-0},
pmid = {31870316},
issn = {1471-2180},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is being applied for the management of economically important pest fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a number of countries worldwide. The success and cost effectiveness of SIT depends upon the ability of mass-reared sterilized male insects to successfully copulate with conspecific wild fertile females when released in the field.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a critical analysis of the literature about the tephritid gut microbiome including the advancement of methods for the identification and characterization of microbiota, particularly next generation sequencing, the impacts of irradiation (to induce sterility of flies) and fruit fly rearing, and the use of probiotics to manipulate the fruit fly gut microbiota.<br><br>RESULTS: Domestication, mass-rearing, irradiation and handling, as required in SIT, may change the structure of the fruit flies' gut microbial community compared to that of wild flies under field conditions. Gut microbiota of tephritids are important in their hosts' development, performance and physiology. Knowledge of how mass-rearing and associated changes of the microbial community impact the functional role of the bacteria and host biology is limited. Probiotics offer potential to encourage a gut microbial community that limits pathogens, and improves the quality of fruit flies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Advances in technologies used to identify and characterize the gut microbiota will continue to expand our understanding of tephritid gut microbial diversity and community composition. Knowledge about the functions of gut microbes will increase through the use of gnotobiotic models, genome sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metabolomics and metaproteomics. The use of probiotics, or manipulation of the gut microbiota, offers significant opportunities to enhance the production of high quality, performing fruit flies in operational SIT programs.},
}
@article {pmid31870291,
year = {2019},
author = {Andongma, AA and Wan, L and Dong, YC and Wang, YL and He, J and Niu, CY},
title = {Assessment of the Bacteria community structure across life stages of the Chinese Citrus Fly, Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae).},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {19},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {285},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-019-1646-9},
pmid = {31870291},
issn = {1471-2180},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symbiotic bacteria play a critical role in insect's biology. They also offer great opportunities to improve on current pest management techniques. In order to exploit and integrate the roles played by the gut microbiota on pest management programs, a better understanding of the structural organization of the microbial community in the Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera minax is essential.<br><br>RESULTS: The results revealed a total of 162 OTUs at 97% similarity interval. The dominant bacteria phyla were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Antinobacteria and Firmicutes, with the Proteobacteria having the highest relative abundance (more than 80% in all life stages). There was also a shift in the dominant OTUs from the early developmental stages to the late developmental stages and adult stages in B. minax. These OTUs related to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia rettgeri and Enterobacter aerogenes, respectively. Six bacteria OTU were shared by all the life stages. These belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae and the Enterococcaceae families.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The common bacteria groups shared by all the life stages and other fruit flies could be important targets for further research. This should aim towards realizing how these bacteria affect the biology of the fly and how their relationship could be exploited in the development of sustainable management strategies against fruit flies.},
}
@article {pmid31867562,
year = {2019},
author = {Ramírez-Flores, MR and Bello-Bello, E and Rellán-Álvarez, R and Sawers, RJH and Olalde-Portugal, V},
title = {Inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis modulates the relationship between root growth and nutrient content in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays L.).},
journal = {Plant direct},
volume = {3},
number = {12},
pages = {e00192},
pmid = {31867562},
issn = {2475-4455},
abstract = {Plant root systems play a fundamental role in nutrient and water acquisition. In resource-limited soils, modification of root system architecture is an important strategy to optimize plant performance. Most terrestrial plants also form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to maximize nutrient uptake. In addition to direct delivery of nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit the plant host by promoting root growth. Here, we aimed to quantify the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on root growth and nutrient uptake in maize. Inoculated plants showed an increase in both biomass and the total content of twenty quantified elements. In addition, image analysis showed mycorrhizal plants to have denser, more branched root systems. For most of the quantified elements, the increase in content in mycorrhizal plants was proportional to root and overall plant growth. However, the increase in boron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, and strontium was greater than predicted by root system size alone, indicating fungal delivery to be supplementing root uptake.},
}
@article {pmid31864285,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, L and Abu-Doleh, A and Plank, J and Catalyurek, UV and Firkins, JL and Yu, Z},
title = {The transcriptome of the rumen ciliate Entodinium caudatum reveals some of its metabolic features.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {1008},
pmid = {31864285},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {2012-67015-19437//Department of Agriculture (US)/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rumen ciliates play important roles in rumen function by digesting and fermenting feed and shaping the rumen microbiome. However, they remain poorly understood due to the lack of definitive direct evidence without influence by prokaryotes (including symbionts) in co-cultures or the rumen. In this study, we used RNA-Seq to characterize the transcriptome of Entodinium caudatum, the most predominant and representative rumen ciliate species.<br><br>RESULTS: Of a large number of transcripts, > 12,000 were annotated to the curated genes in the NR, UniProt, and GO databases. Numerous CAZymes (including lysozyme and chitinase) and peptidases were represented in the transcriptome. This study revealed the ability of E. caudatum to depolymerize starch, hemicellulose, pectin, and the polysaccharides of the bacterial and fungal cell wall, and to degrade proteins. Many signaling pathways, including the ones that have been shown to function in E. caudatum, were represented by many transcripts. The transcriptome also revealed the expression of the genes involved in symbiosis, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, and the electron-transport chain. Overall, the transcriptomic evidence is consistent with some of the previous premises about E. caudatum. However, the identification of specific genes, such as those encoding lysozyme, peptidases, and other enzymes unique to rumen ciliates might be targeted to develop specific and effective inhibitors to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency by controlling the activity and growth of rumen ciliates. The transcriptomic data will also help the assembly and annotation in future genomic sequencing of E. caudatum.<br><br>CONCLUSION: As the first transcriptome of a single species of rumen ciliates ever sequenced, it provides direct evidence for the substrate spectrum, fermentation pathways, ability to respond to various biotic and abiotic stimuli, and other physiological and ecological features of E. caudatum. The presence and expression of the genes involved in the lysis and degradation of microbial cells highlight the dependence of E. caudatum on engulfment of other rumen microbes for its survival and growth. These genes may be explored in future research to develop targeted control of Entodinium species in the rumen. The transcriptome can also facilitate future genomic studies of E. caudatum and other related rumen ciliates.},
}
@article {pmid31863481,
year = {2019},
author = {Bu, F and Rutten, L and Roswanjaya, YP and Kulikova, O and Rodriguez-Franco, M and Ott, T and Bisseling, T and van Zeijl, A and Geurts, R},
title = {Mutant analysis in the non-legume Parasponia andersonii identifies NIN and NF-YA1 transcription factors as a core genetic network in nitrogen-fixing nodule symbioses.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16386},
pmid = {31863481},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {Nitrogen-fixing nodulation occurs in ten taxonomic lineages, either with rhizobia or Frankia bacteria. To establish such an endosymbiosis, two processes are essential: nodule organogenesis and intracellular bacterial infection. In the legume-rhizobium endosymbiosis, both processes are guarded by the transcription factor NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) and its downstream target genes of the NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) complex. It is hypothesized that nodulation has a single evolutionary origin ~ 110 million years ago, followed by many independent losses. Despite a significant body of knowledge of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis, it remains elusive which signalling modules are shared between nodulating species in different taxonomic clades. We used Parasponia andersonii to investigate the role of NIN and NF-YA genes in rhizobium nodulation in a non-legume system. Consistent with legumes, P. andersonii PanNIN and PanNF-YA1 are co-expressed in nodules. By analyzing single, double and higher-order CRISPR-Cas9 knockout mutants, we show that nodule organogenesis and early symbiotic expression of PanNF-YA1 are PanNIN-dependent and that PanNF-YA1 is specifically required for intracellular rhizobium infection. This demonstrates that NIN and NF-YA1 commit conserved symbiotic functions. As Parasponia and legumes diverged soon after the birth of the nodulation trait, we argue that NIN and NF-YA1 represent core transcriptional regulators in this symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31862916,
year = {2019},
author = {Roux, N and Lami, R and Salis, P and Magré, K and Romans, P and Masanet, P and Lecchini, D and Laudet, V},
title = {Sea anemone and clownfish microbiota diversity and variation during the initial steps of symbiosis.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {19491},
pmid = {31862916},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Clownfishes and sea anemones form an intriguing long-term association, but the mechanism underlying this symbiosis is not well understood. Since clownfishes seem to cover themselves with sea anemone mucus, we investigated the microbiomes of the two partners to search for possible shifts in their compositions. We used a 16S rRNA gene sequencing strategy to study the dynamics of the microbiota during the association between the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris and its host Heteractis magnifica under laboratory conditions. The experiment conducted in aquaria revealed that both clownfish and sea anemone mucus had specific signatures compared to artificial sea water. The microbiomes of both species were highly dynamic during the initiation of the symbiosis and for up to seven days after contact. Three families of bacteria (Haliangiaceae, Pseudoalteromonadacae, Saprospiracae) were shared between the two organisms after symbiosis. Once the symbiosis had been formed, the clownfishes and sea anemone then shared some communities of their mucus microbiota. This study paves the way for further investigations to determine if similar microbial signatures exist in natural environments, whether such microbial sharing can be beneficial for both organisms, and whether the microbiota is implicated in the mechanisms that protect the clownfish from sea anemone stinging.},
}
@article {pmid31862723,
year = {2019},
author = {Weldon, SR and Russell, JA and Oliver, KM},
title = {More is not always better: coinfections with defensive symbionts generate highly variable outcomes.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.02537-19},
pmid = {31862723},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Animal-associated microbes are highly variable, contributing to a diverse set of symbiont-mediated phenotypes. Given that host and symbiont genotypes, and their interactions, can impact symbiont-based phenotypes across environments, there is potential for extensive variation in fitness outcomes. Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, host a diverse assemblage of heritable, facultative symbionts (HFS) with characterized roles in host defense. Protective phenotypes have been largely studied as single infections, but pea aphids often carry multiple HFS species and particular combinations may be enriched or depleted compared to chance expectations. Here we examined the consequences of single vs. coinfection with two common HFS exhibiting variable enrichment, the anti-parasitoid Hamiltonella defensa and anti-pathogen Regiella insecticola, across three host genotypes and environments. As expected, single infections with either H. defensa or R. insecticola raised defenses against their respective targets. Single infections with protective H. defensa lowered aphid fitness in the absence of enemy challenge, while R. insecticola was comparatively benign. However, as a coinfection, R. insecticola ameliorated H. defensa infection costs. Coinfected aphids continued to receive anti-parasitoid protection from H. defensa, but protection was weakened by R. insecticola in two clones. Notably, H. defensa eliminated survival benefits conferred after pathogen exposure by coinfecting R. insecticola Since pathogen sporulation was suppressed by R. insecticola in coinfected aphids, poor performance likely stems from H. defensa-imposed costs rather than weakened defenses. Our results reveal a complex set of coinfection outcomes, which may partially explain natural infection patterns and suggests symbiont-based phenotypes may not be easily predicted solely on infection status.Importance The hyper-diverse arthropods often harbor maternally-transmitted bacteria that protect against natural enemies. In many species, low-diversity communities of heritable symbionts are common, providing opportunities for cooperation and conflict among symbionts, which can impact defensive services rendered. Using the pea aphid, a model for defensive symbiosis, we show that coinfections with two common defensive symbionts, the anti-pathogen Regiella and anti-parasite Hamiltonella, produce outcomes that are highly variable compared to single infections, which consistently protect against designated enemies. Compared to single infections, coinfections often reduced defensive services during enemy challenge, yet improved aphid fitness in the absence of enemies. Thus, infection with multiple symbionts will not necessarily create generalist aphids with swiss-army knife defenses against numerous enemies. Instead, particular combinations of symbionts may be favored for a variety of reasons, including their abilities to lessen the costs of other defensive symbionts when enemies are not present.},
}
@article {pmid31862351,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, G and Wang, L and Ma, F and You, Y and Wang, Y and Yang, D},
title = {Integration of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil by Solanum nigrum L.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {121873},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121873},
pmid = {31862351},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and earthworms independently enhance plant growth, heavy metal (HM) tolerance, and HM uptake, thus they are potential key factors in phytoremediation. However, few studies have investigated their interactions in HM phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators. This study highlights the independent and interactive effects of earthworms and AMF on Solanum nigrum. Plants inoculated with either AMF or earthworms exhibited ameliorated growth via enhancement of productivity, metal tolerance, and phosphorus (P) acquisition. Co-inoculation with both had more pronounced effects on plant biomass and P acquisition in shoots, but not in roots, and in Cd-polluted soils it significantly promoted (P < 0.05) shoot biomass (20.7-134.6 %) and P content (20.4-112.0 %). AMF and earthworms increased Cd accumulation in plant tissues, but only AMF affected Cd partitioning between shoots and roots. Although AMF decreased root-to-shoot translocation of Cd at high Cd levels, this was counterbalanced by earthworms. Both AMF and its combination with earthworms enhanced Cd phytoavailability by altering Cd chemical fractions and decreasing pH. Co-inoculation increased Cd removal amounts up to 149.3 % in 120 mg kg-1 Cd-spiked soils. Interactions between the two organisms were synergistic in Cd phytoextraction. Thus, earthworm-AMF-plant symbiosis potentially plays an essential role in phytoremediation of HM-polluted soils.},
}
@article {pmid31861833,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, HM and Liu, F and Zhang, SF and Kong, XB and Lu, Q and Zhang, Z},
title = {Epibiotic Fungal Communities of Three Tomicus spp. Infesting Pines in Southwestern China.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms8010015},
pmid = {31861833},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {The association between insects and fungi has evolved over millions of years and is ubiquitous in nature. This symbiotic relationship holds critical implications for both partners, the insects and the associated microbes. Numerous fungi are externally allied with bark beetles and form a close symbiosis, but the community structures of these fungi are largely unknown. In Yunnan Province in southwestern China, the beetles Tomicus yunnanensis, T. minor, and T. brevipilosus are major forest pests that cause large losses of two indigenous pines, Pinus yunnanensis and P. kesiya. In this study, we used the Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform to process 48 samples of epibiotic fungal communities pooled from 1348 beetles; the beetles were collected during both the branch- and trunk-infection sections from five locations across Yunnan Province. Considerably greater species richness was detected using high-throughput sequencing of amplified internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) libraries than previously documented by using culture-dependent methods. In total, 1,413,600 reads were generated, and a 97% sequence-similarity cutoff produced eight phyla, 31 classes, 83 orders, 181 families, 331 genera, 471 species, and 1157 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with 659, 621, and 609 OTUs being confined to T. yunnanensis, T. minor, and T. brevipilosus, respectively. Tomicus yunnanensis, T. minor, and T. brevipilosus had the similar OTUs richness and evenness of fungal communities in Yunnan Province; nevertheless, the two fungal community compositions associated with T. yunnanensis and T. minor were structurally similar to each other but distinct from that associated with T. brevipilosus. Lastly, the results of principal co-ordinates analysis suggested that epibiotic fungal community structures of the three Tomicus spp. were conditioned strongly by the locations and pine hosts but weakly by beetle species and infection sections. Our findings provide baseline knowledge regarding the epibiotic fungal communities of three major Tomicus spp. in southwestern China.},
}
@article {pmid31861544,
year = {2019},
author = {Sheffer, MM and Uhl, G and Prost, S and Lueders, T and Urich, T and Bengtsson, MM},
title = {Tissue- and Population-Level Microbiome Analysis of the Wasp Spider Argiope bruennichi Identified a Novel Dominant Bacterial Symbiont.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms8010008},
pmid = {31861544},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {RTG 2010//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {Many ecological and evolutionary processes in animals depend upon microbial symbioses. In spiders, the role of the microbiome in these processes remains mostly unknown. We compared the microbiome between populations, individuals, and tissue types of a range-expanding spider, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our study is one of the first to go beyond targeting known endosymbionts in spiders and characterizes the total microbiome across different body compartments (leg, prosoma, hemolymph, book lungs, ovaries, silk glands, midgut, and fecal pellets). Overall, the microbiome differed significantly between populations and individuals, but not between tissue types. The microbiome of the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi features a novel dominant bacterial symbiont, which is abundant in every tissue type in spiders from geographically distinct populations and that is also present in offspring. The novel symbiont is affiliated with the Tenericutes, but has low sequence identity (<85%) to all previously named taxa, suggesting that the novel symbiont represents a new bacterial clade. Its presence in offspring implies that it is vertically transmitted. Our results shed light on the processes that shape microbiome differentiation in this species and raise several questions about the implications of the novel dominant bacterial symbiont on the biology and evolution of its host.},
}
@article {pmid31860060,
year = {2019},
author = {Oliveira, NC and Cônsoli, FL},
title = {Beyond host regulation: Changes in gut microbiome of permissive and nonpermissive hosts following parasitization by the wasp Cotesia flavipes.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiz206},
pmid = {31860060},
issn = {1574-6941},
abstract = {Koinobiont parasitoids regulate the physiology of their hosts, possibly interfering with the host gut microbiota and ultimately impacting parasitoid development. We used the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes to investigate if the regulation of the host would also affect the host gut microbiota. We also wondered if the effects of parasitization on the gut microbiota would depend on the host-parasitoid association by testing the permissive Diatraea saccharalis and the nonpermissive Spodoptera frugiperda hosts. We determined the structure and potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota of the fore-midgut and hindgut of the hosts at different stages of development of the immature parasitoid. The abundance and diversity of operational taxonomic units of the anteromedial gut and posterior region from larvae of the analyzed hosts were affected by parasitization. Changes in the gut microbiota induced by parasitization altered the potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota associated with both hosts. Our data also indicated that the mechanism by which C. flavipes interferes with the gut microbiota of the host does not require a host-parasitoid coevolutionary history. Changes observed in the potential contribution of the gut microbiota of parasitized hosts impact the host's nutritional quality, and could favor host exploitation by C. flavipes.},
}
@article {pmid31860058,
year = {2020},
author = {Nguyen, HP and Miwa, H and Obirih-Opareh, J and Suzaki, T and Yasuda, M and Okazaki, S},
title = {Novel rhizobia exhibit superior nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation even under high nitrate concentrations.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology},
volume = {96},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiz184},
pmid = {31860058},
issn = {1574-6941},
abstract = {Legume-rhizobium symbiosis leads to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. However, externally applied chemical nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate and ammonia) strongly inhibit nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. Here, we isolated several rhizobial strains exhibiting a superior nodulation and nitrogen fixation with soybean at high nitrate concentrations. The nodulation of soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 was significantly inhibited at 12.5 mM nitrate; however, three isolates (NKS4, NKM2 and NKTG2) were capable of forming nitrogen-fixing nodules, even at 20 mM nitrate. These isolates exhibited higher nodulation competitiveness and induced larger nodules with higher nitrogen-fixation activity than USDA110 at 5 mM nitrate. Furthermore, these isolates induced more nodules than USDA110 even in nitrate-free conditions. These isolates had a distant lineage within the Bradyrhizobium genus; though they were relatively phylogenetically close to Bradyrhizobium japonicum, their morphological and growth characteristics were significantly different. Notably, in the presence of nitrate, expression of the soybean symbiosis-related genes (GmENOD40 and GmNIN) was significantly higher and expression of GmNIC1 that is involved in nitrate-dependent nodulation inhibition was lower in the roots inoculated with these isolates in contrast with inoculation of USDA110. These novel rhizobia serve as promising inoculants for soybeans cultivated in diverse agroecosystems, particularly on nitrate-applied soils.},
}
@article {pmid31856195,
year = {2019},
author = {Giovannetti, M and Göschl, C and Dietzen, C and Andersen, SU and Kopriva, S and Busch, W},
title = {Identification of novel genes involved in phosphate accumulation in Lotus japonicus through Genome Wide Association mapping of root system architecture and anion content.},
journal = {PLoS genetics},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {e1008126},
pmid = {31856195},
issn = {1553-7404},
abstract = {Phosphate represents a major limiting factor for plant productivity. Plants have evolved different solutions to adapt to phosphate limitation ranging from a profound tuning of their root system architecture and metabolic profile to the evolution of widespread mutualistic interactions. Here we elucidated plant responses and their genetic basis to different phosphate levels in a plant species that is widely used as a model for AM symbiosis: Lotus japonicus. Rather than focussing on a single model strain, we measured root growth and anion content in response to different levels of phosphate in 130 Lotus natural accessions. This allowed us not only to uncover common as well as divergent responses within this species, but also enabled Genome Wide Association Studies by which we identified new genes regulating phosphate homeostasis in Lotus. Among them, we showed that insertional mutants of a cytochrome B5 reductase and a Leucine-Rich-Repeat receptor showed different phosphate concentration in plants grown under phosphate sufficient condition. Under low phosphate conditions, we found a correlation between plant biomass and the decrease of plant phosphate concentration in plant tissues, representing a dilution effect. Altogether our data of the genetic and phenotypic variation within a species capable of AM complements studies that have been conducted in Arabidopsis, and advances our understanding of the continuum of genotype by phosphate level interaction existing throughout dicot plants.},
}
@article {pmid31854451,
year = {2019},
author = {Ramesh, V and Dixit, KK and Sharma, N and Singh, R and Salotra, P},
title = {Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Miltefosine in Combination for Treatment of Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis.},
journal = {The Journal of infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiz486},
pmid = {31854451},
issn = {1537-6613},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: No satisfactory canonical treatment is available for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), clinical sequela of visceral leishmaniasis. Confined treatment options and substantial increase in relapse rate after miltefosine (MIL) treatment warrant the need to adapt resilient combination therapies. In this study, we assessed the safety and efficacy of combination therapy using liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) and MIL for treating PKDL.<br><br>METHODS: Thirty-two PKDL patients, confirmed by microscopy or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), were included in the study. An equal number of cases (n = 16) were put on MIL monotherapy (100 mg/day for 90 days) or MIL and LAmB combination for 45 days (3 injections of LAmB, 5 mg/kg body weight, and 100 mg/day MIL). Parasite load in slit aspirate was monitored using qPCR.<br><br>RESULTS: Patients treated with combination therapy demonstrated a rapid decline in parasite load and achieved 100% cure, with no reports of relapse. Those treated with MIL monotherapy attained clinical cure with a gradual decrease in parasite load; however, 25% relapsed within 18 months of follow-up.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Liposomal amphotericin B and MIL combination for treating PKDL is efficacious and safe, with high tolerability. Furthermore, this study established the utility of minimally invasive slit aspirate method for monitoring of parasite load and assessment of cure in PKDL.},
}
@article {pmid31853814,
year = {2019},
author = {Ankrah, NYD and Wilkes, RA and Zhang, FQ and Aristilde, L and Douglas, AE},
title = {The Metabolome of Associations between Xylem-Feeding Insects and their Bacterial Symbionts.},
journal = {Journal of chemical ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10886-019-01136-7},
pmid = {31853814},
issn = {1573-1561},
support = {IOS-1354743//National Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Metabolomics has increasingly led to important insights in chemical ecology by identifying environmentally relevant small molecules that mediate inter-organismal interactions. Nevertheless, the application of metabolomics to investigate interactions between phytophagous insects and their microbial symbionts remains underutilized. Here, we investigated the metabolomes of the bacteriomes (organs bearing symbiotic bacteria) isolated from natural populations of five species of xylem-feeding insects. We identified three patterns. First, the metabolomes varied among the five species, likely influenced by insect phylogeny, food plant and taxonomic identity of the symbionts. Second, the ratio of glutamine: glutamate in the bacteriomes was 0.7-3.6 to 1, indicative of nitrogen-sufficient metabolism and raising the possibility that the insect sustains nitrogen-enriched status of the bacteriomes despite the nitrogen scarcity of the xylem diet. Finally, bacteriomes from insect species bearing genetically-similar symbionts displayed limited variation in their metabolomes, suggesting that the metabolic pattern of the bacteriome metabolic pools is correlated with the genetic repertoire of the symbionts. Altogether, these metabolomic patterns yield specific hypotheses of underlying processes that are testable by wider sampling of natural populations and experimental study.},
}
@article {pmid31850627,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhang, S and Yu, N and Arce, RM},
title = {Periodontal inflammation: Integrating genes and dysbiosis.},
journal = {Periodontology 2000},
volume = {82},
number = {1},
pages = {129-142},
pmid = {31850627},
issn = {1600-0757},
support = {K99 DE027086/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DE021418/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States ; HAMFDP73335//Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/ ; K99DE027086//National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)/ ; },
abstract = {Biofilm bacteria co-evolve and reach a symbiosis with the host on the gingival surface. The disruption of the homeostatic relationship between plaque bacteria and the host can initiate and promote periodontal disease progression. Recent advances in sequencing technologies allow researchers to profile disease-associated microbial communities and quantify microbial metabolic activities and host transcriptional responses. In addition to confirming the findings from previous studies, new putative pathogens and novel genes that have not previously been associated with periodontitis, emerge. For example, multiple studies have reported that Synergistetes bacteria are associated with periodontitis. Genes involved in epithelial barrier defense were downregulated in periodontitis, while excessive expression of interleukin-17 was associated with a hyperinflammatory response in periodontitis and with a unique microbial community. Bioinformatics-enabled gene ontology pathway analyses provide a panoramic view of the bacterial and host activities as they shift from periodontal health to disease. Additionally, host innate factors, such as genetic variants identified by either a candidate-gene approach or genome-wide association analyses, have an impact on subgingival bacterial colonization. Transgenic mice carrying candidate genetic variants, or with the deletion of candidate genes mimicking the deleterious loss-of-function variant effect, provide experimental evidence validating the biologic relevance of the novel markers associated with the microbial phenotype identified through a statistical approach. Further refinement in bioinformatics, data management approaches, or statistical tools, are required to gain insight into host-microbe interactions by harmonizing the multidimensional &quot;big&quot; data at the genomic, transcriptional, and proteomic levels.},
}
@article {pmid31850013,
year = {2019},
author = {Syska, C and Brouquisse, R and Alloing, G and Pauly, N and Frendo, P and Bosseno, M and Dupont, L and Boscari, A},
title = {Molecular Weapons Contribute to Intracellular Rhizobia Accommodation Within Legume Host Cell.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1496},
pmid = {31850013},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {The interaction between legumes and bacteria of rhizobia type results in a beneficial symbiotic relationship characterized by the formation of new root organs, called nodules. Within these nodules the bacteria, released in plant cells, differentiate into bacteroids and fix atmospheric nitrogen through the nitrogenase activity. This mutualistic interaction has evolved sophisticated signaling networks to allow rhizobia entry, colonization, bacteroid differentiation and persistence in nodules. Nodule cysteine rich (NCR) peptides, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules produced by the host plants or bacterial microsymbionts have a major role in the control of the symbiotic interaction. These molecules described as weapons in pathogenic interactions have evolved to participate to the intracellular bacteroid accommodation by escaping control of plant innate immunity and adapt the functioning of the nitrogen-fixation to environmental signalling cues.},
}
@article {pmid31849890,
year = {2019},
author = {Woliy, K and Degefu, T and Frostegård, Å},
title = {Host Range and Symbiotic Effectiveness of N2O Reducing Bradyrhizobium Strains.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2746},
pmid = {31849890},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Emissions of the potent greenhouse gas N2O is one of the environmental problems associated with intensive use of synthetic N fertilizers, and novel N2O mitigation strategies are needed to minimize fertilizer applications and N2O release without affecting agricultural efficiencies. Increased incorporation of legume crops in agricultural practices offers a sustainable alternative. Legumes, in their symbiosis with nitrogen fixing bacteria, rhizobia, reduce the need for fertilizers and also respond to the need for increased production of plant-based proteins. Not all combinations of rhizobia and legumes result in efficient nitrogen fixation, and legume crops therefore often need to be inoculated with compatible rhizobial strains. Recent research has demonstrated that some rhizobia are also very efficient N2O reducers. Several nutritionally and economically important legumes form root nodules in symbiosis with bacteria belonging to Bradyrhizobium. Here, the host-ranges of fourteen N2O reducing Bradyrhizobium strains were tested on six legume hosts; cowpea, groundnut, mung bean, haricot bean, soybean, and alfalfa. The plants were grown for 35 days in pots in sterile sand supplemented with N-free nutrient solution. Cowpea was the most promiscuous host nodulated by all test strains, followed by groundnut (11 strains) and mungbean (4 strains). Three test strains were able to nodulate all these three legumes, while none nodulated the other three hosts. For cowpea, five strains increased the shoot dry weight and ten strains the shoot nitrogen content (pairwise comparison; p < 0.05). For groundnut the corresponding results were three and nine strains. The symbiotic effectiveness for the different strains ranged from 45 to 98% in cowpea and 34 to 95% in groundnut, relative to fertilized controls. The N2O reduction capacity of detached nodules from cowpea plants inoculated with one of these strains confirmed active N2O reduction inside the nodules. When released from senescent nodules such strains are expected to also act as sinks for N2O produced by denitrifying organisms in the soil microbial community. Our strategy to search among known N2O-reducing Bradyrhizobium strains for their N2-fixation effectiveness successfully identified several strains which can potentially be used for the production of legume inoculants with the dual capacities of efficacious N2-fixation and N2O reduction.},
}
@article {pmid31849854,
year = {2019},
author = {Rossbach, S and Cardenas, A and Perna, G and Duarte, CM and Voolstra, CR},
title = {Tissue-Specific Microbiomes of the Red Sea Giant Clam Tridacna maxima Highlight Differential Abundance of Endozoicomonadaceae.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2661},
pmid = {31849854},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Giant clams (subfamily Tridacninae) are prevalent members of coral reef communities and engage in symbioses with algal photosymbionts of the family Symbiodiniaceae, similar to their scleractinian coral counterparts. However, we know little about their associated bacterial microbiome members. Here, we explored bacterial community diversity of digestive system, gill, and mantle tissues associated with the giant clam Tridacna maxima across a cross-shelf gradient (inshore, midshore, and offshore reef sites) in the central Red Sea using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Different tissues harbor spatially stable and distinct microbial communities. Notably, diverse assemblages of bacteria affiliated to the family Endozoicomonadaceae were prevalent in all tissues, but particularly abundant in gills and to a lesser extent in digestive tissues. Besides Endozoicomonadaceae, bacteria in the families Pasteurellaceae, Alteromonadaceae, and Comamonadaceae were common associates, depending on the tissue queried. Taxonomy-based functional inference identified processes related to nitrogen cycling (among others) to be enriched in giant clam tissues and contributed by Endozoicomonadaceae. Our study highlights the tissue-specificity and broad taxonomic range of Endozoicomonadaceae associates, similar to other marine invertebrates, and suggests their contribution to nitrogen-related pathways. The investigation of bivalve-associated microbiome communities provides an important addition to the pathogen-focused studies for commercially important bivalves (e.g., oysters).},
}
@article {pmid31849738,
year = {2019},
author = {Hernández, I and Vecchi, D},
title = {The Interactive Construction of Biological Individuality Through Biotic Entrenchment.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2578},
pmid = {31849738},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {In this article, we propose to critically evaluate whether a closure of constraints interpretation can make sense of biotic entrenchment, the process of assimilation and functional integration of environmental elements of biotic origin in development and, eventually, evolution. In order to achieve the aims of our analysis, we shall focus on multi-species partnerships, biological systems characterised by ontogenetic dependencies of various strengths between the partners. Our main research question is to tackle the foundational problem posed by the dynamics of biotic entrenchment characterising multi-species partnerships for the closure of constraints interpretation, namely, to understand for which biological system (i.e., the partners taken individually or the partnership as the encompassing system) closure of constraints is realised. Through the analysis of significant illustrative examples, we shall progressively refine the closure thesis and articulate an answer to our main research question. We shall also propose that biotic entrenchment provides a chief example of the phenomenon of interactive and horizontal construction of biological individuality and inter-identity.},
}
@article {pmid31848780,
year = {2019},
author = {Sharma, R and Gupta, K},
title = {Life cycle modeling for environmental management: a review of trends and linkages.},
journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment},
volume = {192},
number = {1},
pages = {51},
pmid = {31848780},
issn = {1573-2959},
abstract = {With the dynamics in current industry-environment interaction, it has become essential to diagnose the impacts that one is leaving on the environment. The requirement of assessment has brought many changes in the analysis techniques and research methodologies. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one such validated technique as a scientific tool in the diagnosis of environmental impacts with accuracy. Over the past few years, LCA has attracted more attention with different approaches and applications. But, there is a lack of efforts to review the LCA applications for environmental management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the trends and to address the evolution of linkages in the field of LCA modeling and environmental management. The review employs the PRISMA statement for systematic literature review amalgamated with a visualization technique using VoSviewer. The meta-analysis addressing the findings from the academic articles published until the end of May 2019 using the Scopus online database was considered. The study reveals a total of 23 eligible papers regarding LCA modeling and environmental management. Analysis of these articles and keyword visualization network depicts that most of the studies on LCA modeling application were based on waste management-related decision-making and construction sector focusing primarily on environmental impacts, environmental performance evaluations, and scenario modeling for decision support. This study not only contributes in summarizing the LCA research trends of the methods in the application areas but also attempts to identify the potential scope and research directions. LCA thus has proven to be an excellent evaluative tool for future analysis.},
}
@article {pmid31848270,
year = {2019},
author = {Hinzke, T and Kleiner, M and Breusing, C and Felbeck, H and Häsler, R and Sievert, SM and Schlüter, R and Rosenstiel, P and Reusch, TBH and Schweder, T and Markert, S},
title = {Host-Microbe Interactions in the Chemosynthetic Riftia pachyptila Symbiosis.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {31848270},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {The deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila lacks a digestive system but completely relies on bacterial endosymbionts for nutrition. Although the symbiont has been studied in detail on the molecular level, such analyses were unavailable for the animal host, because sequence information was lacking. To identify host-symbiont interaction mechanisms, we therefore sequenced the Riftia transcriptome, which served as a basis for comparative metaproteomic analyses of symbiont-containing versus symbiont-free tissues, both under energy-rich and energy-limited conditions. Our results suggest that metabolic interactions include nutrient allocation from symbiont to host by symbiont digestion and substrate transfer to the symbiont by abundant host proteins. We furthermore propose that Riftia maintains its symbiont by protecting the bacteria from oxidative damage while also exerting symbiont population control. Eukaryote-like symbiont proteins might facilitate intracellular symbiont persistence. Energy limitation apparently leads to reduced symbiont biomass and increased symbiont digestion. Our study provides unprecedented insights into host-microbe interactions that shape this highly efficient symbiosis.IMPORTANCE All animals are associated with microorganisms; hence, host-microbe interactions are of fundamental importance for life on earth. However, we know little about the molecular basis of these interactions. Therefore, we studied the deep-sea Riftia pachyptila symbiosis, a model association in which the tubeworm host is associated with only one phylotype of endosymbiotic bacteria and completely depends on this sulfur-oxidizing symbiont for nutrition. Using a metaproteomics approach, we identified both metabolic interaction processes, such as substrate transfer between the two partners, and interactions that serve to maintain the symbiotic balance, e.g., host efforts to control the symbiont population or symbiont strategies to modulate these host efforts. We suggest that these interactions are essential principles of mutualistic animal-microbe associations.},
}
@article {pmid31847844,
year = {2019},
author = {Zaada, DSY and Ben-Yosef, M and Yuval, B and Jurkevitch, E},
title = {The host fruit amplifies mutualistic interaction between Ceratitis capitata larvae and associated bacteria.},
journal = {BMC biotechnology},
volume = {19},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {92},
pmid = {31847844},
issn = {1472-6750},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is a major pest in horticulture. The development of fly larvae is mediated by bacterial decay in the fruit tissue. Despite the importance of bacteria on larval development, very little is known about the interaction between bacteria and larvae in their true ecological context. Understanding their relationship and inter-dependence in the host fruit is important for the development of new pest control interfaces to deal with this pest.<br><br>RESULTS: We find no negative effects on egg hatch or larval development brought about by the bacterial isolates tested. The various symbionts inhabiting the fly's digestive system differ in their degree of contribution to the development of fly larvae depending on the given host and their sensitivity to induced inhibition caused by female produced antimicrobial peptides. These differences were observed not only at the genus or species level but also between isolates of the same species. We demonstrate how the microbiota from the mother's gut supports the development of larvae in the fruit host and show that larvae play a major role in spreading the bacterial contagion in the infected fruit itself. In addition, we present (for the first time) evidence for horizontal transfer of bacteria between larvae of different maternal origin that develop together in the same fruit.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Larvae play a major role in the spread and shaping of the microbial population in the fruit. The transfer of bacteria between different individuals developing in the same fruit suggests that the infested fruit serves as a microbial hub for the amplification and spread of bacterial strains between individuals.},
}
@article {pmid31847839,
year = {2019},
author = {Sacchetti, P and Pastorelli, R and Bigiotti, G and Guidi, R and Ruschioni, S and Viti, C and Belcari, A},
title = {Olive fruit fly rearing procedures affect the vertical transmission of the bacterial symbiont Candidatus Erwinia dacicola.},
journal = {BMC biotechnology},
volume = {19},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {91},
pmid = {31847839},
issn = {1472-6750},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The symbiosis between the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, and Candidatus Erwinia dacicola has been demonstrated as essential for the fly's larval development and adult physiology. The mass rearing of the olive fruit fly has been hindered by several issues, including problems which could be related to the lack of the symbiont, presumably due to preservatives and antibiotics currently used during rearing under laboratory conditions. To better understand the mechanisms underlying symbiont removal or loss during the rearing of lab colonies of the olive fruit fly, we performed experiments that focused on bacterial transfer from wild female flies to their eggs. In this research, eggs laid by wild females were treated with propionic acid solution, which is often used as an antifungal agent, a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and Triton X, or water (as a control). The presence of the bacterial symbiont on eggs was evaluated by real-time PCR and scanning electron microscopy.<br><br>RESULTS: DGGE analysis showed a clear band with the same migration behavior present in all DGGE profiles but with a decreasing intensity. Molecular analyses performed by real-time PCR showed a significant reduction in Ca. E. dacicola abundance in eggs treated with propionic acid solution or a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and Triton X compared to those treated with water. In addition, the removal of bacteria from the surfaces of treated eggs was highlighted by scanning electron microscopy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results clearly indicate how the first phases of the colony-establishment process are important in maintaining the symbiont load in laboratory populations and suggest that the use of products with antimicrobial activity should be avoided. The results also suggest that alternative rearing procedures for the olive fruit fly should be investigated.},
}
@article {pmid31847836,
year = {2019},
author = {Kyritsis, GA and Augustinos, AA and Livadaras, I and Cáceres, C and Bourtzis, K and Papadopoulos, NT},
title = {Medfly-Wolbachia symbiosis: genotype x genotype interactions determine host's life history traits under mass rearing conditions.},
journal = {BMC biotechnology},
volume = {19},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {96},
pmid = {31847836},
issn = {1472-6750},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Wolbachia pipientis is a widespread, obligatory intracellular and maternally inherited bacterium, that induces a wide range of reproductive alterations to its hosts. Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI) is causing embryonic lethality, the most common of them. Despite that Wolbachia-borne sterility has been proposed as an environmental friendly pest control method (Incompatible Insect Technique, IIT) since 1970s, the fact that Wolbachia modifies important fitness components of its hosts sets severe barriers to IIT implementation. Mass rearing of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (medfly), is highly optimized given that this pest is a model species regarding the implementation of another sterility based pest control method, the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). We used the medfly-Wolbachia symbiotic association, as a model system, to study the effect of two different Wolbachia strains, on the life history traits of 2 C. capitata lines with different genomic background.<br><br>RESULTS: Wolbachia effects are regulated by both C. capitata genetic background and the Wolbachia strain. Wolbachia infection reduces fertility rates in both C. capitata genetic backgrounds and shortens the pre-pupa developmental duration in the GSS strain. On the other hand, regardless of the strain of Wolbachia (wCer2, wCer4) infection does not affect either the sex ratio or the longevity of adults. wCer4 infection imposed a reduction in females' fecundity but wCer2 did not. Male mating competitiveness, adults flight ability and longevity under water and food deprivation were affected by both the genetic background of medfly and the strain of Wolbachia (genotype by genotype interaction).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Wolbachia infection could alter important life history traits of mass-reared C. capitata lines and therefore the response of each genotype on the Wolbachia infection should be considered toward ensuring the productivity of the Wolbachia-infected insects under mass-rearing conditions.},
}
@article {pmid31847779,
year = {2019},
author = {Nuotclà, JA and Biedermann, PHW and Taborsky, M},
title = {Pathogen defence is a potential driver of social evolution in ambrosia beetles.},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences},
volume = {286},
number = {1917},
pages = {20192332},
pmid = {31847779},
issn = {1471-2954},
abstract = {Social immunity-the collective behavioural defences against pathogens-is considered a crucial evolutionary force for the maintenance of insect societies. It has been described and investigated primarily in eusocial insects, but its role in the evolutionary trajectory from parental care to eusociality is little understood. Here, we report on the existence, plasticity, effectiveness and consequences of social pathogen defence in experimental nests of cooperatively breeding ambrosia beetles. After an Aspergillus spore buffer solution or a control buffer solution had been injected in laboratory nests, totipotent adult female workers increased their activity and hygienic behaviours like allogrooming and cannibalism. Such social immune responses had not been described for a non-eusocial, cooperatively breeding insect before. Removal of beetles from Aspergillus-treated nests in a paired experimental design revealed that the hygienic behaviours of beetles significantly reduced pathogen prevalence in the nest. Furthermore, in response to pathogen injections, female helpers delayed dispersal and thus prolonged their cooperative phase within their mother's nest. Our findings of appropriate social responses to an experimental immune challenge in a cooperatively breeding beetle corroborate the view that social immunity is not an exclusive attribute of eusocial insects, but rather a concomitant and presumably important feature in the evolutionary transitions towards complex social organization.},
}
@article {pmid31846679,
year = {2019},
author = {Ratet, P},
title = {Symbiosis Signaling: Solanaceae Symbiotic LCO Receptors Are Functional for Rhizobium Perception in Legumes.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {29},
number = {24},
pages = {R1312-R1314},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.046},
pmid = {31846679},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {A new study shows that plant receptor genes necessary for the ancient and widespread symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were co-opted in legume plants, without modifications, to establish the evolutionarily more recent and more specific symbiosis with their bacterial rhizobium partners.},
}
@article {pmid31845498,
year = {2019},
author = {Acosta-Jurado, S and Alias-Villegas, C and Navarro-Gómez, P and Almozara, A and Rodríguez-Carvajal, MA and Medina, C and Vinardell, JM},
title = {Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 syrM inactivation affects the expression of a large number of genes, impairs nodulation with soybean and extends the host-range to Lotus japonicus.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14897},
pmid = {31845498},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {BIO2016-78409-R//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/ ; VPPI//Universidad de Sevilla/ ; },
abstract = {Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 RifR is a broad host-range rhizobial strain able to nodulate with soybean and Lotus burttii, but it is ineffective with L. japonicus. Here, we study the role of the HH103 RifR SyrM protein in the regulation of gene expression and its relevance in symbiosis with those three legumes. RNAseq analyses show that HH103 SyrM is an important transcriptional regulator not only in the presence of inducer flavonoids but also in its absence. Lack of SyrM increases Nod factors production and decreases genistein-mediated repression of exopolysaccharide production in HH103. In symbiosis, mutation of syrM partially impaired interaction with soybean but improves effectiveness with L. burttii and extends the host-rage to L. japonicus Gifu. In addition, HH103 syrM mutants enter in both Lotus species by infection threads, whereas HH103 uses the more primitive intercellular infection to enter into L. burttii roots These symbiotic phenotypes were previously observed in two other HH103 mutants affected in symbiotic regulators, nodD2 and nolR, revealing that in S. fredii HH103 numerous transcriptional regulators finely modulate symbiotic gene expression.},
}
@article {pmid31845413,
year = {2019},
author = {Drury, C},
title = {Resilience in reef-building corals: The ecological and evolutionary importance of the host response to thermal stress.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15337},
pmid = {31845413},
issn = {1365-294X},
support = {//Paul G. Allen Family Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Coral reefs are under extreme threat due to a number of stressors, but temperature increases due to changing climate are the most severe. Rising ocean temperatures coupled with local extremes lead to extensive bleaching, where the coral-algal symbiosis breaks down and corals may die, compromising the structure and function of reefs. Although the symbiotic nature of the coral colony has historically been a focus of research on coral resilience, the host itself is a foundational component in the response to thermal stress. Fixed effects in the coral host set trait baselines through evolutionary processes, acting on many loci of small effect to create mosaics of thermal tolerance across latitudes and individual coral reefs. These genomic differences can be strongly heritable, producing wide variation among clones of different genotypes or families of a specific larval cross. Phenotypic plasticity is overlaid on these baselines and a growing body of knowledge demonstrates the potential for acclimatization of reef-building corals through a variety of mechanisms that promote resilience and stress tolerance. The long-term persistence of coral reefs will require many of these mechanisms to adjust to warmer temperatures within a generation, bridging the gap to reproductive events that allow recombination of standing diversity and adaptive change. Business-as-usual climate scenarios will probably lead to the loss of some coral populations or species in the future, so the interaction between intragenerational effects and evolutionary pressure is critical for the survival of reefs.},
}
@article {pmid31843766,
year = {2019},
author = {Gegner, HM and Rädecker, N and Ochsenkühn, M and Barreto, MM and Ziegler, M and Reichert, J and Schubert, P and Wilke, T and Voolstra, CR},
title = {High levels of floridoside at high salinity link osmoadaptation with bleaching susceptibility in the cnidarian-algal endosymbiosis.},
journal = {Biology open},
volume = {8},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {31843766},
issn = {2046-6390},
abstract = {Coral reefs are in global decline mainly due to increasing sea surface temperatures triggering coral bleaching. Recently, high salinity has been linked to increased thermotolerance and decreased bleaching in the sea anemone coral model Aiptasia. However, the underlying processes remain elusive. Using two Aiptasia host--endosymbiont pairings, we induced bleaching at different salinities and show reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) release at high salinities, suggesting a role of osmoadaptation in increased thermotolerance. A subsequent screening of osmolytes revealed that this effect was only observed in algal endosymbionts that produce 2-O-glycerol-α-D-galactopyranoside (floridoside), an osmolyte capable of scavenging ROS. This result argues for a mechanistic link between osmoadaptation and thermotolerance, mediated by ROS-scavenging osmolytes (e.g., floridoside). This sheds new light on the putative mechanisms underlying the remarkable thermotolerance of corals from water bodies with high salinity such as the Red Sea or Persian/Arabian Gulf and holds implications for coral thermotolerance under climate change.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.},
}
@article {pmid31843471,
year = {2019},
author = {Edwards, JM and Roy, S and Tomcho, JC and Schreckenberger, ZJ and Chakraborty, S and Bearss, NR and Saha, P and McCarthy, CG and Vijay-Kumar, M and Joe, B and Wenceslau, CF},
title = {Microbiota are critical for vascular physiology: Germ-free status weakens contractility and induces sex-specific vascular remodeling in mice.},
journal = {Vascular pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106633},
doi = {10.1016/j.vph.2019.106633},
pmid = {31843471},
issn = {1879-3649},
support = {R00 GM118885/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Commensal microbiota within a holobiont contribute to the overall health of the host via mutualistic symbiosis. Disturbances in such symbiosis is prominently correlated with a variety of diseases affecting the modern society of humans including cardiovascular diseases, which are the number one contributors to human mortality. Given that a hallmark of all cardiovascular diseases is changes in vascular function, we hypothesized that depleting microbiota from a holobiont would induce vascular dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, young mice of both sexes raised in germ-free conditions were examined vascular contractility and structure. Here we observed that male and female germ-free mice presented a decrease in contraction of resistance arteries. These changes were more pronounced in germ-free males than in germ-free females mice. Furthermore, there was a distinct change in vascular remodeling between males and females germ-free mice. Resistance arteries from male germ-free mice demonstrated increased vascular stiffness, as shown by the leftward shift in the stress-strain curve and inward hypotrophic remodeling, a characteristic of chronic reduction in blood flow. On the other hand, resistance arteries from germ-free female mice were similar in the stress-strain curves to that of conventionally raised mice, but were distinctly different and showed outward hypertrophic remodeling, a characteristic seen in aging. Interestingly, we observed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from bone marrow derived neutrophils is blunted in female germ-free mice, but it is exacerbated in male germ-free mice. In conclusion, these observations indicate that commensal microbiota of a holobiont are central to maintain proper vascular function and structure homeostasis, especially in males.},
}
@article {pmid31841375,
year = {2020},
author = {Ngoi, NYL and Eu, JQ and Hirpara, J and Wang, L and Lim, JSJ and Lee, SC and Lim, YC and Pervaiz, S and Goh, BC and Wong, ALA},
title = {Targeting Cell Metabolism as Cancer Therapy.},
journal = {Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling},
volume = {32},
number = {5},
pages = {285-308},
doi = {10.1089/ars.2019.7947},
pmid = {31841375},
issn = {1557-7716},
abstract = {Significance: Cancer cells exhibit altered metabolic pathways to keep up with biosynthetic and reduction-oxidation needs during tumor proliferation and metastasis. The common induction of metabolic pathways during cancer progression, regardless of cancer histio- or genotype, makes cancer metabolism an attractive target for therapeutic exploitation. Recent Advances: Emerging data suggest that these altered pathways may even result in resistance to anticancer therapies. Identifying specific metabolic dependencies that are unique to cancer cells has proved challenging in this field, limiting the therapeutic window for many candidate drug approaches. Critical Issues: Cancer cells display significant metabolic flexibility in nutrient-limited environments, hampering the longevity of suppressing cancer metabolism through any singular approach. Combinatorial &quot;synthetic lethal&quot; approaches may have a better chance for success and promising strategies are reviewed here. The dynamism of the immune system adds a level of complexity, as various immune populations in the tumor microenvironment often share metabolic pathways with cancer, with successive alterations during immune activation and quiescence. Decoding the reprogramming of metabolic pathways within cancer cells and stem cells, as well as examining metabolic symbiosis between components of the tumor microenvironment, would be essential to further meaningful drug development within the tumor's metabolic ecosystem. Future Directions: In this article, we examine evidence for the therapeutic potential of targeting metabolic alterations in cancer, and we discuss the drawbacks and successes that have stimulated this field.},
}
@article {pmid31840233,
year = {2019},
author = {Maggioni, D and Montano, S and Voigt, O and Seveso, D and Galli, P},
title = {A mesophotic hotel: the octocoral Bebryce cf grandicalyx as a host.},
journal = {Ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e02950},
doi = {10.1002/ecy.2950},
pmid = {31840233},
issn = {1939-9170},
abstract = {Mesophotic coral ecosystems are widespread and harbour rich coral reef communities below 30 m and down to 150 m depth (Puglise et al. 2009). Although in recent years the knowledge of these charismatic ecosystems has increased (Khang et al. 2014), many aspects are still to be explored, including for instance symbiotic associations. Sessile reef invertebrates are known to host a multitude of organisms in shallow waters (e.g. Hoeksema et al. 2012), and this may be likewise extended to mesophotic organisms. For instance, both shallow and deep-water octocorals are known to form a large variety of associations with microorganisms, invertebrates, and vertebrates (Goh et al. 1999, Buhl-Mortensen and Mortensen, 2004), including host-specific relationships (e.g. Montano et al. 2017a). In a few cases, these associations include commensalistic, mutualistic, and parasitic interactions (Watling et al. 2011).},
}
@article {pmid31838702,
year = {2019},
author = {Garg, N and Saroy, K},
title = {Interactive effects of polyamines and arbuscular mycorrhiza in modulating plant biomass, N2 fixation, ureide, and trehalose metabolism in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. genotypes under nickel stress.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-019-07300-6},
pmid = {31838702},
issn = {1614-7499},
support = {25-1/2014-15(BSR)/7-151/2007//University Grants Commission/ ; },
abstract = {Nickel (Ni) is an essential micronutrient but considered toxic for plant growth when present in excess in the soil. Polyamines (PAs) and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) play key roles in alleviating metal toxicity in plants. Present study compared the roles of AM and PAs in improving rhizobial symbiosis, ureide, and trehalose (Tre) metabolism under Ni stress in Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) genotypes (Pusa 2001, AL 201). The results documented significant negative impacts of Ni on plant biomass, especially roots, more in AL 201 than Pusa 2001. Symbiotic efficiency with Rhizobium and AM declined under Ni stress, resulting in reduced AM colonization, N2 fixation, and ureide biosynthesis. This decline was proportionate to increased Ni uptake in roots and nodules. Put-reduced Ni uptake improved plant growth and functional efficiency of nodules and ureides synthesis, with higher positive effects than other PAs. However, AM inoculations were most effective in enhancing nodulation, nitrogen fixing potential, and Tre synthesis under Ni toxicity. Combined applications of AM with respective PAs, especially +Put+AM, were highly beneficial in alleviating Ni-induced nodule senescence by arresting leghemoglobin degradation and improving functional efficiency of nodules by boosting Tre metabolism, especially in Pusa 2001. The study suggested use of Put along with AM as a promising approach in imparting Ni tolerance to pigeon pea plants.},
}
@article {pmid31837155,
year = {2019},
author = {Giesemann, P and Rasmussen, HN and Liebel, HT and Gebauer, G},
title = {Discreet heterotrophs: green plants that receive fungal carbon through Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16367},
pmid = {31837155},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiosis between plants and Glomeromycotina fungi, and is distributed throughout the plant kingdom and all terrestrial ecosystems. Colonization in plant roots usually takes structural forms of either Paris- or Arum-type, distinguished by intracellular hyphal coils and arbuscules and exemplified by Paris quadrifolia and Arum maculatum (Gallaud, 1905; Smith &amp; Smith, 1997; Dickson et al., 2007), respectively, with a near 1:1 distribution among plant species (Dickson et al., 2007).},
}
@article {pmid31836412,
year = {2020},
author = {Lee, J and Mao, X and Lee, YS and Lee, DJ and Kim, J and Kim, JK and Lee, BL},
title = {Putative host-derived growth factors inducing colonization of Burkholderia gut symbiont in Riptortus pedestris insect.},
journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology},
volume = {104},
number = {},
pages = {103570},
doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2019.103570},
pmid = {31836412},
issn = {1879-0089},
abstract = {It is questionable that how gut symbiont can be proliferated in the host symbiotic organs, such as host midgut region, which are known to be highly stressful and nutritional depleted conditions. Since Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis system is a good model to study this question, we hypothesized that Burkholderia symbiont will use host-derived bacterial growth factor(s) to colonize persistently in the host midgut 4 (M4) region, which is known as symbiotic organ. In this study, we observed that although gut-colonized symbiotic Burkholderia cells did not grow in the nutrient-limited media conditions, these symbionts were able to grow dose-dependent manner by addition of host naïve M4 lysate, supporting that host-derived growth factor molecule(s) may exist in the host M4 lysate. By further experiments, a host-derived growth factor(s) did not lose its biological activity in the conditions of high temperature, treatment of phenol-chloroform or ethyl alcohol precipitation, indicating that a growth factor molecule(s) is neither a protein nor a DNA. Also, based on the biochemical analyses data, molecular weight of the host-derived bacterial growth factor(s) was turned out to be less than 3 kDa molecular mass and to give the positive chemical response to the ninhydrin reagent on thin layer chromatography. Finally, we found that one specific peak showing ninhydrin positive signal was separated by gel filtration column and induced proliferative activity for Burkholderia gut symbiont cells.},
}
@article {pmid31835867,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhukova, NV},
title = {Fatty Acids of Marine Mollusks: Impact of Diet, Bacterial Symbiosis and Biosynthetic Potential.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biom9120857},
pmid = {31835867},
issn = {2218-273X},
abstract = {The n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) families are essential for important physiological processes. Their major source are marine ecosystems. The fatty acids (FAs) from phytoplankton, which are the primary producer of organic matter and PUFAs, are transferred into consumers via food webs. Mollusk FAs have attracted the attention of researchers that has been driven by their critical roles in aquatic ecology and their importance as sources of essential PUFAs. The main objective of this review is to focus on the most important factors and causes determining the biodiversity of the mollusk FAs, with an emphasis on the key relationship of these FAs with the food spectrum and trophic preference. The marker FAs of trophic sources are also of particular interest. The discovery of new symbioses involving invertebrates and bacteria, which are responsible for nutrition of the host, deserves special attention. The present paper also highlights recent research into the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of PUFA biosynthesis in marine mollusks. The biosynthetic capacities of marine mollusks require a well-grounded evaluation.},
}
@article {pmid31835704,
year = {2019},
author = {Campos, C and Nobre, T and Goss, MJ and Faria, J and Barrulas, P and Carvalho, M},
title = {Transcriptome Analysis of Wheat Roots Reveals a Differential Regulation of Stress Responses Related to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Disturbance.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biology8040093},
pmid = {31835704},
issn = {2079-7737},
support = {ALT20-03 -0145-FEDER-000039//European Regional Development Fund/ ; SFRH/BPD/108734/2015//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; PTDC/ASP-PLA/30650/2017//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; },
abstract = {Symbioses with soil microorganisms are central in shaping the diversity and productivity of land plants and provide protection against a diversity of stresses, including metal toxicity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form extensive extraradical mycelial networks (ERM), which are very efficient in colonizing a new host. We quantified the responses of transcriptomes of wheat and one AMF partner, Rhizoglomus irregulare, to soil disturbance (Undisturbed vs. Disturbed) and to two different preceding mycotrophic species (Ornithopus compressus and Lolium rigidum). Soil disturbance and preceding plant species engender different AMF communities in wheat roots, resulting in a differential tolerance to soil manganese (Mn) toxicity. Soil disturbance negatively impacted wheat growth under manganese toxicity, probably due to the disruption of the ERM, and activated a large number of stress and starvation-related genes. The O. compressus treatment, which induces a greater Mn protection in wheat than L. rigidum, activated processes related to cellular division and growth, and very few related to stress. The L. rigidum treatment mostly induced genes that were related to oxidative stress, disease protection, and metal ion binding. R. irregulare cell division and molecular exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm were increased by O. compressus. These findings are highly relevant for sustainable agricultural systems, when considering a fit-for-purpose symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31835592,
year = {2019},
author = {Gunawardana, D},
title = {An Exploration of Common Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the Cyanobiont of the Azolla-Nostoc Symbiosis and Clues as to Nod Factors in Cyanobacteria.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/plants8120587},
pmid = {31835592},
issn = {2223-7747},
abstract = {Azolla is a genus of aquatic ferns that engages in a unique symbiosis with a cyanobiont that is resistant to cultivation. Azolla spp. are earmarked as a possible candidate to mitigate greenhouse gases, in particular, carbon dioxide. That opinion is underlined here in this paper to show the broader impact of Azolla spp. on greenhouse gas mitigation by revealing the enzyme catalogue in the Nostoc cyanobiont to be a poor contributor to climate change. First, regarding carbon assimilation, it was inferred that the carboxylation activity of the Rubisco enzyme of Azolla plants is able to quench carbon dioxide on par with other C3 plants and fellow aquatic free-floating macrophytes, with the cyanobiont contributing on average ~18% of the carboxylation load. Additionally, the author demonstrates here, using bioinformatics and past literature, that the Nostoc cyanobiont of Azolla does not contain nitric oxide reductase, a key enzyme that emanates nitrous oxide. In fact, all Nostoc species, both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic, are deficient in nitric oxide reductases. Furthermore, the Azolla cyanobiont is negative for methanogenic enzymes that use coenzyme conjugates to emit methane. With the absence of nitrous oxide and methane release, and the potential ability to convert ambient nitrous oxide into nitrogen gas, it is safe to say that the Azolla cyanobiont has a myriad of features that are poor contributors to climate change, which on top of carbon dioxide quenching by the Calvin cycle in Azolla plants, makes it an efficient holistic candidate to be developed as a force for climate change mitigation, especially in irrigated urea-fed rice fields. The author also shows that Nostoc cyanobionts are theoretically capable of Nod factor synthesis, similar to Rhizobia and some Frankia species, which is a new horizon to explore in the future.},
}
@article {pmid31834634,
year = {2019},
author = {Basso, V and Kohler, A and Miyauchi, S and Singan, V and Guinet, F and Šimura, J and Novák, O and Barry, KW and Amirebrahimi, M and Block, J and Daguerre, Y and Na, H and Grigoriev, IV and Martin, F and Veneault-Fourrey, C},
title = {An ectomycorrhizal fungus alters sensitivity to jasmonate, salicylate, gibberellin, and ethylene in host roots.},
journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pce.13702},
pmid = {31834634},
issn = {1365-3040},
abstract = {The phytohormones jasmonate, gibberellin, salicylate, and ethylene regulate an interconnected reprogramming network integrating root development with plant responses against microbes. The establishment of mutualistic ectomycorrhizal symbiosis requires the suppression of plant defense responses against fungi as well as the modification of root architecture and cortical cell wall properties. Here, we investigated the contribution of phytohormones and their crosstalk to the ontogenesis of ectomycorrhizae (ECM) between grey poplar (Populus tremula x alba) roots and the fungus Laccaria bicolor. To obtain the hormonal blueprint of developing ECM, we quantified the concentrations of jasmonates, gibberellins, and salicylate via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we assessed root architecture, mycorrhizal morphology, and gene expression levels (RNA-sequencing) in phytohormone-treated poplar lateral roots in the presence or absence of L. bicolor. Salicylic acid accumulated in mid-stage ECM. Exogenous phytohormone treatment affected the fungal colonization rate and/or frequency of Hartig net formation. Colonized lateral roots displayed diminished responsiveness to jasmonate but regulated some genes, implicated in defense and cell wall remodeling, that were specifically differentially expressed after jasmonate treatment. Responses to salicylate, gibberellin, and ethylene were enhanced in ECM. The dynamics of phytohormone accumulation and response suggest that jasmonate, gibberellin, salicylate, and ethylene signaling play multifaceted roles in poplar-L. bicolor ectomycorrhizal development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid31834628,
year = {2019},
author = {Sós-HegedŰs, A and Domonkos, Á and Tóth, T and Gyula, P and Kaló, P and Szittya, G},
title = {Suppression of NB-LRR Genes by miRNAs Promotes Nitrogen-fixing Nodule Development in Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pce.13698},
pmid = {31834628},
issn = {1365-3040},
abstract = {Plant genomes contain two major classes of innate immune receptors to recognize different pathogens. The pattern recognition receptors perceive conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and the resistance genes with nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains recognize specific pathogen effectors. The precise regulation of resistance genes is important since the unregulated expression of NB-LRR genes can inhibit growth and may result in autoimmunity in the absence of pathogen infection. It was shown that a subset of miRNAs could target NB-LRR genes and act as an important regulator of plant immunity in the absence of pathogens. Plants not only interact with pathogens, but they can also establish symbiotic interactions with microbes. Nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interaction and nodule formation of legumes may also require the suppression of host defense to prevent immune responses. We found that upon symbiotic interactions, miRNAs repressing NB-LRR expression are upregulated in the developing nodules of Medicago truncatula. Furthermore, we show that the suppression of the activity of the NB-LRR genes targeted by these miRNAs is important during nodule development. Our results suggest that the downregulation of NB-LRR resistance genes in the developing nodule produces a suitable niche that facilitates bacterial colonization and the development of an N-fixing nodule. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid31833711,
year = {2019},
author = {Yang, WY and Sun, LY and Song, FB and Yang, XQ and Zhang, MJ and Li, SX and Zhu, XC},
title = {[Research advances in species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in terrestrial agro-ecosystem].},
journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology},
volume = {30},
number = {11},
pages = {3971-3979},
doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201911.036},
pmid = {31833711},
issn = {1001-9332},
mesh = {Biodiversity ; China ; Ecosystem ; Fungi ; *Mycorrhizae ; Plant Roots ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ancient and ubiquitous soil microorganisms, which can form mutually beneficial association with most terrestrial plants. Within the symbiotic relationship, AMF helps their host plants to absorb nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus while obtains carbon from the hosts. AMF plays an important role in agricultural ecosystem, including promoting plant growth, improving crop quality, increasing plant stress resistance, stabilizing soil structure, keeping ecological balance, and maintaining a sustainable agricultural development. We summarized the research advances of AMF in terrestrial agro-ecosystem in recent years, by focusing on AMF species diversity, spatial and temporal distribution, and influence factors of AMF biodiversity in terrestrial agro-ecosystem of China. Further research works were also prospected.},
}
@article {pmid31832941,
year = {2019},
author = {Campoy-Diaz, AD and Escobar-Correas, S and Canizo, BV and Wuilloud, RG and Vega, IA},
title = {A freshwater symbiosis as sensitive bioindicator of cadmium.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-019-07082-x},
pmid = {31832941},
issn = {1614-7499},
support = {RCS05712015//Universidad Nacional de Cuyo/ ; PICT2013-1190//Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica/ ; RCS41422019//Universidad Nacional de Cuyo/ ; },
abstract = {The vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems due to the entry of cadmium (Cd) is a concern of public and environmental health. This work explores the ability of tissues and symbiotic corpuscles of Pomacea canaliculata to concentrate and depurate Cd. From hatching to adulthood (4 months), snails were cultured in reconstituted water, which was a saline solution in ASTM Type I water. Then, adult snails were exposed for 8 weeks (exposure phase) to Cd (5 μg/L) and then returned to reconstituted water for other 8 weeks (depuration phase). Cadmium concentration in the digestive gland, kidney, head/foot and viscera (remaining of the snail body), symbiotic corpuscles, and particulate excreta was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. After exposure, the digestive gland showed the highest concentration of Cd (BCF = 5335). Symbiotic corpuscles bioaccumulated Cd at a concentration higher than that present in the water (BCF = 231 for C symbiotic corpuscles, BCF = 8 for K symbiotic corpuscles). No tissues or symbiotic corpuscles showed a significant change in the Cd levels at different time points of the depuration phase (weeks 8, 9, 10, 12, and 16). The symbiotic depuration through particulate excreta was faster between weeks 8 and 10, and then slower after on. Our findings show that epithelial cells of the digestive gland of P. canaliculata and their symbiotic C corpuscles are sensitive places for the bioindication of Cd in freshwater bodies.},
}
@article {pmid31830246,
year = {2019},
author = {Blow, F and Gioti, A and Goodhead, IB and Kalyva, M and Kampouraki, A and Vontas, J and Darby, AC},
title = {Functional genomics of a symbiotic community: shared traits in the olive fruit fly gut microbiota.},
journal = {Genome biology and evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz258},
pmid = {31830246},
issn = {1759-6653},
abstract = {The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is a major pest of olives worldwide and houses a specialized gut microbiota dominated by the obligate symbiont &quot;Candidatus Erwinia dacicola&quot;. Ca. E. dacicola is thought to supplement dietary nitrogen to the host, with only indirect evidence for this hypothesis so far. Here, we sought to investigate the contribution of the symbiosis to insect fitness and explore the ecology of the insect gut. For this purpose, we examined the composition of bacterial communities associated with Cretan olive fruit fly populations, and inspected several genomes and one transcriptome assembly. We identified, and reconstructed the genome of, a novel component of the gut microbiota, Tatumella sp. TA1, which is stably associated with Mediterranean olive fruit fly populations. We also reconstructed a number of pathways related to nitrogen assimilation and interactions with the host. The results show that, despite variation in taxa composition of the gut microbial community, core functions related to the symbiosis are maintained. Functional redundancy between different microbial taxa was observed for genes involved in urea hydrolysis. The latter is encoded in the obligate symbiont genome by a conserved urease operon, likely acquired by horizontal gene transfer, based on phylogenetic evidence. A potential underlying mechanism is the action of mobile elements, especially abundant in the Ca. E. dacicola genome. This finding, along with the identification, in the studied genomes, of extracellular surface structure components that may mediate interactions within the gut community, suggest that ongoing and past genetic exchanges between microbes may have shaped the symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31829914,
year = {2019},
author = {Gtari, M and Ghodhbane-Gtari, F and Nouioui, I},
title = {Frankia soli sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from soil beneath Ceanothus jepsonii.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003899},
pmid = {31829914},
issn = {1466-5034},
abstract = {Actinobacterial strain CjT was directly isolated from soil beneath Ceanothus jepsonii growing in the USA. The strain formed cell structures typical of the genus Frankia including extensive hyphae, vesicles and sporangia, and it effectively nodulated members of the actinorhizal Colletieae, Elaeagnaceae and Myricaceae. The whole-cell hydrolysate of strain CjT was rich in meso-diaminopimelic acid and galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, ribose and a trace of rhamnose. Tbe polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and glycophospholipid. The menaquinone was predominantly MK-9(H4). The fatty acid profile predominantly consisted of C17 : 1ω8c, iso-C16 : 0, C15:0, C16 : 0 and C17 : 0. A multilocus sequence analysis phylogeny based on atp1, ftsZ, dnaK, gyrA and secA gene sequences positioned the strain within Elaeagnaceae- and Colletieae-nodulating species together with Frankia elaeagni DSM 46783T, Frankia discariae DSM 46785T and Frankia irregularis DSM 45899T. Pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that strain CjT was most closely related to F. discariae DSM 46785T (99.78 %) while their digital DNA-DNA hybridization value was 41.1 %. Based on the overall analyses, strain CjT (=DSM 100623T=CECT 9041T) warrants classification as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Frankia soli sp. nov. is proposed.},
}
@article {pmid31828682,
year = {2020},
author = {Tokumoto, Y and Hashimoto, K and Soyano, T and Aoki, S and Iwasaki, W and Fukuhara, M and Nakagawa, T and Saeki, K and Yokoyama, J and Fujita, H and Kawaguchi, M},
title = {Assessment of Polygala paniculata (Polygalaceae) characteristics for evolutionary studies of legume-rhizobia symbiosis.},
journal = {Journal of plant research},
volume = {133},
number = {1},
pages = {109-122},
pmid = {31828682},
issn = {1618-0860},
support = {16H01248//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; 16H06279//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; 16K08149//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; 17K07509//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology/ ; },
abstract = {Root nodule (RN) symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction observed between nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and nodulating plants, which are scattered in only four orders of angiosperms called nitrogen-fixing clade. Most of legumes engage in RN symbiosis with rhizobia. Molecular genetic analyses with legumes and non-leguminous nodulating plants revealed that RN symbiosis utilizes early signalling components that are required for symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However detailed evolutionary processes are still largely unknown. Comparative analyses with non-nodulating species phylogenetically related to legumes could be better strategies to study the evolution of RN symbiosis in legumes. Polygala paniculata is a non-leguminous species that belongs to a family different from legumes but that is classified into the same order, Fabales. It has appropriate characteristics for cultivation in laboratories: small body size, high fertility and short lifecycles. Therefore, we further assessed whether this species is suitable as a model species for comparative studies with legumes. We first validated that the plant we obtained in Palau was truly P. paniculata by molecular phylogenetic analysis using rbcL sequences. The estimated genome size of this species was less than those of two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. We determined conditions for cultivation in vitro and for hairy root formation from P. paniculata seedlings. It would facilitate to investigate gene functions in this species. The ability of P. paniculata to interact with AM fungi was confirmed by inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, suggesting the presence of early signalling factors that might be involved in RN symbiosis. Unexpectedly, branching of root hairs was observed when inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti broad host range strain NZP2037, indicating that P. paniculata has the biological potential to respond to rhizobia. We propose that P. paniculata is used as a model plant for the evolutionary study of RN symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31827811,
year = {2019},
author = {Rapp, R},
title = {On mycohuman performances: fungi in current artistic research.},
journal = {Fungal biology and biotechnology},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {22},
doi = {10.1186/s40694-019-0085-6},
pmid = {31827811},
issn = {2054-3085},
abstract = {This review reflects several artists and their artistic research in the field of hybrid art, bio art, or science art, working with Fungi as both subject matter and medium. The work of Saša Spačal, Tarsh Bates and Theresa Schubert is not representational in the manner of traditional fine art, but works rather through performative, multidisciplinary and research-based strategies to produce artwork through fungal material as such. My research results are based on the series &quot;Nonhuman subjectivities&quot; and &quot;Nonhuman agents&quot; that Christian de Lutz and I conceived and realized at Art Laboratory Berlin (2016-18) in various formats-exhibitions, workshops, lectures and a conference. The work of Saša Spačal and her colleagues involves creating interactive situations of symbiosis between the fungal and the human. An example of this is Myconnect, in which a biofeedback loop is related between the human participant and Oyster mushroom mycelia through a special encounter, which is mediated by non-linguistic forms of awareness and exchange-sonic, electronic and metabolic. Tarsh Bates' work with Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis refers to a complex and intimate relation between the human and yeasts that form part of the human microbiome. Bates considers the relationship between humans and yeast as &quot;CandidaHomo Ecologies&quot; and sees both partners as equals. She explores this relationship through her work The Surface dynamics of adhesion, examines it from historical and metabolic levels through an installation that includes the live yeast growing on agar mixed with the artist's own blood. Theresa Schubert's installations and site-specific interventions treat living organisms, especially Fungi, as collaborators and co-creators. Her work Growing Geometries-Tattooing Mushrooms follows the morphological development of fungal fruiting bodies through the intervention of a tattoo. Her performative forest walks, especially the Forestal Psyche and also new actions for the &quot;Mind the Fungi&quot; project, engage the public in an intimate and multi sensory encounter with Fungi and their surrounding environment.},
}
@article {pmid31826410,
year = {2020},
author = {Volpe, V and Carotenuto, G and Berzero, C and Cagnina, L and Puech-Pagès, V and Genre, A},
title = {Short chain chito-oligosaccharides promote arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {Carbohydrate polymers},
volume = {229},
number = {},
pages = {115505},
doi = {10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115505},
pmid = {31826410},
issn = {1879-1344},
abstract = {During the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, the fungus and the host plant exchange chemical signals that are crucial to reciprocal recognition. Short-chain chitin oligomers (CO) released by AM fungi are known to trigger symbiotic signaling in all host plant species tested. Here we applied exogenous CO, derived from crustacean exoskeleton, to pot-grown Medicago truncatula inoculated with the AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae and investigated root colonization, plant gene regulation and biomass production. CO treatment strongly promoted AM colonization with significant increases in arbuscule development, biomass production and photosynthetic surface compared to untreated mycorrhizal plants. Gene expression analyses indicated that CO treatment anticipated the expression of MtBCP and MtPT4 plant symbiotic markers, during the first two weeks post inoculation. Altogether, our results provide evidence that plant treatment with symbiotic fungal elicitors, anticipated and enhanced AM development, encouraging the use of CO to promote AM establishment in sustainable agricultural practices.},
}
@article {pmid31824455,
year = {2019},
author = {Gould, AL and Dunlap, PV},
title = {Shedding Light on Specificity: Population Genomic Structure of a Symbiosis Between a Coral Reef Fish and Luminous Bacterium.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2670},
pmid = {31824455},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {All organisms depend on symbiotic associations with bacteria for their success, yet how these interspecific interactions influence the population structure, ecology, and evolution of microbial symbionts is not well understood. Additionally, patterns of genetic variation in interacting species can reveal ecological traits that are important to gene flow and co-evolution. In this study, we define patterns of spatial and temporal genetic variation of a coral reef fish, Siphamia tubifer, and its luminous bacterial symbiont, Photobacterium mandapamensis in the Okinawa Islands, Japan. Using restriction site-associated sequencing (RAD-Seq) methods, we show that populations of the facultative light organ symbiont of S. tubifer exhibit genetic structure at fine spatial scales of tens of kilometers despite the absence of physical barriers to dispersal and in contrast to populations of the host fish. These results suggest that the host's behavioral ecology and environmental interactions between host and symbiont help to structure symbiont populations in the region, consequently fostering the specificity of the association between host generations. Our approach also revealed several symbiont genes that were divergent between host populations, including hfq and a homolog of varS, both of which play a role in host association in Vibrio cholerae. Overall, this study highlights the important role that a host animal can play in structuring the distribution of its bacterial symbiont, particularly in highly connected marine environments, thereby promoting specificity of the symbiosis between host generations.},
}
@article {pmid31824305,
year = {2019},
author = {Götz, MR and Collado, JA and Fernández-Ruiz, J and Fiebich, BL and García-Toscano, L and Gómez-Cañas, M and Koch, O and Leha, A and Muñoz, E and Navarrete, C and Pazos, MR and Holzgrabe, U},
title = {Structure-Effect Relationships of Novel Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoid Derivatives.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1284},
pmid = {31824305},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Background: As a library of cannabinoid (CB) derivatives with (-)-trans-cannabidiol (CBD) or (-)-trans-cannabidivarin (CBDV) scaffold, we synthesized nine novel cannabinoids: 2-hydroxyethyl cannabidiolate (2-HEC), 2-hydroxypentyl cannabidiolate (2-HPC), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl cannabidiolate (GCBD), cyclohexyl cannabidiolate (CHC), n-hexyl-cannabidiolate (HC), 2-(methylsulfonamido)ethyl cannabidiolate (NMSC), 2-hydroxyethyl cannabidivarinolate (2-HECBDV), cyclohexyl cannabidivarinolate (CHCBDV), and n-hexyl cannabidivarinolate (HCBDV). Their binding and intrinsic effects at the CB1- and CB2-receptors and the effects on inflammatory signaling cascades were investigated in in vitro and ex vivo cell models. Materials and Methods: Binding affinity was studied in membranes isolated from CB-receptor-transfected HEK293EBNA cells, intrinsic functional activity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin (IO)-treated Jurkat T-cells. Inhibition of interleukin (IL)-17-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [IL-6, IL-1β, CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] was studied in RAW264.7 macrophages at the RNA level. Pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression were investigated at the protein level in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated primary human monocytes. Results: Derivatives with long aliphatic side chains at the ester position at R1 [HC (5)] as well as the ones with polar side chains [2-HECBDV (7), NMSC (6), and 2-HEC (1)] can be selective for CB2-receptors. The CBDV-derivatives HCBDV and CHCBDV demonstrated specific binding at CB1- and CB2-receptors at nanomolar concentrations. 2-HEC, 2-HPC, GCBD, and NMSC were agonists at CB2-receptor and antagonists at CB1-receptor. CHC bound both receptors at submicromolar ranges and was an agonist for these receptors. 2-HECBDV was an agonist at CB2-receptor and an antagonist at the CB1-receptor despite its modest affinity at this receptor (micromolar range). NMSC inhibited NF-κB and NFAT activity, and 2-HEC, 2-HPC, and GCBD dose-dependently inhibited PMA/IO-stimulated NFAT activation. CHC and HC dose-dependently reduced IL-1β and CCL2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. NMSC inhibited IL-1β, CCL2, and TNF-α at lower doses. At higher doses, it induced a pronounced increase in IL-6 mRNA. 2-HEC, 2-HPC, and GCBD dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 synthesis. NMSC further increased LPS-stimulated IL-1β release but inhibited IL-8, TNF-α, and PGE2. Conclusion: The CBD- and CBDV-derivatives studied are suitable for targeting CB-receptors. Some may be used as selective CB2 agonists. The length of the aliphatic rest at R2 of CBD (pentyl) and CBDV (propyl) did not correlate with the binding affinity. Higher polarity at R1 appeared to favor the agonistic activity at CB2-receptors.},
}
@article {pmid31823373,
year = {2020},
author = {Lefebvre, B},
title = {An opportunity to breed rice for improved benefits from the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis?.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {225},
number = {4},
pages = {1404-1406},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16333},
pmid = {31823373},
issn = {1469-8137},
}
@article {pmid31822603,
year = {2019},
author = {Luter, HM and Whalan, S and Andreakis, N and Abdul Wahab, M and Botté, ES and Negri, AP and Webster, NS},
title = {The Effects of Crude Oil and Dispersant on the Larval Sponge Holobiont.},
journal = {mSystems},
volume = {4},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {31822603},
issn = {2379-5077},
abstract = {Accidental oil spills from shipping and during extraction can threaten marine biota, particularly coral reef species which are already under pressure from anthropogenic disturbances. Marine sponges are an important structural and functional component of coral reef ecosystems; however, despite their ecological importance, little is known about how sponges and their microbial symbionts respond to petroleum products. Here, we use a systems biology-based approach to assess the effects of water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of crude oil, chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions of crude oil (CWAF), and dispersant (Corexit EC9500A) on the survival, metamorphosis, gene expression, and microbial symbiosis of the abundant reef sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile in larval laboratory-based assays. Larval survival was unaffected by the 100% WAF treatment (107 μg liter-1 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [PAH]), whereas significant decreases in metamorphosis were observed at 13% WAF (13.9 μg liter-1 PAH). The CWAF and dispersant treatments were more toxic, with decreases in metamorphosis identified at 0.8% (0.58 μg liter-1 PAH) and 1.6% (38 mg liter-1 Corexit EC9500A), respectively. In addition to the negative impact on larval settlement, significant changes in host gene expression and disruptions to the microbiome were evident, with microbial shifts detected at the lowest treatment level (1.6% WAF; 1.7 μg liter-1 PAH), including a significant reduction in the relative abundance of a previously described thaumarchaeal symbiont. The responsiveness of the R. odorabile microbial community to the lowest level of hydrocarbon treatment highlights the utility of the sponge microbiome as a sensitive marker for exposure to crude oils and dispersants.IMPORTANCE Larvae of the sponge R. odorabile survived exposure to high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons; however, their ability to settle and metamorphose was adversely affected at environmentally relevant concentrations, and these effects were paralleled by marked changes in sponge gene expression and preceded by disruption of the symbiotic microbiome. Given the ecological importance of sponges, uncontrolled hydrocarbon releases from shipping accidents or production could affect sponge recruitment, which would have concomitant consequences for reef ecosystem function.},
}
@article {pmid31822555,
year = {2020},
author = {Leybourne, DJ and Valentine, TA and Bos, JIB and Karley, AJ},
title = {A fitness cost resulting from Hamiltonella defensa infection is associated with altered probing and feeding behaviour in Rhopalosiphum padi.},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
volume = {223},
number = {Pt 1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.207936},
pmid = {31822555},
issn = {1477-9145},
abstract = {Many herbivorous arthropods, including aphids, frequently associate with facultative endosymbiotic bacteria, which influence arthropod physiology and fitness. In aphids, endosymbionts can increase resistance against natural enemies, enhance aphid virulence and alter aphid fitness. Here, we used the electrical penetration graph technique to uncover physiological processes at the insect-plant interface affected by endosymbiont infection. We monitored the feeding and probing behaviour of four independent clonal lines of the cereal-feeding aphid Rhopalosiphum padi derived from the same multilocus genotype containing differential infection (+/-) with a common facultative endosymbiont, Hamiltonella defensa Aphid feeding was examined on a partially resistant wild relative of barley known to impair aphid fitness and a susceptible commercial barley cultivar. Compared with uninfected aphids, endosymbiont-infected aphids on both plant species exhibited a twofold increase in the number of plant cell punctures, a 50% reduction in the duration of each cellular puncture and a twofold higher probability of achieving sustained phloem ingestion. Feeding behaviour was also altered by host plant identity: endosymbiont-infected aphids spent less time probing plant tissue, required twice as many probes to reach the phloem and showed a 44% reduction in phloem ingestion when feeding on the wild barley relative compared with the susceptible commercial cultivar. Reduced feeding success could explain the 22% reduction in growth of H. defensa-infected aphids measured on the wild barley relative. This study provides the first demonstration of mechanisms at the aphid-plant interface contributing to physiological effects of endosymbiont infection on aphid fitness, through altered feeding processes on different quality host plants.},
}
@article {pmid31817999,
year = {2019},
author = {Calcagnile, M and Tredici, SM and Talà, A and Alifano, P},
title = {Bacterial Semiochemicals and Transkingdom Interactions with Insects and Plants.},
journal = {Insects},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/insects10120441},
pmid = {31817999},
issn = {2075-4450},
support = {ARS01_01220//Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca/ ; },
abstract = {A peculiar feature of all living beings is their capability to communicate. With the discovery of the quorum sensing phenomenon in bioluminescent bacteria in the late 1960s, it became clear that intraspecies and interspecies communications and social behaviors also occur in simple microorganisms such as bacteria. However, at that time, it was difficult to imagine how such small organisms-invisible to the naked eye-could influence the behavior and wellbeing of the larger, more complex and visible organisms they colonize. Now that we know this information, the challenge is to identify the myriad of bacterial chemical signals and communication networks that regulate the life of what can be defined, in a whole, as a meta-organism. In this review, we described the transkingdom crosstalk between bacteria, insects, and plants from an ecological perspective, providing some paradigmatic examples. Second, we reviewed what is known about the genetic and biochemical bases of the bacterial chemical communication with other organisms and how explore the semiochemical potential of a bacterium can be explored. Finally, we illustrated how bacterial semiochemicals managing the transkingdom communication may be exploited from a biotechnological point of view.},
}
@article {pmid31816572,
year = {2019},
author = {Hajjo, H and Geva-Zatorsky, N},
title = {Gut microbiota - host interactions now also brain-immune axis.},
journal = {Current opinion in neurobiology},
volume = {62},
number = {},
pages = {53-59},
doi = {10.1016/j.conb.2019.10.009},
pmid = {31816572},
issn = {1873-6882},
abstract = {The 'gut-brain axis' is a fairly new term in the fairly new field of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, the collection of microorganisms residing in intestines of vertebrates, was shown to have major effects on host physiology. The field has seen a renaissance due to advances in deep-sequencing. Recently, there is an explosion of studies on the physiological and therapeutic potential of the gut microbiota. These microbes are considered to reside in symbiosis with their hosts, and are termed 'commensals', originated from Latin - 'at table together'. We provide the gut microbes nutrients and a living niche, and they in turn, provide us with essentially the same - nutrients derived from the food we eat, that we cannot digest, and essential functions for health and longevity. In the past few years it has been appreciated that gut microbes can even affect our brain, behavior, and neurological disorders, which we here review.},
}
@article {pmid31816510,
year = {2020},
author = {Sánchez-Elordi, E and Sterling, RM and Santiago, R and de Armas, R and Vicente, C and Legaz, ME},
title = {Increase in cytotoxic lignans production after smut infection in sugar cane plants.},
journal = {Journal of plant physiology},
volume = {244},
number = {},
pages = {153087},
doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153087},
pmid = {31816510},
issn = {1618-1328},
abstract = {Smut infection alters the transcription of dirigent proteins (DIR) by sugarcane plants. Here, we show that these alterations are associated to an elevated production of cytotoxic lignans. Smut-resistant sugarcane varieties display a fivefold increase in pinoresinol and also produce elevated amounts of secoisolariciresinol. Conversely, smut-sensitive varieties do not produce pinoresinol or secoisolariciresinol upon infection, synthesizing instead small amounts of matairesinol. Our data indicate that commercial pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol seem to prevent smut teliospore germination and sporidia release from sprouted teliospores. Consistently, we observed abundant morphological alterations of sporidia incubated in the presence of these lignans. However, commercial lignans do not block the development of the pathogen in a definitive way. Additional experiments demonstrate that only the extracts from healthy or smut-exposed resistant plants inhibit sporidia growth in vitro, indicating that a specific mixture of lignans from resistant plants is necessary to constitute an effective defense mechanism.},
}
@article {pmid31813608,
year = {2019},
author = {Girardin, A and Wang, T and Ding, Y and Keller, J and Buendia, L and Gaston, M and Ribeyre, C and Gasciolli, V and Auriac, MC and Vernié, T and Bendahmane, A and Ried, MK and Parniske, M and Morel, P and Vandenbussche, M and Schorderet, M and Reinhardt, D and Delaux, PM and Bono, JJ and Lefebvre, B},
title = {LCO Receptors Involved in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Are Functional for Rhizobia Perception in Legumes.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {29},
number = {24},
pages = {4249-4259.e5},
pmid = {31813608},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {Bacterial lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are key mediators of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS) in legumes. The isolation of LCOs from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi suggested that LCOs are also signaling molecules in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). However, the corresponding plant receptors have remained uncharacterized. Here we show that petunia and tomato mutants in the LysM receptor-like kinases LYK10 are impaired in AM formation. Petunia and tomato LYK10 proteins have a high affinity for LCOs (Kd in the nM range) comparable to that previously reported for a legume LCO receptor essential for the RNS. Interestingly, the tomato and petunia LYK10 promoters, when introduced into a legume, were active in nodules similarly to the promoter of the legume orthologous gene. Moreover, tomato and petunia LYK10 coding sequences restored nodulation in legumes mutated in their orthologs. This combination of genetic and biochemical data clearly pinpoints Solanaceous LYK10 as part of an ancestral LCO perception system involved in AM establishment, which has been directly recruited during evolution of the RNS in legumes.},
}
@article {pmid31813393,
year = {2019},
author = {Ciolfi, S and Marri, L},
title = {Dominant symbiotic bacteria associated with wild medfly populations reveal a bacteriocin-like killing phenotype: a 'cold-case' study.},
journal = {Bulletin of entomological research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-6},
doi = {10.1017/S0007485319000816},
pmid = {31813393},
issn = {1475-2670},
abstract = {The gut of the agricultural pest Ceratitis capitata hosts a varied community of bacteria, mainly Enterobacteriaceae, that were implicated in several processes that increase the fitness of the insect. In this study, we investigated the antagonistic activity in vitro of Klebsiella oxytoca strains isolated in the 1990s from the alimentary tract of wild medflies collected from different varieties of fruit trees at diverse localities. Assays were carried out against reference strains (representative of Gram-negative and -positive bacterial species) of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Eight Klebsiella, out of 11, expressed a killing activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 23739, and Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047; among the eight strains, at least one showed activity against Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 23853. Genomic DNA derived from all Klebsiella strains was then subjected to PCR amplification using specific primer pairs designed from each of the four bacteriocin (KlebB, C, D, CCL) sequences found so far in Klebsiella. KlebD primer pairs were the only to produce a single product for all strains expressing the killing phenotype in vitro. One of the amplicons was cloned and sequenced; the DNA sequence shows 93% identity with a plasmid-carried colicin-D gene of a strain of Klebsiella michiganensis, and 86% identity with the sequence encoding for the klebicin D activity protein in K. oxytoca. Our work provides the first evidence that dominant symbiotic bacteria associated with wild medfly populations express a killing phenotype that may mediate inter and intraspecies competition among bacterial populations in the insect gut in vivo.},
}
@article {pmid31809929,
year = {2019},
author = {Su, Y and Zhang, K and Zhou, Z and Wang, J and Yang, X and Tang, J and Li, H and Lin, S},
title = {Microplastic exposure represses the growth of endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Cladocopium goreaui in culture through affecting its apoptosis and metabolism.},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {244},
number = {},
pages = {125485},
doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125485},
pmid = {31809929},
issn = {1879-1298},
abstract = {Microplastics are widespread emerging marine pollutants that have been found in the coral reef ecosystem. In the present study, using Cladocopium goreaui as a symbiont representative, we investigated cytological, physiological, and molecular responses of a Symbiodiniaceae species to weeklong microplastic exposure (Polystyrene, diameter 1.0 μm, 9.0 × 109 particles L-1). The density and size of algal cells decreased significantly at 7 d and 6-7 d of microplastic exposure, respectively. Chlorophyll a content increased significantly at 7 d of exposure, whereas Fv/Fm did not change significantly during the entire exposure period. We observed significant increases in superoxide dismutase activity and caspase3 activation level, significant decrease in glutathione S-transferase activity, but no change in catalase activity during the whole exposure period. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 191 significantly upregulated and 71 significantly downregulated genes at 7 d after microplastic exposure. Fifteen GO terms were overrepresented for these significantly upregulated genes, which were grouped into four categories including transmembrane ion transport, substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity, calcium ion binding, and calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. Thirteen of the significantly upregulated genes encode metal ion transporter and ammonium transporter, and five light-harvesting protein genes were among the significantly downregulated genes. These results demonstrate that microplastics can act as an exogenous stressor, suppress detoxification activity, nutrient uptake, and photosynthesis, elevate oxidative stress, and raise the apoptosis level through upregulating ion transport and apoptotic enzymes to repress the growth of C. goreaui. These effects have implications in negative impacts of microplastics on coral-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis that involves C. goreaui.},
}
@article {pmid31806758,
year = {2019},
author = {Varoquaux, N and Cole, B and Gao, C and Pierroz, G and Baker, CR and Patel, D and Madera, M and Jeffers, T and Hollingsworth, J and Sievert, J and Yoshinaga, Y and Owiti, JA and Singan, VR and DeGraaf, S and Xu, L and Blow, MJ and Harrison, MJ and Visel, A and Jansson, C and Niyogi, KK and Hutmacher, R and Coleman-Derr, D and O'Malley, RC and Taylor, JW and Dahlberg, J and Vogel, JP and Lemaux, PG and Purdom, E},
title = {Transcriptomic analysis of field-droughted sorghum from seedling to maturity reveals biotic and metabolic responses.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {31806758},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Drought is the most important environmental stress limiting crop yields. The C4 cereal sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a critical food, forage, and emerging bioenergy crop that is notably drought-tolerant. We conducted a large-scale field experiment, imposing preflowering and postflowering drought stress on 2 genotypes of sorghum across a tightly resolved time series, from plant emergence to postanthesis, resulting in a dataset of nearly 400 transcriptomes. We observed a fast and global transcriptomic response in leaf and root tissues with clear temporal patterns, including modulation of well-known drought pathways. We also identified genotypic differences in core photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging pathways, highlighting possible mechanisms of drought tolerance and of the delayed senescence, characteristic of the stay-green phenotype. Finally, we discovered a large-scale depletion in the expression of genes critical to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, with a corresponding drop in AM fungal mass in the plants' roots.},
}
@article {pmid31805683,
year = {2019},
author = {Kimeklis, AK and Chirak, ER and Kuznetsova, IG and Sazanova, AL and Safronova, VI and Belimov, AA and Onishchuk, OP and Kurchak, ON and Aksenova, ТS and Pinaev, AG and Andronov, EE and Provorov, NA},
title = {Rhizobia Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa Represent a Genetically Specific Group within Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {31805683},
issn = {2073-4425},
abstract = {Twenty-two rhizobia strains isolated from three distinct populations (North Ossetia, Dagestan, and Armenia) of a relict legume Vavilovia formosa were analysed to determine their position within Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (Rlv). These bacteria are described as symbionts of four plant genera Pisum, Vicia, Lathyrus, and Lens from the Fabeae tribe, of which Vavilovia is considered to be closest to its last common ancestor (LCA). In contrast to biovar viciae, bacteria from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (Rlt) inoculate plants from the Trifolieae tribe. Comparison of house-keeping (hkg: 16S rRNA, glnII, gltA, and dnaK) and symbiotic (sym: nodA, nodC, nodD, and nifH) genes of the symbionts of V. formosa with those of other Rlv and Rlt strains reveals a significant group separation, which was most pronounced for sym genes. A remarkable feature of the strains isolated from V. formosa was the presence of the nodX gene, which was commonly found in Rlv strains isolated from Afghanistan pea genotypes. Tube testing of different strains on nine plant species, including all genera from the Fabeae tribe, demonstrated that the strains from V. formosa nodulated the same cross inoculation group as the other Rlv strains. Comparison of nucleotide similarity in sym genes suggested that their diversification within sym-biotypes of Rlv was elicited by host plants. Contrariwise, that of hkg genes could be caused by either local adaptation to soil niches or by genetic drift. Long-term ecological isolation, genetic separation, and the ancestral position of V. formosa suggested that symbionts of V. formosa could be responsible for preserving ancestral genotypes of the Rlv biovar.},
}
@article {pmid31805640,
year = {2019},
author = {Chirak, ER and Kimeklis, AK and Karasev, ES and Kopat, VV and Safronova, VI and Belimov, AA and Aksenova, TS and Kabilov, MR and Provorov, NA and Andronov, EE},
title = {Search for Ancestral Features in Genomes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Strains Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes10120990},
pmid = {31805640},
issn = {2073-4425},
abstract = {Vavilovia formosa is a relict leguminous plant growing in hard-to-reach habitats in the rocky highlands of the Caucasus and Middle East, and it is considered as the putative closest living relative of the last common ancestor (LCA) of the Fabeae tribe. Symbionts of Vavilovia belonging to Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae compose a discrete group that differs from the other strains, especially in the nucleotide sequences of the symbiotically specialised (sym) genes. Comparison of the genomes of Vavilovia strains with the reference group composed of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae strains isolated from Pisum and Vicia demonstrated that the vavilovia strains have a set of genomic features, probably indicating the important stages of microevolution of the symbiotic system. Specifically, symbionts of Vavilovia (considered as an ancestral group) demonstrated a scattered arrangement of sym genes (>90 kb cluster on pSym), with the location of nodT gene outside of the other nod operons, the presence of nodX and fixW, and the absence of chromosomal fixNOPQ copies. In contrast, the reference (derived) group harboured sym genes as a compact cluster (<60 kb) on a single pSym, lacking nodX and fixW, with nodT between nodN and nodO, and possessing chromosomal fixNOPQ copies. The TOM strain, obtained from nodules of the primitive &quot;Afghan&quot; peas, occupied an intermediate position because it has the chromosomal fixNOPQ copy, while the other features, the most important of which is presence of nodX and fixW, were similar to the Vavilovia strains. We suggest that genome evolution from the ancestral to the derived R. leguminosarum bv. viciae groups follows the &quot;gain-and-loss of sym genes&quot; and the &quot;compaction of sym cluster&quot; strategies, which are common for the macro-evolutionary and micro-evolutionary processes. The revealed genomic features are in concordance with a relict status of the vavilovia strains, indicating that V. formosa coexists with ancestral microsymbionts, which are presumably close to the LCA of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae.},
}
@article {pmid31805130,
year = {2019},
author = {Morard, R and Füllberg, A and Brummer, GA and Greco, M and Jonkers, L and Wizemann, A and Weiner, AKM and Darling, K and Siccha, M and Ledevin, R and Kitazato, H and de Garidel-Thoron, T and de Vargas, C and Kucera, M},
title = {Genetic and morphological divergence in the warm-water planktonic foraminifera genus Globigerinoides.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {e0225246},
pmid = {31805130},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The planktonic foraminifera genus Globigerinoides provides a prime example of a species-rich genus in which genetic and morphological divergence are uncorrelated. To shed light on the evolutionary processes that lead to the present-day diversity of Globigerinoides, we investigated the genetic, ecological and morphological divergence of its constituent species. We assembled a global collection of single-cell barcode sequences and show that the genus consists of eight distinct genetic types organized in five extant morphospecies. Based on morphological evidence, we reassign the species Globoturborotalita tenella to Globigerinoides and amend Globigerinoides ruber by formally proposing two new subspecies, G. ruber albus n.subsp. and G. ruber ruber in order to express their subspecies level distinction and to replace the informal G. ruber &quot;white&quot; and G. ruber &quot;pink&quot;, respectively. The genetic types within G. ruber and Globigerinoides elongatus show a combination of endemism and coexistence, with little evidence for ecological differentiation. CT-scanning and ontogeny analysis reveal that the diagnostic differences in adult morphologies could be explained by alterations of the ontogenetic trajectories towards final (reproductive) size. This indicates that heterochrony may have caused the observed decoupling between genetic and morphological diversification within the genus. We find little evidence for environmental forcing of either the genetic or the morphological diversification, which allude to biotic interactions such as symbiosis, as the driver of speciation in Globigerinoides.},
}
@article {pmid31805103,
year = {2019},
author = {Joshee, K and Abhang, T and Kulkarni, R},
title = {Fatty acid profiling of 75 Indian snack samples highlights overall low trans fatty acid content with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content in some samples.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {e0225798},
pmid = {31805103},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Diet-derived fatty acids have well-proven varying effects on human health. In particular, trans fatty acids (TFA) are associated with high risk of cardiovascular diseases whereas, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are considered to be beneficial to the human health. In this study, we report fatty acid profiling of 75 food samples from India belonging to three broad categories, viz., perishable deep-fried, non-perishable deep-fried and bakery. Lipids were extracted from the snacks and fatty acids converted into methyl esters and analysed by gas chromatography. Thirty-seven detected fatty acids were classified into four categories: saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), PUFA, and TFA, of which SFA represented the most abundant class in two-third of the samples. The highest average proportions of TFA and SFA of 3.26% and 56.1%, respectively, in total fatty acids were found in the bakery products; whereas, that of PUFA (38%) in the perishable deep-fried products. Principal Component Analysis depicted clustering of many samples according to the above-mentioned categories and helped predict the oil usage. Lower TFA content in all the samples and high proportion of PUFA in a quarter of the samples is suggestive of a better trend as compared to earlier studies.},
}
@article {pmid31803234,
year = {2019},
author = {Chen, L and Li, D and Shao, Y and Wang, H and Liu, Y and Zhang, Y},
title = {Identifying Microbiota Signature and Functional Rules Associated With Bacterial Subtypes in Human Intestine.},
journal = {Frontiers in genetics},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1146},
doi = {10.3389/fgene.2019.01146},
pmid = {31803234},
issn = {1664-8021},
abstract = {Gut microbiomes are integral microflora located in the human intestine with particular symbiosis. Among all microorganisms in the human intestine, bacteria are the most significant subgroup that contains many unique and functional species. The distribution patterns of bacteria in the human intestine not only reflect the different microenvironments in different sections of the intestine but also indicate that bacteria may have unique biological functions corresponding to their proper regions of the intestine. However, describing the functional differences between the bacterial subgroups and their distributions in different individuals is difficult using traditional computational approaches. Here, we first attempted to introduce four effective sets of bacterial features from independent databases. We then presented a novel computational approach to identify potential distinctive features among bacterial subgroups based on a systematic dataset on the gut microbiome from approximately 1,500 human gut bacterial strains. We also established a group of quantitative rules for explaining such distinctions. Results may reveal the microstructural characteristics of the intestinal flora and deepen our understanding on the regulatory role of bacterial subgroups in the human intestine.},
}
@article {pmid31802184,
year = {2019},
author = {Xu, S and Jiang, L and Qiao, G and Chen, J},
title = {The Bacterial Flora Associated with the Polyphagous Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Is Strongly Affected by Host Plants.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01435-2},
pmid = {31802184},
issn = {1432-184X},
support = {2016YFE0203100//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; XDA19050303//Strategic Priority Research Program A of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 31620103916//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31430078//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Aphids live in symbiosis with a variety of bacteria, including the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola and diverse facultative symbionts. The symbiotic associations for one aphid species, especially for polyphagous species, often differ across populations. In the present study, by using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing, we surveyed in detail the microbiota in natural populations of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii in China and assessed differences in bacterial diversity with respect to host plant and geography. The microbial community of A. gossypii was dominated by a few heritable symbionts. Arsenophonus was the most dominant secondary symbiont, and Spiroplasma was detected for the first time. Statistical tests and ordination analyses showed that host plants rather than geography seemed to have shaped the associated symbiont composition. Special symbiont communities inhabited the Cucurbitaceae-feeding populations, which supported the ecological specialization of A. gossypii on cucurbits from the viewpoint of symbiotic bacteria. Correlation analysis suggested antagonistic interactions between Buchnera and coexisting secondary symbionts and more complicated interactions between different secondary symbionts. Our findings lend further support to an important role of the host plant in structuring symbiont communities of polyphagous aphids and will improve our understanding of the interactions among phytophagous insects, symbionts, and environments.},
}
@article {pmid31801843,
year = {2019},
author = {Callaghan, MM and Dillard, JP},
title = {Mucus Is a Key Factor in Neisseria meningitidis Commensalism.},
journal = {mSphere},
volume = {4},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {31801843},
issn = {2379-5042},
mesh = {Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Mucous Membrane ; Mucus ; *Neisseria meningitidis ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The work presented by Audry et al. (M. Audry, C. Robbe-Masselot, J.-P. Barnier, B. Gachet, et al., mSphere 4:e00494-19, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00494-19) gives new insight into the interactions of Neisseria meningitidis and the human nasopharynx. Using an air interface tissue culture model of a polarized, mucus-secreting epithelium, Audry et al. demonstrate that N. meningitidis bacteria do not commonly invade epithelial cells. Rather, they are trapped in the mucus layer, where they are protected from dessication. In this model, meningicocci fail to elicit a pro-inflammatory immune response and show growth effects in response to another nasopharyngeal colonizer, Streptococcus mitis These findings prompt new questions about pathobiont behaviors, the role of mucus in bacterium-host interactions, and modeling human infection.},
}
@article {pmid31801294,
year = {2019},
author = {Alex, A and Antunes, A},
title = {Comparative Genomics Reveals Metabolic Specificity of Endozoicomonas Isolated from a Marine Sponge and the Genomic Repertoire for Host-Bacteria Symbioses.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7120635},
pmid = {31801294},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {PTDC/BIA-BMA/29985/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029985)//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; PTDC/CTA-AMB/31774/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER/031774/2017).//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; UID/Multi/04423/2019//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; },
abstract = {The most recently described bacterial members of the genus Endozoicomonas have been found in association with a wide variety of marine invertebrates. Despite their ubiquity in the host holobiont, limited information is available on the molecular genomic signatures of the symbiotic association of Endozoicomonas with marine sponges. Here, we generated a draft genome of Endozoicomonas sp. OPT23 isolated from the intertidal marine sponge Ophlitaspongia papilla and performed comprehensive comparative genomics analyses. Genome-specific analysis and metabolic pathway comparison of the members of the genus Endozoicomonas revealed the presence of gene clusters encoding for unique metabolic features, such as the utilization of carbon sources through lactate, L-rhamnose metabolism, and a phenylacetic acid degradation pathway in Endozoicomonas sp. OPT23. Moreover, the genome harbors genes encoding for eukaryotic-like proteins, such as ankyrin repeats, tetratricopeptide repeats, and Sel1 repeats, which likely facilitate sponge-bacterium attachment. The genome also encodes major secretion systems and homologs of effector molecules that seem to enable the sponge-associated bacterium to interact with the sponge and deliver the virulence factors for successful colonization. In conclusion, the genome analysis of Endozoicomonas sp. OPT23 revealed the presence of adaptive genomic signatures that might favor their symbiotic lifestyle within the sponge host.},
}
@article {pmid31800204,
year = {2019},
author = {Bratovanov, EV and Ishida, K and Heinze, B and Pidot, SJ and Stinear, TP and Hegemann, JD and Marahiel, MA and Hertweck, C},
title = {Genome Mining and Heterologous Expression Reveal Two Distinct Families of Lasso Peptides Highly Conserved in Endofungal Bacteria.},
journal = {ACS chemical biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acschembio.9b00805},
pmid = {31800204},
issn = {1554-8937},
abstract = {Genome mining identified the fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis Rhizopus microsporus-Mycetohabitans (previously Burkholderia) rhizoxinica as a rich source of novel natural products. However, most of the predicted compounds have remained cryptic. In this study, we employed heterologous expression to isolate and characterize three ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides with lariat topology (lasso peptides) from the endosymbiont M. rhizoxinica: burhizin-23, mycetohabin-16, and mycetohabin-15. Through coexpression experiments, it was shown that an orphan gene product results in mature mycetohabin-15, albeit encoded remotely from the core biosynthetic gene cluster. Comparative genomics revealed that mycetohabins are highly conserved among M. rhizoxinica and related endosymbiotic bacteria. Gene knockout and reinfection experiments indicated that the lasso peptides are not crucial for establishing symbiosis; instead, the peptides are exported into the environment during endosymbiosis. This is the first report on lasso peptides from endosymbiotic bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31799343,
year = {2019},
author = {Bukharin, OV and Andryuschenko, SV and Perunova, NB and Ivanova, EV and Chainikova, IN and Zdvizhkova, IA},
title = {Genome sequence data announcement of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain ICIS-202 isolated from a healthy human intestine stimulating active nitrogen oxide production in macrophages.},
journal = {Data in brief},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {104761},
pmid = {31799343},
issn = {2352-3409},
abstract = {This report presents the data on the draft genome sequence of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain ICIS-202. The strain, isolated from the intestine of a young healthy woman, was deposited in the State Collection of Microorganisms of Normal Microbiota in Gabrichevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation as a prospective candidate for probiotic development. The size of the genome was 2,265,060 bp (62,4% G + C content). The annotation revealed 1771 coding sequences, including 1771 proteins, 5 rRNA, 52 tRNA, and 3 ncRNA genes. The draft genome sequence data of B. bifidum strain ICIS-202 is available in DBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession nos. SSMS00000000.1, PRJNA412271 and SAMN07709009 for Genome, Bioproject and Biosample databases, respectively.},
}
@article {pmid31798561,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, X and Li, X and Wu, C and Ye, L and Kang, Z and Zhang, X},
title = {Exogenous Nitric Oxide and Phosphorus Stress Affect the Mycorrhization, Plant Growth, and Associated Microbes of Carya illinoinensis Seedlings Colonized by Tuber indicum.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2634},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02634},
pmid = {31798561},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {In the artificial cultivation of truffles, ectomycorrhizal colonization level, host plant quality, and the associated microbes in the rhizosphere soil are vitally important. To explore the effects of nitric oxide (NO) and phosphorus (P) stress on the early symbiosis of truffles and host plants, different concentrations of exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and P were applied to Carya illinoinensis seedlings inoculated with the Chinese black truffle (Tuber indicum). The growth of T. indicum-mycorrhized seedlings and their mycorrhizal colonization rate were investigated. Additionally, the denitrifying bacterial community harboring NO reductase (norB) genes and the fungal community in the rhizosphere of the host were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the colonization rate of T. indicum was significantly influenced by SNP treatments and P stress, with the highest level being obtained when the SNP was 100 μmol/L under low P stress (5 μmol/L). Treatment with 100 μmol/L SNP alone also increased the colonization rate of T. indicum and had positive effects on the plant height, stem circumference, biomass, root-shoot ratio and root POD activity of the seedlings at different times after inoculation. Under low P stress, the 100 μmol/L SNP increased the richness of the norB-type denitrifying bacterial community. Interestingly, the diversity and richness of norB-type denitrifying bacteria were significantly positively correlated with the colonization rate of T. indicum. SNP treatments under low P stress altered the abundance of some dominant taxa such as Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomonas, Ensifer, and Sulfitobacter. Evaluation of the fungal community in the rhizosphere revealed that 100 μmol/L SNP treatment alone had no noticeable effect on their richness and diversity, but it did shape the abundance of some fungi. Buellia, Podospora, Phaeoisaria, Ascotaiwania, and Lophiostoma were more abundant following exogenous NO application, while the abundance of Acremonium, Monographella, and Penicillium were decreased. Network analysis indicated that T. indicum was positively and negatively correlated with some fungal genera when treated with 100 μmol/L SNP. Overall, these results revealed how exogenous NO and P stress influence the symbiosis of truffles and host plants, and indicate that application of SNP treatments has the potential for ectomycorrhizal synthesis and truffle cultivation.},
}
@article {pmid31796934,
year = {2019},
author = {Bauer, E and Kaltenpoth, M and Salem, H},
title = {Minimal fermentative metabolism fuels extracellular symbiont in a leaf beetle.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0562-1},
pmid = {31796934},
issn = {1751-7370},
abstract = {While genome erosion is extensively studied in intracellular symbionts, the metabolic implications of reductive evolution in microbes subsisting extracellularly remain poorly understood. Stammera capleta-an extracellular symbiont in leaf beetles-possesses an extremely reduced genome (0.27 Mb), enabling the study of drastic reductive evolution in the absence of intracellularity. Here, we outline the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of Stammera and its host to elucidate host-symbiont metabolic interactions. Given the symbiont's substantial demands for nutrients and membrane components, the host's symbiotic organ shows repurposing of internal resources by upregulating nutrient transporters and cuticle-processing genes targeting epithelial chitin. Facilitated by this supplementation and its localization, Stammera exhibits a highly streamlined gene expression profile and a fermentation pathway for energy conversion, sharply contrasting the respiratory metabolism retained by most intracellular symbionts. Our results provide insights into a tightly regulated and metabolically integrated extracellular symbiosis, expanding our understanding of the minimal metabolism required to sustain life outside of a host cell.},
}
@article {pmid31796568,
year = {2019},
author = {Chung, M and Teigen, LE and Libro, S and Bromley, RE and Olley, D and Kumar, N and Sadzewicz, L and Tallon, LJ and Mahurkar, A and Foster, JM and Michalski, ML and Dunning Hotopp, JC},
title = {Drug Repurposing of Bromodomain Inhibitors as Potential Novel Therapeutic Leads for Lymphatic Filariasis Guided by Multispecies Transcriptomics.},
journal = {mSystems},
volume = {4},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {31796568},
issn = {2379-5077},
abstract = {To better understand the transcriptomic interplay of organisms associated with lymphatic filariasis, we conducted multispecies transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) on the filarial nematode Brugia malayi, its Wolbachia endosymbiont wBm, and its laboratory vector Aedes aegypti across the entire B. malayi life cycle. In wBm, transcription of the noncoding 6S RNA suggests that it may be a regulator of bacterial cell growth, as its transcript levels correlate with bacterial replication rates. For A. aegypti, the transcriptional response reflects the stress that B. malayi infection exerts on the mosquito with indicators of increased energy demand. In B. malayi, expression modules associated with adult female samples consistently contained an overrepresentation of genes involved in chromatin remodeling, such as the bromodomain-containing proteins. All bromodomain-containing proteins encoded by B. malayi were observed to be upregulated in the adult female, embryo, and microfilaria life stages, including 2 members of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein family. The BET inhibitor JQ1(+), originally developed as a cancer therapeutic, caused lethality of adult worms in vitro, suggesting that it may be a potential therapeutic that can be repurposed for treating lymphatic filariasis.IMPORTANCE The current treatment regimen for lymphatic filariasis is mostly microfilaricidal. In an effort to identify new drug candidates for lymphatic filariasis, we conducted a three-way transcriptomics/systems biology study of one of the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis, Brugia malayi, its Wolbachia endosymbiont wBm, and its vector host Aedes aegypti at 16 distinct B. malayi life stages. B. malayi upregulates the expression of bromodomain-containing proteins in the adult female, embryo, and microfilaria stages. In vitro, we find that the existing cancer therapeutic JQ1(+), which is a bromodomain and extraterminal protein inhibitor, has adulticidal activity in B. malayi.},
}
@article {pmid31796086,
year = {2019},
author = {Pankievicz, VCS and Irving, TB and Maia, LGS and Ané, JM},
title = {Are we there yet? The long walk towards the development of efficient symbiotic associations between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and non-leguminous crops.},
journal = {BMC biology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {99},
pmid = {31796086},
issn = {1741-7007},
abstract = {Nitrogen is an essential element of life, and nitrogen availability often limits crop yields. Since the Green Revolution, massive amounts of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers have been produced from atmospheric nitrogen and natural gas, threatening the sustainability of global food production and degrading the environment. There is a need for alternative means of bringing nitrogen to crops, and taking greater advantage of biological nitrogen fixation seems a logical option. Legumes are used in most cropping systems around the world because of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. However, the world's three major cereal crops-rice, wheat, and maize-do not associate with rhizobia. In this review, we will survey how genetic approaches in rhizobia and their legume hosts allowed tremendous progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling root nodule symbioses, and how this knowledge paves the way for engineering such associations in non-legume crops. We will also discuss challenges in bringing these systems into the field and how they can be surmounted by interdisciplinary collaborations between synthetic biologists, microbiologists, plant biologists, breeders, agronomists, and policymakers.},
}
@article {pmid31794386,
year = {2019},
author = {Kalayeh, MM and Shah, M},
title = {On Symbiosis of Attribute Prediction and Semantic Segmentation.},
journal = {IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TPAMI.2019.2956039},
pmid = {31794386},
issn = {1939-3539},
abstract = {Attributes are semantically meaningful characteristics whose applicability widely crosses category boundaries. They are particularly important in describing and recognizing concepts for which no explicit training example is given, e.g., zero-shot learning. Additionally, since attributes are human describable, they can be used for efficient human-computer interaction. In this paper, we propose to employ semantic segmentation to improve person-related attribute prediction. The core idea lies in the fact that many attributes describe local properties. In other words, the probability of an attribute to appear in an image is far from being uniform in the spatial domain. We build our attribute prediction model jointly with a deep semantic segmentation network. This harnesses the localization cues learned by the semantic segmentation to guide the attention of the attribute prediction to the regions where different attributes naturally show up. As a result of this approach, in addition to prediction, we are able to localize the attributes despite merely having access to image-level labels (weak supervision) during training. We first propose semantic segmentation-based pooling and gating, respectively denoted as SSP and SSG. In the former, the estimated segmentation masks are used to pool the final activations of the attribute prediction network, from multiple semantically homogeneous regions. This is in contrast to global average pooling which is agnostic with respect to where in the spatial domain activations occur. In SSG, the same idea is applied to the intermediate layers of the network. Specifically, we create multiple copies of the internal activations. In each copy, only values that fall within a certain semantic region are preserved while outside of that, activations are suppressed. This mechanism allows us to prevent pooling operation from blending activations that are associated with semantically different regions. SSP and SSG, while effective, impose heavy memory utilization since each channel of the activations is pooled/gated with all the semantic segmentation masks. To circumvent this, we propose Symbiotic Augmentation (SA), where we learn only one mask per activation channel. SA allows the model to either pick one, or combine (weighted superposition) multiple semantic maps, in order to generate the proper mask for each channel. SA simultaneously applies the same mechanism to the reverse problem by leveraging output logits of attribute prediction to guide the semantic segmentation task. We evaluate our proposed methods for facial attributes on CelebA and LFWA datasets, while benchmarking WIDER Attribute and Berkeley Attributes of People for whole body attributes. Our proposed methods achieve superior results compared to the previous works. Furthermore, we show that in the reverse problem, semantic face parsing significantly improves when its associated task is jointly learned, through our proposed Symbiotic Augmentation, with facial attribute prediction. We confirm that when few training instances are available, indeed image-level facial attribute labels can serve as an effective source of weak supervision to improve semantic face parsing. That reaffirms the need to jointly model these two interconnected tasks.},
}
@article {pmid31794261,
year = {2019},
author = {Anhê, FF and Barra, NG and Schertzer, JD},
title = {Glucose alters symbiotic relationships between gut microbiota and host physiology.},
journal = {American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2019},
pmid = {31794261},
issn = {1522-1555},
abstract = {Bacteria and mammals exhibit all aspects of symbiosis. Metabolic flux in bacteria and in specific host cells can influence host-microbe symbiotic relationships and tip the balance between mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. The relationship between microbes and host metabolism is bidirectional: microbes can influence host blood glucose, but glucose levels can influence the microbiota and host response and outcomes to specific bacteria. A key consideration determining symbiotic relationships is compartmentalization of bacterial niches by mucosal, chemical, and physical barriers of the gut. We propose that compartmentalization of glucose levels in the blood versus the intestinal lumen is another important factor dictating host-microbe symbiosis. Host glucose and specific bacteria can modify the intestinal barrier, immune function, and antimicrobial defences, which can break down compartmentalization of microbes, alter glucose levels and impact symbiosis. Determining how glucose metabolism promotes mutualistic, commensal, and parasitic relationships within the entire microbiota community is relevant to glucose control in diabetes and enteric infections, which occur more often and have worse outcomes in diabetics.},
}
@article {pmid31790118,
year = {2019},
author = {Tominaga, T and Miura, C and Takeda, N and Kanno, Y and Takemura, Y and Seo, M and Yamato, M and Kaminaka, H},
title = {Gibberellin Promotes Fungal Entry and Colonization during Paris-type Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Eustoma grandiflorum.},
journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcz222},
pmid = {31790118},
issn = {1471-9053},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) are divided into two types according to morphology: Arum- and Paris-type AMs. Gibberellins (GAs) mainly inhibit the establishment of Arum-type AM symbiosis in most of model plants, whereas the effects of GAs on Paris-type AM symbiosis are unclear. To provide insights into the mechanism underlying this type of symbiosis, the roles of GAs on Paris-type AM symbiosis were investigated in Eustoma grandiflorum used as the host plant for Paris-type AM establishment. E. grandiflorum seedlings were inoculated with the model AM fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, and then the effects of GA and the GA-biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazole-P on the symbiosis were quantitatively evaluated. Exogenous GA significantly increased hyphopodium formation at the epidermis, thus leading to the promotion of fungal colonization and arbuscule formation in the root cortex. By contrast, the suppression of GA biosynthesis and signaling attenuated fungal entry to E. grandiflorum roots. Moreover, the exudates from GA-treated roots strongly induced the hyphal branching of R. irregularis. Our results show that GA has an opposite effect on Paris-type AM symbiosis in E. grandiflorum compared with Arum-type AM symbiosis. This finding could be explained by the differential regulation of the early colonization stage, where fungal hyphae make contact with and penetrate the epidermis.},
}
@article {pmid31789155,
year = {2019},
author = {Fackelmann, G and Sommer, S},
title = {Microplastics and the gut microbiome: How chronically exposed species may suffer from gut dysbiosis.},
journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {193-203},
doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.030},
pmid = {31789155},
issn = {1879-3363},
abstract = {As small pieces of plastics known as microplastics pollute even the remotest parts of Earth, research currently focuses on unveiling how this pollution may affect biota. Despite increasing awareness, one potentially major consequence of chronic exposure to microplastics has been largely neglected: the impact of the disruption of the symbiosis between host and the natural community and abundance pattern of the gut microbiota. This so-called dysbiosis might be caused by the consumption of microplastics, associated mechanical disruption within the gastrointestinal tract, the ingestion of foreign and potentially pathogenic bacteria, as well as chemicals, which make-up or adhere to microplastics. Dysbiosis may interfere with the host immune system and trigger the onset of (chronic) diseases, promote pathogenic infections, and alter the gene capacity and expression of gut microbiota. We summarize how chronically exposed species may suffer from microplastics-induced gut dysbiosis, deteriorating host health, and highlight corresponding future directions of research.},
}
@article {pmid31789101,
year = {2020},
author = {Liu, W and Li, Y and Bai, X and Wu, H and Bian, L and Hu, X},
title = {LuxR-Type Regulator AclR1 of Azorhizobium caulinodans Regulates Cyclic di-GMP and Numerous Phenotypes in Free-Living and Symbiotic States.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {MPMI10190306R},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-10-19-0306-R},
pmid = {31789101},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {LuxR-type regulators play important roles in transcriptional regulation in bacteria and control various biological processes. A genome sequence analysis showed the existence of seven LuxR-type regulators in Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571, an important nitrogen-fixing bacterium in both its free-living state and in symbiosis with its host, Sesbania rostrata. However, the functional mechanisms of these regulators remain unclear. In this study, we identified a LuxR-type regulator that contains a cheY-homologous receiver (REC) domain in its N terminus and designated it AclR1. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis revealed that AclR1 exhibited relatively close evolutionary relationships with MalT/GerE/FixJ/NarL family proteins. Functional analysis of an aclR1 deletion mutant (ΔaclR1) in the free-living state showed that AclR1 positively regulated cell motility and flocculation but negatively regulated exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation, and second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP)-related gene expression. In the symbiotic state, the ΔaclR1 mutant was defective in competitive colonization and nodulation on host plants. These results suggested that AclR1 could provide bacteria with the ability to compete effectively for symbiotic nodulation. Overall, our results show that the REC-LuxR-type regulator AclR1 regulates numerous phenotypes both in the free-living state and during host plant symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31788958,
year = {2019},
author = {Karaivazoglou, K and Konstantakis, C and Assimakopoulos, SF and Triantos, C},
title = {Neonate gut colonization: The rise of a social brain.},
journal = {Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e13767},
doi = {10.1111/nmo.13767},
pmid = {31788958},
issn = {1365-2982},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The human gut microbiota constitutes an integral part of human physiology, playing an important role in maintaining health, and compositional or functional changes in intestinal microbiota may be associated with the emergence of several chronic diseases. Animal and human studies have shown that there is a dynamic cross-talk between intestinal microorganisms and brain networks which has an impact on neurodevelopment and may be extremely critical in shaping human social behavior.<br><br>PURPOSE: The aim of the current review is to appraise and present in a concise manner all findings linking the evolution of neonate and infant gut colonization with early social development and to formulate scientifically informed hypotheses which could guide future research on this field.},
}
@article {pmid31788887,
year = {2019},
author = {Michaud, C and Hervé, V and Dupont, S and Dubreuil, G and Bézier, AM and Meunier, J and Brune, A and Dedeine, F},
title = {Efficient but occasionally imperfect vertical transmission of gut mutualistic protists in a wood-feeding termite.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15322},
pmid = {31788887},
issn = {1365-294X},
support = {JC08_331895//French Research Foundation (ANR)/ ; //Région Centre Val de Loire (Xylobiotic IA 2015-2017)/ ; //Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/ ; //Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst/ ; //Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; //Max Planck Society/ ; },
abstract = {Although mutualistic associations between animals and microbial symbionts are widespread in nature, the mechanisms that have promoted their evolutionary persistence remain poorly understood. A vertical mode of symbiont transmission (from parents to offspring) is thought to ensure partner fidelity and stabilization, although the efficiency of vertical transmission has rarely been investigated, especially in cases where hosts harbour a diverse microbial community. Here we evaluated vertical transmission rates of cellulolytic gut oxymonad and parabasalid protists in the wood-feeding termite Reticulitermes grassei. We sequenced amplicons of the 18S rRNA gene of protists from 24 colonies of R. grassei collected in two populations. For each colony, the protist community was characterized from the gut of 14 swarming reproductives and from a pool of 10 worker guts. A total of 98 operational taxonomic units belonging to 13 species-level taxa were found. The vertical transmission rate was estimated for each protist present in a colony based on its frequency among the reproductives. The results revealed that transmission rates were high, with an average of 0.897 (±0.164) per protist species. Overall, the protist community did not differ between reproductive sexes, suggesting that both the queen and the king could contribute to the gut microbiota of the offspring. A positive relationship between the transmission rate of protists and their prevalence within populations was also detected. However, transmission rates alone do not explain the prevalence of protists. In conclusion, these findings reveal key forces behind a conserved, multispecies mutualism, raising further questions on the roles of horizontal transfer and negative selection in shaping symbiont prevalence.},
}
@article {pmid31788212,
year = {2019},
author = {McIlroy, SE and Cunning, R and Baker, AC and Coffroth, MA},
title = {Competition and succession among coral endosymbionts.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {22},
pages = {12767-12778},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5749},
pmid = {31788212},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Host species often support a genetically diverse guild of symbionts, the identity and performance of which can determine holobiont fitness under particular environmental conditions. These symbiont communities are structured by a complex set of potential interactions, both positive and negative, between the host and symbionts and among symbionts. In reef-building corals, stable associations with specific symbiont species are common, and we hypothesize that this is partly due to ecological mechanisms, such as succession and competition, which drive patterns of symbiont winnowing in the initial colonization of new generations of coral recruits. We tested this hypothesis using the experimental framework of the de Wit replacement series and found that competitive interactions occurred among symbionts which were characterized by unique ecological strategies. Aposymbiotic octocoral recruits within high- and low-light environments were inoculated with one of three Symbiodiniaceae species as monocultures or with cross-paired mixtures, and we tracked symbiont uptake using quantitative genetic assays. Priority effects, in which early colonizers excluded competitive dominants, were evidenced under low light, but these early opportunistic species were later succeeded by competitive dominants. Under high light, a more consistent competitive hierarchy was established in which competitive dominants outgrew and limited the abundance of others. These findings provide insight into mechanisms of microbial community organization and symbiosis breakdown and recovery. Furthermore, transitions in competitive outcomes across spatial and temporal environmental variation may improve lifetime host fitness.},
}
@article {pmid31785853,
year = {2019},
author = {António, N},
title = {Combining mesenchymal stem cell therapy and exercise training in myocardial infarction: The perfect symbiosis?.},
journal = {Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology},
volume = {38},
number = {9},
pages = {657-659},
doi = {10.1016/j.repc.2019.10.003},
pmid = {31785853},
issn = {2174-2030},
}
@article {pmid31782953,
year = {2019},
author = {Zeng, W and Liu, B and Zhong, J and Li, Q and Li, Z},
title = {A Natural High-Sugar Diet Has Different Effects on the Prokaryotic Community Structures of Lower and Higher Termites (Blattaria).},
journal = {Environmental entomology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz130},
pmid = {31782953},
issn = {1938-2936},
abstract = {The lignocellulosic digestive symbiosis in termites is a dynamic survival adaptation system. While the contribution of hereditary and habitat factors to the development of the symbiotic bacterial community of termites had been confirmed, the manner in which these factors affect functional synergism among different bacterial lineages has still not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the 16S rRNA gene libraries of Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Termitidae) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) sampled from sugarcane fields (high sugar) or pine tree forests (no free sugar) were sequenced. The results verify that the prokaryotic community structures of termites could be significantly reshaped by native dietary isolation within a species. Although the most dominant phyla are convergent in all samples, their relative abundances in these two termite species exhibited a reverse variation pattern when the termite hosts were fed on the high-sugar diet. Furthermore, we showed that the taxonomic composition of the dominant phyla at the family or genus level differentiate depending on the diet and the host phylogeny. We hypothesize that the flexible bacterial assemblages at low taxonomic level might exert variable functional collaboration to accommodate to high-sugar diet. In addition, the functional predictions of Tax4Fun suggest a stable metabolic functional structure of the microbial communities of the termites in both different diet habitats and taxonomy. We propose that the symbiotic bacterial community in different host termites developed a different functional synergistic pattern, which may be essential to maintain the stability of the overall metabolic function for the survival of termites.},
}
@article {pmid31782853,
year = {2019},
author = {Maillet, F and Fournier, J and Mendis, HC and Tadege, M and Wen, J and Ratet, P and Mysore, KS and Gough, C and Jones, KM},
title = {Sinorhizobium meliloti succinylated high-molecular-weight succinoglycan and the Medicago truncatula LysM receptor-like kinase MtLYK10 participate independently in symbiotic infection.},
journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/tpj.14625},
pmid = {31782853},
issn = {1365-313X},
support = {DBI-0703285//US National Science Foundation/ ; IOS-1127155//US National Science Foundation/ ; //Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ ; //Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/ ; 2014-67013-21579//United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; ANR-15-CE20-0004-01//French Agence Nationale de la Recherche &quot;AOI&quot; project/ ; ANR-10-LABX-41//Agence Nationale de la Recherche &quot;Laboratoire d'Excellence&quot; (LABEX) entitled TULIP/ ; },
abstract = {The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legume hosts is a finely tuned process involving many components of both symbiotic partners. Production of the exopolysaccharide succinoglycan by the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 is needed for an effective symbiosis with Medicago spp., and the succinyl modification to this polysaccharide is critical. However, it is not known when succinoglycan intervenes in the symbiotic process, and it is not known whether the plant lysin-motif receptor-like kinase MtLYK10 intervenes in recognition of succinoglycan, as might be inferred from work on the Lotus japonicus MtLYK10 ortholog, LjEPR3. We studied the symbiotic infection phenotypes of S. meliloti mutants deficient in succinoglycan production or producing modified succinoglycan, in wild-type Medicago truncatula plants and in Mtlyk10 mutant plants. On wild-type plants, S. meliloti strains producing no succinoglycan or only unsuccinylated succinoglycan still induced nodule primordia and epidermal infections, but further progression of the symbiotic process was blocked. These S. meliloti mutants induced a more severe infection phenotype on Mtlyk10 mutant plants. Nodulation by succinoglycan-defective strains was achieved by in trans rescue with a Nod factor-deficient S. meliloti mutant. While the Nod factor-deficient strain was always more abundant inside nodules, the succinoglycan-deficient strain was more efficient than the strain producing only unsuccinylated succinoglycan. Together, these data show that succinylated succinoglycan is essential for infection thread formation in M. truncatula, and that MtLYK10 plays an important, but different role in this symbiotic process. These data also suggest that succinoglycan is more important than Nod factors for bacterial survival inside nodules.},
}
@article {pmid31782749,
year = {2019},
author = {Quagliariello, A and Di Paola, M and De Fanti, S and Gnecchi-Ruscone, GA and Martinez-Priego, L and Pérez-Villaroya, D and Sherpa, MG and Sherpa, PT and Marinelli, G and Natali, L and Di Marcello, M and Peluzzi, D and Di Cosimo, P and D'Auria, G and Pettener, D and Sazzini, M and Luiselli, D and De Filippo, C},
title = {Gut microbiota composition in Himalayan and Andean populations and its relationship with diet, lifestyle and adaptation to the high-altitude environment.},
journal = {Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS},
volume = {97},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4436/JASS.97007},
pmid = {31782749},
issn = {2037-0644},
abstract = {Human populations living at high altitude evolved a number of biological adjustments to cope with a challenging environment characterised especially by reduced oxygen availability and limited nutritional resources. This condition may also affect their gut microbiota composition. Here, we explored the impact of exposure to such selective pressures on human gut microbiota by considering different ethnic groups living at variable degrees of altitude: the high-altitude Sherpa and low-altitude Tamang populations from Nepal, the high-altitude Aymara population from Bolivia, as well as a low-altitude cohort of European ancestry, used as control. We thus observed microbial profiles common to the Sherpa and Aymara, but absent in the low-altitude cohorts, which may contribute to the achievement of adaptation to high-altitude lifestyle and nutritional conditions. The collected evidences suggest that microbial signatures associated to these rural populations may enhance metabolic functions able to supply essential compounds useful for the host to cope with high altitude-related physiological changes and energy demand. Therefore, these results add another valuable piece of the puzzle to the understanding of the beneficial effects of symbiosis between microbes and their human host even from an evolutionary perspective.},
}
@article {pmid31781076,
year = {2019},
author = {Huang, L and Chen, D and Zhang, H and Song, Y and Chen, H and Tang, M},
title = {Funneliformis mosseae Enhances Root Development and Pb Phytostabilization in Robinia pseudoacacia in Pb-Contaminated Soil.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2591},
pmid = {31781076},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {It is possible that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a pivotal role in root development and Pb phytostabilization in plants grown in Pb-contaminated soil. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted over 4 months to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae strain BGCXJ01A on root characteristics of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings in Pb-contaminated soil. Four Pb treatments (0, 90, 900, and 3,000 mg kg-1) were applied to soil in the presence and absence of F. mosseae. Inoculation with F. mosseae prominently improved root length, surface area, volume, and tip number in the plants across all Pb treatments. The F. mosseae inoculation also increased root diameter and fork number, especially under high Pb treatments. The presence of F. mosseae significantly increased the root activity and root tolerance index. However, there was little difference in specific root length between inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The biomass of roots, stems, and leaves all increased following inoculation with F. mosseae. Inoculated plants had greater accumulation and translocation capacities for Pb in the roots and stems, but lower capacities were found in the leaves when compared with those in non-inoculated plants. These results highlight that F. mosseae can alleviate the toxic effects of Pb on root development and can immobilize Pb in the roots and stems of R. pseudoacacia grown in Pb-contaminated soil. This study provides a model system for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soil via reciprocal symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and woody legumes.},
}
@article {pmid31781062,
year = {2019},
author = {Fukatsu, T},
title = {Grand Challenges to Launching an Ideal Platform for Publishing Microbe-Insect Symbiosis Studies.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2542},
pmid = {31781062},
issn = {1664-302X},
}
@article {pmid31778276,
year = {2019},
author = {Safai, A and Prasad, S and Chougule, T and Saini, J and Pal, PK and Ingalhalikar, M},
title = {Microstructural abnormalities of substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease: A neuromelanin sensitive MRI atlas based study.},
journal = {Human brain mapping},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/hbm.24878},
pmid = {31778276},
issn = {1097-0193},
support = {BT/PR14315/MED/30/474/2010//Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology/ ; ICMR/003/304/2013/00694//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; ECR/2016/000808//Science and Engineering Research Board/ ; },
abstract = {Microstructural changes associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been studied using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). However, these studies show inconsistent results, mainly due to methodological variations in delineation of SNc. To mitigate this, our work aims to construct a probabilistic atlas of SNc based on a 3D Neuromelanin Sensitive MRI (NMS-MRI) sequence and demonstrate its applicability to investigate microstructural changes on a large dataset of PD. Using manual segmentation and deformable registration we created a novel SNc atlas in the MNI space using NMS-MRI sequences of 27 healthy controls (HC). We first quantitatively evaluated this atlas and then employed it to investigate the micro-structural abnormalities in SNc using diffusion MRI from 133 patients with PD and 99 HCs. Our results demonstrated significant increase in diffusivity with no changes in anisotropy. In addition, we also observed an asymmetry of the diffusion metrics with a higher diffusivity and lower anisotropy in the left SNc than the right. Finally, a multivariate classifier based on SNc diffusion features could delineate patients with PD with an average accuracy of 71.7%. Overall, from this work we establish a normative baseline for the SNc region of interest using NMS-MRI while the application on PD data emphasizes on the contribution of diffusivity measures rather than anisotropy of white matter in PD.},
}
@article {pmid31777649,
year = {2019},
author = {Ramoneda, J and Le Roux, J and Frossard, E and Bester, C and Oettlé, N and Frey, B and Gamper, HA},
title = {Insights from invasion ecology: Can consideration of eco-evolutionary experience promote benefits from root mutualisms in plant production?.},
journal = {AoB PLANTS},
volume = {11},
number = {6},
pages = {plz060},
pmid = {31777649},
issn = {2041-2851},
abstract = {Mutualistic plant-microbial functioning relies on co-adapted symbiotic partners as well as conducive environmental conditions. Choosing particular plant genotypes for domestication and subsequent cultivar selection can narrow the gene pools of crop plants to a degree that they are no longer able to benefit from microbial mutualists. Elevated mineral nutrient levels in cultivated soils also reduce the dependence of crops on nutritional support by mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia. Thus, current ways of crop production are predestined to compromise the propagation and function of microbial symbionts, limiting their long-term benefits for plant yield stability. The influence of mutualists on non-native plant establishment and spread, i.e. biological invasions, provides an unexplored analogue to contemporary crop production that accounts for mutualistic services from symbionts like rhizobia and mycorrhizae. The historical exposure of organisms to biotic interactions over evolutionary timescales, or so-called eco-evolutionary experience (EEE), has been used to explain the success of such invasions. In this paper, we stress that consideration of the EEE concept can shed light on how to overcome the loss of microbial mutualist functions following crop domestication and breeding. We propose specific experimental approaches to utilize the wild ancestors of crops to determine whether crop domestication compromised the benefits derived from root microbial symbioses or not. This can predict the potential for success of mutualistic symbiosis manipulation in modern crops and the maintenance of effective microbial mutualisms over the long term.},
}
@article {pmid31777060,
year = {2020},
author = {Nibbering, B and Ubags, NDJ},
title = {Microbial interactions in the atopic march.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental immunology},
volume = {199},
number = {1},
pages = {12-23},
pmid = {31777060},
issn = {1365-2249},
abstract = {The human body is populated by a large number of microorganisms and exist in symbiosis with these immensely diverse communities, which are suggested to influence health and disease. The microbiota plays an essential role in the maturation and function of the immune system. The prevalence of atopic diseases has increased drastically over the past decades, and the co-occurrence of multiple allergic diseases and allergic sensitization starting in early life has gained a great deal of attention. Immune responses in different organs affected by allergic diseases (e.g. skin, intestine and lung) may be linked to microbial changes in peripheral tissues. In the current review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of microbial interactions in allergic diseases and their potential role in the atopic march.},
}
@article {pmid31776248,
year = {2019},
author = {Zheng, H and Perreau, J and Powell, JE and Han, B and Zhang, Z and Kwong, WK and Tringe, SG and Moran, NA},
title = {Division of labor in honey bee gut microbiota for plant polysaccharide digestion.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {51},
pages = {25909-25916},
pmid = {31776248},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {R01 GM108477/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Bees acquire carbohydrates from nectar and lipids; and amino acids from pollen, which also contains polysaccharides including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. These potential energy sources could be degraded and fermented through microbial enzymatic activity, resulting in short chain fatty acids available to hosts. However, the contributions of individual microbiota members to polysaccharide digestion have remained unclear. Through analysis of bacterial isolate genomes and a metagenome of the honey bee gut microbiota, we identify that Bifidobacterium and Gilliamella are the principal degraders of hemicellulose and pectin. Both Bifidobacterium and Gilliamella show extensive strain-level diversity in gene repertoires linked to polysaccharide digestion. Strains from honey bees possess more such genes than strains from bumble bees. In Bifidobacterium, genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes are colocated within loci devoted to polysaccharide utilization, as in Bacteroides from the human gut. Carbohydrate-active enzyme-encoding gene expressions are up-regulated in response to particular hemicelluloses both in vitro and in vivo. Metabolomic analyses document that bees experimentally colonized by different strains generate distinctive gut metabolomic profiles, with enrichment for specific monosaccharides, corresponding to predictions from genomic data. The other 3 core gut species clusters (Snodgrassella and 2 Lactobacillus clusters) possess few or no genes for polysaccharide digestion. Together, these findings indicate that strain composition within individual hosts determines the metabolic capabilities and potentially affects host nutrition. Furthermore, the niche specialization revealed by our study may promote overall community stability in the gut microbiomes of bees.},
}
@article {pmid31769156,
year = {2019},
author = {Kipp, MA and Stüeken, EE and Gehringer, MM and Sterelny, K and Scott, JK and Forster, PI and Strömberg, CAE and Buick, R},
title = {Exploring cycad foliage as an archive of the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen.},
journal = {Geobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/gbi.12374},
pmid = {31769156},
issn = {1472-4669},
support = {DGE-1256082//National Science Foundation/ ; //University of Washington/ ; 265-605//Australian Biodiversity and Resources Program/ ; GE2558/3-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {Molecular nitrogen (N2) constitutes the majority of Earth's modern atmosphere, contributing ~0.79 bar of partial pressure (pN2). However, fluctuations in pN2 may have occurred on 107 -109 year timescales in Earth's past, perhaps altering the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen. Here, we explore an archive that may record the isotopic composition of atmospheric N2 in deep time: the foliage of cycads. Cycads are ancient gymnosperms that host symbiotic N2 -fixing cyanobacteria in modified root structures known as coralloid roots. All extant species of cycads are known to host symbionts, suggesting that this N2 -fixing capacity is perhaps ancestral, reaching back to the early history of cycads in the late Paleozoic. Therefore, if the process of microbial N2 fixation records the δ15 N value of atmospheric N2 in cycad foliage, the fossil record of cycads may provide an archive of atmospheric δ15 N values. To explore this potential proxy, we conducted a survey of wild cycads growing in a range of modern environments to determine whether cycad foliage reliably records the isotopic composition of atmospheric N2 . We find that neither biological nor environmental factors significantly influence the δ15 N values of cycad foliage, suggesting that they provide a reasonably robust record of the δ15 N of atmospheric N2 . Application of this proxy to the record of carbonaceous cycad fossils may not only help to constrain changes in atmospheric nitrogen isotope ratios since the late Paleozoic, but also could shed light on the antiquity of the N2 -fixing symbiosis between cycads and cyanobacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31769133,
year = {2019},
author = {Gerasimova, EA and Plotnikov, AO and Khlopko, YA and Zlatogursky, VV},
title = {Multiple Euryhaline Lineages of Centrohelids (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) in Inland Saline Waters Revealed with Metabarcoding.},
journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jeu.12776},
pmid = {31769133},
issn = {1550-7408},
support = {18-14-00239//Russian Scientific Foundation/ ; 17-04-02079//Russian Foundation for Basic Research/ ; 18-44-560009//Russian Foundation for Basic Research/ ; 17-04-00565//Russian Foundation for Basic Research/ ; },
abstract = {The diversity of centrohelids in inland saline waters was studied with metabarcoding for the first time. The fragment of V6-V7 regions of 18S rDNA was sequenced with newly designed primers. Obtained OTUs were identified with molecular phylogenetic analysis and comparison of the signatures in 39es9 hairpin of V7. The obtained data included some OTUs, which could be attributed to four described species, but the majority belonged to previously established or novel environmental clades. Along with some presumably marine/brackish clades and freshwater/low salinity (0-2 ppt) clades, seven presumable species demonstrating broad (from 1-2 up to 78 ppt) salinity tolerance were detected. A number of OTUs belonged to Raphidocystis contractilis, which is known from three independent findings in brackish habitats only. Thus, it was assumed that this species is stenohaline and specifically adapted to salinity 5-15 ppt. The high level of salinity tolerance was suggested for centrohelids before based on morphology, which was used to justify their cosmopolitan distribution. Later these views were criticized based on environmental sequencing, but the results of the current survey indicate, that at least some species are present at salinities from almost freshwater (1-2 ppt) to twice oceanic (78 ppt) and are presumably capable of overcoming oceanic salinity barriers for their distribution.},
}
@article {pmid31768303,
year = {2019},
author = {Sulima, AS and Zhukov, VA and Kulaeva, OA and Vasileva, EN and Borisov, AY and Tikhonovich, IA},
title = {New sources of Sym2A allele in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) carry the unique variant of candidate LysM-RLK gene LykX.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e8070},
pmid = {31768303},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {At the onset of legume-rhizobial symbiosis, the mutual recognition of partners occurs based on a complicated interaction between signal molecules and receptors. Bacterial signal molecules named Nod factors (&quot;nodulation factors&quot;) are perceived by the plant LysM-containing receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) that recognize details of its structure (i.e., unique substitutions), thus providing the conditions particular to symbiosis. In the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), the allelic state of Sym2 gene has long been reported to regulate the symbiotic specificity: for infection to be successful, plants with the Sym2A allele (for &quot;Sym2 Afghan&quot;, as these genotypes originate mostly from Afghanistan) require an additional acetylation of the Nod factor which is irrelevant for genotypes with the Sym2E allele (for &quot;Sym2 European&quot;). Despite being described about 90 years ago, Sym2 has not yet been cloned, though phenotypic analysis suggests it probably encodes a receptor for the Nod factor. Recently, we described a novel pea gene LykX (PsLykX) from the LysM-RLK gene family that demonstrates a perfect correlation between its allelic state and the symbiotic specificity of the Sym2A-type. Here we report on a series of Middle-Eastern pea genotypes exhibiting the phenotype of narrow symbiotic specificity discovered in the VIR plant genetic resources gene bank (Saint-Petersburg, Russia). These genotypes are new sources of Sym2A, as has been confirmed by an allelism test with Sym2A pea cv. Afghanistan. Within these genotypes, LykX is present either in the allelic state characteristic for cv. Afghanistan, or in another, minor allelic state found in two genotypes from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Plants carrying the second allele demonstrate the same block of rhizobial infection as cv. Afghanistan when inoculated with an incompatible strain. Intriguingly, this &quot;Tajik&quot; allele of LykX differs from the &quot;European&quot; one by a single nucleotide polymorphism leading to an R75P change in the receptor part of the putative protein. Thus, our new data are in agreement with the hypothesis concerning the identity of LykX and the elusive Sym2 gene.},
}
@article {pmid31767155,
year = {2019},
author = {Ramírez-Bahena, MH and Flores-Félix, JD and Velázquez, E and Peix, Á},
title = {The Mimosoid tree Leucaena leucocephala can be nodulated by the symbiovar genistearum of Bradyrhizobium canariense.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {126041},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126041},
pmid = {31767155},
issn = {1618-0984},
abstract = {Leucaena leucocephala is a Mimosoid legume tree indigenous to America that has spread to other continents, although it is not still present in some European countries such as Portugal. Nevertheless, we found that this legume can be nodulated in this country by slow-growing rhizobial strains which were identified as Bradyrhizobium canariense trough the analysis of the core genes recA and glnII. The analysis of the symbiotic gene nodC showed that these strains belong to the symbiovar genistearum, which commonly nodulates Genistoid legumes. Although two strains nodulating L. leucocephala in China and Brazil were classified within the genus Bradyrhizobium, they belong to undescribed species and to the symbiovars glycinearum and tropici, respectively. Therefore, we report here for the first time the ability of L. leucocephala to establish symbiosis with strains of B. canariense sv genistearum confirming the high promiscuity of L. leucocephala, that allows it to establish symbiosis with rhizobia native to different continents increasing its invasiveness potential.},
}
@article {pmid31765971,
year = {2019},
author = {Radek, R and Meuser, K and Altinay, S and Lo, N and Brune, A},
title = {Novel Lineages of Oxymonad Flagellates from the Termite Porotermes adamsoni (Stolotermitidae): the Genera Oxynympha and Termitimonas.},
journal = {Protist},
volume = {170},
number = {6},
pages = {125683},
doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2019.125683},
pmid = {31765971},
issn = {1618-0941},
abstract = {The symbiotic gut flagellates of lower termites form host-specific consortia composed of Parabasalia and Oxymonadida. The analysis of their coevolution with termites is hampered by a lack of information, particularly on the flagellates colonizing the basal host lineages. To date, there are no reports on the presence of oxymonads in termites of the family Stolotermitidae. We discovered three novel, deep-branching lineages of oxymonads in a member of this family, the damp-wood termite Porotermes adamsoni. One tiny species (6-10μm), Termitimonas travisi, morphologically resembles members of the genus Monocercomonoides, but its SSU rRNA genes are highly dissimilar to recently published sequences of Polymastigidae from cockroaches and vertebrates. A second small species (9-13μm), Oxynympha loricata, has a slight phylogenetic affinity to members of the Saccinobaculidae, which are found exclusively in wood-feeding cockroaches of the genus Cryptocercus, the closest relatives of termites, but shows a combination of morphological features that is unprecedented in any oxymonad family. The third, very rare species is larger and possesses a contractile axostyle; it represents a phylogenetic sister group to the Oxymonadidae. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the diversity of oxymonads in termite guts and the evolutionary history of symbiotic digestion.},
}
@article {pmid31765943,
year = {2020},
author = {Bednarz, VN and Grover, R and Ferrier-Pagès, C},
title = {Elevated ammonium delays the impairment of the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis during labile carbon pollution.},
journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {218},
number = {},
pages = {105360},
doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105360},
pmid = {31765943},
issn = {1879-1514},
abstract = {Labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a major pollutant in coastal marine environments affected by anthropogenic impacts, and may significantly contribute to coral bleaching and subsequent mortality on coastal reefs. DOC can cause bleaching indirectly through the rapid proliferation of copiotrophic and pathogenic bacteria. Here we demonstrate that labile DOC compounds can also impair the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis by directly affecting coral physiology on both the host and algal symbiont level. In a controlled aquarium experiment, we monitored over several weeks key physiological parameters of the tropical coral Stylophora pistillata exposed to ambient and elevated labile DOC levels (0.1 and 1.0 mM) in combination with low and high nitrogen (i.e. ammonium) conditions (0.2 and 4.0 μM). At the symbiont level, DOC exposure under low ammonium availability decreased the photosynthetic efficiency accompanied by ∼75 % Chl a and ∼50 % symbiont cell reduction. The photosynthetic functioning of the symbionts recovered once the DOC enrichment ceased indicating a reversible shift between autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism. At the host level, the assimilation of exogenous DOC sustained the tissue carbon reserves, but induced a depletion of the nitrogen reserves, indicated by ∼35 % decreased protein levels. This suggests an imbalanced exogenous carbon to nitrogen supply with nitrogen potentially limiting host metabolism on the long-term. We also demonstrate that increased ammonium availability delayed DOC-induced bleaching likely by keeping symbionts in a photosynthetically competent state, which is crucial for symbiosis maintenance and coral survival. Overall, the present study provides further insights into how coastal pollution can de-stabilize the coral-algal symbiosis and cause coral bleaching. Therefore, reducing coastal pollution and sustaining ecological integrity are critical to strengthen the resilience of coral reefs facing climate change.},
}
@article {pmid31763076,
year = {2019},
author = {Rassati, D and Marini, L and Malacrinò, A},
title = {Acquisition of fungi from the environment modifies ambrosia beetle mycobiome during invasion.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e8103},
pmid = {31763076},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Microbial symbionts can play critical roles when their host attempts to colonize a new habitat. The lack of symbiont adaptation can in fact hinder the invasion process of their host. This scenario could change if the exotic species are able to acquire microorganisms from the invaded environment. Understanding the ecological factors that influence the take-up of new microorganisms is thus essential to clarify the mechanisms behind biological invasions. In this study, we tested whether different forest habitats influence the structure of the fungal communities associated with ambrosia beetles. We collected individuals of the most widespread exotic (Xylosandrus germanus) and native (Xyleborinus saxesenii) ambrosia beetle species in Europe in several old-growth and restored forests. We characterized the fungal communities associated with both species via metabarcoding. We showed that forest habitat shaped the community of fungi associated with both species, but the effect was stronger for the exotic X. germanus. Our results support the hypothesis that the direct contact with the mycobiome of the invaded environment might lead an exotic species to acquire native fungi. This process is likely favored by the occurrence of a bottleneck effect at the mycobiome level and/or the disruption of the mechanisms sustaining co-evolved insect-fungi symbiosis. Our study contributes to the understanding of the factors affecting insect-microbes interactions, helping to clarify the mechanisms behind biological invasions.},
}
@article {pmid31763075,
year = {2019},
author = {Solomon, GM and Dodangoda, H and McCarthy-Walker, T and Ntim-Gyakari, R and Newell, PD},
title = {The microbiota of Drosophila suzukii influences the larval development of Drosophila melanogaster.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e8097},
pmid = {31763075},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Microorganisms play a central role in the biology of vinegar flies such as Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster: serving as a food source to both adults and larvae, and influencing a range of traits including nutrition, behavior, and development. The niches utilized by the fly species partially overlap, as do the microbiota that sustain them, and interactions among these players may drive the development of crop diseases. To learn more about how the microbiota of one species may affect the other, we isolated and identified microbes from field-caught D. suzukii, and then characterized their effects on D. melanogaster larval development time in the laboratory. We found that the D. suzukii microbiota consistently included both yeasts and bacteria. It was dominated by yeasts of the genus Hanseniaspora, and bacteria from the families Acetobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Raising D. melanogaster under gnotobiotic conditions with each microbial isolate individually, we found that some bacteria promoted larval development relative to axenic conditions, but most did not have a significant effect. In contrast, nearly all the yeasts tested significantly accelerated larval development. The one exception was Starmerella bacillaris, which had the opposite effect: significantly slowing larval developmental rate. We investigated the basis for this effect by examining whether S. bacillaris cells could sustain larval growth, and measuring the survival of S. bacillaris and other yeasts in the larval gut. Our results suggest S. bacillaris is not digested by D. melanogaster and therefore cannot serve as a source of nutrition. These findings have interesting implications for possible interactions between the two Drosophilia species and their microbiota in nature. Overall, we found that microbes isolated from D. suzukii promote D. melanogaster larval development, which is consistent with the model that infestation of fruit by D. suzukii can open up habitat for D. melanogaster. We propose that the microbiome is an important dimension of the ecological interactions between Drosophila species.},
}
@article {pmid31759337,
year = {2019},
author = {Potkay, A and Ten Veldhuis, MC and Fan, Y and Mattos, CRC and Ananyev, G and Dismukes, GC},
title = {Water and Vapor Transport in Algal-Fungal Lichen: Modeling constrained by Laboratory Experiments, an application for Flavoparmelia caperata.},
journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pce.13690},
pmid = {31759337},
issn = {1365-3040},
abstract = {Algal-fungal symbionts share water, nutrients and gases via an architecture unique to lichens. Because lichen activity is controlled by moisture dynamics, understanding water transport is prerequisite to understanding their fundamental biology. We propose a model of water distributions within foliose lichens governed by laws of fluid motion. Our model differentiates between water stored in symbionts, on extracellular surfaces, and in distinct morphological layers. We parameterize our model with hydraulic properties inverted from laboratory measurements of Flavoparmelia caperata and validate for wetting and drying. We ask: (1) Where is the bottleneck to water transport? (2) How do hydration and dehydration dynamics differ, and (3) what causes these differences? Resistance to vapor flow is concentrated at thallus surfaces and acts as the bottleneck for equilibrium, while internal resistances are small. The model captures hysteresis in hydration and desiccation, which are shown to be controlled by nonlinearities in hydraulic capacitance. Muting existing nonlinearities slowed drying and accelerated wetting, while exaggerating nonlinearities accelerated drying and slowed wetting. The hydraulic nonlinearity of Flavoparmelia caperata is considerable, which may reflect its preference for humid and stable environments. The model establishes the physical foundation for future investigations of transport of water, gas, and sugar between symbionts.},
}
@article {pmid31758847,
year = {2019},
author = {Missbah El Idrissi, M and Lamin, H and ElFaik, S and Tortosa, G and Peix, A and Bedmar, EJ and Abdelmoumen, H},
title = {Microvirga sp. symbiovar mediterranense nodulates Lupinus cosentinii grown wild in Morocco.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jam.14526},
pmid = {31758847},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIM: To analyze the diversity of nodule-forming bacteria isolated from Lupinus cosentinii naturally-grown in the Maamora cork oak forest (Rabat, Morocco).<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Out of a total of thirty one bacterial strains, four were selected based on their REP-PCR fingerprinting that were studied by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA, gyrB, dnaK, recA and rpoB housekeeping genes as well as the nodC symbiotic gene. The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the four representative strains showed that they are related to Tunisian strains of genus Microvirga isolated from L. micranthus with nucleotide identity values ranging from 98.67% to 97.13%. The single and concatenated sequences of the16S rRNA, gyrB, dnaK, recA and rpoB housekeeping genes indicated that the L. cosentinii-isolated strains had 99.2 to 99.9% similarities with the Tunisian L. micranthus microsymbionts. The nodC gene phylogeny revealed that the Moroccan strains clustered in the newly described mediterranense symbiovar, and nodulation tests showed that they nodulated not only L. cosentinii but also L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. albus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the isolation, molecular identification and phylogenetic diversity of L. cosentinii nodule-forming endosymbionts and of their description as members of the Microvirga genus.<br><br>In this work, we show that Microvirga sp. can be isolated from root nodules of wild-grown L. cosentinii in Northeast Africa, that selected strains also nodulate L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. albus, and that they belong to symbiovar mediterranense. In addition, our data support that the ability of Microvirga to nodulate lupines could be related to the soil pH, its geographical distribution being more widespread than expected.},
}
@article {pmid31756978,
year = {2019},
author = {Herrera, H and Soto, J and de Bashan, LE and Sampedro, I and Arriagada, C},
title = {Root-Associated Fungal Communities in Two Populations of the Fully Mycoheterotrophic Plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in Southern Chile.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7120586},
pmid = {31756978},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {1170931//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico/ ; VIU17E0185//Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico/ ; },
abstract = {The microbiological interactions of the roots of non-photosynthetic plants in South America have been scarcely explored. This study analyzes culturable fungal diversity associated with the mycoheterotrophic plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in southern Chile, growing in two different understoreys of native (Nothofagus-dominated) and mixed forest (native, Cupressussempervirens, and Pinusradiata). Rhizospheric and endophytic fungi were isolated, cultured, and purified to identify microorganisms associated with A. uniflora roots. We showed the different fungi associated with the plant, and that these distributions are influenced by the sampling site. We isolated 410 fungal strains (144 endophytic and 266 from the rhizosphere). We identified 13 operative taxonomical units from plants sampled in the mixed forest, while 15 were from the native forest. Rhizospheric microorganisms were mainly related to Penicillium spp., whereas some pathogenic and saprophytic strains were more frequent inside the roots. Our results have also shown that the fungal strains are weak for phosphate solubilization, but other pathways such as organic acid exudation and indole acetic acid production can be considered as major mechanisms to stimulate plant growth. Our results point to new fungal associates of A. uniflora plants reported in Andean ecosystems, identifying new beneficial endophytic fungi associated with roots of this fully mycoheterotrophic plant.},
}
@article {pmid31754637,
year = {2019},
author = {Patel, BN and Rosenberg, L and Willcox, G and Baltaxe, D and Lyons, M and Irvin, J and Rajpurkar, P and Amrhein, T and Gupta, R and Halabi, S and Langlotz, C and Lo, E and Mammarappallil, J and Mariano, AJ and Riley, G and Seekins, J and Shen, L and Zucker, E and Lungren, M},
title = {Human-machine partnership with artificial intelligence for chest radiograph diagnosis.},
journal = {NPJ digital medicine},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {111},
pmid = {31754637},
issn = {2398-6352},
abstract = {Human-in-the-loop (HITL) AI may enable an ideal symbiosis of human experts and AI models, harnessing the advantages of both while at the same time overcoming their respective limitations. The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel collective intelligence technology designed to amplify the diagnostic accuracy of networked human groups by forming real-time systems modeled on biological swarms. Using small groups of radiologists, the swarm-based technology was applied to the diagnosis of pneumonia on chest radiographs and compared against human experts alone, as well as two state-of-the-art deep learning AI models. Our work demonstrates that both the swarm-based technology and deep-learning technology achieved superior diagnostic accuracy than the human experts alone. Our work further demonstrates that when used in combination, the swarm-based technology and deep-learning technology outperformed either method alone. The superior diagnostic accuracy of the combined HITL AI solution compared to radiologists and AI alone has broad implications for the surging clinical AI deployment and implementation strategies in future practice.},
}
@article {pmid31754003,
year = {2019},
author = {Soyano, T and Shimoda, Y and Kawaguchi, M and Hayashi, M},
title = {A shared gene drives lateral root development and root nodule symbiosis pathways in Lotus.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {366},
number = {6468},
pages = {1021-1023},
doi = {10.1126/science.aax2153},
pmid = {31754003},
issn = {1095-9203},
abstract = {Legumes develop root nodules in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. Rhizobia evoke cell division of differentiated cortical cells into root nodule primordia for accommodating bacterial symbionts. In this study, we show that NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), a transcription factor in Lotus japonicus that is essential for initiating cortical cell divisions during nodulation, regulates the gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2-LIKE18/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN16a (ASL18/LBD16a). Orthologs of ASL18/LBD16a in nonlegume plants are required for lateral root development. Coexpression of ASL18a and the CCAAT box-binding protein Nuclear Factor-Y (NF-Y) subunits, which are also directly targeted by NIN, partially suppressed the nodulation-defective phenotype of L. japonicusdaphne mutants, in which cortical expression of NIN was attenuated. Our results demonstrate that ASL18a and NF-Y together regulate nodule organogenesis. Thus, a lateral root developmental pathway is incorporated downstream of NIN to drive nodule symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31753986,
year = {2019},
author = {Bishopp, A and Bennett, MJ},
title = {Turning lateral roots into nodules.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {366},
number = {6468},
pages = {953-954},
doi = {10.1126/science.aay8620},
pmid = {31753986},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {*Gene Drive Technology ; *Lotus ; Plant Roots ; Root Nodules, Plant ; Symbiosis ; },
}
@article {pmid31753537,
year = {2019},
author = {Monteil, CL and Lefevre, CT},
title = {Magnetoreception in Microorganisms.},
journal = {Trends in microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.012},
pmid = {31753537},
issn = {1878-4380},
abstract = {Magnetoreception is the sense whereby organisms geolocate and navigate in response to the Earth's magnetic field lines. For decades, magnetotactic bacteria have been the only known magnetoreceptive microorganisms. The magnetotactic behaviour of these aquatic prokaryotes is due to the biomineralization of magnetic crystals. While an old report alleged the existence of microbial algae with similar behaviour, recent discoveries have demonstrated the existence of unicellular eukaryotes able to sense the geomagnetic field, and have revealed different mechanisms and strategies involved in such a sensing. Some ciliates can be magnetically guided after predation of magnetotactic bacteria, while some flagellates acquired this sense through symbiosis with magnetic bacteria. A report has even suggested that some magnetotactic protists could biomineralize magnetic crystals.},
}
@article {pmid31751146,
year = {2019},
author = {Xiang, Q and Wang, J and Qin, P and Adil, B and Xu, K and Gu, Y and Yu, X and Zhao, K and Zhang, X and Ma, M and Chen, Q and Chen, X and Yan, Y},
title = {Effect of common bean seed exudates on growth, lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide transport gene expression of Rhizobium anhuiense.},
journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1139/cjm-2019-0413},
pmid = {31751146},
issn = {1480-3275},
abstract = {Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is essential for successful nodulation during the symbiosis of rhizobia and legumes. However, the detailed mechanism of the LPS in this process has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, the effects of exudates the common bean seeds on the growth, lipopolysaccharide production and lipopolysaccharide transport genes expression (lpt) of Rhizobium anhuiense were investigated. R. anhuiense exposed to exudates showed changes in LPS electrophoretic profiles and content, where the LPS band was wider and the LPS content was higher in R. anhuiense treated with seeds exudates. Exudates enhanced cell growth of R. anhuiense in a concentration dependent manner; R. anhuiense exposed to higher doses of the exudate showed faster growth. Seven ltp genes of R. anhuiense were amplified and sequenced. Sequences of six lpt genes, except for lptE, were the same as found in previously analyzed R. anhuiense strains, while lptE shared low sequence similarity with other strains. Exposure to the exudates strongly stimulated the expression of all lpt genes. An approximately 6.7- (lptG) to 301-fold (lptE) increase in the transcriptional levels were observed after only 15 min of exposure to exudates. These results indicate that seed exudates affect the LPS by making the cell wall structure more conducive to symbiotic nodulation.},
}
@article {pmid31750894,
year = {2019},
author = {López-Madrigal, S and Duarte, EH},
title = {Titer regulation in arthropod-Wolbachia symbioses.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnz232},
pmid = {31750894},
issn = {1574-6968},
abstract = {Symbiosis between intracellular bacteria (endosymbionts) and animals are widespread. The alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis is known to maintain a variety of symbiotic associations, ranging from mutualism to parasitism, with a wide range of invertebrates. Wolbachia infection might deeply affect host fitness (e.g. reproductive manipulation, antiviral protection), which is thought to explain its high prevalence in nature. Bacterial loads significantly influence both the infection dynamics and the extent of bacteria-induced host phenotypes. Hence, fine regulation of bacterial titers is considered as a milestone in host-endosymbiont interplay. Here we review both environmental and biological factors modulating Wolbachia titers in arthropods.},
}
@article {pmid31749816,
year = {2019},
author = {Friel, CA and Friesen, ML},
title = {Legumes Modulate Allocation to Rhizobial Nitrogen Fixation in Response to Factorial Light and Nitrogen Manipulation.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1316},
pmid = {31749816},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {The costs and benefits that define gain from trade in resource mutualisms depend on resource availability. Optimal partitioning theory predicts that allocation to direct uptake versus trade will be determined by both the relative benefit of the resource acquired through trade and the relative cost of the resource being traded away. While the costs and benefits of carbon:nitrogen exchange in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis have been examined in depth with regards to mineral nitrogen availability, the effects of varying carbon costs are rarely considered. Using a growth chamber experiment, we measured plant growth and symbiosis investment in the model legume Medicago truncatula and its symbiont Ensifer medicae across varying nitrogen and light environments. We demonstrate that plants modulate their allocation to roots and nodules as their return on investment varies according to external nitrogen and carbon availabilities. We find empirical evidence that plant allocation to nodules responds to carbon availability, but that this depends upon the nitrogen environment. In particular, at low nitrogen-where rhizobia provided the majority of nitrogen for plant growth-relative nodule allocation increased when carbon limitation was alleviated with high light levels. Legumes' context-dependent modulation of resource allocation to rhizobia thus prevents this interaction from becoming parasitic even in low-light, high-nitrogen environments where carbon is costly and nitrogen is readily available.},
}
@article {pmid31749773,
year = {2019},
author = {Chien, HL and Huang, WZ and Tsai, MY and Cheng, CH and Liu, CT},
title = {Overexpression of the Chromosome Partitioning Gene parA in Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 Alters the Bacteroid Morphotype in Sesbania rostrata Stem Nodules.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2422},
pmid = {31749773},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 is a diazotroph that forms N2-fixing nodules on the roots and stems of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata. Deletion of the parA gene of this bacterium results in cell cycle defects, pleiomorphic cell shape, and formation of immature stem nodules on its host plant. In this study, we constructed a parA overexpression mutant (PnptII-parA) to complement a previous study and provide new insights into bacteroid formation. We found that overproduction of ParA did not affect growth, cell morphology, chromosome partitioning, or vegetative nitrogen fixation in the free-living state. Under symbiosis, however, distinctive features, such as a single swollen bacteroid in one symbiosome, relatively narrow symbiosome space, and polyploid cells were observed. The morphotype of the PnptII-parA bacteroid is reminiscent of terminal differentiation in some IRLC indeterminate nodules, but S. rostrata is not thought to produce the NCR peptides that induce terminal differentiation in rhizobia. In addition, the transcript patterns of many symbiosis-related genes elicited by PnptII-parA were different from those elicited by the wild type. Accordingly, we propose that the particular symbiosome formation in PnptII-parA stem-nodules is due to cell cycle disruption caused by excess ParA protein in the symbiotic cells during nodulation.},
}
@article {pmid31749767,
year = {2019},
author = {Slaughter, LC and Nelson, JA and Carlisle, AE and Bourguignon, M and Dinkins, RD and Phillips, TD and McCulley, RL},
title = {Tall Fescue and E. coenophiala Genetics Influence Root-Associated Soil Fungi in a Temperate Grassland.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2380},
pmid = {31749767},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {A constitutive, host-specific symbiosis exists between the aboveground fungal endophyte Epichloë coenophiala (Morgan-Jones &amp; W. Gams) and the cool-season grass tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.), which is a common forage grass in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and temperate European grasslands. New cultivars of tall fescue are continually developed to improve pasture productivity and animal health by manipulating both grass and E. coenophiala genetics, yet how these selected grass-endophyte combinations impact other microbial symbionts such as mycorrhizal and dark septate fungi remains unclear. Without better characterizing how genetically distinct grass-endophyte combinations interact with belowground microorganisms, we cannot determine how adoption of new E. coenophiala-symbiotic cultivars in pasture systems will influence long-term soil characteristics and ecosystem function. Here, we examined how E. coenophiala presence and host × endophyte genetic combinations control root colonization by belowground symbiotic fungi and associated plant nutrient concentrations and soil properties in a 2-year manipulative field experiment. We used four vegetative clone pairs of tall fescue that consisted of one endophyte-free (E-) and one E. coenophiala-symbiotic (E+) clone each, where E+ clones within each pair contained one of four endophyte genotypes: CTE14, CTE45, NTE16, or NTE19. After 2 years of growth in field plots, we measured root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE), extraradical AMF hyphae in soil, total C, N, and P in root and shoot samples, as well as C and N in associated soils. Although we observed no effects of E. coenophiala presence or symbiotic genotype on total AMF or DSE colonization rates in roots, different grass-endophyte combinations altered AMF arbuscule presence and extraradical hyphal length in soil. The CTE45 genotype hosted the fewest AMF arbuscules regardless of endophyte presence, and E+ clones within NTE19 supported significantly greater soil extraradical hyphae compared to E- clones. Because AMF are often associated with improved soil physical characteristics and C sequestration, our results suggest that development and use of unique grass-endophyte combinations may cause divergent effects on long-term ecosystem properties.},
}
@article {pmid31749568,
year = {2019},
author = {Aphale, D and Natu, A and Laldas, S and Kulkarni, A},
title = {Administration of Streptococcus bovis isolated from sheep rumen digesta on rumen function and physiology as evaluated in a rumen simulation technique system.},
journal = {Veterinary world},
volume = {12},
number = {9},
pages = {1362-1371},
pmid = {31749568},
issn = {0972-8988},
abstract = {Background and Aim: Little information about the stability and changes of sheep ruminal microbiota due to pathogen intervention in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) is available. This study aimed to investigate the effect of administration of a novel isolated Streptococcus bovis strain on rumen microbiology and physiology. In addition, the isolation of pigment-producing Streptococcus lutetiensis is described.<br><br>Materials and Methods: Microbial strains were isolated from sheep rumen digesta. An isolated strain of S. bovis was evaluated in the RUSITEC system fed with mixed cattle feed and compared with an in-house developed probiotic formulation (PF), PF 1, containing Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, Bacillus subtilis, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The parameters of volatile fatty acid, lactic acid, pH profiling, and the coliform anti-pathogenicity were evaluated to determine the effect of S. bovis on rumen function and physiology.<br><br>Results: Administration of S. bovis reduced the coliform count by 31.20% from 7.2×1010 colony-forming units (CFU)/mLto 1.7×106 CFU/mL. Agar diffusion assays revealed the extracellular antimicrobial activity of S. bovis against coliforms; Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica with 12 and 14 mm zones of inhibition, respectively. Simultaneously, an increase of 61.62% in the rumen yeast count was noted. The physiological changes resulted in a 5% reduction in acetic acid concentration from 431 to 405 mg/L.<br><br>Conclusion: The present research indicates that S. bovis is highly capable of altering rumen physiology and function on colonization and is a key transition microbe to be studied during rumen intervention studies. A decrease in the coliform count could be attributed to extracellular production of a bacteriocin-like substance, as illustrated through agar diffusion assays.},
}
@article {pmid31748328,
year = {2019},
author = {Traubenik, S and Reynoso, MA and Hobecker, KV and Lancia, M and Hummel, M and Rosen, B and Town, C and Bailey-Serres, J and Blanco, FA and Zanetti, ME},
title = {Reprogramming of root cells during nitrogen-fixing symbiosis involves dynamic polysome association of coding and non-coding RNAs.},
journal = {The Plant cell},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1105/tpc.19.00647},
pmid = {31748328},
issn = {1532-298X},
abstract = {Translational control is a widespread mechanism that allows the cell to rapidly modulate gene expression in order to provide flexibility and adaptability to eukaryotic organisms. We applied TRAP (Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification) combined with RNA sequencing to characterize translational regulation of mRNAs at early stages of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis established between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti. Our analysis revealed a poor correlation between transcriptional and translational changes and identified hundreds of regulated protein-coding and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), some of which are regulated in specific cell-types. We demonstrated that a short variant of the lncRNA TAS3 increased its association to the translational machinery in response to rhizobia. Functional analysis revealed that this short variant of TAS3 might act as a target mimic that capture miR390, contributing to reduce tasiARFs production and modulating nodule formation and rhizobial infection. The analysis of alternative transcript variants identified a translationally up-regulated mRNA encoding the subunit 3 of the SUPERKILLER complex (SKI3), which participates in mRNA decay. Knock-down of SKI3 decreased nodule initiation and development, as well as the survival of bacteria within nodules. Our results highlight the importance of translational control and mRNA decay pathways for the successful establishment of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31745930,
year = {2020},
author = {García, JM and Pozo, MJ and López-Ráez, JA},
title = {Histochemical and Molecular Quantification of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Symbiosis.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2083},
number = {},
pages = {293-299},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9952-1_22},
pmid = {31745930},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are one of the most widespread and studied plant associations with beneficial microorganisms. Indeed, more than 80% of land plants, including most agricultural and horticultural crop species, are able to establish this mutualistic symbiosis with AM fungi. Through this association the fungus helps the plant in the acquisition of water and mineral nutrients, especially under stress conditions. AM symbiosis affects other ecologically and economically important traits such as plant architecture, flowering, and fruit quality but also tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, AM fungi have a great potential as biofertilizers and bioprotection agents in sustainable agriculture. However, in order to take advantage of all these benefits, a good and functional symbiosis is required. Here we present methods for reliable quantification of colonization levels which should be useful not only for research but also from the agronomic point of view.},
}
@article {pmid31744409,
year = {2019},
author = {Maccracken, SA and Miller, IM and Labandeira, CC},
title = {Late Cretaceous domatia reveal the antiquity of plant-mite mutualisms in flowering plants.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {20190657},
pmid = {31744409},
issn = {1744-957X},
mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Fossils ; *Magnoliopsida ; *Mites ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Mite houses, or acarodomatia, are found on the leaves of over 2000 living species of flowering plants today. These structures facilitate tri-trophic interactions between the host plant, its fungi or herbivore adversaries, and fungivorous or predaceous mites by providing shelter for the mite consumers. Previously, the oldest acarodomatia were described on a Cenozoic Era fossil leaf dating to 49 Myr in age. Here, we report the first occurrence of Mesozoic Era acarodomatia in the fossil record from leaves discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation (76.6-74.5 Ma) in southern UT, USA. This discovery extends the origin of acarodomatia by greater than 25 Myr, and the antiquity of this plant-mite mutualism provides important constraints for the evolutionary history of acarodomatia on angiosperms.},
}
@article {pmid31744076,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, R and Clarke, BB and Belanger, FC},
title = {Transcriptome Analysis of Choke Stroma and Asymptomatic Inflorescence Tissues Reveals Changes in Gene Expression in Both Epichloëfestucae and Its Host Plant Festuca rubra subsp. rubra.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {31744076},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2018-11-661//United States Golf Association/ ; 2019//Rutgers Center for Turfgrass Science/ ; 1007068//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch/ ; },
abstract = {Many cool-season grasses have symbiotic relationships with Epichloë (Ascomycota, Clavicipitaceae) fungal endophytes that inhabit the intercellular spaces of the above-ground parts of the host plants. The presence of the Epichloë endophytes is generally beneficial to the hosts due to enhanced tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses conferred by the endophytes. Many Epichloë spp. are asexual, and those infections always remain asymptomatic. However, some Epichloë spp. have a sexual stage and produce a macroscopic fruiting body, a stroma, that envelops the developing inflorescence causing a syndrome termed &quot;choke disease&quot;. Here, we report a fungal and plant gene expression analysis of choke stroma tissue and asymptomatic inflorescence tissue of Epichloëfestucae-infected strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra). Hundreds of fungal genes and over 10% of the plant genes were differentially expressed when comparing the two tissue types. The differentially expressed fungal genes in the choke stroma tissue indicated a change in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as a change in expression of numerous genes for candidate effector proteins. Plant stress-related genes were up-regulated in the stroma tissue, suggesting the plant host was responding to the epiphytic stage of E. festucae as a pathogen.},
}
@article {pmid31741097,
year = {2020},
author = {Ren, Y and Xu, Y and Lee, WM and Di Bisceglie, AM and Fan, X},
title = {In-depth serum virome analysis in patients with acute liver failure with indeterminate etiology.},
journal = {Archives of virology},
volume = {165},
number = {1},
pages = {127-135},
pmid = {31741097},
issn = {1432-8798},
support = {R21 AI117128/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; DK58369/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R03 AI139835/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AI117128//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; AI139835//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; },
mesh = {Anelloviridae/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; Hepacivirus/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Hepatitis C, Chronic/blood/*diagnosis ; Herpesviridae/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute/blood/*virology ; Myoviridae/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Picornaviridae/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Serum/*virology ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Whole Genome Sequencing/methods ; },
abstract = {In clinical virome research, whole-genome/transcriptome amplification is required when starting material is limited. An improved method, named &quot;template-dependent multiple displacement amplification&quot; (tdMDA), has recently been developed in our lab (Wang et al. in BioTechniques 63:21-25. https://doi.org/10.2144/000114566, 2017). In combination with Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics pipelines, its application in virome sequencing was explored using a serum sample from a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In comparison to an amplification-free procedure, virome sequencing via tdMDA showed a 9.47-fold enrichment for HCV-mapped reads and, accordingly, an increase in HCV genome coverage from 28.5% to 70.1%. Eight serum samples from acute patients liver failure (ALF) with or without known etiology were then used for virome sequencing with an average depth at 94,913x. Both similarity-based (mapping, NCBI BLASTn, BLASTp, and profile hidden Markov model analysis) and similarity-independent methods (machine-learning algorithms) identified viruses from multiple families, including Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae, Myoviridae, and Anelloviridae. However, their commensal nature and cross-detection ruled out an etiological interpretation. Together with a lack of detection of novel viruses in a comprehensive analysis at a resolution of single reads, these data indicate that viral agents might be rare in ALF cases with indeterminate etiology.},
}
@article {pmid31740601,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, B and Leonard, SP and Li, Y and Moran, NA},
title = {Obligate bacterial endosymbionts limit thermal tolerance of insect host species.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {49},
pages = {24712-24718},
pmid = {31740601},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {The thermal tolerance of an organism limits its ecological and geographic ranges and is potentially affected by dependence on temperature-sensitive symbiotic partners. Aphid species vary widely in heat sensitivity, but almost all aphids are dependent on the nutrient-provisioning intracellular bacterium Buchnera, which has evolved with aphids for 100 million years and which has a reduced genome potentially limiting heat tolerance. We addressed whether heat sensitivity of Buchnera underlies variation in thermal tolerance among 5 aphid species. We measured how heat exposure of juvenile aphids affects later survival, maturation time, and fecundity. At one extreme, heat exposure of Aphis gossypii enhanced fecundity and had no effect on the Buchnera titer. In contrast, heat suppressed Buchnera populations in Aphis fabae, which suffered elevated mortality, delayed development and reduced fecundity. Likewise, in Acyrthosiphon kondoi and Acyrthosiphon pisum, heat caused rapid declines in Buchnera numbers, as well as reduced survivorship, development rate, and fecundity. Fecundity following heat exposure is severely decreased by a Buchnera mutation that suppresses the transcriptional response of a gene encoding a small heat shock protein. Similarly, absence of this Buchnera heat shock gene may explain the heat sensitivity of Ap. fabae Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed heat-induced deformation and shrinkage of bacteriocytes in heat-sensitive species but not in heat-tolerant species. Sensitive and tolerant species also differed in numbers and transcriptional responses of heat shock genes. These results show that shifts in Buchnera heat sensitivity contribute to host variation in heat tolerance.},
}
@article {pmid31739792,
year = {2019},
author = {Li, Y and Tassia, MG and Waits, DS and Bogantes, VE and David, KT and Halanych, KM},
title = {Genomic adaptations to chemosymbiosis in the deep-sea seep-dwelling tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi.},
journal = {BMC biology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {91},
pmid = {31739792},
issn = {1741-7007},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and their hosts are widespread and diverse, often providing protection or nutrients, and may be either obligate or facultative. However, the genetic mechanisms allowing organisms to maintain host-symbiont associations at the molecular level are still mostly unknown, and in the case of bacterial-animal associations, most genetic studies have focused on adaptations and mechanisms of the bacterial partner. The gutless tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Annelida) are obligate hosts of chemoautotrophic endosymbionts (except for Osedax which houses heterotrophic Oceanospirillales), which rely on the sulfide-oxidizing symbionts for nutrition and growth. Whereas several siboglinid endosymbiont genomes have been characterized, genomes of hosts and their adaptations to this symbiosis remain unexplored.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we present and characterize adaptations of the cold seep-dwelling tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi, one of the longest-lived solitary invertebrates. We sequenced the worm's ~ 688-Mb haploid genome with an overall completeness of ~ 95% and discovered that L. luymesi lacks many genes essential in amino acid biosynthesis, obligating them to products provided by symbionts. Interestingly, the host is known to carry hydrogen sulfide to thiotrophic endosymbionts using hemoglobin. We also found an expansion of hemoglobin B1 genes, many of which possess a free cysteine residue which is hypothesized to function in sulfide binding. Contrary to previous analyses, the sulfide binding mediated by zinc ions is not conserved across tubeworms. Thus, the sulfide-binding mechanisms in sibgolinids need to be further explored, and B1 globins might play a more important role than previously thought. Our comparative analyses also suggest the Toll-like receptor pathway may be essential for tolerance/sensitivity to symbionts and pathogens. Several genes related to the worm's unique life history which are known to play important roles in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and aging were also identified. Last, molecular clock analyses based on phylogenomic data suggest modern siboglinid diversity originated in 267 mya (± 70 my) support previous hypotheses indicating a Late Mesozoic or Cenozoic origins of approximately 50-126 mya for vestimentiferans.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Here, we elucidate several specific adaptations along various molecular pathways that link phenome to genome to improve understanding of holobiont evolution. Our findings of adaptation in genomic mechanisms to reducing environments likely extend to other chemosynthetic symbiotic systems.},
}
@article {pmid31737022,
year = {2019},
author = {Poehlman, WL and Schnabel, EL and Chavan, SA and Frugoli, JA and Feltus, FA},
title = {Identifying Temporally Regulated Root Nodulation Biomarkers Using Time Series Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1409},
pmid = {31737022},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Root nodulation results from a symbiotic relationship between a plant host and Rhizobium bacteria. Synchronized gene expression patterns over the course of rhizobial infection result in activation of pathways that are unique but overlapping with the highly conserved pathways that enable mycorrhizal symbiosis. We performed RNA sequencing of 30 Medicago truncatula root maturation zone samples at five distinct time points. These samples included plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium medicae and control plants that did not receive any Rhizobium. Following gene expression quantification, we identified 1,758 differentially expressed genes at various time points. We constructed a gene co-expression network (GCN) from the same data and identified link community modules (LCMs) that were comprised entirely of differentially expressed genes at specific time points post-inoculation. One LCM included genes that were up-regulated at 24 h following inoculation, suggesting an activation of allergen family genes and carbohydrate-binding gene products in response to Rhizobium. We also identified two LCMs that were comprised entirely of genes that were down regulated at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation. The identity of the genes in these modules suggest that down-regulating specific genes at 24 h may result in decreased jasmonic acid production with an increase in cytokinin production. At 48 h, coordinated down-regulation of a specific set of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis may play a role in nodulation. We show that GCN-LCM analysis is an effective method to preliminarily identify polygenic candidate biomarkers of root nodulation and develop hypotheses for future discovery.},
}
@article {pmid31734921,
year = {2020},
author = {Ngom, M and Cissoko, M and Gray, K and Hocher, V and Laplaze, L and Sy, MO and Svistoonoff, S and Champion, A},
title = {Establishment of Actinorhizal Symbiosis in Response to Ethylene, Salicylic Acid, and Jasmonate.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2085},
number = {},
pages = {117-130},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_9},
pmid = {31734921},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating plant developmental processes. Among them, ethylene and jasmonate are known to be involved in plant defense responses to a wide range of biotic stresses as their levels increase with pathogen infection. In addition, these two phytohormones have been shown to inhibit plant nodulation in legumes. Here, exogenous salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate acid (JA), and ethephon (ET) were applied to the root system of Casuarina glauca plants before Frankia inoculation, in order to analyze their effects on the establishment of actinorhizal symbiosis. This protocol further describes how to identify putative ortholog genes involved in ethylene and jasmonate biosynthesis and/or signaling pathways in plant, using the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), Legume Information System (LIS), and Genevestigator databases. The expression of these genes in response to the bacterium Frankia was analyzed using the gene atlas for Casuarina-Frankia symbiosis (SESAM web site).},
}
@article {pmid31734916,
year = {2020},
author = {Basso, V and Veneault-Fourrey, C},
title = {Role of Jasmonates in Beneficial Microbe-Root Interactions.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2085},
number = {},
pages = {43-67},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_4},
pmid = {31734916},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {The phytohormone jasmonate (JA) modulates various defense and developmental responses of plants, and is implied in the integration of multiple environmental signals. Given its centrality in regulating plant physiology according to external stimuli, JA influences the establishment of interactions between plant roots and beneficial bacteria or fungi. In many cases, moderate JA signaling promotes the onset of mutualism, while massive JA signaling inhibits it. The output also depends on the compatibility between microbe and host plant and on nutritional or environmental cues. Also, JA biosynthesis and perception participate in the systemic regulation of mutualistic interactions and in microbe-induced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Here, we review our current knowledge of the role of JA biosynthesis, signaling, and responses during mutualistic root-microbe interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31733122,
year = {2019},
author = {Petti, S and Lodi, G},
title = {The controversial natural history of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.},
journal = {Oral diseases},
volume = {25},
number = {8},
pages = {1850-1865},
doi = {10.1111/odi.13234},
pmid = {31733122},
issn = {1601-0825},
mesh = {*Herpes Labialis ; *Herpes Simplex ; *Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Humans ; *Stomatitis, Herpetic ; Trigeminal Ganglion ; },
abstract = {The natural history of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the immunocompetent host is complex and rich in controversial phenomena, namely the role of unapparent transmission in primary infection acquisition, the high frequency of asymptomatic primary and recurrent infections, the lack of immunogenicity of HSV-1 internalized in the soma (cell body) of the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, the lytic activity of HSV-1 in the soma of neurons that is inhibited in the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion and often uncontrolled in the other neurons, the role of keratin in promoting the development of recurrence episodes in immunocompetent hosts, the virus-host Nash equilibrium, the paradoxical HSV-1-seronegative individuals who shed HSV-1 through saliva, the limited efficacy of anti-HSV vaccines, and why the oral route of infection is the least likely to produce severe complications. The natural history of oral HSV-1 infection is also a history of symbiosis between humans and virus that may switch from mutualism to parasitism and vice versa. This balance is typical of microorganisms that are highly coevolved with humans, and its knowledge is essential to oral healthcare providers to perform adequate diagnosis and provide proper individual-based HSV-1 infection therapy.},
}
@article {pmid31732932,
year = {2019},
author = {Miller, DP and Lamont, RJ},
title = {Signaling Systems in Oral Bacteria.},
journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology},
volume = {1197},
number = {},
pages = {27-43},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_3},
pmid = {31732932},
issn = {0065-2598},
mesh = {*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biofilms ; *Mouth Mucosa/microbiology ; Quorum Sensing ; *Signal Transduction ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The supra- and subgingival plaque biofilm communities of plaque are composed of hundreds of different microbes. These communities are spatially and temporally structured, largely due to cell-cell communications that coordinate synergistic interactions, and intracellular signaling systems to sense changes in the surrounding environment. Homeostasis is maintained through metabolic communication, mutualistic cross-feeding, and cross-respiration. These nutritional symbioses can reciprocally influence the local microenvironments by altering the pH and by detoxifying oxidative compounds. Signal transduction mechanisms include two-component systems, tyrosine phosphorelays, quorum sensing systems, and cyclic nucleotide secondary messengers. Signaling converges on transcriptional programs and can result in synergistic or antagonistic interbacterial interactions that sculpt community development. The sum of all these interactions can be a well-organized polymicrobial community that remains in homeostasis with the host, or a dysbiotic community that provokes pathogenic responses in the host.},
}
@article {pmid31732824,
year = {2019},
author = {Banerjee, J and Roy, S and Dhas, Y and Mishra, N},
title = {Senescence-associated miR-34a and miR-126 in middle-aged Indians with type 2 diabetes.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10238-019-00593-4},
pmid = {31732824},
issn = {1591-9528},
abstract = {Rapid urbanization and unhealthy dietary patterns critically increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in middle-aged Indians. However, despite recent evidence of senescence-associated microRNAs (SA-miRNAs) in regulating complex pathways of ageing, their expressions in middle-aged Indians with T2D remain unexplored. Hence we aimed to investigate the changes in expressions of SA-miRNAs miR-34a and miR-126 in middle-aged T2D patients. A total of 30 T2D patients and 30 controls were recruited of age 31-50 years. The expressions of plasma miR-34a and miR-126 were determined by quantitative PCR. Oxidized LDL (OxLDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of different glucose concentrations on miR-34a, miR-126, senescence-associated, and oxidative stress-responsive genes were also studied in an in vitro model of mice pancreatic β-cells. MiR-34a was significantly upregulated, whereas miR-126 was nonsignificantly reduced in T2D patients as compared to controls. T2D patients showed elevated levels of oxidative stress markers than controls. Analysis of cultured mice pancreatic β-cells exposed to high glucose showed significant upregulation of miR-34a, miR-126, p53, and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). We found that circulating miR-34a levels and oxidative stress markers levels were elevated in the middle-aged Indians with T2D as compared to controls. The presence of diabetes may aggravate the normal ageing process in the middle-aged Indians. These SA-miRNAs can also be used to check the cellular dysfunctions and ageing of pancreatic β-cells.},
}
@article {pmid31732817,
year = {2019},
author = {Robin, A and Pradier, C and Sanguin, H and Mahé, F and Lambais, GR and de Araujo Pereira, AP and Germon, A and Santana, MC and Tisseyre, P and Pablo, AL and Heuillard, P and Sauvadet, M and Bouillet, JP and Andreote, FD and Plassard, C and de Moraes Gonçalves, JL and Cardoso, EJBN and Laclau, JP and Hinsinger, P and Jourdan, C},
title = {How deep can ectomycorrhizas go? A case study on Pisolithus down to 4 meters in a Brazilian eucalypt plantation.},
journal = {Mycorrhiza},
volume = {29},
number = {6},
pages = {637-648},
doi = {10.1007/s00572-019-00917-y},
pmid = {31732817},
issn = {1432-1890},
abstract = {Despite the strong ecological importance of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, their vertical distribution remains poorly understood. To our knowledge, ECM structures associated with trees have never been reported in depths below 2 meters. In this study, fine roots and ECM root tips were sampled down to 4-m depth during the digging of two independent pits differing by their water availability. A meta-barcoding approach based on Illumina sequencing of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) was carried out on DNA extracted from root samples (fine roots and ECM root tips separately). ECM fungi dominated the root-associated fungal community, with more than 90% of sequences assigned to the genus Pisolithus. The morphological and barcoding results demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of ECM symbiosis down to 4-m. The molecular diversity of Pisolithus spp. was strongly dependent on depth, with soil pH and soil water content as primary drivers of the Pisolithus spp. structure. Altogether, our results highlight the importance to consider the ECM symbiosis in deep soil layers to improve our understanding of fine roots functioning in tropical soils.},
}
@article {pmid31730782,
year = {2020},
author = {Manjula, P and Lalitha, K and Shivakumar, MS},
title = {Diet composition has a differential effect on immune tolerance in insect larvae exposed to Mesorhabditis belari, Enterobacter hormaechei and its metabolites.},
journal = {Experimental parasitology},
volume = {208},
number = {},
pages = {107802},
doi = {10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107802},
pmid = {31730782},
issn = {1090-2449},
mesh = {Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Biological Assay ; Carbohydrates/administration &amp; dosage ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Diet ; Enterobacter/immunology/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Immune Tolerance ; Larva/immunology ; Lethal Dose 50 ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Proteins/administration &amp; dosage ; Rhabditoidea/immunology/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Spodoptera/*immunology/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Virulence ; Zinc/administration &amp; dosage ; },
abstract = {In insects, diet plays an important role in growth and development. Insects can vary their diet composition based on their physiological needs. In this study we tested the influence of diet composition involving varying concentrations of macronutrients and zinc on the immune-tolerance following parasite and pathogen exposure in Spodoptera litura larvae. We also tested the insecticidal potential of Mesorhabditis belari, Enterobacter hormaechei and its secondary metabolites on Spodoptera litura larvae. The results shows macronutrient composition does not directly affect the larval tolerance to nematode infection. However, Zinc supplemented diet improved the immune tolerance. While larvae exposed to bacterial infection performed better on carbohydrate rich diet. Secondary metabolites from bacteria produced an immune response in dose dependent mortality. The study shows that the larvae maintained on different diet composition show varied immune tolerance which is based on the type of infection.},
}
@article {pmid31730203,
year = {2019},
author = {Younginger, BS and Friesen, ML},
title = {Connecting signals and benefits through partner choice in plant-microbe interactions.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology letters},
volume = {366},
number = {18},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnz217},
pmid = {31730203},
issn = {1574-6968},
abstract = {Stabilizing mechanisms in plant-microbe symbioses are critical to maintaining beneficial functions, with two main classes: host sanctions and partner choice. Sanctions are currently presumed to be more effective and widespread, based on the idea that microbes rapidly evolve cheating while retaining signals matching cooperative strains. However, hosts that effectively discriminate among a pool of compatible symbionts would gain a significant fitness advantage. Using the well-characterized legume-rhizobium symbiosis as a model, we evaluate the evidence for partner choice in the context of the growing field of genomics. Empirical studies that rely upon bacteria varying only in nitrogen-fixation ability ignore host-symbiont signaling and frequently conclude that partner choice is not a robust stabilizing mechanism. Here, we argue that partner choice is an overlooked mechanism of mutualism stability and emphasize that plants need not use the microbial services provided a priori to discriminate among suitable partners. Additionally, we present a model that shows that partner choice signaling increases symbiont and host fitness in the absence of sanctions. Finally, we call for a renewed focus on elucidating the signaling mechanisms that are critical to partner choice while further aiming to understand their evolutionary dynamics in nature.},
}
@article {pmid31729063,
year = {2019},
author = {Plett, KL and Singan, VR and Wang, M and Ng, V and Grigoriev, IV and Martin, F and Plett, JM and Anderson, IC},
title = {Inorganic nitrogen availability alters Eucalyptus grandis receptivity to the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus but not symbiotic nitrogen transfer.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16322},
pmid = {31729063},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {DP160102684//Australian Research Council/ ; CSP1953//US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute/ ; //Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment (Western Sydney University)/ ; DE-AC02-05CH11231//Office of Science/ ; },
abstract = {Forest trees are able to thrive in nutrient-poor soils in part because they obtain growth-limiting nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), through mutualistic symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Addition of inorganic N into these soils is known to disrupt this mutualism and reduce the diversity of ECM fungi. Despite its ecological impact, the mechanisms governing the observed effects of elevated inorganic N on mycorrhizal communities remain unknown. We address this by using a compartmentalized in vitro system to independently alter nutrients to each symbiont. Using stable isotopes, we traced the nutrient flux under different nutrient regimes between Eucalyptus grandis and its ectomycorrhizal symbiont, Pisolithus albus. We demonstrate that giving E. grandis independent access to N causes a significant reduction in root colonization by P. albus. Transcriptional analysis suggests that the observed reduction in colonization may be caused, in part, by altered transcription of microbe perception genes and defence genes. We show that delivery of N to host leaves is not increased by host nutrient deficiency but by fungal nutrient availability instead. Overall, this advances our understanding of the effects of N fertilization on ECM fungi and the factors governing nutrient transfer in the E. grandis-P. microcarpus interaction.},
}
@article {pmid31728419,
year = {2019},
author = {Grimaldi, DA and Peñalver, E and Barrón, E and Herhold, HW and Engel, MS},
title = {Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {408},
pmid = {31728419},
issn = {2399-3642},
abstract = {Angiosperms and their insect pollinators form a foundational symbiosis, evidence for which from the Cretaceous is mostly indirect, based on fossils of insect taxa that today are anthophilous, and of fossil insects and flowers that have apparent anthophilous and entomophilous specializations, respectively. We present exceptional direct evidence preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, 100 mya, for feeding on pollen in the eudicot genus Tricolporoidites by a basal new aculeate wasp, Prosphex anthophilos, gen. et sp. nov., in the lineage that contains the ants, bees, and other stinging wasps. Plume of hundreds of pollen grains wafts from its mouth and an apparent pollen mass was detected by micro-CT in the buccal cavity: clear evidence that the wasp was foraging on the pollen. Eudicots today comprise nearly three-quarters of all angiosperm species. Prosphex feeding on Tricolporoidites supports the hypothesis that relatively small, generalized insect anthophiles were important pollinators of early angiosperms.},
}
@article {pmid31726026,
year = {2019},
author = {Moskowitz, JE and Devkota, S},
title = {Determinants of Microbial Antibiotic Susceptibility: The Commensal Gut Microbiota Perspective.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {574-576},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.019},
pmid = {31726026},
issn = {1934-6069},
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Diet ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Microbiota ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Ng et al. (2019) unravel the complex factors that shape commensal gut microbiota susceptibility and resilience to antibiotics. These findings depict the microbiota's malleable dynamics resulting from compositional changes, environmental variability, and dietary shifts, further informing potential strategies to mitigate incomplete microbiome recovery accompanying antibiotic treatment.},
}
@article {pmid31722286,
year = {2020},
author = {Hakim, S and Mirza, BS and Imran, A and Zaheer, A and Yasmin, S and Mubeen, F and Mclean, JE and Mirza, MS},
title = {Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA tag shows disparity in rhizobial and non-rhizobial diversity associated with root nodules of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) growing in different habitats in Pakistan.},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {231},
number = {},
pages = {126356},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2019.126356},
pmid = {31722286},
issn = {1618-0623},
abstract = {In Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, the nodule is the most frequently studied compartment, where the endophytic/symbiotic microbiota demands critical investigation for development of specific inocula. We identified the bacterial diversity within root nodules of mung bean from different growing areas of Pakistan using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. We observed specific OTUs related to specific site where Bradyrhizobium was found to be the dominant genus comprising of 82-94% of total rhizobia in nodules with very minor fraction of sequences from other rhizobia at three sites. In contrast, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) was single dominant genus comprising 99.9% of total rhizobial sequences at site four. Among non-rhizobial sequences, the genus Acinetobacter was abundant (7-18% of total sequences), particularly in Bradyrhizobium-dominated nodule samples. Rhizobia and non-rhizobial PGPR isolated from nodule samples include Ensifer, Bradyrhizobium, Acinetobacter, Microbacterium and Pseudomonas strains. Co-inoculation of multi-trait PGPR Acinetobacter sp. VrB1 with either of the two rhizobia in field exhibited more positive effect on nodulation and plant growth than single-strain inoculation which favors the use of Acinetobacter as an essential component for development of mung bean inoculum. Furthermore, site-specific dominance of rhizobia and non-rhizobia revealed in this study may contribute towards decision making for development and application of specific inocula in different habitats.},
}
@article {pmid31721161,
year = {2019},
author = {Forrester, NJ and Ashman, TL},
title = {Autopolyploidy alters nodule-level interactions in the legume-rhizobium mutualism.},
journal = {American journal of botany},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1375},
pmid = {31721161},
issn = {1537-2197},
support = {1247842//NSF/ ; DEB 1241006//Botanical Society of America/ ; 1452386//Botanical Society of America/ ; },
abstract = {PREMISE: Polyploidy is a major genetic driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in plants, yet its effects on plant interactions with mutualistic microbes remain unresolved. The legume-rhizobium symbiosis regulates global nutrient cycles and plays a role in the diversification of legume species. In this mutualism, rhizobia bacteria fix nitrogen in exchange for carbon provided by legume hosts. This exchange occurs inside root nodules, which house bacterial cells and represent the interface of legume-rhizobium interactions. Although polyploidy may directly impact the legume-rhizobium mutualism, no studies have explored how it alters the internal structure of nodules.<br><br>METHODS: We created synthetic autotetraploids using Medicago sativa subsp. caerulea. Neotetraploid plants and their diploid progenitors were singly inoculated with two strains of rhizobia, Sinorhizobium meliloti and S. medicae. Confocal microscopy was used to quantify internal traits of nodules produced by diploid and neotetraploid plants.<br><br>RESULTS: Autotetraploid plants produced larger nodules with larger nitrogen fixation zones than diploids for both strains of rhizobia, although the significance of these differences was limited by power. Neotetraploid M. sativa subsp. caerulea plants also produced symbiosomes that were significantly larger, nearly twice the size, than those present in diploids.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on how polyploidy directly affects a plant-bacterium mutualism and uncovers novel mechanisms. Changes in plant-microbe interactions that directly result from polyploidy likely contribute to the increased ability of polyploid legumes to establish in diverse environments.},
}
@article {pmid31721158,
year = {2019},
author = {Ford Denison, R},
title = {Evolutionary trade-offs are key to beneficial manipulation of crops by microbes.},
journal = {American journal of botany},
volume = {106},
number = {12},
pages = {1529-1531},
doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1386},
pmid = {31721158},
issn = {1537-2197},
}
@article {pmid31721121,
year = {2020},
author = {Kreth, J and Abdelrahman, YM and Merritt, J},
title = {Multiplex Imaging of Polymicrobial Communities-Murine Models to Study Oral Microbiome Interactions.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2081},
number = {},
pages = {107-126},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9940-8_8},
pmid = {31721121},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Similar to other mucosal surfaces of the body, the oral cavity hosts a diverse microbial flora that live in polymicrobial biofilm communities. It is the ecology of these communities that are the primary determinants of oral health (symbiosis) or disease (dysbiosis). As such, both symbiosis and dysbiosis are inherently polymicrobial phenomena. In an effort to facilitate studies of polymicrobial communities within rodent models, we developed a suite of synthetic luciferases suitable for multiplexed in situ analyses of microbial ecology and specific gene expression. Using this approach, it is feasible to noninvasively measure multiple luciferase signals in vivo with both spatial and temporal resolution. In the following chapter, we describe the relevant details and protocols used to establish a biophotonic imaging platform for the study of experimental polymicrobial oral biofilms and abscesses in mice. The protocols described here are specifically tailored for use with oral streptococci, but the general strategies are adaptable for a wide range of polymicrobial infection studies using other species.},
}
@article {pmid31720838,
year = {2019},
author = {Rimington, WR and Pressel, S and Duckett, JG and Field, KJ and Bidartondo, MI},
title = {Evolution and networks in ancient and widespread symbioses between Mucoromycotina and liverworts.},
journal = {Mycorrhiza},
volume = {29},
number = {6},
pages = {551-565},
pmid = {31720838},
issn = {1432-1890},
support = {SSCP DTP//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N009665/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N009665/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N009665/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N00941X/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N00941X/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N00941X/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; Emeritus Fellowship//Leverhulme Trust/ ; Early Career Fellowship//Leverhulme Trust/ ; RG150276//Royal Society/ ; BB/M026825/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {Like the majority of land plants, liverworts regularly form intimate symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycotina). Recent phylogenetic and physiological studies report that they also form intimate symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi and that some of these, like those involving Glomeromycotina, represent nutritional mutualisms. To compare these symbioses, we carried out a global analysis of Mucoromycotina fungi in liverworts and other plants using species delimitation, ancestral reconstruction, and network analyses. We found that Mucoromycotina are more common and diverse symbionts of liverworts than previously thought, globally distributed, ancestral, and often co-occur with Glomeromycotina within plants. However, our results also suggest that the associations formed by Mucoromycotina fungi are fundamentally different because, unlike Glomeromycotina, they may have evolved multiple times and their symbiotic networks are un-nested (i.e., not forming nested subsets of species). We infer that the global Mucoromycotina symbiosis is evolutionarily and ecologically distinctive.},
}
@article {pmid31719392,
year = {2019},
author = {Kolbasova, GD and Mekhova, ES},
title = {Myzostoma khanhkhoaensis (Myzostomida), a new myzostomid species from the Nhatrang Bay, Vietnam.},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4691},
number = {3},
pages = {zootaxa.4691.3.4},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4691.3.4},
pmid = {31719392},
issn = {1175-5334},
mesh = {Animals ; *Annelida ; *Bays ; Echinodermata ; Vietnam ; },
abstract = {A new myzostome species, described here as Myzostoma khanhkhoaensis sp. nov., was collected in Nhatrang Bay, central Vietnam, during investigation of symbionts associated with crinoids. Myzostoma khanhkhoaensis sp. nov. was found only on Clarkcomanthus albinotus Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles Vail, 1986 in dense groups of up to 25 specimens. This species closely matches the colour pattern of the host by adjusting its cryptic colour and infects the distal part of crinoid arms, causing them to become curved. This is the first record of myzostomes that induce deformation of skeletal elements without the formation of galls or cysts. Morphologically M. khanhkhoaensis sp. nov. is close to M. cuniculus and M. pseudocuniculus but clearly differs from both of them by the shape of caudal blade and chaetae. Molecular-genetics analysis based on CO1, 16S and 18S DNA placed M. khanhkhoaensis sp. nov. in a clade including M. cuniculus, M. pseudocuniculus and M. indocuniculus.},
}
@article {pmid31717463,
year = {2019},
author = {Najjar, RS and Feresin, RG},
title = {Plant-Based Diets in the Reduction of Body Fat: Physiological Effects and Biochemical Insights.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {11},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {31717463},
issn = {2072-6643},
abstract = {Obesity affects over one-third of Americans and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Interventional trials have consistently demonstrated that consumption of plant-based diets reduces body fat in overweight and obese subjects, even when controlling for energy intake. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been well-defined. This review discusses six major dietary mechanisms that may lead to reduced body fat. These include (1) reduced caloric density, (2) improved gut microbiota symbiosis, (3) increased insulin sensitivity, (4) reduced trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), (5) activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and (6) over-expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Collectively, these factors improve satiety and increase energy expenditure leading to reduced body weight.},
}
@article {pmid31717088,
year = {2019},
author = {Anker, A and DE Grave, S},
title = {Further records of burrow-associated palaemonid shrimps (Decapoda: Palaemonidae).},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4612},
number = {1},
pages = {zootaxa.4612.1.13},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4612.1.13},
pmid = {31717088},
issn = {1175-5334},
mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures ; Animals ; *Decapoda ; Echinodermata ; *Palaemonidae ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Despite the ubiquitous nature of symbiosis in palaemonid shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae) which live in or on varied invertebrate hosts, such as echinoderms, sponges, ascidians, hard and soft corals, etc., very few taxa have been recorded living in burrows constructed by other animals. This is in sharp contrast to the rich burrow-dwelling diversity in the Alpheidae, in which numerous genera associate with a great variety of burrowing animals, including stomatopods (Hayashi 2002; Ďuriš Anker 2014), echiurans (Anker et al. 2005, 2015), other alpheid shrimps (e.g. De Grave 2004; Anker Marin 2006), and especially numerous ghost and mud shrimps (e.g. Anker, 2011; Anker Lazarus 2015).},
}
@article {pmid31716922,
year = {2019},
author = {Anker, A and Ashrafi, H},
title = {Salmoneus durisi sp. nov., an infaunal alpheid shrimp probably associated with callianassid ghost shrimps in the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Caridea).},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4651},
number = {1},
pages = {zootaxa.4651.1.4},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.4},
pmid = {31716922},
issn = {1175-5334},
mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures ; Animals ; Body Size ; *Decapoda ; Indonesia ; Iran ; Melanesia ; Oman ; Organ Size ; Philippines ; },
abstract = {A new species of the alpheid shrimp genus Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955, probably an obligate associate of ghost shrimp burrows, is described based on material from Oman (type locality: Darsait near Muscat), Iran and the Philippines. Salmoneus durisi sp. nov. is characterised principally by both chelipeds enlarged, robust, with ventral and dorsal margins of chelae carrying long fine setae, and with minor chela fingers armed with a few large teeth on cutting edges. All specimens of Salmoneus durisi sp. nov. were collected either directly from burrows of larger decapod crustaceans with the aid of a suction pump, or by exposing burrows dug under large subtidal rocks. The Iranian specimen was found together with its presumed host, Neocallichirus calmani (Nobili, 1904). Two additional specimens from Indonesia and the Solomon Islands are tentatively assigned to S. cf. durisi sp. nov., awaiting further studies.},
}
@article {pmid31716921,
year = {2019},
author = {Anker, A},
title = {On three symbiotic species of the alpheid shrimp genus Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 from the Indo-West Pacific, including one new to science (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Caridea).},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4651},
number = {1},
pages = {zootaxa.4651.1.3},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.3},
pmid = {31716921},
issn = {1175-5334},
mesh = {Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures ; Animals ; *Decapoda ; Indonesia ; Oman ; Papua New Guinea ; Vietnam ; },
abstract = {Three species of the alpheid shrimp genus Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 associated with burrows of other decapod crustaceans are reported from various Indo-West Pacific localities. Salmoneus venustus sp. nov. is described based on material collected at two distant localities, Nha Trang Bay, southern Vietnam, the type locality of the new species, and the Yiti-Sifah region east of Muscat, northern Oman. Both specimens were collected with the aid of a suction pump applied to burrow entrances or mounds in muddy sand; the holotype was possibly associated with burrows of the callianassid ghost shrimp, Glypturus sp. Salmoneus venustus sp. nov. shares many characteristics with S. latirostris (Coutière, 1897), including the red banding of the pleon, but can be distinguished from S. latirostris and all other species of the genus by a unique combination of morphological characters. The large-sized Salmoneus brucei Komai, 2009 is reported from Sumba, central Indonesia, representing a significant southward extension of the species' previously known distribution range and the first record since its original description. The callianassid ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus cf. rosae (Nobili, 1904) is recorded as a new host of S. brucei. Finally, Salmoneus colinorum De Grave, 2004, associated with burrows of larger snapping shrimps from the Alpheus malabaricus Fabricius, 1798 species complex, is reported for the first time from Madang, Papua New Guinea, representing an eastward extension of the species' previously known distribution range.},
}
@article {pmid31716856,
year = {2019},
author = {Goto, R and Tanaka, M},
title = {Worm-riding clam: description of Montacutona sigalionidcola sp. nov. (Bivalvia: Heterodonta: Galeommatidae) from Japan and its phylogenetic position.},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4652},
number = {3},
pages = {zootaxa.4652.3.4},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4652.3.4},
pmid = {31716856},
issn = {1175-5334},
mesh = {Animals ; *Annelida ; *Bivalvia ; Japan ; Phylogeny ; *Polychaeta ; },
abstract = {A new galeommatid bivalve, Montacutona sigalionidcola sp. nov., is described from an intertidal flat in the southern end of the Kii Peninsula, Honshu Island, Japan. Unlike other members of the genus, this species is a commensal with the burrowing scale worm Pelogenia zeylanica (Willey) (Annelida: Sigalionidae) that lives in fine sand sediments. Specimens were always found attached to the dorsal surface of the anterior end of the host body. This species has a ligament lithodesma between diverging hinge teeth, which is characteristic of Montacutona Yamamoto Habe. However, it is morphologically distinguished from the other members of this genus in having elongate-oval shells with small gape at the posteroventral margin and lacking an outer demibranch. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the four-gene combined dataset (18S + 28S + H3 + COI) indicated that this species is monophyletic with Montacutona, Nipponomontacuta Yamamoto Habe and Koreamya Lützen, Hong Yamashita, which are commensals with sea anemones or Lingula brachiopods. This result suggests that host shifting across different phyla occurred at least twice in this clade.},
}
@article {pmid31714855,
year = {2019},
author = {Mushegian, AA and Tougeron, K},
title = {Animal-Microbe Interactions in the Context of Diapause.},
journal = {The Biological bulletin},
volume = {237},
number = {2},
pages = {180-191},
doi = {10.1086/706078},
pmid = {31714855},
issn = {1939-8697},
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Diapause ; *Microbiota ; Phenotype ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Dormancy and diapause are key adaptations in many organisms, enabling survival of temporarily or seasonally unsuitable environmental conditions. In this review, we examine how our understanding of programmed developmental and metabolic arrest during diapause intersects with the increasing body of knowledge about animal co-development and co-evolution with microorganisms. Host-microbe interactions are increasingly understood to affect a number of metabolic, physiological, developmental, and behavioral traits and to mediate adaptations to various environments. Therefore, it is timely to consider how microbial factors might affect the expression and evolution of diapause in a changing world. We examine how a range of host-microbe interactions, from pathogenic to mutualistic, may have an impact on diapause phenotypes. Conversely, we examine how the discontinuities that diapause introduces into animal host generations can affect the ecology of microbial communities and the evolution of host-microbe interactions. We discuss these issues as they relate to physiology, evolution of development, local adaptation, disease ecology, and environmental change. Finally, we outline research questions that bridge the historically distinct fields of seasonal ecology and host-microbe interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31712572,
year = {2019},
author = {Stieb, SM and de Busserolles, F and Carleton, KL and Cortesi, F and Chung, WS and Dalton, BE and Hammond, LA and Marshall, NJ},
title = {A detailed investigation of the visual system and visual ecology of the Barrier Reef anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {16459},
pmid = {31712572},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {R01 EY024639/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Vision plays a major role in the life of most teleosts, and is assumingly well adapted to each species ecology and behaviour. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we scrutinised several aspects of the visual system and ecology of the Great Barrier Reef anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos, including its orange with white patterning, retinal anatomy and molecular biology, its symbiosis with anemones and sequential hermaphroditism. Amphiprion akindynos possesses spectrally distinct visual pigments and opsins: one rod opsin, RH1 (498 nm), and five cone opsins, SWS1 (370 nm), SWS2B (408 nm), RH2B (498 nm), RH2A (520 nm), and LWS (554 nm). Cones were arranged in a regular mosaic with each single cone surrounded by four double cones. Double cones mainly expressed RH2B (53%) in one member and RH2A (46%) in the other, matching the prevailing light. Single cones expressed SWS1 (89%), which may serve to detect zooplankton, conspecifics and the host anemone. Moreover, a segregated small fraction of single cones coexpressed SWS1 with SWS2B (11%). This novel visual specialisation falls within the region of highest acuity and is suggested to increase the chromatic contrast of Amphiprion akindynos colour patterns, which might improve detection of conspecifics.},
}
@article {pmid31712407,
year = {2020},
author = {Mergaert, P and Kereszt, A and Kondorosi, E},
title = {Gene Expression in Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Nodule Cells in Medicago truncatula and Other Nodulating Plants.},
journal = {The Plant cell},
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {42-68},
doi = {10.1105/tpc.19.00494},
pmid = {31712407},
issn = {1532-298X},
abstract = {Root nodules formed by plants of the nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC) are symbiotic organs that function in the maintenance and metabolic integration of large populations of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These organs feature unique characteristics and processes, including their tissue organization, the presence of specific infection structures called infection threads, endocytotic uptake of bacteria, symbiotic cells carrying thousands of intracellular bacteria without signs of immune responses, and the integration of symbiont and host metabolism. The early stages of nodulation are governed by a few well-defined functions, which together constitute the common symbiosis-signaling pathway (CSSP). The CSSP activates a set of transcription factors (TFs) that orchestrate nodule organogenesis and infection. The later stages of nodule development require the activation of hundreds to thousands of genes, mostly expressed in symbiotic cells. Many of these genes are only active in symbiotic cells, reflecting the unique nature of nodules as plant structures. Although how the nodule-specific transcriptome is activated and connected to early CSSP-signaling is poorly understood, candidate TFs have been identified using transcriptomic approaches, and the importance of epigenetic and chromatin-based regulation has been demonstrated. We discuss how gene regulation analyses have advanced our understanding of nodule organogenesis, the functioning of symbiotic cells, and the evolution of symbiosis in the NFC.},
}
@article {pmid31711773,
year = {2019},
author = {Burlaka, AP and Ganusevich, II and Vovk, AV and Burlaka, AA and Gafurov, MR and Lukin, SN},
title = {Redox state of adipose tissue for patients with gastric cancer and its connection with the body mass index and distance from the tumor.},
journal = {Obesity research &amp; clinical practice},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.orcp.2019.10.003},
pmid = {31711773},
issn = {1871-403X},
abstract = {Excess body weight has been causally linked to an increased risk of different cancer types, including gastric cancer but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. Superoxide generation rate, activity of complex I in electron transport chain of mitochondria, activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and 9) of adipose tissues (AT) of patients with gastric cancer in AT located adjacent to tumor (ATAT) and at a distance of 3 cm (ATD) are measured to follow the connection of the redox state with some of the microenvironment indicators (HIF-1α, CD68, Plin5), body mass index (BMI) and cancer metastasis. Superoxide generation rate in ATAT positively correlates with BMI (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) being 4 times higher than in control (p < 0.05). MMP-2, 9 activities in ATAT positively correlate with BMI (r = 0.67, p < 0.05) being 3.3-4.0 higher than in control (p < 0.05). In ATD a statistically significant increase of MMP-2 activity is found. In ATAT for the group of patients with distant metastasis (M1) the superoxide generation rate, MMP-2, 9 activities are about 2 times higher (p < 0.05) than in the subgroup without distant metastases (M0). M1 is also characterized by the increased values of HIF-1α+ (factor 1.25), CD68+ (factor 1.4) and Plin5+ (factor 2.1) compared to M0 category in tumor tissues (p < 0.05). The results can be used for better understanding the mechanism(s) of symbiosis of tumor and adipose tissues as well as serve as a basis for new therapeutic approaches.},
}
@article {pmid31710651,
year = {2019},
author = {Konečný, J and Hršelová, H and Bukovská, P and Hujslová, M and Jansa, J},
title = {Correlative evidence for co-regulation of phosphorus and carbon exchanges with symbiotic fungus in the arbuscular mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {e0224938},
pmid = {31710651},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Research efforts directed to elucidation of mechanisms behind trading of resources between the partners in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis have seen a considerable progress in the recent years. Yet, despite of the recent developments, some key questions still remain unanswered. For example, it is well established that the strictly biotrophic AM fungus releases phosphorus to- and receives carbon molecules from the plant symbiont, but the particular genes, and their products, responsible for facilitating this exchange, are still not fully described, nor are the principles and pathways of their regulation. Here, we made a de novo quest for genes involved in carbon transfer from the plant to the fungus using genome-wide gene expression array targeting whole root and whole shoot gene expression profiles of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula plants grown in a glasshouse. Using physiological intervention of heavy shading (90% incoming light removed) and the correlation of expression levels of MtPT4, the mycorrhiza-inducible phosphate transporter operating at the symbiotic interface between the root cortical cells and the AM fungus, and our candidate genes, we demonstrate that several novel genes may be involved in resource tradings in the AM symbiosis established by M. truncatula. These include glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, polyol/monosaccharide transporter, DUR3-like, nucleotide-diphospho-sugar transferase or a putative membrane transporter. Besides, we also examined the expression of other M. truncatula phosphate transporters (MtPT1-3, MtPT5-6) to gain further insights in the balance between the &quot;direct&quot; and the &quot;mycorrhizal&quot; phosphate uptake pathways upon colonization of roots by the AM fungus, as affected by short-term carbon/energy deprivation. In addition, the role of the novel candidate genes in plant cell metabolism is discussed based on available literature.},
}
@article {pmid31709760,
year = {2019},
author = {Collens, A and Kelley, E and Katz, LA},
title = {The concept of the hologenome, an epigenetic phenomenon, challenges aspects of the modern evolutionary synthesis.},
journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution},
volume = {332},
number = {8},
pages = {349-355},
pmid = {31709760},
issn = {1552-5015},
support = {R15 GM113177/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 1541511//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; 1651908//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; R15HG010409/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R15HG010409/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {John Tyler Bonner's call to re-evaluate evolutionary theory in light of major transitions in life on Earth (e.g., from the first origins of microbial life to the evolution of sex, and the origins of multicellularity) resonate with recent discoveries on epigenetics and the concept of the hologenome. Current studies of genome evolution often mistakenly focus only on the inheritance of DNA between parent and offspring. These are in line with the widely accepted Neo-Darwinian framework that pairs Mendelian genetics with an emphasis on natural selection as explanations for the evolution of biodiversity on Earth. Increasing evidence for widespread symbioses complicates this narrative, as is seen in Scott Gilbert's discussion of the concept of the holobiont in this series: Organisms across the tree of life coexist with substantial influence on one another through endosymbiosis, symbioses, and host-associated microbiomes. The holobiont theory, coupled with observations from molecular studies, also requires us to understand genomes in a new way-by considering the interactions underlain by the genome of a host plus its associated microbes, a conglomerate entity referred to as the hologenome. We argue that the complex patterns of inheritance of these genomes coupled with the influence of symbionts on host gene expression make the concept of the hologenome an epigenetic phenomenon. We further argue that the aspects of the hologenome challenge of the modern evolutionary synthesis, which requires updating to remain consistent with Darwin's intent of providing natural laws that underlie the evolution of life on Earth.},
}
@article {pmid31707763,
year = {2020},
author = {Lever, JJ and van de Leemput, IA and Weinans, E and Quax, R and Dakos, V and van Nes, EH and Bascompte, J and Scheffer, M},
title = {Foreseeing the future of mutualistic communities beyond collapse.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {2-15},
pmid = {31707763},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {024.002.001//Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC)/ ; //H2020 European Research Council/ ; 31003A 169671//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; },
mesh = {*Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; *Models, Biological ; Residence Characteristics ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Changing conditions may lead to sudden shifts in the state of ecosystems when critical thresholds are passed. Some well-studied drivers of such transitions lead to predictable outcomes such as a turbid lake or a degraded landscape. Many ecosystems are, however, complex systems of many interacting species. While detecting upcoming transitions in such systems is challenging, predicting what comes after a critical transition is terra incognita altogether. The problem is that complex ecosystems may shift to many different, alternative states. Whether an impending transition has minor, positive or catastrophic effects is thus unclear. Some systems may, however, behave more predictably than others. The dynamics of mutualistic communities can be expected to be relatively simple, because delayed negative feedbacks leading to oscillatory or other complex dynamics are weak. Here, we address the question of whether this relative simplicity allows us to foresee a community's future state. As a case study, we use a model of a bipartite mutualistic network and show that a network's post-transition state is indicated by the way in which a system recovers from minor disturbances. Similar results obtained with a unipartite model of facilitation suggest that our results are of relevance to a wide range of mutualistic systems.},
}
@article {pmid31707657,
year = {2020},
author = {Kowallis, KA and Duvall, SW and Zhao, W and Childers, WS},
title = {Manipulation of Bacterial Signaling Using Engineered Histidine Kinases.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2077},
number = {},
pages = {141-163},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9884-5_10},
pmid = {31707657},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Two-component systems allow bacteria to respond to changes in environmental or cytosolic conditions through autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase (HK) and subsequent transfer of the phosphate group to its downstream cognate response regulator (RR). The RR then elicits a cellular response, commonly through regulation of transcription. Engineering two-component system signaling networks provides a strategy to study bacterial signaling mechanisms related to bacterial cell survival, symbiosis, and virulence, and to develop sensory devices in synthetic biology. Here we focus on the principles for engineering the HK to identify unknown signal inputs, test signal transmission mechanisms, design small molecule sensors, and rewire two-component signaling networks.},
}
@article {pmid31707439,
year = {2019},
author = {Pawlowski, ML and Vuong, TD and Valliyodan, B and Nguyen, HT and Hartman, GL},
title = {Whole-genome resequencing identifies quantitative trait loci associated with mycorrhizal colonization of soybean.},
journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00122-019-03471-5},
pmid = {31707439},
issn = {1432-2242},
abstract = {KEY MESSAGE: A whole-genome resequencing-derived SNP dataset identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with colonization of soybean by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices). Candidate genes identified in these QTL regions include homologs to known nodulin protein families and other symbiosis-specific genes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form associations with over 80% of all terrestrial plant species and assist their host plants by increasing their nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and resilience against pathogens and pests. Genotypic variation of crop plants to AMF colonization has been identified in crops, including soybean; however, the genetics controlling levels of AMF colonization in soybean are unknown. The overall goal of our study was to identify genomic regions associated with mycorrhizal colonization in soybean using genome-wide association analysis. A diverse panel of 350 exotic soybean genotypes inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices were microscopically evaluated for root colonization using a modified gridline intersect method. Root colonization differed significantly (P < 0.001) among genotypes and ranged from 11 to 70%. A whole-genome resequencing-derived SNP dataset identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with R. intraradices colonization that explained 24% of the phenotypic variance. Candidate genes identified in these QTL regions include homologs to known nodulin protein families and other symbiosis-specific genes. The results showed there was a significant genetic component to the level of colonization by R. intraradices in soybean. This information may be useful in the development of AMF-sensitive soybean cultivars to enhance nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and disease resistance in the crop.},
}
@article {pmid31706032,
year = {2019},
author = {He, J and Zhang, C and Dai, H and Liu, H and Zhang, X and Yang, J and Chen, X and Zhu, Y and Wang, D and Qi, X and Li, W and Wang, Z and An, G and Yu, N and He, Z and Wang, YF and Xiao, Y and Zhang, P and Wang, E},
title = {A LysM Receptor Heteromer Mediates Perception of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiotic Signal in Rice.},
journal = {Molecular plant},
volume = {12},
number = {12},
pages = {1561-1576},
doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2019.10.015},
pmid = {31706032},
issn = {1752-9867},
abstract = {Symbiotic microorganisms improve nutrient uptake by plants. To initiate mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plants perceive Myc factors, including lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short-chain chitooligosaccharides (CO4/CO5), secreted by AM fungi. However, the molecular mechanism of Myc factor perception remains elusive. In this study, we identified a heteromer of LysM receptor-like kinases consisting of OsMYR1/OsLYK2 and OsCERK1 that mediates the perception of AM fungi in rice. CO4 directly binds to OsMYR1, promoting the dimerization and phosphorylation of this receptor complex. Compared with control plants, Osmyr1 and Oscerk1 mutant rice plants are less sensitive to Myc factors and show decreased AM colonization. We engineered transgenic rice by expressing chimeric receptors that respectively replaced the ectodomains of OsMYR1 and OsCERK1 with those from the homologous Nod factor receptors MtNFP and MtLYK3 of Medicago truncatula. Transgenic plants displayed increased calcium oscillations in response to Nod factors compared with control rice. Our study provides significant mechanistic insights into AM symbiotic signal perception in rice. Expression of chimeric Nod/Myc receptors achieves a potentially important step toward generating cereals that host nitrogen-fixing bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31705339,
year = {2019},
author = {Sgibnev, A and Kremleva, E},
title = {Probiotics in addition to metronidazole for treatment Trichomonas vaginalis in the presence of BV: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.},
journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology &amp; infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10096-019-03731-8},
pmid = {31705339},
issn = {1435-4373},
abstract = {The purpose was to evaluate whether probiotics can increase the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. Ninety women with Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) in the presence BV were included in the study of regimens for therapy combination with metronidazole and vaginal probiotics. For 7 days, the probiotics group patients received metronidazole at 500 mg twice a day and 1 capsule of probiotic Gynophilus® vaginally twice a day; the placebo group patients in addition to metronidazole received a placebo instead of a probiotic. For the next 7 days, patients in both groups in order restore normal microflora were given the probiotics vaginally. Before the treatment, on the 4th, 8th, and 15th day of therapy complaints, pH and redox potential of the vaginal fluid were recorded, TV detection culturally, microflora of the vagina with the qPCR-RT and microscopically. Adding probiotics to traditional therapy of TV in the presence of BV increased the likelihood of cure from TV (88.6 and 42.9% in the probiotic and placebo groups, respectively) and from BV (63.6 and 11.9%, respectively). We have found that the addition of probiotics to antimicrobial therapy causes the decrease in the inflammatory response and significant changes in the vagina's physicochemical parameters (decreased of the pH values, increased of the redox potential) already on the fourth day of the therapy. The changes in the metronidazole's antimicrobial action implementation when a probiotic is added are the reason of increasing the TV therapy's effectiveness in the BV presence.},
}
@article {pmid31703423,
year = {2019},
author = {Nakakuni, M and Yamasaki, Y and Yoshitake, N and Takehara, K and Yamamoto, S},
title = {Methyl Ether-Derivatized Sterols and Coprostanol Produced via Thermochemolysis Using Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (TMAH).},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {24},
number = {22},
pages = {},
pmid = {31703423},
issn = {1420-3049},
support = {The Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant//Japan Science Society/ ; },
abstract = {Sterols are widely distributed in nature from lipids in organisms to sediments. As a conventional method, extraction and derivatization with TMS have been applied for sterol analysis, requiring a long preparation time for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, for sterol analysis, thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was applied. This method performs hydrolysis and methylation simultaneously; thus, free and ether-bonding sterols can be analyzed as sterol methyl ethers in a relatively short time period. A sediment sample from a tideland (the Yatsu tideland, Japan) was analyzed using the TMAH method, and we detected more than 10 sterols, which include cholest-5-en-3β-ol (cholesterol), 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (sitosterol), 24-methylcholesta-5,22E-3β-ol (brassicasterol), 24-ethylcholesta-5,24(28)Z-dien-3β-ol (isofucosterol), 4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α(H)-cholest-22E-en-3β- ol (dinosterol), and 5β(H)-cholestan-3β-ol (coprostanol). The detection of the various sterols can be attributed to multiple natural and artificial sources around the Yatsu tideland. In this paper, the mass spectra of these sterols are provided together with an interpretation of their fragmentation patterns. Additionally, the fecal pollution in the Yatsu tideland is discussed in the context of the detection of coprostanol.},
}
@article {pmid31701295,
year = {2019},
author = {Margarita, V and Marongiu, A and Diaz, N and Dessì, D and Fiori, PL and Rappelli, P},
title = {Prevalence of double-stranded RNA virus in Trichomonas vaginalis isolated in Italy and association with the symbiont Mycoplasma hominis.},
journal = {Parasitology research},
volume = {118},
number = {12},
pages = {3565-3570},
pmid = {31701295},
issn = {1432-1955},
abstract = {The flagellated protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis, responsible for trichomoniasis, can establish a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Mycoplasma hominis and can harbor double-stranded RNA Trichomonasvirus (TVV). In this study, we investigated by real-time PCR the prevalence of the four TVVs and of M. hominis among 48 T. vaginalis strains isolated in Italy, and we evaluated a possible association with metronidazole resistance. Fifty percent of the analyzed trichomonad strains tested positive for at least one TVV T. vaginalis, with TVV2 being the most prevalent, followed by TVV1 and TVV3. Two T. vaginalis strains were infected by TVV4, detected in Europe for the first time. Interestingly, we found more than one TVV species in 75% of positive trichomonad strains. M. hominis was present in 81.25% of T. vaginalis isolates tested, and no statistically significant association was observed with the infection by any TVV. Metronidazole sensitivity of T. vaginalis isolates was evaluated in vitro, and no correlation was observed between minimal lethal concentration and the presence of TVVs. This is the first report on TVV infection of T. vaginalis in Italy. Even if no association of TVV positive isolates with the presence of the symbiont M. hominis or with metronidazole resistance was observed, further studies are needed to shed light on the effective role of infecting microorganisms on the pathophysiology of T. vaginalis.},
}
@article {pmid31700961,
year = {2019},
author = {Lanci, L and Zanella, E and Jovane, L and Galeotti, S and Alonso-García, M and Alvarez-Zarikian, CA and Bejugam, NN and Betzler, C and Bialik, OM and Blättler, CL and Eberli, GP and Guo, JA and Haffen, S and Horozal, S and Inoue, M and Kroon, D and Laya, JC and Hui Mee, AL and Lüdmann, T and Nakakuni, M and Niino, K and Petruny, LM and Pratiwi, SD and Reijmer, JJG and Reolid, J and Slagle, AL and Sloss, CR and Su, X and Swart, PK and Wright, JD and Yao, Z and Young, JR},
title = {Dataset of characteristic remanent magnetization and magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform).},
journal = {Data in brief},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {104666},
pmid = {31700961},
issn = {2352-3409},
abstract = {This data article describes data of magnetic stratigraphy and anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization (AIRM) from &quot;Magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform) reveal changes in the monsoon system&quot; [1]. Acquisition of isothermal magnetization on pilot samples and anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization are reported as raw data; magnetostratigraphic data are reported as characteristic magnetization (ChRM).},
}
@article {pmid31700111,
year = {2019},
author = {Cui, L and Guo, F and Zhang, J and Yang, S and Meng, J and Geng, Y and Li, X and Wan, S},
title = {Synergy of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and exogenous Ca2+ benefits peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth through the shared hormone and flavonoid pathway.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {16281},
pmid = {31700111},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {31601261//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 2016M592236//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Peanut yield is severely affected by exchangeable calcium ion (Ca2+) deficiency in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis increases the absorption of Ca2+ for host plants. Here, we analyzed the physiological and transcriptional changes in the roots of Arachis hypogaea L. colonized by Funneliformis mosseae under Ca2+-deficient and -sufficient conditions. The results showed that exogenous Ca2+ application increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, plant dry weight, and Ca content of AM plants. Simultaneously, transcriptome analysis showed that Ca2+ application further induced 74.5% of differentially expressed gene transcripts in roots of AM peanut seedlings. These genes are involved in AM symbiosis development, hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, and carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. The transcripts of AM-specific marker genes in AM plants with Ca2+ deprivation were further up-regulated by Ca2+ application. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and flavonoid contents were higher in roots of AM- and Ca2+-treated plants, but salicylic acid (SA) and carotenoid contents specifically increased in roots of the AM plants. Thus, these results suggest that the synergy of AM symbiosis and Ca2+ improves plant growth due to the shared GA- and flavonoid-mediated pathway, whereas SA and carotenoid biosynthesis in peanut roots are specific to AM symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31699041,
year = {2019},
author = {Yuen, B and Polzin, J and Petersen, JM},
title = {Organ transcriptomes of the lucinid clam Loripes orbiculatus (Poli, 1791) provide insights into their specialised roles in the biology of a chemosymbiotic bivalve.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {820},
pmid = {31699041},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {VRG14-021//Vienna Science and Technology Fund/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The lucinid clam Loripes orbiculatus lives in a nutritional symbiosis with sulphur-oxidizing bacteria housed in its gills. Although our understanding of the lucinid endosymbiont physiology and metabolism has made significant progress, relatively little is known about how the host regulates the symbiosis at the genetic and molecular levels. We generated transcriptomes from four L. orbiculatus organs (gills, foot, visceral mass, and mantle) for differential expression analyses, to better understand this clam's physiological adaptations to a chemosymbiotic lifestyle, and how it regulates nutritional and immune interactions with its symbionts.<br><br>RESULTS: The transcriptome profile of the symbiont-housing gill suggests the regulation of apoptosis and innate immunity are important processes in this organ. We also identified many transcripts encoding ion transporters from the solute carrier family that possibly allow metabolite exchange between host and symbiont. Despite the clam holobiont's clear reliance on chemosynthesis, the clam's visceral mass, which contains the digestive tract, is characterised by enzymes involved in digestion, carbohydrate recognition and metabolism, suggesting that L. orbiculatus has a mixotrophic diet. The foot transcriptome is dominated by the biosynthesis of glycoproteins for the construction of mucus tubes, and receptors that mediate the detection of chemical cues in the environment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The transcriptome profiles of gills, mantle, foot and visceral mass provide insights into the molecular basis underlying the functional specialisation of bivalve organs adapted to a chemosymbiotic lifestyle.},
}
@article {pmid31695035,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, F and Sun, J and Radhakrishnan, GV and Lee, T and Bozsóki, Z and Fort, S and Gavrin, A and Gysel, K and Thygesen, MB and Andersen, KR and Radutoiu, S and Stougaard, J and Oldroyd, GED},
title = {A combination of chitooligosaccharide and lipochitooligosaccharide recognition promotes arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {5047},
pmid = {31695035},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {DNRF79//Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (Danish National Research Foundation)/ ; OPP1028264//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation)/ ; BB/J004553/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; BB/K003712/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; },
abstract = {Plants associate with beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitating nutrient acquisition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce chitooligosaccharides (COs) and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs), that promote symbiosis signalling with resultant oscillations in nuclear-associated calcium. The activation of symbiosis signalling must be balanced with activation of immunity signalling, which in fungal interactions is promoted by COs resulting from the chitinaceous fungal cell wall. Here we demonstrate that COs ranging from CO4-CO8 can induce symbiosis signalling in Medicago truncatula. CO perception is a function of the receptor-like kinases MtCERK1 and LYR4, that activate both immunity and symbiosis signalling. A combination of LCOs and COs act synergistically to enhance symbiosis signalling and suppress immunity signalling and receptors involved in both CO and LCO perception are necessary for mycorrhizal establishment. We conclude that LCOs, when present in a mix with COs, drive a symbiotic outcome and this mix of signals is essential for arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment.},
}
@article {pmid31693775,
year = {2019},
author = {Bellantuono, AJ and Dougan, KE and Granados-Cifuentes, C and Rodriguez-Lanetty, M},
title = {Free-living and symbiotic lifestyles of a thermotolerant coral endosymbiont display profoundly distinct transcriptomes under both stable and heat stress conditions.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {24},
pages = {5265-5281},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15300},
pmid = {31693775},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {Reef-building corals depend upon a nutritional endosymbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae for the majority of their energetic needs. While this mutualistic relationship is impacted by numerous stressors, warming oceans are a predominant threat to coral reefs, placing the future of the world's reefs in peril. Some Symbiodiniaceae species exhibit tolerance to thermal stress, but the in hospite symbiont response to thermal stress is underexplored. To describe the underpinnings of symbiosis and heat stress response, we compared in hospite and free-living transcriptomes of Durusdinium trenchii, a pan-tropical heat-tolerant Symbiodiniaceae species, under stable temperature conditions and acute hyperthermal stress. We discovered that symbiotic state was a larger driver of the transcriptional landscape than heat stress. The majority of differentially expressed transcripts between in hospite and free-living cells were downregulated, suggesting the in hospite condition is associated with the shutdown of numerous processes uniquely required for a free-living lifestyle. In the free-living state, we identified enrichment for numerous cell signalling pathways and other functions related to detecting and responding to a changing environment, as well as transcripts relating to mitosis, meiosis, and motility. In contrast, in hospite cells exhibited enhanced transcriptional activity for photosynthesis and carbohydrate transport as well as chromatin modifications and a disrupted circadian clock. Hyperthermal stress induced drastic alteration of transcriptional activity in hospite, suggesting symbiotic engagement with the host elicited an exacerbated stress response when compared to free-living D. trenchii. Altogether, the dramatic differences in gene expression between in hospite and free-living D. trenchii indicate the importance of considering symbiotic state in investigations of symbiosis and hyperthermal stress in Symbiodiniaceae.},
}
@article {pmid31693769,
year = {2019},
author = {Simona, F and Zhang, H and Voolstra, CR},
title = {Evidence for a role of protein phosphorylation in the maintenance of the cnidarian-algal symbiosis.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {24},
pages = {5373-5386},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15298},
pmid = {31693769},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {The endosymbiotic relationship between cnidarians and photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae provides the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. This essential interaction is globally threatened by anthropogenic disturbance. As such, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning the cnidarian-algal association. Here we investigated phosphorylation-mediated protein signalling as a mechanism of regulation of the cnidarian-algal interaction, and we report on the generation of the first phosphoproteome for the coral model system Aiptasia. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics using data-independent acquisition allowed consistent quantification of over 3,000 phosphopeptides totalling more than 1,600 phosphoproteins across aposymbiotic (symbiont-free) and symbiotic anemones. Comparison of the symbiotic states showed distinct phosphoproteomic profiles attributable to the differential phosphorylation of 539 proteins that cover a broad range of functions, from receptors to structural and signal transduction proteins. A subsequent pathway enrichment analysis identified the processes of &quot;protein digestion and absorption,&quot; &quot;carbohydrate metabolism,&quot; and &quot;protein folding, sorting and degradation,&quot; and highlighted differential phosphorylation of the &quot;phospholipase D signalling pathway&quot; and &quot;protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum.&quot; Targeted phosphorylation of the phospholipase D signalling pathway suggests control of glutamate vesicle trafficking across symbiotic compartments, and phosphorylation of the endoplasmic reticulum machinery suggests recycling of symbiosome-associated proteins. Our study shows for the first time that changes in the phosphorylation status of proteins between aposymbiotic and symbiotic Aiptasia anemones may play a role in the regulation of the cnidarian-algal symbiosis. This is the first phosphoproteomic study of a cnidarian-algal symbiotic association as well as the first application of quantification by data-independent acquisition in the coral field.},
}
@article {pmid31693273,
year = {2019},
author = {Zink, KE and Tarnowski, DA and Mandel, MJ and Sanchez, LM},
title = {Optimization of a minimal sample preparation protocol for imaging mass spectrometry of unsectioned juvenile invertebrates.},
journal = {Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jms.4458},
pmid = {31693273},
issn = {1096-9888},
support = {R21AI117262//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; R35 GM119627/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; 1757297//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; F31CA236237/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; /NH/NIH HHS/United States ; //NationalScience Foundation/ ; R21 AI117262/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM119627/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Tissue sections have long been the subject matter for the application of imaging mass spectrometry, but recently the technique has been adapted for many other purposes including bacterial colonies and 3D cell culture. Here, we present a simple preparation method for unsectioned invertebrate tissue without the need for fixing, embedding, or slicing. The protocol was used to successfully prepare a Hawaiian bobtail squid hatchling for analysis, and the resulting data detected ions that correspond to compounds present in the host only during its symbiotic colonization by Vibrio fischeri.},
}
@article {pmid31692206,
year = {2019},
author = {Alves Monteiro, HJ and Brahmi, C and Mayfield, AB and Vidal-Dupiol, J and Lapeyre, B and Le Luyer, J},
title = {Molecular mechanisms of acclimation to long-term elevated temperature exposure in marine symbioses.},
journal = {Global change biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.14907},
pmid = {31692206},
issn = {1365-2486},
support = {//Labex CORAIL/ ; //IFREMER/ ; },
abstract = {Seawater temperature rise in French Polynesia has repeatedly resulted in the bleaching of corals and giant clams. Because giant clams possess distinctive ectosymbiotic features, they represent a unique and powerful model for comparing molecular pathways involved in (a) maintenance of symbiosis and (b) acquisition of thermotolerance among coral reef organisms. Herein, we explored the physiological and transcriptomic responses of the clam hosts and their photosynthetically active symbionts over a 65 day experiment in which clams were exposed to either normal or environmentally relevant elevated seawater temperatures. Additionally, we used metabarcoding data coupled with in situ sampling/survey data to explore the relative importance of holobiont adaptation (i.e., a symbiont community shift) versus acclimation (i.e., physiological changes at the molecular level) in the clams' responses to environmental change. We finally compared transcriptomic data to publicly available genomic datasets for Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates (both cultured and in hospite with the coral Pocillopora damicornis) to better tease apart the responses of both hosts and specific symbiont genotypes in this mutualistic association. Gene module preservation analysis revealed that the function of the symbionts' photosystem II was impaired at high temperature, and this response was also found across all holobionts and Symbiodiniaceae lineages examined. Similarly, epigenetic modulation appeared to be a key response mechanism for symbionts in hospite with giant clams exposed to high temperatures, and such modulation was able to distinguish thermotolerant from thermosensitive Cladocopium goreaui ecotypes; epigenetic processes may, then, represent a promising research avenue for those interested in coral reef conservation in this era of changing global climate.},
}
@article {pmid31691429,
year = {2019},
author = {Kamra, K and Kaur, H and Na, S and Abraham, JS and Somasundaram, S and Makhija, S and Toteja, R and Warren, A and Gupta, R},
title = {Symposium Report: International Symposium on Ciliate Biology, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India, 04-06 April 2018.},
journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jeu.12773},
pmid = {31691429},
issn = {1550-7408},
support = {//International Society of Protistologists/ ; //International Union of Biological Sciences/ ; //Indian National Science Academy/ ; //Science and Engineering Research Board (DST)/ ; //Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology/ ; //Council of Scientific Industrial Research/ ; //Defence Research and Development Organization/ ; //Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; //Institute of Microbial Technology/ ; },
abstract = {Ciliated protists have attracted wide interest among researchers from the Indian subcontinent in the last few years. An International Symposium on Ciliate Biology (ISCB) 2018 was held on 04-06 April 2018 at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India. The symposium represented a synergy with International Research Coordination Network for Biodiversity of Ciliates (IRCN-BC), an affiliate society of International Society of Protistologists (ISOP). The symposium provided a platform for Indian and International delegates to exchange knowledge, present their latest research findings, and establish collaborations as well as creating a networking opportunity for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Nine foreign delegates from 5 countries and 300 Indian delegates actively participated in the event which included 22 oral and 57 poster presentations.},
}
@article {pmid31690032,
year = {2019},
author = {Kosolapova, AO and Belousov, MV and Sulatskaya, AI and Belousova, ME and Sulatsky, MI and Antonets, KS and Volkov, KV and Lykholay, AN and Shtark, OY and Vasileva, EN and Zhukov, VA and Ivanova, AN and Zykin, PA and Kuznetsova, IM and Turoverov, KK and Tikhonovich, IA and Nizhnikov, AA},
title = {Two Novel Amyloid Proteins, RopA and RopB, from the Root Nodule Bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {31690032},
issn = {2218-273X},
support = {17-16-01100//Russian Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Amyloids represent protein fibrils with a highly ordered spatial structure, which not only cause dozens of incurable human and animal diseases but also play vital biological roles in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Despite the fact that association of bacterial amyloids with microbial pathogenesis and infectious diseases is well known, there is a lack of information concerning the amyloids of symbiotic bacteria. In this study, using the previously developed proteomic method for screening and identification of amyloids (PSIA), we identified amyloidogenic proteins in the proteome of the root nodule bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum. Among 54 proteins identified, we selected two proteins, RopA and RopB, which are predicted to have β-barrel structure and are likely to be involved in the control of plant-microbial symbiosis. We demonstrated that the full-length RopA and RopB form bona fide amyloid fibrils in vitro. In particular, these fibrils are β-sheet-rich, bind Thioflavin T (ThT), exhibit green birefringence upon staining with Congo Red (CR), and resist treatment with ionic detergents and proteases. The heterologously expressed RopA and RopB intracellularly aggregate in yeast and assemble into amyloid fibrils at the surface of Escherichia coli. The capsules of the R. leguminosarum cells bind CR, exhibit green birefringence, and contain fibrils of RopA and RopB in vivo.},
}
@article {pmid31689451,
year = {2019},
author = {Cervantes, L and Miranda-Sánchez, F and Torres Tejerizo, G and Romero, D and Brom, S},
title = {Plasmid pSfr64a and the symbiotic plasmid pSfr64b of Sinorhizobium fredii GR64 control each other's conjugative transfer through quorum-sensing elements.},
journal = {Plasmid},
volume = {106},
number = {},
pages = {102443},
doi = {10.1016/j.plasmid.2019.102443},
pmid = {31689451},
issn = {1095-9890},
abstract = {Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixing symbionts of plants. Their genomes frequently contain large plasmids, some of which are able to perform conjugative transfer. Plasmid pSfr64a from Sinorhizobium fredii GR64 is a conjugative plasmid, whose transfer is regulated by quorum sensing genes encoded by itself (traR64a, traI64a), in the symbiotic plasmid pSfr64b (traR64b, traI64b), and in the chromosome (ngrI). Also, transfer of pSfr64b requires quorum sensing elements encoded in this plasmid (traR64b, traI64b), in pSfr64a (traR64a), and in the chromosome (ngrI). These results demonstrate that pSfr64a and the symbiotic plasmid depend on each other for conjugative transfer. Plasmid pSfr64a from S. fredii GR64 is unable to transfer from the genomic background of Rhizobium etli CFN42. Our results show that the relaxase of pRet42a is able to process the oriT of pSfr64a, and viceversa, underlining their functional similarity and suggesting that in addition to the external signals, the &quot;cytoplasmic environment&quot; may pose a barrier to plasmid dissemination, even if the plasmids are functional in other aspects.},
}
@article {pmid31687914,
year = {2019},
author = {O'Banion, BS and O'Neal, L and Alexandre, G and Lebeis, SL},
title = {Bridging the Gap Between Single-Strain and Community-Level Plant-Microbe Chemical Interactions.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {MPMI04190115CR},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-04-19-0115-CR},
pmid = {31687914},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {Although the influence of microbiomes on the health of plant hosts is evident, specific mechanisms shaping the structure and dynamics of microbial communities in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere are only beginning to become clear. Traditionally, plant-microbe interactions have been studied using cultured microbial isolates and plant hosts but the rising use of 'omics tools provides novel snapshots of the total complex community in situ. Here, we discuss the recent advances in tools and techniques used to monitor plant-microbe interactions and the chemical signals that influence these relationships in above- and belowground tissues. Particularly, we highlight advances in integrated microscopy that allow observation of the chemical exchange between individual plant and microbial cells, as well as high-throughput, culture-independent approaches to investigate the total genetic and metabolic contribution of the community. The chemicals discussed have been identified as relevant signals across experimental spectrums. However, mechanistic insight into the specific interactions mediated by many of these chemicals requires further testing. Experimental designs that attempt to bridge the gap in biotic complexity between single strains and whole communities will advance our understanding of the chemical signals governing plant-microbe associations in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere.},
}
@article {pmid31686336,
year = {2019},
author = {Durden, L and Wang, D and Panaccione, D and Clay, K},
title = {Decreased Root-Knot Nematode Gall Formation in Roots of the Morning Glory Ipomoea tricolor Symbiotic with Ergot Alkaloid-Producing Fungal Periglandula Sp.},
journal = {Journal of chemical ecology},
volume = {45},
number = {10},
pages = {879-887},
doi = {10.1007/s10886-019-01109-w},
pmid = {31686336},
issn = {1573-1561},
support = {2R15GM114774-2//Foundation for the National Institutes of Health/ ; 429440//Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Biomass ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Ergot Alkaloids/analysis/*chemistry ; Hypocreales/*metabolism ; Ipomoea/chemistry/metabolism/*parasitology ; Plant Roots/metabolism/parasitology ; Plant Tumors/parasitology ; Seeds/chemistry/metabolism ; Soil/parasitology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Symbiosis ; Tylenchoidea/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Many species of morning glories (Convolvulaceae) form symbioses with seed-transmitted Periglandula fungal endosymbionts, which produce ergot alkaloids and may contribute to defensive mutualism. Allocation of seed-borne ergot alkaloids to various tissues of several Ipomoea species has been demonstrated, including roots of I. tricolor. The goal of this study was to determine if infection of I. tricolor by the Periglandula sp. endosymbiont affects Southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) gall formation and host plant biomass. We hypothesized that I. tricolor plants infected by Periglandula (E+) would develop fewer nematode-induced galls compared to non-symbiotic plants (E-). E+ or E- status of plant lines was confirmed by testing methanol extracts from individual seeds for endosymbiont-produced ergot alkaloids. To test the effects of Periglandula on nematode colonization, E+ and E- I. tricolor seedlings were grown in soil infested with high densities of M. incognita nematodes (N+) or no nematodes (N-) for four weeks in the greenhouse before harvesting. After harvest, nematode colonization of roots was visualized microscopically, and total gall number and plant biomass were quantified. Four ergot alkaloids were detected in roots of E+ plants, but no alkaloids were found in E- plants. Gall formation was reduced by 50% in E+ plants compared to E- plants, independent of root biomass. Both N+ plants and E+ plants had significantly reduced biomass compared to N- and E- plants, respectively. These results demonstrate Periglandula's defensive role against biotic enemies, albeit with a potential trade-off with host plant growth.},
}
@article {pmid31686001,
year = {2019},
author = {Gupta, N and Ansari, A and Dhoke, GV and Chilamari, M and Sivaccumar, J and Kumari, S and Chatterjee, S and Goyal, R and Dutta, PK and Samarla, M and Mukherjee, M and Sarkar, A and Mandal, SK and Rai, V and Biswas, G and Sengupta, A and Roy, S and Roy, M and Sengupta, S},
title = {Computationally designed antibody-drug conjugates self-assembled via affinity ligands.},
journal = {Nature biomedical engineering},
volume = {3},
number = {11},
pages = {917-929},
doi = {10.1038/s41551-019-0470-8},
pmid = {31686001},
issn = {2157-846X},
abstract = {Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the high specificity of antibodies with cytotoxic payloads. However, the present strategies for the synthesis of ADCs either yield unstable or heterogeneous products or involve complex processes. Here, we report a computational approach that leverages molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to design ADCs that self-assemble through the non-covalent binding of the antibody to a payload that we designed to act as an affinity ligand for specific conserved amino acid residues in the antibody. This method does not require modifications to the antibody structure and yields homogenous ADCs that form in less than 8 min. We show that two conjugates, which consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads conjugated to two different antibodies, retain the structure and binding properties of the antibody and its biological specificity, are stable in plasma and improve anti-tumour efficacy in mice with non-small cell lung tumour xenografts. The relative simplicity of the approach may facilitate the production of ADCs for the targeted delivery of cytotoxic payloads.},
}
@article {pmid31685936,
year = {2019},
author = {Bjorbækmo, MFM and Evenstad, A and Røsæg, LL and Krabberød, AK and Logares, R},
title = {The planktonic protist interactome: where do we stand after a century of research?.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0542-5},
pmid = {31685936},
issn = {1751-7370},
support = {NFR240904//Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway)/ ; },
abstract = {Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, but our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist interactions and gathered the information in a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA). In total, we have registered ~2500 ecological interactions from ~500 publications, spanning the last 150 years. All major protistan lineages were involved in interactions as hosts, symbionts (mutualists and commensalists), parasites, predators, and/or prey. Predation was the most common interaction (39% of all records), followed by symbiosis (29%), parasitism (18%), and 'unresolved interactions' (14%, where it is uncertain whether the interaction is beneficial or antagonistic). Using bipartite networks, we found that protist predators seem to be 'multivorous' while parasite-host and symbiont-host interactions appear to have moderate degrees of specialization. The SAR supergroup (i.e., Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria) heavily dominated PIDA, and comparisons against a global-ocean molecular survey (TARA Oceans) indicated that several SAR lineages, which are abundant and diverse in the marine realm, were underrepresented among the recorded interactions. Despite historical biases, our work not only unveils large-scale eco-evolutionary trends in the protist interactome, but it also constitutes an expandable resource to investigate protist interactions and to test hypotheses deriving from omics tools.},
}
@article {pmid31684871,
year = {2019},
author = {Fonseca-García, C and Zayas, AE and Montiel, J and Nava, N and Sánchez, F and Quinto, C},
title = {Transcriptome analysis of the differential effect of the NADPH oxidase gene RbohB in Phaseolus vulgaris roots following Rhizobium tropici and Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {800},
pmid = {31684871},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {IN204115//Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ ; FC-2016/1503//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by NADPH oxidases known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) in plants. ROS regulate various cellular processes, including the mutualistic interactions between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Rboh is a multigene family comprising nine members (RbohA-I) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The RNA interference-mediated silencing of RbohB (PvRbohB-RNAi) in this species diminished its ROS production and greatly impaired nodulation. By contrast, the PvRbohB-RNAi transgenic roots showed early hyphal root colonization with enlarged fungal hypopodia; therefore, we proposed that PvRbohB positively regulates rhizobial infection (Rhizobium tropici) and inhibits AM colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis in P. vulgaris.<br><br>RESULTS: To corroborate this hypothesis, an RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots inoculated with Rhizobium tropici or Rhizophagus irregularis. We found that, in the early stages, root nodule symbioses generated larger changes of the transcriptome than did AM symbioses in P. vulgaris. Genes related to ROS homeostasis and cell wall flexibility were markedly upregulated in the early stages of rhizobial colonization, but not during AM colonization. Compared with AM colonization, the rhizobia induced the expression of a greater number of genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of auxins, cytokinins, and ethylene, which were typically repressed in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our research provides substantial insights into the genetic interaction networks in the early stages of rhizobia and AM symbioses with P. vulgaris, as well as the differential roles that RbohB plays in processes related to ROS scavenging, cell wall remodeling, and phytohormone homeostasis during nodulation and mycorrhization in this legume.},
}
@article {pmid31684086,
year = {2019},
author = {Trněný, O and Vlk, D and Macková, E and Matoušková, M and Řepková, J and Nedělník, J and Hofbauer, J and Vejražka, K and Jakešová, H and Jansa, J and Piálek, L and Knotová, D},
title = {Allelic Variants for Candidate Nitrogen Fixation Genes Revealed by Sequencing in Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.).},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {21},
pages = {},
pmid = {31684086},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {TH02010351//Technology Agency of the Czech Republic/ ; MZE-RO1718//Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic/ ; Ref. 51834/2017-MZE17253/6.2.2//National programme of conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources and agro-biodiversity/ ; MUNI/A/0958/2018//Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports/ ; },
abstract = {Plant-rhizobia symbiosis can activate key genes involved in regulating nodulation associated with biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Although the general molecular basis of the BNF process is frequently studied, little is known about its intraspecific variability and the characteristics of its allelic variants. This study's main goals were to describe phenotypic and genotypic variation in the context of nitrogen fixation in red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and identify variants in BNF candidate genes associated with BNF efficiency. Acetylene reduction assay validation was the criterion for selecting individual plants with particular BNF rates. Sequences in 86 key candidate genes were obtained by hybridization-based sequence capture target enrichment of plants with alternative phenotypes for nitrogen fixation. Two genes associated with BNF were identified: ethylene response factor required for nodule differentiation (EFD) and molybdate transporter 1 (MOT1). In addition, whole-genome population genotyping by double-digest restriction-site-associated sequencing (ddRADseq) was performed, and BNF was evaluated by the natural 15N abundance method. Polymorphisms associated with BNF and reflecting phenotype variability were identified. The genetic structure of plant accessions was not linked to BNF rate of measured plants. Knowledge of the genetic variation within BNF candidate genes and the characteristics of genetic variants will be beneficial in molecular diagnostics and breeding of red clover.},
}
@article {pmid31683191,
year = {2019},
author = {Seifert, A and Kashi, Y and Livney, YD},
title = {Delivery to the gut microbiota: A rapidly proliferating research field.},
journal = {Advances in colloid and interface science},
volume = {274},
number = {},
pages = {102038},
doi = {10.1016/j.cis.2019.102038},
pmid = {31683191},
issn = {1873-3727},
abstract = {The post genomic era has brought breakthroughs in our understanding of the complex and fascinating symbiosis we have with our co-evolving microbiota, and its dramatic impact on our physiology, physical and mental health, mood, interpersonal communication, and more. This fast &quot;proliferating&quot; knowledge, particularly related to the gut microbiota, is leading to the development of numerous technologies aimed to promote our health via prudent modulation of our gut microbiota. This review embarks on a journey through the gastrointestinal tract from a biomaterial science and engineering perspective, and focusses on the various state-of-the-art approaches proposed in research institutes and those already used in various industries and clinics, for delivery to the gut microbiota, with emphasis on the latest developments published within the last 5 years. Current and possible future trends are discussed. It seems that future development will progress toward more personalized solutions, combining high throughput diagnostic omic methods, and precision interventions.},
}
@article {pmid31681208,
year = {2019},
author = {Qin, Z and Yu, K and Chen, B and Wang, Y and Liang, J and Luo, W and Xu, L and Huang, X},
title = {Diversity of Symbiodiniaceae in 15 Coral Species From the Southern South China Sea: Potential Relationship With Coral Thermal Adaptability.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2343},
pmid = {31681208},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {It is well-known that the adaptability of coral-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis to thermal stress varies among coral species, but the cause and/or mechanism behind it are not well-understood. In this study, we aimed to explore this issue based on zooxanthellae density (ZD) and Symbiodiniaceae genus/subclade. Hemocytometry and next-generation sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) marker gene were used to observe ZDs and Symbiodiniaceae genera/subclades associated with 15 typical coral species in the southern South China Sea (SCS). Average ZDs of all corals were in low levels, ranging from 0.84 to 1.22 × 106 cells cm-2, with a total of five Symbiodiniaceae genera, Symbiodinium, Cladocopium, Durusdinium, Fugacium, and Gerakladium, as well as 24 dominant subclades, were detected and varied among these coral species. Pocillopora verrucosa was dominated by Durusdinium (subclade D1/D1a), and other colonial corals were dominated by Cladocopium, but the subclades were varied among these species. Porites lutea and Montipora efflorescens were dominated by C15, and Echinopora lamellosa, Hydnophora exesa, and Coscinaraea exesa were dominated by C40. Acropora corymbosa, Merulina ampliata, and five species of Faviidae were mainly associated with Cladocopium types of C3u and Cspc. In contrast to other colonial corals, the dominant subclade of solitary Fungia fungites was C27, with high host specificity. Our study indicates that coral thermal stress adaptability is mainly affected by dominant Symbiodiniaceae type instead of ZD in the southern SCS. Some heat-sensitive corals, such as P. verrucosa corals, have acquired a high abundance of heat-tolerant Durusdinium to adapt to thermal stress. This could be the main reason for these corals becoming the dominant corals in this reef region. Background subclades analyses showed significant differences among coral species in subclade quantity and diversity. These suggest that numbers of coral species may have adapted to high environmental temperature by adopting various symbionts and/or associating with heat-tolerant Symbiodiniaceae.},
}
@article {pmid31681013,
year = {2019},
author = {Muhammad, A and Habineza, P and Ji, T and Hou, Y and Shi, Z},
title = {Intestinal Microbiota Confer Protection by Priming the Immune System of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae).},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1303},
pmid = {31681013},
issn = {1664-042X},
abstract = {The immune system of animals, including insects, is the vital factor to maintain the symbiotic interactions between animals and their associated microbes. However, the effects of gut microbiota on insect immunity remain mostly elusive. Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a destructive pest of palm trees worldwide, which has forged alliances with its gut microbiota. Here, we found that the aposymbiotic insects succumbed at a significantly faster rate than conventionally reared (CR) ones upon bacterial infection. Physiological assays confirmed that CR insects had stronger antimicrobial activity and higher phenoloxidase activity in contrast to germfree (GF) ones, indicating that the systemic immune responses of GF individuals were compromised markedly. Interestingly, under the bacterial challenge conditions, the reassociation of gut microbiota with GF insects could enhance their survival rate by rescuing their immunocompetence. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis uncovered that 35 immune-related genes, including pathogen recognition receptors, effectors and immune signaling pathway, were significantly downregulated in GF insects as compared to CR ones. Collectively, our findings corrobate that intestinal commensal bacteria have profound immunostimulatory effects on RPW larvae. Therefore, knowledge on the effects of gut microbiota on RPW immune defenses may contribute to of set up efficient control strategies of this pest.},
}
@article {pmid31680188,
year = {2019},
author = {Primo, ED and Cossovich, S and Nievas, F and Bogino, P and Humm, EA and Hirsch, AM and Giordano, W},
title = {Exopolysaccharide production in Ensifer meliloti laboratory and native strains and their effects on alfalfa inoculation.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00203-019-01756-3},
pmid = {31680188},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {PICT 1528/15//FONCyT/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial surface molecules have an important role in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Ensifer meliloti (previously, Sinorhizobium meliloti), a symbiotic Gram-negative rhizobacterium, produces two different exopolysaccharides (EPSs), termed EPS I (succinoglycan) and EPS II (galactoglucan), with different functions in the symbiotic process. Accordingly, we undertook a study comparing the potential differences in alfalfa nodulation by E. meliloti strains with differences in their EPSs production. Strains recommended for inoculation as well as laboratory strains and native strains isolated from alfalfa fields were investigated. This study concentrated on EPS-II production, which results in mucoid colonies that are dependent on the presence of an intact expR gene. The results revealed that although the studied strains exhibited different phenotypes, the differences did not affect alfalfa nodulation itself. However, subtle changes in timing and efficacy to the effects of inoculation with the different strains may result because of other as-yet unknown factors. Thus, additional research is needed to determine the most effective inoculant strains and the best conditions for improving alfalfa production under agricultural conditions.},
}
@article {pmid31679040,
year = {2019},
author = {Yahara, H and Tanikawa, N and Okamoto, M and Makita, N},
title = {Characterizing fine-root traits by species phylogeny and microbial symbiosis in 11 co-existing woody species.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {191},
number = {4},
pages = {983-993},
pmid = {31679040},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {15K18719//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 18K14488//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
mesh = {Forests ; Japan ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Roots ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Understanding the differences in fine-root traits among different species is essential to gain a detailed understanding of resource conservation and acquisition strategies of plants. We aimed to explore whether certain root traits are consistent among subsets of species and characterize species together into meaningful community groups. We selected 11 woody species from different microbial symbiotic groups (ectomycorrhiza, arbuscular mycorrhiza, and rhizobia) and phylogenetic groups (broad-leaved angiosperms and coniferous gymnosperms) from the cool temperate forests of Nagano, Japan. We measured root architectural (branching intensity), morphological (root tissue density and specific root length), chemical (N and K concentrations), and anatomical (total stele and total cortex) traits. Significant differences were observed in all root traits, although many species did not differ from one another. Branching intensity was found to be the greatest variation in the measured root traits across the 11 woody species. The results of a principal component analysis of root traits showed a distinct separation between angiosperms and gymnosperms. We identified clusters of species based on their multidimensional root traits that were consistent with the different phylogenetic microbial association groups. Gymnosperm roots may be more resource conservative, while angiosperm roots may be more acquisitive for water and nutrients. We consider that the advances in root traits combination will make a breakthrough in our ability to differentiate the community groups rather than individual root trait.},
}
@article {pmid31678065,
year = {2019},
author = {Llopis-Belenguer, C and Balbuena, JA and Lange, K and de Bello, F and Blasco-Costa, I},
title = {Towards a Unified Functional Trait Framework for Parasites.},
journal = {Trends in parasitology},
volume = {35},
number = {12},
pages = {972-982},
doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.003},
pmid = {31678065},
issn = {1471-5007},
abstract = {Trait-based research holds high potential to unveil ecological and evolutionary processes. Functional traits are fitness-related characteristics of individuals, which are measured at individual level and defined without using information external to the individual. Despite the usefulness of the functional approach to understand the performance of individuals in ecosystems, and parasitism being the most common life-history strategy on Earth, studies based on functional traits of parasites are still scarce. Since the choice of functional traits is a critical step for any study, we propose a core list of seven functional traits of metazoan parasites, related to three universal challenges faced by organisms (dispersal, establishment, and persistence), and give guidelines to define appropriate functional traits in future parasite community studies.},
}
@article {pmid31677281,
year = {2020},
author = {Metwally, RA and Al-Amri, SM},
title = {Individual and interactive role of Trichoderma viride and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and pigment content of onion plants.},
journal = {Letters in applied microbiology},
volume = {70},
number = {2},
pages = {79-86},
doi = {10.1111/lam.13246},
pmid = {31677281},
issn = {1472-765X},
abstract = {The study of interactions between beneficial micro-organisms associated with plant roots is important, because such interactions might either enhance or inhibit the beneficial effects of individual species. The effect of the combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a biocontrol fungus (Trichoderma viride) on different growth parameters and chlorophyll a,b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll and total pigments of onion (Allium cepa) plants was studied under glasshouse conditions. The results proved that AM fungi and T. viride are compatible with each other and their combined use was effective not only in improving onion growth parameters such as fresh and dry weights, root and shoot lengths and leaf area but also increasing total chlorophyll, carotenoids and total pigments content in onion leaves. Where, inoculation of onion plants by AM fungi and T. viride alone or in combination significantly increased bulb diameters of onion plants 20, 12·5 and 17·5% increase; respectively, when compared with control ones. Also percentage of AM fungal colonization increased greatly with T. viride inoculation. Therefore, AM fungi and T. viride could be a good alternate of chemical fertilizer for improving the growth of onion. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Significance and Impact of the Study: The need for increasing agricultural productivity and quality has led to an excessive use of chemical fertilizers; creating serious threats to human health and the environment. The use of biofertilizers is an alternative for sustaining high production with low ecological impact. Thus the goal of this study was to propose a biological technique using arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and Trichoderma viride (plant-microbe interaction) for increasing plant growth that represent a great opportunities for recent agricultural practices. This may be an indication displaying the AM and Trichoderma significance for plant progress and growth.},
}
@article {pmid31676475,
year = {2019},
author = {Caldera, EJ and Chevrette, MG and McDonald, BR and Currie, CR},
title = {Local Adaptation of Bacterial Symbionts within a Geographic Mosaic of Antibiotic Coevolution.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {85},
number = {24},
pages = {},
pmid = {31676475},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution (GMC) posits that coevolutionary dynamics go beyond local coevolution and are comprised of the following three components: geographic selection mosaics, coevolutionary hot spots, and trait remixing. It is unclear whether the GMC applies to bacteria, as horizontal gene transfer and cosmopolitan dispersal may violate theoretical assumptions. Here, we test key GMC predictions in an antibiotic-producing bacterial symbiont (genus Pseudonocardia) that protects the crops of neotropical fungus-farming ants (Apterostigma dentigerum) from a specialized pathogen (genus Escovopsis). We found that Pseudonocardia antibiotic inhibition of common Escovopsis pathogens was elevated in A. dentigerum colonies from Panama compared to those from Costa Rica. Furthermore, a Panama Canal Zone population of Pseudonocardia on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) was locally adapted, whereas two neighboring populations were not, consistent with a GMC-predicted selection mosaic and a hot spot of adaptation surrounded by areas of maladaptation. Maladaptation was shaped by incongruent Pseudonocardia-Escovopsis population genetic structure, whereas local adaptation was facilitated by geographic isolation on BCI after the flooding of the Panama Canal. Genomic assessments of antibiotic potential of 29 Pseudonocardia strains identified diverse and unique biosynthetic gene clusters in BCI strains despite low genetic diversity in the core genome. The strength of antibiotic inhibition was not correlated with the presence/absence of individual biosynthetic gene clusters or with parasite location. Rather, biosynthetic gene clusters have undergone selective sweeps, suggesting that the trait remixing dynamics conferring the long-term maintenance of antibiotic potency rely on evolutionary genetic changes within already-present biosynthetic gene clusters and not simply on the horizontal acquisition of novel genetic elements or pathways.IMPORTANCE Recently, coevolutionary theory in macroorganisms has been advanced by the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution (GMC), which considers how geography and local adaptation shape coevolutionary dynamics. Here, we test GMC in an ancient symbiosis in which the ant Apterostigma dentigerum cultivates fungi in an agricultural system analogous to human farming. The cultivars are parasitized by the fungus Escovopsis The ants maintain symbiotic actinobacteria with antibiotic properties that help combat Escovopsis infection. This antibiotic symbiosis has persisted for tens of millions of years, raising the question of how antibiotic potency is maintained over these time scales. Our study tests the GMC in a bacterial defensive symbiosis and in a multipartite symbiosis framework. Our results show that this multipartite symbiotic system conforms to the GMC and demonstrate that this theory is applicable in both microbes and indirect symbiont-symbiont interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31675110,
year = {2019},
author = {Brody, AK and Waterman, B and Ricketts, TH and Degrassi, AL and González, JB and Harris, JM and Richardson, LL},
title = {Genotype-specific effects of ericoid mycorrhizae on floral traits and reproduction in Vaccinium corymbosum.},
journal = {American journal of botany},
volume = {106},
number = {11},
pages = {1412-1422},
pmid = {31675110},
issn = {1537-2197},
support = {SARE FNE12-770//University of Vermont/ ; DEB-1754280//NSF/ ; NIFA 2014-01977//USDA/ ; },
abstract = {PREMISE: Most plants interact with mycorrhizal fungi and animal pollinators simultaneously. Yet, whether mycorrhizae affect traits important to pollination remains poorly understood and may depend on the match between host and fungal genotypes. Here, we examined how ericoid mycorrhizal fungi affected flowering phenology, floral traits, and reproductive success, among eight genotypes of highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae). We asked three overarching questions: (1) Do genotypes differ in response to inoculation? (2) How does inoculation affect floral and flowering traits? (3) Are inoculated plants more attractive to pollinators and less pollen limited than non-inoculated plants of the same genotype?<br><br>METHODS: To examine these questions, we experimentally inoculated plants with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, grew the plants in the field, and measured flowering and floral traits over 2 years. In year 2, we conducted a hand-pollination experiment to test whether plants differed in pollen limitation.<br><br>RESULTS: Inoculated plants had significantly higher levels of colonization for some genotypes, and there were significant floral trait changes in inoculated plants for some genotypes as well. On average, inoculated plants produced significantly larger floral displays, more fruits per inflorescence, and heavier fruits with lower sugar content, than non-inoculated, control plants. Hand pollination enhanced the production of fruits, and fruit mass, for non-inoculated plants but not for those that were inoculated.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that inoculation with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi enhanced flowering and altered investment in reproduction in genotype-specific ways. These findings underscore the importance of examining belowground symbionts and genotype-specific responses in their hosts to fully understand the drivers of aboveground interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31673886,
year = {2019},
author = {Durkin, ES and Proctor, H and Luong, LT},
title = {Life history of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Parasitiformes: Macrochelidae): new insights on life history and evidence of facultative parasitism on Drosophila.},
journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology},
volume = {79},
number = {3-4},
pages = {309-321},
pmid = {31673886},
issn = {1572-9702},
support = {435245//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
abstract = {Macrocheles muscaedomesticae is a cosmopolitan macrochelid mite whose populations have likely diverged considering the many locations they inhabit, but most of the work published on this mite species has been on the basis of their association with the house fly, Musca domestica. Here, we studied several aspects of the biology of M. muscaedomesticae associated with drosophilid flies collected in Alberta, Canada. We assessed the degree of divergence of our populations from others, compared their life history to other published populations and experimentally tested whether M. muscaedomesticae feeds on Drosophila hydei hosts by comparing the body mass of mites that attached to hosts to those that did not. There was no strong phylogenetic differentiation among any of the M. muscaedomesticae specimens, suggesting multiple recent introductions of this species to Canada. Compared to other populations, our mites exhibited lower fecundity, which may have been a result of the temperature or nematode-only diet in which they were maintained. Finally, mites that attached to hosts for 4 h weighed significantly more than those that did not. Without direct evidence for host tissue transfer to the mites, it is difficult to determine whether the mites are indeed feeding on their hosts while attached. However, the existing evidence for the costs fly hosts endure at the expense of these mites makes this relationship antagonistic.},
}
@article {pmid31673082,
year = {2019},
author = {Clark, DW and Okada, Y and Moore, KHS and Mason, D and Pirastu, N and Gandin, I and Mattsson, H and Barnes, CLK and Lin, K and Zhao, JH and Deelen, P and Rohde, R and Schurmann, C and Guo, X and Giulianini, F and Zhang, W and Medina-Gomez, C and Karlsson, R and Bao, Y and Bartz, TM and Baumbach, C and Biino, G and Bixley, MJ and Brumat, M and Chai, JF and Corre, T and Cousminer, DL and Dekker, AM and Eccles, DA and van Eijk, KR and Fuchsberger, C and Gao, H and Germain, M and Gordon, SD and de Haan, HG and Harris, SE and Hofer, E and Huerta-Chagoya, A and Igartua, C and Jansen, IE and Jia, Y and Kacprowski, T and Karlsson, T and Kleber, ME and Li, SA and Li-Gao, R and Mahajan, A and Matsuda, K and Meidtner, K and Meng, W and Montasser, ME and van der Most, PJ and Munz, M and Nutile, T and Palviainen, T and Prasad, G and Prasad, RB and Priyanka, TDS and Rizzi, F and Salvi, E and Sapkota, BR and Shriner, D and Skotte, L and Smart, MC and Smith, AV and van der Spek, A and Spracklen, CN and Strawbridge, RJ and Tajuddin, SM and Trompet, S and Turman, C and Verweij, N and Viberti, C and Wang, L and Warren, HR and Wootton, RE and Yanek, LR and Yao, J and Yousri, NA and Zhao, W and Adeyemo, AA and Afaq, S and Aguilar-Salinas, CA and Akiyama, M and Albert, ML and Allison, MA and Alver, M and Aung, T and Azizi, F and Bentley, AR and Boeing, H and Boerwinkle, E and Borja, JB and de Borst, GJ and Bottinger, EP and Broer, L and Campbell, H and Chanock, S and Chee, ML and Chen, G and Chen, YI and Chen, Z and Chiu, YF and Cocca, M and Collins, FS and Concas, MP and Corley, J and Cugliari, G and van Dam, RM and Damulina, A and Daneshpour, MS and Day, FR and Delgado, GE and Dhana, K and Doney, ASF and Dörr, M and Doumatey, AP and Dzimiri, N and Ebenesersdóttir, SS and Elliott, J and Elliott, P and Ewert, R and Felix, JF and Fischer, K and Freedman, BI and Girotto, G and Goel, A and Gögele, M and Goodarzi, MO and Graff, M and Granot-Hershkovitz, E and Grodstein, F and Guarrera, S and Gudbjartsson, DF and Guity, K and Gunnarsson, B and Guo, Y and Hagenaars, SP and Haiman, CA and Halevy, A and Harris, TB and Hedayati, M and van Heel, DA and Hirata, M and Höfer, I and Hsiung, CA and Huang, J and Hung, YJ and Ikram, MA and Jagadeesan, A and Jousilahti, P and Kamatani, Y and Kanai, M and Kerrison, ND and Kessler, T and Khaw, KT and Khor, CC and de Kleijn, DPV and Koh, WP and Kolcic, I and Kraft, P and Krämer, BK and Kutalik, Z and Kuusisto, J and Langenberg, C and Launer, LJ and Lawlor, DA and Lee, IT and Lee, WJ and Lerch, MM and Li, L and Liu, J and Loh, M and London, SJ and Loomis, S and Lu, Y and Luan, J and Mägi, R and Manichaikul, AW and Manunta, P and Másson, G and Matoba, N and Mei, XW and Meisinger, C and Meitinger, T and Mezzavilla, M and Milani, L and Millwood, IY and Momozawa, Y and Moore, A and Morange, PE and Moreno-Macías, H and Mori, TA and Morrison, AC and Muka, T and Murakami, Y and Murray, AD and de Mutsert, R and Mychaleckyj, JC and Nalls, MA and Nauck, M and Neville, MJ and Nolte, IM and Ong, KK and Orozco, L and Padmanabhan, S and Pálsson, G and Pankow, JS and Pattaro, C and Pattie, A and Polasek, O and Poulter, N and Pramstaller, PP and Quintana-Murci, L and Räikkönen, K and Ralhan, S and Rao, DC and van Rheenen, W and Rich, SS and Ridker, PM and Rietveld, CA and Robino, A and van Rooij, FJA and Ruggiero, D and Saba, Y and Sabanayagam, C and Sabater-Lleal, M and Sala, CF and Salomaa, V and Sandow, K and Schmidt, H and Scott, LJ and Scott, WR and Sedaghati-Khayat, B and Sennblad, B and van Setten, J and Sever, PJ and Sheu, WH and Shi, Y and Shrestha, S and Shukla, SR and Sigurdsson, JK and Sikka, TT and Singh, JR and Smith, BH and Stančáková, A and Stanton, A and Starr, JM and Stefansdottir, L and Straker, L and Sulem, P and Sveinbjornsson, G and Swertz, MA and Taylor, AM and Taylor, KD and Terzikhan, N and Tham, YC and Thorleifsson, G and Thorsteinsdottir, U and Tillander, A and Tracy, RP and Tusié-Luna, T and Tzoulaki, I and Vaccargiu, S and Vangipurapu, J and Veldink, JH and Vitart, V and Völker, U and Vuoksimaa, E and Wakil, SM and Waldenberger, M and Wander, GS and Wang, YX and Wareham, NJ and Wild, S and Yajnik, CS and Yuan, JM and Zeng, L and Zhang, L and Zhou, J and Amin, N and Asselbergs, FW and Bakker, SJL and Becker, DM and Lehne, B and Bennett, DA and van den Berg, LH and Berndt, SI and Bharadwaj, D and Bielak, LF and Bochud, M and Boehnke, M and Bouchard, C and Bradfield, JP and Brody, JA and Campbell, A and Carmi, S and Caulfield, MJ and Cesarini, D and Chambers, JC and Chandak, GR and Cheng, CY and Ciullo, M and Cornelis, M and Cusi, D and Smith, GD and Deary, IJ and Dorajoo, R and van Duijn, CM and Ellinghaus, D and Erdmann, J and Eriksson, JG and Evangelou, E and Evans, MK and Faul, JD and Feenstra, B and Feitosa, M and Foisy, S and Franke, A and Friedlander, Y and Gasparini, P and Gieger, C and Gonzalez, C and Goyette, P and Grant, SFA and Griffiths, LR and Groop, L and Gudnason, V and Gyllensten, U and Hakonarson, H and Hamsten, A and van der Harst, P and Heng, CK and Hicks, AA and Hochner, H and Huikuri, H and Hunt, SC and Jaddoe, VWV and De Jager, PL and Johannesson, M and Johansson, Å and Jonas, JB and Jukema, JW and Junttila, J and Kaprio, J and Kardia, SLR and Karpe, F and Kumari, M and Laakso, M and van der Laan, SW and Lahti, J and Laudes, M and Lea, RA and Lieb, W and Lumley, T and Martin, NG and März, W and Matullo, G and McCarthy, MI and Medland, SE and Merriman, TR and Metspalu, A and Meyer, BF and Mohlke, KL and Montgomery, GW and Mook-Kanamori, D and Munroe, PB and North, KE and Nyholt, DR and O'connell, JR and Ober, C and Oldehinkel, AJ and Palmas, W and Palmer, C and Pasterkamp, GG and Patin, E and Pennell, CE and Perusse, L and Peyser, PA and Pirastu, M and Polderman, TJC and Porteous, DJ and Posthuma, D and Psaty, BM and Rioux, JD and Rivadeneira, F and Rotimi, C and Rotter, JI and Rudan, I and Den Ruijter, HM and Sanghera, DK and Sattar, N and Schmidt, R and Schulze, MB and Schunkert, H and Scott, RA and Shuldiner, AR and Sim, X and Small, N and Smith, JA and Sotoodehnia, N and Tai, ES and Teumer, A and Timpson, NJ and Toniolo, D and Tregouet, DA and Tuomi, T and Vollenweider, P and Wang, CA and Weir, DR and Whitfield, JB and Wijmenga, C and Wong, TY and Wright, J and Yang, J and Yu, L and Zemel, BS and Zonderman, AB and Perola, M and Magnusson, PKE and Uitterlinden, AG and Kooner, JS and Chasman, DI and Loos, RJF and Franceschini, N and Franke, L and Haley, CS and Hayward, C and Walters, RG and Perry, JRB and Esko, T and Helgason, A and Stefansson, K and Joshi, PK and Kubo, M and Wilson, JF},
title = {Associations of autozygosity with a broad range of human phenotypes.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {4957},
pmid = {31673082},
issn = {2041-1723},
abstract = {In many species, the offspring of related parents suffer reduced reproductive success, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. In humans, the importance of this effect has remained unclear, partly because reproduction between close relatives is both rare and frequently associated with confounding social factors. Here, using genomic inbreeding coefficients (FROH) for >1.4 million individuals, we show that FROH is significantly associated (p < 0.0005) with apparently deleterious changes in 32 out of 100 traits analysed. These changes are associated with runs of homozygosity (ROH), but not with common variant homozygosity, suggesting that genetic variants associated with inbreeding depression are predominantly rare. The effect on fertility is striking: FROH equivalent to the offspring of first cousins is associated with a 55% decrease [95% CI 44-66%] in the odds of having children. Finally, the effects of FROH are confirmed within full-sibling pairs, where the variation in FROH is independent of all environmental confounding.},
}
@article {pmid31672737,
year = {2019},
author = {Bukharin, OV and Perunova, NB and Andryuschenko, SV and Ivanova, EV and Bondarenko, TA and Chainikova, IN},
title = {Genome Sequence Announcement of Bacillus paranthracis Strain ICIS-279, Isolated from Human Intestine.},
journal = {Microbiology resource announcements},
volume = {8},
number = {44},
pages = {},
pmid = {31672737},
issn = {2576-098X},
abstract = {This report describes the genome sequence of Bacillus paranthracis strain ICIS-279, isolated from human feces. It demonstrates a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitory activity up to 0.1 ng/ml. The genome size is 5,180,499 bp, with a G+C content of 35.4%. Annotation revealed 5,168 coding sequences, including 5,168 proteins and 43 rRNA, 102 tRNA, and 5 noncoding RNA (ncRNA) genes.},
}
@article {pmid31672627,
year = {2020},
author = {Dhas, Y and Banerjee, J and Damle, G and Mishra, N},
title = {Serum 25(OH)D concentration and its association with inflammation and oxidative stress in the middle-aged Indian healthy and diabetic subjects.},
journal = {Steroids},
volume = {154},
number = {},
pages = {108532},
doi = {10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108532},
pmid = {31672627},
issn = {1878-5867},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. We have studied the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.<br><br>METHODS: We have recruited total 180 male and female subjects aged between 30 and 50 years and divided them into two groups as control (n = 90) and T2DM (n = 90). We have measured 25(OH)D concentration, markers of inflammation including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and markers of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) by using standard methods.<br><br>RESULTS: We stratified control and T2DM groups by 25(OH)D concentration and it indicates that in severe deficiency and sufficiency category IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Ox-LDL were significantly different while in moderate deficiency category only MDA was significantly different, among control and T2DM groups. In an insufficiency category, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, and Ox-LDL were significantly different among control and T2DM groups. Correlation analysis indicates a negative correlation of 25(OH)D with IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Ox-LDL among total subjects. Further, logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association of different categories of 25(OH)D with IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Ox-LDL before and after adjustment to body mass index and waist to hip ratio.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study suggest that vitamin D may have significant implications in the prevention of inflammation and oxidative stress.},
}
@article {pmid31670480,
year = {2019},
author = {Quigley, KM and Alvarez Roa, C and Torda, G and Bourne, DG and Willis, BL},
title = {Co-dynamics of Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial populations during the first year of symbiosis with Acropora tenuis juveniles.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e959},
doi = {10.1002/mbo3.959},
pmid = {31670480},
issn = {2045-8827},
abstract = {Interactions between corals and their associated microbial communities (Symbiodiniaceae and prokaryotes) are key to understanding corals' potential for and rate of acclimatory and adaptive responses. However, the establishment of microalgal and bacterial communities is poorly understood during coral ontogeny in the wild. We examined the establishment and co-occurrence between multiple microbial communities using 16S rRNA (bacterial) and ITS2 rDNA (Symbiodiniaceae) gene amplicon sequencing in juveniles of the common coral, Acropora tenuis, across the first year of development. Symbiodiniaceae communities in juveniles were dominated by Durusdinium trenchii and glynnii (D1 and D1a), with lower abundances of Cladocopium (C1, C1d, C50, and Cspc). Bacterial communities were more diverse and dominated by taxa within Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Both communities were characterized by significant changes in relative abundance and diversity of taxa throughout the year. D1, D1a, and C1 were significantly correlated with multiple bacterial taxa, including Alpha-, Deltra-, and Gammaproteobacteria, Planctomycetacia, Oxyphotobacteria, Phycisphaerae, and Rhizobiales. Specifically, D1a tended to associate with Oxyphotobacteria and D1 with Alphaproteobacteria, although these associations may represent correlational and not causal relationships. Bioenergetic modeling combined with physiological measurements of coral juveniles (surface area and Symbiodiniaceae cell densities) identified key periods of carbon limitation and nitrogen assimilation, potentially coinciding with shifts in microbial community composition. These results demonstrate that Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities are dynamic throughout the first year of ontology and may vary in tandem, with important fitness effects on host juveniles.},
}
@article {pmid31667798,
year = {2019},
author = {Ormeño-Orrillo, E and Martínez-Romero, E and Zúñiga-Dávila, D},
title = {Identification of the symbiosis island of Bradyrhizobium paxllaeri LMTR 21T.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s42770-019-00164-5},
pmid = {31667798},
issn = {1678-4405},
support = {238-2015-FONDECYT-DE//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica/ ; },
abstract = {The complete symbiosis island (SI) of Bradyrhizobium paxllaeri LMTR 21T, a mutualistic symbiont of the legume Phaseolus lunatus, was identified and analyzed. The SI was 646 kb in size, had lower G+C content than the genome average, and encoded not only nodulation and nitrogen fixation functions but also those for hydrogen uptake, vitamin and phytohormone biosynthesis, molybdenum transport, nonribosomal peptide synthesis, and type III secretion. Additionally, two divergent nodA genes were encoded in the SI.},
}
@article {pmid31666982,
year = {2019},
author = {Aschtgen, MS and Brennan, CA and Nikolakakis, K and Cohen, S and McFall-Ngai, M and Ruby, EG},
title = {Insights into flagellar function and mechanism from the squid-vibrio symbiosis.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {32},
pmid = {31666982},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {R01 GM099507/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 OD011024/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI050661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Flagella are essential and multifunctional nanomachines that not only move symbionts towards their tissue colonization site, but also play multiple roles in communicating with the host. Thus, untangling the activities of flagella in reaching, interacting, and signaling the host, as well as in biofilm formation and the establishment of a persistent colonization, is a complex problem. The squid-vibrio system offers a unique model to study the many ways that bacterial flagella can influence a beneficial association and, generally, other bacteria-host interactions. Vibrio fischeri is a bioluminescent bacterium that colonizes the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes. Over the last 15 years, the structure, assembly, and functions of V. fischeri flagella, including not only motility and chemotaxis, but also biofilm formation and symbiotic signaling, have been revealed. Here we discuss these discoveries in the perspective of other host-bacteria interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31666028,
year = {2019},
author = {Lampert, N and Mikaelyan, A and Brune, A},
title = {Diet is not the primary driver of bacterial community structure in the gut of litter-feeding cockroaches.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {238},
pmid = {31666028},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {SFB 978//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diet is a major determinant of bacterial community structure in termite guts, but evidence of its importance in the closely related cockroaches is conflicting. Here, we investigated the ecological drivers of the bacterial gut microbiota in cockroaches that feed on lignocellulosic leaf litter.<br><br>RESULTS: The physicochemical conditions determined with microsensors in the guts of Ergaula capucina, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, and Byrsotria rothi were similar to those reported for both wood-feeding and omnivorous cockroaches. All gut compartments were anoxic at the center and showed a slightly acidic to neutral pH and variable but slightly reducing conditions. Hydrogen accumulated only in the crop of B. rothi. High-throughput amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes documented that community structure in individual gut compartments correlated strongly with the respective microenvironmental conditions. A comparison of the hindgut microbiota of cockroaches and termites from different feeding groups revealed that the vast majority of the core taxa in cockroaches with a lignocellulosic diet were present also in omnivorous cockroaches but absent in wood-feeding higher termites.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that diet is not the primary driver of bacterial community structure in the gut of wood- and litter-feeding cockroaches. The high similarity to the gut microbiota of omnivorous cockroaches suggests that the dietary components that are actually digested do not differ fundamentally between feeding groups.},
}
@article {pmid31664477,
year = {2019},
author = {Kolátková, V and Čepička, I and Gargiulo, GM and Vohník, M},
title = {Enigmatic Phytomyxid Parasite of the Alien Seagrass Halophila stipulacea: New Insights into Its Ecology, Phylogeny, and Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01450-3},
pmid = {31664477},
issn = {1432-184X},
support = {1308218//Grantová Agentura, Univerzita Karlova (CZ)/ ; },
abstract = {Marine phytomyxids represent often overlooked obligate biotrophic parasites colonizing diatoms, brown algae, and seagrasses. An illustrative example of their enigmatic nature is the phytomyxid infecting the seagrass Halophila stipulacea (a well-known Lessepsian migrant from the Indo-Pacific to the Mediterranean Sea). In the Mediterranean, the occurrence of this phytomyxid was first described in 1995 in the Strait of Messina (southern Italy) and the second time in 2017 in the Aegean coast of Turkey. Here we investigated, using scuba diving, stereomicroscopy, light and scanning electron microscopy, and molecular methods, whether the symbiosis is still present in southern Italy, its distribution in this region and its relation to the previous reports. From the total of 16 localities investigated, the symbiosis has only been found at one site. A seasonal pattern was observed with exceptionally high abundance (> 40% of the leaf petioles colonized) in September 2017, absence of the symbiosis in May/June 2018, and then again high infection rates (~ 30%) in September 2018. In terms of anatomy and morphology as well as resting spore dimensions and arrangement, the symbiosis seems to be identical to the preceding observations in the Mediterranean. According to the phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rRNA gene, the phytomyxid represents the first characterized member of the environmental clade &quot;TAGIRI-5&quot;. Our results provide new clues about its on-site ecology (incl. possible dispersal mechanisms), hint that it is rare but established in the Mediterranean, and encourage further research into its distribution, ecophysiology, and taxonomy.},
}
@article {pmid31662458,
year = {2019},
author = {Kerwin, AH and Gromek, SM and Suria, AM and Samples, RM and Deoss, DJ and O'Donnell, K and Frasca, S and Sutton, DA and Wiederhold, NP and Balunas, MJ and Nyholm, SV},
title = {Shielding the Next Generation: Symbiotic Bacteria from a Reproductive Organ Protect Bobtail Squid Eggs from Fungal Fouling.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {31662458},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {The importance of defensive symbioses, whereby microbes protect hosts through the production of specific compounds, is becoming increasingly evident. Although defining the partners in these associations has become easier, assigning function to these relationships often presents a significant challenge. Here, we describe a functional role for a bacterial consortium in a female reproductive organ in the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes Bacteria from the accessory nidamental gland (ANG) are deposited into the egg jelly coat (JC), where they are hypothesized to play a defensive role during embryogenesis. Eggs treated with an antibiotic cocktail developed a microbial biomass primarily composed of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium keratoplasticum that infiltrated the JC, resulting in severely reduced hatch rates. Experimental manipulation of the eggs demonstrated that the JC was protective against this fungal fouling. A large proportion of the bacterial strains isolated from the ANG or JC inhibited F. keratoplasticum in culture (87.5%), while a similar proportion of extracts from these strains also exhibited antifungal activity against F. keratoplasticum and/or the human-pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (72.7%). Mass spectral network analyses of active extracts from bacterial isolates and egg clutches revealed compounds that may be involved in preventing microbial overgrowth. Several secondary metabolites were identified from ANG/JC bacteria and egg clutches, including the known antimicrobial lincomycin as well as a suite of glycerophosphocholines and mycinamicin-like compounds. These results shed light on a widely distributed but poorly understood symbiosis in cephalopods and offer a new source for exploring bacterial secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity.IMPORTANCE Organisms must have strategies to ensure successful reproduction. Some animals that deposit eggs protect their embryos from fouling/disease with the help of microorganisms. Although beneficial bacteria are hypothesized to contribute to egg defense in some organisms, the mechanisms of this protection remain largely unknown, with the exception of a few recently described systems. Using both experimental and analytical approaches, we demonstrate that symbiotic bacteria associated with a cephalopod reproductive gland and eggs inhibit fungi. Chemical analyses suggest that these bacteria produce antimicrobial compounds that may prevent overgrowth from fungi and other microorganisms. Given the distribution of these symbiotic glands among many cephalopods, similar defensive relationships may be more common in aquatic environments than previously realized. Such defensive symbioses may also be a rich source for the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds.},
}
@article {pmid31659382,
year = {2019},
author = {Rocha, G and Le Queré, A and Medina, A and Cuéllar, A and Contreras, JL and Carreño, R and Bustillos, R and Muñoz-Rojas, J and Villegas, MDC and Chaintreuil, C and Dreyfus, B and Munive, JA},
title = {Diversity and phenotypic analyses of salt- and heat-tolerant wild bean Phaseolus filiformis rhizobia native of a sand beach in Baja California and description of Ensifer aridi sp. nov.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00203-019-01744-7},
pmid = {31659382},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {242743//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; 273344//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; 220636//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; VIEP00075//Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ ; M08-A02//SEP-CONACYT-ANUIES-ECOS NORD France/ ; },
abstract = {In northern Mexico, aridity, salinity and high temperatures limit areas that can be cultivated. To investigate the nature of nitrogen-fixing symbionts of Phaseolus filiformis, an adapted wild bean species native to this region, their phylogenies were inferred by MLSA. Most rhizobia recovered belong to the proposed new species Ensifer aridi. Phylogenetic analyses of nodC and nifH show that Mexican isolates carry symbiotic genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer that are divergent from those previously characterized among bean symbionts. These strains are salt tolerant, able to grow in alkaline conditions, high temperatures, and capable of utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon sources for growth. This study improves the knowledge on diversity, geographic distribution and evolution of bean-nodulating rhizobia in Mexico and further enlarges the spectrum of microsymbiont with which Phaseolus species can interact with, including cultivated bean varieties, notably under stressed environments. Here, the species Ensifer aridi sp. nov. is proposed as strain type of the Moroccan isolate LMR001T (= LMG 31426T; = HAMBI 3707T) recovered from desert sand dune.},
}
@article {pmid31659035,
year = {2019},
author = {Averill, C and Bhatnagar, JM and Dietze, MC and Pearse, WD and Kivlin, SN},
title = {Global imprint of mycorrhizal fungi on whole-plant nutrient economics.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {46},
pages = {23163-23168},
pmid = {31659035},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Mycorrhizal fungi are critical members of the plant microbiome, forming a symbiosis with the roots of most plants on Earth. Most plant species partner with either arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal fungi, and these symbioses are thought to represent plant adaptations to fast and slow soil nutrient cycling rates. This generates a second hypothesis, that arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal plant species traits complement and reinforce these fungal strategies, resulting in nutrient acquisitive vs. conservative plant trait profiles. Here we analyzed 17,764 species level trait observations from 2,940 woody plant species to show that mycorrhizal plants differ systematically in nitrogen and phosphorus economic traits. Differences were clearest in temperate latitudes, where ectomycorrhizal plant species are more nitrogen use- and phosphorus use-conservative than arbuscular mycorrhizal species. This difference is reflected in both aboveground and belowground plant traits and is robust to controlling for evolutionary history, nitrogen fixation ability, deciduousness, latitude, and species climate niche. Furthermore, mycorrhizal effects are large and frequently similar to or greater in magnitude than the influence of plant nitrogen fixation ability or deciduous vs. evergreen leaf habit. Ectomycorrhizal plants are also more nitrogen conservative than arbuscular plants in boreal and tropical ecosystems, although differences in phosphorus use are less apparent outside temperate latitudes. Our findings bolster current theories of ecosystems rooted in mycorrhizal ecology and support the hypothesis that plant mycorrhizal association is linked to the evolution of plant nutrient economic strategies.},
}
@article {pmid31659034,
year = {2019},
author = {Wong, WY and Simakov, O and Bridge, DM and Cartwright, P and Bellantuono, AJ and Kuhn, A and Holstein, TW and David, CN and Steele, RE and Martínez, DE},
title = {Expansion of a single transposable element family is associated with genome-size increase and radiation in the genus Hydra.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {46},
pages = {22915-22917},
pmid = {31659034},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Transposable elements are one of the major contributors to genome-size differences in metazoans. Despite this, relatively little is known about the evolutionary patterns of element expansions and the element families involved. Here we report a broad genomic sampling within the genus Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian at the focal point of diverse research in regeneration, symbiosis, biogeography, and aging. We find that the genome of Hydra is the result of an expansion event involving long interspersed nuclear elements and in particular a single family of the chicken repeat 1 (CR1) class. This expansion is unique to a subgroup of the genus Hydra, the brown hydras, and is absent in the green hydra, which has a repeat landscape similar to that of other cnidarians. These features of the genome make Hydra attractive for studies of transposon-driven genome expansions and speciation.},
}
@article {pmid31655741,
year = {2019},
author = {Rutten, PJ and Poole, PS},
title = {Oxygen regulatory mechanisms of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia.},
journal = {Advances in microbial physiology},
volume = {75},
number = {},
pages = {325-389},
doi = {10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.08.001},
pmid = {31655741},
issn = {2162-5468},
abstract = {Rhizobia are α- and β-proteobacteria that form a symbiotic partnership with legumes, fixing atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia and providing it to the plant. Oxygen regulation is key in this symbiosis. Fixation is performed by an oxygen-intolerant nitrogenase enzyme but requires respiration to meet its high energy demands. To satisfy these opposing constraints the symbiotic partners cooperate intimately, employing a variety of mechanisms to regulate and respond to oxygen concentration. During symbiosis rhizobia undergo significant changes in gene expression to differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Legumes host these bacteroids in specialized root organs called nodules. These generate a near-anoxic environment using an oxygen diffusion barrier, oxygen-binding leghemoglobin and control of mitochondria localization. Rhizobia sense oxygen using multiple interconnected systems which enable a finely-tuned response to the wide range of oxygen concentrations they experience when transitioning from soil to nodules. The oxygen-sensing FixL-FixJ and hybrid FixL-FxkR two-component systems activate at relatively high oxygen concentration and regulate fixK transcription. FixK activates the fixNOQP and fixGHIS operons producing a high-affinity terminal oxidase required for bacterial respiration in the microaerobic nodule. Additionally or alternatively, some rhizobia regulate expression of these operons by FnrN, an FNR-like oxygen-sensing protein. The final stage of symbiotic establishment is activated by the NifA protein, regulated by oxygen at both the transcriptional and protein level. A cross-species comparison of these systems highlights differences in their roles and interconnections but reveals common regulatory patterns and themes. Future work is needed to establish the complete regulon of these systems and identify other regulatory signals.},
}
@article {pmid31653843,
year = {2019},
author = {Du, K and Zhang, M and Dai, C and Zhou, ZN and Xie, YW and Ren, ZH and Tian, H and Chen, LQ and Van Tendeloo, G and Zhang, Z},
title = {Manipulating topological transformations of polar structures through real-time observation of the dynamic polarization evolution.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {4864},
pmid = {31653843},
issn = {2041-1723},
abstract = {Topological structures based on controllable ferroelectric or ferromagnetic domain configurations offer the opportunity to develop microelectronic devices such as high-density memories. Despite the increasing experimental and theoretical insights into various domain structures (such as polar spirals, polar wave, polar vortex) over the past decade, manipulating the topological transformations of polar structures and comprehensively understanding its underlying mechanism remains lacking. By conducting an in-situ non-contact bias technique, here we systematically investigate the real-time topological transformations of polar structures in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers at an atomic level. The procedure of vortex pair splitting and the transformation from polar vortex to polar wave and out-of-plane polarization are observed step by step. Furthermore, the redistribution of charge in various topological structures has been demonstrated under an external bias. This provides new insights for the symbiosis of polar and charge and offers an opportunity for a new generation of microelectronic devices.},
}
@article {pmid31653715,
year = {2020},
author = {Burghardt, LT and Trujillo, DI and Epstein, B and Tiffin, P and Young, ND},
title = {A Select and Resequence Approach Reveals Strain-Specific Effects of Medicago Nodule-Specific PLAT-Domain Genes.},
journal = {Plant physiology},
volume = {182},
number = {1},
pages = {463-471},
pmid = {31653715},
issn = {1532-2548},
abstract = {Genetic studies of legume symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria have traditionally focused on nodule and nitrogen-fixation phenotypes when hosts are inoculated with a single rhizobial strain. These approaches overlook the potential effect of host genes on rhizobial fitness (i.e. how many rhizobia are released from host nodules) and strain-specific effects of host genes (i.e. genome × genome interactions). Using Medicago truncatula mutants in the recently described nodule-specific PLAT domain (NPD) gene family, we show how inoculating plants with a mixed inoculum of 68 rhizobial strains (Ensifer meliloti) via a select-and-resequence approach can be used to efficiently assay host mutants for strain-specific effects of late-acting host genes on interacting bacteria. The deletion of a single NPD gene (npd2) or all five members of the NPD gene family (npd1-5) differentially altered the frequency of rhizobial strains in nodules even though npd2 mutants had no visible nodule morphology or N-fixation phenotype. Also, npd1-5 nodules were less diverse and had larger populations of colony-forming rhizobia despite their smaller size. Lastly, NPD mutations disrupt a positive correlation between strain fitness and wild-type host biomass. These changes indicate that the effects of NPD proteins are strain dependent and that NPD family members are not redundant with regard to their effects on rhizobial strains. Association analyses of the rhizobial strains in the mixed inoculation indicate that rhizobial genes involved in chromosome segregation, cell division, GABA metabolism, efflux systems, and stress tolerance play an important role in the strain-specific effects of NPD genes.},
}
@article {pmid31652999,
year = {2019},
author = {He, W and Guo, L and Wang, L and Zhao, Q and Guo, L and Cao, W and Mur, LAJ and Wei, Y},
title = {Host Genotype and Precipitation Influence of Fungal Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin Abundance in a Locoweed.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {21},
pages = {},
pmid = {31652999},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {31402133//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2020-QY-210//Special Aid Fund for Qinghai Province/ ; 18JS110//Key Laboratory Research Fund of Department of Education of Shaanxi Province/ ; 201203062//Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China/ ; WH//Stapledon Fellowship/ ; BB/M027945/1//BBSRC Exchange grant/ ; },
abstract = {Many plant endophytes produce mycotoxins, but how host genetic variation influences endophyte colonization and mycotoxin production under natural conditions is poorly understood. This interaction has not been fully considered in many previous studies which used controlled experiments with agronomic or model plant species. Here, we investigated this interaction in a naturally occurring forb (a locoweed species) Oxytropis ochrocephala, its symbiotic endophyte Alternaria oxytropis, and the mycotoxin swainsonine. Host genetic variation was characterized by microsatellite markers. Endophyte infection rate and swainsonine levels were determined by PCR and HPLC, respectively. Genetic markers defined two distinct host populations and revealed that host genetics were significantly correlated with geographical location, elevation, and precipitation. As the host diverged, symbiotic interactions were reduced or failed to produce detectable swainsonine in one host population. Host genotype and precipitation had a significant impact in shaping swainsonine production at the population level. This study highlights the effect of host genotype in influencing this interaction in locoweeds.},
}
@article {pmid31652848,
year = {2019},
author = {da Trindade, R and Almeida, L and Xavier, L and Lins, AL and Andrade, EH and Maia, JG and Mello, A and Setzer, WN and Ramos, A and da Silva, JK},
title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization Promotes Changes in the Volatile Compounds and Enzymatic Activity of Lipoxygenase and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase in Piper nigrum L. 'Bragantina'.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {31652848},
issn = {2223-7747},
support = {446711/2014-4//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been used to promote numerous benefits to plants. In this study, we evaluated the symbiosis between AMF species (Rhizophagus clarus, Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and Piper nigrum L. 'Bragantina'. Volatile compounds, lipoxygenase (LOX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, and total phenolic content were monitored from 1 to 60 days post-inoculation (dpi). Hyphae, arbuscles, and vesicles were observed during the root colonization. In the leaves, AMF induced an increase of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (54.0%-79.0%) and a decrease of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (41.3%-14.5%) at 7 dpi and 60 dpi (41.8%-21.5%), respectively. Cubenol, the main volatile compound of leaves, showed a significant decrease at 7 dpi (21.5%-0.28%) and 45 dpi (20.4%-18.42%). β-caryophyllene, the major volatile compound of the roots, displayed a significant reduction at 45 dpi (30.0%-20.0%). LOX increased in the roots at 21, 30, and 60 dpi. PAL was higher in leaves during all periods, except at 60 dpi, and increased at 21 and 45 dpi in the roots. The total phenolic content showed a significant increase only in the roots at 30 dpi. The results suggested that AMF provided changes in the secondary metabolism of P. nigrum, inducing its resistance.},
}
@article {pmid31649632,
year = {2019},
author = {He, C and Wang, W and Hou, J},
title = {Plant Growth and Soil Microbial Impacts of Enhancing Licorice With Inoculating Dark Septate Endophytes Under Drought Stress.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2277},
pmid = {31649632},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {This study mainly aimed to investigate the effects of dark septate endophytes (DSE) (Acrocalymma vagum, Paraboeremia putaminum, and Fusarium acuminatum) on the growth and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere soil of a medicinal plant, licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), grown in the non-sterile soil under drought stress. The results showed that three DSE strains could effectively colonize the plant roots and form a strain-dependent symbiosis with licorice. Although drought stress declined the growth of licorice plants, these decreases were partly recovered by DSE inoculation. Specifically, the inoculation of A. vagum and P. putaminum significantly increased the biomass and glycyrrhizin content, whereas A. vagum and F. acuminatum increased glycyrrhizic acid content of host plants under drought stress. However, the inoculation of F. acuminatum showed significant negative effects on the shoot, root, and total biomass of licorice plants. In addition, the effects of DSE inoculation on the morphological, photosynthetic, and antioxidant parameters of licorice plants, and mineral nutrient and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere soil were dependent on the DSE species as well as water regime. Interestingly, DSE inoculation significantly increased AM fungi content under drought stress. In addition, DSE associated with water had a significant positive influence on soil organic matter, available phosphorus (P), AM fungi, leaf number, soluble protein, SOD activity, total root length, root branch, and glycyrrhizic acid content. Based on the results of variance partitioning analysis, 17.0, 34.0, 14.9, 40.1, 28.2, and 18.0% variations in shoot morphology, root morphology, plant biomass, active ingredient, photosynthetic parameters, and antioxidant parameters, respectively, were attributable to the presence of certain soil microorganisms. These findings suggest the possibility that DSE inoculation improved the root development and nutrient absorption of host plants, altered the soil microbiota, and might also contribute to plant growth and survival under drought conditions. As A. vagum exhibited positive effects on the plant biomass, morphological and physiological parameters, and active ingredient content in licorice plants under drought stress, it was considered to be the best fungus for licorice cultivation. These results contribute to the understanding of the ecological function of DSE fungi in dryland agriculture.},
}
@article {pmid31649123,
year = {2020},
author = {Roy, S and Liu, W and Nandety, RS and Crook, A and Mysore, KS and Pislariu, CI and Frugoli, J and Dickstein, R and Udvardi, MK},
title = {Celebrating 20 Years of Genetic Discoveries in Legume Nodulation and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation.},
journal = {The Plant cell},
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {15-41},
doi = {10.1105/tpc.19.00279},
pmid = {31649123},
issn = {1532-298X},
abstract = {Since 1999, various forward- and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200 genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries advanced our understanding of the evolution of SNF in plants and its relationship to other beneficial endosymbioses, signaling between plants and microbes, the control of microbial infection of plant cells, the control of plant cell division leading to nodule development, autoregulation of nodulation, intracellular accommodation of bacteria, nodule oxygen homeostasis, the control of bacteroid differentiation, metabolism and transport supporting symbiosis, and the control of nodule senescence. This review catalogs and contextualizes all of the plant genes currently known to be required for SNF in two model legume species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and two crop species, Glycine max (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). We also briefly consider the future of SNF genetics in the era of pan-genomics and genome editing.},
}
@article {pmid31646970,
year = {2019},
author = {Jooste, M and Roets, F and Midgley, GF and Oberlander, KC and Dreyer, LL},
title = {Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Oxalis - evidence for a vertically inherited bacterial symbiosis.},
journal = {BMC plant biology},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {441},
pmid = {31646970},
issn = {1471-2229},
support = {Scarce Skills Doctoral Scholarship//National Research Foundation/ ; Blue Skies Research Grant//National Research Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Plant-endophyte symbioses often revolve around nitrogen metabolism, and involve varying degrees of intimacy. Although evidence for vertical inheritance of nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria is increasing, it is confined mostly to crop plants, and to date no such system has been reported for geophytes.<br><br>METHODS: Bacterial endophytes associated with Oxalis, the most species-rich geophytic genus form the Cape Flora in southern Africa was studied. Culturable endophytes were isolated from surface-sterilized vegetative and reproductive plant organs for six host species at three locations. Colonies of microbes on various artificial media were morphotyped, enumerated and identified using sequence data. Filter exclusion experiments were conducted to determine if endophytes were vertically transmitted to seeds, determine if mucilage plays a role to actively attract microbes from the soil and to assess microbial richness isolated from the mucilage of Oxalis seedlings. Fluorescent microscopy was implemented in order to visualize endophytic bacteria in cryo-sectioned seeds.<br><br>RESULTS: Evidence for a novel, vertically transmitted symbiosis was reported. Communities of nitrogen-fixing and plant growth-promoting Bacillus endophytes were found to associate with selected Oxalis hosts from nitrogen-deficient environments of the Cape. Bacillus endophytes were ubiquitous and diverse across species and plant bodies, and were prominent in seeds. Three common nitrogen-fixing Bacillus have known oxalotrophic properties and appear to be housed inside specialised cavities (containing oxalates) within the plant body and seeds.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The discovery of vertical transmission and potential benefits to both host and endophyte suggest a particularly tight mutualism in the Oxalis-endophyte system. This discovery suggests unexpected ways in which geophytes might avoid nitrogen deficiency, and suggest that such symbioses are more common than previously expected.},
}
@article {pmid31641114,
year = {2019},
author = {Kim, DR and Cho, G and Jeon, CW and Weller, DM and Thomashow, LS and Paulitz, TC and Kwak, YS},
title = {A mutualistic interaction between Streptomyces bacteria, strawberry plants and pollinating bees.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {4802},
pmid = {31641114},
issn = {2041-1723},
mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Botrytis/pathogenicity ; Flowers ; Fragaria/microbiology/*physiology ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Pollen ; Pollination ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Republic of Korea ; Spores, Fungal ; Streptomyces/genetics/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Microbes can establish mutualistic interactions with plants and insects. Here we track the movement of an endophytic strain of Streptomyces bacteria throughout a managed strawberry ecosystem. We show that a Streptomyces isolate found in the rhizosphere and on flowers protects both the plant and pollinating honeybees from pathogens (phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and pathogenic bacteria, respectively). The pollinators can transfer the Streptomyces bacteria among flowers and plants, and Streptomyces can move into the plant vascular bundle from the flowers and from the rhizosphere. Our results present a tripartite mutualism between Streptomyces, plant and pollinator partners.},
}
@article {pmid31636183,
year = {2019},
author = {Itoh, H and Jang, S and Takeshita, K and Ohbayashi, T and Ohnishi, N and Meng, XY and Mitani, Y and Kikuchi, Y},
title = {Host-symbiont specificity determined by microbe-microbe competition in an insect gut.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {45},
pages = {22673-22682},
pmid = {31636183},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Despite the omnipresence of specific host-symbiont associations with acquisition of the microbial symbiont from the environment, little is known about how the specificity of the interaction evolved and is maintained. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris acquires a specific bacterial symbiont of the genus Burkholderia from environmental soil and harbors it in midgut crypts. The genus Burkholderia consists of over 100 species, showing ecologically diverse lifestyles, and including serious human pathogens, plant pathogens, and nodule-forming plant mutualists, as well as insect mutualists. Through infection tests of 34 Burkholderia species and 18 taxonomically diverse bacterial species, we demonstrate here that nonsymbiotic Burkholderia and even its outgroup Pandoraea could stably colonize the gut symbiotic organ and provide beneficial effects to the bean bug when inoculated on aposymbiotic hosts. However, coinoculation revealed that the native symbiont always outcompeted the nonnative bacteria inside the gut symbiotic organ, explaining the predominance of the native Burkholderia symbiont in natural bean bug populations. Hence, the abilities for colonization and cooperation, usually thought of as specific traits of mutualists, are not unique to the native Burkholderia symbiont but, to the contrary, competitiveness inside the gut is a derived trait of the native symbiont lineage only and was thus critical in the evolution of the insect gut symbiont.},
}
@article {pmid31635886,
year = {2019},
author = {Rajnovic, I and Ramírez-Bahena, MH and Sánchez-Juanes, F and González-Buitrago, JM and Kajic, S and Peix, Á and Velázquez, E and Sikora, S},
title = {Phylogenetic diversity of rhizobia nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia and definition of the symbiovar phaseoli within the species Rhizobium pisi.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {42},
number = {6},
pages = {126019},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126019},
pmid = {31635886},
issn = {1618-0984},
mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Biodiversity ; Croatia ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Phaseolus/*microbiology ; *Phylogeny ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Rhizobium/chemistry/*classification/*genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil Microbiology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {Phaseolus vulgaris is a legume indigenous to America which is currently cultivated in Europe including countries located at the Southeast of this continent, such as Croatia, where several local landraces are cultivated, most of them of Andean origin. In this work we identify at species and symbiovar levels several fast-growing strains able to form effective symbiosis with P. vulgaris in different Croatian soils. The identification at species level based on MALDI-TOF MS and core gene sequence analysis showed that most of these strains belong to the species R. leguminosarum, R. hidalgonense and R. pisi. In addition, several strains belong to putative new species phylogenetically close to R. ecuadorense and R. sophoriradicis. All Croatian strains belong to the symbiovar phaseoli and harbour the α and γ nodC alleles typical for American strains of this symbiovar. Nevertheless, most of Croatian strains harboured the γ nodC gene allele supporting its Andean origin since it is also dominant in other European countries, where Andean cultivars of P. vulgaris are traditionally cultivated, as occurs in Spain. The only strains harbouring the α nodC allele belong to R. hidalgonense and R. pisi, this last only containing the symbiovars viciae and trifolii to date. This is the first report about the presence in Europe of the species R. hidalgonense, the nodulation of P. vulgaris by R. pisi and the existence of the symbiovar phaseoli within this species. These results significantly increase the knowledge of the biogeography of Rhizobium-P. vulgaris symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31634977,
year = {2020},
author = {Liu, C and Cheng, SH and Lin, S},
title = {Illuminating the dark depths inside coral.},
journal = {Cellular microbiology},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {e13122},
doi = {10.1111/cmi.13122},
pmid = {31634977},
issn = {1462-5822},
support = {2017M620271//China Postdoctoral Fund/ ; NSFC 31661143029//Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges/ ; 8730037//Collaborative Research Fund/ ; 2016YFA0601202//National Key Research and Development Program of China (973 program)/ ; 2017YFC1404302//National Key Research and Development Program of China (973 program)/ ; },
abstract = {The ability to observe in situ 3D distribution and dynamics of endosymbionts in corals is crucial for gaining a mechanistic understanding of coral bleaching and reef degradation. Here, we report the development of a tissue clearing (TC) coupled with light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) method for 3D imaging of the coral holobiont at single-cell resolution. The initial applications have demonstrated the ability of this technique to provide high spatial resolution quantitative information of endosymbiont abundance and distribution within corals. With specific fluorescent probes or assays, TC-LSFM also revealed spatial distribution and dynamics of physiological conditions (such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and hypoxia response) in both corals and their endosymbionts. This tool is highly promising for in situ and in-depth data acquisition to illuminate coral symbiosis and health conditions in the changing marine environment, providing fundamental information for coral reef conservation and restoration.},
}
@article {pmid31634976,
year = {2019},
author = {Stedman, A and Brunner, K and Nigro, G},
title = {Decrypting the communication between microbes and the intestinal mucosa-A brief review on Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire's latest research.},
journal = {Cellular microbiology},
volume = {21},
number = {11},
pages = {e13118},
doi = {10.1111/cmi.13118},
pmid = {31634976},
issn = {1462-5822},
support = {17-CE14-0022 (i-Stress)//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; 17-CE14-0022//French National Research Agency (ANR)/ ; },
abstract = {Over the past 10 years, the &quot;Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire&quot; unit of Professor Philippe Sansonetti has studied the molecular cross talk between the intestinal microbiota and the gut epithelium, aiming to better understand how this mutualistic symbiosis delineates homoeostasis and, when perturbed, prompts pathology. To do so, the unit has manipulated both bacterial and epithelial cells, and used cutting-edge technology. More recently, the lab has turned its focus also on studying the intestinal crypt and more specifically the intestinal stem cell for their role in epithelial regeneration and long-term epithelium renewal. Here, we provide a brief review summarising recent results obtained from the lab, with particular focus on the intestinal crypt.},
}
@article {pmid31633059,
year = {2019},
author = {Deng, Y and Chen, H and Li, C and Xu, J and Qi, Q and Xu, Y and Zhu, Y and Zheng, J and Peng, D and Ruan, L and Sun, M},
title = {Endophyte Bacillus subtilis evade plant defense by producing lantibiotic subtilomycin to mask self-produced flagellin.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {368},
pmid = {31633059},
issn = {2399-3642},
abstract = {Microbes can enter into healthy plants as endophytes and confer beneficial functions. The entry of commensal microbes into plants involves penetrating plant defense. Most mechanisms about overcoming plant defense are focused on adapted pathogens, while the mechanism involved in beneficial endophyte evades plant defense to achieve harmonious commensalism is unclear. Here, we discover a mechanism that an endophyte bacterium Bacillus subtilis BSn5 reduce to stimulate the plant defensive response by producing lantibiotic subtilomycin to bind self-produced flagellin. Subtilomycin bind with flagellin and affect flg22-induced plant defense, by which means promotes the endophytic colonization in A. thaliana. Subtilomycin also promotes the BSn5 colonization in a distinct plant, Amorphophallus konjac, where the BSn5 was isolated. Our investigation shows more independent subtilomycin/-like producers are isolated from distinct plants. Our work unveils a common strategy that is used for bacterial endophytic colonization.},
}
@article {pmid31632421,
year = {2019},
author = {Valdés-López, O and Formey, D and Isidra-Arellano, MC and Reyero-Saavedra, MDR and Fernandez-Göbel, TF and Sánchez-Correa, MDS},
title = {Argonaute Proteins: Why Are They So Important for the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis?.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1177},
pmid = {31632421},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Unlike most other land plants, legumes can fulfill their nitrogen needs through the establishment of symbioses with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (rhizobia). Through this symbiosis, fixed nitrogen is incorporated into the food chain. Because of this ecological relevance, the genetic mechanisms underlying the establishment of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis (LRS) have been extensively studied over the past decades. During this time, different types of regulators of this symbiosis have been discovered and characterized. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the participation of different types of small RNAs, including microRNAs, in the different stages of this symbiosis. The involvement of small RNAs also indicates that Argonaute (AGO) proteins participate in the regulation of the LRS. However, despite this obvious role, the relevance of AGO proteins in the LRS has been overlooked and understudied. Here, we discuss and hypothesize the likely participation of AGO proteins in the regulation of the different steps that enable the establishment of the LRS. We also briefly review and discuss whether rhizobial symbiosis induces DNA damages in the legume host. Understanding the different levels of LRS regulation could lead to the development of improved nitrogen fixation efficiency to enhance sustainable agriculture, thereby reducing dependence on inorganic fertilizers.},
}
@article {pmid31632369,
year = {2019},
author = {Xiao, G and Liu, S and Xiao, Y and Zhu, Y and Zhao, H and Li, A and Li, Z and Feng, J},
title = {Seasonal Changes in Gut Microbiota Diversity and Composition in the Greater Horseshoe Bat.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2247},
pmid = {31632369},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {A large number of microorganisms colonize the intestines of animals. The gut microbiota plays an important role in nutrient metabolism and affects a number of physiological mechanisms in the host. Studies have shown that seasonal changes occur in the intestinal microbes of mammals that hibernate seasonally. However, these studies only focused on ground squirrels and bears. It remains unclear how hibernation might affect the intestinal microbes of bats. In this study, we measured microbial diversity and composition in the gut of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in different periods (early spring, early summer, late summer, torpor, and interbout arousal) using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and PICRUSt to predict functional profiles. We found seasonal changes in the diversity and composition of the gut microbes in R. ferrumequinum. The diversity of gut microbiota was highest in the late summer and lowest in the early summer. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was highest in the early summer and significantly lower in other periods. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was lowest in the early summer and significantly increased in the late summer, followed by a significant decrease in the early winter and early spring. The relative abundance of Tenericutes was significantly higher in the early spring compared with other periods. The results of functional prediction by PICRUSt showed seasonal variations in the relative abundance of metabolism-related pathways, including lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. Functional categories for carbohydrate metabolism had significantly lower relative abundance in early winter-torpor compared with late summer, while those associated with lipid metabolism had significantly higher relative abundance in the early winter compared with late summer. Overall, our results show that seasonal physiological changes associated with hibernation alter the gut microbial community of R. ferrumequinum. Hibernation may also alter the metabolic function of intestinal microbes, possibly by converting the gut microflora from carbohydrate-related to lipid-related functional categories. This study deepens our understanding of the symbiosis between hibernating mammals and gut microbes.},
}
@article {pmid31632357,
year = {2019},
author = {Uehling, JK and Entler, MR and Meredith, HR and Millet, LJ and Timm, CM and Aufrecht, JA and Bonito, GM and Engle, NL and Labbé, JL and Doktycz, MJ and Retterer, ST and Spatafora, JW and Stajich, JE and Tschaplinski, TJ and Vilgalys, RJ},
title = {Microfluidics and Metabolomics Reveal Symbiotic Bacterial-Fungal Interactions Between Mortierella elongata and Burkholderia Include Metabolite Exchange.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2163},
pmid = {31632357},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {We identified two poplar (Populus sp.)-associated microbes, the fungus, Mortierella elongata strain AG77, and the bacterium, Burkholderia strain BT03, that mutually promote each other's growth. Using culture assays in concert with a novel microfluidic device to generate time-lapse videos, we found growth specific media differing in pH and pre-conditioned by microbial growth led to increased fungal and bacterial growth rates. Coupling microfluidics and comparative metabolomics data results indicated that observed microbial growth stimulation involves metabolic exchange during two ordered events. The first is an emission of fungal metabolites, including organic acids used or modified by bacteria. A second signal of unknown nature is produced by bacteria which increases fungal growth rates. We find this symbiosis is initiated in part by metabolic exchange involving fungal organic acids.},
}
@article {pmid31632180,
year = {2019},
author = {Kachamakova, M and Antonova, V and Koshev, Y},
title = {The role of ant nests in European ground squirrel's (Spermophilus citellus) post-reintroduction adaptation in two Bulgarian mountains.},
journal = {Biodiversity data journal},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e38292},
pmid = {31632180},
issn = {1314-2828},
abstract = {The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) is a vulnerable species, whose populations are declining throughout its entire range in Central and South-Eastern Europe. To a great extent, its conservation depends on habitat restoration, maintenance and protection. In order to improve the conservation status of the species, reintroductions are increasingly applied. Therefore, researchers focus their attention on factors that facilitate these activities and contribute to their success. In addition to the well-known factors like grass height and exposition, others, related to the underground characteristics, are more difficult to evaluate. The presence of other digging species could help this evaluation. Here, we present two reintroduced ground squirrel colonies, where the vast majority of the burrows are located in the base of anthills, mainly of yellow meadow ant (Lasius flavus). This interspecies relationship offers numerous advantages for the ground squirrel and is mostly neutral for the ants. The benefits for the ground squirrel, including reduced energy demand for digging, as well as additional surveillance and hiding places available, could greatly enhance the post-reintroduction adaptation process.},
}
@article {pmid31631459,
year = {2019},
author = {Jelassi, R and Khemaissia, H and Ghemari, C and Raimond, M and Souty-Grosset, C and Nasri-Ammar, K},
title = {The induced damage in the hepatopancreas of Orchestia species after exposure to a mixture of Cu/Zn-An ultrastructural study.},
journal = {Microscopy research and technique},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jemt.23397},
pmid = {31631459},
issn = {1097-0029},
support = {//Research Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar/ ; //Erasmus Mundus Al Idrisi II Programme of the European Union/ ; },
abstract = {The hepatopancreas of crustaceans species has been recognized as an essential target organ to assess trace elements' effects. Due to its dynamic and capability of detoxifying trace metal, this organ often indicates distinct pathological disturbances. In the present work, we intend to evaluate the bioaccumulation of trace metal in three Orchestia species (Orchestia montagui, Orchestia gammarellus, and Orchestia mediterranea) living in symmetry in the banks of Bizerte lagoon (37°13'8″N 09°55'1″E) after their exposure during 14 days to a mixture of copper and zinc, and to highlight the effect of these metals on their hepatopancreas ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy. At the end of the experiment, results showed that the mortality and the body mass varied according to the used nominal concentrations. Significant alterations were noted in all the treatment groups. The degree of these alterations depends on the used concentration, and they are represented especially by the cells remoteness and the border lyses, the reduction of the nuclear volume, the increase in the cytoplasm density with the presence of trace metal in the nucleus as well as in the vacuole, the disorganization and the destruction of microvilli, the condensation of the majority of cellular organelles and mitochondria swelling. Through this study, Orchestia genus could be an attractive candidate for the biochemical study of trace metal toxicity in Tunisian wetlands.},
}
@article {pmid31630948,
year = {2019},
author = {Bucek, A and Šobotník, J and He, S and Shi, M and McMahon, DP and Holmes, EC and Roisin, Y and Lo, N and Bourguignon, T},
title = {Evolution of Termite Symbiosis Informed by Transcriptome-Based Phylogenies.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {29},
number = {21},
pages = {3728-3734.e4},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.076},
pmid = {31630948},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {Termitidae comprises ∼80% of all termite species [1] that play dominant decomposer roles in tropical ecosystems [2, 3]. Two major events during termite evolution were the loss of cellulolytic gut protozoans in the ancestor of Termitidae and the subsequent gain in the termitid subfamily Macrotermitinae of fungal symbionts cultivated externally in &quot;combs&quot; constructed within the nest [4, 5]. How these symbiotic transitions occurred remains unresolved. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial data previously suggested that Macrotermitinae is the earliest branching termitid lineage, followed soon after by Sphaerotermitinae [6], which cultivates bacterial symbionts on combs inside its nests [7]. This has led to the hypothesis that comb building was an important evolutionary step in the loss of gut protozoa in ancestral termitids [8]. We sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of 55 termite species and reconstructed phylogenetic trees from up to 4,065 orthologous genes of 68 species. We found strong support for a novel sister-group relationship between the bacterial comb-building Sphaerotermitinae and fungus comb-building Macrotermitinae. This key finding indicates that comb building is a derived trait within Termitidae and that the creation of a comb-like &quot;external rumen&quot; involving bacteria or fungi may not have driven the loss of protozoa from ancestral termitids, as previously hypothesized. Instead, associations with gut prokaryotic symbionts, combined with dietary shifts from wood to other plant-based substrates, may have played a more important role in this symbiotic transition. Our phylogenetic tree provides a platform for future studies of comparative termite evolution and the evolution of symbiosis in this taxon.},
}
@article {pmid31629922,
year = {2019},
author = {Mehta, N and Pandit, A and Shukla, S},
title = {Transforming healthcare with big data analytics and artificial intelligence: A systematic mapping study.},
journal = {Journal of biomedical informatics},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {103311},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103311},
pmid = {31629922},
issn = {1532-0480},
abstract = {The domain of healthcare has always been flooded with a huge amount of complex data, coming in at a very fast-pace. A vast amount of data is generated in different sectors of healthcare industry: data from hospitals and healthcare providers, medical insurance, medical equipment, life sciences and medical research. With the advancement in technology, there is a huge potential for utilization of this data for transforming healthcare. The application of analytics, machine learning and artificial intelligence over big data enables identification of patterns and correlations and hence provides actionable insights for improving the delivery of healthcare. There have been many contributions to the literature in this topic, but we lack a comprehensive view of the current state of research and application. This paper focuses on assessing the available literature in order to provide the researchers with evidence that enable fostering further development in this area. A systematic mapping study was conducted to identify and analyze research on big data analytics and artificial intelligence in healthcare, in which 2421 articles between 2013 and February 2019 were evaluated. The results of this study will help understand the needs in application of these technologies in healthcare by identifying the areas that require additional research. It will hence provide the researchers and industry experts with a base for future work.},
}
@article {pmid31629083,
year = {2020},
author = {Sinkov, VV and Ogarkov, OB and Plotnikov, AO and Gogoleva, NE and Zhdanova, SN and Pervanchuk, VL and Belkova, NL and Koshcheev, ME and Thomas, TA and Liu, J and Zorkaltseva, EY and Heysell, SK},
title = {Metagenomic analysis of mycobacterial transrenal DNA in patients with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection.},
journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases},
volume = {77},
number = {},
pages = {104057},
doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104057},
pmid = {31629083},
issn = {1567-7257},
support = {R01 DA044137/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The existence of &quot;transrenal&quot; DNA (tr-DNA), i.e. cell-free DNA that has distributed through the renal barrier to the urine, was first shown from a pathogen in 2000 (Botezatu et al., 2000). However, a targeted search for tr-DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) started relatively recently (Cannas et al., 2008; Green et al., 2009). While other MBT cellular components found in the urine, e.g. lipoarabinomannan, have been used as an enhanced diagnostic tool, tr-DNA has the potential for strain specific identification or a more persistent biomarker during treatment of active disease. We therefore sought to identify by high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) MBT genome fragments in the urine of people with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis (HIV-TB) co-infection living in a co-epidemic setting, and to evaluate whether these DNA targets are suitable for the development a quantitative TaqMan polymerase chain reaction with real-time detection (rt-PCR). Selection and mapping to the reference MBT genome of strain H37Rv (NC_000962) revealed 158 fragments of mycobacterial DNA with length from 19 to 44 base pairs (bp) repeated in different DNA samples. Five targets were chosen for design of rt-PCR primers and probes. Comparative analysis of the newly developed tests that were based on the results of NGS did not reveal a significant increase in sensitivity and specificity relative to the previous empirically designed targets. Howver, highly reproducible NGS reads of mycobacterial tr-DNA were obtained. rt-PCR test development suitable for more practical clinical use was likely limited by the small size of the secreted DNA fragments. It is necessary to develop further molecular approaches for the detection of mycobacterial tr-DNA or rely on NGS techniques with inherent bioinformatics requirements.},
}
@article {pmid31628148,
year = {2019},
author = {Mitchell, JH and Leonard, JM and Delaney, J and Girguis, PR and Scott, KM},
title = {Hydrogen Does Not Appear To Be a Major Electron Donor for Symbiosis with the Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Tubeworm Riftia pachyptila.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {86},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {31628148},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Use of hydrogen gas (H2) as an electron donor is common among free-living chemolithotrophic microorganisms. Given the presence of this dissolved gas at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, it has been suggested that it may also be a major electron donor for the free-living and symbiotic chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that are the primary producers at these sites. Giant Riftia pachyptila siboglinid tubeworms and their symbiotic bacteria (&quot;Candidatus Endoriftia persephone&quot;) dominate many vents in the Eastern Pacific, and their use of sulfide as a major electron donor has been documented. Genes encoding hydrogenase are present in the &quot;Ca Endoriftia persephone&quot; genome, and proteome data suggest that these genes are expressed. In this study, high-pressure respirometry of intact R. pachyptila and incubations of trophosome homogenate were used to determine whether this symbiotic association could also use H2 as a major electron donor. Measured rates of H2 uptake by intact R. pachyptila in high-pressure respirometers were similar to rates measured in the absence of tubeworms. Oxygen uptake rates in the presence of H2 were always markedly lower than those measured in the presence of sulfide, as was the incorporation of 13C-labeled dissolved inorganic carbon. Carbon fixation by trophosome homogenate was not stimulated by H2, nor was hydrogenase activity detectable in these samples. Though genes encoding [NiFe] group 1e and [NiFe] group 3b hydrogenases are present in the genome and transcribed, it does not appear that H2 is a major electron donor for this system, and it may instead play a role in intracellular redox homeostasis.IMPORTANCE Despite the presence of hydrogenase genes, transcripts, and proteins in the &quot;Ca Endoriftia persephone&quot; genome, transcriptome, and proteome, it does not appear that R. pachyptila can use H2 as a major electron donor. For many uncultivable microorganisms, omic analyses are the basis for inferences about their activities in situ However, as is apparent from the study reported here, there are dangers in extrapolating from omics data to function, and it is essential, whenever possible, to verify functions predicted from omics data with physiological and biochemical measurements.},
}
@article {pmid31628145,
year = {2019},
author = {Wong, SY and Charlesworth, JC and Benaud, N and Burns, BP and Ferrari, BC},
title = {Communication within East Antarctic Soil Bacteria.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {86},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {31628145},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Antarctica, being the coldest, driest, and windiest continent on Earth, represents the most extreme environment in which a living organism can survive. Under constant exposure to harsh environmental threats, terrestrial Antarctica remains home to a great diversity of microorganisms, indicating that the soil bacteria must have adapted a range of survival strategies that require cell-to-cell communication. Survival strategies include secondary metabolite production, biofilm formation, bioluminescence, symbiosis, conjugation, sporulation, and motility, all of which are often regulated by quorum sensing (QS), a type of bacterial communication. Until now, such mechanisms have not been explored in terrestrial Antarctica. In this study, LuxI/LuxR-based quorum sensing (QS) activity was delineated in soil bacterial isolates recovered from Adams Flat, in the Vestfold Hills region of East Antarctica. Interestingly, we identified the production of potential homoserine lactones (HSLs) with chain lengths ranging from medium to long in 19 bacterial species using three biosensors, namely, Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4, Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, and Escherichia coli MT102, in conjunction with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The majority of detectable HSLs were from Gram-positive species not previously known to produce HSLs. This discovery further expands our understanding of the microbial community capable of this type of communication, as well as provides insights into physiological adaptations of microorganisms that allow them to survive in the harsh Antarctic environment.IMPORTANCE Quorum sensing, a type of bacterial communication, is widely known to regulate many processes, including those that confer a survival advantage. However, little is known about communication by bacteria residing within Antarctic soils. Employing a combination of bacterial biosensors, analytical techniques, and genome mining, we found a variety of Antarctic soil bacteria speaking a common language, via LuxI/LuxR-based quorum sensing, thus potentially supporting survival in a mixed microbial community. This study reports potential quorum sensing activity in Antarctic soils and has provided a platform for studying physiological adaptations of microorganisms that allow them to survive in the harsh Antarctic environment.},
}
@article {pmid31627093,
year = {2019},
author = {Gu, L and Zhao, M and Ge, M and Zhu, S and Cheng, B and Li, X},
title = {Transcriptome analysis reveals comprehensive responses to cadmium stress in maize inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.},
journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
volume = {186},
number = {},
pages = {109744},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109744},
pmid = {31627093},
issn = {1090-2414},
mesh = {Cadmium/*adverse effects/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Glomeromycota/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Seedlings/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Pollutants/*adverse effects/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; *Symbiosis ; *Transcriptome ; Zea mays/*drug effects/genetics/metabolism/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Biological strategy of utilization of plants-microbe's interactions to remediate cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils is effective and practical. However, limited evidence at transcriptome level is available about how microbes work with host plants to alleviate Cd stress. In the present study, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed between maize seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and non-AM fungi inoculation under distinct concentrations of CdCl2 (0, 25, and 50 mg per kg soil). Significantly higher levels of Cd were found in root tissues of maize colonized by AM fungi, whereas, Cd content was reduced as much as 50% in leaf tissues when compared to non-AM seedlings, indicating that symbiosis between AM fungi and maize seedlings can significantly block translocation of Cd from roots to leaf tissues. Moreover, a total of 5827 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were determined and approximately 68.54% DEGs were downregulated when roots were exposed to high Cd stress. In contrast, 67.16% (595) DEGs were significantly up-regulated when seedlings were colonized by AM fungi under 0 mg CdCl2. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis, global expression profiles were split into eight distinct clusters. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that hundreds of genes functioning in plant hormone signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and glutathione metabolism were enriched. Furthermore, MapMan pathway analysis indicated a more comprehensive overview response, including hormone metabolism, especially in JA, glutathione metabolism, transcription factors and secondary metabolites, to Cd stress in mycorrhizal maize seedlings. These results provide an overview, at the transcriptome level, of how inoculation of maize seedlings by AM fungi could facilitate the relief of Cd stress.},
}
@article {pmid31626704,
year = {2019},
author = {Spribille, T},
title = {Lichen symbionts outside of symbiosis: how do they find their match? A commentary on: 'A case study on the re-establishment of the cyanolichen symbiosis: where do the compatible photobionts come from?'.},
journal = {Annals of botany},
volume = {124},
number = {3},
pages = {vi-vii},
pmid = {31626704},
issn = {1095-8290},
}
@article {pmid31626586,
year = {2019},
author = {Bromfield, ESP and Cloutier, S and Nguyen, HDT},
title = {Description and complete genome sequences of Bradyrhizobium symbiodeficiens sp. nov., a non-symbiotic bacterium associated with legumes native to Canada.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003772},
pmid = {31626586},
issn = {1466-5034},
abstract = {Four bacterial strains isolated from root nodules of soybean plants that had been inoculated with root-zone soil of either Amphicarpaea bracteata (Hog Peanut) or Desmodium canadense (Showy Tick Trefoil) growing in Canada, were previously characterized and placed in a novel lineage within the genus Bradyrhizobium. The taxonomic status of the novel strains was verified by genomic and phenotypic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of individual and concatenated housekeeping gene sequences (atpD, glnII, recA, gyrB and rpoB) placed all novel strains in a highly supported lineage distinct from named Bradyrhizobium species. Data for sequence similarities of concatenated housekeeping genes of novel strains relative to type strains of named species were consistent with the phylogenetic data. Average nucleotide identity values of genome sequences (84.5-93.7 %) were below the threshold value of 95-96 % for bacterial species circumscription. Close relatives to the novel strains are Bradyrhizobium amphicarpaeae, Bradyrhizobium ottawaense and Bradyrhizobium shewense. The complete genomes of strains 85S1MBT and 65S1MB consist of single chromosomes of size 7.04 and 7.13 Mbp, respectively. The genomes of both strains have a G+C content of 64.3 mol%. These strains lack a symbiosis island as well as key nodulation, nitrogen-fixation and photosystem genes. Data from various phenotypic tests including growth characteristics and carbon source utilization supported the sequence-based analyses. Based on the data presented here, the four strains represent a novel species for which the name Bradyrhizobiumsymbiodeficiens sp. nov., is proposed, with 85S1MBT (=LMG 29937T=HAMBI 3684T) as the type strain.},
}
@article {pmid31626582,
year = {2019},
author = {Kabdullayeva, T and Crosbie, DB and Marín, M},
title = {Mesorhizobium norvegicum sp. nov., a rhizobium isolated from a Lotus corniculatus root nodule in Norway.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003769},
pmid = {31626582},
issn = {1466-5034},
abstract = {Strain 10.2.2T was isolated from a root nodule of a Lotus corniculatus plant growing near Skammestein (Norway). Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization revealed that colonies grown on yeast-mannitol broth agar were circular, convex and slimy. Growth occurred at 28 °C in 0-1 % NaCl and in a pH range from above 4 to 10. Cells were resistant to kanamycin and phosphomycin. They could assimilate carbon sources such as l-lysine, d-mannose, d-mannitol, and l-alanine. Major fatty acids found in the organism were 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. Genome sequencing and characterization of the genome revealed its size to be 8.27 Mbp with a G+C content of 62.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and housekeeping gene alignments placed this strain within the genus Mesorhizobium. Pairwise genome-wide average nucleotide identity values supported that strain 10.2.2T represents a new species, for which we propose the name Mesorhizobium norvegicum sp. nov. with the type strain 10.2.2T (=DSM 108834T=LMG 31153T).},
}
@article {pmid31625467,
year = {2019},
author = {Verma, A and Nayek, A and Kumar, A and Singh, R and Salotra, P},
title = {Elucidation of role of an acetyltransferase like protein in paromomycin resistance in Leishmania donovani using in silico and in vitro approaches.},
journal = {Journal of biomolecular structure &amp; dynamics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1080/07391102.2019.1682674},
pmid = {31625467},
issn = {1538-0254},
abstract = {Paromomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is an effective treatment for VL (visceral leishmaniasis) in India. The modification of aminoglycoside antibiotics by enzymes such as aminoglycoside acetyltransferases is the predominant mechanism of resistance to antibiotics in bacterial system. In the present study, we identified and characterized LdATLP (an acetyltransferase-like protein) and elucidated its role in paromomycin resistance in Leishmania donovani. Gene encoding LdATLP was consistently up-regulated (>2fold) in three distinct paromomycin resistant in comparison with sensitive parasites, although the gene sequence was identical in the two. In silico analysis revealed that LdATLP consisted of conserved GNAT (GCN5-related N-Acetyltransferase) domain which is characteristic of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferases. Evolutionary relationship among LdATLP of Leishmania and aminoglycoside acetyltransferases of bacteria was established by phylogenetic analysis. The 3D structure of LdATLP, predicted by ab-initio modeling, constituted 6 α-helices and 6 β-sheets. A few residues, such as R175, R177, E196, R197, V198, V200, K202, R205, C206, D208, G210, R211, R215, A234, S237, S238, K239, D240, F241 and Y242 of GNAT domain were predicted to be present at active site. Molecular docking of LdATLP with paromomycin or indolicidin (broad spectrum inhibitor of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes), followed by molecular dynamics simulation of docked complex suggested that both paromomycin and indolicidin bind to LdATLP with comparable free energy of binding. In vitro studies revealed that in the presence of indolicidin, paromomycin resistant parasites exhibited reversion of phenotype into sensitive parasites with marked increase in paromomycin susceptibility, suggesting the role of LdATLP in paromomycin resistance. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.},
}
@article {pmid31624868,
year = {2020},
author = {Luo, S and Yin, J and Peng, Y and Xie, J and Wu, H and He, D and Li, X and Cheng, G},
title = {Glutathione is Involved in Detoxification of Peroxide and Root Nodule Symbiosis of Mesorhizobium huakuii.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {77},
number = {1},
pages = {1-10},
pmid = {31624868},
issn = {1432-0991},
support = {31772399//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CZY18022//Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities, South-Central University for Nationalities/ ; },
abstract = {Legumes interact with symbiotic rhizobia to produce nitrogen-fixation root nodules under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The contribution of glutathione (GSH) to this symbiosis and anti-oxidative damage was investigated using the M. huakuii gshB (encoding GSH synthetase) mutant. The gshB mutant grew poorly with different monosaccharides, including glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, or mannitol, as sole sources of carbon. The antioxidative capacity of gshB mutant was significantly decreased by these treatments with H2O2 under the lower concentrations and cumene hydroperoxide (CUOOH) under the higher concentrations, indicating that GSH plays different roles in response to organic peroxide and inorganic peroxide. The gshB mutant strain displayed no difference in catalase activity, but significantly lower levels of the peroxidase activity and the glutathione reductase activity than the wild type. The same level of catalase activity could be associated with upregulation of the transcriptional activity of the catalase genes under H2O2-induced conditions. The nodules infected by the gshB mutant were severely impaired in abnormal nodules, and showed a nodulation phenotype coupled to a 60% reduction in the nitrogen fixation capacity. A 20-fold decrease in the expression of two nitrogenase genes, nifH and nifD, is observed in the nodules induced by gshB mutant strain. The symbiotic deficiencies were linked to bacteroid early senescence.},
}
@article {pmid31624556,
year = {2019},
author = {Igolkina, AA and Bazykin, GA and Chizhevskaya, EP and Provorov, NA and Andronov, EE},
title = {Matching population diversity of rhizobial nodA and legume NFR5 genes in plant-microbe symbiosis.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {18},
pages = {10377-10386},
pmid = {31624556},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {We hypothesized that population diversities of partners in nitrogen-fixing rhizobium-legume symbiosis can be matched for &quot;interplaying&quot; genes. We tested this hypothesis using data on nucleotide polymorphism of symbiotic genes encoding two components of the plant-bacteria signaling system: (a) the rhizobial nodA acyltransferase involved in the fatty acid tail decoration of the Nod factor (signaling molecule); (b) the plant NFR5 receptor required for Nod factor binding. We collected three wild-growing legume species together with soil samples adjacent to the roots from one large 25-year fallow: Vicia sativa, Lathyrus pratensis, and Trifolium hybridum nodulated by one of the two Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars (viciae and trifolii). For each plant species, we prepared three pools for DNA extraction and further sequencing: the plant pool (30 plant indiv.), the nodule pool (90 nodules), and the soil pool (30 samples). We observed the following statistically significant conclusions: (a) a monotonic relationship between the diversity in the plant NFR5 gene pools and the nodule rhizobial nodA gene pools; (b) higher topological similarity of the NFR5 gene tree with the nodA gene tree of the nodule pool, than with the nodA gene tree of the soil pool. Both nonsynonymous diversity and Tajima's D were increased in the nodule pools compared with the soil pools, consistent with relaxation of negative selection and/or admixture of balancing selection. We propose that the observed genetic concordance between NFR5 gene pools and nodule nodA gene pools arises from the selection of particular genotypes of the nodA gene by the host plant.},
}
@article {pmid31623993,
year = {2019},
author = {Kumari, A and Pathak, PK and Loake, GJ and Gupta, KJ},
title = {The PHYTOGLOBIN-NO Cycle Regulates Plant Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.},
journal = {Trends in plant science},
volume = {24},
number = {11},
pages = {981-983},
doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2019.09.007},
pmid = {31623993},
issn = {1878-4372},
abstract = {The production of the redox-active signaling molecule, NO, has long been associated with interactions between microbes and their host plants. Emerging evidence now suggests that specific NO signatures and cognate patterns of PHYTOGLOBIN1 (PHYTOGB1) expression, a key regulator of cellular NO homeostasis, may help determine either symbiosis or pathogenicity.},
}
@article {pmid31623782,
year = {2019},
author = {Sulieman, S and Kusano, M and Ha, CV and Watanabe, Y and Abdalla, MA and Abdelrahman, M and Kobayashi, M and Saito, K and Mühling, KH and Tran, LP},
title = {Divergent metabolic adjustments in nodules are indispensable for efficient N2 fixation of soybean under phosphate stress.},
journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology},
volume = {289},
number = {},
pages = {110249},
doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110249},
pmid = {31623782},
issn = {1873-2259},
abstract = {The main objective of the present study was to characterize the symbiotic N2 fixation (SNF) capacity and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for low-Pi acclimation in soybean plants grown in association with two Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strains which differ in SNF capacity (USDA110 vs. CB1809). In comparison with the USDA110-soybean, the CB1809-soybean association revealed a greater SNF capacity in response to Pi starvation, as evidenced by relative higher plant growth and higher expression levels of the nifHDK genes. This enhanced Pi acclimation was partially related to the efficient utilization to the overall carbon (C) budget of symbiosis in the CB1809-induced nodules compared with that of the USDA110-induced nodules under low-Pi provision. In contrast, the USDA110-induced nodules favored other metabolic acclimation mechanisms that expend substantial C cost, and consequently cause negative implications on nodule C expenditure during low-Pi conditions. Fatty acids, phytosterols and secondary metabolites are characterized among the metabolic pathways involved in nodule acclimation under Pi starvation. While USDA110-soybean association performed better under Pi sufficiency, it is very likely that the CB1809-soybean association is better acclimatized to cope with Pi deficiency owing to the more effective functional plasticity and lower C cost associated with these nodular metabolic arrangements.},
}
@article {pmid31621248,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, H and Meng, PP and Dou, Q and Zhang, SX and Wang, HH and Wang, CY},
title = {[Advances in mechanisms of nutrient exchange between mycorrhizal fungi and host plants].},
journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology},
volume = {30},
number = {10},
pages = {3596-3604},
doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201910.034},
pmid = {31621248},
issn = {1001-9332},
mesh = {Ecosystem ; Fungi ; *Mycorrhizae ; Nutrients ; Plant Roots ; Plants ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Mycorrhizae, formed through the colonization of soil mycorrhizal fungi into the roots of host plants, are common symbiosis in the terrestrial ecosystems. The establishment of mycorrhizae is mainly based on the bidirectional nutrient exchanges between the symbiotic partners. Mycorrhizal fungi can absorb mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from soil and transport them to the host plants for their growth. As an exchange, host plants supply mycorrhizal fungi with the carbohydrates in the form of lipids or sugars, which are essential for fungal growth. In recent years, the mechanism of nutrient exchange between the mycorrhizal fungi and host plants has been a hot research topic. Important progresses have been achieved in mechanisms of host plants nutrient uptake and transport mediated by the mycorrhizal fungi. In this review, recent advances in nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi and host plants were summarized, especially in the absorption and bidirectional transfer mechanisms of important nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The potential regulatory effects of nutrient exchange in the mycorrhizal development were also reviewed. In addition, key problems and prospects of related researches were analyzed. This paper would be meaningful for the establishment of mycorrhizal model and the optimization of mycorrhizal effects.},
}
@article {pmid31621153,
year = {2019},
author = {Hill, PW and Broughton, R and Bougoure, J and Havelange, W and Newsham, KK and Grant, H and Murphy, DV and Clode, P and Ramayah, S and Marsden, KA and Quilliam, RS and Roberts, P and Brown, C and Read, DJ and Deluca, TH and Bardgett, RD and Hopkins, DW and Jones, DL},
title = {Angiosperm symbioses with non-mycorrhizal fungal partners enhance N acquisition from ancient organic matter in a warming maritime Antarctic.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {22},
number = {12},
pages = {2111-2119},
pmid = {31621153},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {//British Antarctic Survey/ ; //University of Western Australia/ ; NE/I012303/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; },
mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Ecosystem ; *Magnoliopsida ; *Mycorrhizae ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {In contrast to the situation in plants inhabiting most of the world's ecosystems, mycorrhizal fungi are usually absent from roots of the only two native vascular plant species of maritime Antarctica, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis. Instead, a range of ascomycete fungi, termed dark septate endophytes (DSEs), frequently colonise the roots of these plant species. We demonstrate that colonisation of Antarctic vascular plants by DSEs facilitates not only the acquisition of organic nitrogen as early protein breakdown products, but also as non-proteinaceous d-amino acids and their short peptides, accumulated in slowly-decomposing organic matter, such as moss peat. Our findings suggest that, in a warming maritime Antarctic, this symbiosis has a key role in accelerating the replacement of formerly dominant moss communities by vascular plants, and in increasing the rate at which ancient carbon stores laid down as moss peat over centuries or millennia are returned to the atmosphere as CO2 .},
}
@article {pmid31620899,
year = {2020},
author = {Fukuhara, T and Tabara, M and Koiwa, H and Takahashi, H},
title = {Effect of asymptomatic infection with southern tomato virus on tomato plants.},
journal = {Archives of virology},
volume = {165},
number = {1},
pages = {11-20},
doi = {10.1007/s00705-019-04436-1},
pmid = {31620899},
issn = {1432-8798},
support = {16H06435//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP)/ ; 16H06429//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP)/ ; 16H21723//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP)/ ; },
mesh = {Asymptomatic Infections ; Ethylenes/biosynthesis ; Fruit/growth &amp; development/virology ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Germination ; Lycopersicon esculentum/genetics/*growth &amp; development/virology ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/*genetics ; Plant Viruses/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Southern tomato virus (STV) is often found infecting healthy tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). In this study, we compared STV-free and STV-infected plants of cultivar M82 to determine the effect of STV infection on the host plant. STV-free plants exhibited a short and bushy phenotype, whereas STV-infected plants were taller. STV-infected plants produced more fruit than STV-free plants, and the germination rate of seeds from STV-infected plants was higher than that of seeds from STV-free plants. This phenotypic difference was also observed in progeny plants (siblings) derived from a single STV-infected plant in which the transmission rate of STV to progeny plants via the seeds was approximately 86%. These results suggest that the interaction between STV and host plants is mutualistic. Transcriptome analysis revealed that STV infection affects gene expression in the host plant and results in downregulation of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling. STV-infected tomato plants might thus be artificially selected due to their superior traits as a crop.},
}
@article {pmid31619728,
year = {2019},
author = {Nguyen, TD and Cavagnaro, TR and Watts-Williams, SJ},
title = {The effects of soil phosphorus and zinc availability on plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi: a physiological and molecular assessment.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {14880},
pmid = {31619728},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been demonstrated for plant biomass, and zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) uptake, under soil nutrient deficiency. Additionally, a number of Zn and P transporter genes are affected by mycorrhizal colonisation or implicated in the mycorrhizal pathway of uptake. However, a comprehensive study of plant physiology and gene expression simultaneously, remains to be undertaken. Medicago truncatula was grown at different soil P and Zn availabilities, with or without inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis. Measures of biomass, shoot elemental concentrations, mycorrhizal colonisation, and expression of Zn transporter (ZIP) and phosphate transporter (PT) genes in the roots, were taken. Mycorrhizal plants had a greater tolerance of both P and Zn soil deficiency; there was also evidence of AMF protecting plants against excessive Zn accumulation at high soil Zn. The expression of all PT genes was interactive with both P availability and mycorrhizal colonisation. MtZIP5 expression was induced both by AMF and soil Zn deficiency, while MtZIP2 was down-regulated in mycorrhizal plants, and up-regulated with increasing soil Zn concentration. These findings provide the first comprehensive physiological and molecular picture of plant-mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis with regard to soil P and Zn availability. Mycorrhizal fungi conferred tolerance to soil Zn and P deficiency and this could be linked to the induction of the ZIP transporter gene MtZIP5, and the PT gene MtPT4.},
}
@article {pmid31618269,
year = {2019},
author = {Moonjely, S and Zhang, X and Fang, W and Bidochka, MJ},
title = {Metarhizium robertsii ammonium permeases (MepC and Mep2) contribute to rhizoplane colonization and modulates the transfer of insect derived nitrogen to plants.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {e0223718},
pmid = {31618269},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The endophytic insect pathogenic fungi (EIPF) Metarhizium promotes plant growth through symbiotic association and the transfer of insect-derived nitrogen. However, little is known about the genes involved in this association and the transfer of nitrogen. In this study, we assessed the involvement of six Metarhizium robertsii genes in endophytic, rhizoplane and rhizospheric colonization with barley roots. Two ammonium permeases (MepC and Mep2) and a urease, were selected since homologous genes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were reported to play a pivotal role in nitrogen mobilization during plant root colonization. Three other genes were selected on the basis on RNA-Seq data that showed high expression levels on bean roots, and these encoded a hydrophobin (Hyd3), a subtilisin-like serine protease (Pr1A) and a hypothetical protein. The root colonization assays revealed that the deletion of urease, hydrophobin, subtilisin-like serine protease and hypothetical protein genes had no impact on endophytic, rhizoplane and rhizospheric colonization at 10 or 20 days. However, the deletion of MepC resulted in significantly increased rhizoplane colonization at 10 days whereas ΔMep2 showed increased rhizoplane colonization at 20 days. In addition, the nitrogen transporter mutants also showed significantly higher 15N incorporation of insect derived nitrogen in barley leaves in the presence of nutrients. Insect pathogenesis assay revealed that disruption of MepC, Mep2, urease did not reduce virulence toward insects. The enhanced rhizoplane colonization of ΔMep2 and ΔMepC and insect derived nitrogen transfer to plant hosts suggests the role of MepC and Mep2 in Metarhizium-plant symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31617792,
year = {2019},
author = {Daubech, B and Poinsot, V and Klonowska, A and Capela, D and Chaintreuil, C and Moulin, L and Marchetti, M and Masson-Boivin, C},
title = {noeM, a New Nodulation Gene Involved in the Biosynthesis of Nod Factors with an Open-Chain Oxidized Terminal Residue and in the Symbiosis with Mimosa pudica.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {32},
number = {12},
pages = {1635-1648},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-06-19-0168-R},
pmid = {31617792},
issn = {0894-0282},
mesh = {*Cupriavidus/classification/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; *Mimosa/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Plasmids/genetics ; *Rhizobium ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {The β-rhizobium Cupriavidus taiwanensis is a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Mimosa pudica. Nod factors produced by this species were previously found to be pentameric chitin-oligomers carrying common C18:1 or C16:0 fatty acyl chains, N-methylated and C-6 carbamoylated on the nonreducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine and sulfated on the reducing terminal residue. Here, we report that, in addition, C. taiwanensis LMG19424 produces molecules where the reducing sugar is open and oxidized. We identified a novel nodulation gene located on the symbiotic plasmid pRalta, called noeM, which is involved in this atypical Nod factor structure. noeM encodes a transmembrane protein bearing a fatty acid hydroxylase domain. This gene is expressed during symbiosis with M. pudica and requires NodD and luteolin for optimal expression. The closest noeM homologs formed a separate phylogenetic clade containing rhizobial genes only, which are located on symbiosis plasmids downstream from a nod box. Corresponding proteins, referred to as NoeM, may have specialized in symbiosis via the connection to the nodulation pathway and the spread in rhizobia. noeM was mostly found in isolates of the Mimoseae tribe, and specifically detected in all tested strains able to nodulate M. pudica. A noeM deletion mutant of C. taiwanensis was affected for the nodulation of M. pudica, confirming the role of noeM in the symbiosis with this legume.},
}
@article {pmid31614693,
year = {2019},
author = {Deo, D and Davray, D and Kulkarni, R},
title = {A Diverse Repertoire of Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis Gene Clusters in Lactobacillus Revealed by Comparative Analysis in 106 Sequenced Genomes.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {31614693},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) is one of the unique features of Lactobacillus genus. EPS not only have many physiological roles such as in stress tolerance, quorum sensing and biofilm formation, but also have numerous applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we identified and compared EPS biosynthesis gene clusters in 106 sequenced Lactobacillus genomes representing 27 species. Of the 146 identified clusters, only 41 showed the typical generic organization of genes as reported earlier. Hierarchical clustering showed highly varied nature of the clusters in terms of the gene composition; nonetheless, habitat-wise grouping was observed for the gene clusters from host-adapted and nomadic strains. Of the core genes required for EPS biosynthesis, epsA, B, C, D and E showed higher conservation, whereas gt, wzx and wzy showed high variability in terms of the number and composition of the protein families. Analysis of the distribution pattern of the protein families indicated a higher proportion of mutually exclusive families in clusters from host-adapted and nomadic strains, whereas those from the free-living group had very few unique families. Taken together, this analysis highlights high variability in the EPS gene clusters amongst Lactobacillus with some of their properties correlated to the habitats.},
}
@article {pmid31613012,
year = {2019},
author = {Panneerselvam, P and Sahoo, S and Senapati, A and Kumar, U and Mitra, D and Parameswaran, C and Anandan, A and Kumar, A and Jahan, A and Nayak, AK},
title = {Understanding interaction effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rice under elevated carbon dioxide conditions.},
journal = {Journal of basic microbiology},
volume = {59},
number = {12},
pages = {1217-1228},
doi = {10.1002/jobm.201900294},
pmid = {31613012},
issn = {1521-4028},
mesh = {Carbon Dioxide/*pharmacology ; Edible Grain/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Glomeromycota/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*drug effects/growth &amp; development/*physiology ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oryza/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*microbiology ; Phosphorus/analysis/metabolism ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Seedlings/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; Spores, Fungal/physiology ; Symbiosis/*drug effects ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), particularly the Glomerales group, play a paramount role in plant nutrient uptake, and abiotic and biotic stress management in rice, but recent evidence revealed that elevated CO2 concentration considerably reduces the Glomerales group in soil. In view of this, the present study was initiated to understand the interaction effect of native Glomerales species application in rice plants (cv. Naveen) under elevated CO2 concentrations (400 ± 10, 550 ± 20, and 700 ± 20 ppm) in open-top chambers. Three different modes of application of the AMF inoculum were evaluated, of which, combined application of AMF at the seedling production and transplanting stages showed increased AMF colonization, which significantly improved grain yield by 25.08% and also increased uptake of phosphorus by 18.2% and nitrogen by 49.5%, as observed at 700-ppm CO2 concentration. Organic acids secretion in rice root increased in AMF-inoculated plants exposed to 700-ppm CO2 concentration. To understand the overall effect of CO2 elevation on AMF interaction with the rice plant, principal component and partial least square regression analysis were performed, which found both positive and negative responses under elevated CO2 concentration.},
}
@article {pmid31612608,
year = {2019},
author = {Seto, M and Iwasa, Y},
title = {The fitness of chemotrophs increases when their catabolic by-products are consumed by other species.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {22},
number = {12},
pages = {1994-2005},
pmid = {31612608},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {19K06853//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)/ ; },
mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Chemotrophic microorganisms synthesise biomass by utilising energy obtained from a set of chemical reactions that convert resources to by-products, forming catabolic interactions. The amount of energy obtained per catabolic reaction decreases with the abundance of the by-product named as the 'abundant resource premium'. Consider two species, Species 1 and 2, Species 1 obtains energy from a reaction that converts resource A to by-product B. Species 2 then utilises B as its resource, extracting energy from a reaction that converts B to C. Thus, the presence of Species 2 reduces the abundance of B, which improves the fitness of Species 1 by increasing the energy acquisition per reaction of A to B. We discuss the population dynamic implication of this effect and its importance in expanding a realised niche, boosting material flow through the ecosystem and providing mutualistic interactions among species linked by the material flow. Introducing thermodynamics into population ecology could offer us fundamental ecological insights into understanding the ecology of chemotrophic microorganisms dominating the subsurface realm.},
}
@article {pmid31612356,
year = {2019},
author = {Singh, MP and Saxena, M and Saimbi, CS and Siddiqui, MH and Roy, R},
title = {Post-periodontal surgery propounds early repair salivary biomarkers by 1H NMR based metabolomics.},
journal = {Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {141},
pmid = {31612356},
issn = {1573-3890},
support = {5/4/2-7-12-NCD-II//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Oral microflora is a well-orchestrated and acts as a sequential defense mechanism for any infection related to oral disease. Chronic periodontitis is a disease of a microbial challenge to symbiosis and homeostasis. Periodontal surgery is the most promising cure with repair process during periodontal regeneration. It has an encouraging outcome in terms of early recovery biomarkers.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: Saliva of periodontal surgery subjects with the chronic periodontitis have been evaluated by 1H NMR spectroscopy in search of possible early metabolic differences that could be obtained in order to see the eradication of disease which favours the symbiotic condition.<br><br>METHOD: The study employed 1H NMR spectroscopy on 176 human saliva samples in search of distinctive differences and their spectral data were further subjected to multivariate and quantitative analysis.<br><br>RESULT: The 1H NMR study of periodontal surgery samples shows clear demarcation and profound metabolic differences when compared with the diseased condition. Several metabolites such as lactate, ethanol, succinate, and glutamate were found to be of higher significance in periodontal surgery in contrast to chronic periodontitis subjects. The PLS-DA model of the studied group resulted in R2 of 0.83 and Q2 of 0.70.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Significant metabolites could be considered as early repair markers for chronic periodontitis disease as they are being restored to achieve symbiosis. The study, therefore, concluded the early recovery process of the diseased subjects with the restoration of possible metabolomic profile similar to the healthy controls.},
}
@article {pmid31611899,
year = {2019},
author = {Fiorilli, V and Wang, JY and Bonfante, P and Lanfranco, L and Al-Babili, S},
title = {Apocarotenoids: Old and New Mediators of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1186},
pmid = {31611899},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Plants utilize hormones and other small molecules to trigger and coordinate their growth and developmental processes, adapt and respond to environmental cues, and communicate with surrounding organisms. Some of these molecules originate from carotenoids that act as universal precursors of bioactive metabolites arising through oxidation of the carotenoid backbone. This metabolic conversion produces a large set of compounds known as apocarotenoids, which includes the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs) and different signaling molecules. An increasing body of evidence suggests a crucial role of previously identified and recently discovered carotenoid-derived metabolites in the communication with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the establishment of the corresponding symbiosis, which is one of the most relevant plant-fungus mutualistic interactions in nature. In this review, we provide an update on the function of apocarotenoid hormones and regulatory metabolites in AM symbiosis, highlighting their effect on both partners.},
}
@article {pmid31610133,
year = {2020},
author = {Biedermann, PHW and Vega, FE},
title = {Ecology and Evolution of Insect-Fungus Mutualisms.},
journal = {Annual review of entomology},
volume = {65},
number = {},
pages = {431-455},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024910},
pmid = {31610133},
issn = {1545-4487},
abstract = {The evolution of a mutualism requires reciprocal interactions whereby one species provides a service that the other species cannot perform or performs less efficiently. Services exchanged in insect-fungus mutualisms include nutrition, protection, and dispersal. In ectosymbioses, which are the focus of this review, fungi can be consumed by insects or can degrade plant polymers or defensive compounds, thereby making a substrate available to insects. They can also protect against environmental factors and produce compounds antagonistic to microbial competitors. Insects disperse fungi and can also provide fungal growth substrates and protection. Insect-fungus mutualisms can transition from facultative to obligate, whereby each partner is no longer viable on its own. Obligate dependency has (a) resulted in the evolution of morphological adaptations in insects and fungi, (b) driven the evolution of social behaviors in some groups of insects, and (c) led to the loss of sexuality in some fungal mutualists.},
}
@article {pmid31610071,
year = {2020},
author = {Benezech, C and Doudement, M and Gourion, B},
title = {Legumes tolerance to rhizobia is not always observed and not always deserved.},
journal = {Cellular microbiology},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {e13124},
doi = {10.1111/cmi.13124},
pmid = {31610071},
issn = {1462-5822},
support = {ANR-10-LABX-41//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-17-CE20-0013//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02//Labex TULIP/ ; ANR-10-LABX-41//Labex TULIP/ ; },
abstract = {Rhizobia display dual lifestyle. These bacteria are soil inhabitants but can also elicit the formation of a special niche on the root of legume plants, the nodules. In such organs, rhizobia can promote the growth of their host by providing them nitrogen they captured from atmosphere. All along the infection process, the plant innate immunity has to be controlled to maintain compatible interaction. However, nodulation does not always result in profit for the plant as compatible interactions include both nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing associations. In recent years, our knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the control of plant innate immunity during rhizobia-legume interactions has greatly improved notably by the identification of bacterial and plant genes activating or suppressing the plant defences. Surprisingly, results also demonstrated that in some cases, plant defence reactions result in abortion of the nodulation process despite that the rhizobial strain has all the genetic potential to establish mutualism. In such situation, experimental evolution approaches highlighted possible rapid switches of incompatible rhizobia either to mutualistic or parasitic behaviour. Here, we review this recent literature.},
}
@article {pmid31608994,
year = {2019},
author = {Desai, D and Pethe, P},
title = {Polycomb repressive complex 1: Regulators of neurogenesis from embryonic to adult stage.},
journal = {Journal of cellular physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jcp.29299},
pmid = {31608994},
issn = {1097-4652},
support = {//SVKM's NMIMS (deemed-to-be) University/ ; },
abstract = {Development of vertebrate nervous system is a complex process which involves differential gene expression and disruptions in this process or in the mature brain, may lead to neurological disorders and diseases. Extensive work that spanned several decades using rodent models and recent work on stem cells have helped uncover the intricate process of neuronal differentiation and maturation. There are various morphological changes, genetic and epigenetic modifications which occur during normal mammalian neural development, one of the chromatin modifications that controls vital gene expression are the posttranslational modifications on histone proteins, that controls accessibility of translational machinery. Among the histone modifiers, polycomb group proteins (PcGs), such as Ezh2, Eed and Suz12 form large protein complexes-polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2); while Ring1b and Bmi1 proteins form core of PRC1 along with accessory proteins such as Cbx, Hph, Rybp and Pcgfs catalyse histone modifications such as H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub1. PRC1 proteins are known to play critical role in X chromosome inactivation in females but they also repress the expression of key developmental genes and tightly regulate the mammalian neuronal development. In this review we have discussed the signalling pathways, morphogens and nuclear factors that initiate, regulate and maintain cells of the nervous system. Further, we have extensively reviewed the recent literature on the role of Ring1b and Bmi1 in mammalian neuronal development and differentiation; as well as highlighted questions that are still unanswered.},
}
@article {pmid31608569,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, Z and Liu, X and Feng, G and Zhu, H and Yao, Q},
title = {Linking lipid transfer with reduced arbuscule formation in tomato roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus under low pH stress.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14810},
pmid = {31608569},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {2017GDASCX-0402//Guangdong Academy of Sciences/ ; 2018B020205003//Guangdong Technological Innovation Strategy of Special Funds/ ; 31570395//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Arbuscules are the core structures of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), and arbuscule development is regulated by environmental stress, e.g., low pH. Recent studies indicate that lipid transfer from plants is essential for AM fungal colonization; however, the role of lipid transfer in arbuscule formation and the dynamics of lipid accumulation in arbuscules under low pH stress are far from well understood. In the symbiosis of tomato and Rhizophagus intraradices under contrasting pH conditions (pH 4.5 vs. pH 6.5), we investigated arbuscule formation, nutrient uptake, alkaline phosphatase activity and lipid accumulation; examined the gene expression involved in phosphate transport, lipid biosynthesis and transfer and sugar metabolism; and visualized the lipid dynamics in arbuscules. Low pH greatly inhibited arbuscule formation, in parallel with reduced phospholipid fatty acids accumulation in AM fungus and decreased P uptake. This reduction was supported by the decreased expression of plant genes encoding lipid biosynthesis and transfer. More degenerating arbuscules were observed under low pH conditions, and neutral lipid fatty acids accumulated only in degenerating arbuscules. These data reveal that, under low pH stress, reduced lipid transfer from hosts to AM fungi is responsible for the inhibited arbuscule formation.},
}
@article {pmid31608089,
year = {2019},
author = {King, E and Wallner, A and Rimbault, I and Barrachina, C and Klonowska, A and Moulin, L and Czernic, P},
title = {Monitoring of Rice Transcriptional Responses to Contrasted Colonizing Patterns of Phytobeneficial Burkholderia s.l. Reveals a Temporal Shift in JA Systemic Response.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1141},
pmid = {31608089},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {In the context of plant-pathogen and plant-mutualist interactions, the underlying molecular bases associated with host colonization have been extensively studied. However, it is not the case for non-mutualistic beneficial interactions or associative symbiosis with plants. Particularly, little is known about the transcriptional regulations associated with the immune tolerance of plants towards beneficial microbes. In this context, the study of the Burkholderia rice model is very promising to describe the molecular mechanisms involved in associative symbiosis. Indeed, several species of the Burkholderia sensu lato (s.l.) genus can colonize rice tissues and have beneficial effects; particularly, two species have been thoroughly studied: Burkholderia vietnamiensis and Paraburkholderia kururiensis. This study aims to compare the interaction of these species with rice and especially to identify common or specific plant responses. Therefore, we analyzed root colonization of the rice cultivar Nipponbare using DsRed-tagged bacterial strains and produced the transcriptomes of both roots and leaves 7 days after root inoculation. This led us to the identification of a co-expression jasmonic acid (JA)-related network exhibiting opposite regulation in response to the two strains in the leaves of inoculated plants. We then monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) the expression of JA-related genes during time course colonization by each strain. Our results reveal a temporal shift in this JA systemic response, which can be related to different colonization strategies of both strains.},
}
@article {pmid31608044,
year = {2019},
author = {Romero-Contreras, YJ and Ramírez-Valdespino, CA and Guzmán-Guzmán, P and Macías-Segoviano, JI and Villagómez-Castro, JC and Olmedo-Monfil, V},
title = {Tal6 From Trichoderma atroviride Is a LysM Effector Involved in Mycoparasitism and Plant Association.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2231},
pmid = {31608044},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {LysM effectors play a relevant role during the plant colonization by successful phytopathogenic fungi, since they enable them to avoid either the triggering of plant defense mechanisms or their attack effects. Tal6, a LysM protein from Trichoderma atroviride, is capable of binding to complex chitin. However, until now its biological function is not completely known, particularly its participation in plant-Trichoderma interactions. We obtained T. atroviride Tal6 null mutant and Tal6 overexpressing strains and determined the role played by this protein during Trichoderma-plant interaction and mycoparasitism. LysM effector Tal6 from T. atroviride protects the hyphae from chitinases by binding to chitin of the fungal cell wall, increases the fungus mycoparasitic capacity, and modulates the activation of the plant defense system. These results show that beneficial fungi also employ LysM effectors to improve their association with plants.},
}
@article {pmid31608043,
year = {2019},
author = {Gifford, I and Vance, S and Nguyen, G and Berry, AM},
title = {A Stable Genetic Transformation System and Implications of the Type IV Restriction System in the Nitrogen-Fixing Plant Endosymbiont Frankia alni ACN14a.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2230},
pmid = {31608043},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Genus Frankia is comprised primarily of nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria that form root nodule symbioses with a group of hosts known as the actinorhizal plants. These plants are evolutionarily closely related to the legumes that are nodulated by the rhizobia. Both host groups utilize homologs of nodulation genes for root-nodule symbiosis, derived from common plant ancestors. The corresponding endosymbionts, Frankia and the rhizobia, however, are distantly related groups of bacteria, leading to questions about their symbiotic mechanisms and evolutionary history. To date, a stable system of electrotransformation has been lacking in Frankia despite numerous attempts by research groups worldwide. We have identified type IV methyl-directed restriction systems, highly-expressed in a range of actinobacteria, as a likely barrier to Frankia transformation. Here we report the successful electrotransformation of the model strain F. alni ACN14a with an unmethylated, broad host-range replicating plasmid, expressing chloramphenicol-resistance for selection and GFP as a marker of gene expression. This system circumvented the type IV restriction barrier and allowed the stable maintenance of the plasmid. During nitrogen limitation, Frankia differentiates into two cell types: the vegetative hyphae and nitrogen-fixing vesicles. When the expression of egfp under the control of the nif gene cluster promoter was localized using fluorescence imaging, the expression of nitrogen fixation in nitrogen-limited culture was localized in Frankia vesicles but not in hyphae. The ability to separate gene expression patterns between Frankia hyphae and vesicles will enable deeper comparisons of molecular signaling and metabolic exchange between Frankia-actinorhizal and rhizobia-legume symbioses to be made, and may broaden potential applications in agriculture. Further downstream applications are possible, including gene knock-outs and complementation, to open up a range of experiments in Frankia and its symbioses. Additionally, in the transcriptome of F. alni ACN14a, type IV restriction enzymes were highly expressed in nitrogen-replete culture but their expression strongly decreased during symbiosis. The down-regulation of type IV restriction enzymes in symbiosis suggests that horizontal gene transfer may occur more frequently inside the nodule, with possible new implications for the evolution of Frankia.},
}
@article {pmid31608037,
year = {2019},
author = {Antoine, R and Rivera-Millot, A and Roy, G and Jacob-Dubuisson, F},
title = {Relationships Between Copper-Related Proteomes and Lifestyles in β Proteobacteria.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2217},
pmid = {31608037},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Copper is an essential transition metal whose redox properties are used for a variety of enzymatic oxido-reductions and in electron transfer chains. It is also toxic to living beings, and therefore its cellular concentration must be strictly controlled. We have performed in silico analyses of the predicted proteomes of more than one hundred species of β proteobacteria to characterize their copper-related proteomes, including cuproproteins, i.e., proteins with active-site copper ions, copper chaperones, and copper-homeostasis systems. Copper-related proteomes represent between 0 and 1.48% of the total proteomes of β proteobacteria. The numbers of cuproproteins are globally proportional to the proteome sizes in all phylogenetic groups and strongly linked to aerobic respiration. In contrast, environmental bacteria have considerably larger proportions of copper-homeostasis systems than the other groups of bacteria, irrespective of their proteome sizes. Evolution toward commensalism, obligate, host-restricted pathogenesis or symbiosis is globally reflected in the loss of copper-homeostasis systems. In endosymbionts, defense systems and copper chaperones have disappeared, whereas residual cuproenzymes are electron transfer proteins for aerobic respiration. Lifestyle is thus a major determinant of the size and composition of the copper-related proteome, and it is particularly reflected in systems involved in copper homeostasis. Analyses of the copper-related proteomes of a number of species belonging to the Burkholderia, Bordetella, and Neisseria genera indicates that commensals are in the process of shedding their copper-homeostasis systems and chaperones to greater extents yet than pathogens.},
}
@article {pmid31607710,
year = {2019},
author = {Kavadi, SN},
title = {V. R. Khanolkar and the Indian Cancer Research Centre, 1952-1962.},
journal = {Indian journal of cancer},
volume = {56},
number = {4},
pages = {364-367},
doi = {10.4103/ijc.IJC_14_19},
pmid = {31607710},
issn = {1998-4774},
abstract = {This note presents a brief account of the ideas and efforts of V.R. Khanolkar in the period 1952-1962 to develop the Indian Cancer Research Centre into a &quot;center of excellence&quot;. Khanolkar, who is recognized as a pioneer in cancer research in India, focused on developing multidisciplinary medical research and mentored and trained young medical researchers. He sought and received aid from the Rockefeller Foundation, which was keen to support him in this task.},
}
@article {pmid31605615,
year = {2019},
author = {Carrère, S and Verdenaud, M and Gough, C and Gouzy, J and Gamas, P},
title = {LeGOO: An Expertized Knowledge Database for the Model Legume Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcz177},
pmid = {31605615},
issn = {1471-9053},
abstract = {Medicago truncatula was proposed, about three decades ago, as a model legume to study the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It has now been adopted to study a wide range of biological questions, including various developmental processes (in particular root, symbiotic nodule and seed development), symbiotic (nitrogen-fixing and arbuscular mycorrhizal endosymbioses) and pathogenic interactions, as well as responses to abiotic stress. With a number of tools and resources set up in M. truncatula for omics, genetics and reverse genetics approaches, massive amounts of data have been produced, as well as four genome sequence releases. Many of these data were generated with heterogeneous tools, notably for transcriptomics studies, and are consequently difficult to integrate. This issue is addressed by the LeGOO (for Legume Graph-Oriented Organizer) knowledge base (https://www.legoo.org), which finds the correspondence between the multiple identifiers of the same gene. Furthermore, an important goal of LeGOO is to collect and represent biological information from peer-reviewed publications, whatever the technical approaches used to obtain this information. The information is modeled in a graph-oriented database, which enables flexible representation, with currently over 200,000 relations retrieved from 298 publications. LeGOO also provides the user with mining tools, including links to the Mt5.0 genome browser and associated information (on gene functional annotation, expression, methylome, natural diversity and available insertion mutants), as well as tools to navigate through different model species. LeGOO is, therefore, an innovative database that will be useful to the Medicago and legume community to better exploit the wealth of data produced on this model species.},
}
@article {pmid31605614,
year = {2019},
author = {Calheiros, AC and Ronque, MUV and Soares, H and Oliveira, PS},
title = {Foraging Ecology of the Leaf-Cutter Ant, Acromyrmex subterraneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in a Neotropical Cerrado Savanna.},
journal = {Environmental entomology},
volume = {48},
number = {6},
pages = {1434-1441},
doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz120},
pmid = {31605614},
issn = {1938-2936},
mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Brazil ; Grassland ; Herbivory ; Plant Leaves ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Fungus-farming ants cultivate a fungal symbiont inside the nest that serves as a food source. Leaf-cutter ants are distinctive among fungus-farmers because they forage for fresh plant material to nurture the fungus. Here we investigate the foraging ecology of Acromyrmex subterraneus (Forel) in the Brazilian cerrado savanna. We examined the species activity pattern, forage material collected, and the relationship between load mass and forager size. Ant activity peaked at night and was negatively related to temperature but positively related to relative air humidity. The majority of the items collected by ants was plant material: dry and fresh leaves, flowers, and fruits. Trunk trails ranged from 0.7 to 13 m and colony home ranged from 2 to 28 m2, indicating that ants collect material nearby the nest. Total load mass was positively associated with forager size, especially in the case of leaves. The negative relationship between ant size and burden suggests that ants might optimize their delivery rate by collecting lighter substrates more frequently. Given their pest status, most studies on leaf-cutters are undertaken in human-altered environments. Information on A. subterraneus in native cerrado is imperative given the threatened status of this vegetation. Leaf-cutters thrive in disturbed cerrado and severe seedling herbivory may hinder vegetation recovery. Our fieldwork may provide insights for management techniques of Acromyrmex colonies in agroecosystems, as well as for restoration programs of degraded cerrado areas.},
}
@article {pmid31603616,
year = {2019},
author = {Chen, B and Xie, S and Zhang, X and Zhang, N and Feng, H and Sun, C and Lu, X and Shao, Y},
title = {Gut microbiota metabolic potential correlates with body size between mulberry-feeding lepidopteran pest species.},
journal = {Pest management science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ps.5642},
pmid = {31603616},
issn = {1526-4998},
support = {CARS-18-ZJ0302//Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; Partner group to Yongqi Shao//Max-Planck-Gesellschaft/ ; 2018C37060//Zhejiang province analysis and testing science and technology project/ ; //Max Planck Society/ ; 31601906, 31970483//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many insect pests rely on microbial symbionts to obtain nutrients or for defence, thereby allowing them to exploit novel food sources and degrade environmental xenobiotics, including pesticides. Although Lepidoptera is one of the most diverse insect taxa and includes important agricultural pests, lepidopteran microbiotas, particularly functional traits, have not been studied widely. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the gut microbiota across multiple mulberry-feeding lepidopteran species, resolving both community structure and metabolic potential.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results indicate abundant bacteria inside the gut of larval Lepidoptera. However, even though they were fed the same diet, the structures of the bacterial communities differed in four major mulberry pest species, suggesting host-specific effects on microbial associations. Community-level metabolic reconstructions further showed that although taxonomic composition varied greatly, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and membrane transporter were key functional capabilities of the gut bacteria in all samples, which may play basic roles in the larval gut. In addition, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of gut bacterial-predicted gene ontologies revealed specialized features of the microbiota associated with these mulberry pests, which were divided into two distinct clusters (macrolepidopterans and microlepidopterans). This pattern became even more prominent when further Lepidoptera species were involved.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A suite of gut microbiota metabolic functions significantly correlated with larval size; the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were specifically enriched in large species, while small larvae had enhanced nucleotide metabolism. Our report paves the way for uncovering the correlation between host phenotype and microbial symbiosis in this notorious insect pest group. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.},
}
@article {pmid31602111,
year = {2019},
author = {Konwar, P and Vyas, N and Hossain, SS and Gore, MN and Choudhury, M},
title = {Nutritional Status of Adolescent Girls Belonging to the Tea Garden Estates of Sivasagar District, Assam, India.},
journal = {Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive &amp; Social Medicine},
volume = {44},
number = {3},
pages = {238-242},
pmid = {31602111},
issn = {0970-0218},
abstract = {Background: Any deficiency or inadequate dietary pattern can lead to poor nutrition which can further influence both growth and development throughout from infancy to adolescence. Since adolescents represent the next generation of parents, it is important to monitor their nutritional status at this crucial stage. Thus, this study aimed to explore the factors associated with nutritional status among adolescent girls belonging to these tea gardens.<br><br>Objective: The objective of this community-based cross-sectional study was to assess the nutritional status of adolescent girls belonging to the tea garden community and the association of the sociodemographic factors with it.<br><br>Materials and Methods: Anthropometric measurement was taken among adolescent girls in the tea estates of Nazira subdivision of Sivasagar district, Assam. The pattern of dietary intake among adolescents was also studied. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 15.<br><br>Results: The prevalence of thinness and stunting across 265 adolescent girls was 49.4% and 50.6%, respectively. Calorie and protein deficits were found to be 76.60% and 65%, respectively. Majority of the respondents, i.e., 66.80% of the participants, had a poor intake of essential food constituents. Moreover, 76.21% of the respondents were anemic. The association of different sociodemographic factors with thinness, inadequate protein intake, and anemia were found during the study.<br><br>Conclusion: Thinness and stunting along with protein-energy malnutrition and inadequate intake of important food groups were prevalent in adolescent tea community girls. Overall, the public health burden of malnutrition is still a persisting health problem in the tea gardens of Assam.},
}
@article {pmid31600926,
year = {2019},
author = {Marangoni, LFB and Mies, M and Güth, AZ and Banha, TNS and Inague, A and Fonseca, JDS and Dalmolin, C and Faria, SC and Ferrier-Pagès, C and Bianchini, A},
title = {Peroxynitrite Generation and Increased Heterotrophic Capacity Are Linked to the Disruption of the Coral-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis in a Scleractinian and Hydrocoral Species.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {31600926},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {23038.004300/2014-40//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; 573949/2008-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 84/2010//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; 104519-003//International Development Research Centre, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada/ ; },
abstract = {Ocean warming is one of the greatest global threats to coral reef ecosystems; it leads to the disruption of the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis (bleaching) and to nutrient starvation, because corals mostly rely on autotrophy (i.e., the supply of photosynthates from the dinoflagellate symbionts) for their energy requirements. Although coral bleaching has been well studied, the early warning signs of bleaching, as well as the capacity of corals to shift from autotrophy to heterotrophy, are still under investigation. In this study, we evaluated the bleaching occurrence of the scleractinian coral Mussismillia harttii and the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis during a natural thermal stress event, under the 2015-2016 El Niño influence in three reef sites of the South Atlantic. We focused on the link between peroxynitrite (ONOO-) generation and coral bleaching, as ONOO- has been very poorly investigated in corals and never during a natural bleaching event. We also investigated the natural trophic plasticity of the two corals through the use of new lipid biomarkers. The results obtained first demonstrate that ONOO- is linked to the onset and intensity of bleaching in both scleractinian corals and hydrocorals. Indeed, ONOO- concentrations were correlated with bleaching intensity, with the highest levels preceding the highest bleaching intensity. The time lag between bleaching and ONOO- peak was, however, species-specific. In addition, we observed that elevated temperatures forced heterotrophy in scleractinian corals, as Mu. harttii presented high heterotrophic activity 15 to 30 days prior bleaching occurrence. On the contrary, a lower heterotrophic activity was monitored for the hydrocoral Mi. alicornis, which also experienced higher bleaching levels compared to Mu. hartii. Overall, we showed that the levels of ONOO- in coral tissue, combined to the heterotrophic capacity, are two good proxies explaining the intensity of coral bleaching.},
}
@article {pmid31600710,
year = {2019},
author = {Zou, YN and Wu, HH and Giri, B and Wu, QS and Kuča, K},
title = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis down-regulates or does not change root aquaporin expression in trifoliate orange under drought stress.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {144},
number = {},
pages = {292-299},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.001},
pmid = {31600710},
issn = {1873-2690},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizas absorb water from soil to host plants, while the relationship between mycorrhizas and aquaporins (AQPs, membrane water channel proteins, which function in water transport) in mycorrhizal plants is unclear. In this study, Funneliformis mosseae-colonized trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings were grown in pots fitted with 37-μm nylon meshes at the bottom of each pot to allow mycorrhizal hyphae absorb water from an outer beaker. The expression of seven plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) genes, six tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) genes, and four nodulin-26 like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) genes were analyzed in roots of both well-watered (WW) and drought stressed (DS) plants. The six-week DS plants dramatically increased hyphal water absorption rate by 1.4 times, as compared with WW plants. Mycorrhizal plants exhibited greater plant growth performance, leaf water status (water potential and relative water content), and gas exchange under both WW and DS conditions. Mycorrhizal inoculation induced diverse expression patterns in these AQPs under WW: up-regulation of PtNIP1;1, PtPIP2;1, and PtPIP2;5, down-regulation of PtNIP1;2, PtNIP6;1, PtPIP1;2, PtPIP1;5, PtPIP2;8, PtTIP1;1, PtTIP1;2, PtTIP1;3, and PtTIP5;1, and no changes in other AQPs. However, the expression of PtPIPs and PtNIPs was down-regulated by mycorrhizal inoculation under DS, and PtTIPs was not induced by mycorrhizal colonization under DS. The expression pattern of AQPs in response to mycorrhizas under DS is a way of mycorrhizal plants to minimize water loss.},
}
@article {pmid31600251,
year = {2019},
author = {Chabaud, M and Fournier, J and Brichet, L and Abdou-Pavy, I and Imanishi, L and Brottier, L and Pirolles, E and Hocher, V and Franche, C and Bogusz, D and Wall, LG and Svistoonoff, S and Gherbi, H and Barker, DG},
title = {Chitotetraose activates the fungal-dependent endosymbiotic signaling pathway in actinorhizal plant species.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {e0223149},
pmid = {31600251},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Mutualistic plant-microbe associations are widespread in natural ecosystems and have made major contributions throughout the evolutionary history of terrestrial plants. Amongst the most remarkable of these are the so-called root endosymbioses, resulting from the intracellular colonization of host tissues by either arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or nitrogen-fixing bacteria that both provide key nutrients to the host in exchange for energy-rich photosynthates. Actinorhizal host plants, members of the Eurosid 1 clade, are able to associate with both AM fungi and nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes known as Frankia. Currently, little is known about the molecular signaling that allows these plants to recognize their fungal and bacterial partners. In this article, we describe the use of an in vivo Ca2+ reporter to identify symbiotic signaling responses to AM fungi in roots of both Casuarina glauca and Discaria trinervis, actinorhizal species with contrasting modes of Frankia colonization. This approach has revealed that, for both actinorhizal hosts, the short-chain chitin oligomer chitotetraose is able to mimic AM fungal exudates in activating the conserved symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP) in epidermal root cells targeted by AM fungi. These results mirror findings in other AM host plants including legumes and the monocot rice. In addition, we show that chitotetraose is a more efficient elicitor of CSSP activation compared to AM fungal lipo-chitooligosaccharides. These findings reinforce the likely role of short-chain chitin oligomers during the initial stages of the AM association, and are discussed in relation to both our current knowledge about molecular signaling during Frankia recognition as well as the different microsymbiont root colonization mechanisms employed by actinorhizal hosts.},
}
@article {pmid31600190,
year = {2019},
author = {Becking, T and Chebbi, MA and Giraud, I and Moumen, B and Laverré, T and Caubet, Y and Peccoud, J and Gilbert, C and Cordaux, R},
title = {Sex chromosomes control vertical transmission of feminizing Wolbachia symbionts in an isopod.},
journal = {PLoS biology},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {e3000438},
pmid = {31600190},
issn = {1545-7885},
abstract = {Microbial endosymbiosis is widespread in animals, with major ecological and evolutionary implications. Successful symbiosis relies on efficient vertical transmission through host generations. However, when symbionts negatively affect host fitness, hosts are expected to evolve suppression of symbiont effects or transmission. Here, we show that sex chromosomes control vertical transmission of feminizing Wolbachia endosymbionts in the isopod Armadillidium nasatum. Theory predicts that the invasion of an XY/XX species by cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters is unlikely because it leads to fixation of the unusual (and often lethal or infertile) YY genotype. We demonstrate that A. nasatum X and Y sex chromosomes are genetically highly similar and that YY individuals are viable and fertile, thereby enabling Wolbachia spread in this XY-XX species. Nevertheless, we show that Wolbachia cannot drive fixation of YY individuals, because infected YY females do not transmit Wolbachia to their offspring, unlike XX and XY females. The genetic basis fits the model of a Y-linked recessive allele (associated with an X-linked dominant allele), in which the homozygous state suppresses Wolbachia transmission. Moreover, production of all-male progenies by infected YY females restores a balanced sex ratio at the host population level. This suggests that blocking of Wolbachia transmission by YY females may have evolved to suppress feminization, thereby offering a whole new perspective on the evolutionary interplay between microbial symbionts and host sex chromosomes.},
}
@article {pmid31598235,
year = {2019},
author = {Jono, T and Kojima, Y and Mizuno, T},
title = {Novel cooperative antipredator tactics of an ant specialized against a snake.},
journal = {Royal Society open science},
volume = {6},
number = {8},
pages = {190283},
pmid = {31598235},
issn = {2054-5703},
abstract = {Eusocial insects can express surprisingly complex cooperative defence of the colony. Brood and reproductive castes typically remain in the nest and are protected by workers' various antipredator tactics against intruders. In Madagascar, a myrmicine ant, Aphaenogaster swammerdami, occurs sympatrically with a large blindsnake, Madatyphlops decorsei. As blindsnakes generally specialize on feeding on termites and ants brood by intruding into the nest, these snakes are presumably a serious predator on the ant. Conversely, a lamprophiid snake, Madagascarophis colubrinus, is considered to occur often in active A. swammerdami nests without being attacked. By presenting M. colubrinus, M. decorsei and a control snake, Thamnosophis lateralis, at the entrance of the nest, we observed two highly specialized interactions between ants and snakes: the acceptance of M. colubrinus into the nest and the cooperative evacuation of the brood from the nest for protection against the ant-eating M. decorsei. Given that M. colubrinus is one of the few known predators of blindsnakes in this area, A. swammerdami may protect their colonies against this blindsnake by two antipredator tactics, symbiosis with M. colubrinus and evacuation in response to intrusion by blindsnakes. These findings demonstrate that specialized predators can drive evolution of complex cooperative defence in eusocial species.},
}
@article {pmid31597890,
year = {2019},
author = {Hashimoto, S and Wongdee, J and Songwattana, P and Greetatorn, T and Goto, K and Tittabutr, P and Boonkerd, N and Teaumroong, N and Uchiumi, T},
title = {Homocitrate Synthase Genes of Two Wide-Host-Range Bradyrhizobium Strains are Differently Required for Symbiosis Depending on Host Plants.},
journal = {Microbes and environments},
volume = {34},
number = {4},
pages = {393-401},
doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME19078},
pmid = {31597890},
issn = {1347-4405},
abstract = {The nifV gene encodes homocitrate synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of homocitrate, which is essential for arranging the FeMo-cofactor in the catalytic center of nitrogenase. Some host plants, such as Lotus japonicus, supply homocitrate to their symbionts, in this case, Mesorhizobium loti, which lacks nifV. In contrast, Bradyrhizobium ORS285, a symbiont of Aeschynomene cross-inoculation (CI) groups 2 and 3, requires nifV for symbiosis with Aeschynomene species that belong to CI group 3, and some species belonging to CI group 2. However, it currently remains unclear whether rhizobial nifV is required for symbiosis with Aeschynomene species belonging to CI group 1 or with other legumes. We generated nifV-disruption (ΔnifV) mutants of two wide-host-range rhizobia, Bradyrhizobium SUTN9-2 and DOA9, to investigate whether they require nifV for symbiosis. Both ΔnifV mutant strains showed significantly less nitrogenase activity in a free-living state than the respective wild-type strains. The symbiotic phenotypes of SUTN9-2, DOA9, and their ΔnifV mutants were examined with four legumes, Aeschynomene americana, Stylosanthes hamata, Indigofera tinctoria, and Desmodium tortuosum. nifV was required for the efficient symbiosis of SUTN9-2 with A. americana (CI group 1), but not for that of DOA9. SUTN9-2 established symbiosis with all three other legumes; nifV was required for symbiosis with I. tinctoria and D. tortuosum. These results suggest that, in addition to Aeschynomene CI groups 2 and 3, CI group 1 and several other legumes require the rhizobial nifV for symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31597352,
year = {2019},
author = {Torres, N and Hilbert, G and Antolín, MC and Goicoechea, N},
title = {Aminoacids and Flavonoids Profiling in Tempranillo Berries Can Be Modulated by the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {31597352},
issn = {2223-7747},
support = {AGL2014-56075-C2-1-R//SPANISH MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND COMPETENCY/ ; INNOVINE 311775//INNOVINE European project/ ; FPU Grant//SPANISH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORT/ ; },
abstract = {(1) Background: Vitisvinifera L. cv. Tempranillo is cultivated over the world for its wine of high quality. The association of Tempranillo with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) induced the accumulation of phenolics and carotenoids in leaves, affected the metabolism of abscisic acid (ABA) during berry ripening, and modulated some characteristics and quality aspects of grapes. The objective of this study was to elucidate if AMF influenced the profiles and the content of primary and secondary metabolites determinants for berry quality in Tempranillo. (2) Methods: Fruit-bearing cuttings inoculated with AMF or uninoculated were cultivated under controlled conditions. (3) Results: Mycorrhizal symbiosis modified the profile of metabolites in Tempranillo berries, especially those of the primary compounds. The levels of glucose and amino acids clearly increased in berries of mycorrhized Tempranillo grapevines, including those of the aromatic precursor amino acids. However, mycorrhizal inoculation barely influenced the total amount and the profiles of anthocyanins and flavonols in berries. (4) Conclusions: Mycorrhizal inoculation of Tempranillo grapevines may be an alternative to the exogenous application of nitrogen compounds in order to enhance the contents of amino acids in grapes, which may affect the aromatic characteristics of wines.},
}
@article {pmid31596956,
year = {2020},
author = {Zeng, T and Rodriguez-Moreno, L and Mansurkhodzaev, A and Wang, P and van den Berg, W and Gasciolli, V and Cottaz, S and Fort, S and Thomma, BPHJ and Bono, JJ and Bisseling, T and Limpens, E},
title = {A lysin motif effector subverts chitin-triggered immunity to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {225},
number = {1},
pages = {448-460},
pmid = {31596956},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {ERC-2011-AdG294790/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi greatly improve mineral uptake by host plants in nutrient-depleted soil and can intracellularly colonize root cortex cells in the vast majority of higher plants. However, AM fungi possess common fungal cell wall components such as chitin that can be recognized by plant chitin receptors to trigger immune responses, raising the question as to how AM fungi effectively evade chitin-triggered immune responses during symbiosis. In this study, we characterize a secreted lysin motif (LysM) effector identified from the model AM fungal species Rhizophagus irregularis, called RiSLM. RiSLM is one of the highest expressed effector proteins in intraradical mycelium during the symbiosis. In vitro binding assays show that RiSLM binds chitin-oligosaccharides and can protect fungal cell walls from chitinases. Moreover, RiSLM efficiently interferes with chitin-triggered immune responses, such as defence gene induction and reactive oxygen species production in Medicago truncatula. Although RiSLM also binds to symbiotic (lipo)chitooligosaccharides it does not interfere significantly with symbiotic signalling in Medicago. Host-induced gene silencing of RiSLM greatly reduces fungal colonization levels. Taken together, our results reveal a key role for AM fungal LysM effectors to subvert chitin-triggered immunity in symbiosis, pointing to a common role for LysM effectors in both symbiotic and pathogenic fungi.},
}
@article {pmid31596856,
year = {2019},
author = {Payelleville, A and Blackburn, D and Lanois, A and Pagès, S and Cambon, MC and Ginibre, N and Clarke, DJ and Givaudan, A and Brillard, J},
title = {Role of the Photorhabdus Dam methyltransferase during interactions with its invertebrate hosts.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {e0212655},
pmid = {31596856},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Photorhabdus luminescens is an entomopathogenic bacterium found in symbiosis with the nematode Heterorhabditis. Dam DNA methylation is involved in the pathogenicity of many bacteria, including P. luminescens, whereas studies about the role of bacterial DNA methylation during symbiosis are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Dam DNA methylation in P. luminescens during the whole bacterial life cycle including during symbiosis with H. bacteriophora. We constructed a strain overexpressing dam by inserting an additional copy of the dam gene under the control of a constitutive promoter in the chromosome of P. luminescens and then achieved association between this recombinant strain and nematodes. The dam overexpressing strain was able to feed the nematode in vitro and in vivo similarly as a control strain, and to re-associate with Infective Juvenile (IJ) stages in the insect. No difference in the amount of emerging IJs from the cadaver was observed between the two strains. Compared to the nematode in symbiosis with the control strain, a significant increase in LT50 was observed during insect infestation with the nematode associated with the dam overexpressing strain. These results suggest that during the life cycle of P. luminescens, Dam is not involved the bacterial symbiosis with the nematode H. bacteriophora, but it contributes to the pathogenicity of the nemato-bacterial complex.},
}
@article {pmid31595476,
year = {2020},
author = {Tak, N and Bissa, G and Gehlot, HS},
title = {Methods for Isolation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Fixing Legume-Nodulating Bacteria.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2057},
number = {},
pages = {119-143},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9_12},
pmid = {31595476},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is a characteristic feature of nodulating legumes. The wild legumes are comparatively less explored for their SNF ability; hence, it is essential to study nodulation and identify the microsymbiont diversity associated with them. This chapter aims to describe the methodology for nodule hunting; trapping, isolation, and characterization of root nodule bacteria (RNB) at phenotypic, genotypic, and symbiotic levels. The documentation of nodulating native legume species and the rhizobial diversity associated with them in various parts of world has gained attention as this symbiotic association provides fixed nitrogen, improves productivity of plants in an ecofriendly manner. Before field-based applications the symbiotic bacteria need to be assessed for their N fixing ability as well as characterized at molecular level. The phylogeny based on symbiosis-essential genes supplemented with the host-range studies helps in better understanding of the symbiotaxonomy of rhizobia. More efficient symbiotic couples need to be screened by cross-nodulation studies for their application in agricultural practices.},
}
@article {pmid31595051,
year = {2020},
author = {Yang, Y and Sun, J and Sun, Y and Kwan, YH and Wong, WC and Zhang, Y and Xu, T and Feng, D and Zhang, Y and Qiu, JW and Qian, PY},
title = {Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic insights into the symbiosis of deep-sea tubeworm holobionts.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {135-150},
pmid = {31595051},
issn = {1751-7370},
abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seeps are often densely populated by animals that host chemosynthetic symbiotic bacteria, but the molecular mechanisms of such host-symbiont relationship remain largely unclear. We characterized the symbiont genome of the seep-living siboglinid Paraescarpia echinospica and compared seven siboglinid-symbiont genomes. Our comparative analyses indicate that seep-living siboglinid endosymbionts have more virulence traits for establishing infections and modulating host-bacterium interaction than the vent-dwelling species, and have a high potential to resist environmental hazards. Metatranscriptome and metaproteome analyses of the Paraescarpia holobiont reveal that the symbiont is highly versatile in its energy use and efficient in carbon fixation. There is close cooperation within the holobiont in production and supply of nutrients, and the symbiont may be able to obtain nutrients from host cells using virulence factors. Moreover, the symbiont is speculated to have evolved strategies to mediate host protective immunity, resulting in weak expression of host innate immunity genes in the trophosome. Overall, our results reveal the interdependence of the tubeworm holobiont through mutual nutrient supply, a pathogen-type regulatory mechanism, and host-symbiont cooperation in energy utilization and nutrient production, which is a key adaptation allowing the tubeworm to thrive in deep-sea chemosynthetic environments.},
}
@article {pmid31594815,
year = {2019},
author = {Thiergart, T and Zgadzaj, R and Bozsóki, Z and Garrido-Oter, R and Radutoiu, S and Schulze-Lefert, P},
title = {Lotus japonicus Symbiosis Genes Impact Microbial Interactions between Symbionts and Multikingdom Commensal Communities.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {31594815},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {The wild legume Lotus japonicus engages in mutualistic symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Using plants grown in natural soil and community profiling of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal internal transcribed spacers (ITSs), we examined the role of the Lotus symbiosis genes RAM1, NFR5, SYMRK, and CCaMK in structuring bacterial and fungal root-associated communities. We found host genotype-dependent community shifts in the root and rhizosphere compartments that were mainly confined to bacteria in nfr5 or fungi in ram1 mutants, while symrk and ccamk plants displayed major changes across both microbial kingdoms. We observed in all AM mutant roots an almost complete depletion of a large number of Glomeromycota taxa that was accompanied by a concomitant enrichment of Helotiales and Nectriaceae fungi, suggesting compensatory niche replacement within the fungal community. A subset of Glomeromycota whose colonization is strictly dependent on the common symbiosis pathway was retained in ram1 mutants, indicating that RAM1 is dispensable for intraradical colonization by some Glomeromycota fungi. However, intraradical colonization by bacteria belonging to the Burkholderiaceae and Anaeroplasmataceae is dependent on AM root infection, revealing a microbial interkingdom interaction. Despite the overall robustness of the bacterial root microbiota against major changes in the composition of root-associated fungal assemblages, bacterial and fungal cooccurrence network analysis demonstrates that simultaneous disruption of AM and rhizobium symbiosis increases the connectivity among taxa of the bacterial root microbiota. Our findings imply a broad role for Lotus symbiosis genes in structuring the root microbiota and identify unexpected microbial interkingdom interactions between root symbionts and commensal communities.IMPORTANCE Studies on symbiosis genes in plants typically focus on binary interactions between roots and soilborne nitrogen-fixing rhizobia or mycorrhizal fungi in laboratory environments. We utilized wild type and symbiosis mutants of a model legume, grown in natural soil, in which bacterial, fungal, or both symbioses are impaired to examine potential interactions between the symbionts and commensal microorganisms of the root microbiota when grown in natural soil. This revealed microbial interkingdom interactions between the root symbionts and fungal as well as bacterial commensal communities. Nevertheless, the bacterial root microbiota remains largely robust when fungal symbiosis is impaired. Our work implies a broad role for host symbiosis genes in structuring the root microbiota of legumes.},
}
@article {pmid31594411,
year = {2020},
author = {Kaltenpoth, M and Flórez, LV},
title = {Versatile and Dynamic Symbioses Between Insects and Burkholderia Bacteria.},
journal = {Annual review of entomology},
volume = {65},
number = {},
pages = {145-170},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025025},
pmid = {31594411},
issn = {1545-4487},
abstract = {Symbiotic associations with microorganisms represent major sources of ecological and evolutionary innovations in insects. Multiple insect taxa engage in symbioses with bacteria of the genus Burkholderia, a diverse group that is widespread across different environments and whose members can be mutualistic or pathogenic to plants, fungi, and animals. Burkholderia symbionts provide nutritional benefits and resistance against insecticides to stinkbugs, defend Lagria beetle eggs against pathogenic fungi, and may be involved in nitrogen metabolism in ants. In contrast to many other insect symbioses, the known associations with Burkholderia are characterized by environmental symbiont acquisition or mixed-mode transmission, resulting in interesting ecological and evolutionary dynamics of symbiont strain composition. Insect-Burkholderia symbioses present valuable model systems from which to derive insights into general principles governing symbiotic interactions because they are often experimentally and genetically tractable and span a large fraction of the diversity of functions, localizations, and transmission routes represented in insect symbioses.},
}
@article {pmid31593868,
year = {2019},
author = {Bongrand, C and Ruby, EG},
title = {The impact of Vibrio fischeri strain variation on host colonization.},
journal = {Current opinion in microbiology},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {15-19},
doi = {10.1016/j.mib.2019.09.002},
pmid = {31593868},
issn = {1879-0364},
support = {R01 AI050661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM099507/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 OD011024/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI050661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Strain-level epidemiology is a key approach to understanding the mechanisms underlying establishment of any host-microbe association. The squid-vibrio light organ symbiosis has proven to be an informative and tractable experimental model in which to discover these mechanisms because it involves only one bacterial species, Vibrio fischeri. In this horizontally transmitted symbiosis, the squid presents nutrients to the bacteria located in a bilobed light-emitting organ, while the symbionts provide bioluminescence to their host. To initiate this association, V. fischeri cells go through several distinct stages: from free-living in the bacterioplankton, to forming a multicellular aggregation near pores on the light organ's surface, to migrating through the pores and into crypts deep in the light organ, where the symbiont population grows and luminesces. Because individual cells must successfully navigate these distinct regions, phenotypic differences between strains will have a strong impact on the composition of the population finally colonizing the squid. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of behavioral characteristics that differentially drive a strain's success, including its effectiveness of aggregation, the rapidity with which it reaches the deep crypts, and its deployment of type VI secretion.},
}
@article {pmid31592190,
year = {2019},
author = {Reynolds, LA and Hornett, EA and Jiggins, CD and Hurst, GDD},
title = {Suppression of Wolbachia-mediated male-killing in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina involves a single genomic region.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7677},
pmid = {31592190},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Background: Sex ratio distorting agents (maternally inherited symbionts and meiotically-driving sex chromosomes) are common in insects. When these agents rise to high frequencies they create strong population sex ratio bias and selection then favours mutations that act to restore the rare sex. Despite this strong selection pressure, the evolution of mutations that suppress sex ratio distorting elements appears to be constrained in many cases, where sex-biased populations persist for many generations. This scenario has been observed in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina, where Wolbachia-mediated male killing endured for 800-1,000 generations across multiple populations before the evolution of suppression. Here we test the hypothesis that this evolutionary lag is the result of suppression being a multilocus trait requiring multiple mutations.<br><br>Methods: We developed genetic markers, based on conservation of synteny, for each H. bolina chromosome and verified coverage using recombinational mapping. We then used a Wolbachia-infected mapping family to assess each chromosome for the presence of loci required for male survival, as determined by the presence of markers in all surviving sons.<br><br>Results: Informative markers were obtained for each of the 31 chromosomes in H. bolina. The only marker that cosegregated with suppression was located on chromosome 25. A genomic region necessary for suppression has previously been located on this chromosome. We therefore conclude that a single genomic region of the H. bolina genome is necessary for male-killing suppression.<br><br>Discussion: The evolutionary lag observed in our system is not caused by a need for changes at multiple genomic locations. The findings favour hypotheses in which either multiple mutations are required within a single genomic region, or the suppressor mutation is a singularly rare event.},
}
@article {pmid31591568,
year = {2019},
author = {Ichikawa, T and Hirahara, K and Kokubo, K and Kiuchi, M and Aoki, A and Morimoto, Y and Kumagai, J and Onodera, A and Mato, N and Tumes, DJ and Goto, Y and Hagiwara, K and Inagaki, Y and Sparwasser, T and Tobe, K and Nakayama, T},
title = {CD103hi Treg cells constrain lung fibrosis induced by CD103lo tissue-resident pathogenic CD4 T cells.},
journal = {Nature immunology},
volume = {20},
number = {11},
pages = {1469-1480},
doi = {10.1038/s41590-019-0494-y},
pmid = {31591568},
issn = {1529-2916},
support = {JP19gm1210003//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)/ ; JP19ek0410060//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)/ ; JP19gm6110005//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)/ ; JP19ek0410045//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)/ ; (S) 26221305//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; JP19H05650//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; (C) 19K16683//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; (C) 18K07164//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; },
abstract = {Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are crucial mediators of adaptive immunity in nonlymphoid tissues. However, the functional heterogeneity and pathogenic roles of CD4+ TRM cells that reside within chronic inflammatory lesions remain unknown. We found that CD69hiCD103lo CD4+ TRM cells produced effector cytokines and promoted the inflammation and fibrotic responses induced by chronic exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus. Simultaneously, immunosuppressive CD69hiCD103hiFoxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells were induced and constrained the ability of pathogenic CD103lo TRM cells to cause fibrosis. Thus, lung tissue-resident CD4+ T cells play crucial roles in the pathology of chronic lung inflammation, and CD103 expression defines pathogenic effector and immunosuppressive tissue-resident cell subpopulations in the inflamed lung.},
}
@article {pmid31591240,
year = {2019},
author = {Teulet, A and Busset, N and Fardoux, J and Gully, D and Chaintreuil, C and Cartieaux, F and Jauneau, A and Comorge, V and Okazaki, S and Kaneko, T and Gressent, F and Nouwen, N and Arrighi, JF and Koebnik, R and Mergaert, P and Deslandes, L and Giraud, E},
title = {The rhizobial type III effector ErnA confers the ability to form nodules in legumes.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {43},
pages = {21758-21768},
pmid = {31591240},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Several Bradyrhizobium species nodulate the leguminous plant Aeschynomene indica in a type III secretion system-dependent manner, independently of Nod factors. To date, the underlying molecular determinants involved in this symbiotic process remain unknown. To identify the rhizobial effectors involved in nodulation, we mutated 23 out of the 27 effector genes predicted in Bradyrhizobium strain ORS3257. The mutation of nopAO increased nodulation and nitrogenase activity, whereas mutation of 5 other effector genes led to various symbiotic defects. The nopM1 and nopP1 mutants induced a reduced number of nodules, some of which displayed large necrotic zones. The nopT and nopAB mutants induced uninfected nodules, and a mutant in a yet-undescribed effector gene lost the capacity for nodule formation. This effector gene, widely conserved among bradyrhizobia, was named ernA for &quot;effector required for nodulation-A.&quot; Remarkably, expressing ernA in a strain unable to nodulate A. indica conferred nodulation ability. Upon its delivery by Pseudomonas fluorescens into plant cells, ErnA was specifically targeted to the nucleus, and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy approach supports the possibility that ErnA binds nucleic acids in the plant nuclei. Ectopic expression of ernA in A. indica roots activated organogenesis of root- and nodule-like structures. Collectively, this study unravels the symbiotic functions of rhizobial type III effectors playing distinct and complementary roles in suppression of host immune functions, infection, and nodule organogenesis, and suggests that ErnA triggers organ development in plants by a mechanism that remains to be elucidated.},
}
@article {pmid31591150,
year = {2019},
author = {Deng, J and Zhu, F and Liu, J and Zhao, Y and Wen, J and Wang, T and Dong, J},
title = {Transcription Factor bHLH2 Represses CYSTEINE PROTEASE77 to Negatively Regulate Nodule Senescence.},
journal = {Plant physiology},
volume = {181},
number = {4},
pages = {1683-1703},
pmid = {31591150},
issn = {1532-2548},
abstract = {Legume-rhizobia symbiosis is a time-limited process due to the onset of senescence, which results in the degradation of host plant cells and symbiosomes. A number of transcription factors, proteases, and functional genes have been associated with nodule senescence; however, whether other proteases or transcription factors are involved in nodule senescence remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified an early nodule senescence mutant in Medicago truncatula, denoted basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor2 (bhlh2), that exhibits decreased nitrogenase activity, acceleration of plant programmed cell death (PCD), and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results suggest that MtbHLH2 plays a negative role in nodule senescence. Nodules of wild-type and bhlh2-TALEN mutant plants at 28 d postinoculation were used for transcriptome sequencing. The transcriptome data analysis identified a papain-like Cys protease gene, denoted MtCP77, that could serve as a potential target of MtbHLH2. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that MtbHLH2 directly binds to the promoter of MtCP77 to inhibit its expression. MtCP77 positively regulates nodule senescence by accelerating plant PCD and ROS accumulation. In addition, the expression of MtbHLH2 in the nodules gradually decreased from the meristematic zone to the nitrogen fixation zone, whereas the expression of MtCP77 showed enhancement. These results indicate that MtbHLH2 and MtCP77 have opposite functions in the regulation of nodule senescence. These results reveal significant roles for MtbHLH2 and MtCP77 in plant PCD, ROS accumulation, and nodule senescence, and improve our understanding of the regulation of the nodule senescence process.},
}
@article {pmid31591000,
year = {2019},
author = {Msaddak, A and Rejili, M and Durán, D and Mars, M and Palacios, JM and Ruiz-Argüeso, T and Rey, L and Imperial, J},
title = {Microvirga tunisiensis sp. nov., a root nodule symbiotic bacterium isolated from Lupinus micranthus and L. luteus grown in Northern Tunisia.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {42},
number = {6},
pages = {126015},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126015},
pmid = {31591000},
issn = {1618-0984},
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Essential/genetics ; Lupinus/*microbiology ; Methylobacteriaceae/chemistry/*classification/drug effects/genetics ; Phenotype ; *Phylogeny ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Tunisia ; },
abstract = {Three bacterial strains, LmiM8T, LmiE10 and LluTb3, isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules of Lupinus micranthus (Lmi strains) and L. luteus (Llu strain) growing in Northern Tunisia were analysed using genetic, phenotypic and symbiotic approaches. Phylogenetic analyses based on rrs and concatenated gyrB and dnaK genes suggested that these Lupinus strains constitute a new Microvirga species with identities ranging from 95 to 83% to its closest relatives Microvirga makkahensis, M. vignae, M. zambiensis, M. ossetica, and M. lotononidis. The genome sequences of strains LmiM8T and LmiE10 exhibited pairwise Average Nucleotide Identities (ANIb) above 99.5%, significantly distant (73-89% pairwise ANIb) from other Microvirga species sequenced (M. zambiensis and M. ossetica). A phylogenetic analysis based on the symbiosis-related gene nodA placed the sequences of the new species in a divergent clade close to Mesorhizobium, Microvirga and Bradyrhizobium strains, suggesting that the M. tunisiensis strains represent a new symbiovar different from the Bradyrhizobium symbiovars defined to date. In contrast, the phylogeny derived from another symbiosis-related gene, nifH, reproduced the housekeeping genes phylogenies. The study of morphological, phenotypical and physiological features, including cellular fatty acid composition of the novel isolates demonstrated their unique profile regarding close reference Microvirga strains. Strains LmiM8T, LmiE10 and LluTb3 were able to nodulate several Lupinus spp. Based on genetic, genomic and phenotypic data presented in this study, these strains should be grouped within a new species for which the name Microvirga tunisiensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain LmiM8T=CECT 9163T, LMG 29689T).},
}
@article {pmid31590790,
year = {2019},
author = {Thinesh, T and Meenatchi, R and Jose, PA and Kiran, GS and Selvin, J},
title = {Differential bleaching and recovery pattern of southeast Indian coral reef to 2016 global mass bleaching event: Occurrence of stress-tolerant symbiont Durusdinium (Clade D) in corals of Palk Bay.},
journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
volume = {145},
number = {},
pages = {287-294},
doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.033},
pmid = {31590790},
issn = {1879-3363},
mesh = {Alveolata/*physiology ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Bays ; *Coral Reefs ; India ; Stress, Physiological ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Information about coral community response to bleaching on Indian reefs is much more limited compared with Indo-Pacific reefs, with no understanding of algal symbionts. We investigated a reef in Palk Bay to understand the coral community response to 2016 bleaching event and to reveal dominant symbiont type association in four common coral genera. Out of 508 colonies surveyed, we found 20.9% (106) mortality in 53.8% (n = 290) of bleached corals. We found differential bleaching and recovery pattern among coral genera. Bleaching was most prevalent in Acropora (86.36%), followed by Porites (65.45%), while moderate to no bleaching was recorded in Favites 5.88%, Symphyllia 51.11% and Favia 55.77%, Platygyra 41.67%, Goniastrea 41.83%. Pre-bleaching and post bleaching samplings revealed changes in dominant symbiont type following bleaching only in Acropora (Cladocopium, Clade C to Durusdinium Clade D) while no such changes were found in other coral genera hosted Clade D. This is the first observation of coral symbiont diversity in the Indian reef.},
}
@article {pmid31587644,
year = {2019},
author = {Richards, TA and Massana, R and Pagliara, S and Hall, N},
title = {Single cell ecology.},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
volume = {374},
number = {1786},
pages = {20190076},
pmid = {31587644},
issn = {1471-2970},
abstract = {Cells are the building blocks of life, from single-celled microbes through to multi-cellular organisms. To understand a multitude of biological processes we need to understand how cells behave, how they interact with each other and how they respond to their environment. The use of new methodologies is changing the way we study cells allowing us to study them on minute scales and in unprecedented detail. These same methods are allowing researchers to begin to sample the vast diversity of microbes that dominate natural environments. The aim of this special issue is to bring together research and perspectives on the application of new approaches to understand the biological properties of cells, including how they interact with other biological entities. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Single cell ecology'.},
}
@article {pmid31585988,
year = {2019},
author = {Takeshita, K and Yamada, T and Kawahara, Y and Narihiro, T and Ito, M and Kamagata, Y and Shinzato, N},
title = {Tripartite Symbiosis of an Anaerobic Scuticociliate with Two Hydrogenosome-Associated Endosymbionts, a Holospora-Related Alphaproteobacterium and a Methanogenic Archaeon.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {85},
number = {24},
pages = {},
pmid = {31585988},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {A number of anaerobic ciliates, unicellular eukaryotes, intracellularly possess methanogenic archaea and bacteria as symbiotic partners. Although this tripartite relationship is of interest in terms of the fact that each participant is from a different domain, the difficulty in culture and maintenance of those host species with symbiotic partners has disturbed both ecological and functional studies so far. In this study, we obtained a stable culture of a small anaerobic scuticociliate, strain GW7. By transmission electron microscopic observation and fluorescent in situ hybridization with domain-specific probes, we demonstrate that GW7 possesses both archaeal and bacterial endosymbionts in its cytoplasm. These endosymbionts are in dependently associated with hydrogenosomes, which are organelle producing hydrogen and ATP under anaerobic conditions. Clone library analyses targeting prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes, fluorescent in situ hybridization with endosymbiont-specific probes, and molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed the phylogenetic affiliations and intracellular localizations of these endosymbionts. The endosymbiotic archaeon is a methanogen belonging to the genus Methanoregula (order Methanomicrobiales); a member of this genus has previously been described as the endosymbiont of an anaerobic ciliate from the genus Metopus (class Armophorea), which is only distantly related to strain GW7 (class Oligohymenophorea). The endosymbiotic bacterium belongs to the family Holosporaceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria, which also comprises several endosymbionts of various aerobic ciliates. For this endosymbiotic bacterium, we propose a novel candidate genus and species, &quot;Candidatus Hydrogenosomobacter endosymbioticus.&quot;IMPORTANCE Tripartite symbioses between anaerobic ciliated protists and their intracellular archaeal and bacterial symbionts are not uncommon, but most reports have been based mainly on microscopic observations. Deeper insights into the function, ecology, and evolution of these fascinating symbioses involving partners from all three domains of life have been hampered by the difficulties of culturing anaerobic ciliates in the laboratory and the frequent loss of their prokaryotic partners during long-term cultivation. In the present study, we report the isolation of an anaerobic scuticociliate, strain GW7, which has been stably maintained in our laboratory for more than 3 years without losing either of its endosymbionts. Unexpectedly, molecular characterization of the endosymbionts revealed that the bacterial partner of GW7 is phylogenetically related to intranuclear endosymbionts of aerobic ciliates. This strain will enable future genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses of the interactions in this tripartite symbiosis and a comparison with endosymbioses in aerobic ciliates.},
}
@article {pmid31585231,
year = {2019},
author = {Kudryavtsev, A and Volkova, E and Plotnikov, A},
title = {Vannella samoroda n. sp. (Amoebozoa) - First member of the genus from a continental saline habitat placed in a molecular tree.},
journal = {European journal of protistology},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {125634},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125634},
pmid = {31585231},
issn = {1618-0429},
mesh = {Amoebozoa/*classification/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Russia ; Seawater/*parasitology ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Vannella samoroda n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Vannellida) was isolated from the mouth of the Malaya Samoroda river flowing into Elton, the largest European hypersaline lake (Russia). Among all rivers of the area, it has the highest salt content (ca. 110‰). Amoebae maintained in seawater medium with ca. 77‰ salts concentration had a set of morphological characters typical of Vannella spp.: rounded, fan-shaped, or spatulate locomotive form, floating form with bent, blunt-ended hyaline pseudopodia, and a cell coat consisting of regularly packed palisade elements and scarce simple filaments. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 genes show that the amoeba is most closely related to Vannella ebro Smirnov, 2001, but represents a distinct species. The clade of V. ebro and V. samoroda branches among marine species of Vannella. The studied species is the first member of the genus Vannella from a continental saline habitat described using molecular data. Interestingly, it has a broad range of salinity tolerance: cells reproduce above 18‰, while survival of a few cells regularly occurs even in highly diluted Prescott and James medium. The normal culture restores itself when PJ medium is substituted with 77‰ seawater medium even after months of experimental incubation.},
}
@article {pmid31583109,
year = {2019},
author = {La Carpia, F and Wojczyk, BS and Annavajhala, MK and Rebbaa, A and Culp-Hill, R and D'Alessandro, A and Freedberg, DE and Uhlemann, AC and Hod, EA},
title = {Transfusional iron overload and intravenous iron infusions modify the mouse gut microbiota similarly to dietary iron.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {26},
pmid = {31583109},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {R01 HL121275/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R21 HL145319/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Iron is essential for both microorganisms and their hosts. Although effects of dietary iron on gut microbiota have been described, the effect of systemic iron administration has yet to be explored. Here, we show that dietary iron, intravenous iron administration, and chronic transfusion in mice increase the availability of iron in the gut. These iron interventions have consistent and reproducible effects on the murine gut microbiota; specifically, relative abundance of the Parabacteroides and Lactobacillus genera negatively correlate with increased iron stores, whereas members of the Clostridia class positively correlate with iron stores regardless of the route of iron administration. Iron levels also affected microbial metabolites, in general, and indoles, in particular, circulating in host plasma and in stool pellets. Taken together, these results suggest that by shifting the balance of the microbiota, clinical interventions that affect iron status have the potential to alter biologically relevant microbial metabolites in the host.},
}
@article {pmid31582561,
year = {2019},
author = {Su, Z and Kuscu, C and Malik, A and Shibata, E and Dutta, A},
title = {Angiogenin generates specific stress-induced tRNA halves and is not involved in tRF-3-mediated gene silencing.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {294},
number = {45},
pages = {16930-16941},
pmid = {31582561},
issn = {1083-351X},
support = {R01 AR067712/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {tRNA fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves have been implicated in various cellular processes, including gene silencing, translation, stress granule assembly, cell differentiation, retrotransposon activity, symbiosis, apoptosis, and more. Overexpressed angiogenin (ANG) cleaves tRNA anticodons and produces tRNA halves similar to those produced in response to stress. However, it is not clear whether endogenous ANG is essential for producing the stress-induced tRNA halves. It is also not clear whether smaller tRFs are generated from the tRNA halves. Here, using global short RNA-Seq approach, we found that ANG overexpression selectively cleaves a subset of tRNAs, including tRNAGlu, tRNAGly, tRNALys, tRNAVal, tRNAHis, tRNAAsp, and tRNASeC to produce tRNA halves and tRF-5s that are 26-30 bases long. Surprisingly, ANG knockout revealed that the majority of stress-induced tRNA halves, except for the 5' half from tRNAHisGTG and the 3' half from tRNAAspGTC, are ANG independent, suggesting there are other RNases that produce tRNA halves. We also found that the 17-25 bases-long tRF-3s and tRF-5s that could enter into Argonaute complexes are not induced by ANG overexpression, suggesting that they are generated independently from tRNA halves. Consistent with this, ANG knockout did not decrease tRF-3 levels or gene-silencing activity. We conclude that ANG cleaves specific tRNAs and is not the only RNase that creates tRNA halves and that the shorter tRFs are not generated from the tRNA halves or from independent tRNA cleavage by ANG.},
}
@article {pmid31581628,
year = {2019},
author = {Mazzocca, A},
title = {The Systemic-Evolutionary Theory of the Origin of Cancer (SETOC): A New Interpretative Model of Cancer as a Complex Biological System.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {19},
pages = {},
pmid = {31581628},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {The Systemic-Evolutionary Theory of Cancer (SETOC) is a recently proposed theory based on two important concepts: (i) Evolution, understood as a process of cooperation and symbiosis (Margulian-like), and (ii) The system, in terms of the integration of the various cellular components, so that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, as in any complex system. The SETOC posits that cancer is generated by the de-emergence of the &quot;eukaryotic cell system&quot; and by the re-emergence of cellular subsystems such as archaea-like (genetic information) and/or prokaryotic-like (mitochondria) subsystems, featuring uncoordinated behaviors. One of the consequences is a sort of &quot;cellular regression&quot; towards ancestral or atavistic biological functions or behaviors similar to those of protists or unicellular organisms in general. This de-emergence is caused by the progressive breakdown of the endosymbiotic cellular subsystem integration (mainly, information = nucleus and energy = mitochondria) as a consequence of long-term injuries. Known cancer-promoting factors, including inflammation, chronic fibrosis, and chronic degenerative processes, cause prolonged damage that leads to the breakdown or failure of this form of integration/endosymbiosis. In normal cells, the cellular &quot;subsystems&quot; must be fully integrated in order to maintain the differentiated state, and this integration is ensured by a constant energy intake. In contrast, when organ or tissue damage occurs, the constant energy intake declines, leading, over time, to energy shortage, failure of endosymbiosis, and the de-differentiated state observed in dysplasia and cancer.},
}
@article {pmid31581056,
year = {2019},
author = {Dias, AS and Almeida, CR and Helguero, LA and Duarte, IF},
title = {Metabolic crosstalk in the breast cancer microenvironment.},
journal = {European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)},
volume = {121},
number = {},
pages = {154-171},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejca.2019.09.002},
pmid = {31581056},
issn = {1879-0852},
abstract = {During tumorigenesis, breast tumour cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, which generally includes enhanced glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, glutaminolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis. However, the extension and functional importance of these metabolic alterations may diverge not only according to breast cancer subtypes, but also depending on the interaction of cancer cells with the complex surrounding microenvironment. This microenvironment comprises a variety of non-cancerous cells, such as immune cells (e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer cells), fibroblasts, adipocytes and endothelial cells, together with extracellular matrix components and soluble factors, which influence cancer progression and are predictive of clinical outcome. The continuous interaction between cancer and stromal cells results in metabolic competition and symbiosis, with oncogenic-driven metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells shaping the metabolism of neighbouring cells and vice versa. This review addresses current knowledge on this metabolic crosstalk within the breast tumour microenvironment (TME). Improved understanding of how metabolism in the TME modulates cancer development and evasion of tumour-suppressive mechanisms may provide clues for novel anticancer therapeutics directed to metabolic targets.},
}
@article {pmid31574908,
year = {2019},
author = {Xi, P and Wang, D and Liu, W and Shi, C},
title = {DFT Study into the Influence of Carbon Material on the Hydrophobicity of a Coal Pyrite Surface.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {24},
number = {19},
pages = {},
pmid = {31574908},
issn = {1420-3049},
support = {3142017102//the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China/ ; },
abstract = {From the macroscopic point of view, the hydrophilicity of symbiotic carbon pyrite is weakened overall compared to that of pure pyrite. It is very important to explain the impact of elemental carbon accreted on a pyrite surface on the surface's hydrophobicity from the perspective of quantum chemistry. To study the influence of adsorbed carbon atoms on the hydrophilicity of a coal pyrite surface versus a pyrite surface, the adsorption of a single water molecule at an adjacent Fe site of a one-carbon-atom-covered pyrite surface and a carbon atom monolayer were simulated and calculated with the first-principles method of density functional theory (DFT). The water molecules can be stably adsorbed at the adjacent Fe site of the carbon-atom-covered pyrite surface. The hybridization of the O 2p (H2O) and Fe 3d (pyrite surface) orbitals was the main interaction between the water molecule and the pyrite surface, forming a strong Fe-O covalent bond. The water molecule only slightly adsorbs above a C atom on the carbon-atom-covered pyrite and the carbon atom monolayer surfaces. The valence bond between the water molecule and the pyrite surface changed from an Fe-O bond to an Fe-C-O bond, in which the C-O bond is very weak, resulting in a weaker interaction between water and the surface.},
}
@article {pmid31571583,
year = {2019},
author = {Baker, LJ and Freed, LL and Easson, CG and Lopez, JV and Fenolio, D and Sutton, TT and Nyholm, SV and Hendry, TA},
title = {Diverse deep-sea anglerfishes share a genetically reduced luminous symbiont that is acquired from the environment.},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {31571583},
issn = {2050-084X},
abstract = {Deep-sea anglerfishes are relatively abundant and diverse, but their luminescent bacterial symbionts remain enigmatic. The genomes of two symbiont species have qualities common to vertically transmitted, host-dependent bacteria. However, a number of traits suggest that these symbionts may be environmentally acquired. To determine how anglerfish symbionts are transmitted, we analyzed bacteria-host codivergence across six diverse anglerfish genera. Most of the anglerfish species surveyed shared a common species of symbiont. Only one other symbiont species was found, which had a specific relationship with one anglerfish species, Cryptopsaras couesii. Host and symbiont phylogenies lacked congruence, and there was no statistical support for codivergence broadly. We also recovered symbiont-specific gene sequences from water collected near hosts, suggesting environmental persistence of symbionts. Based on these results we conclude that diverse anglerfishes share symbionts that are acquired from the environment, and that these bacteria have undergone extreme genome reduction although they are not vertically transmitted.},
}
@article {pmid31568958,
year = {2019},
author = {Sebastiana, M and Duarte, B and Monteiro, F and Malhó, R and Caçador, I and Matos, AR},
title = {The leaf lipid composition of ectomycorrhizal oak plants shows a drought-tolerance signature.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {144},
number = {},
pages = {157-165},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.032},
pmid = {31568958},
issn = {1873-2690},
abstract = {Ectomycorrhizas have been reported to increase plant tolerance to drought. However, the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. Membranes are the first targets of degradation during drought, and growing evidences support a role for membrane lipids in plant tolerance and adaptation to drought. We have previously shown that improved tolerance of ectomycorrhizal oak plants to drought could be related to leaf membrane lipid metabolism, namely through an increased ability to sustain fatty acid content and composition, indicative of a higher membrane stability under stress. Here, we analysed in deeper detail the modulation of leaf lipid metabolism in oak plants mycorrhized with Pisolithus tinctorius and subjected to drought stress. Results show that mycorrhizal plants show patterns associated with water deficit tolerance, like a higher content of chloroplast lipids, whose levels are maintained upon drought stress. Likewise, mycorrhizal plants show increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the chloroplast phosphatidylglycerol lipid fraction. As a common response to drought, the digalactosyldiacyloglycerol/monogalactosyldiacyloglycerol ratio increased in the non-mycorrhizal plants, but not in the mycorrhizal plants, associated to smaller alterations in the expression of galactolipid metabolism genes, indicative of a higher drought tolerance. Under drought, inoculated plants showed increased expression of genes involved in neutral lipids biosynthesis, which could be related to an increased ability to tolerate drought stress. Overall, results from this study provide evidences of the involvement of lipid metabolism in the response of ectomycorrhizal plants to water deficit and point to an increased ability to maintain a stable chloroplast membrane functional integrity under stress.},
}
@article {pmid31568486,
year = {2019},
author = {Voronin, D and Schnall, E and Grote, A and Jawahar, S and Ali, W and Unnasch, TR and Ghedin, E and Lustigman, S},
title = {Pyruvate produced by Brugia spp. via glycolysis is essential for maintaining the mutualistic association between the parasite and its endosymbiont, Wolbachia.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {e1008085},
pmid = {31568486},
issn = {1553-7374},
support = {R56 AI118936/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI007180/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; F31 AI131527/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Human parasitic nematodes are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and onchocerciasis (river blindness), diseases that are endemic to more than 80 countries and that consistently rank in the top ten for the highest number of years lived with disability. These filarial nematodes have evolved an obligate mutualistic association with an intracellular bacterium, Wolbachia, a symbiont that is essential for the successful development, reproduction, and survival of adult filarial worms. Elimination of the bacteria causes adult worms to die, making Wolbachia a primary target for developing new interventional tools to combat filariases. To further explore Wolbachia as a promising indirect macrofilaricidal drug target, the essential cellular processes that define the symbiotic Wolbachia-host interactions need to be identified. Genomic analyses revealed that while filarial nematodes encode all the enzymes necessary for glycolysis, Wolbachia does not encode the genes for three glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase, 6-phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. These enzymes are necessary for converting glucose into pyruvate. Wolbachia, however, has the full complement of genes required for gluconeogenesis starting with pyruvate, and for energy metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Therefore, we hypothesized that Wolbachia might depend on host glycolysis to maintain a mutualistic association with their parasitic host. We did conditional experiments in vitro that confirmed that glycolysis and its end-product, pyruvate, sustain this symbiotic relationship. Analysis of alternative sources of pyruvate within the worm indicated that the filarial lactate dehydrogenase could also regulate the local intracellular concentration of pyruvate in proximity to Wolbachia and thus help control bacterial growth via molecular interactions with the bacteria. Lastly, we have shown that the parasite's pyruvate kinase, the enzyme that performs the last step in glycolysis, could be a potential novel anti-filarial drug target. Establishing that glycolysis is an essential component of symbiosis in filarial worms could have a broader impact on research focused on other intracellular bacteria-host interactions where the role of glycolysis in supporting intracellular survival of bacteria has been reported.},
}
@article {pmid31565856,
year = {2019},
author = {Gilbert, SF},
title = {Evolutionary transitions revisited: Holobiont evo-devo.},
journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution},
volume = {332},
number = {8},
pages = {307-314},
doi = {10.1002/jez.b.22903},
pmid = {31565856},
issn = {1552-5015},
support = {//Swarthmore College Faculty Research Grant/ ; },
abstract = {John T. Bonner lists four essential transformations in the evolution of life: the emergence of the eukaryotic cell, meiosis, multicellularity, and the nervous system. This paper analyses the mechanisms for those transitions in light of three of Dr. Bonner's earlier hypotheses: (a) that the organism is its life cycle, (b) that evolution consists of alterations of the life cycle, and (c) that development extends beyond the body and into interactions with other organisms. Using the notion of the holobiont life cycle, this paper attempts to show that these evolutionary transitions can be accomplished through various means of symbiosis. Perceiving the organism both as an interspecies consortium and as a life cycle supports a twofold redefinition of the organism as a holobiont constructed by integrating together the life cycles of several species. These findings highlight the importance of symbiosis and the holobiont development in analyses of evolution.},
}
@article {pmid31564381,
year = {2019},
author = {Pathak, A and Kett, S and Marvasi, M},
title = {Resisting Antimicrobial Resistance: Lessons from Fungus Farming Ants.},
journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution},
volume = {34},
number = {11},
pages = {974-976},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.007},
pmid = {31564381},
issn = {1872-8383},
mesh = {Agriculture ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; *Ants ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Fungi ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Attine ants use antimicrobials produced by commensal bacteria to inhibit parasites on their fungal gardens. However, in this agricultural system, antimicrobial use does not lead to overwhelming resistance, as is typical in clinical settings. Mixtures of continually evolving antimicrobial variants could support these dynamics.},
}
@article {pmid31564246,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, H and Park, JS and Zhai, RG and Wilson, ACC},
title = {microRNA-92a regulates the expression of aphid bacteriocyte-specific secreted protein 1.},
journal = {BMC research notes},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {638},
pmid = {31564246},
issn = {1756-0500},
support = {IOS-1121847//National Science Foundation/ ; IOS-354154//National Science Foundation/ ; R56NS095893//Foundation for the National Institutes of Health/ ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Aphids harbor a nutritional obligate endosymbiont in specialized cells called bacteriocytes, which aggregate to form an organ known as the bacteriome. Aphid bacteriomes display distinct gene expression profiles that facilitate the symbiotic relationship. Currently, the mechanisms that regulate these patterns of gene expression are unknown. Recently using computational pipelines, we identified miRNAs that are conserved in expression in the bacteriomes of two aphid species and proposed that they function as important regulators of bacteriocyte gene expression. Here using a dual luciferase assay in mouse NIH/3T3 cell culture, we aimed to experimentally validate the computationally predicted interaction between Myzus persicae miR-92a and the predicted target region of M. persicae bacteriocyte-specific secreted protein 1 (SP1) mRNA.<br><br>RESULTS: In the dual luciferase assay, miR-92a interacted with the SP1 target region resulting in a significant downregulation of the luciferase signal. Our results demonstrate that miR-92a interacts with SP1 to alter expression in a heterologous expression system, thereby supporting our earlier assertion that miRNAs are regulators of the aphid/Buchnera symbiotic interaction.},
}
@article {pmid31563584,
year = {2019},
author = {Cao, C and Li, H and Jones, MGK and Wylie, SJ},
title = {Challenges to elucidating how endornaviruses influence fungal hosts: Creating mycovirus-free isogenic fungal lines and testing them.},
journal = {Journal of virological methods},
volume = {274},
number = {},
pages = {113745},
doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113745},
pmid = {31563584},
issn = {1879-0984},
abstract = {Determining roles of mycoviruses in fungal biology is complicated, especially when fungi are co-infected with multiple viruses. Genetically identical (isogenic) fungal lines that are infected by and not infected by viruses must be created and compared. Here, we study an isolate of Ceratobasidium sp., a fungus isolated from pelotons in roots of a wild terrestrial orchid. The fungal isolate was co-infected with three distinct endornaviruses, isolates of Ceratobasidium endonarvirus B (CbEVB), Ceratobasidium endonarvirus C (CbEVC) and Ceratobasidium endonarvirus D (CbEVD). An experiment to reveal natural distribution of the three mycoviruses within a fungal colony revealed no sectoring; they were all evenly distributed throughout the colony. Hyphal tipping and treatments with one of five antibiotics (kanamycin, streptomycin, cycloheximide, rifampicin and ampicillin) were applied in attempts to 'cure' fungal lines of one, two or three of the viruses present. Surprisingly, the three mycoviruses responded differentially to each curing approach. The isolate of CbEVC was eliminated upon treatment with cycloheximide, but not with kanamycin or streptomycin, whereas the isolate of CbEVD did not respond to cycloheximide. The isolate of CbEVB was eliminated upon all treatments. In some cases, a virus was undetectable by species-specific RT-PCR assay after treatment, but when the fungus was cultured for a period on non-selective medium, the virus was detected again. Effects of mycoviruses on growth characteristics of isogenic fungal lines on two nutrient media were studied. Co-infection by the three viruses reduced mycelial growth rate on both media. In contrast, some fungal lines infected with one or two mycoviruses grew more rapidly than virus-free lines.},
}
@article {pmid31562172,
year = {2019},
author = {Speck, JJ and James, EK and Sugawara, M and Sadowsky, MJ and Gyaneshwar, P},
title = {An Alkane Sulfonate Monooxygenase Is Required for Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (syn. Bradyrhizobium japonicum) USDA110T.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {85},
number = {24},
pages = {},
pmid = {31562172},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Sulfur (S)-containing molecules play an important role in symbiotic nitrogen fixation and are critical components of nitrogenase and other iron-S proteins. S deficiency inhibits symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobia. However, despite its importance, little is known about the sources of S that rhizobia utilize during symbiosis. We previously showed that Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110T can assimilate both inorganic and organic S and that genes involved in organic S utilization are expressed during symbiosis. Here, we show that a B. diazoefficiens USDA110T mutant with a sulfonate monooxygenase (ssuD) insertion is defective in nitrogen fixation. Microscopy analyses revealed that the ΔssuD mutant was defective in root hair infection and that ΔssuD mutant bacteroids showed degradation compared to the wild-type strain. Moreover, the ΔssuD mutant was significantly more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress than the wild-type strain. Taken together, these results show that the ability of rhizobia to utilize organic S plays an important role in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Since nodules have been reported to be an important source of reduced S used during symbiosis and nitrogen fixation, further research will be needed to determine the mechanisms involved in the regulation of S assimilation by rhizobia.IMPORTANCE Rhizobia form symbiotic associations with legumes that lead to the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Sulfur-containing molecules play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation; thus, the rhizobia inside nodules require large amounts of sulfur. Rhizobia can assimilate both inorganic (sulfate) and organic (sulfonates) sources of sulfur. However, very little is known about rhizobial sulfur metabolism during symbiosis. In this report, we show that sulfonate utilization by Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens is important for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in both soybean and cowpea. The symbiotic defect is probably due to increased sensitivity to oxidative stress from sulfur deficiency in the mutant strain defective for sulfonate utilization. The results of this study can be extended to other rhizobium-legume symbioses, as sulfonate utilization genes are widespread in these bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31561965,
year = {2019},
author = {Jahn, MT and Arkhipova, K and Markert, SM and Stigloher, C and Lachnit, T and Pita, L and Kupczok, A and Ribes, M and Stengel, ST and Rosenstiel, P and Dutilh, BE and Hentschel, U},
title = {A Phage Protein Aids Bacterial Symbionts in Eukaryote Immune Evasion.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {542-550.e5},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.019},
pmid = {31561965},
issn = {1934-6069},
abstract = {Phages are increasingly recognized as important members of host-associated microbiomes, with a vast genomic diversity. The new frontier is to understand how phages may affect higher order processes, such as in the context of host-microbe interactions. Here, we use marine sponges as a model to investigate the interplay between phages, bacterial symbionts, and eukaryotic hosts. Using viral metagenomics, we find that sponges, although massively filtering seawater, harbor species-specific and even individually unique viral signatures that are taxonomically distinct from other environments. We further discover a symbiont phage-encoded ankyrin-domain-containing protein, which is widely spread in phages of many host-associated contexts including human. We confirm in macrophage infection assays that the ankyrin protein (ANKp) modulates the eukaryotic host immune response against bacteria. We predict that the role of ANKp in nature is to facilitate coexistence in the tripartite interplay between phages, symbionts, and sponges and possibly many other host-microbe associations.},
}
@article {pmid31561208,
year = {2019},
author = {Brisbois, BW and Spiegel, JM and Harris, L},
title = {Health, environment and colonial legacies: Situating the science of pesticides, bananas and bodies in Ecuador.},
journal = {Social science &amp; medicine (1982)},
volume = {239},
number = {},
pages = {112529},
doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112529},
pmid = {31561208},
issn = {1873-5347},
abstract = {Pesticide-related health impacts in Ecuador's banana industry illustrate the need to understand science's social production in the context of major North-South inequities. This paper explores colonialism's ongoing context-specific relationships to science, and what these imply for population health inquiry and praxis. Themes in postcolonial science and technology studies and critical Latin American scholarship guide this exploration, oriented around an ethnographic case study of bananas, pesticides and health in Ecuador. The challenge of explaining these impacts prompts us to explore discursive and contextual dynamics of pesticide toxicology and phytopathology, two disciplines integral to understanding pesticide-health linkages. The evolution of banana phytopathology reflects patterns of banana production and plant science in settings made accessible to scientists by European colonialism and American military interventions. Similarly, American foreign policy in Cold War-era Latin America created conditions for widespread pesticide exposures and accompanying health science research. Neocolonial representations of the global South interacted with these material realities in fostering generation of scientific knowledge. Implications for health praxis include troubling celebratory portrayals of global interconnectedness in the field of global health, motivating critical political economy and radical community-based approaches in their place. Another implication is a challenge to conciliatory corporate engagement approaches in health research, given banana production's symbiosis of scientifically 'productive' military and corporate initiatives. Similarly, the origins and evolution of toxicology should promote humility and precautionary approaches in addressing environmental injustices such as pesticide toxicity, given the role of corporate actors in promoting systematic underestimation of risk to vulnerable populations. Perhaps most unsettlingly, the very structures and processes that drive health inequities in Ecuador's banana industry simultaneously shape production of knowledge about those inequities. Public health scholars should thus move beyond simply carrying out more, or better, studies, and pursue the structural changes needed to redress historical and ongoing injustices.},
}
@article {pmid31560813,
year = {2019},
author = {Mee, ED and Gaylor, MG and Jasso-Selles, DE and Mizumoto, N and Gile, GH},
title = {Molecular Phylogenetic Position of Hoplonympha natator (Trichonymphea, Parabasalia): Horizontal Symbiont Transfer or Differential Loss?.},
journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jeu.12765},
pmid = {31560813},
issn = {1550-7408},
support = {//Arizona State University/ ; //JSPS/ ; },
abstract = {Hoplonympha natator is an obligate symbiont of Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Kalotermitidae), from southwestern North America. Another Hoplonympha species inhabits Hodotermopsis sjostedti (Archotermopsidae), from montane Southeast Asia. The large phylogenetic and geographical distance between the hosts makes the distribution of Hoplonympha puzzling. Here, we report the phylogenetic position of H. natator from P. simplicicornis through maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of 18S rRNA genes. The two Hoplonympha species form a clade with a deep node, making a recent symbiont transfer unlikely. The distribution of Hoplonympha may be due to an ancient transfer or strict vertical inheritance with differential loss from other hosts.},
}
@article {pmid31560603,
year = {2019},
author = {Aoki, T and Smith, JA and Kasson, MT and Freeman, S and Geiser, DM and Geering, ADW and O'Donnell, K},
title = {Three novel Ambrosia Fusarium Clade species producing clavate macroconidia known (F. floridanum and F. obliquiseptatum) or predicted (F. tuaranense) to be farmed by Euwallacea spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on woody hosts.},
journal = {Mycologia},
volume = {111},
number = {6},
pages = {919-935},
doi = {10.1080/00275514.2019.1647074},
pmid = {31560603},
issn = {1557-2536},
abstract = {The Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) comprises at least 16 genealogically exclusive species-level lineages within clade 3 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). These fungi are either known or predicted to be farmed by Asian Euwallacea ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the tribe Xyleborini as a source of nutrition. To date, only 4 of the 16 AFC lineages have been described formally. In the absence of Latin binomials, an ad hoc nomenclature was developed to distinguish the 16 species lineages as AF-1 to AF-16. Herein, Fusarium species AF-3, AF-5, and AF-7 were formally described as F. floridanum, F. tuaranense, and F. obliquiseptatum, respectively. Fusarium floridanum farmed by E. interjectus on box elder (Acer negundo) in Gainesville, Florida, was distinguished morphologically by the production of sporodochial conidia that were highly variable in size and shape together with greenish-pigmented chlamydospores. Fusarium tuaranense was isolated from a beetle-damaged Paŕa rubber tree (Hevea brasiliense) in North Borneo, Malaysia, and was diagnosed by production of the smallest sporodochial conidia of any species within the AFC. Lastly, F. obliquiseptatum was farmed by an unnamed ambrosia beetle designated Euwallacea sp. 3 (E. fornicatus species complex) on avocado (Persea americana) in Queensland, Australia. It uniquely produces some clavate sporodochial conidia with oblique septa. Maximum likelihood analysis of a multilocus data set resolved these three novel AFC taxa as phylogenetically distinct species based on genealogical concordance. Particularly where introduced into exotic environments, these exotic mutualists pose a serious threat to the avocado industry, native forests, and urban landscapes in diverse regions throughout the world.},
}
@article {pmid31560378,
year = {2019},
author = {, and Fitzmaurice, C and Abate, D and Abbasi, N and Abbastabar, H and Abd-Allah, F and Abdel-Rahman, O and Abdelalim, A and Abdoli, A and Abdollahpour, I and Abdulle, ASM and Abebe, ND and Abraha, HN and Abu-Raddad, LJ and Abualhasan, A and Adedeji, IA and Advani, SM and Afarideh, M and Afshari, M and Aghaali, M and Agius, D and Agrawal, S and Ahmadi, A and Ahmadian, E and Ahmadpour, E and Ahmed, MB and Akbari, ME and Akinyemiju, T and Al-Aly, Z and AlAbdulKader, AM and Alahdab, F and Alam, T and Alamene, GM and Alemnew, BTT and Alene, KA and Alinia, C and Alipour, V and Aljunid, SM and Bakeshei, FA and Almadi, MAH and Almasi-Hashiani, A and Alsharif, U and Alsowaidi, S and Alvis-Guzman, N and Amini, E and Amini, S and Amoako, YA and Anbari, Z and Anber, NH and Andrei, CL and Anjomshoa, M and Ansari, F and Ansariadi, A and Appiah, SCY and Arab-Zozani, M and Arabloo, J and Arefi, Z and Aremu, O and Areri, HA and Artaman, A and Asayesh, H and Asfaw, ET and Ashagre, AF and Assadi, R and Ataeinia, B and Atalay, HT and Ataro, Z and Atique, S and Ausloos, M and Avila-Burgos, L and Avokpaho, EFGA and Awasthi, A and Awoke, N and Ayala Quintanilla, BP and Ayanore, MA and Ayele, HT and Babaee, E and Bacha, U and Badawi, A and Bagherzadeh, M and Bagli, E and Balakrishnan, S and Balouchi, A and Bärnighausen, TW and Battista, RJ and Behzadifar, M and Behzadifar, M and Bekele, BB and Belay, YB and Belayneh, YM and Berfield, KKS and Berhane, A and Bernabe, E and Beuran, M and Bhakta, N and Bhattacharyya, K and Biadgo, B and Bijani, A and Bin Sayeed, MS and Birungi, C and Bisignano, C and Bitew, H and Bjørge, T and Bleyer, A and Bogale, KA and Bojia, HA and Borzì, AM and Bosetti, C and Bou-Orm, IR and Brenner, H and Brewer, JD and Briko, AN and Briko, NI and Bustamante-Teixeira, MT and Butt, ZA and Carreras, G and Carrero, JJ and Carvalho, F and Castro, C and Castro, F and Catalá-López, F and Cerin, E and Chaiah, Y and Chanie, WF and Chattu, VK and Chaturvedi, P and Chauhan, NS and Chehrazi, M and Chiang, PP and Chichiabellu, TY and Chido-Amajuoyi, OG and Chimed-Ochir, O and Choi, JJ and Christopher, DJ and Chu, DT and Constantin, MM and Costa, VM and Crocetti, E and Crowe, CS and Curado, MP and Dahlawi, SMA and Damiani, G and Darwish, AH and Daryani, A and das Neves, J and Demeke, FM and Demis, AB and Demissie, BW and Demoz, GT and Denova-Gutiérrez, E and Derakhshani, A and Deribe, KS and Desai, R and Desalegn, BB and Desta, M and Dey, S and Dharmaratne, SD and Dhimal, M and Diaz, D and Dinberu, MTT and Djalalinia, S and Doku, DT and Drake, TM and Dubey, M and Dubljanin, E and Duken, EE and Ebrahimi, H and Effiong, A and Eftekhari, A and El Sayed, I and Zaki, MES and El-Jaafary, SI and El-Khatib, Z and Elemineh, DA and Elkout, H and Ellenbogen, RG and Elsharkawy, A and Emamian, MH and Endalew, DA and Endries, AY and Eshrati, B and Fadhil, I and Fallah, V and Faramarzi, M and Farhangi, MA and Farioli, A and Farzadfar, F and Fentahun, N and Fernandes, E and Feyissa, GT and Filip, I and Fischer, F and Fisher, JL and Force, LM and Foroutan, M and Freitas, M and Fukumoto, T and Futran, ND and Gallus, S and Gankpe, FG and Gayesa, RT and Gebrehiwot, TT and Gebremeskel, GG and Gedefaw, GA and Gelaw, BK and Geta, B and Getachew, S and Gezae, KE and Ghafourifard, M and Ghajar, A and Ghashghaee, A and Gholamian, A and Gill, PS and Ginindza, TTG and Girmay, A and Gizaw, M and Gomez, RS and Gopalani, SV and Gorini, G and Goulart, BNG and Grada, A and Ribeiro Guerra, M and Guimaraes, ALS and Gupta, PC and Gupta, R and Hadkhale, K and Haj-Mirzaian, A and Haj-Mirzaian, A and Hamadeh, RR and Hamidi, S and Hanfore, LK and Haro, JM and Hasankhani, M and Hasanzadeh, A and Hassen, HY and Hay, RJ and Hay, SI and Henok, A and Henry, NJ and Herteliu, C and Hidru, HD and Hoang, CL and Hole, MK and Hoogar, P and Horita, N and Hosgood, HD and Hosseini, M and Hosseinzadeh, M and Hostiuc, M and Hostiuc, S and Househ, M and Hussen, MM and Ileanu, B and Ilic, MD and Innos, K and Irvani, SSN and Iseh, KR and Islam, SMS and Islami, F and Jafari Balalami, N and Jafarinia, M and Jahangiry, L and Jahani, MA and Jahanmehr, N and Jakovljevic, M and James, SL and Javanbakht, M and Jayaraman, S and Jee, SH and Jenabi, E and Jha, RP and Jonas, JB and Jonnagaddala, J and Joo, T and Jungari, SB and Jürisson, M and Kabir, A and Kamangar, F and Karch, A and Karimi, N and Karimian, A and Kasaeian, A and Kasahun, GG and Kassa, B and Kassa, TD and Kassaw, MW and Kaul, A and Keiyoro, PN and Kelbore, AG and Kerbo, AA and Khader, YS and Khalilarjmandi, M and Khan, EA and Khan, G and Khang, YH and Khatab, K and Khater, A and Khayamzadeh, M and Khazaee-Pool, M and Khazaei, S and Khoja, AT and Khosravi, MH and Khubchandani, J and Kianipour, N and Kim, D and Kim, YJ and Kisa, A and Kisa, S and Kissimova-Skarbek, K and Komaki, H and Koyanagi, A and Krohn, KJ and Bicer, BK and Kugbey, N and Kumar, V and Kuupiel, D and La Vecchia, C and Lad, DP and Lake, EA and Lakew, AM and Lal, DK and Lami, FH and Lan, Q and Lasrado, S and Lauriola, P and Lazarus, JV and Leigh, J and Leshargie, CT and Liao, Y and Limenih, MA and Listl, S and Lopez, AD and Lopukhov, PD and Lunevicius, R and Madadin, M and Magdeldin, S and El Razek, HMA and Majeed, A and Maleki, A and Malekzadeh, R and Manafi, A and Manafi, N and Manamo, WA and Mansourian, M and Mansournia, MA and Mantovani, LG and Maroufizadeh, S and Martini, SMS and Mashamba-Thompson, TP and Massenburg, BB and Maswabi, MT and Mathur, MR and McAlinden, C and McKee, M and Meheretu, HAA and Mehrotra, R and Mehta, V and Meier, T and Melaku, YA and Meles, GG and Meles, HG and Melese, A and Melku, M and Memiah, PTN and Mendoza, W and Menezes, RG and Merat, S and Meretoja, TJ and Mestrovic, T and Miazgowski, B and Miazgowski, T and Mihretie, KMM and Miller, TR and Mills, EJ and Mir, SM and Mirzaei, H and Mirzaei, HR and Mishra, R and Moazen, B and Mohammad, DK and Mohammad, KA and Mohammad, Y and Darwesh, AM and Mohammadbeigi, A and Mohammadi, H and Mohammadi, M and Mohammadian, M and Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A and Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M and Mohammadpourhodki, R and Mohammed, AS and Mohammed, JA and Mohammed, S and Mohebi, F and Mokdad, AH and Monasta, L and Moodley, Y and Moosazadeh, M and Moossavi, M and Moradi, G and Moradi-Joo, M and Moradi-Lakeh, M and Moradpour, F and Morawska, L and Morgado-da-Costa, J and Morisaki, N and Morrison, SD and Mosapour, A and Mousavi, SM and Muche, AA and Muhammed, OSS and Musa, J and Nabhan, AR and Naderi, M and Nagarajan, AJ and Nagel, G and Nahvijou, A and Naik, G and Najafi, F and Naldi, L and Nam, HS and Nasiri, N and Nazari, J and Negoi, I and Neupane, S and Newcomb, PA and Nggada, HA and Ngunjiri, JW and Nguyen, CT and Nikniaz, L and Ningrum, DNA and Nirayo, YL and Nixon, MR and Nnaji, CA and Nojomi, M and Nosratnejad, S and Shiadeh, MN and Obsa, MS and Ofori-Asenso, R and Ogbo, FA and Oh, IH and Olagunju, AT and Olagunju, TO and Oluwasanu, MM and Omonisi, AE and Onwujekwe, OE and Oommen, AM and Oren, E and Ortega-Altamirano, DDV and Ota, E and Otstavnov, SS and Owolabi, MO and P A, M and Padubidri, JR and Pakhale, S and Pakpour, AH and Pana, A and Park, EK and Parsian, H and Pashaei, T and Patel, S and Patil, ST and Pennini, A and Pereira, DM and Piccinelli, C and Pillay, JD and Pirestani, M and Pishgar, F and Postma, MJ and Pourjafar, H and Pourmalek, F and Pourshams, A and Prakash, S and Prasad, N and Qorbani, M and Rabiee, M and Rabiee, N and Radfar, A and Rafiei, A and Rahim, F and Rahimi, M and Rahman, MA and Rajati, F and Rana, SM and Raoofi, S and Rath, GK and Rawaf, DL and Rawaf, S and Reiner, RC and Renzaho, AMN and Rezaei, N and Rezapour, A and Ribeiro, AI and Ribeiro, D and Ronfani, L and Roro, EM and Roshandel, G and Rostami, A and Saad, RS and Sabbagh, P and Sabour, S and Saddik, B and Safiri, S and Sahebkar, A and Salahshoor, MR and Salehi, F and Salem, H and Salem, MR and Salimzadeh, H and Salomon, JA and Samy, AM and Sanabria, J and Santric Milicevic, MM and Sartorius, B and Sarveazad, A and Sathian, B and Satpathy, M and Savic, M and Sawhney, M and Sayyah, M and Schneider, IJC and Schöttker, B and Sekerija, M and Sepanlou, SG and Sepehrimanesh, M and Seyedmousavi, S and Shaahmadi, F and Shabaninejad, H and Shahbaz, M and Shaikh, MA and Shamshirian, A and Shamsizadeh, M and Sharafi, H and Sharafi, Z and Sharif, M and Sharifi, A and Sharifi, H and Sharma, R and Sheikh, A and Shirkoohi, R and Shukla, SR and Si, S and Siabani, S and Silva, DAS and Silveira, DGA and Singh, A and Singh, JA and Sisay, S and Sitas, F and Sobngwi, E and Soofi, M and Soriano, JB and Stathopoulou, V and Sufiyan, MB and Tabarés-Seisdedos, R and Tabuchi, T and Takahashi, K and Tamtaji, OR and Tarawneh, MR and Tassew, SG and Taymoori, P and Tehrani-Banihashemi, A and Temsah, MH and Temsah, O and Tesfay, BE and Tesfay, FH and Teshale, MY and Tessema, GA and Thapa, S and Tlaye, KG and Topor-Madry, R and Tovani-Palone, MR and Traini, E and Tran, BX and Tran, KB and Tsadik, AG and Ullah, I and Uthman, OA and Vacante, M and Vaezi, M and Varona Pérez, P and Veisani, Y and Vidale, S and Violante, FS and Vlassov, V and Vollset, SE and Vos, T and Vosoughi, K and Vu, GT and Vujcic, IS and Wabinga, H and Wachamo, TM and Wagnew, FS and Waheed, Y and Weldegebreal, F and Weldesamuel, GT and Wijeratne, T and Wondafrash, DZ and Wonde, TE and Wondmieneh, AB and Workie, HM and Yadav, R and Yadegar, A and Yadollahpour, A and Yaseri, M and Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V and Yeshaneh, A and Yimam, MA and Yimer, EM and Yisma, E and Yonemoto, N and Younis, MZ and Yousefi, B and Yousefifard, M and Yu, C and Zabeh, E and Zadnik, V and Moghadam, TZ and Zaidi, Z and Zamani, M and Zandian, H and Zangeneh, A and Zaki, L and Zendehdel, K and Zenebe, ZM and Zewale, TA and Ziapour, A and Zodpey, S and Murray, CJL},
title = {Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.},
journal = {JAMA oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {31560378},
issn = {2374-2445},
abstract = {Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.<br><br>Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning.<br><br>Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence.<br><br>Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs).<br><br>Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.},
}
@article {pmid31559908,
year = {2019},
author = {Kale, VP},
title = {Application of &quot;Primed&quot; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Current Status and Future Prospects.},
journal = {Stem cells and development},
volume = {28},
number = {22},
pages = {1473-1479},
doi = {10.1089/scd.2019.0149},
pmid = {31559908},
issn = {1557-8534},
abstract = {Regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) has led to their application in various cellular therapies. Since in vivo these cells are present in very low numbers, they need expansion in culture to get clinically relevant numbers; however, such long-term ex vivo manipulation leads to loss of their regenerative capacity. Although use of naïve MSCs is still the most common approach used in various therapies, several strategies, both genetic and pharmacological, are being tried out to boost the regenerative capacity of in vitro expanded MSCs. Such manipulations are very commonly reported for regeneration of various tissues like bone, cartilage, kidney, pancreas, and others. Likewise, several efforts have been made to investigate priming of MSCs to enhance their immunoregulatory activity, but such efforts have not been made to the same extent for enhancing the efficacy of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Development of such approaches for HSCT would not only be useful for enhancing the transplantation efficacy of cord blood cells, which are fewer in numbers, and aged HSCs, which could be functionally compromised, but also for genetically modified HSCs, which are likely to be both, fewer in number and functionally compromised. This review specifically deals with application of &quot;primed&quot; MSCs in the scenario of HSCT.},
}
@article {pmid31558429,
year = {2019},
author = {Chahar, DS and Ravindran, S and Pisal, SS},
title = {Monoclonal antibody purification and its progression to commercial scale.},
journal = {Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.09.007},
pmid = {31558429},
issn = {1095-8320},
abstract = {With the advancements in upstream technologies, the capacity for monoclonal antibody (mAb) production has transformed from a few milligrams to grams per liter. These titers lead to enormous pressure on downstream processes (DSPs), which need to be reworked to achieve higher efficiency and better utilization of available resources. Various parameters, such as column sizing, aggregate removal, filtration and volume handling, must be considered while designing a facility for commercial scale. If any of these critical parameters are not defined during the facility design stage, collapse of the process can result, further resulting in commercial loss and delaying entry of the product into the market. Therefore, during the facility design stage, the process requirements, space utilization, process efficiency and advanced manufacturing systems must be evaluated appropriately before implementation on a commercial scale.},
}
@article {pmid31557944,
year = {2019},
author = {Brígido, C and Menéndez, E and Paço, A and Glick, BR and Belo, A and Félix, MR and Oliveira, S and Carvalho, M},
title = {Mediterranean Native Leguminous Plants: A Reservoir of Endophytic Bacteria with Potential to Enhance Chickpea Growth under Stress Conditions.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {31557944},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {UID/AGR/00115/2013//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016810 (PTDC/AGR-PRO/2978/2014)//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia-FEDER-COMPETE2020/ ; ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-000039//Portugal 2020/Alentejo 2020/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial endophytes, a subset of a plant's microbiota, can facilitate plant growth by a number of different mechanisms. The aims of this study were to assess the diversity and functionality of endophytic bacterial strains from internal root tissues of native legume species grown in two distinct sites in South of Portugal and to evaluate their ability to promote plant growth. Here, 122 endophytic bacterial isolates were obtained from 12 different native legume species. Most of these bacteria possess at least one of the plant growth-promoting features tested in vitro, with indole acetic acid production being the most common feature among the isolates followed by the production of siderophores and inorganic phosphate solubilization. The results of in planta experiments revealed that co-inoculation of chickpea plants with specific endophytic bacteria along with N2-fixing symbionts significantly improved the total biomass of chickpea plants, in particular when these plants were grown under saline conditions. Altogether, this study revealed that Mediterranean native legume species are a reservoir of plant growth-promoting bacteria, that are also tolerant to salinity and to toxic levels of Mn. Thus, these bacterial endophytes are well adapted to common constraints present in soils of this region which constitutes important factors to consider in the development of bacterial inoculants for stressful conditions in the Mediterranean region.},
}
@article {pmid31557698,
year = {2019},
author = {Volkova, E and Völcker, E and Clauß, S and Bondarenko, N and Kudryavtsev, A},
title = {Paramoeba aparasomata n. sp., a symbiont-free species, and its relative Paramoeba karteshi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Dactylopodida).},
journal = {European journal of protistology},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {125630},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125630},
pmid = {31557698},
issn = {1618-0429},
mesh = {Amoebozoa/*classification/cytology/genetics/parasitology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Kinetoplastida/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Russia ; Saline Waters ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Two brackish water amoebae have been isolated and studied from the benthic biotopes of the Chupa Inlet (Kandalaksha Bay, northwestern Russia). Both strains can be identified as new species of the genus Paramoeba (Amoebozoa, Dactylopodida, Paramoebidae) based on light microscopical characters, structure of microscales on the cell surface and molecular evidence based on the analyses of two genes, nuclear SSU rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI). Paramoeba aparasomata n. sp. is of particular interest because this amoeba is permanently lacking a symbiotic Perkinsela-like organism (PLO) present in other species of Paramoeba and Neoparamoeba. The results obtained show that scaly dactylopodial amoebae lacking PLO are not necessarily members of Korotnevella. In particular, we suggest that Korotnevella nivo Smirnov, 1997, with microscales very similar to those of Paramoeba eilhardi and the species studied here in structure, may be in fact a member of Paramoeba. Molecular data on K. nivo have to be obtained and analysed to test this hypothesis. Based on our new results we emend the diagnosis of the genus Paramoeba to make it more fit to the current phylogenetic conception.},
}
@article {pmid31555282,
year = {2019},
author = {Goto, Y},
title = {Epithelial Cells as a Transmitter of Signals From Commensal Bacteria and Host Immune Cells.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2057},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2019.02057},
pmid = {31555282},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are non-hematopoietic cells that form a physical barrier against external antigens. Recent studies indicate that IECs have pleiotropic functions in the regulation of luminal microbiota and the host immune system. IECs produce various immune modulatory cytokines and chemokines in response to commensal bacteria and contribute to developing the intestinal immune system. In contrast, IECs receive cytokine signals from immune cells and produce various immunological factors against luminal bacteria. This bidirectional function of IECs is critical to regulate homeostasis of microbiota and the host immune system. Disruption of the epithelial barrier leads to detrimental host diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colonic cancer, and pathogenic infection. This review provides an overview of the functions and physiology of IECs and highlights their bidirectional functions against luminal bacteria and immune cells, which contribute to maintaining gut homeostasis.},
}
@article {pmid31552366,
year = {2019},
author = {Silva-Junior, EA and Paludo, CR and Amaral, JG and Gallon, ME and Gobbo-Neto, L and Nascimento, FS and Lopes, NP},
title = {Chemical Diversity in a Stingless Bee-Plant Symbiosis.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {4},
number = {12},
pages = {15208-15214},
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.9b02096},
pmid = {31552366},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Bees are essential pollinators on earth, supporting forest equilibrium and human agriculture. The chemistry of the stingless bee-plant symbiosis is a complex and not completely understood phenomenon. Here, we combined untargeted tandem mass spectrometry, molecular networking, and multivariate statistical analysis to investigate the chemical diversity in colonies of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona depilis. Flavonoids were the most representative and diverse group of plant metabolites detected, indicating the importance of these biologically active natural products to the bees. We unveiled the metabolome, mapped the distribution of plant metabolites in stingless bee colonies, and digitized the chemical data into a public database.},
}
@article {pmid31552222,
year = {2019},
author = {Thuan, NH and An, TT and Shrestha, A and Canh, NX and Sohng, JK and Dhakal, D},
title = {Recent Advances in Exploration and Biotechnological Production of Bioactive Compounds in Three Cyanobacterial Genera: Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis.},
journal = {Frontiers in chemistry},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {604},
doi = {10.3389/fchem.2019.00604},
pmid = {31552222},
issn = {2296-2646},
abstract = {Cyanobacteria, are only Gram-negative bacteria with the capacity of oxygenic photosynthesis, so termed as &quot;Cyanophyta&quot; or &quot;blue-green algae.&quot; Their habitat is ubiquitous, which includes the diverse environments, such as soil, water, rock and other organisms (symbiosis, commensalism, or parasitism, etc.,). They are characterized as prominent producers of numerous types of important compounds with anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Among the various cyanobacterial genera, members belonging to genera Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis possess greater attention. The major reason for that is the strains belonging to these genera produce the compounds with diverse activities/structures, including compounds in preclinical and/or clinical trials (cryptophycin and curacin), or the compounds retaining unique activities such as protease inhibitor (micropeptins and aeruginosins). Most of these compounds were tested for their efficacy and mechanism of action(MOA) through in vitro and/or in vivo studies. Recently, the advances in culture techniques of these cyanobacteria, and isolation, purification, and chromatographic analysis of their compounds have revealed insurmountable novel bioactive compounds from these cyanobacteria. This review provides comprehensive update on the origin, isolation and purification methods, chemical structures and biological activities of the major compounds from Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis. In addition, multi-omics approaches and biotechnological production of compounds from selected cyanobacterial genera have been discussed.},
}
@article {pmid31551977,
year = {2019},
author = {Bouznif, B and Guefrachi, I and Rodríguez de la Vega, RC and Hungria, M and Mars, M and Alunni, B and Shykoff, JA},
title = {Phylogeography of the Bradyrhizobium spp. Associated With Peanut, Arachis hypogaea: Fellow Travelers or New Associations?.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2041},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02041},
pmid = {31551977},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Legume plants have colonized almost all terrestrial biotopes. Their ecological success is partly due to the selective advantage provided by their symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia, which allow legumes to thrive on marginal lands and nitrogen depleted soils where non-symbiotic plants cannot grow. Additionally, their symbiotic capacities result in a high protein content in their aerial parts and seeds. This interesting nutritional value has led to the domestication and agricultural exploitation of several legumes grown for seeds and/or fodder for human and domestic animal consumption. Several cultivated legume species are thus grown far beyond their natural geographic range. Other legume species have become invasives, spreading into new habitats. The cultivation and establishment of legume species outside of their original range requires either that they are introduced or cultivated along with their original symbiotic partner or that they find an efficient symbiotic partner in their introduced habitat. The peanut, Arachis hypogaea, a native of South America, is now cultivated throughout the world. This species forms root nodules with Bradyrhizobium, but it is unclear whether these came with the seeds from their native range or were acquired locally. Here we propose to investigate the phylogeography of Bradyrhizobium spp. associated with a number of different wild and cultivated legume species from a range of geographical areas, including numerous strains isolated from peanut roots across the areas of peanut cultivation. This will allow us to address the question of whether introduced/cultivated peanuts associate with bacteria from their original geographic range, i.e., were introduced together with their original bacterial symbionts, or whether they acquired their current associations de novo from the bacterial community within the area of introduction. We will base the phylogenetic analysis on sequence data from both housekeeping and core genes and a symbiotic gene (nif). Differences between the phylogenetic signal of symbiotic and non-symbiotic genes could result from horizontal transfer of symbiosis capacity. Thus this study will also allow us to elucidate the processes by which this symbiotic association has evolved within this group of Bradyrhizobium spp.},
}
@article {pmid31551973,
year = {2019},
author = {Scolari, F and Casiraghi, M and Bonizzoni, M},
title = {Aedes spp. and Their Microbiota: A Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2036},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02036},
pmid = {31551973},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Aedes spp. are a major public health concern due to their ability to be efficient vectors of dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and other arboviruses. With limited vaccines available and no effective therapeutic treatments against arboviruses, the control of Aedes spp. populations is currently the only strategy to prevent disease transmission. Host-associated microbes (i.e., microbiota) recently emerged as a promising field to be explored for novel environmentally friendly vector control strategies. In particular, gut microbiota is revealing its impact on multiple aspects of Aedes spp. biology, including vector competence, thus being a promising target for manipulation. Here we describe the technological advances, which are currently expanding our understanding of microbiota composition, abundance, variability, and function in the two main arboviral vectors, the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Aedes spp. microbiota is described in light of its tight connections with the environment, with which mosquitoes interact during their various developmental stages. Unraveling the dynamic interactions among the ecology of the habitat, the mosquito and the microbiota have the potential to uncover novel physiological interdependencies and provide a novel perspective for mosquito control.},
}
@article {pmid31549137,
year = {2020},
author = {Fernández-Marín, B and López-Pozo, M and Perera-Castro, AV and Arzac, MI and Sáenz-Ceniceros, A and Colesie, C and De Los Ríos, A and Sancho, LG and Pintado, A and Laza, JM and Pérez-Ortega, S and García-Plazaola, JI},
title = {Symbiosis at its limits: ecophysiological consequences of lichenization in the genus Prasiola in Antarctica.},
journal = {Annals of botany},
volume = {124},
number = {7},
pages = {1211-1226},
pmid = {31549137},
issn = {1095-8290},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lichens represent a symbiotic relationship between at least one fungal and one photosynthetic partner. The association between the lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata (Verrucariaceae) and different species of Prasiola (Trebouxiophyceae) has an amphipolar distribution and represents a unique case study for the understanding of lichen symbiosis because of the macroalgal nature of the photobiont, the flexibility of the symbiotic interaction and the co-existence of free-living and lichenized forms in the same microenvironment. In this context, we aimed to (1) characterize the photosynthetic performance of co-occurring populations of free-living and lichenized Prasiola and (2) assess the effect of the symbiosis on water relations in Prasiola, including its tolerance of desiccation and its survival and performance under sub-zero temperatures.<br><br>METHODS: Photochemical responses to irradiance, desiccation and freezing temperature and pressure-volume curves of co-existing free-living and lichenized Prasiola thalli were measured in situ in Livingston Island (Maritime Antarctica). Analyses of photosynthetic pigment, glass transition and ice nucleation temperatures, surface hydrophobicity extent and molecular analyses were conducted in the laboratory.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Free-living and lichenized forms of Prasiola were identified as two different species: P. crispa and Prasiola sp., respectively. While lichenization appears to have no effect on the photochemical performance of the alga or its tolerance of desiccation (in the short term), the symbiotic lifestyle involves (1) changes in water relations, (2) a considerable decrease in the net carbon balance and (3) enhanced freezing tolerance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results support improved tolerance of sub-zero temperature as the main benefit of lichenization for the photobiont, but highlight that lichenization represents a delicate equilibrium between a mutualistic and a less reciprocal relationship. In a warmer climate scenario, the spread of the free-living Prasiola to the detriment of the lichen form would be likely, with unknown consequences for Maritime Antarctic ecosystems.},
}
@article {pmid31549018,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, J and Hossain, MS and Lyu, Z and Schmutz, J and Stacey, G and Xu, D and Joshi, T},
title = {SoyCSN: Soybean context-specific network analysis and prediction based on tissue-specific transcriptome data.},
journal = {Plant direct},
volume = {3},
number = {9},
pages = {e00167},
doi = {10.1002/pld3.167},
pmid = {31549018},
issn = {2475-4455},
abstract = {The Soybean Gene Atlas project provides a comprehensive map for understanding gene expression patterns in major soybean tissues from flower, root, leaf, nodule, seed, and shoot and stem. The RNA-Seq data generated in the project serve as a valuable resource for discovering tissue-specific transcriptome behavior of soybean genes in different tissues. We developed a computational pipeline for Soybean context-specific network (SoyCSN) inference with a suite of prediction tools to analyze, annotate, retrieve, and visualize soybean context-specific networks at both transcriptome and interactome levels. BicMix and Cross-Conditions Cluster Detection algorithms were applied to detect modules based on co-expression relationships across all the tissues. Soybean context-specific interactomes were predicted by combining soybean tissue gene expression and protein-protein interaction data. Functional analyses of these predicted networks provide insights into soybean tissue specificities. For example, under symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing conditions, the constructed soybean leaf network highlights the connection between the photosynthesis function and rhizobium-legume symbiosis. SoyCSN data and all its results are publicly available via an interactive web service within the Soybean Knowledge Base (SoyKB) at http://soykb.org/SoyCSN. SoyCSN provides a useful web-based access for exploring context specificities systematically in gene regulatory mechanisms and gene relationships for soybean researchers and molecular breeders.},
}
@article {pmid31548643,
year = {2019},
author = {U'Ren, JM and Lutzoni, F and Miadlikowska, J and Zimmerman, NB and Carbone, I and May, G and Arnold, AE},
title = {Host availability drives distributions of fungal endophytes in the imperilled boreal realm.},
journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution},
volume = {3},
number = {10},
pages = {1430-1437},
doi = {10.1038/s41559-019-0975-2},
pmid = {31548643},
issn = {2397-334X},
support = {R01 GM126463/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Ecosystem ; *Endophytes ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Boreal forests represent the world's largest terrestrial biome and provide ecosystem services of global importance. Highly imperilled by climate change, these forests host Earth's greatest phylogenetic diversity of endophytes, a hyperdiverse group of symbionts that are defined by their occurrence within living, symptomless plant and lichen tissues. Endophytes shape the ecological and evolutionary trajectories of plants and are therefore key to the function and resilience of terrestrial ecosystems. A critical step in linking the ecological functions of endophytes with those of their hosts is to understand the distributions of these symbionts at the global scale; however, turnover in host taxa with geography and climate can confound insights into endophyte biogeography. As a result, global drivers of endophyte diversity and distributions are not known. Here, we leverage sampling from phylogenetically diverse boreal plants and lichens across North America and Eurasia to show that host filtering in distinctive environments, rather than turnover with geographical or environmental distance, is the main determinant of the community composition and diversity of endophytes. We reveal the distinctiveness of boreal endophytes relative to soil fungi worldwide and endophytes from diverse temperate biomes, highlighting a high degree of global endemism. Overall, the distributions of endophytes are directly linked to the availability of compatible hosts, highlighting the role of biotic interactions in shaping fungal communities across large spatial scales, and the threat that climate change poses to biological diversity and function in the imperilled boreal realm.},
}
@article {pmid31544656,
year = {2019},
author = {Vergnes, S and Gayrard, D and Veyssière, M and Toulotte, J and Martinez, Y and Dumont, V and Bouchez, O and Rey, T and Dumas, B},
title = {Phyllosphere Colonization by a Soil Streptomyces sp. Promotes Plant Defense Responses Against Fungal Infection.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {MPMI05190142R},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-05-19-0142-R},
pmid = {31544656},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {Streptomycetes are soil-dwelling, filamentous actinobacteria and represent a prominent bacterial clade inside the plant root microbiota. The ability of streptomycetes to produce a broad spectrum of antifungal metabolites suggests that these bacteria could be used to manage plant diseases. Here, we describe the identification of a soil Streptomyces strain named AgN23 which strongly activates a large array of defense responses when applied on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. AgN23 increased the biosynthesis of salicylic acid, leading to the development of salicylic acid induction deficient 2 (SID2)-dependent necrotic lesions. Size exclusion fractionation of plant elicitors secreted by AgN23 showed that these signals are tethered into high molecular weight complexes. AgN23 mycelium was able to colonize the leaf surface, leading to plant resistance against Alternaria brassicicola infection in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. AgN23-induced resistance was found partially compromised in salicylate, jasmonate, and ethylene mutants. Our data show that Streptomyces soil bacteria can develop at the surface of plant leaves to induce defense responses and protection against foliar fungal pathogens, extending their potential use to manage plant diseases.},
}
@article {pmid31544655,
year = {2019},
author = {Agtuca, BJ and Stopka, SA and Tuleski, TR and do Amaral, FP and Evans, S and Liu, Y and Xu, D and Monteiro, RA and Koppenaal, DW and Paša-Tolić, L and Anderton, CR and Vertes, A and Stacey, G},
title = {In-Situ Metabolomic Analysis of Setaria viridis Roots Colonized by Beneficial Endophytic Bacteria.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {MPMI06190174R},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-06-19-0174-R},
pmid = {31544655},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {Over the past decades, crop yields have risen in parallel with increasing use of fossil fuel-derived nitrogen (N) fertilizers but with concomitant negative impacts on climate and water resources. There is a need for more sustainable agricultural practices, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) could be part of the solution. A variety of nitrogen-fixing, epiphytic, and endophytic plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are known to stimulate plant growth. However, compared with the rhizobium-legume symbiosis, little mechanistic information is available as to how PGPB affect plant metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the metabolic changes in roots of the model grass species Setaria viridis upon endophytic colonization by Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1 (fix+) or a fix- mutant strain (SmR54) compared with uninoculated roots. Endophytic colonization of the root is highly localized and, hence, analysis of whole-root segments dilutes the metabolic signature of those few cells impacted by the bacteria. Therefore, we utilized in-situ laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to sample only those root segments at or adjacent to the sites of bacterial colonization. Metabolites involved in purine, zeatin, and riboflavin pathways were significantly more abundant in inoculated plants, while metabolites indicative of nitrogen, starch, and sucrose metabolism were reduced in roots inoculated with the fix- strain or uninoculated, presumably due to N limitation. Interestingly, compounds, involved in indole-alkaloid biosynthesis were more abundant in the roots colonized by the fix- strain, perhaps reflecting a plant defense response.},
}
@article {pmid31543639,
year = {2019},
author = {Vijayaraghavan, S and Rishipathak, P and Hinduja, A},
title = {High-Fidelity Simulation versus Case-Based Discussion for Teaching Bradyarrhythmia to Emergency Medical Services Students.},
journal = {Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {176-178},
doi = {10.4103/JETS.JETS_115_18},
pmid = {31543639},
issn = {0974-2700},
abstract = {Introduction: Bradyarrhythmias are a common clinical finding yet can be life-threatening in certain situations. Accordingly, diagnosis and prompt intervention remain the cornerstone of effective management of bradyarrhythmia. The study compares the two methods by assessing improvement in knowledge acquisition using pretest, posttest, and satisfaction survey with the teaching pedagogy.<br><br>Materials and Methods: A randomized control trial of simulation-based teaching compared with case-based discussion was conducted among Postgraduate Diploma in Emergency Medical Services students. The students anonymously filled out pretest, posttest, and a satisfaction questionnaire composed of six statements in three domains (quality of instruction, debriefing, and overall satisfaction). The statements were rated using a 10-point scale. Test results were compared using t-test for equality of means of independent samples.<br><br>Results and Discussion: All 40 students selected completed all the steps of the study. Knowledge improvement from pretest to posttest was observed in both teaching methods derived using paired sample t-test (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed while comparing improvement scores of posttest versus pretest between both the groups. Mean satisfaction score of simulation group was significantly higher at 8.40 compared to case-based group which was at 7.87. Satisfaction survey showed marked significance (P = 0.03) for simulation-based teaching.<br><br>Conclusion: As a single intervention, simulation-based teaching is superior to case-based discussion in terms of student satisfaction but remains similarly effective in terms of knowledge acquisition.},
}
@article {pmid31542229,
year = {2020},
author = {Al-Khafaji, AM and Armstrong, SD and Varotto Boccazzi, I and Gaiarsa, S and Sinha, A and Li, Z and Sassera, D and Carlow, CKS and Epis, S and Makepeace, BL},
title = {Rickettsia buchneri, symbiont of the deer tick Ixodes scapularis, can colonise the salivary glands of its host.},
journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {101299},
doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101299},
pmid = {31542229},
issn = {1877-9603},
abstract = {Vertically-transmitted bacterial symbionts are widespread in ticks and have manifold impacts on the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases. For instance, they may provide essential nutrients to ticks, affect vector competence, induce immune responses in vertebrate hosts, or even evolve to become vertebrate pathogens. The deer or blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis harbours the symbiont Rickettsia buchneri in its ovarian tissues. Here we show by molecular, proteomic and imaging methods that R. buchneri is also capable of colonising the salivary glands of wild I. scapularis. This finding has important implications for the diagnosis of rickettsial infections and for pathogen-symbiont interactions in this notorious vector of Lyme borreliosis.},
}
@article {pmid31541734,
year = {2019},
author = {Kolbert, Z and Barroso, JB and Brouquisse, R and Corpas, FJ and Gupta, KJ and Lindermayr, C and Loake, GJ and Palma, JM and Petřivalský, M and Wendehenne, D and Hancock, JT},
title = {A forty year journey: The generation and roles of NO in plants.},
journal = {Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry},
volume = {93},
number = {},
pages = {53-70},
doi = {10.1016/j.niox.2019.09.006},
pmid = {31541734},
issn = {1089-8611},
abstract = {In this year there is the 40th anniversary of the first publication of plant nitric oxide (NO) emission by Lowell Klepper. In the decades since then numerous milestone discoveries have revealed that NO is a multifunctional molecule in plant cells regulating both plant development and stress responses. Apropos of the anniversary, these authors aim to review and discuss the developments of past concepts in plant NO research related to NO metabolism, NO signaling, NO's action in plant growth and in stress responses and NO's interactions with other reactive compounds. Despite the long-lasting research efforts and the accumulating experimental evidences numerous questions are still needed to be answered, thus future challenges and research directions have also been drawn up.},
}
@article {pmid31541152,
year = {2019},
author = {Cheng, CY and Chang, SL and Lin, IT and Yao, MC},
title = {Abundant and diverse Tetrahymena species living in the bladder traps of aquatic carnivorous Utricularia plants.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {13669},
pmid = {31541152},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Ciliates are unicellular eukaryotes known for their cellular complexity and wide range of natural habitats. How they adapt to their niches and what roles they play in ecology remain largely unknown. The genus Tetrahymena is among the best-studied groups of ciliates and one particular species, Tetrahymena thermophila, is a well-known laboratory model organism in cell and molecular biology, making it an excellent candidate for study in protist ecology. Here, based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene barcoding, we identify a total of 19 different putative Tetrahymena species and two closely related Glaucoma lineages isolated from distinct natural habitats, of which 13 are new species. These latter include 11 Tetrahymena species found in the bladder traps of Utricularia plants, the most species-rich and widely distributed aquatic carnivorous plant, thus revealing a previously unknown but significant symbiosis of Tetrahymena species living among the microbial community of Utricularia bladder traps. Additional species were collected using an artificial trap method we have developed. We show that diverse Tetrahymena species may live even within the same habitat and that their populations are highly dynamic, suggesting that the diversity and biomass of species worldwide is far greater than currently appreciated.},
}
@article {pmid31537840,
year = {2019},
author = {Catanzaro, JR and Strauss, JD and Bielecka, A and Porto, AF and Lobo, FM and Urban, A and Schofield, WB and Palm, NW},
title = {IgA-deficient humans exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis despite secretion of compensatory IgM.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {13574},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-49923-2},
pmid = {31537840},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {K22 AI123477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI137935/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Immunoglobulin A is the dominant antibody isotype found in mucosal secretions and enforces host-microbiota symbiosis in mice, yet selective IgA-deficiency (sIgAd) in humans is often described as asymptomatic. Here, we determined the effects of IgA deficiency on human gut microbiota composition and evaluated the possibility that mucosal secretion of IgM can compensate for a lack of secretory IgA. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bacterial cell sorting to evaluate gut microbiota composition and taxa-specific antibody coating of the gut microbiota in 15 sIgAd subjects and matched controls. Despite the secretion of compensatory IgM into the gut lumen, sIgAd subjects displayed an altered gut microbiota composition as compared to healthy controls. These alterations were characterized by a trend towards decreased overall microbial diversity as well as significant shifts in the relative abundances of specific microbial taxa. While secretory IgA in healthy controls targeted a defined subset of the microbiota via high-level coating, compensatory IgM in sIgAd subjects showed less specificity than IgA and bound a broader subset of the microbiota. We conclude that IgA plays a critical and non-redundant role in controlling gut microbiota composition in humans and that secretory IgA has evolved to maintain a diverse and stable gut microbial community.},
}
@article {pmid31537652,
year = {2019},
author = {Whittaker, DJ and Slowinski, SP and Greenberg, JM and Alian, O and Winters, AD and Ahmad, MM and Burrell, MJE and Soini, HA and Novotny, MV and Ketterson, ED and Theis, KR},
title = {Experimental evidence that symbiotic bacteria produce chemical cues in a songbird.},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
volume = {222},
number = {Pt 20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.202978},
pmid = {31537652},
issn = {1477-9145},
abstract = {Symbiotic microbes that inhabit animal scent glands can produce volatile compounds used as chemical signals by the host animal. Though several studies have demonstrated correlations between scent gland bacterial community structure and host animal odour profiles, none have systematically demonstrated a causal relationship. In birds, volatile compounds in preen oil secreted by the uropygial gland serve as chemical cues and signals. Here, we tested whether manipulating the uropygial gland microbial community affects chemical profiles in the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We found an effect of antibiotic treatment targeting the uropygial gland on both bacterial and volatile profiles. In a second experiment, we cultured bacteria from junco preen oil, and found that all of the cultivars produced at least one volatile compound common in junco preen oil, and that most cultivars produced multiple preen oil volatiles. In both experiments, we identified experimentally generated patterns in specific volatile compounds previously shown to predict junco reproductive success. Together, our data provide experimental support for the hypothesis that symbiotic bacteria produce behaviourally relevant volatile compounds within avian chemical cues and signals.},
}
@article {pmid31535030,
year = {2019},
author = {Nakatsuji, T and Fenical, W and Gallo, RL},
title = {Response to Comment on &quot;A commensal strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis protects against skin neoplasia&quot; by Nakatsuji et al.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {5},
number = {9},
pages = {eaay5611},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aay5611},
pmid = {31535030},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Humans ; *Skin ; *Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Kozmin et al. contend that observations previously reported regarding the antimicrobial and antitumor activities of 6-N-hydroxy aminopurine (6-HAP) were incorrect. Their conclusions rely on poorly characterized reagents and focus strictly on in vitro techniques without validation in relevant mammalian model systems. We are pleased to be able to illuminate the weaknesses in their technical comment. The totality of current results continues to support our original conclusion that a strain of the common human commensal skin bacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, produces 6-HAP that can inhibit tumor growth.},
}
@article {pmid31534844,
year = {2019},
author = {May, A and Narayanan, S and Alcock, J and Varsani, A and Maley, C and Aktipis, A},
title = {Kombucha: a novel model system for cooperation and conflict in a complex multi-species microbial ecosystem.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7565},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7565},
pmid = {31534844},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Kombucha, a fermented tea beverage with an acidic and effervescent taste, is composed of a multispecies microbial ecosystem with complex interactions that are characterized by both cooperation and conflict. In kombucha, a complex community of bacteria and yeast initiates the fermentation of a starter tea (usually black or green tea with sugar), producing a biofilm that covers the liquid over several weeks. This happens through several fermentative phases that are characterized by cooperation and competition among the microbes within the kombucha solution. Yeast produce invertase as a public good that enables both yeast and bacteria to metabolize sugars. Bacteria produce a surface biofilm which may act as a public good providing protection from invaders, storage for resources, and greater access to oxygen for microbes embedded within it. The ethanol and acid produced during the fermentative process (by yeast and bacteria, respectively) may also help to protect the system from invasion by microbial competitors from the environment. Thus, kombucha can serve as a model system for addressing important questions about the evolution of cooperation and conflict in diverse multispecies systems. Further, it has the potential to be artificially selected to specialize it for particular human uses, including the development of antimicrobial ecosystems and novel materials. Finally, kombucha is easily-propagated, non-toxic, and inexpensive, making it an excellent system for scientific inquiry and citizen science.},
}
@article {pmid31534701,
year = {2019},
author = {Garcia, JR and Larsen, TJ and Queller, DC and Strassmann, JE},
title = {Fitness costs and benefits vary for two facultative Burkholderia symbionts of the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {17},
pages = {9878-9890},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5529},
pmid = {31534701},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Hosts and their associated microbes can enter into different relationships, which can range from mutualism, where both partners benefit, to exploitation, where one partner benefits at the expense of the other. Many host-microbe relationships have been presumed to be mutualistic, but frequently only benefits to the host, and not the microbial symbiont, have been considered. Here, we address this issue by looking at the effect of host association on the fitness of two facultative members of the Dictyostelium discoideum microbiome (Burkholderia agricolaris and Burkholderia hayleyella). Using two indicators of bacterial fitness, growth rate and abundance, we determined the effect of D. discoideum on Burkholderia fitness. In liquid culture, we found that D. discoideum amoebas lowered the growth rate of both Burkholderia species. In soil microcosms, we tracked the abundance of Burkholderia grown with and without D. discoideum over a month and found that B. hayleyella had larger populations when associating with D. discoideum while B. agricolaris was not significantly affected. Overall, we find that both B. agricolaris and B. hayleyella pay a cost to associate with D. discoideum, but B. hayleyella can also benefit under some conditions. Understanding how fitness varies in facultative symbionts will help us understand the persistence of host-symbiont relationships.<br><br>OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/data/15/.},
}
@article {pmid31534383,
year = {2019},
author = {Hosie, AM and Fromont, J and Munyard, K and Jones, DS},
title = {Description of a new species of Membranobalanus (Crustacea, Cirripedia) from southern Australia.},
journal = {ZooKeys},
volume = {873},
number = {},
pages = {25-42},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.873.35421},
pmid = {31534383},
issn = {1313-2989},
abstract = {A new species of sponge-inhabiting barnacle, Membranobalanus porphyrophilussp. nov., is described herein. This species can be distinguished from all other congeners by a combination of characters, in particular by the shapes of the tergum and scutum and the armament of the cirri. COI sequence data from the type specimens have been lodged with GenBank and a morphological key to the species of Membranobalanus is provided to aid future research. The host of the new species is the southern Australian endemic demosponge Spheciospongia purpurea. The new species of barnacle is thought to be host species specific.},
}
@article {pmid31530279,
year = {2019},
author = {Daza, FFF and Roman, GR and Rodriguez, MV and Vargas, IAG and Heano, HC and Cereda, MP and Mulet, RAC},
title = {Spores of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum as a bioinsecticide for the control of Atta cephalotes.},
journal = {Biological research},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {51},
doi = {10.1186/s40659-019-0259-y},
pmid = {31530279},
issn = {0717-6287},
support = {025-2016//Colciencias/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*microbiology ; Beauveria/growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; *Biological Control Agents ; Colombia ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Spores, Fungal ; Symbiosis ; Trichoderma/growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; Universities ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The leafcutter ant (Atta cephalotes) is associated with losses in the agricultural sector, due to its defoliating activity; for its control, biological, mechanical and chemical methods have been developed, the latter associated with adverse effects on human and environmental health. This research validated in the field for the control of the leafcutter ant (A. cephalotes) using a mixture of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum spores.<br><br>METHODS: The effectiveness from the combination of spores of B. bassiana and T. lignorum with an initial concentration of 2 × 109 spores/ml, in the following proportions of B. bassiana and T. lignorum, A (1:1), of each fungus. It was evaluated within the university campus, comparing it with two commercial formulations, Mycotrol (B. bassiana) and Mycobac (T. lignorum). Additionally, this formulation was evaluated in 49 nests distributed 16 in 14 locations in Colombia. The formulation application was carried out by direct application, using a pump at a speed of 10 ml/m2. The effectiveness was estimated from the reduction of the flow of ants, evaluating the statistically significant differences using the ANOVA and Tukey-test.<br><br>RESULTS: Effective control of 90% of the nests was observed in the field phase in 60 days, except in nests with areas > 50 m2 that were located in regions with high rainfall (annual average precipitation above 7000 mm), such as Buenaventura.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In this work, it was demonstrated that the combination of B. bassiana and T. lignorum spores represent a viable alternative for the control of the leafcutter ant, in which the effectiveness is related to several factors, including the size of the nest and the rainfall in the area.},
}
@article {pmid31530112,
year = {2019},
author = {Caves, EM and Chen, C and Johnsen, S},
title = {The cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis adjusts its behaviour towards predatory versus non-predatory clients.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {20190534},
pmid = {31530112},
issn = {1744-957X},
mesh = {Animals ; Crustacea ; *Decapoda ; Fishes ; *Perciformes ; Predatory Behavior ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {In cleaning mutualisms, small cleaner organisms remove ectoparasites and dead skin from larger clients. Because cheating by predatory clients can result in cleaner death, cleaners should assess the potential risk of interacting with a given client and adjust their behaviour accordingly. Cleaner shrimp are small marine crustaceans that interact with numerous client fish species, many of which are potential predators. We use in situ observations of cleaner-client interactions to show that the cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis adjusts several behaviours when interacting with predatory versus non-predatory clients. Predatory clients were cleaned in a significantly lower proportion of interactions than non-predatory clients, and cleaners also exhibited a leg rocking behaviour-potentially signalling their identity or intent to clean-almost exclusively toward predatory clients. Incidence of leg rocking was positively correlated with client size, and laboratory experiments showed that it can be elicited by dark visual stimuli and decreases in illumination level. Thus, cleaners clean less frequently when predation risk is higher, and may use leg rocking as a signal advertising cleaning services and directed specifically at predators.},
}
@article {pmid31529895,
year = {2019},
author = {Ning, CH and Li, WB and Zhang, C and Liu, RJ},
title = {[Growth-promotion and disease control effects on chili and eggplant by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant symbiotic actinomycetes].},
journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology},
volume = {30},
number = {9},
pages = {3195-3202},
doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201909.037},
pmid = {31529895},
issn = {1001-9332},
mesh = {*Actinobacteria ; Actinomyces ; Capsicum/*microbiology ; Fungi ; *Mycorrhizae ; Plant Roots ; Solanum melongena/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or plant symbiotic actinomycetes (PSA) play an important role in stimulating plant growth, antagonizing pathogens, tolerating stress, and controlling plant disease. However, whether there is a synergistic effect between AMF and PSA in promoting plant growth and controlling disease is worth exploring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF and PSA on growth-promotion and controlling disease on Solanaceae vegetables and to obtain effective AMF+PSA combinations. Under greenhouse pot conditions, chili (Capsicum annu-um, cultivar: Yangjiaojiao) and eggplant (Solanum melongena, cultivar: Heiguanchangqie) were inoculated with or without AMF Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Glomus versiforme (Gv), PSA Streptomyces globosus H6-1, Streptomyces rochei S2-2, Streptomyces coralus D11-4 or/and pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea. There were a total of 48 treatments. The growth, disease and root symbiont development of plants were determined. The results showed that Fm and PSA could promote each other's colonization, while Gv and PSA inhibited each other. Compared with the control, AMF, PSA and AMF+PSA improved the photosynthetic performance, root activity, and growth of chili and eggplant. Under the condition of inoculation with pathogenic fungi, AMF and/or PSA treatment significantly increased growth and reduced the disease index of plants, with the effects of PSA being greater than that of AMF. Fm+H6-1 combination had the best effect on the growth-promotion and controlling disease of chili plants, with the controlling effect on gray mold reaching 69.1%. Fm+ D11-4 had the best effect on the growth promotion and controlling disease of eggplant, the controlling effect of which on gray mold reached 75.5%. Fm+H6-1 andFm+D11-4 were efficient combinations of chili and eggplant for promoting growth and controlling disease under the conditions of this experiment. Further tests in field are needed.},
}
@article {pmid31527788,
year = {2019},
author = {Quigley, KM and Willis, BL and Kenkel, CD},
title = {Transgenerational inheritance of shuffled symbiont communities in the coral Montipora digitata.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {13328},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50045-y},
pmid = {31527788},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Adult organisms may &quot;prime&quot; their offspring for environmental change through a number of genetic and non-genetic mechanisms, termed parental effects. Some coral species may shuffle the proportions of Symbiodiniaceae within their endosymbiotic communities, subsequently altering their thermal tolerance, but it is unclear if shuffled communities are transferred to offspring. We evaluated Symbiodiniaceae community composition in tagged colonies of Montipora digitata over two successive annual spawning seasons and the 2016 bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef. ITS2 amplicon sequencing was applied to four families (four maternal colonies and 10-12 eggs per family) previously sampled and sequenced the year before to characterize shuffling potential in these M. digitata colonies and determine if shuffled abundances were preserved in gametes. Symbiont densities and photochemical efficiencies differed significantly among adults in 2016, suggesting differential responses to increased temperatures. Low-abundance (&quot;background&quot;) sequence variants differed more among years than between maternal colonies and offspring. Results indicate that shuffling can occur in a canonically 'stable' symbiosis, and that the shuffled community is heritable. Hence, acclimatory changes like shuffling of the Symbiodiniaceae community are not limited to the lifetime of an adult coral and that shuffled communities are inherited across generations in a species with vertical symbiont transmission. Although previously hypothesized, to our knowledge, this is the first evidence that shuffled Symbiodiniaceae communities (at both the inter- and intra- genera level) can be inherited by offspring and supports the hypothesis that shuffling in microbial communities may serve as a mechanism of rapid coral acclimation to changing environmental conditions.},
}
@article {pmid31526475,
year = {2019},
author = {Ericson, CF and Eisenstein, F and Medeiros, JM and Malter, KE and Cavalcanti, GS and Zeller, RW and Newman, DK and Pilhofer, M and Shikuma, NJ},
title = {A contractile injection system stimulates tubeworm metamorphosis by translocating a proteinaceous effector.},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.7554/eLife.46845},
pmid = {31526475},
issn = {2050-084X},
support = {1R21DC013180-01A1/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; N00014-17-1-2677//Office of Naval Research/International ; N00014-16-1-2135//Office of Naval Research/International ; N00014-14-1-0340//Office of Naval Research/International ; 679209/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 31003A_179255/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; },
abstract = {The swimming larvae of many marine animals identify a location on the sea floor to undergo metamorphosis based on the presence of specific bacteria. Although this microbe-animal interaction is critical for the life cycles of diverse marine animals, what types of biochemical cues from bacteria that induce metamorphosis has been a mystery. Metamorphosis of larvae of the tubeworm Hydroides elegans is induced by arrays of phage tail-like contractile injection systems, which are released by the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. Here we identify the novel effector protein Mif1. By cryo-electron tomography imaging and functional assays, we observe Mif1 as cargo inside the tube lumen of the contractile injection system and show that the mif1 gene is required for inducing metamorphosis. Purified Mif1 is sufficient for triggering metamorphosis when electroporated into tubeworm larvae. Our results indicate that the delivery of protein effectors by contractile injection systems may orchestrate microbe-animal interactions in diverse contexts.},
}
@article {pmid31523509,
year = {2019},
author = {Yeoman, CJ and Brutscher, LM and Esen, ÖC and Ibaoglu, F and Fowler, C and Eren, AM and Wanner, K and Weaver, DK},
title = {Genome-resolved insights into a novel Spiroplasma symbiont of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Cephus cinctus).},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7548},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7548},
pmid = {31523509},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Arthropods often have obligate relationships with symbiotic microbes, and recent investigations have demonstrated that such host-microbe relationships could be exploited to suppress natural populations of vector carrying mosquitos. Strategies that target the interplay between agricultural pests and their symbionts could decrease the burden caused by agricultural pests; however, the lack of comprehensive genomic insights into naturally occurring microbial symbionts presents a significant bottleneck. Here we employed amplicon surveys, genome-resolved metagenomics, and scanning electron microscopy to investigate symbionts of the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus), a major pest that causes an estimated $350 million dollars or more in wheat yield losses in the northwestern United States annually. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing of two major haplotypes and life stages of wheat stem sawfly, we show a novel Spiroplasma species is ever-present and predominant, with phylogenomic analyses placing it as a member of the ixodetis clade of mollicutes. Using state-of-the-art metagenomic assembly and binning strategies we were able to reconstruct a 714 Kb, 72.7%-complete Spiroplasma genome, which represents just the second draft genome from the ixodetis clade of mollicutes. Functional annotation of the Spiroplasma genome indicated carbohydrate-metabolism involved PTS-mediated import of glucose and fructose followed by glycolysis to lactate, acetate, and propionoate. The bacterium also encoded biosynthetic pathways for essential vitamins B2, B3, and B9. We identified putative Spiroplasma virulence genes: cardiolipin and chitinase. These results identify a previously undescribed symbiosis between wheat stem sawfly and a novel Spiroplasma sp., availing insight into their molecular relationship, and may yield new opportunities for microbially-mediated pest control strategies.},
}
@article {pmid31522775,
year = {2019},
author = {Requena, T and Velasco, M},
title = {The human microbiome in sickness and in health.},
journal = {Revista clinica espanola},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.rce.2019.07.004},
pmid = {31522775},
issn = {1578-1860},
abstract = {The study of the human microbiome has led to an exceptional increase in the current understanding of the importance of microbiota for health throughout all stages of life. Human microbial colonization occurs in the skin, genitourinary system and, mainly, in the oral cavity and intestinal tract. In these locations, the human microbiota establishes a symbiotic relationship with the host and helps maintain the physiological homeostasis. Lifestyle, age, diet and use of antibiotics are the main regulators of the composition and functionality of human microbiota. Recent studies have indicated the reduction in microbial diversity as one of the contributors to the development of diseases. In addition to phylogenetic diversity studies, further metagenomic studies are needed at the functional level of the human microbiome to improve our understanding of its involvement in human health.},
}
@article {pmid31522755,
year = {2019},
author = {Bass, D and Stentiford, GD and Wang, HC and Koskella, B and Tyler, CR},
title = {The Pathobiome in Animal and Plant Diseases.},
journal = {Trends in ecology &amp; evolution},
volume = {34},
number = {11},
pages = {996-1008},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.012},
pmid = {31522755},
issn = {1872-8383},
mesh = {Animals ; Ecology ; *Eukaryota ; *Plant Diseases ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {A growing awareness of the diversity and ubiquity of microbes (eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses) associated with larger 'host' organisms has led to the realisation that many diseases thought to be caused by one primary agent are the result of interactions between multiple taxa and the host. Even where a primary agent can be identified, its effect is often moderated by other symbionts. Therefore, the one pathogen-one disease paradigm is shifting towards the pathobiome concept, integrating the interaction of multiple symbionts, host, and environment in a new understanding of disease aetiology. Taxonomically, pathobiomes are variable across host species, ecology, tissue type, and time. Therefore, a more functionally driven understanding of pathobiotic systems is necessary, based on gene expression, metabolic interactions, and ecological processes.},
}
@article {pmid31521732,
year = {2019},
author = {Horiuchi, A and Kokubu, E and Warita, T and Ishihara, K},
title = {Synergistic biofilm formation by Parvimonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum.},
journal = {Anaerobe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102100},
doi = {10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102100},
pmid = {31521732},
issn = {1095-8274},
abstract = {Parvimonas micra is frequently isolated from lesions of apical periodontitis and is a major disease-related pathogen. One of the main causes of apical periodontitis is extraradicular biofilm. In this study, we investigated polymicrobial biofilm formation by P. micra and species associated with apical periodontitis. The coaggregation activity of P. micra with partner strains was investigated by visual assays. Synergistic biofilm formation was evaluated by cocultures of P. micra and partner strains. Growth of planktonic cells was measured by evaluating the absorbance at OD660, and biofilm formation was examined by staining with crystal violet. The effects of soluble components on synergistic biofilm formation and planktonic cell growth were examined after coculture of P. micra and other strains separated with a 0.4-μm pore-size porous membrane. P. micra coaggregated with Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, or Capnoctyophaga ochracea. P. micra showed no coaggregation with Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, or Prevotella intermedia. In mixed cultures, biofilm formation by P. micra and F. nucleatum was greater than that by P. micra and P. gingivalis or C. ochracea. In separated cocultures, planktonic cell growth of P. micra was enhanced by each of the three species. Biofilm formation by P. micra was enhanced by F. nucleatum or C. ochracea; however, no significant enhancement was observed with P. gingivalis. These data indicated that P. micra and F. nucleatum had synergistic effects in biofilm formation and that these effects may be important for colonization by these two species in apical periodontitis lesions.},
}
@article {pmid31521050,
year = {2019},
author = {Farci, D and Sanna, C and Medda, R and Pintus, F and Kalaji, HM and Kirkpatrick, J and Piano, D},
title = {Shedding light on the presymbiontic phase of C. arietinum.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {224-231},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.014},
pmid = {31521050},
issn = {1873-2690},
abstract = {A complex network of symbiotic events between plants and bacteria allows the biosphere to exploit the atmospheric reservoir of molecular nitrogen. In seeds, a series of presymbiotic steps are already identified during imbibition, while interactions between the host and its symbiont begin in the early stages of germination. In the present study, a detailed analysis of the substances' complex delivered by Cicer arietinum seeds during imbibition showed a relevant presence of proteins and amino acids, which, except for cysteine, occurred with the whole proteinogenic pool. The imbibing solution was found to provide essential probiotic properties able to sustain the growth of the specific chickpea symbiont Mesorhizobium ciceri. Moreover, the imbibing solution, behaving as a complete medium, was found to be critically important for the symbiont's attraction, a fact this that is strictly related to the presence of the amino acids glycine, serine, and threonine. Here, the presence of these amino acids is constantly supported by the presence of the enzymes serine hydroxymethyltransferase and formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase, which are both involved in their biosynthesis. The reported findings are discussed in the light of the pivotal role played by the imbibing solution in attracting and sustaining symbiosis between the host and its symbiont.},
}
@article {pmid31521032,
year = {2019},
author = {Genc, O and van Capelleveen, G and Erdis, E and Yildiz, O and Yazan, DM},
title = {A socio-ecological approach to improve industrial zones towards eco-industrial parks.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {250},
number = {},
pages = {109507},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109507},
pmid = {31521032},
issn = {1095-8630},
mesh = {Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Industry ; Turkey ; },
abstract = {One of the concrete examples of industrial symbiosis development is eco-industrial parks, which improves resource efficiency and minimizes environmental impacts by adopting models for waste exchanges between industries. Despite past efforts, many industrial zones around the world are not yet considered as eco-industrial parks because of the low number (or total lack) of symbiotic relationships among industries. A promising strategy is to develop those existing industrial zones into eco-industrial parks. However, there is a lack of studies addressing how to assess environmental improvement in relation to network sustainability. This study demonstrates such an assessment approach using an integration of food web analysis and social network analysis. These two methods can assist in assessing differences in network configurations with respect to potential implementations of industrial symbiosis, and in analysing the resilience, redundancy, connectance, and cyclicity of eco-parks. The use of the methods is illustrated in a case study of an industrial zone in Turkey. Four potential future scenarios are proposed, including potential future co-location of companies in the industrial zone in order to foster industrial symbiotic network formation. These scenarios are compared with the current configuration. The results indicate the method's ability to assess the resilience of an industrial network. Moreover, the case shows an improvement of network sustainability and follows some sustainable properties of natural ecosystems as a result of implementing the industrial symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31520944,
year = {2020},
author = {Noman, A and Aqeel, M and Qasim, M and Haider, I and Lou, Y},
title = {Plant-insect-microbe interaction: A love triangle between enemies in ecosystem.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {699},
number = {},
pages = {134181},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134181},
pmid = {31520944},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {In natural ecosystems, plants interact with biotic components such as microbes, insects, animals and other plants as well. Generally, researchers have focused on each interaction separately, which condenses the significance of the interaction. This limited presentation of the facts masks the collective role of constantly interacting organisms in complex communities disturbing not only plant responses but also the response of organisms for each other in natural ecological settings. Beneficial microorganisms interact with insect herbivores, their predators and pollinators in a bidirectional way through the plant. Fascinatingly, insects employ diverse tactics to protect themselves from parasites or predators. Influences of microbial and insects attack on plants can bring changes in info-chemical frameworks and play a role in the food chain also. After insect herbivory and microbial pathogenesis, plants exhibit intense morpho-physiological and chemical reprogramming that leads to repellence/attraction of attacking organism or its natural enemy. The characterization of such interactions in different ecosystems is receiving due consideration, and underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms must be the point of concentration to unveil the evolution of multifaceted multitrophic interactions. Therefore, we have focused this phenomenon in a more realistic setting by integrating ecology and physiology to portray these multidimensional interfaces. We have shown, in this article, physiological trajectories in plant-microbe and insect relationship and their ecological relevance in nature. We focus and discuss microbial pathogenesis in plants, induced defense and the corresponding behavior of herbivore insects and vice-versa. It is hoped that this review will stimulate interest and zeal in microbes mediated plant-insect interactions along with their ecological consequences and encourage scientists to accept the challenges in this field.},
}
@article {pmid31518652,
year = {2019},
author = {Carrillo, JD and Rugman-Jones, PF and Husein, D and Stajich, JE and Kasson, MT and Carrillo, D and Stouthamer, R and Eskalen, A},
title = {Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex exhibit promiscuous mutualism with ambrosia fungi in Taiwan.},
journal = {Fungal genetics and biology : FG &amp; B},
volume = {133},
number = {},
pages = {103269},
doi = {10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103269},
pmid = {31518652},
issn = {1096-0937},
abstract = {Carrillo, J.D., Rugman-Jones, PF., Husein, D., Stajich, J.E., Kasson, M.T., Carrillo, D., Stouthamer, R., and Eskalen, A. 2019. Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex exhibit promiscuous mutualism with ambrosia fungi in Taiwan. A number of ambrosia beetles have come to prominence in recent years because of the damage they inflict on a variety of trees within invaded habitats across the globe. Ambrosia beetles rely on symbiotic microorganisms, mainly fungi, as a dedicated food source and carry those microorganisms around with them within specialized organs termed mycangia. Investigation of members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex and their fungal symbionts in Taiwan revealed promiscuous symbioses with ambrosial Fusaria clade (AFC) members, Graphium spp., and Paracremonium spp. based on co-phylogenetic analyses. For AFC members, a novel diagnostic PCR assay targeting mating type genes MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 was developed and validated by amplicon size and sequencing. Mating type screening of AFC members revealed the isolates screened are all heterothallic (self-sterile), with both MAT types represented and recovered from fungi vectored by E. fornicatus (tea shot hole borer), E. kuroshio (Kuroshio shot hole borer), and E. whitfordiodendrus (polyphagous shot hole borer) in Taiwan. Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex and the variety of ambrosia fungi they utilize further confirms that their relationship with these fungi are more likely promiscuous in native areas, as opposed to strictly obligate to a specific combination of fungi as observed in invaded areas.},
}
@article {pmid31515637,
year = {2019},
author = {Liu, B and Liu, X and Liu, F and Ma, H and Ma, B and Zhang, W and Peng, L},
title = {Growth improvement of Lolium multiflorum Lam. induced by seed inoculation with fungus suspension of Xerocomus badius and Serendipita indica.},
journal = {AMB Express},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {145},
doi = {10.1186/s13568-019-0865-7},
pmid = {31515637},
issn = {2191-0855},
support = {2019LY009//Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province/ ; 31570614//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {In this study, a pot experiment was carried out in greenhouse to investigate the potentials of Xerocomus badius and Serendipita indica to penetrate and colonize roots of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and to induce beneficial effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The results showed that X. badius and S. indica successfully colonized in the root system of L. multiflorum seedlings and the root colonization rate was 72.65% and 88.42%, respectively. By microscopy, the hyphae, chlamydospores and spores produced by S. indica were observed in roots cortex of L. multiflorum seedlings. In comparison with the non-inoculated seedlings, seedlings inoculated with X. badius and S. indica showed significant increase in growth parameters with plant height, basal diameter, biomass accumulation, relative growth rate, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content. Also, we found that seedlings inoculated with S. indica exhibited a greater growth-promotion as compared with X. badius-inoculated seedlings. No significant influence of the two fungus application has been observed with respect to seed germination. It suggested that well establishments of mutualistic symbiosis between L. multiflorum and X. badius or S. indica were not so essential to seed germination but contributed highly to the survival and growth of the seedlings.},
}
@article {pmid31512052,
year = {2019},
author = {Gogoleva, OA and Shchuplova, EA},
title = {The influence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria on the interaction of opportunistic microorganisms with erythrocytes.},
journal = {Folia microbiologica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s12223-019-00748-6},
pmid = {31512052},
issn = {1874-9356},
support = {№ 0420-2015-0005//The work wascarried out within the framework of the state task on the topic &quot;The role of the microbial factor in the functioning of the physiological systems of the human body&quot;/ ; },
abstract = {Getting into a weakened organism, non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTMB) contact not only with the cells of the microorganism but also with the microflora of the human body; however, these interactions are poorly understood. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of NTMB supernatants on the properties of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms in their interaction with red blood cells. We used strains of non-tuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium iranicum and M. rutilum, as well as strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. Using the fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) method, the processes of adhesion to the surface of erythrocytes and the intra-erythrocyte penetration of cells of S. epidermidis and E. coli under the influence of NTMB supernatants were studied. To study changes in the haemoglobin molecule under the action of the supernatants of NTMB, spectral analysis was performed. Statistical processing was performed using STATISTIKA 6.0. The results showed that the supernatants of M. iranicum and M. rutilum increased the adhesion of conditionally pathogenic bacteria with a low level of AntiHbA to the surface of erythrocytes by 3-4 times. It also increased the intra-erythrocyte penetration of cells of S. epidermidis and E. coli relative to the control values. As a result of studying the haemoglobin spectrum of erythrocytes under the influence of M. iranicum, a decrease in the optical density values of oxyhaemoglobin by a factor of 2 relative to the values in the control sample was noted. Thus, the supernatants of NTMB have a multidirectional effect on the interaction of opportunistic microorganisms with erythrocytes, increasing the adhesive activity and the penetration of cells into the erythrocytes, as well as reducing the optical density of oxyhaemoglobin.},
}
@article {pmid31509600,
year = {2019},
author = {Radice, VZ and Brett, MT and Fry, B and Fox, MD and Hoegh-Guldberg, O and Dove, SG},
title = {Evaluating coral trophic strategies using fatty acid composition and indices.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {e0222327},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0222327},
pmid = {31509600},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The ecological success of shallow water reef-building corals has been linked to the symbiosis between the coral host and its dinoflagellate symbionts (herein 'symbionts'). As mixotrophs, symbiotic corals depend on nutrients 1) transferred from their photosynthetic symbionts (autotrophy) and 2) acquired by host feeding on particulate organic resources (heterotrophy). However, coral species differ in the extent to which they depend on heterotrophy for nutrition and these differences are typically poorly defined. Here, a multi-tracer fatty acid approach was used to evaluate the trophic strategies of three species of common reef-building coral (Galaxea fascicularis, Pachyseris speciosa, and Pocillopora verrucosa) whose trophic strategies had previously been identified using carbon stable isotopes. The composition and various indices of fatty acids were compared to examine the relative contribution of symbiont autotrophy and host heterotrophy in coral energy acquisition. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to estimate the contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from various potential sources to the coral hosts. The total fatty acid composition and fatty acid indices revealed differences between the more heterotrophic (P. verrucosa) and more autotrophic (P. speciosa) coral hosts, with the coral host G. fascicularis showing overlap with the other two species and greater variability overall. For the more heterotrophic P. verrucosa, the fatty acid indices and LDA results both indicated a greater proportion of copepod-derived fatty acids compared to the other coral species. Overall, the LDA estimated that PUFA derived from particulate resources (e.g., copepods and diatoms) comprised a greater proportion of coral host PUFA in contrast to the lower proportion of symbiont-derived PUFA. These estimates provide insight into the importance of heterotrophy in coral nutrition, especially in productive reef systems. The study supports carbon stable isotope results and demonstrates the utility of fatty acid analyses for exploring the trophic strategies of reef-building corals.},
}
@article {pmid31508195,
year = {2019},
author = {He, S and Grasis, JA and Nicotra, ML and Juliano, CE and Schnitzler, CE},
title = {Cnidofest 2018: the future is bright for cnidarian research.},
journal = {EvoDevo},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {20},
doi = {10.1186/s13227-019-0134-5},
pmid = {31508195},
issn = {2041-9139},
abstract = {The 2018 Cnidarian Model Systems Meeting (Cnidofest) was held September 6-9th at the University of Florida Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience in St. Augustine, FL. Cnidofest 2018, which built upon the momentum of Hydroidfest 2016, brought together research communities working on a broad spectrum of cnidarian organisms from North America and around the world. Meeting talks covered diverse aspects of cnidarian biology, with sessions focused on genomics, development, neurobiology, immunology, symbiosis, ecology, and evolution. In addition to interesting biology, Cnidofest also emphasized the advancement of modern research techniques. Invited technology speakers showcased the power of microfluidics and single-cell transcriptomics and demonstrated their application in cnidarian models. In this report, we provide an overview of the exciting research that was presented at the meeting and discuss opportunities for future research.},
}
@article {pmid31504533,
year = {2019},
author = {Havird, JC and Weaver, RJ and Milani, L and Ghiselli, F and Greenway, R and Ramsey, AJ and Jimenez, AG and Dowling, DK and Hood, WR and Montooth, KL and Estes, S and Schulte, PM and Sokolova, IM and Hill, GE},
title = {Beyond the Powerhouse: Integrating Mitonuclear Evolution, Physiology, and Theory in Comparative Biology.},
journal = {Integrative and comparative biology},
volume = {59},
number = {4},
pages = {856-863},
doi = {10.1093/icb/icz132},
pmid = {31504533},
issn = {1557-7023},
abstract = {Eukaryotes are the outcome of an ancient symbiosis and as such, eukaryotic cells fundamentally possess two genomes. As a consequence, gene products encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes must interact in an intimate and precise fashion to enable aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. This genomic architecture of eukaryotes is proposed to necessitate perpetual coevolution between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes to maintain coadaptation, but the presence of two genomes also creates the opportunity for intracellular conflict. In the collection of papers that constitute this symposium volume, scientists working in diverse organismal systems spanning vast biological scales address emerging topics in integrative, comparative biology in light of mitonuclear interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31504465,
year = {2019},
author = {Freed, LL and Easson, C and Baker, LJ and Fenolio, D and Sutton, TT and Khan, Y and Blackwelder, P and Hendry, TA and Lopez, JV},
title = {Characterization of the microbiome and bioluminescent symbionts across life stages of Ceratioid Anglerfishes of the Gulf of Mexico.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology},
volume = {95},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {31504465},
issn = {1574-6941},
abstract = {The interdependence of diverse organisms through symbiosis reaches even the deepest parts of the oceans. As part of the DEEPEND project (deependconsortium.org) research on deep Gulf of Mexico biodiversity, we profiled the bacterial communities ('microbiomes') and luminous symbionts of 36 specimens of adult and larval deep-sea anglerfishes of the suborder Ceratioidei using 16S rDNA. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the location of symbionts in adult light organs (esca). Whole larval microbiomes, and adult skin and gut microbiomes, were dominated by bacteria in the genera Moritella and Pseudoalteromonas. 16S rDNA sequencing results from adult fishes corroborate the previously published identity of ceratioid bioluminescent symbionts and support the findings that these symbionts do not consistently exhibit host specificity at the host family level. Bioluminescent symbiont amplicon sequence variants were absent from larval ceratioid samples, but were found at all depths in the seawater, with a highest abundance found at mesopelagic depths. As adults spend the majority of their lives in the meso- and bathypelagic zones, the trend in symbiont abundance is consistent with their life history. These findings support the hypothesis that bioluminescent symbionts are not present throughout host development, and that ceratioids acquire their bioluminescent symbionts from the environment.},
}
@article {pmid31504453,
year = {2019},
author = {Barelli, L and Behie, SW and Bidochka, MJ},
title = {Availability of carbon and nitrogen in soil affects Metarhizium robertsii root colonization and transfer of insect-derived nitrogen.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology},
volume = {95},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiz144},
pmid = {31504453},
issn = {1574-6941},
abstract = {The endophytic, insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium, exchanges insect-derived nitrogen for photosynthate as part of a symbiotic association similar to well-known mycorrhizal relationships. However, little is known about this nitrogen transfer in soils where there is an abundance of nitrogen and/or carbon. Here, we applied D-glucose and ammonium nitrate to soil to examine the effect on root colonization and transfer of labelled nitrogen (15N) from an insect (injected with 15N-ammonium sulfate) to Metarhizium robertsii, into leaves of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, over the course of 28 days. Application of exogenous carbon and/or nitrogen to soils significantly reduced detectable 15N in plant leaves. Metarhizium root colonization, quantified with real-time PCR, revealed colonization persisted under all conditions but was significantly greater on roots in soil supplemented with glucose and significantly lower in soil supplemented with ammonium nitrate. Fungal gene expression analysis revealed differential expression of sugar and nitrogen transporters (mrt, st3, nrr1, nit1, mep2) when Metarhizium was grown in pure broth culture or in co-culture with plant roots under various carbon and nitrogen conditions. The observation that Metarhizium maintained root colonization in the absence of nitrogen transfer, and without evidence of plant harm, is intriguing and indicates additional benefits with ecological importance.},
}
@article {pmid31500535,
year = {2019},
author = {Foster, RA and Zehr, JP},
title = {Diversity, Genomics, and Distribution of Phytoplankton-Cyanobacterium Single-Cell Symbiotic Associations.},
journal = {Annual review of microbiology},
volume = {73},
number = {},
pages = {435-456},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062650},
pmid = {31500535},
issn = {1545-3251},
abstract = {Cyanobacteria are common in symbiotic relationships with diverse multicellular organisms (animals, plants, fungi) in terrestrial environments and with single-celled heterotrophic, mixotrophic, and autotrophic protists in aquatic environments. In the sunlit zones of aquatic environments, diverse cyanobacterial symbioses exist with autotrophic taxa in phytoplankton, including dinoflagellates, diatoms, and haptophytes (prymnesiophytes). Phototrophic unicellular cyanobacteria related to Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are associated with a number of groups. N2-fixing cyanobacteria are symbiotic with diatoms and haptophytes. Extensive genome reduction is involved in the N2-fixing endosymbionts, most dramatically in the unicellular cyanobacteria associated with haptophytes, which have lost most of the photosynthetic apparatus, the ability to fix C, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The mechanisms involved in N2-fixing symbioses may involve more interactions beyond simple exchange of fixed C for N. N2-fixing cyanobacterial symbioses are widespread in the oceans, even more widely distributed than the best-known free-living N2-fixing cyanobacteria, suggesting they may be equally or more important in the global ocean biogeochemical cycle of N.Despite their ubiquitous nature and significance in biogeochemical cycles, cyanobacterium-phytoplankton symbioses remain understudied and poorly understood.},
}
@article {pmid31497392,
year = {2019},
author = {Shtark, OY and Puzanskiy, RK and Avdeeva, GS and Yurkov, AP and Smolikova, GN and Yemelyanov, VV and Kliukova, MS and Shavarda, AL and Kirpichnikova, AA and Zhernakov, AI and Afonin, AM and Tikhonovich, IA and Zhukov, VA and Shishova, MF},
title = {Metabolic alterations in pea leaves during arbuscular mycorrhiza development.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7495},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7495},
pmid = {31497392},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known to be a mutually beneficial plant-fungal symbiosis; however, the effect of mycorrhization is heavily dependent on multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, for the proper employment of such plant-fungal symbiotic systems in agriculture, a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of the plant developmental response to mycorrhization is needed. The aim of this work was to uncover the physiological and metabolic alterations in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves associated with mycorrhization at key plant developmental stages. Plants of pea cv. Finale were grown in constant environmental conditions under phosphate deficiency. The plants were analyzed at six distinct time points, which corresponded to certain developmental stages of the pea: I: 7 days post inoculation (DPI) when the second leaf is fully unfolded with one pair of leaflets and a simple tendril; II: 21 DPI at first leaf with two pairs of leaflets and a complex tendril; III: 32 DPI when the floral bud is enclosed; IV: 42 DPI at the first open flower; V: 56 DPI when the pod is filled with green seeds; and VI: 90-110 DPI at the dry harvest stage. Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on the fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activity, accumulation of chlorophyll a, b or carotenoids. However, at stage III (corresponding to the most active phase of mycorrhiza development), the number of internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leaf was lower in the inoculated plants than in those without inoculation. Moreover, inoculation extended the vegetation period of the host plants, and resulted in increase of the average dry weight per seed at stage VI. The leaf metabolome, as analyzed with GC-MS, included about three hundred distinct metabolites and showed a strong correlation with plant age, and, to a lesser extent, was influenced by mycorrhization. Metabolic shifts influenced the levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism. The use of unsupervised dimension reduction methods showed that (i) at stage II, the metabolite spectra of inoculated plants were similar to those of the control, and (ii) at stages IV and V, the leaf metabolic profiles of inoculated plants shifted towards the profiles of the control plants at earlier developmental stages. At stage IV the inoculated plants exhibited a higher level of metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids, and lipophilic compounds in comparison to control plants. Thus, mycorrhization led to the retardation of plant development, which was also associated with higher seed biomass accumulation in plants with an extended vegetation period. The symbiotic crosstalk between host plant and AM fungi leads to alterations in several biochemical pathways the details of which need to be elucidated in further studies.},
}
@article {pmid31495588,
year = {2019},
author = {Iwai, S and Fujita, K and Takanishi, Y and Fukushi, K},
title = {Photosynthetic Endosymbionts Benefit from Host's Phagotrophy, Including Predation on Potential Competitors.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {29},
number = {18},
pages = {3114-3119.e3},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.074},
pmid = {31495588},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {In many endosymbioses, hosts have been shown to benefit from symbiosis, but it remains unclear whether intracellular endosymbionts benefit from their association with hosts [1, 2]. This makes it difficult to determine evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behaviors between hosts and intracellular endosymbionts, such as mutual exchange of vital resources. Here, we investigate the fitness effects of symbiosis on the ciliate host Paramecium bursaria and on the algal endosymbiont Chlorella [3, 4], using experimental microcosms that include the free-living alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to mimic ecologically realistic conditions. We demonstrate that both host ciliate and the endosymbiotic algae gain fitness benefits from the symbiosis when another alga C. reinhardtii is present in the system. Specifically, the endosymbiotic Chlorella can grow as the host ciliate feeds and grows on C. reinhardtii, whereas the growth of free-living Chlorella is reduced by its competitor, C. reinhardtii. Thus, we propose that the endosymbiotic algae benefit from the host's phagotrophy, which allows the endosymbiont to access particulate nutrient sources and to indirectly prey on the potential competitors competing with its free-living counterparts. Even though the ecological contexts in which each partner receives its benefits differ, both partners would gain net fitness benefits in an ecological timescale. Thus, the cooperative behaviors can evolve through fitness feedback (partner fidelity feedback) between the host and the endosymbiont, without need for special partner control mechanisms. The proposed ecological and evolutionary mechanisms provide a basis for understanding cooperative resource exchanges in endosymbioses, including many photosynthetic endosymbioses widespread in aquatic ecosystems.},
}
@article {pmid31493718,
year = {2019},
author = {Hidalgo-Castellanos, J and Duque, AS and Burgueño, A and Herrera-Cervera, JA and Fevereiro, P and López-Gómez, M},
title = {Overexpression of the arginine decarboxylase gene promotes the symbiotic interaction Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti and induces the accumulation of proline and spermine in nodules under salt stress conditions.},
journal = {Journal of plant physiology},
volume = {241},
number = {},
pages = {153034},
doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153034},
pmid = {31493718},
issn = {1618-1328},
abstract = {Legumes have the capacity to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with soil bacteria known as rhizobia by the formation of root nodules. However, nitrogen fixation is highly sensitive to soil salinity with a concomitant reduction of the plant yield and soil fertilization. Polycationic aliphatic amines known as polyamines (PAs) have been shown to be involved in the response to a variety of stresses in plants including soil salinity. Therefore, the generation of transgenic plants overexpressing genes involved in PA biosynthesis have been proposed as a promising tool to improve salt stress tolerance in plants. In this work we tested whether the modulation of PAs in transgenic Medicago truncatula plants was advantageous for the symbiotic interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti under salt stress conditions, when compared to wild type plants. Consequently, we characterized the symbiotic response to salt stress of the homozygous M. truncatula plant line L-108, constitutively expressing the oat adc gene, coding for the PA biosynthetic enzyme arginine decarboxylase, involved in PAs biosynthesis. In a nodulation kinetic assay, nodule number incremented in L-108 plants under salt stress. In addition, these plants at vegetative stage showed higher nitrogenase and nodule biomass and, under salt stress, accumulated proline (Pro) and spermine (Spm) in nodules, while in wt plants, the accumulation of glutamic acid (Glu), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) (the ethylene (ET) precursor) were the metabolites involved in the salt stress response. Therefore, overexpression of oat adc gene favours the symbiotic interaction between plants of M. truncatula L-108 and S. meliloti under salt stress and the accumulation of Pro and Spm, seems to be the molecules involved in salt stress tolerance.},
}
@article {pmid31492935,
year = {2019},
author = {Chagas, PMB and Caetano, AA and Tireli, AA and Cesar, PHS and Corrêa, AD and Guimarães, IDR},
title = {Use of an Environmental Pollutant From Hexavalent Chromium Removal as a Green Catalyst in The Fenton Process.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {12819},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-49196-9},
pmid = {31492935},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The present study refers to the use of an environmental pollutant generated during the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous media. This pollutant is a material with catalytic properties suitable for application in the oxidative degradation of problematic organic compounds. The material, initially used as an adsorbent, is a composite prepared by modifying the crystalline phases of iron oxides together with the chitosan (CT-FeCr). Chemical and morphological characterizations of the materials were performed using SEM analysis coupled with EDS, XRD and DSC. The CT-FeCr beads were used in the degradation of methylene blue dye (MB) and showed excellent degradation potential (93.6%). The presence of Cr on the surface of the catalyst was responsible for the increase in catalytic activity compared to the CT-Fe and pure magnetite materials. The product of the effluent treatment and the presence of the catalyst itself in the environment do not pose toxic effects. In addition, the CT-FeCr beads showed catalytic stability for several consecutive reaction cycles with possible technical and economic viability. The concept of &quot;industrial symbiosis&quot; may be applied to this technology, with that term relating to the reuse of a byproduct generated in one particular industrial sector by another as a raw material.},
}
@article {pmid31492817,
year = {2019},
author = {Treitli, SC and Kolisko, M and Husník, F and Keeling, PJ and Hampl, V},
title = {Revealing the metabolic capacity of Streblomastix strix and its bacterial symbionts using single-cell metagenomics.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {39},
pages = {19675-19684},
pmid = {31492817},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Lower termites harbor in their hindgut complex microbial communities that are involved in the digestion of cellulose. Among these are protists, which are usually associated with specific bacterial symbionts found on their surface or inside their cells. While these form the foundations of a classic system in symbiosis research, we still know little about the functional basis for most of these relationships. Here, we describe the complex functional relationship between one protist, the oxymonad Streblomastix strix, and its ectosymbiotic bacterial community using single-cell genomics. We generated partial assemblies of the host S. strix genome and Candidatus Ordinivivax streblomastigis, as well as a complex metagenome assembly of at least 8 other Bacteroidetes bacteria confirmed by ribosomal (r)RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to be associated with S. strix. Our data suggest that S. strix is probably not involved in the cellulose digestion, but the bacterial community on its surface secretes a complex array of glycosyl hydrolases, providing them with the ability to degrade cellulose to monomers and fueling the metabolism of S. strix In addition, some of the bacteria can fix nitrogen and can theoretically provide S. strix with essential amino acids and cofactors, which the protist cannot synthesize. On the contrary, most of the bacterial symbionts lack the essential glycolytic enzyme enolase, which may be overcome by the exchange of intermediates with S. strix This study demonstrates the value of the combined single-cell (meta)genomic and FISH approach for studies of complicated symbiotic systems.},
}
@article {pmid31492669,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhou, K and Zhang, R and Sun, J and Zhang, W and Tian, RM and Chen, C and Kawagucci, S and Xu, Y},
title = {Potential Interactions between Clade SUP05 Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria and Phages in Hydrothermal Vent Sponges.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {85},
number = {22},
pages = {},
pmid = {31492669},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {In deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the clade SUP05 are crucial symbionts of invertebrate animals. Marine viruses, as the most abundant biological entities in the ocean, play essential roles in regulating the sulfur metabolism of the SUP05 bacteria. To date, vent sponge-associated SUP05 and their phages have not been well documented. The current study analyzed microbiomes of Haplosclerida sponges from hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough and recovered the dominant SUP05 genome, designated VS-SUP05. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VS-SUP05 was closely related to endosymbiotic SUP05 strains from mussels living in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields. Homology and metabolic pathway comparisons against free-living and symbiotic SUP05 strains revealed that the VS-SUP05 genome shared many features with the deep-sea mussel symbionts. Supporting a potentially symbiotic lifestyle, the VS-SUP05 genome contained genes involved in the synthesis of essential amino acids and cofactors that are desired by the host. Analysis of sponge-associated viral sequences revealed putative VS-SUP05 phages, all of which were double-stranded viruses belonging to the families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, and Microviridae Among the phage sequences, one contig contained metabolic genes (iscR, iscS, and iscU) involved in iron-sulfur cluster formation. Interestingly, genome sequence comparison revealed horizontal transfer of the iscS gene among phages, VS-SUP05, and other symbiotic SUP05 strains, indicating an interaction between marine phages and SUP05 symbionts. Overall, our findings confirm the presence of SUP05 bacteria and their phages in sponges from deep-sea vents and imply a beneficial interaction that allows adaptation of the host sponge to the hydrothermal vent environment.IMPORTANCE Chemosynthetic SUP05 bacteria dominate the microbial communities of deep-sea hydrothermal vents around the world, SUP05 bacteria utilize reduced chemical compounds in vent fluids and commonly form symbioses with invertebrate organisms. This symbiotic relationship could be key to adapting to such unique and extreme environments. Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on the planet and have been identified in hydrothermal vent environments. However, their interactions with the symbiotic microbes of the SUP05 clade, along with their role in the symbiotic system, remain unclear. Here, using metagenomic sequence-based analyses, we determined that bacteriophages may support metabolism in SUP05 bacteria and play a role in the sponge-associated symbiosis system in hydrothermal vent environments.},
}
@article {pmid31492667,
year = {2019},
author = {Eckstein, S and Dominelli, N and Brachmann, A and Heermann, R},
title = {Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Insect Pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens: Insights into the Fate of Secondary Cells.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {85},
number = {22},
pages = {},
pmid = {31492667},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Photorhabdus luminescens is a Gram-negative bacterium that lives in symbiosis with soil nematodes and is simultaneously highly pathogenic toward insects. The bacteria exist in two phenotypically different forms, designated primary (1°) and secondary (2°) cells. Yet unknown environmental stimuli as well as global stress conditions induce phenotypic switching of up to 50% of 1° cells to 2° cells. An important difference between the two phenotypic forms is that 2° cells are unable to live in symbiosis with nematodes and are therefore believed to remain in the soil after a successful infection cycle. In this work, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to highlight and better understand the role of 2° cells and their putative ability to adapt to living in soil. We could confirm that the major phenotypic differences between the two cell forms are mediated at the transcriptional level as the corresponding genes were downregulated in 2° cells. Furthermore, 2° cells seem to be adapted to another environment as we found several differentially expressed genes involved in the cells' metabolism, motility, and chemotaxis as well as stress resistance, which are either up- or downregulated in 2° cells. As 2° cells, in contrast to 1° cells, chemotactically responded to different attractants, including plant root exudates, there is evidence for the rhizosphere being an alternative environment for the 2° cells. Since P. luminescens is biotechnologically used as a bio-insecticide, investigation of a putative interaction of 2° cells with plants is also of great interest for agriculture.IMPORTANCE The biological function and the fate of P. luminescens 2° cells were unclear. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomics of P. luminescens 1° and 2° cultures and found several genes, not only those coding for known phenotypic differences of the two cell forms, that are up- or downregulated in 2° cells compared to levels in 1° cells. Our results suggest that when 1° cells convert to 2° cells, they drastically change their way of life. Thus, 2° cells could easily adapt to an alternative environment such as the rhizosphere and live freely, independent of a host, putatively utilizing plant-derived compounds as nutrient sources. Since 2° cells are not able to reassociate with the nematodes, an alternative lifestyle in the rhizosphere would be conceivable.},
}
@article {pmid31489370,
year = {2019},
author = {Sakanaka, M and Hansen, ME and Gotoh, A and Katoh, T and Yoshida, K and Odamaki, T and Yachi, H and Sugiyama, Y and Kurihara, S and Hirose, J and Urashima, T and Xiao, JZ and Kitaoka, M and Fukiya, S and Yokota, A and Lo Leggio, L and Abou Hachem, M and Katayama, T},
title = {Evolutionary adaptation in fucosyllactose uptake systems supports bifidobacteria-infant symbiosis.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {5},
number = {8},
pages = {eaaw7696},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaw7696},
pmid = {31489370},
issn = {2375-2548},
abstract = {The human gut microbiota established during infancy has persistent effects on health. In vitro studies have suggested that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in breast milk promote the formation of a bifidobacteria-rich microbiota in infant guts; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we characterized two functionally distinct but overlapping fucosyllactose transporters (FL transporter-1 and -2) from Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis. Fecal DNA and HMO consumption analyses, combined with deposited metagenome data mining, revealed that FL transporter-2 is primarily associated with the bifidobacteria-rich microbiota formation in breast-fed infant guts. Structural analyses of the solute-binding protein (SBP) of FL transporter-2 complexed with 2'-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose, together with phylogenetic analysis of SBP homologs of both FL transporters, highlight a unique adaptation strategy of Bifidobacterium to HMOs, in which the gain-of-function mutations enable FL transporter-2 to efficiently capture major fucosylated HMOs. Our results provide a molecular insight into HMO-mediated symbiosis and coevolution between bifidobacteria and humans.},
}
@article {pmid31486763,
year = {2019},
author = {Urquiaga, MCO and Klepa, MS and Somasegaran, P and Ribeiro, RA and Delamuta, JRM and Hungria, M},
title = {Bradyrhizobium frederickii sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing lineage isolated from nodules of the caesalpinioid species Chamaecrista fasciculata and characterized by tolerance to high temperature in vitro.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {69},
number = {12},
pages = {3863-3877},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003697},
pmid = {31486763},
issn = {1466-5034},
mesh = {Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Base Composition ; Bradyrhizobium/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Chamaecrista/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Bacterial ; Missouri ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Nebraska ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; Temperature ; },
abstract = {The symbioses between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia make the greatest contribution to the global nitrogen input via the process of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Bradyrhizobium stands out as the main genus nodulating basal Caesalpinioideae. We performed a polyphasic study with 11 strains isolated from root nodules of Chamaecristafasciculata, an annual multi-functional native legume of the USA. In the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny the strains were clustered in the Bradyrhizobium japonicumsuperclade. The results of analysis of the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) indicated less than 89.9 % similarity to other Bradyrhizobium species. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) with four housekeeping genes (glnII, gyrB, recA and rpoB) confirmed the new group, sharing less than 95.2 % nucleotide identity with other species. The MLSA with 10 housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, gap, glnII, gltA, gyrB, pnp, recA, rpoB and thrC) indicated Bradyrhizobium daqingense as the closest species. Noteworthy, high genetic diversity among the strains was confirmed in the analyses of ITS, MLSA and BOX-PCR. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were below the threshold of described Bradyrhizobium species, of 89.7 and 40 %, respectively. In the nifH and nodC phylogenies, the strains were grouped together, but with an indication of horizontal gene transfer, showing higher similarity to Bradyrhizobium arachidis and Bradyrhizobium forestalis. Other phenotypic, genotypic and symbiotic properties were evaluated, and the results altogether support the description of the CNPSo strains as representatives of the new species Bradyrhizobiumfrederickii sp. nov., with CNPSo 3426T (=USDA 10052T=U686T=CL 20T) as the type strain.},
}
@article {pmid31485773,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, Z and Zhang, L and Wu, Y and Wang, L and Xu, M and Yang, M and Li, Y and Wei, G and Chou, M},
title = {The Rpf84 gene, encoding a ribosomal large subunit protein, RPL22, regulates symbiotic nodulation in Robinia pseudoacacia.},
journal = {Planta},
volume = {250},
number = {6},
pages = {1897-1910},
pmid = {31485773},
issn = {1432-2048},
support = {2016YFD0800706//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 31172252//National Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)/ ; 2016JM3004//Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province/ ; },
abstract = {MAIN CONCLUSION: A homologue of the ribosomal protein L22e, Rpf84, regulates root nodule symbiosis by mediating the infection process of rhizobia and preventing bacteroids from degradation in Robinia pseudoacacia. Ribosomal proteins (RPs) are known to have extraribosomal functions, including developmental regulation and stress responses; however, the effects of RPs on symbiotic nodulation of legumes are still unclear. Ribosomal protein 22 of the large 60S subunit (RPL22), a non-typical RP that is only found in eukaryotes, has been shown to function as a tumour suppressor in animals. Here, a homologue of RPL22, Rpf84, was identified from the leguminous tree R. pseudoacacia. Subcellular localization assays showed that Rpf84 was expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Knockdown of Rpf84 by RNA interference (RNAi) technology impaired the infection process and nodule development. Compared with the control, root and stem length, dry weight and nodule number per plant were drastically decreased in Rpf84-RNAi plants. The numbers of root hair curlings, infection threads and nodule primordia were also significantly reduced. Ultrastructure analyses showed that Rpf84-RNAi nodules contained fewer infected cells with fewer bacteria. In particular, remarkable deformation of bacteroids and fusion of multiple symbiosomes occurred in infected cells. By contrast, overexpression of Rpf84 promoted nodulation, and the overexpression nodules maintained a larger infection/differentiation region and had more infected cells filled with bacteroids than the control at 45 days post inoculation, suggesting a retarded ageing process in nodules. These results indicate for the first time that RP regulates the symbiotic nodulation of legumes and that RPL22 may function in initiating the invasion of rhizobia and preventing bacteroids from degradation in R. pseudoacacia.},
}
@article {pmid31484206,
year = {2020},
author = {Huang, R and Li, Z and Mao, C and Zhang, H and Sun, Z and Li, H and Huang, C and Feng, Y and Shen, X and Bucher, M and Zhang, Z and Lin, Y and Cao, Y and Duanmu, D},
title = {Natural variation at OsCERK1 regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {225},
number = {4},
pages = {1762-1776},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16158},
pmid = {31484206},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {31570233//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31870220//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {The symbiotic interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and land plants is essential for efficient nutrient acquisition and utilisation. Our understanding of key processes controlling the AMF colonisation in rice is still limited. Dongxiang wild rice (DY) exhibited a stronger colonisation with Rhizophagus irregularis than the rice cultivar Zhongzao 35 (ZZ35). Chromosome segment substitution lines were constructed and the OsCERK1 gene from DY was mapped. Transgenic plants in the japonica rice Zhonghua 11 (ZZ11) were constructed to compare root colonisation by AMF. Chromosome single-segment substitution lines containing OsCERK1DY showed higher phosphorus content and grain yield relative to ZZ35. Four amino acids substitutions were identified among the OsCERK1 haplotypes of DY, ZZ35 and ZH11 and two of these were in the second lysine-motif domain, which is essential for the differences of AMF colonisation level among rice varieties. Heterologous expression of OsCERK1DY in ZH11 significantly enhanced AMF colonisation and increased resistance against the pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae. Notably, the OsCERK1DY haplotype was absent from 4660 cultivated rice varieties. We conclude that OsCERK1 is a key gene affecting the symbiotic interaction with AMF and OsCERK1DY has the biotechnological potential to increase rice phosphorus acquisition and utilisation efficiency for sustainable agriculture.},
}
@article {pmid31481693,
year = {2019},
author = {Jiang, J and Lai, YC},
title = {Irrelevance of linear controllability to nonlinear dynamical networks.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {3961},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-11822-5},
pmid = {31481693},
issn = {2041-1723},
mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Computer Simulation ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; Magnoliopsida/genetics ; Models, Biological ; *Nonlinear Dynamics ; Pollination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Transcription, Genetic ; },
abstract = {There has been tremendous development in linear controllability of complex networks. Real-world systems are fundamentally nonlinear. Is linear controllability relevant to nonlinear dynamical networks? We identify a common trait underlying both types of control: the nodal &quot;importance&quot;. For nonlinear and linear control, the importance is determined, respectively, by physical/biological considerations and the probability for a node to be in the minimum driver set. We study empirical mutualistic networks and a gene regulatory network, for which the nonlinear nodal importance can be quantified by the ability of individual nodes to restore the system from the aftermath of a tipping-point transition. We find that the nodal importance ranking for nonlinear and linear control exhibits opposite trends: for the former large-degree nodes are more important but for the latter, the importance scale is tilted towards the small-degree nodes, suggesting strongly the irrelevance of linear controllability to these systems. The recent claim of successful application of linear controllability to Caenorhabditis elegans connectome is examined and discussed.},
}
@article {pmid31479939,
year = {2019},
author = {Li, J and Wang, T and Yu, S and Bai, J and Qin, S},
title = {Community characteristics and ecological roles of bacterial biofilms associated with various algal settlements on coastal reefs.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {250},
number = {},
pages = {109459},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109459},
pmid = {31479939},
issn = {1095-8630},
mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Biofilms ; Coral Reefs ; Ecology ; *Microbiota ; },
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms, which are a group of bacteria attaching to and ultimately forming communities on reefs, perform essential ecological functions in coastal ecosystems. Particularly, they may attract or repulse the settling down of opportunistic algae. However, this phenomenon and the interaction mechanism are not fully understood. This study investigated reefs from the Changdao coastal zone to determine the structures and functions of bacterial biofilms symbiosing with various algae using high-throughput sequencing analysis. The Shannon diversity index of microbiota with algal symbiosis reached 5.34, which was higher than that of microbiota wherein algae were absent (4.80). The beta diversity results for 11 samples revealed that there existed a separation between bacterial communities on reefs with and without attached algae, while communities with similar algae clustered together. The taxa mostly associated with algae-symbiotic microbiota are the Actinobacteria phylum, and the Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria classes. The Cyanobacteria phylum was not associated with algae-symbiotic microbiota. As revealed by functional analysis, the bacteria mostly involved in the metabolism of sulfur were represented by brown and red algae in the biofilm symbiosis. Bacteria related to the metabolism of certain trace elements were observed only in specific groups. Moreover, phototrophy-related bacteria were less abundant in samples coexisting with algae. This study established the link between bacterial biofilms and algal settlements on costal reefs, and revealed the possible holobiont relationship between them. This may provide new technical directions toward realizing algal cultivation and management during the construction of artificial reef ecosystems.},
}
@article {pmid31479095,
year = {2019},
author = {Azevedo, GPR and Paz, PHCD and Mattsson, HK and Moreira, APB and Leomil, L and Calegário, G and Appolinario, L and Vidal, L and Silva, BS and Tonon, LAC and Tschoeke, DA and Garcia, GD and Thompson, FL and Thompson, CC},
title = {[PROVISIONAL] Genome sequence of Shewanella corallii strain A687 isolated from pufferfish (Sphoeroides spengleri).},
journal = {Genetics and molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2018-0314},
pmid = {31479095},
issn = {1415-4757},
abstract = {We present here the genome sequence of Shewanella corallii strain A687 isolated from pufferfish Sphoeroides spengleri (Family Tetraodontidae). The assembly consists of 5,215,037 bp and contains 284 contigs, with a G+C content of 50.3%. The genus Shewanella comprises 67 recognized species. These bacteria are Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic gammaproteobacteria and frequently isolated from marine environments (MacDonell &amp; Colwell, 1985, Sugimoto et al., 2018). Shewanella species are involved in the production of antimicrobial metabolites and tetrodotoxin, a strong neurotoxin (Simidu et al., 1990, Magarlamov et al., 2017, Matsui et al., 1989). Shewanella corallii was recorded from red sea coral (Shnit-Orland, 2010). The aim of the present study was to determine the genome sequence of Shewanella corallii strain A687. S. corallii A687 was isolated from pufferfish Sphoeroides spengleri (Family Tetraodontidae), in Arraial do Cabo (Brazil) in 2016. Genomic DNA was extracted using according to Pitcher's protocol (Pitcher et al., 1989) and used for 300-bp paired-end library preparation with Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit. The genome was sequenced using MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) as previously described (Walter et al., 2016). Sequences obtained were pre-processed using PRINSEQ software to remove reads smaller than 35 bp and low-score sequences (Phred 30) (Schmieder &amp; Edwards, 2011). Sequence reads were assembled using A5-Miseq (Coil et al., 2015) and CAP3 software (Huang &amp; Madan, 1999). The gene prediction and functional annotation were performed using the RAST server (Overbeek et al., 2014). Secondary metabolism was analyzed by antiSMASH (Weber et al., 2015) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) arrays were determined with CRISPRFinder (Grissa et al., 2007). The sequencing generated a total of 4,557,272 reads and 768,079,097 bp that were assembled in 284 contigs (N50=298,540 bp). The estimated genome size is 5,215,037 bp with G+C of 50.3%, and a coverage of 146-fold. RAST predicted 4,555 coding sequences, and 175 RNA sequences (147 tRNAs, 11 16S rRNAs, 6 23S rRNAs, and 11 5S rRNAs). Analyzing the genes predicted by RAST, a total of 74 genes were involved in resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds including copper homeostasis (N=8); bile hydrolysis (N=2); cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance (N=20); resistance to fluoroquinolones (N=4); arsenic resistance (N=4); copper homeostasis: copper tolerance (N=6); tetracycline resistance, ribosome protection type II (N=2); beta-lactamase (N=5); multidrug resistance efflux pumps (N=22); resistance to chromium compounds (N=1); 24 genes for the metabolism of aromatic compounds, including salicylate ester, chloroaromatic and quinate degradation. Phage elements sequences (N=44) were found in this genome, and CRISPRs arrays candidates were predicted in four sequences. We searched through subsystems for genes associated to symbiosis. Genes encoding type I, (lapBCDE, lapL, lapP, RTX and TolC) and type II (TadA, TadB, TadC, VirB11, RcpC, CpaB and CpaF) secretion systems were detected. We also identified 16 genes related to vitamin B12 synthesis and four LuxR gene families (Bondarev et al., 2013).},
}
@article {pmid31478269,
year = {2019},
author = {Breusing, C and Johnson, SB and Vrijenhoek, RC and Young, CR},
title = {Host hybridization as a potential mechanism of lateral symbiont transfer in deep-sea vesicomyid clams.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {21},
pages = {4697-4708},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15224},
pmid = {31478269},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {Deep-sea vesicomyid clams live in mutualistic symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria that are inherited through the maternal germ line. On evolutionary timescales, strictly vertical transmission should lead to cospeciation of host mitochondrial and symbiont lineages; nonetheless, examples of incongruent phylogenies have been reported, suggesting that symbionts are occasionally horizontally transmitted between host species. The current paradigm for vesicomyid clams holds that direct transfers cause host shifts or mixtures of symbionts. An alternative hypothesis suggests that hybridization between host species might explain symbiont transfers. Two clam species, Archivesica gigas and Phreagena soyoae, frequently co-occur at deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Although the two species typically host gammaproteobacterial symbiont lineages marked by divergent 16S rRNA phylotypes, we identified a number of clams with the A. gigas mitotype that hosted symbionts with the P. soyoae phylotype. Demographic inference models based on genome-wide SNP data and three Sanger sequenced gene markers provided evidence that A. gigas and P. soyoae hybridized in the past, supporting the hypothesis that hybridization might be a viable mechanism of interspecific symbiont transfer. These findings provide new perspectives on the evolution of vertically transmitted symbionts and their hosts in deep-sea chemosynthetic environments.},
}
@article {pmid31477892,
year = {2019},
author = {Müller, LM and Flokova, K and Schnabel, E and Sun, X and Fei, Z and Frugoli, J and Bouwmeester, HJ and Harrison, MJ},
title = {A CLE-SUNN module regulates strigolactone content and fungal colonization in arbuscular mycorrhiza.},
journal = {Nature plants},
volume = {5},
number = {9},
pages = {933-939},
doi = {10.1038/s41477-019-0501-1},
pmid = {31477892},
issn = {2055-0278},
abstract = {During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, colonization of the root is modulated in response to the physiological status of the plant, with regulation occurring locally and systemically. Here, we identify differentially expressed genes encoding CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) peptides that negatively regulate colonization levels by modulating root strigolactone content. CLE function requires a receptor-like kinase, SUNN; thus, a CLE-SUNN-strigolactone feedback loop is one avenue through which the plant modulates colonization levels.},
}
@article {pmid31477738,
year = {2019},
author = {Ibny, FYI and Jaiswal, SK and Mohammed, M and Dakora, FD},
title = {Symbiotic effectiveness and ecologically adaptive traits of native rhizobial symbionts of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) in Africa and their relationship with phylogeny.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {12666},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-48944-1},
pmid = {31477738},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is an indigenous, drought-tolerant, underutilized African food legume, with the ability to fix atmospheric N2 in symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia. The aim of this study was to assess the morpho-physiological, symbiotic and phylogenetic characteristics of rhizobia nodulating Bambara groundnut in Ghana, Mali and South Africa. The morpho-physiologically diverse isolates tested were also found to exhibit differences in functional efficiency and phylogenetic positions. Based on Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR banding patterns, the isolates were grouped into eight major clusters. The concentrations of Ca, Na and K in soils had a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect on the distribution of rhizobia. Though many isolates were symbiotically very effective, the effectiveness index varied markedly (p ≤ 0.05) among them. Moreover, the isolates also exhibited tolerance to a wide range of NaCl (0.5-7%), streptomycin (50-500 µg.ml-1), and kanamycin (25-150 µg.ml-1) concentrations. Additionally, these isolates could produce 0.02 to 69.71 µg.ml-1 of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in tryptophan-supplemented medium, as well as solubilize tri-calcium phosphate. Phylogenetic analysis of these rhizobial isolates using 16S rRNA, atpD, glnII, gyrB, recA and symbiotic (nifH and nodC) gene sequences revealed distinct and novel evolutionary lineages related to the genus Bradyrhizobium, with some of them being very close to Bradyrhizobium vignae, B. kavangense, B. subterraneum, B. elkanii and B. pachyrhizi.},
}
@article {pmid31477173,
year = {2019},
author = {Attardo, GM and Abd-Alla, AMM and Acosta-Serrano, A and Allen, JE and Bateta, R and Benoit, JB and Bourtzis, K and Caers, J and Caljon, G and Christensen, MB and Farrow, DW and Friedrich, M and Hua-Van, A and Jennings, EC and Larkin, DM and Lawson, D and Lehane, MJ and Lenis, VP and Lowy-Gallego, E and Macharia, RW and Malacrida, AR and Marco, HG and Masiga, D and Maslen, GL and Matetovici, I and Meisel, RP and Meki, I and Michalkova, V and Miller, WJ and Minx, P and Mireji, PO and Ometto, L and Parker, AG and Rio, R and Rose, C and Rosendale, AJ and Rota-Stabelli, O and Savini, G and Schoofs, L and Scolari, F and Swain, MT and Takáč, P and Tomlinson, C and Tsiamis, G and Van Den Abbeele, J and Vigneron, A and Wang, J and Warren, WC and Waterhouse, RM and Weirauch, MT and Weiss, BL and Wilson, RK and Zhao, X and Aksoy, S},
title = {Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes.},
journal = {Genome biology},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {187},
doi = {10.1186/s13059-019-1768-2},
pmid = {31477173},
issn = {1474-760X},
support = {D43 TW007391/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; U01AI115648/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI051584/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R03TW008413/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R03TW009444/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R21AI109263//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International ; U54HG003079/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity.<br><br>RESULTS: Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.},
}
@article {pmid31475981,
year = {2019},
author = {Wardhani, TAK and Roswanjaya, YP and Dupin, S and Li, H and Linders, S and Hartog, M and Geurts, R and van Zeijl, A},
title = {Transforming, Genome Editing and Phenotyping the Nitrogen-fixing Tropical Cannabaceae Tree Parasponia andersonii.},
journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE},
volume = {},
number = {150},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3791/59971},
pmid = {31475981},
issn = {1940-087X},
abstract = {Parasponia andersonii is a fast-growing tropical tree that belongs to the Cannabis family (Cannabaceae). Together with 4 additional species, it forms the only known non-legume lineage able to establish a nitrogen-fixing nodule symbiosis with rhizobium. Comparative studies between legumes and P. andersonii could provide valuable insight into the genetic networks underlying root nodule formation. To facilitate comparative studies, we recently sequenced the P. andersonii genome and established Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated stable transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. Here, we provide a detailed description of the transformation and genome editing procedures developed for P. andersonii. In addition, we describe procedures for the seed germination and characterization of symbiotic phenotypes. Using this protocol, stable transgenic mutant lines can be generated in a period of 2-3 months. Vegetative in vitro propagation of T0 transgenic lines allows phenotyping experiments to be initiated at 4 months after A. tumefaciens co-cultivation. Therefore, this protocol takes only marginally longer than the transient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-based root transformation method available for P. andersonii, though offers several clear advantages. Together, the procedures described here permit P. andersonii to be used as a research model for studies aimed at understanding symbiotic associations as well as potentially other aspects of the biology of this tropical tree.},
}
@article {pmid31475451,
year = {2020},
author = {Hu, Y and Linz, DM and Parker, ES and Schwab, DB and Casasa, S and Macagno, ALM and Moczek, AP},
title = {Developmental bias in horned dung beetles and its contributions to innovation, adaptation, and resilience.},
journal = {Evolution &amp; development},
volume = {22},
number = {1-2},
pages = {165-180},
doi = {10.1111/ede.12310},
pmid = {31475451},
issn = {1525-142X},
support = {//National Science Foundation/ ; //John Templeton Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Developmental processes transduce diverse influences during phenotype formation, thereby biasing and structuring amount and type of phenotypic variation available for evolutionary processes to act on. The causes, extent, and consequences of this bias are subject to significant debate. Here we explore the role of developmental bias in contributing to organisms' ability to innovate, to adapt to novel or stressful conditions, and to generate well integrated, resilient phenotypes in the face of perturbations. We focus our inquiry on one taxon, the horned dung beetle genus Onthophagus, and review the role developmental bias might play across several levels of biological organization: (a) gene regulatory networks that pattern specific body regions; (b) plastic developmental mechanisms that coordinate body wide responses to changing environments and; (c) developmental symbioses and niche construction that enable organisms to build teams and to actively modify their own selective environments. We posit that across all these levels developmental bias shapes the way living systems innovate, adapt, and withstand stress, in ways that can alternately limit, bias, or facilitate developmental evolution. We conclude that the structuring contribution of developmental bias in evolution deserves further study to better understand why and how developmental evolution unfolds the way it does.},
}
@article {pmid31474965,
year = {2019},
author = {Chang, ACG and Chen, T and Li, N and Duan, J},
title = {Perspectives on Endosymbiosis in Coralloid Roots: Association of Cycads and Cyanobacteria.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1888},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01888},
pmid = {31474965},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Past endosymbiotic events allowed photosynthetic organisms to flourish and evolve in terrestrial areas. The precursor of chloroplasts was an ancient photosynthetic cyanobacterium. Presently, cyanobacteria are still capable of establishing successful symbioses in a wide range of hosts. One particular host plant among the gymnosperms is cycads (Order Cycadales) in which a special type of root system, referred to as coralloid roots, develops to house symbiotic cyanobacteria. A number of studies have explained coralloid root formation and cyanobiont invasion but the questions on mechanisms of this host-microbe association remains vague. Most researches focus on diversity of symbionts in coralloid roots but equally important is to explore the underlying mechanisms of cycads-Nostoc symbiosis as well. Besides providing an overview of relevant areas presently known about this association and citing putative genes involved in cycad-cyanobacteria symbioses, this paper aims to identify the limitations that hamper attempts to get to the root of the matter and suggests future research directions that may prove useful.},
}
@article {pmid31474946,
year = {2019},
author = {Beinart, RA and Luo, C and Konstantinidis, KT and Stewart, FJ and Girguis, PR},
title = {The Bacterial Symbionts of Closely Related Hydrothermal Vent Snails With Distinct Geochemical Habitats Show Broad Similarity in Chemoautotrophic Gene Content.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1818},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01818},
pmid = {31474946},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Symbiosis has evolved between a diversity of invertebrate taxa and chemosynthetic bacterial lineages. At the broadest level, these symbioses share primary function: the bacterial symbionts use the energy harnessed from the oxidation of reduced chemicals to power the fixation of inorganic carbon and/or other nutrients, providing the bulk of host nutrition. However, it is unclear to what extent the ecological niche of the host species is influenced by differences in symbiont traits, particularly those involved in chemoautotrophic function and interaction with the geochemical environment. Hydrothermal vents in the Lau Basin (Tonga) are home to four morphologically and physiologically similar snail species from the sister genera Alviniconcha and Ifremeria. Here, we assembled nearly complete genomes from their symbionts to determine whether differences in chemoautotrophic capacity exist among these symbionts that could explain the observed distribution of these snail species into distinct geochemical habitats. Phylogenomic analyses confirmed that the symbionts have evolved from four distinct lineages in the classes γ-proteobacteria or Campylobacteria. The genomes differed with respect to genes related to motility, adhesion, secretion, and amino acid uptake or excretion, though were quite similar in chemoautotrophic function, with all four containing genes for carbon fixation, sulfur and hydrogen oxidation, and oxygen and nitrate respiration. This indicates that differences in the presence or absence of symbiont chemoautotrophic functions does not likely explain the observed geochemical habitat partitioning. Rather, differences in gene expression and regulation, biochemical differences among these chemoautotrophic pathways, and/or differences in host physiology could all influence the observed patterns of habitat partitioning.},
}
@article {pmid31474535,
year = {2019},
author = {Weber, PM and Moessel, F and Paredes, GF and Viehboeck, T and Vischer, NOE and Bulgheresi, S},
title = {A Bidimensional Segregation Mode Maintains Symbiont Chromosome Orientation toward Its Host.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {29},
number = {18},
pages = {3018-3028.e4},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.064},
pmid = {31474535},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {All living organisms require accurate segregation of their genetic material. However, in microbes, chromosome segregation is less understood than replication and cell division, which makes its decipherment a compelling research frontier. Furthermore, it has only been studied in free-living microbes so far. Here, we investigated this fundamental process in a rod-shaped symbiont, Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti. This gammaproteobacterium divides longitudinally as to form a columnar epithelium ensheathing its nematode host. We hypothesized that uninterrupted host attachment would affect bacterial chromosome dynamics and set out to localize specific chromosomal loci and putative DNA-segregating proteins by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunostaining, respectively. First, DNA replication origins (ori) number per cell demonstrated symbiont monoploidy. Second, we showed that sister ori segregate diagonally prior to septation onset. Moreover, the localization pattern of the centromere-binding protein ParB recapitulates that of ori, and consistently, we showed recombinant ParB to specifically bind an ori-proximal site (parS) in vitro. Third, chromosome replication ends prior to cell fission, and as the poles start to invaginate, termination of replication (ter) sites localize medially, at the leading edges of the growing septum. They then migrate to midcell, concomitantly with septation progression and until this is completed. In conclusion, we propose that symbiont ParB might drive chromosome segregation along the short axis and that tethering of sister ter regions to the growing septum mediates their migration along the long axis. Crucially, active bidimensional segregation of the chromosome allows transgenerational maintenance of its configuration, and therefore, it may represent an adaptation to symbiosis. VIDEO ABSTRACT.},
}
@article {pmid31471999,
year = {2019},
author = {Khemaissia, H and Jelassi, R and Ghemari, C and Raimond, M and Souty-Grosset, C and Nasri-Ammar, K},
title = {Evaluation of trace element contamination using Armadillo officinalis Duméril, 1816 (Crustacea, Isopoda) as a tool: An ultrastructural study.},
journal = {Microscopy research and technique},
volume = {82},
number = {12},
pages = {2014-2025},
doi = {10.1002/jemt.23371},
pmid = {31471999},
issn = {1097-0029},
abstract = {To estimate trace element bioaccumulation in Armadillo officinalis, specimens were collected from Ghar El Melh lagoon then exposed for 3 weeks in contaminated sediments with copper, zinc, and cadmium. From the first week until the end of the experiment, a decrease in A. officinalis growth related to the increase of Cd concentration in the sediment was recorded. However, a mass gain was highlighted under Cu and Zn exposures. At the end of experiment, body metal concentrations were measured using flame atomic emission spectrometry. Results of the bioaccumulation factor showed that the species could be considered as a macroconcentrator of copper (BAF > 2) and a deconcentrator of zinc (BAF < 2). Microscopy observations of hepatopancreas cells showed morphological and histological changes even at the lowest concentration. They consisted in the microvillus border destruction, lipid droplets modifications, trace element accumulation, and the condensation of the majority of cellular organelles. The degree of these alterations was found to be dose-dependent. Through these results, the isopod A. officinalis could be used as relevant monitor organisms for soil metal contamination.},
}
@article {pmid31470797,
year = {2019},
author = {Sol, S and Valkov, VT and Rogato, A and Noguero, M and Gargiulo, L and Mele, G and Lacombe, B and Chiurazzi, M},
title = {Disruption of the Lotus japonicus transporter LjNPF2.9 increases shoot biomass and nitrate content without affecting symbiotic performances.},
journal = {BMC plant biology},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {380},
doi = {10.1186/s12870-019-1978-5},
pmid = {31470797},
issn = {1471-2229},
support = {20105XLAXM//Italian Ministry of Education (Progetti di Rilevanza Nazionale), PRIN 2010/2011, PROROOT/ ; CUP B25C13000290007//Rete delle Biotecnologie in Campania, Progetto Bio Industrial Processes - BIP/ ; ANR-14-CE34-0007-01-HONIT//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; F/050005/00/X32//Italian Ministery of the Economic Development (MISE)/ ; },
mesh = {Biomass ; Lotus/genetics/*physiology ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Nitrates/*metabolism ; Plant Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Plant Shoots/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: After uptake from soil into the root tissue, distribution and allocation of nitrate throughout the whole plant body, is a critical step of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and for modulation of plant growth in response to various environmental conditions. In legume plants nitrate distribution is also important for the regulation of the nodulation process that allows to fix atmospheric N (N2) through the symbiotic interaction with rhizobia (symbiotic nitrogen fixation, SNF).<br><br>RESULTS: Here we report the functional characterization of the Lotus japonicus gene LjNPF2.9, which is expressed mainly in the root vascular structures, a key localization for the control of nitrate allocation throughout the plant body. LjNPF2.9 expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes induces 15NO3 accumulation indicating that it functions as a nitrate importer. The phenotypic characterization of three independent knock out mutants indicates an increased shoot biomass in the mutant backgrounds. This phenotype is associated to an increased/decreased nitrate content detected in the shoots/roots. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that the accumulation of nitrate in the shoot does not affect the nodulation and N-Fixation capacities of the knock out mutants.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that LjNPF2.9 plays a crucial role in the downward transport of nitrate to roots, occurring likely through a xylem-to-phloem loading-mediated activity. The increase of the shoot biomass and nitrate accumulation might represent a relevant phenotype in the perspective of an improved NUE and this is further reinforced in legume plants by the reported lack of effects on the SNF efficiency.},
}
@article {pmid31469838,
year = {2019},
author = {Jiménez, NE and Gerdtzen, ZP and Olivera-Nappa, Á and Salgado, JC and Conca, C},
title = {A systems biology approach for studying Wolbachia metabolism reveals points of interaction with its host in the context of arboviral infection.},
journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {e0007678},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0007678},
pmid = {31469838},
issn = {1935-2735},
mesh = {Aedes/microbiology ; Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; Hymenoptera/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Systems Biology/methods ; Wolbachia/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Wolbachia are alpha-proteobacteria known to infect arthropods, which are of interest for disease control since they have been associated with improved resistance to viral infection. Although several genomes for different strains have been sequenced, there is little knowledge regarding the relationship between this bacterium and their hosts, particularly on their dependency for survival. Motivated by the potential applications on disease control, we developed genome-scale models of four Wolbachia strains known to infect arthropods: wAlbB (Aedes albopictus), wVitA (Nasonia vitripennis), wMel and wMelPop (Drosophila melanogaster). The obtained metabolic reconstructions exhibit a metabolism relying mainly on amino acids for energy production and biomass synthesis. A gap analysis was performed to detect metabolic candidates which could explain the endosymbiotic nature of this bacterium, finding that amino acids, requirements for ubiquinone precursors and provisioning of metabolites such as riboflavin could play a crucial role in this relationship. This work provides a systems biology perspective for studying the relationship of Wolbachia with its host and the development of new approaches for control of the spread of arboviral diseases. This approach, where metabolic gaps are key objects of study instead of just additions to complete a model, could be applied to other endosymbiotic bacteria of interest.},
}
@article {pmid31469183,
year = {2019},
author = {D'Costa, PM and Kunkolienkar, RSS and Naik, AG and Naik, RK and Roy, R},
title = {The response of Prorocentrum sigmoides and its associated culturable bacteria to metals and organic pollutants.},
journal = {Journal of basic microbiology},
volume = {59},
number = {10},
pages = {979-991},
doi = {10.1002/jobm.201900244},
pmid = {31469183},
issn = {1521-4028},
support = {Project/2012-16//NF-POGO NANO-Asia/ ; },
mesh = {Bacillus/*drug effects/genetics/growth &amp; development/ultrastructure ; Biological Coevolution ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Dinoflagellida/*drug effects/metabolism/*microbiology ; Drug Resistance ; Hydrocarbons/*pharmacology ; Metals/*pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*pharmacology ; },
abstract = {This study investigates the effect of metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, and tellurium) and organic pollutants (benzene, diesel, lindane, and xylene) on a dinoflagellate-Prorocentrum sigmoides Böhm-and its associated culturable bacteria. Two bacterial cultures (Bacillus subtilis strain PD005 and B. xiamensis strain PD006) were isolated from P. sigmoides and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, biochemical analyses, and growth curve studies. This study points to a mutualistic relationship between P. sigmoides and its associated Bacillus isolates. P. sigmoides enhanced the growth of its associated Bacillus spp., through the secretion of extracellular exudates. In return, both Bacillus isolates contributed to the resistance of P. sigmoides to metals and organic pollutants. P. sigmoides and both Bacillus isolates exhibited concentration-dependent responses to metals and organic pollutants. An intriguing feature was the similar response of P. sigmoides and its associated Bacillus isolates to mercury and cadmium, indicating a co-selection of mercury and cadmium resistance. This provides support to the &quot;dinoflagellate host-phycosphere bacteria&quot; behaving as a single functional unit. However, the sensitivity profiles of P. sigmoides and its associated Bacillus isolates are different with respect to metals versus organic pollutants. These aspects need to be addressed in future studies to unravel the effect of metal and organic pollutants on dinoflagellates, an important component of the phytoplankton community, and to discern the influence of associated &quot;phycosphere&quot; bacteria on the response of dinoflagellates to pollutants.},
}
@article {pmid31468195,
year = {2019},
author = {Cui, Y and Gao, J and He, Y and Jiang, L},
title = {Plant extracellular vesicles.},
journal = {Protoplasma},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00709-019-01435-6},
pmid = {31468195},
issn = {1615-6102},
support = {AoE/M-05/12, CUHK14130716, 14102417, 14100818, 14104716, C4012-16E, C4002-17G, and RIF R4005-18//Chinese University of Hong Kong/ ; 31670179 and 91854201//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Exocytosis is a key mechanism for delivering materials into the extracellular space for cell function and communication. In plant cells, conventional protein secretion (CPS) is achieved via an ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-Golgi-TGN (trans-Golgi network)-PM (plasma membrane) pathway. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) bypassing these secretory organelles is also in operation and can potentially lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plant cells. Although multiple types of EVs have been identified and shown to play important roles in mediating intercellular communications in mammalian cells, there has been a long debate about the possible existence of EVs in plants because of the presence of the cell wall. However, increasing evidence suggests that plants also release EVs having various functions including unconventional protein secretion, RNA transport, and defense against pathogens. In this review, we present an update on the current knowledge about the nature, secretory mechanism, and function of various types of EVs in plants. The key regulators involved in EV secretion are also summarized and discussed. We pay special attention to the function of EVs in plant defense and symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31465455,
year = {2019},
author = {Tikhonenkov, DV and Jhin, SH and Eglit, Y and Miller, K and Plotnikov, A and Simpson, AGB and Park, JS},
title = {Ecological and evolutionary patterns in the enigmatic protist genus Percolomonas (Heterolobosea; Discoba) from diverse habitats.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {e0216188},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0216188},
pmid = {31465455},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The heterotrophic flagellate Percolomonas cosmopolitus (Heterolobosea) is often observed in saline habitats worldwide, from coastal waters to saturated brines. However, only two cultures assigned to this morphospecies have been examined using molecular methods, and their 18S rRNA gene sequences are extremely different. Further the salinity tolerances of individual strains are unknown. Thus, our knowledge on the autecology and diversity in this morphospecies is deficient. Here, we report 18S rRNA gene data on seven strains similar to P. cosmopolitus from seven geographically remote locations (New Zealand, Kenya, Korea, Poland, Russia, Spain, and the USA) with sample salinities ranging from 4‰ to 280‰, and compare morphology and salinity tolerance of the nine available strains. Percolomonas cosmopolitus-like strains show few-to-no consistent morphological differences, and form six clades separated by often extremely large 18S rRNA gene divergences (up to 42.4%). Some strains grow best at salinities from 75 to 125‰ and represent halophiles. All but one of these belong to two geographically heterogeneous clusters that form a robust monophyletic group in phylogenetic trees; this likely represents an ecologically specialized subclade of halophiles. Our results suggest that P. cosmopolitus is a cluster of several cryptic species (at least), which are unlikely to be distinguished by geography. Interestingly, the 9 Percolomonas strains formed a clade in 18S rRNA gene phylogenies, unlike most previous analyses based on two sequences.},
}
@article {pmid31464214,
year = {2019},
author = {Shah, S and Darekar, B and Salvi, S and Kowale, A},
title = {Quadriceps strength in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.},
journal = {Lung India : official organ of Indian Chest Society},
volume = {36},
number = {5},
pages = {417-421},
doi = {10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_27_19},
pmid = {31464214},
issn = {0970-2113},
abstract = {Background: Skeletal muscle dysfunction is well known in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The muscle strength is altered in various muscles variedly. Lower-limb muscle strength is very important for walking distance. Reduced lower-limb strength can affect the physical quality of life.<br><br>Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the quadriceps strength in COPD patients and age-matched healthy controls and to study the correlation between lung function parameters and the quadriceps strength in patients with COPD.<br><br>Methodology: Thirty nonsmoker male patients; thirty nonsmoker female patients with COPD; and sixty age-, BMI-, and gender-matched healthy controls were studied. Quadriceps muscle strength was measured using a quadriceps dynamometer. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEF 25-75, and peak expiratory flow rate were measured using Helios 702 Spirometer. The quadriceps muscle strength between the two groups was compared using the unpaired Student's t-test. Correlations between FVC and FEV1with muscle strength were analyzed using the Pearson's coefficient.<br><br>Results: The mean unilateral and bilateral quadriceps strength in both male and female COPD patients was significantly lesser than the healthy controls (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between muscle strength and FVC and muscle strength and FEV1in patients with COPD.<br><br>Conclusion: The study shows that there is quadriceps weakness in COPD patients, and pulmonary functions have a direct impact on skeletal muscle strength. Identifying those patients who have reduced strength will allow early interventions targeted at improving the quality of life of the patient.},
}
@article {pmid31463869,
year = {2019},
author = {Monteiro, PHR and Kaschuk, G and Winagraski, E and Auer, CG and Higa, AR},
title = {Rhizobial inoculation in black wattle plantation (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) in production systems of southern Brazil.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]},
volume = {50},
number = {4},
pages = {989-998},
pmid = {31463869},
issn = {1678-4405},
abstract = {Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) is a tree legume native to southeast Australia, but present in all continents. Today it covers about 142,400 ha in Brazil, with plantations concentrated in the southern region of the country. Black wattle may form nodules and establish rhizobial symbiosis capable of fixing N2, but rhizobial inoculation is not done in commercial plantations. About 40 kg ha-1 of urea is applied during seedling transplantation. In this review, evidences by which rhizobial inoculation affects monoculture, mixed cultivation, and agroforestry black wattle production systems were searched in literature. Previous measurements in cultivated forests have indicated that biological nitrogen fixation in black wattle may provide up to 200 kg of N ha-1 year-1 to the soil. Therefore, rhizobia inoculation may bring several opportunities to improve black wattle production systems. Black wattle is not a very selective partner in the rhizobial symbiosis, but the genus Bradyrhizobium dominates the rhizobial diversity of black wattle nodules. Investigation on rhizobial diversity in soils where the crop is cultivated may represent an opportunity to find more effective rhizobia strains for inoculants. The successful history of biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes must inspire the history of tree legumes. Microbiology applied to forestry must overcome challenges on the lack of trained professionals and the development of new application technologies.},
}
@article {pmid31463006,
year = {2019},
author = {Couret, J and Huynh-Griffin, L and Antolic-Soban, I and Acevedo-Gonzalez, TS and Gerardo, NM},
title = {Even obligate symbioses show signs of ecological contingency: Impacts of symbiosis for an invasive stinkbug are mediated by host plant context.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {16},
pages = {9087-9099},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5454},
pmid = {31463006},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Abstract: Many species interactions are dependent on environmental context, yet the benefits of obligate, mutualistic microbial symbioses to their hosts are typically assumed to be universal across environments. We directly tested this assumption, focusing on the symbiosis between the sap-feeding insect Megacopta cribraria and its primary bacterial symbiont Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. We assessed host development time, survival, and body size in the presence and absence of the symbiont on two alternative host plants and in the insects' new invasive range. We found that association with the symbiont was critical for host survival to adulthood when reared on either host plant, with few individuals surviving in the absence of symbiosis. Developmental differences between hosts with and without microbial symbionts, however, were mediated by the host plants on which the insects were reared. Our results support the hypothesis that benefits associated with this host-microbe interaction are environmentally contingent, though given that few individuals survive to adulthood without their symbionts, this may have minimal impact on ecological dynamics and current evolutionary trajectories of these partners.<br><br>OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kg4bc56.},
}
@article {pmid31461957,
year = {2019},
author = {Bahadur, A and Batool, A and Nasir, F and Jiang, S and Mingsen, Q and Zhang, Q and Pan, J and Liu, Y and Feng, H},
title = {Mechanistic Insights into Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Mediated Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms20174199},
pmid = {31461957},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {41430749//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31670433//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31470524//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31500427//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31570512//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2014 T70949//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; 2015 M582735//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; SKLFSE200901//State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering/ ; },
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Droughts ; Mycorrhizae/metabolism/*physiology ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; *Stress, Physiological ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic interaction with 80% of known land plants. It has a pronounced impact on plant growth, water absorption, mineral nutrition, and protection from abiotic stresses. Plants are very dynamic systems having great adaptability under continuously changing drying conditions. In this regard, the function of AMF as a biological tool for improving plant drought stress tolerance and phenotypic plasticity, in terms of establishing mutualistic associations, seems an innovative approach towards sustainable agriculture. However, a better understanding of these complex interconnected signaling pathways and AMF-mediated mechanisms that regulate the drought tolerance in plants will enhance its potential application as an innovative approach in environmentally friendly agriculture. This paper reviews the underlying mechanisms that are confidently linked with plant-AMF interaction in alleviating drought stress, constructing emphasis on phytohormones and signaling molecules and their interaction with biochemical, and physiological processes to maintain the homeostasis of nutrient and water cycling and plant growth performance. Likewise, the paper will analyze how the AMF symbiosis helps the plant to overcome the deleterious effects of stress is also evaluated. Finally, we review how interactions between various signaling mechanisms governed by AMF symbiosis modulate different physiological responses to improve drought tolerance. Understanding the AMF-mediated mechanisms that are important for regulating the establishment of the mycorrhizal association and the plant protective responses towards unfavorable conditions will open new approaches to exploit AMF as a bioprotective tool against drought.},
}
@article {pmid31456765,
year = {2019},
author = {Balestrini, R and Rosso, LC and Veronico, P and Melillo, MT and De Luca, F and Fanelli, E and Colagiero, M and di Fossalunga, AS and Ciancio, A and Pentimone, I},
title = {Transcriptomic Responses to Water Deficit and Nematode Infection in Mycorrhizal Tomato Roots.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1807},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01807},
pmid = {31456765},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Climate changes include the intensification of drought in many parts of the world, increasing its frequency, severity and duration. However, under natural conditions, environmental stresses do not occur alone, and, in addition, more stressed plants may become more susceptible to attacks by pests and pathogens. Studies on the impact of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis on tomato response to water deficit showed that several drought-responsive genes are differentially regulated in AM-colonized tomato plants (roots and leaves) during water deficit. To date, global changes in mycorrhizal tomato root transcripts under water stress conditions have not been yet investigated. Here, changes in root transcriptome in the presence of an AM fungus, with or without water stress (WS) application, have been evaluated in a commercial tomato cultivar already investigated for the water stress response during AM symbiosis. Since root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) are obligate endoparasites and cause severe yield losses in tomato, the impact of the AM fungal colonization on RKN infection at 7 days post-inoculation was also evaluated. Results offer new information about the response to AM symbiosis, highlighting a functional redundancy for several tomato gene families, as well as on the tomato and fungal genes involved in WS response during symbiosis, underlying the role of the AM fungus. Changes in the expression of tomato genes related to nematode infection during AM symbiosis highlight a role of AM colonization in triggering defense responses against RKN in tomato. Overall, new datasets on the tomato response to an abiotic and biotic stress during AM symbiosis have been obtained, providing useful data for further researches.},
}
@article {pmid31456059,
year = {2019},
author = {Sprenger, PP and Hartke, J and Feldmeyer, B and Orivel, J and Schmitt, T and Menzel, F},
title = {Influence of Mutualistic Lifestyle, Mutualistic Partner, and Climate on Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profiles in Parabiotic Ants.},
journal = {Journal of chemical ecology},
volume = {45},
number = {9},
pages = {741-754},
doi = {10.1007/s10886-019-01099-9},
pmid = {31456059},
issn = {1573-1561},
support = {ME 3842/5-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; SCHM 2645/7-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; FE 1333/7-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; ANR-10-LABX-25-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; },
mesh = {Alkadienes/chemistry ; Animal Scales/*chemistry ; Animals ; Ants ; Hydrocarbons/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Life Style ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {A vital trait in insects is their cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile, which protects the insect against desiccation and serves in chemical communication. Due to these functions, CHC profiles are shaped by both climatic conditions and biotic interactions. Here, we investigated CHC differentiation in the neotropical parabiotic ant species Crematogaster levior and Camponotus femoratus, which mutualistically share a nest. Both consist of two cryptic species each (Cr. levior A and B and Ca. femoratus PAT and PS) that differ genetically and possess strongly different CHC profiles. We characterized and compared CHC profiles of the four cryptic species in detail. Our results suggest that Cr. levior A, Ca. femoratus PAT and Ca. femoratus PS adapted their CHC profiles to the parabiotic lifestyle by producing longer-chain CHCs. At the same time, they changed their major CHC classes, and produce more alkadienes and methyl-branched alkenes compared to Cr. levior B or non-parabiotic species. The CHC profiles of Cr. levior B were more similar to related, non-parabiotic species of the Orthocrema clade than Cr. levior A, and the chain lengths of B were similar to the reconstructed ancestral state. Signals of both the parabiotic partner (biotic conditions) and climate (abiotic conditions) were found in the CHC profiles of all four cryptic species. Our data suggest that mutualisms shaped the CHC profiles of the studied species, in particular chain length and CHC class composition. Beside this, signals of the parabiotic partners indicate potential impacts of biotic interactions, via chemical mimicry or chemical camouflage.},
}
@article {pmid31455640,
year = {2019},
author = {Creekmore, BC and Gray, JH and Walton, WG and Biernat, KA and Little, MS and Xu, Y and Liu, J and Gharaibeh, RZ and Redinbo, MR},
title = {Mouse Gut Microbiome-Encoded β-Glucuronidases Identified Using Metagenome Analysis Guided by Protein Structure.},
journal = {mSystems},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00452-19},
pmid = {31455640},
issn = {2379-5077},
abstract = {Gut microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes play important roles in drug efficacy and toxicity, intestinal carcinogenesis, and mammalian-microbial symbiosis. Recently, the first catalog of human gut GUS proteins was provided for the Human Microbiome Project stool sample database and revealed 279 unique GUS enzymes organized into six categories based on active-site structural features. Because mice represent a model biomedical research organism, here we provide an analogous catalog of mouse intestinal microbial GUS proteins-a mouse gut GUSome. Using metagenome analysis guided by protein structure, we examined 2.5 million unique proteins from a comprehensive mouse gut metagenome created from several mouse strains, providers, housing conditions, and diets. We identified 444 unique GUS proteins and organized them into six categories based on active-site features, similarly to the human GUSome analysis. GUS enzymes were encoded by the major gut microbial phyla, including Firmicutes (60%) and Bacteroidetes (21%), and there were nearly 20% for which taxonomy could not be assigned. No differences in gut microbial gus gene composition were observed for mice based on sex. However, mice exhibited gus differences based on active-site features associated with provider, location, strain, and diet. Furthermore, diet yielded the largest differences in gus composition. Biochemical analysis of two low-fat-associated GUS enzymes revealed that they are variable with respect to their efficacy of processing both sulfated and nonsulfated heparan nonasaccharides containing terminal glucuronides.IMPORTANCE Mice are commonly employed as model organisms of mammalian disease; as such, our understanding of the compositions of their gut microbiomes is critical to appreciating how the mouse and human gastrointestinal tracts mirror one another. GUS enzymes, with importance in normal physiology and disease, are an attractive set of proteins to use for such analyses. Here we show that while the specific GUS enzymes differ at the sequence level, a core GUSome functionality appears conserved between mouse and human gastrointestinal bacteria. Mouse strain, provider, housing location, and diet exhibit distinct GUSomes and gus gene compositions, but sex seems not to affect the GUSome. These data provide a basis for understanding the gut microbial GUS enzymes present in commonly used laboratory mice. Further, they demonstrate the utility of metagenome analysis guided by protein structure to provide specific sets of functionally related proteins from whole-genome metagenome sequencing data.},
}
@article {pmid31455638,
year = {2019},
author = {Lim, SJ and Alexander, L and Engel, AS and Paterson, AT and Anderson, LC and Campbell, BJ},
title = {Extensive Thioautotrophic Gill Endosymbiont Diversity within a Single Ctena orbiculata (Bivalvia: Lucinidae) Population and Implications for Defining Host-Symbiont Specificity and Species Recognition.},
journal = {mSystems},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00280-19},
pmid = {31455638},
issn = {2379-5077},
abstract = {Seagrass-dwelling members of the bivalve family Lucinidae harbor environmentally acquired gill endosymbionts. According to previous studies, lucinid symbionts potentially represent multiple strains from a single thioautotrophic gammaproteobacterium species. This study utilized genomic- and transcriptomic-level data to resolve symbiont taxonomic, genetic, and functional diversity from Ctena orbiculata endosymbiont populations inhabiting carbonate-rich sediment at Sugarloaf Key, FL (USA). The sediment had mixed seagrass and calcareous green alga coverage and also was colonized by at least five other lucinid species. Four coexisting, thioautotrophic endosymbiont operational taxonomic units (OTUs), likely representing four strains from two different bacterial species, were identified from C. orbiculata Three of these OTUs also occurred at high relative abundances in the other sympatric lucinid species. Interspecies genetic differences averaged about 5% lower at both pairwise average nucleotide identity and amino acid identity than interstrain differences. Despite these genetic differences, C. orbiculata endosymbionts shared a high number of metabolic functions, including highly expressed thioautotrophy-related genes and a moderately to weakly expressed conserved one-carbon (C1) oxidation gene cluster previously undescribed in lucinid symbionts. Few symbiont- and host-related genes, including those encoding symbiotic sulfurtransferase, host respiratory functions, and host sulfide oxidation functions, were differentially expressed between seagrass- and alga-covered sediment locations. In contrast to previous studies, the identification of multiple endosymbiont taxa within and across C. orbiculata individuals, which were also shared with other sympatric lucinid species, suggests that neither host nor endosymbiont displays strict taxonomic specificity. This necessitates further investigations into the nature and extent of specificity of lucinid hosts and their symbionts.IMPORTANCE Symbiont diversity and host/symbiont functions have been comprehensively profiled for only a few lucinid species. In this work, unprecedented thioautotrophic gill endosymbiont taxonomic diversity was characterized within a Ctena orbiculata population associated with both seagrass- and alga-covered sediments. Endosymbiont metabolisms included known chemosynthetic functions and an additional conserved, previously uncharacterized C1 oxidation pathway. Lucinid-symbiont associations were not species specific because this C. orbiculata population hosted multiple endosymbiont strains and species, and other sympatric lucinid species shared overlapping symbiont 16S rRNA gene diversity profiles with C. orbiculata Our results suggest that lucinid-symbiont association patterns within some host species could be more taxonomically diverse than previously thought. As such, this study highlights the importance of holistic analyses, at the population, community, and even ecosystem levels, in understanding host-microbe association patterns.},
}
@article {pmid31450847,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, F and Sun, Y and Shi, Z},
title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Enhances Biomass Production and Salt Tolerance of Sweet Sorghum.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {31450847},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {41471395//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 154100510010//Plan for Scientific Innovation Talent of Henan Province/ ; 0100229003//Doctoral Foundation of QUST/ ; Qian Jiao He KY Zi[2017]010//Education Department of Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Soil Resources and Environment in Qianbei of Guizhou Province/ ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) are widely known to form a symbiosis with most higher plants and enhance plant adaptation to a series of environmental stresses. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is considered a promising alternative feedstock for bioalcohol production because of its sugar-rich stalk and high biomass. However, little is known of AMF benefit for biomass production and salt tolerance of sweet sorghum. Here, we investigated the effects of Acaulosporamellea ZZ on growth and salt tolerance in two sweet sorghum cultivars (Liaotian5 and Yajin2) under different NaCl addition levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 g NaCl/kg soil). Results showed AMF colonized the two cultivars well under all NaCl addition levels. NaCl addition increased mycorrhizal colonization rates in Yajin2, but the effects on Liaotian5 ranged from stimulatory at 0.5 and 1 g/kg to insignificant at 2 g/kg, and even inhibitory at 3 g/kg. High NaCl addition levels produced negative effects on both AM and non-AM plants, leading to lower biomass production, poorer mineral nutrition (N, P, K), higher Na+ uptake, and lower soluble sugar content in leaves. Compared with non-AM plants, AM plants of both cultivars had improved plant biomass and mineral uptake, as well as higher K+/Na+ ratio, but only Yajin2 plants had a low shoot/root Na ratio. AM inoculation increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and soluble sugar content in leaves. Overall, both cultivars benefited from mycorrhization, and Yajin2 with less salt tolerance showed higher mycorrhizal response. In conclusion, AMF could help to alleviate the negative effects caused by salinity, and thus showed potential in biomass production of sweet sorghum in saline soil.},
}
@article {pmid31450827,
year = {2019},
author = {Bi, Y and Wang, F and Zhang, W},
title = {Omics Analysis for Dinoflagellates Biology Research.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {9},
pages = {},
pmid = {31450827},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2018YFA0903000 and 2018YFA0903600//National Key R&amp;D Program of China/ ; 31770100, 91751102, 21621004, 31370115 and 31470217//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Dinoflagellates are important primary producers for marine ecosystems and are also responsible for certain essential components in human foods. However, they are also notorious for their ability to form harmful algal blooms, and cause shellfish poisoning. Although much work has been devoted to dinoflagellates in recent decades, our understanding of them at a molecular level is still limited owing to some of their challenging biological properties, such as large genome size, permanently condensed liquid-crystalline chromosomes, and the 10-fold lower ratio of protein to DNA than other eukaryotic species. In recent years, omics technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have been applied to the study of marine dinoflagellates and have uncovered many new physiological and metabolic characteristics of dinoflagellates. In this article, we review recent application of omics technologies in revealing some of the unusual features of dinoflagellate genomes and molecular mechanisms relevant to their biology, including the mechanism of harmful algal bloom formations, toxin biosynthesis, symbiosis, lipid biosynthesis, as well as species identification and evolution. We also discuss the challenges and provide prospective further study directions and applications of dinoflagellates.},
}
@article {pmid31450667,
year = {2019},
author = {Chakraborty, S and Nguyen, B and Wasti, SD and Xu, G},
title = {Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {24},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules24173081},
pmid = {31450667},
issn = {1420-3049},
abstract = {In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.},
}
@article {pmid31450061,
year = {2019},
author = {Chen, X and Hu, Z and Qi, Y and Song, C and Chen, G},
title = {The interactions of algae-activated sludge symbiotic system and its effects on wastewater treatment and lipid accumulation.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {292},
number = {},
pages = {122017},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122017},
pmid = {31450061},
issn = {1873-2976},
mesh = {*Chlorella ; Lipids ; *Microalgae ; Sewage ; Waste Water ; },
abstract = {The ability of Scenedesmus sp. 336, Chlorella sp. 1602 and activated sludge (AS) alone or in combination to remove nutrients and accumulate lipid in artificial municipal wastewater under light/dark conditions was studied. The symbiotic systems showed greater advantages than the sterile systems. Scenedesmus sp. 336 + AS system obtained the highest lipid productivity after seven days of cultivation in light, while the NO3--N and COD were completely absorbed and utilized, as well as the removal rate of PO43--P and NH4+-N were 99.82% and 87.13%, respectively. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured to demonstrate the relationship between oxidative stress and lipid accumulation. Besides, the results of microbial analysis showed that some dominant plant growth-promoting bacteria could secrete indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to enhance the interaction between algae and bacteria, and the denitrifying bacteria that could coexist with microalgae also improved the efficiency of wastewater treatment in the symbiotic systems.},
}
@article {pmid31450055,
year = {2019},
author = {Cesari, A and Paulucci, N and López-Gómez, M and Hidalgo-Castellanos, J and Plá, CL and Dardanelli, MS},
title = {Restrictive water condition modifies the root exudates composition during peanut-PGPR interaction and conditions early events, reversing the negative effects on plant growth.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {142},
number = {},
pages = {519-527},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.015},
pmid = {31450055},
issn = {1873-2690},
mesh = {Arachis/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*microbiology/physiology ; *Bradyrhizobium ; Citric Acid/metabolism ; Dehydration ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Flavanones/metabolism ; Flavonoids/metabolism ; Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Oleic Acid/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism/*microbiology/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Tryptophan/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Water deficit is one of the most serious environmental factors that affect the productivity of crops in the world. Arachis hypogaea is a legume with a high nutritional value and 70% is cultivated in semi-arid regions. This research aimed to study the effect of water deficit on peanut root exudates composition, analyzing the importance of exudates on peanut-PGPR interaction under restrictive water condition. Peanut seedlings were subjected to six treatments: 0 and 15 mM PEG, in combination with non-inoculated, Bradyrhizobium sp. and Bradyrhizobium-Azospirillum brasilense inoculated treatments. We analyzed the 7-day peanut root exudate in response to a water restrictive condition and the presence of bacterial inocula. Molecular analysis was performed by HPLC, UPLC and GC. Bacteria motility, chemotaxis, bacterial adhesion to peanut roots and peanut growth parameters were analyzed. Restrictive water condition modified the pattern of molecules exuded by roots, increasing the exudation of Naringenin, oleic FA, citric and lactic acid, and stimulation the release of terpenes of known antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The presence of microorganisms modified the composition of root exudates. Water deficit affected the first events of peanut-PGPR interaction and the root exudates favored bacterial mobility, the chemotaxis and attachment of bacteria to peanut roots. Changes in the profile of molecules exuded by roots allowed A. hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium and A.hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium-Azospirillum interaction thus reversing the negative effects of restrictive water condition on peanut growth. These findings have a future potential application to improve plant-PGPR interactions under water deficit by formulating inoculants containing key molecules exuded during stress.},
}
@article {pmid31449853,
year = {2019},
author = {Dorchin, N and Harris, KM and Stireman, JO},
title = {Phylogeny of the gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiinae): Systematics, evolution of feeding modes and diversification rates.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {140},
number = {},
pages = {106602},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106602},
pmid = {31449853},
issn = {1095-9513},
abstract = {Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) constitute one of the largest and most diverse families of Diptera, with close to 6600 described species and thousands of undescribed species worldwide. The family is divided into six subfamilies, the five basal ones comprising only fungivorous taxa, whereas the largest, youngest and most diverse subfamily Cecidomyiinae includes fungivorous as well as herbivorous and predatory species. The currently accepted classification of the Cecidomyiinae is morphology-based, and the few phylogenetic inferences that have previously been suggested for it were based on fragmentary or limited datasets. In a first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Cecidomyiinae we sampled 142 species representing 88 genera of 13 tribes from all feeding guilds and zoogeographic regions in order to test the validity of the systematic division of the subfamily and gain insight into patterns of diversification and the evolution of feeding modes. We used sequences from five mitochondrial and nuclear genes to reconstruct maximum likelihood and Bayesian, time-calibrated phylogenies and conducted ancestral state reconstruction of feeding modes. Our results corroborate to a great extent the morphology-based classification of the Cecidomyiinae, with strong support for all supertribes and tribes, all were apparently established in the Upper Cretaceous concordant with the major radiation of angiosperms. We infer that transitions from fungus-feeding to plant-feeding occurred only once or twice in the evolution of the subfamily and that predation evolved only once, contrary to previous hypotheses. All herbivorous clades in the subfamily are very species rich and have diversified at a significantly greater rate than expected, but we found no support for the assertion that herbivorous clades associated with symbiotic fungi in their galls diversify faster than clades that do not have such associations. Currently available data also do not support the hypothesis that symbiotic clades have broader host ranges than non-symbiotic clades.},
}
@article {pmid31448152,
year = {2019},
author = {S, J and Kk, S},
title = {Multifunctional aspects of Piriformospora indica in plant endosymbiosis.},
journal = {Mycology},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {182-190},
doi = {10.1080/21501203.2019.1600063},
pmid = {31448152},
issn = {2150-1203},
abstract = {Piriformospora indica (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota) is an endophytic fungus that colonises plant roots, and was originally isolated from Rajasthan desert. It is comparable to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in terms of plant growth promotional effects. P. indica has been used as an ideal example to analyse the mechanisms of mutualistic symbiosis. Major benefit of P. indica over AM fungi is that it is axenically cultivable in different synthetic and complex media. A preliminary attempt was made to scrutinise the role of P. indica co-cultivation on seedling vigour of common vegetables like Cucumis sativus L., Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Solanum melongena L. and Capsicum annuum L. The positive effect of P. indica co-culture on seedling performance was compared to the effects of growth hormones like indole acetic acid and benzyl amino purine when supplemented to the MS medium at a concentration of 0.1 mg ml-1. An exogenous supply of auxin resulted in enhanced production of roots and cytokinin supplement favoured shoot production, whereas P. indica co-culture favoured simultaneous production of shoot and root over the control. P. indica colonisation inside the roots of C. sativus L. was also successfully established. These preliminary results indicate the prospective role of P. indica in vegetable farming through its favourable effect on plant growth.},
}
@article {pmid31447821,
year = {2019},
author = {Johansson, ON and Pinder, MIM and Ohlsson, F and Egardt, J and Töpel, M and Clarke, AK},
title = {Friends With Benefits: Exploring the Phycosphere of the Marine Diatom Skeletonema marinoi.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1828},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01828},
pmid = {31447821},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Marine diatoms are the dominant phytoplankton in the temperate oceans and coastal regions, contributing to global photosynthesis, biogeochemical cycling of key nutrients and minerals and aquatic food chains. Integral to the success of marine diatoms is a diverse array of bacterial species that closely interact within the diffusive boundary layer, or phycosphere, surrounding the diatom partner. Recently, we isolated seven distinct bacterial species from cultures of Skeletonema marinoi, a chain-forming, centric diatom that dominates the coastal regions of the temperate oceans. Genomes of all seven bacteria were sequenced revealing many unusual characteristics such as the existence of numerous plasmids of widely varying sizes. Here we have investigated the characteristics of the bacterial interactions with S. marinoi, demonstrating that several strains (Arenibacter algicola strain SMS7, Marinobacter salarius strain SMR5, Sphingorhabdus flavimaris strain SMR4y, Sulfitobacter pseudonitzschiae strain SMR1, Yoonia vestfoldensis strain SMR4r and Roseovarius mucosus strain SMR3) stimulate growth of the diatom partner. Testing of many different environmental factors including low iron concentration, high and low temperatures, and chemical signals showed variable effects on this growth enhancement by each bacterial species, with the most significant being light quality in which green and blue but not red light enhanced the stimulatory effect on S. marinoi growth by all bacteria. Several of the bacteria also inhibited growth of one or more of the other bacterial strains to different extents when mixed together. This study highlights the complex interactions between diatoms and their associated bacteria within the phycosphere, and that further studies are needed to resolve the underlying mechanisms for these relationships and how they might influence the global success of marine diatoms.},
}
@article {pmid31446647,
year = {2019},
author = {Lemos, LN and Medeiros, JD and Dini-Andreote, F and Fernandes, GR and Varani, AM and Oliveira, G and Pylro, VS},
title = {Genomic signatures and co-occurrence patterns of the ultra-small Saccharimonadia (phylum CPR/Patescibacteria) suggest a symbiotic lifestyle.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {18},
pages = {4259-4271},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15208},
pmid = {31446647},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {The size of bacterial genomes is often associated with organismal metabolic capabilities determining ecological breadth and lifestyle. The recently proposed Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR)/Patescibacteria encompasses mostly unculturable bacterial taxa with relatively small genome sizes with potential for co-metabolism interdependencies. As yet, little is known about the ecology and evolution of CPR, particularly with respect to how they might interact with other taxa. Here, we reconstructed two novel genomes (namely, Candidatus Saccharibacter sossegus and Candidatus Chaer renensis) of taxa belonging to the class Saccharimonadia within the CPR/Patescibacteria using metagenomes obtained from acid mine drainage (AMD). By testing the hypothesis of genome streamlining or symbiotic lifestyle, our results revealed clear signatures of gene losses in these genomes, such as those associated with de novo biosynthesis of essential amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and cofactors. In addition, co-occurrence analysis provided evidence supporting potential symbioses of these organisms with Hydrotalea sp. in the AMD system. Together, our findings provide a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of CPR/Patescibacteria and highlight the importance of genome reconstruction for studying metabolic interdependencies between unculturable Saccharimonadia representatives.},
}
@article {pmid31445037,
year = {2019},
author = {Fujimoto, K and Kawaguchi, Y and Shimohigoshi, M and Gotoh, Y and Nakano, Y and Usui, Y and Hayashi, T and Kimura, Y and Uematsu, M and Yamamoto, T and Akeda, Y and Rhee, JH and Yuki, Y and Ishii, KJ and Crowe, SE and Ernst, PB and Kiyono, H and Uematsu, S},
title = {Antigen-Specific Mucosal Immunity Regulates Development of Intestinal Bacteria-Mediated Diseases.},
journal = {Gastroenterology},
volume = {157},
number = {6},
pages = {1530-1543.e4},
doi = {10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.021},
pmid = {31445037},
issn = {1528-0012},
mesh = {Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration &amp; dosage ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/immunology ; Cholera Toxin/immunology ; Diarrhea/diagnosis/immunology/microbiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dysbiosis/*immunology/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*immunology ; Germ-Free Life ; Humans ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/*immunology/microbiology ; Male ; Mice ; Pneumonia/diagnosis/immunology/microbiology ; Severity of Illness Index ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND &amp; AIMS: Dysregulation of the microbiome has been associated with development of complex diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. However, no method has been developed to control disease-associated commensal microbes. We investigated whether immunization with microbial antigens, using CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and/or curdlan as adjuvants, induces systemic antigen-specific IgA and IgG production and affects development of diseases in mice.<br><br>METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were given intramuscular injections of antigens (ovalbumin, cholera toxin B-subunit, or pneumococcal surface protein A) combined with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and/or curdlan. Blood and fecal samples were collected weekly and antigen-specific IgG and IgA titers were measured. Lymph nodes and spleens were collected and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antigen-specific splenic T-helper 1 cells, T-helper 17 cells, and memory B cells. Six weeks after primary immunization, mice were given a oral, nasal, or vaginal boost of ovalbumin; intestinal lamina propria, bronchial lavage, and vaginal swab samples were collected and antibodies and cytokines were measured. Some mice were also given oral cholera toxin or intranasal Streptococcus pneumoniae and the severity of diarrhea or pneumonia was analyzed. Gnotobiotic mice were gavaged with fecal material from obese individuals, which had a high abundance of Clostridium ramosum (a commensal microbe associated with obesity and diabetes), and were placed on a high-fat diet 2 weeks after immunization with C ramosum. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.<br><br>RESULTS: Serum and fecal samples from mice given injections of antigens in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and curdlan for 3 weeks contained antigen-specific IgA and IgG, and splenocytes produced interferon-gamma and interleukin 17A. Lamina propria, bronchial, and vaginal samples contained antigen-specific IgA after the ovalbumin boost. This immunization regimen prevented development of diarrhea after injection of cholera toxin, and inhibited lung colonization by S pneumoniae. In gnotobiotic mice colonized with C ramosum and placed on a high-fat diet, the mice that had been immunized with C ramosum became less obese than the nonimmunized mice.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Injection of mice with microbial antigens and adjuvant induces antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. Immunization with S pneumoniae antigen prevented lung infection by this bacteria, and immunization with C ramosum reduced obesity in mice colonized with this microbe and placed on a high-fat diet. This immunization approach might be used to protect against microbe-associated disorders of intestine.},
}
@article {pmid31444339,
year = {2019},
author = {Chia, JSM and Wall, ES and Wee, CL and Rowland, TAJ and Cheng, RK and Cheow, K and Guillemin, K and Jesuthasan, S},
title = {Bacteria evoke alarm behaviour in zebrafish.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {3831},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-11608-9},
pmid = {31444339},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {P01 GM125576/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Animal Communication ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Fear/physiology ; Giant Cells/metabolism/microbiology ; Intravital Microscopy ; Mucus/cytology/metabolism/microbiology ; Neutrophils/metabolism/microbiology ; Optical Imaging ; Reflex, Startle/physiology ; Skin/cytology/*metabolism/microbiology ; Staphylococcus/*metabolism ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Zebrafish/injuries/microbiology/*physiology ; },
abstract = {When injured, fish release an alarm substance (Schreckstoff) that elicits fear in members of their shoal. Although Schreckstoff has been proposed to be produced by club cells in the skin, several observations indicate that these giant cells function primarily in immunity. Previous data indicate that the alarm substance can be isolated from mucus. Here we show that mucus, as well as bacteria, are transported from the external surface into club cells, by cytoplasmic transfer or invasion of cells, including neutrophils. The presence of bacteria inside club cells raises the possibility that the alarm substance may contain a bacterial component. Indeed, lysate from a zebrafish Staphylococcus isolate is sufficient to elicit alarm behaviour, acting in concert with a substance from fish. These results suggest that Schreckstoff, which allows one individual to unwittingly change the emotional state of the surrounding population, derives from two kingdoms and is associated with processes that protect the host from bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31440828,
year = {2019},
author = {Shimoda, Y and Imaizumi-Anraku, H and Hayashi, M},
title = {Kinase activity-dependent stability of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase of Lotus japonicus.},
journal = {Planta},
volume = {250},
number = {5},
pages = {1773-1779},
pmid = {31440828},
issn = {1432-2048},
mesh = {Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Lotus/*enzymology/genetics/microbiology/physiology ; Mutation ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Plant Roots/enzymology/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Protein Stability ; Rhizobium/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {MAIN CONCLUSION: Accumulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) in root cell nucleus depends on its kinase activity but not on nuclear symbiotic components crucial for nodulation. Plant calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is a key regulator of symbioses with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as it decodes symbiotic calcium signals induced by microsymbionts. CCaMK is expressed mainly in root cells and localizes to the nucleus, where microsymbiont-triggered calcium oscillations occur. The molecular mechanisms that control CCaMK localization are unknown. Here, we analyzed the expression and subcellular localization of mutated CCaMK in the roots of Lotus japonicus and found a clear relation between CCaMK kinase activity and its stability. Kinase-defective CCaMK variants showed lower protein levels than the variants with kinase activity. The levels of transcripts driven by the CaMV 35S promoter were similar among the variants, indicating that stability of CCaMK is regulated post-translationally. We also demonstrated that CCaMK localized to the root cell nucleus in several symbiotic mutants, including cyclops, an interaction partner and phosphorylation target of CCaMK. Our results suggest that kinase activity of CCaMK is required not only for the activation of downstream symbiotic components but also for its stability in root cells.},
}
@article {pmid31440434,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhu, DT and Zou, C and Ban, FX and Wang, HL and Wang, XW and Liu, YQ},
title = {Conservation of transcriptional elements in the obligate symbiont of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7477},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7477},
pmid = {31440434},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Background: Bacterial symbiosis is widespread in arthropods, especially in insects. Some of the symbionts undergo a long-term co-evolution with the host, resulting in massive genome decay. One particular consequence of genome decay is thought to be the elimination of transcriptional elements within both the coding region and intergenic sequences. In the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex, the obligate symbiont Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum is of vital importance in nutrient provision, and yet little is known about the regulatory capacities of it.<br><br>Methods: Portiera genomes of two whitefly species in China were sequenced and assembled. Gene content of these two Portiera genomes was predicted, and then subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Together with two other Portiera genomes from whitefly species available previously, four Portiera genomes were utilized to investigate regulatory capacities of Portiera, focusing on transcriptional elements, including genes related with transcription and functional elements within the intergenic spacers.<br><br>Results: Comparative analyses of the four Portiera genomes of whitefly B. tabaci indicate that the obligate symbionts Portiera is similar in different species of whiteflies, in terms of general genome features and possible functions in the biosynthesis of essential amino acids. The screening of transcriptional factors suggests compromised ability of Portiera to regulate the essential amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Meanwhile, thermal tolerance ability of Portiera is indicated with the detection of a σ32 factor, as well as two predicted σ32 binding sites. Within intergenic spacers, functional elements are predicted, including 37 Shine-Dalgarno sequences and 34 putative small RNAs.},
}
@article {pmid31440229,
year = {2019},
author = {Li, Y and Zhang, K and Liu, Y and Li, K and Hu, D and Wronski, T},
title = {Community Composition and Diversity of Intestinal Microbiota in Captive and Reintroduced Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii).},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1821},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01821},
pmid = {31440229},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Large and complex intestinal microbiota communities in hosts have profound effects on digestion and metabolism. To better understand the community structure of intestinal microbiota in Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) under different feeding regimes, we compared bacterial diversity and composition between captive and reintroduced Przewalski's horses, using high-throughput 16S-rRNA gene sequencing for identification. Reintroduced Przewalski's horses were sampled in two Chinese nature reserves, i.e., Dunhuang Xihu Nature Reserve (DXNR; n = 8) in Gansu Province and Kalamaili Nature Reserve (KNR; n = 12) in Xinjiang Province, and compared to a captive population at the Przewalski's Horse Breeding Center in Xinjiang (PHBC; n = 11). The composition of intestinal microbiota in Przewalski's horses was significantly different at the three study sites. Observed species was lowest in DXNR, but highest in KNR. Lowest Shannon diversity was observed in DXNR, while in KNR and PHBC had a moderately high diversity; Simpson diversity showed an opposite trend compared with the Shannon index. Linear Discriminant Analysis effect size was used to determine differentially distributed bacterial taxa at each study site. The most dominant phyla of intestinal microbiota were similar in all feeding regimes, including mainly Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Spirochaetes. Differing abundances of intestinal microbiota in Przewalski's horses may be related to different food types at each study site, differences in diversity may be attributed to low quality food in DXNR. Results indicated that diet is one of the important factors that can influence the structure of intestinal microbiota communities in Przewalski's horse. These findings combined with a detailed knowledge of the available and consumed food plant species could provide guidelines for the selection of potential future reintroduction sites.},
}
@article {pmid31439018,
year = {2019},
author = {Li, C and Chng, KR and Kwah, JS and Av-Shalom, TV and Tucker-Kellogg, L and Nagarajan, N},
title = {An expectation-maximization algorithm enables accurate ecological modeling using longitudinal microbiome sequencing data.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {118},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-019-0729-z},
pmid = {31439018},
issn = {2049-2618},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The dynamics of microbial communities is driven by a range of interactions from symbiosis to predator-prey relationships, the majority of which are poorly understood. With the increasing availability of high-throughput microbiome taxonomic profiling data, it is now conceivable to directly learn the ecological models that explicitly define microbial interactions and explain community dynamics. The applicability of these approaches is severely limited by the lack of accurate absolute cell density measurements (biomass).<br><br>METHODS: We present a new computational approach that resolves this key limitation in the inference of generalized Lotka-Volterra models (gLVMs) by coupling biomass estimation and model inference with an expectation-maximization algorithm (BEEM).<br><br>RESULTS: BEEM outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for inferring gLVMs, while simultaneously eliminating the need for additional experimental biomass data as input. BEEM's application to previously inaccessible public datasets (due to the lack of biomass data) allowed us to construct ecological models of microbial communities in the human gut on a per-individual basis, revealing personalized dynamics and keystone species.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: BEEM addresses a key bottleneck in &quot;systems analysis&quot; of microbiomes by enabling accurate inference of ecological models from high throughput sequencing data without the need for experimental biomass measurements.},
}
@article {pmid31438811,
year = {2019},
author = {Hammer, TJ and Moran, NA},
title = {Links between metamorphosis and symbiosis in holometabolous insects.},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
volume = {374},
number = {1783},
pages = {20190068},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0068},
pmid = {31438811},
issn = {1471-2970},
support = {R01 GM108477/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Many animals depend on microbial symbionts to provide nutrition, defence or other services. Holometabolous insects, as well as other animals that undergo metamorphosis, face unique constraints on symbiont maintenance. Microbes present in larvae encounter a radical transformation of their habitat and may also need to withstand chemical and immunological challenges. Metamorphosis also provides an opportunity, in that symbiotic associations can be decoupled over development. For example, some holometabolous insects maintain the same symbiont as larvae and adults, but house it in different tissues; in other species, larvae and adults may harbour entirely different types or numbers of microbes, in accordance with shifts in host diet or habitat. Such flexibility may provide an advantage over hemimetabolous insects, in which selection on adult-stage microbial associations may be constrained by its negative effects on immature stages, and vice versa. Additionally, metamorphosis itself can be directly influenced by symbionts. Across disparate insect taxa, microbes protect hosts from pathogen infection, supply nutrients essential for rebuilding the adult body and provide cues regulating pupation. However, microbial associations remain completely unstudied for many families and even orders of Holometabola, and future research will undoubtedly reveal more links between metamorphosis and microbiota, two widespread features of animal life. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.},
}
@article {pmid31437925,
year = {2019},
author = {Mei, J and Xia, E},
title = {Knowledge Learning Symbiosis for Developing Risk Prediction Models from Regional EHR Repositories.},
journal = {Studies in health technology and informatics},
volume = {264},
number = {},
pages = {258-262},
doi = {10.3233/SHTI190223},
pmid = {31437925},
issn = {1879-8365},
mesh = {Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; *Electronic Health Records ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; Neural Networks, Computer ; },
abstract = {Secondary use of regional EHR data suffers several problems, including data selection bias and limited data size caused by data incompleteness. Here, we propose knowledge learning symbiosis (KLS) as a framework to incorporate domain knowledge to address the problems and make better secondary use of EHR data. Under the framework, we introduce three main categories of methods: knowledge injection to input features, objective functions, and output labels, where knowledge-enhanced neural network (KENN) was first introduced to inject knowledge into objective functions. A case study was conducted to build a cardiovascular disease risk prediction model on the type 2 diabetes patient cohort using regional EHR repositories. By incorporating a well-established knowledge risk model as domain knowledge under our KLS framework, we increased risk prediction performance both on small and biased data, where KENN showed the best performance among all methods.},
}
@article {pmid31437324,
year = {2019},
author = {Teotia, D and Gaid, M and Saini, SS and Verma, A and Yennamalli, RM and Khare, SP and Ambatipudi, K and Mir, JI and Beuerle, T and Hänsch, R and Roy, P and Agrawal, PK and Beerhues, L and Sircar, D},
title = {Cinnamate-CoA ligase is involved in biosynthesis of benzoate-derived biphenyl phytoalexin in Malus × domestica 'Golden Delicious' cell cultures.},
journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology},
volume = {100},
number = {6},
pages = {1176-1192},
doi = {10.1111/tpj.14506},
pmid = {31437324},
issn = {1365-313X},
support = {NASF/ABP 6023/2017-18 (Awarded to Debabrata Sircar)//National Agricultural Science Fund (ICAR-NASF), India/ ; },
abstract = {Apple (Malus sp.) and other genera belonging to the sub-tribe Malinae of the Rosaceae family produce unique benzoic acid-derived biphenyl phytoalexins. Cell cultures of Malus domestica cv. 'Golden Delicious' accumulate two biphenyl phytoalexins, aucuparin and noraucuparin, in response to the addition of a Venturia inaequalis elicitor (VIE). In this study, we isolated and expressed a cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL)-encoding sequence from VIE-treated cell cultures of cv. 'Golden Delicious' (M. domestica CNL; MdCNL). MdCNL catalyses the conversion of cinnamic acid into cinnamoyl-CoA, which is subsequently converted to biphenyls. MdCNL failed to accept benzoic acid as a substrate. When scab-resistant (cv. 'Shireen') and moderately scab-susceptible (cv. 'Golden Delicious') apple cultivars were challenged with the V. inaequalis scab fungus, an increase in MdCNL transcript levels was observed in internodal regions. The increase in MdCNL transcript levels could conceivably correlate with the pattern of accumulation of biphenyls. The C-terminal signal in the MdCNL protein directed its N-terminal reporter fusion to peroxisomes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Thus, this report records the cloning and characterisation of a cinnamoyl-CoA-forming enzyme from apple via a series of in vivo and in vitro studies. Defining the key step of phytoalexin formation in apple provides a biotechnological tool for engineering elite cultivars with improved resistance.},
}
@article {pmid31437265,
year = {2019},
author = {Watanabe, D and Takagi, H},
title = {Yeast prion-based metabolic reprogramming induced by bacteria in fermented foods.},
journal = {FEMS yeast research},
volume = {19},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsyr/foz061},
pmid = {31437265},
issn = {1567-1364},
abstract = {Microbial communities of yeast and bacterial cells are often observed in the manufacturing processes of fermented foods and drinks, such as sourdough bread, cheese, kefir, wine and sake. Community interactions and dynamics among microorganisms, as well as their significance during the manufacturing processes, are central issues in modern food microbiology. Recent studies demonstrated that the emergence of a yeast prion termed [GAR+] in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced by coculturing with bacterial cells, resulting in the switching of the carbon metabolism. In order to facilitate mutualistic symbiosis among microorganisms, this mode of microbial interaction is induced between yeasts and lactic acid bacteria species used in traditional sake making. Thus, yeast prions have attracted much attention as novel platforms that govern the metabolic adaptation of cross-kingdom ecosystems. Our minireview focuses on the plausible linkage between fermented-food microbial communication and yeast prion-mediated metabolic reprogramming.},
}
@article {pmid31436369,
year = {2019},
author = {Phalak, P and Henson, MA},
title = {Metabolic modelling of chronic wound microbiota predicts mutualistic interactions that drive community composition.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {127},
number = {5},
pages = {1576-1593},
pmid = {31436369},
issn = {1365-2672},
support = {U01 EB019416/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States ; //University of Massachusetts/ ; T32 GM108556/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; U01EB019416/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Coinfection/microbiology ; Humans ; *Microbiota ; *Symbiosis ; Wound Infection/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {AIMS: To identify putative mutualistic interactions driving community composition in polymicrobial chronic wound infections using metabolic modelling.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a 12 species metabolic model that covered 74% of 16S rDNA pyrosequencing reads of dominant genera from 2963 chronic wound patients. The community model was used to predict species abundances averaged across this large patient population. We found that substantially improved predictions were obtained when the model was constrained with genera prevalence data and predicted abundances were averaged over 5000 ensemble simulations with community participants randomly determined according to the experimentally determined prevalences. Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas were predicted to exhibit a strong mutualistic relationship that resulted in community growth rate and diversity simultaneously increasing, suggesting that these two common chronic wound pathogens establish dominance by cooperating with less harmful commensal species. In communities lacking one or both dominant pathogens, other mutualistic relationship including Staphylococcus/Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas/Serratia and Streptococcus/Enterococcus were predicted consistent with published experimental data.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Mutualistic interactions were predicted to be driven by crossfeeding of organic acids, alcohols and amino acids that could potentially be disrupted to slow chronic wound disease progression.<br><br>Approximately 2% of the US population suffers from nonhealing chronic wounds infected by a combination of commensal and pathogenic bacteria. These polymicrobial infections are often resilient to antibiotic treatment due to the nutrient-rich wound environment and species interactions that promote community stability and robustness. The simulation results from this study were used to identify putative mutualistic interactions between bacteria that could be targeted to enhance treatment efficacy.},
}
@article {pmid31432763,
year = {2019},
author = {Charlesworth, J and Weinert, LA and Araujo, EV and Welch, JJ},
title = {Wolbachia, Cardinium and climate: an analysis of global data.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {15},
number = {8},
pages = {20190273},
doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2019.0273},
pmid = {31432763},
issn = {1744-957X},
support = {109385/Z/15/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropods ; Bacteroidetes ; Insecta ; Symbiosis ; *Wolbachia ; },
abstract = {Bacterial endosymbionts are very common in terrestrial arthropods, but infection levels vary widely among populations. Experiments and within-species comparisons suggest that environmental temperature might be important in explaining this variation. To investigate the importance of temperature, at broad geographical and taxonomic scales, we extended a global database of terrestrial arthropods screened for Wolbachia and Cardinium. Our final dataset contained data from more than 117 000 arthropods (over 2500 species) screened for Wolbachia and more than 18 000 arthropods (over 800 species) screened for Cardinium, including samples from 137 different countries, with mean temperatures varying from -6.5 to 29.2°C. In insects and relatives, Cardinium infection showed a clear and consistent tendency to increase with temperature. For Wolbachia, a tendency to increase with temperature in temperate climates is counteracted by reduced prevalence in the tropics, resulting in a weak negative trend overall. We discuss the implications of these results for natural and introduced symbionts in regions affected by climate change.},
}
@article {pmid31429819,
year = {2019},
author = {Klepa, MS and Urquiaga, MCO and Somasegaran, P and Delamuta, JRM and Ribeiro, RA and Hungria, M},
title = {Bradyrhizobium niftali sp. nov., an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiont of partridge pea [Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene], a native caesalpinioid legume broadly distributed in the USA.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {69},
number = {11},
pages = {3448-3459},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003640},
pmid = {31429819},
issn = {1466-5034},
mesh = {Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Base Composition ; Bradyrhizobium/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Chamaecrista/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Genes, Bacterial ; Missouri ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Nitrogen ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Information about the symbionts of legumes of the Caesalpinioideae subfamily is still limited, and we performed a polyphasic approach with three Bradyrhizobium strains-CNPSo 3448T, CNPSo 3394 and CNPSo 3442-isolated from Chamaecrista fasciculata, a native legume broadly distributed in the USA. In the phylogenetic analysis of both the 16S rRNA gene and the intergenic transcribed spacer, the CNPSo strains were clustered within the Bradyrhizobium japonicumsuperclade. Multilocus sequence analysis with six housekeeping genes-glnII, gyrB, recA, rpoB, atpD and dnaK-indicated that Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens is the closest species, with 83 % of nucleotide identity. In the genome analyses of CNPSo 3448T, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization results confirmed higher similarity with B. diazoefficiens, with values estimated of 93.35 and 51.50 %, respectively, both below the threshold of the same species, confirming that the CNPSo strains represent a new lineage. BOX-PCR profiles indicated high intraspecific genetic diversity between the CNPSo strains. In the analyses of the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH the CNPSo strains were clustered with Bradyrhizobium arachidis, Bradyrhizobium forestalis, Bradyrhizobium cajani, Bradyrhizobium kavangense and Bradyrhizobium vignae, indicating a different phylogenetic history compared to the conserved core genes. Other physiological (C utilization, tolerance to antibiotics and abiotic stresses), chemical (fatty acid profile) and symbiotic (nodulation host range) properties were evaluated and are described. The data from our study support the description of the CNPSo strains as the novel species Bradyrhizobiumniftali sp. nov., with CNPSo 3448T (=USDA 10051T=U687T=CL 40T) designated as the type strain.},
}
@article {pmid31428118,
year = {2019},
author = {Nadzieja, M and Stougaard, J and Reid, D},
title = {A Toolkit for High Resolution Imaging of Cell Division and Phytohormone Signaling in Legume Roots and Root Nodules.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1000},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.01000},
pmid = {31428118},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Legume plants benefit from a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in association with rhizobia hosted in specialized root nodules. Formation of root nodules is initiated by de novo organogenesis and coordinated infection of these developing lateral root organs by rhizobia. Both bacterial infection and nodule organogenesis involve cell cycle activation and regulation by auxin and cytokinin is tightly integrated in the process. To characterize the hormone dynamics and cell division patterns with cellular resolution during nodulation, sensitive and specific sensors suited for imaging of multicellular tissues are required. Here we report a modular toolkit, optimized in the model legume Lotus japonicus, for use in legume roots and root nodules. This toolkit includes synthetic transcriptional reporters for auxin and cytokinin, auxin accumulation sensors and cell cycle progression markers optimized for fluorescent and bright field microscopy. The developed vectors allow for efficient one-step assembly of multiple units using the GoldenGate cloning system. Applied together with a fluorescence-compatible clearing approach, these reporters improve imaging depth and facilitate fluorescence examination in legume roots. We additionally evaluate the utility of the dynamic gravitropic root response in altering the timing and location of auxin accumulation and nodule emergence. We show that alteration of auxin distribution in roots allows for preferential nodule emergence at the outer side of the bend corresponding to a region of high auxin signaling capacity. The presented tools and procedures open new possibilities for comparative mutant studies and for developing a more comprehensive understanding of legume-rhizobia interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31426402,
year = {2019},
author = {Li, W and Liu, Q and Li, S and Zheng, Y},
title = {New Sesquiterpenoids from the Fermented Broth of Termitomyces albuminosus and their Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activity.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {24},
number = {16},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules24162980},
pmid = {31426402},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy ; Animals ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/*isolation &amp; purification ; Fermentation ; Humans ; Isoptera/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Sesquiterpenes/chemistry/classification/*isolation &amp; purification ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Symbiosis ; Termitomyces/*chemistry/metabolism/physiology ; },
abstract = {Termitomyces albuminosus is the symbiotic edible mushroom of termites and cannot be artificially cultivated at present. In the project of exploring its pharmaceutical metabolites by microbial fermentation, four new selinane type sesquiterpenoids-teucdiol C (1), D (2), E (3), and F (4), together with two known sesquiterpenoids teucdiol B (5) and epi-guaidiol A (6)-were obtained from its fermented broth of T. albuminosus. Their structures were elucidated by the analysis of NMR data, HR Q-TOF MS spectral data, CD, IR, UV, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Epi-guaidiol A showed obvious anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The experimental results displayed that T. albuminosus possess the pharmaceutical potential for Alzheimer's disease, and it was an effective way to dig new pharmaceutical agent of T. albuminosus with the microbial fermentation technique.},
}
@article {pmid31426312,
year = {2019},
author = {Cherif-Silini, H and Thissera, B and Bouket, AC and Saadaoui, N and Silini, A and Eshelli, M and Alenezi, FN and Vallat, A and Luptakova, L and Yahiaoui, B and Cherrad, S and Vacher, S and Rateb, ME and Belbahri, L},
title = {Durum Wheat Stress Tolerance Induced by Endophyte Pantoea agglomerans with Genes Contributing to Plant Functions and Secondary Metabolite Arsenal.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {16},
pages = {},
pmid = {31426312},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Droughts ; Endophytes/genetics/*physiology ; Pantoea/genetics/*physiology ; Plant Roots/growth &amp; development/microbiology/physiology ; Rhizosphere ; Salinity ; Salt Tolerance ; Secondary Metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; *Symbiosis ; Triticum/growth &amp; development/microbiology/*physiology ; },
abstract = {In the arid region Bou-Saâda at the South of Algeria, durum wheat Triticum durum L. cv Waha production is severely threatened by abiotic stresses, mainly drought and salinity. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) hold promising prospects towards sustainable and environmentally-friendly agriculture. Using habitat-adapted symbiosis strategy, the PGPR Pantoea agglomerans strain Pa was recovered from wheat roots sampled in Bou-Saâda, conferred alleviation of salt stress in durum wheat plants and allowed considerable growth in this unhostile environment. Strain Pa showed growth up to 35 °C temperature, 5-10 pH range, and up to 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG), as well as 1 M salt concentration tolerance. Pa strain displayed pertinent plant growth promotion (PGP) features (direct and indirect) such as hormone auxin biosynthesis, production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, and ammonia and phosphate solubilization. PGPR features were stable over wide salt concentrations (0-400 mM). Pa strain was also able to survive in seeds, in the non-sterile and sterile wheat rhizosphere, and was shown to have an endophytic life style. Phylogenomic analysis of strain Pa indicated that Pantoea genus suffers taxonomic imprecision which blurs species delimitation and may have impacted their practical use as biofertilizers. When applied to plants, strain Pa promoted considerable growth of wheat seedlings, high chlorophyll content, lower accumulation of proline, and favored K+ accumulation in the inoculated plants when compared to Na+ in control non-inoculated plants. Metabolomic profiling of strain Pa under one strain many compounds (OSMAC) conditions revealed a wide diversity of secondary metabolites (SM) with interesting salt stress alleviation and PGP activities. All these findings strongly promote the implementation of Pantoea agglomerans strain Pa as an efficient biofertilizer in wheat plants culture in arid and salinity-impacted regions.},
}
@article {pmid31425566,
year = {2019},
author = {Doremus, MR and Kelly, SE and Hunter, MS},
title = {Exposure to opposing temperature extremes causes comparable effects on Cardinium density but contrasting effects on Cardinium-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {15},
number = {8},
pages = {e1008022},
doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1008022},
pmid = {31425566},
issn = {1553-7374},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/*physiology ; *Cold Temperature ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Hot Temperature ; *Reproduction ; Symbiosis ; Wasps/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Terrestrial arthropods, including insects, commonly harbor maternally inherited intracellular symbionts that confer benefits to the host or manipulate host reproduction to favor infected female progeny. These symbionts may be especially vulnerable to thermal stress, potentially leading to destabilization of the symbiosis and imposing costs to the host. For example, increased temperatures can reduce the density of a common reproductive manipulator, Wolbachia, and the strength of its crossing incompatibility (cytoplasmic incompatibility, or CI) phenotype. Another manipulative symbiont, Cardinium hertigii, infects ~ 6-10% of Arthropods, and also can induce CI, but there is little homology between the molecular mechanisms of CI induced by Cardinium and Wolbachia. Here we investigated whether temperature disrupts the CI phenotype of Cardinium in a parasitic wasp host, Encarsia suzannae. We examined the effects of both warm (32°C day/ 29°C night) and cool (20°C day/ 17°C night) temperatures on Cardinium CI and found that both types of temperature stress modified aspects of this symbiosis. Warm temperatures reduced symbiont density, pupal developmental time, vertical transmission rate, and the strength of both CI modification and rescue. Cool temperatures also reduced symbiont density, however this resulted in stronger CI, likely due to cool temperatures prolonging the host pupal stage. The opposing effects of cool and warm-mediated reductions in symbiont density on the resulting CI phenotype indicates that CI strength may be independent of density in this system. Temperature stress also modified the CI phenotype only if it occurred during the pupal stage, highlighting the likely importance of this stage for CI induction in this symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31421721,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, L and Suganuma, S and Hibino, A and Mitsui, R and Tani, A and Matsumoto, T and Ebihara, A and Fitriyanto, NA and Pertiwiningrum, A and Shimada, M and Hayakawa, T and Nakagawa, T},
title = {Lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase from the legume symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strain USDA110.},
journal = {Enzyme and microbial technology},
volume = {130},
number = {},
pages = {109371},
doi = {10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109371},
pmid = {31421721},
issn = {1879-0909},
mesh = {Alcohol Oxidoreductases/*biosynthesis ; Bradyrhizobium/*enzymology ; Fabaceae/microbiology ; Lanthanoid Series Elements/*chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The legume symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium, B. diazoefficiens strain USDA110, utilizes methanol for growth in the presence of light lanthanides, such as La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+ or Nd3+, and its cells possess significant methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) activity. We purified MDH to homogeneity from B. diazoefficiens strain USDA110 grown in a methanol/Ce3+ medium; the protein was identified as XoxF5-type MDH (blr6213). The purified XoxF contained 0.58 cerium atoms per enzyme subunit. Moreover, the in-solution structure of XoxF was analyzed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis; the radius of gyration (Rg) and maximum particle dimension (Dmax) of XoxF were calculated to be 32.3 and 96.8 Å, respectively, suggesting that XoxF adopts a dimer structure in solution. These results show that B. diazoefficiens strain USDA110 has XoxF, a lanthanides-dependent MDH, which has methanol oxidation activity and is induced by methanol/lanthanaides, and that lanthanide is one of the important factors in methanol utilization by the strain.},
}
@article {pmid31420535,
year = {2019},
author = {Kim, S and Zeng, W and Bernard, S and Liao, J and Venkateshwaran, M and Ane, JM and Jiang, Y},
title = {Ca2+-regulated Ca2+ channels with an RCK gating ring control plant symbiotic associations.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {3703},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-11698-5},
pmid = {31420535},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {R01 GM079179/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/*metabolism ; Ion Channel Gating ; *Lotus ; *Mycorrhizae ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Protein Domains ; *Rhizobium ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {A family of plant nuclear ion channels, including DMI1 (Does not Make Infections 1) and its homologs CASTOR and POLLUX, are required for the establishment of legume-microbe symbioses by generating nuclear and perinuclear Ca2+ spiking. Here we show that CASTOR from Lotus japonicus is a highly selective Ca2+ channel whose activation requires cytosolic/nucleosolic Ca2+, contrary to the previous suggestion of it being a K+ channel. Structurally, the cytosolic/nucleosolic ligand-binding soluble region of CASTOR contains two tandem RCK (Regulator of Conductance for K+) domains, and four subunits assemble into the gating ring architecture, similar to that of large conductance, Ca2+-gated K+ (BK) channels despite the lack of sequence similarity. Multiple ion binding sites are clustered at two locations within each subunit, and three of them are identified to be Ca2+ sites. Our in vitro and in vivo assays also demonstrate the importance of these gating-ring Ca2+ binding sites to the physiological function of CASTOR as well as DMI1.},
}
@article {pmid31419535,
year = {2019},
author = {Ikuta, T and Tame, A and Saito, M and Aoki, Y and Nagai, Y and Sugimura, M and Inoue, K and Fujikura, K and Ohishi, K and Maruyama, T and Yoshida, T},
title = {Identification of cells expressing two peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the gill of the vent mussel, Bathymodiolus septemdierum.},
journal = {Fish &amp; shellfish immunology},
volume = {93},
number = {},
pages = {815-822},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.022},
pmid = {31419535},
issn = {1095-9947},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*immunology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gills/immunology ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Mytilidae/*genetics/*immunology ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; },
abstract = {In symbiotic systems in which symbionts are transmitted horizontally, hosts must accept symbionts from the environment while defending themselves against invading pathogenic microorganisms. How they distinguish pathogens from symbionts and how the latter evade host immune defences are not clearly understood. Recognition of foreign materials is one of the most critical steps in stimulating immune responses, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play vital roles in this process. In this study, we focused on a group of highly conserved PRRs, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), in the deep-sea mussel, Bathymodiolus septemdierum, which harbours chemosynthetic bacteria in their gill epithelial cells. We isolated B. septemdierum PGRP genes BsPGRP-S and BsPGRP-L, which encode a short- and a long-type PGRP, respectively. The short-type PGRP has a signal peptide and was expressed in the asymbiotic goblet mucous cells in the gill epithelium, whereas the long-type PGRP was predicted to include a transmembrane domain and was expressed in gill bacteriocytes. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the secreted and transmembrane PGRPs are engaged in host defence against pathogenic bacteria and/or in the regulation of symbiosis via different cellular localizations and mechanisms.},
}
@article {pmid31418995,
year = {2019},
author = {Liu, X and Tang, K and Zhang, D and Li, Y and Liu, Z and Yao, J and Wood, TK and Wang, X},
title = {Symbiosis of a P2-family phage and deep-sea Shewanella putrefaciens.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {21},
number = {11},
pages = {4212-4232},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14781},
pmid = {31418995},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {2017YFC0506303//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2018YFC1406500//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 31400162//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31625001//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 41706172//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017A030313193//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China/ ; },
abstract = {Almost all bacterial genomes harbour prophages, yet it remains unknown why prophages integrate into tRNA-related genes. Approximately 1/3 of Shewanella isolates harbour a prophage at the tmRNA (ssrA) gene. Here, we discovered a P2-family prophage integrated at the 3'-end of ssrA in the deep-sea bacterium S. putrefaciens. We found that ~0.1% of host cells are lysed to release P2 constitutively during host growth. P2 phage production is induced by a prophage-encoded Rep protein and its excision is induced by the Cox protein. We also found that P2 genome excision leads to the disruption of wobble base pairing of SsrA due to site-specific recombination, thus disrupting the trans-translation function of SsrA. We further demonstrated that P2 excision greatly hinders growth in seawater medium and inhibits biofilm formation. Complementation with a functional SsrA in the P2-excised strain completely restores the growth defects in seawater medium and partially restores biofilm formation. Additionally, we found that products of the P2 genes also increase biofilm formation. Taken together, this study illustrates a symbiotic relationship between P2 and its marine host, thus providing multiple benefits for both sides when a phage is integrated but suffers from reduced fitness when the prophage is excised.},
}
@article {pmid31418981,
year = {2019},
author = {Chen, Q and Wu, WW and Qi, SS and Cheng, H and Li, Q and Ran, Q and Dai, ZC and Du, DL and Egan, S and Thomas, T},
title = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and disease resistance of the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jam.14415},
pmid = {31418981},
issn = {1365-2672},
support = {//Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)/ ; BK20150503//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu/ ; 1501014B//Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu/ ; 2017T100329//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; //Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment/ ; 31600326//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31700342//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31770446//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017YFC1200100//State Key Research Development Program of China/ ; //Study Abroad Scholarship of Jiangsu Province &amp; Jiangsu University/ ; //Open grant from the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands/ ; 16A142//Research Project for College Graduates of Jiangsu University/ ; },
abstract = {AIMS: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are symbiotic partners of many invasive plants, however, it is still unclear how AMF contribute to traits that are important for the successful invasion of their host and how environmental factors, such as nutrient conditions, influence this. This study was to explore the effects of Glomus versiforme (GV) and Glomus mosseae (GM) on the growth and disease resistance of the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata under different nutrient conditions.<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that GV and GM had higher root colonization rates resulting in faster W. trilobata growth under both low-N and low-P nutrient conditions compared to the normal condition. Also, the colonization of W. trilobata by GV significantly reduced the infection area of the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani under low-N conditions.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that AMF can promote the growth and pathogenic defence of W. trilobata in a nutrient-poor environment, which might contribute to their successful invasion into certain type of habitats.<br><br>In this study, we report for the first time that AMF can promote growth and disease resistance of W. trilobata under nutrient-poor environment, which contribute to a better understanding of plant invasion.},
}
@article {pmid31416937,
year = {2019},
author = {Youle, RJ},
title = {Mitochondria-Striking a balance between host and endosymbiont.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {365},
number = {6454},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1126/science.aaw9855},
pmid = {31416937},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/immunology ; Host Microbial Interactions/*immunology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Mitochondria/genetics/*immunology ; Mitophagy/immunology ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Mitochondria are organelles with their own genome that arose from α-proteobacteria living within single-celled Archaea more than a billion years ago. This step of endosymbiosis offered tremendous opportunities for energy production and metabolism and allowed the evolution of fungi, plants, and animals. However, less appreciated are the downsides of this endosymbiosis. Coordinating gene expression between the mitochondrial genomes and the nuclear genome is imprecise and can lead to proteotoxic stress. The clonal reproduction of mitochondrial DNA requires workarounds to avoid mutational meltdown. In metazoans that developed innate immune pathways to thwart bacterial and viral infections, mitochondrial components can cross-react with pathogen sensors and invoke inflammation. Here, I focus on the numerous and elegant quality control processes that compensate for or mitigate these challenges of endosymbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31416861,
year = {2019},
author = {Andryuschenko, SV and Ivanova, EV and Perunova, NB and Bukharin, OV},
title = {Genome Sequence and Biochemical Properties of Bifidobacterium longum Strain ICIS-505, Isolated from the Intestine of a Healthy Woman.},
journal = {Microbiology resource announcements},
volume = {8},
number = {33},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/MRA.00491-19},
pmid = {31416861},
issn = {2576-098X},
abstract = {This report describes the genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum strain ICIS-505, isolated from human feces. The size of the genome was 2,448,844 bp (59.71% G+C content), including 3,751 bp of the crypto-plasmid pBL505. Annotation revealed 2,241 gene sequences, including 2,033 proteins, 7 rRNA genes, 76 tRNA genes, and 4 noncoding RNA genes.},
}
@article {pmid31416823,
year = {2019},
author = {Cope, KR and Bascaules, A and Irving, TB and Venkateshwaran, M and Maeda, J and Garcia, K and Rush, TA and Ma, C and Labbé, J and Jawdy, S and Steigerwald, E and Setzke, J and Fung, E and Schnell, KG and Wang, Y and Schlief, N and Bücking, H and Strauss, SH and Maillet, F and Jargeat, P and Bécard, G and Puech-Pagès, V and Ané, JM},
title = {The Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Laccaria bicolor Produces Lipochitooligosaccharides and Uses the Common Symbiosis Pathway to Colonize Populus Roots.},
journal = {The Plant cell},
volume = {31},
number = {10},
pages = {2386-2410},
pmid = {31416823},
issn = {1532-298X},
abstract = {Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic associations with the roots of most land plants and provide them with mineral nutrients from the soil in exchange for fixed carbon derived from photosynthesis. The common symbiosis pathway (CSP) is a conserved molecular signaling pathway in all plants capable of associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. It is required not only for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis but also for rhizobia-legume and actinorhizal symbioses. Given its role in such diverse symbiotic associations, we hypothesized that the CSP also plays a role in ectomycorrhizal associations. We showed that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor produces an array of lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) that can trigger both root hair branching in legumes and, most importantly, calcium spiking in the host plant Populus in a CASTOR/POLLUX-dependent manner. Nonsulfated LCOs enhanced lateral root development in Populus in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK)-dependent manner, and sulfated LCOs enhanced the colonization of Populus by L. bicolor Compared with the wild-type Populus, the colonization of CASTOR/POLLUX and CCaMK RNA interference lines by L. bicolor was reduced. Our work demonstrates that similar to other root symbioses, L. bicolor uses the CSP for the full establishment of its mutualistic association with Populus.},
}
@article {pmid31416582,
year = {2019},
author = {Černajová, I and Škaloud, P},
title = {The first survey of Cystobasidiomycete yeasts in the lichen genus Cladonia; with the description of Lichenozyma pisutiana gen. nov., sp. nov.},
journal = {Fungal biology},
volume = {123},
number = {9},
pages = {625-637},
doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2019.05.006},
pmid = {31416582},
issn = {1878-6146},
abstract = {The view of lichens as a symbiosis only between a mycobiont and a photobiont has been challenged by discoveries of diverse associated organisms. Specific basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of a range of macrolichens were hypothesized to influence the lichens' phenotype. The present study explores the occurrence and diversity of cystobasidiomycete yeasts in the lichen genus Cladonia. We obtained seven cultures and 56 additional sequences using specific primers from 27 Cladonia species from all over Europe and performed phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU and SSU rDNA loci. We revealed yeast diversity distinct from any previously reported. Representatives of Cyphobasidiales, Microsporomycetaceae and of an unknown group related to Symmetrospora have been found. We present evidence that the Microsporomycetaceae contains mainly lichen-associated yeasts. Lichenozyma pisutiana is circumscribed here as a new genus and species. We report the first known associations between cystobasidiomycete yeasts and Cladonia (both corticate and ecorticate), and find that the association is geographically widespread in various habitats. Our results also suggest that a great diversity of lichen associated yeasts remains to be discovered.},
}
@article {pmid31416417,
year = {2019},
author = {Yang, QS and Dong, JD and Ahmad, M and Ling, J and Zhou, WG and Tan, YH and Zhang, YZ and Shen, DD and Zhang, YY},
title = {Analysis of nifH DNA and RNA reveals a disproportionate contribution to nitrogenase activities by rare plankton-associated diazotrophs.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {188},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-019-1565-9},
pmid = {31416417},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {XDA13020300;XDA11020202//Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 41676107, 41276114, and 41676163//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017B030314052//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Holobionts comprising nitrogen-fixing diazotrophs and phytoplankton or zooplankton are ubiquitous in the pelagic sea. However, neither the community structure of plankton-associated diazotrophs (PADs) nor their nitrogenase transcriptional activity are well-understood. In this study, we used nifH gene Illumina sequencing and quantitative PCR to characterize the community composition and nifH expression profile of PADs with > 100 μm size fraction in the euphotic zone of the northern South China Sea.<br><br>RESULTS: The results of DNA- and RNA-derived nifH gene revealed a higher alpha-diversity in the active than in the total community. Moreover, the compositional resemblance among different sites was less for active than for total communities of PADs. We characterized the 20 most abundant OTUs by ranking the sum of sequence reads across 9 sampling stations for individual OTUs in both nifH DNA and RNA libraries, and then assessed their phylogenetic relatedness. Eight of the 20 abundant OTUs were phylogenetically affiliated with Trichodesmium and occurred in approximately equal proportion in both the DNA and RNA libraries. The analysis of nifH gene expression level showed uneven attribute of the abundance and nitrogenase activities by the remaining 12 OTUs. Taxa belonging to cluster III and Betaproteobacteria were present at moderate abundance but exhibited negligible nitrogenase transcription activity. Whereas, the abundances of Richelia, Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were low but the contribution of these groups to nitrogenase transcription was disproportionately high.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The substantial variation in community structure among active dizatrophic fractions compared to the total communities suggests that the former are better indicators of biological response to environmental changes. Altogether, our study highlights the importance of rare PADs groups in nitrogen fixation in plankton holobionts, evidenced by their high level of nitrogenase transcription.},
}
@article {pmid31416010,
year = {2019},
author = {Ruszkiewicz, JA and Tinkov, AA and Skalny, AV and Siokas, V and Dardiotis, E and Tsatsakis, A and Bowman, AB and da Rocha, JBT and Aschner, M},
title = {Brain diseases in changing climate.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {177},
number = {},
pages = {108637},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.108637},
pmid = {31416010},
issn = {1096-0953},
support = {R01 ES007331/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 ES010563/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 ES020852/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Climate change is one of the biggest and most urgent challenges for the 21st century. Rising average temperatures and ocean levels, altered precipitation patterns and increased occurrence of extreme weather events affect not only the global landscape and ecosystem, but also human health. Multiple environmental factors influence the onset and severity of human diseases and changing climate may have a great impact on these factors. Climate shifts disrupt the quantity and quality of water, increase environmental pollution, change the distribution of pathogens and severely impacts food production - all of which are important regarding public health. This paper focuses on brain health and provides an overview of climate change impacts on risk factors specific to brain diseases and disorders. We also discuss emerging hazards in brain health due to mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to climate changes.},
}
@article {pmid31415751,
year = {2019},
author = {Cheng, YT and Zhang, L and He, SY},
title = {Plant-Microbe Interactions Facing Environmental Challenge.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {183-192},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.009},
pmid = {31415751},
issn = {1934-6069},
support = {R01 GM109928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Circadian Clocks ; Climate Change ; Droughts ; *Environment ; Host Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Humidity ; Immunity, Innate ; Light ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Plant Diseases/immunology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plant Roots/microbiology/physiology ; Plants/immunology/*microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Symbiosis ; Temperature ; },
abstract = {In the past four decades, tremendous progress has been made in understanding how plants respond to microbial colonization and how microbial pathogens and symbionts reprogram plant cellular processes. In contrast, our knowledge of how environmental conditions impact plant-microbe interactions is less understood at the mechanistic level, as most molecular studies are performed under simple and static laboratory conditions. In this review, we highlight research that begins to shed light on the mechanisms by which environmental conditions influence diverse plant-pathogen, plant-symbiont, and plant-microbiota interactions. There is a great need to increase efforts in this important area of research in order to reach a systems-level understanding of plant-microbe interactions that are more reflective of what occurs in nature.},
}
@article {pmid31415750,
year = {2019},
author = {Huang, CY and Wang, H and Hu, P and Hamby, R and Jin, H},
title = {Small RNAs - Big Players in Plant-Microbe Interactions.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {173-182},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.021},
pmid = {31415750},
issn = {1934-6069},
support = {R01 GM093008/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Arabidopsis/genetics/immunology ; Bacteria/genetics/pathogenicity ; Fungi/genetics/pathogenicity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics/immunology ; Plant Diseases/immunology ; Plant Immunity/*genetics/immunology ; Plants/*genetics/immunology ; RNA Interference/immunology ; RNA, Small Interfering/*genetics/immunology ; RNA, Small Untranslated/immunology ; Symbiosis ; Virulence/genetics ; },
abstract = {Eukaryotic small RNAs (sRNAs) are short non-coding regulatory molecules that induce RNA interference (RNAi). During microbial infection, host RNAi machinery is highly regulated and contributes to reprogramming gene expression and balancing plant immunity and growth. While most sRNAs function endogenously, some can travel across organismal boundaries between hosts and microbes and silence genes in trans in interacting organisms, a mechanism called &quot;cross-kingdom RNAi.&quot; During the co-evolutionary arms race between fungi and plants, some fungi developed a novel virulence mechanism, sending sRNAs as effector molecules into plant cells to silence plant immunity genes, whereas plants also transport sRNAs, mainly using extracellular vesicles, into the pathogens to suppress virulence-related genes. In this Review, we highlight recent discoveries on these key roles of sRNAs and RNAi machinery. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of sRNA biogenesis, trafficking, and RNAi machinery will help us develop innovative strategies for crop protection.},
}
@article {pmid31415746,
year = {2019},
author = {Fleming, BA and Mulvey, MA},
title = {Commensal Strains of Neisseria Use DNA to Poison Their Pathogenic Rivals.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {156-158},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.014},
pmid = {31415746},
issn = {1934-6069},
mesh = {DNA ; *Neisseria ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; *Poisons ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Commensal bacteria can interfere with colonization of the host by infiltrating pathogens. In this issue of Cell Host &amp; Microbe, Kim et al. (2019) describe an intriguing mechanism of colonization resistance driven by the mismatching of methylation patterns following uptake of commensal-derived DNA by pathogenic strains of Neisseria.},
}
@article {pmid31413521,
year = {2019},
author = {Boem, F and Amedei, A},
title = {Healthy axis: Towards an integrated view of the gut-brain health.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {25},
number = {29},
pages = {3838-3841},
doi = {10.3748/wjg.v25.i29.3838},
pmid = {31413521},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {Despite the lack of precise mechanisms of action, a growing number of studies suggests that gut microbiota is involved in a great number of physiological functions of the human organism. In fact, the composition and the relations of intestinal microbial populations play a role, either directly or indirectly, to both the onset and development of various pathologies. In particular, the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system are closely connected by the so-called gut-brain axis, a complex bidirectional system in which the central and enteric nervous system interact with each other, also engaging endocrine, immune and neuronal circuits. This allows us to put forward new working hypotheses on the origin of some multifactorial diseases: from eating to neuropsychiatric disorders (such as autism spectrum disorders and depression) up to diabetes and tumors (such as colorectal cancer). This scenario reinforces the idea that the microbiota and its composition represent a factor, which is no longer negligible, not only in preserving what we call &quot;health&quot; but also in defining and thus determining it. Therefore, we propose to consider the gut-brain axis as the focus of new scientific and clinical investigation as long as the locus of possible systemic therapeutic interventions.},
}
@article {pmid31412166,
year = {2019},
author = {McIntire, PJ},
title = {Mankind and the machine: A relationship of symbiosis or conflict?.},
journal = {Cancer cytopathology},
volume = {127},
number = {10},
pages = {622-624},
doi = {10.1002/cncy.22175},
pmid = {31412166},
issn = {1934-6638},
}
@article {pmid31410554,
year = {2019},
author = {Salloum, MS and Insani, M and Monteoliva, MI and Menduni, MF and Silvente, S and Carrari, F and Luna, C},
title = {Metabolic responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are shifted in roots of contrasting soybean genotypes.},
journal = {Mycorrhiza},
volume = {29},
number = {5},
pages = {459-473},
pmid = {31410554},
issn = {1432-1890},
abstract = {Modern breeding programs have reduced genetic variability and might have caused a reduction in plant colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM). In our previous studies, mycorrhizal colonization was affected in improved soybean genotypes, mainly arbuscule formation. Despite substantial knowledge of the symbiosis-related changes of the transcriptome and proteome, only sparse clues regarding metabolite alterations are available. Here, we evaluated metabolite changes between improved (I-1) and unimproved (UI-4) soybean genotypes and also compare their metabolic responses after AM root colonization. Soybean genotypes inoculated or not with AM were grown in a chamber under controlled light and temperature conditions. At 20 days after inoculation, we evaluated soluble metabolites of each genotype and treatment measured by GC-MS. In this analysis, when comparing non-AM roots between genotypes, I-1 had a lower amount of 31 and higher amount of only 4 metabolites than the UI-4 genotype. When comparing AM roots, I-1 had a lower amount of 36 and higher amount of 4 metabolites than UI-4 (different to those found altered in non-AM treated plants). Lastly, comparing the AM vs non-AM treatments, I-1 had increased levels of three and reduced levels of 24 metabolites, while UI-4 only had levels of 12 metabolites reduced by the effect of mycorrhizas. We found the major changes in sugars, polyols, amino acids, and carboxylic acids. In a targeted analysis, we found lower levels of isoflavonoids and alpha-tocopherol and higher levels of malondialdehyde in the I-1 genotype that can affect soybean-AM symbiosis. Our studies have the potential to support improving soybean with a greater capacity to be colonized and responsive to AM interaction.},
}
@article {pmid31409660,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, S and Song, W and Wemheuer, B and Reveillaud, J and Webster, N and Thomas, T},
title = {Comparative Genomics Reveals Ecological and Evolutionary Insights into Sponge-Associated Thaumarchaeota.},
journal = {mSystems},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00288-19},
pmid = {31409660},
issn = {2379-5077},
abstract = {Thaumarchaeota are frequently reported to associate with marine sponges (phylum Porifera); however, little is known about the features that distinguish them from their free-living thaumarchaeal counterparts. In this study, thaumarchaeal metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed from metagenomic data sets derived from the marine sponges Hexadella detritifera, Hexadella cf. detritifera, and Stylissa flabelliformis Phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses revealed that the three thaumarchaeal MAGs represent two new species within the genus Nitrosopumilus and one novel genus, for which we propose the names &quot;CandidatusUNitrosopumilus hexadellus,&quot; &quot;CandidatusUNitrosopumilus detritiferus,&quot; and &quot;CandidatusUCenporiarchaeum stylissum&quot; (the U superscript indicates that the taxon is uncultured). Comparison of these genomes to data from the Sponge Earth Microbiome Project revealed that &quot;CaUCenporiarchaeum stylissum&quot; has been exclusively detected in sponges and can hence be classified as a specialist, while &quot;CaUNitrosopumilus detritiferus&quot; and &quot;CaUNitrosopumilus hexadellus&quot; are also detected outside the sponge holobiont and likely lead a generalist lifestyle. Comparison of the sponge-associated MAGs to genomes of free-living Thaumarchaeota revealed signatures that indicate functional features of a sponge-associated lifestyle, and these features were related to nutrient transport and metabolism, restriction-modification, defense mechanisms, and host interactions. Each species exhibited distinct functional traits, suggesting that they have reached different stages of evolutionary adaptation and/or occupy distinct ecological niches within their sponge hosts. Our study therefore offers new evolutionary and ecological insights into the symbiosis between sponges and their thaumarchaeal symbionts.IMPORTANCE Sponges represent ecologically important models to understand the evolution of symbiotic interactions of metazoans with microbial symbionts. Thaumarchaeota are commonly found in sponges, but their potential adaptations to a host-associated lifestyle are largely unknown. Here, we present three novel sponge-associated thaumarchaeal species and compare their genomic and predicted functional features with those of closely related free-living counterparts. We found different degrees of specialization of these thaumarchaeal species to the sponge environment that is reflected in their host distribution and their predicted molecular and metabolic properties. Our results indicate that Thaumarchaeota may have reached different stages of evolutionary adaptation in their symbiosis with sponges.},
}
@article {pmid31409658,
year = {2019},
author = {Gorman, R},
title = {What's in it for the animals? Symbiotically considering 'therapeutic' human-animal relations within spaces and practices of care farming.},
journal = {Medical humanities},
volume = {45},
number = {3},
pages = {313-325},
pmid = {31409658},
issn = {1473-4265},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {Human-animal relations are increasingly imbricated, encountered and experienced in the production of medicine and health. Drawing on an empirical study of care farms in the UK, this article uses the language of symbiosis to develop a framework for critically considering the relationships enrolled within interspecies therapeutic practices. Care farming is an emerging paradigm that aims to deploy farming practices as a form of therapeutic intervention, with human-animal relations framed as providing important opportunities for human health. This article moves to attend to multispecies therapeutic interventions and relationships from a more-than-human perspective, drawing attention to the often-troubling anthropocentrism in which such practices are framed and performed. Attempting to perform and realise human imaginations of 'therapeutic' affects, spaces and relationships can rely on processes that reduce animals' own opportunities for flourishing. Yet, the therapeutic use of other species does not have to be forever anthropocentric or utilitarian. The article explores whether relations between humans and animals might result in a level of mutual proliferation of affective capacities, reciprocally beneficial. These human-animal entanglements highlight opportunities to think more critically about how to practice interspecies relationships and practices in ways that are less parasitic, and instead framed more by attempts at producing opportunities for mutualistic flourishing.},
}
@article {pmid31409030,
year = {2019},
author = {Meron, D and Maor-Landaw, K and Weizman, E and Waldman Ben-Asher, H and Eyal, G and Banin, E and Loya, Y and Levy, O},
title = {The Algal Symbiont Modifies the Transcriptome of the Scleractinian Coral Euphyllia paradivisa During Heat Stress.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7080256},
pmid = {31409030},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {The profound mutualistic symbiosis between corals and their endosymbiotic counterparts, Symbiodiniaceae algae, has been threatened by the increase in seawater temperatures, leading to breakdown of the symbiotic relationship-coral bleaching. To characterize the heat-stress response of the holobiont, we generated vital apo-symbiotic Euphylliaparadivisa corals that lacked the endosymbiotic algae. Using RNA sequencing, we analyzed the gene expression of these apo-symbionts vs. symbiotic ones, to test the effect of the algal presence on the tolerance of the coral. We utilized literature-derived lists of &quot;symbiosis differentially expressed genes&quot; and &quot;coral heat-stress genes&quot; in order to compare between the treatments. The symbiotic and apo-symbiotic samples were segregated into two separate groups with several different enriched gene ontologies. Our findings suggest that the presence of endosymbionts has a greater negative impact on the host than the environmental temperature conditions experienced by the holobiont. The peak of the stress reaction was identified as 28 °C, with the highest number of differentially expressed genes. We suggest that the algal symbionts increase coral holobiont susceptibility to elevated temperatures. Currently, we can only speculate whether coral species, such as E.paradivisa, with the plasticity to also flourish as apo-symbionts, may have a greater chance to withstand the upcoming global climate change challenge.},
}
@article {pmid31408529,
year = {2019},
author = {Mestre, A and Poulin, R and Holt, RD and Barfield, M and Clamp, JC and Fernandez-Leborans, G and Mesquita-Joanes, F},
title = {The interplay of nested biotic interactions and the abiotic environment regulates populations of a hypersymbiont.},
journal = {The Journal of animal ecology},
volume = {88},
number = {12},
pages = {1998-2010},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13091},
pmid = {31408529},
issn = {1365-2656},
mesh = {Animals ; *Astacoidea ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The role of biotic interactions in shaping the distribution and abundance of species should be particularly pronounced in symbionts. Indeed, symbionts have a dual niche composed of traits of their individual hosts and the abiotic environment external to the host, and often combine active dispersal at finer scales with host-mediated dispersal at broader scales. The biotic complexity in the determinants of species distribution and abundance should be even more pronounced for hyper symbionts (symbionts of other symbionts). We use a chain of symbiosis to explore the relative influence of nested biotic interactions and the abiotic environment on occupancy and abundance of a hypersymbiont. Our empirical system is the epibiont ciliate Lagenophrys discoidea, which attaches to an ostracod that is itself ectosymbiotic on crayfish (the basal host). We applied multimodel selection and variance partitioning for GLMM to assess the relative importance of (a) traits of symbiotic hosts (ostracod sex and abundance), (b) traits of basal hosts (crayfish body weight, abundance and intermoult stage), (c) the abiotic environment (water chemistry and climate) and (d) geospatial autocorrelation patterns (capturing potential effects of crayfish dispersal among localities). Our models explained about half of the variation in prevalence and abundance of the hypersymbiont. Variation in prevalence was partly explained, in decreasing order of importance (18%-4%) by shared effects of symbiotic host traits and the abiotic environment, pure fixed effects of symbiotic hosts, abiotic environment and geospatial patterns (traits of basal hosts were not relevant). Hypersymbiont abundance was most strongly explained by random effects of host traits (mainly the symbiotic host), in addition to weaker fixed effects (mostly abiotic environment). Our results highlight the major role of the interplay between abundance of symbiotic hosts and water physico-chemistry in regulating populations of a hypersymbiotic ciliate, which is likely critical for dispersal dynamics, availability of attachment resources and suitability of on-host living conditions for the ciliate. We also found moderate signal of regulation by the basal host, for which we propose three mechanisms: (a) modulation of microhabitat suitability (crayfish-created water currents); (b) concentration of symbiotic hosts within crayfish; and (c) dispersal mediated by crayfish.},
}
@article {pmid31407021,
year = {2019},
author = {Bockoven, AA and Bondy, EC and Flores, MJ and Kelly, SE and Ravenscraft, AM and Hunter, MS},
title = {What Goes Up Might Come Down: the Spectacular Spread of an Endosymbiont Is Followed by Its Decline a Decade Later.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01417-4},
pmid = {31407021},
issn = {1432-184X},
support = {DEB-1020460//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; IOS-1256905//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; },
abstract = {Facultative, intracellular bacterial symbionts of arthropods may dramatically affect host biology and reproduction. The length of these symbiont-host associations may be thousands to millions of years, and while symbiont loss is predicted, there have been very few observations of a decline of symbiont infection rates. In a population of the sweet potato whitefly species (Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) in Arizona, USA, we documented the frequency decline of a strain of Rickettsia in the Rickettsia bellii clade from near-fixation in 2011 to 36% of whiteflies infected in 2017. In previous studies, Rickettsia had been shown to increase from 1 to 97% from 2000 to 2006 and remained at high frequency for at least five years. At that time, Rickettsia infection was associated with both fitness benefits and female bias. In the current study, we established matrilines of whiteflies from the field (2016, Rickettsia infection frequency = 58%) and studied (a) Rickettsia vertical transmission, (b) fitness and sex ratios associated with Rickettsia infection, (c) symbiont titer, and (d) bacterial communities within whiteflies. The vertical transmission rate was high, approximately 98%. Rickettsia infection in the matrilines was not associated with fitness benefits or sex ratio bias and appeared to be slightly costly, as more Rickettsia-infected individuals produced non-hatching eggs. Overall, the titer of Rickettsia in the matrilines was lower in 2016 than in the whiteflies collected in 2011, but the titer distribution appeared bimodal, with high- and low-titer lines, and constancy of the average titer within lines over three generations. We found neither association between Rickettsia titer and fitness benefits or sex ratio bias nor evidence that Rickettsia was replaced by another secondary symbiont. The change in the interaction between symbiont and host in 2016 whiteflies may explain the drop in symbiont frequency we observed.},
}
@article {pmid31406945,
year = {2019},
author = {Cecchi, G and Di Piazza, S and Marescotti, P and Zotti, M},
title = {Evidence of pyrite dissolution by Telephora terrestris Ehrh in the Libiola mine (Sestri Levante, Liguria, Italy).},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {5},
number = {8},
pages = {e02210},
doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02210},
pmid = {31406945},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Evidence of pyrite dissolution by Telephora terrestris Ehrh were observed for the first time in the abandoned sulphide Libiola mine in May 2017 (Sestri Levante, Liguria, Italy). This fungus is an ectomycorrhizal species able to colonize this extreme environment and bioaccumulate metals such as copper and silver in its fruiting bodies, and it is known to establish symbiosis with maritime pines present in the area, thus favouring their recolonization of the site. This paper presents evidence of T. terrestris promoted dissolution of sulphide minerals. This species can remove from soil not only metals possibly toxic to the pine trees, but it can also contribute to the ions bioaccumulation through the bioweathering of sulphide mineral grains (especially pyrite).},
}
@article {pmid31405380,
year = {2019},
author = {Dang, X and Xie, Z and Liu, W and Sun, Y and Liu, X and Zhu, Y and Staehelin, C},
title = {The genome of Ensifer alkalisoli YIC4027 provides insights for host specificity and environmental adaptations.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {643},
doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-6004-7},
pmid = {31405380},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {U1806206//NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund Key Projects/ ; 31570063 and 31870020//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; KFZD-SW-112//Key Deployment Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 2017GSF17129//Shandong Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2017CXGC0303//Shandong Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Program/ ; },
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; *Environment ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genomics ; *Host Specificity ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/biosynthesis ; Rhizobiaceae/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Rhizosphere ; Soil/chemistry ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ensifer alkalisoli YIC4027, a recently characterized nitrogen-fixing bacterium of the genus Ensifer, has been isolated from root nodules of the host plant Sesbania cannabina. This plant is widely used as green manure and for soil remediation. E. alkalisoli YIC4027 can grow in saline-alkaline soils and is a narrow-host-range strain that establishes a symbiotic relationship with S. cannabina. The complete genome of this strain was sequenced to better understand the genetic basis of host specificity and adaptation to saline-alkaline soils.<br><br>RESULTS: E. alkalisoli YIC4027 was found to possess a 6.1-Mb genome consisting of three circular replicons: one chromosome (3.7 Mb), a chromid (1.9 Mb) and a plasmid (0.46 Mb). Genome comparisons showed that strain YIC4027 is phylogenetically related to broad-host-range Ensifer fredii strains. Synteny analysis revealed a strong collinearity between chromosomes of E. alkalisoli YIC4027 and those of the E. fredii NGR234 (3.9 Mb), HH103 (4.3 Mb) and USDA257 (6.48 Mb) strains. Notable differences were found for genes required for biosynthesis of nodulation factors and protein secretion systems, suggesting a role of these genes in host-specific nodulation. In addition, the genome analysis led to the identification of YIC4027 genes that are presumably related to adaptation to saline-alkaline soils, rhizosphere colonization and nodulation competitiveness. Analysis of chemotaxis cluster genes and nodulation tests with constructed che gene mutants indicated a role of chemotaxis and flagella-mediated motility in the symbiotic association between YIC4027 and S. cannabina.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a basis for a better understanding of host specific nodulation and of adaptation to a saline-alkaline rhizosphere. This information offers the perspective to prepare optimal E. alkalisoli inocula for agriculture use and soil remediation.},
}
@article {pmid31405202,
year = {2019},
author = {Miura, C and Saisho, M and Yagame, T and Yamato, M and Kaminaka, H},
title = {Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae) Seed Coat Restricts the Invasion of Fungal Hyphae at the Initial Stage of Fungal Colonization.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/plants8080280},
pmid = {31405202},
issn = {2223-7747},
support = {15K14550//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 201801755//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 18J01755//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; n/a//Tottori Prefecture Research Fund for the Promotion of Environmental Academic Research/ ; },
abstract = {Orchids produce minute seeds that contain limited or no endosperm, and they must form an association with symbiotic fungi to obtain nutrients during germination and subsequent seedling growth under natural conditions. Orchids need to select an appropriate fungus among diverse soil fungi at the germination stage. However, there is limited understanding of the process by which orchids recruit fungal associates and initiate the symbiotic interaction. This study aimed to better understand this process by focusing on the seed coat, the first point of fungal attachment. Bletilla striata seeds, some with the seed coat removed, were prepared and sown with symbiotic fungi or with pathogenic fungi. The seed coat-stripped seeds inoculated with the symbiotic fungi showed a lower germination rate than the intact seeds, and proliferated fungal hyphae were observed inside and around the stripped seeds. Inoculation with the pathogenic fungi increased the infection rate in the seed coat-stripped seeds. The pathogenic fungal hyphae were arrested at the suspensor side of the intact seeds, whereas the seed coat-stripped seeds were subjected to severe infestation. These results suggest that the seed coat restricts the invasion of fungal hyphae and protects the embryo against the attack of non-symbiotic fungi.},
}
@article {pmid31404343,
year = {2019},
author = {Wilker, J and Navabi, A and Rajcan, I and Marsolais, F and Hill, B and Torkamaneh, D and Pauls, KP},
title = {Agronomic Performance and Nitrogen Fixation of Heirloom and Conventional Dry Bean Varieties Under Low-Nitrogen Field Conditions.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {952},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00952},
pmid = {31404343},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) form a relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and through a process termed symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) which provides them with a source of nitrogen. However, beans are considered poor nitrogen fixers, and modern production practices involve routine use of N fertilizer, which leads to the down-regulation of SNF. High-yielding, conventionally bred bean varieties are developed using conventional production practices and selection criteria, typically not including SNF efficiency, and may have lost this trait over decades of modern breeding. In contrast, heirloom bean genotypes were developed before the advent of modern production practices and may represent an underutilized pool of genetics which could be used to improve SNF. This study compared the SNF capacity under low-N field conditions, of collections of heirloom varieties with and conventionally bred dry bean varieties. The heirloom-conventional panel (HCP) consisted of 42 genotypes from various online seed retailers or from the University of Guelph Bean Breeding program seedbank. The HCP was genotyped using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to investigate genetic relatedness within the panel. Field trials were conducted at three locations in ON, Canada from 2014 to 2015 and various agronomic and seed composition traits were measured, including capacity for nitrogen fixation (using the natural abundance method to measure seed N isotope ratios). Significant variation for SNF was found in the panel. However, on average, heirloom genotypes did not fix significantly more nitrogen than conventionally bred varieties. However, five heirloom genotypes fixed >60% of their nitrogen from the atmosphere. Yield (kg ha-1) was not significantly different between heirloom and conventional genotypes, suggesting that incorporating heirloom genotypes into a modern breeding program would not negatively impact yield. Nitrogen fixation was significantly higher among Middle American genotypes than among Andean genotypes, confirming previous findings. The best nitrogen fixing line was Coco Sophie, a European heirloom white bean whose genetic makeup is admixed between the Andean and Middle American genepools. Heirloom genotypes represent a useful source of genetics to improve SNF in modern bean breeding.},
}
@article {pmid31400717,
year = {2020},
author = {Irshad, S and Xie, Z and Wang, J and Nawaz, A and Luo, Y and Wang, Y and Mehmood, S and Faheem, },
title = {Indigenous strain Bacillus XZM assisted phytoremediation and detoxification of arsenic in Vallisneria denseserrulata.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {381},
number = {},
pages = {120903},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120903},
pmid = {31400717},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {The symbiosis between Vallisneria denseserrulata and indigenous Bacillus sp. XZM was investigated for arsenic removal for the first time. It was found that the native bacterium was able to reduce arsenic toxicity to the plant by producing higher amount of extra cellular polymeric substances (EPS), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderosphore. Interestingly, V. denseserrulata-Bacillus sp. XZM partnership showed significantly higher arsenic uptake and removal efficiency. The shift in FT-IR spectra indicated the involvement of amide, carboxyl, hydroxyl and thiol groups in detoxification of arsenic, and the existence of an arsenic metabolizing process in V. denseserrulata leaves. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images further confirmed that the bacterium colonized on plant roots and facilitated arsenic uptake by plant under inoculation condition. In plant, most of the arsenic existed as As(III) (85%) and was massively (>77%) found in vacuole of particularly leaves cells. Thus, these findings are highly suggested for arsenic remediation in the constructed wetlands.},
}
@article {pmid31400692,
year = {2019},
author = {Xiang, N and Jiang, C and Huang, W and Nordhaus, I and Zhou, H and Drews, M and Diao, X},
title = {The impact of acute benzo(a)pyrene on antioxidant enzyme and stress-related genes in tropical stony corals (Acropora spp.).},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {694},
number = {},
pages = {133474},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.280},
pmid = {31400692},
issn = {1879-1026},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Benzo(a)pyrene/*toxicity ; Coral Reefs ; Stress, Physiological/*genetics ; Symbiosis ; Taiwan ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; },
abstract = {Coral reefs have extremely high ecological value in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. However, they have been subjected to the most extensive and prolonged damage in recent decades. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous hazardous pollutants and are highly resistant to degradation in marine environments. Among these compounds, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has exerted pressure on corals due to water discharges, oil spills and coastal tourism. In the present study, the physiological response, oxidative stress and stress-related genetic expressions of two Acropora spp. (Acropora formosa and Acropora nasuta) were analysed. These two coral species were exposed to 10 and 40 μg·L-1 BaP for 24 hand 72 h, respectively. The results show that (1) BaP affects the health of the zooxanthellae in coral symbiosis after BaP exposure for 72 h due to a significant decline in chlorophyll a concentrations in Acropora spp. during this period. (2) An exposure of 10 μg·L-1 BaP for 24 h induced serious oxidative damage to Acropora spp., with a significant decline and increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in A. formosa and A. nasuta. (3) The P-gp gene is more sensitive in A. formosa, while the Hsp70 gene is more sensitive in A. nasuta. (4) A. formosa showed a lower ability to resist organic pollutants in coral reefs. Overall, further ecotoxicological studies are needed to investigate the impact of chemical pollutants on corals and to compare their different response mechanisms.},
}
@article {pmid31400167,
year = {2019},
author = {Schwartzman, JA and Lynch, JB and Flores Ramos, S and Zhou, L and Apicella, MA and Yew, JY and Ruby, EG},
title = {Acidic pH promotes lipopolysaccharide modification and alters colonization in a bacteria-animal mutualism.},
journal = {Molecular microbiology},
volume = {112},
number = {4},
pages = {1326-1338},
pmid = {31400167},
issn = {1365-2958},
support = {P41 RR002301/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P20 GM103449/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI050661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008505/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI055397/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 OD011024/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; F32 GM119238/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R37 AI050661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Environmental pH can be an important cue for symbiotic bacteria as they colonize their eukaryotic hosts. Using the model mutualism between the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian bobtail squid, we characterized the bacterial transcriptional response to acidic pH experienced during the shift from planktonic to host-associated lifestyles. We found several genes involved in outer membrane structure were differentially expressed based on pH, indicating alterations in membrane physiology as V. fischeri initiates its symbiotic program. Exposure to host-like pH increased the resistance of V. fischeri to the cationic antimicrobial peptide polymixin B, which resembles antibacterial molecules that are produced by the squid to select V. fischeri from the ocean microbiota. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified a homolog of eptA, a predicted phosphoethanolamine transferase, as critical for antimicrobial defense. We used MALDI-MS to verify eptA as an ethanolamine transferase for the lipid-A portion of V. fischeri lipopolysaccharide. We then used a DNA pulldown approach to discover that eptA transcription is activated by the global regulator H-NS. Finally, we revealed that eptA promotes successful squid colonization by V. fischeri, supporting its potential role in initiation of this highly specific symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31397886,
year = {2019},
author = {Cohen, ML and Mashanova, EV and Rosen, NM and Soto, W},
title = {Adaptation to temperature stress by Vibrio fischeri facilitates this microbe's symbiosis with the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes).},
journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
volume = {73},
number = {9},
pages = {1885-1897},
doi = {10.1111/evo.13819},
pmid = {31397886},
issn = {1558-5646},
support = {120084//College of William and Mary/ ; 120819//College of William and Mary/ ; },
abstract = {For microorganisms cycling between free-living and host-associated stages, where reproduction occurs in both of these lifestyles, an interesting inquiry is whether adaptation to stress during the free-living stage can impact microbial fitness in the host. To address this topic, the mutualism between the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) and the marine bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri was utilized. Using microbial experimental evolution, V. fischeri was selected to low (8°C), high (34°C), and fluctuating temperature stress (8°C/34°C) for 2000 generations. The temperatures 8°C and 34°C were the lower and upper growth limits, respectively. V. fischeri was also selected to benign temperatures (21°C and 28°C) for 2000 generations, which served as controls. V. fischeri demonstrated significant adaptation to low, high, and fluctuating temperature stress. V. fischeri did not display significant adaptation to the benign temperatures. Adaptation to stressful temperatures facilitated V. fischeri's ability to colonize the squid host relative to the ancestral lines. Bioluminescence levels also increased. Evolution to benign temperatures did not manifest these results. In summary, microbial adaptation to stress during the free-living stage can promote coevolution between hosts and microorganisms.},
}
@article {pmid31396616,
year = {2019},
author = {Lallemand, F and Logacheva, M and Le Clainche, I and Bérard, A and Zheleznaia, E and May, M and Jakalski, M and Delannoy, É and Le Paslier, MC and Selosse, MA},
title = {Thirteen New Plastid Genomes from Mixotrophic and Autotrophic Species Provide Insights into Heterotrophy Evolution in Neottieae Orchids.},
journal = {Genome biology and evolution},
volume = {11},
number = {9},
pages = {2457-2467},
doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz170},
pmid = {31396616},
issn = {1759-6653},
abstract = {Mixotrophic species use both organic and mineral carbon sources. Some mixotrophic plants combine photosynthesis and a nutrition called mycoheterotrophy, where carbon is obtained from fungi forming mycorrhizal symbiosis with their roots. These species can lose photosynthetic abilities and evolve full mycoheterotrophy. Besides morphological changes, the latter transition is associated with a deep alteration of the plastid genome. Photosynthesis-related genes are lost first, followed by housekeeping genes, eventually resulting in a highly reduced genome. Whether relaxation of selective constraints already occurs for the plastid genome of mixotrophic species, which remain photosynthetic, is unclear. This is partly due to the difficulty of comparing plastid genomes of autotrophic, mixotrophic, and mycoheterotrophic species in a narrow phylogenetic framework. We address this question in the orchid tribe Neottieae, where this large assortment of nutrition types occurs. We sequenced 13 new plastid genomes, including 9 mixotrophic species and covering all 6 Neottieae genera. We investigated selective pressure on plastid genes in each nutrition type and conducted a phylogenetic inference of the group. Surprisingly, photosynthesis-related genes did not experience selection relaxation in mixotrophic species compared with autotrophic relatives. Conversely, we observed evidence for selection intensification for some plastid genes. Photosynthesis is thus still under purifying selection, maybe because of its role in fruit formation and thus reproductive success. Phylogenetic analysis resolved most relationships, but short branches at the base of the tree suggest an evolutionary radiation at the beginning of Neottieae history, which, we hypothesize, may be linked to mixotrophy emergence.},
}
@article {pmid31396562,
year = {2019},
author = {Weizman, E and Levy, O},
title = {The role of chromatin dynamics under global warming response in the symbiotic coral model Aiptasia.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {282},
doi = {10.1038/s42003-019-0543-y},
pmid = {31396562},
issn = {2399-3642},
abstract = {Extreme weather events frequency and scale are altered due to climate change. Symbiosis between corals and their endosymbiotic-dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) is susceptible to these events and can lead to what is known as bleaching. However, there is evidence for coral adaptive plasticity in the role of epigenetic that have acclimated to high-temperature environments. We have implemented ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to study the cnidarian-dinoflagellate model Exaptasia pallida (Aiptasia) and expose the role of chromatin-dynamics in response to thermal-stress. We have identified 1309 genomic sites that change their accessibility in response to thermal changes. Moreover, apo-symbiotic Aiptasia accessible sites were enriched with NFAT, ATF4, GATA3, SOX14, and PAX3 motifs and expressed genes related to immunological pathways. Symbiotic Aiptasia accessible sites were enriched with NKx3-1, HNF4A, IRF4 motifs and expressed genes related to oxidative-stress pathways. Our work opens a new path towards understanding thermal-stress gene regulation in association with gene activity and chromatin-dynamics.},
}
@article {pmid31396243,
year = {2019},
author = {Romero-Munar, A and Baraza, E and Gulías, J and Cabot, C},
title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Confer Salt Tolerance in Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) Plants Grown Under Low Phosphorus by Reducing Leaf Na+ Concentration and Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {843},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00843},
pmid = {31396243},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Salinization is one of the major causes of agricultural soil degradation worldwide. In arid and semi-arid regions with calcareous soils, phosphorus (P) deficiency further worsens the quality of salinized soils. Nonetheless, nutrient poor soils could be suitable of producing second-generation energy crops. Due to its high biomass production, Arundo donax L. (giant reed) is one of the most promising species for energy and second-generation biofuel production. A. donax can be propagated by micropropagation, an in vitro technique that produces high number of homogeneous plantlets. However, crop establishment is often compromised due to poor plantlet acclimatization to the soil environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) are components of soil-plant systems able to increase root phosphorus uptake and to confer the plant an increase tolerance to salinity with a consequent enhancement effect of plant growth and yield. In the present study, the relative importance of the early symbiosis establishment between AM fungi and A. donax micropropagated plantlets in the response to salt stress under low phosphorus availability was determined. A commercial inoculum which contained two different AM fungi species: Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae was used. AM-symbionts (AM) and non-symbionts plants were grown at two phosphorus [2.5 μM (C) and 0.5 mM (P)] and three NaCl (1, 75 and 150 mM) concentrations in a room chamber under controlled conditions. After 5 weeks, AM root colonization was 60, 26 and 15% in 1, 75 and 150 mM NaCl-treated plants, respectively. At 1 and 75 mM NaCl, AM plants showed increased growth. In all saline treatments, AM plants had decreased Na+ uptake, Na+ root-to-shoot translocation, Na+/K+ ratio and increased P and K use efficiencies with respect to C and P plants. AM improved the nutritional status of A. donax plants by enhancing nutrient use efficiency rather than nutrient uptake. Increased phosphorus use efficiency in AM plants could have benefited ion (Na+ and K+) uptake and/or allocation and ultimately ameliorate the plant's response to saline conditions.},
}
@article {pmid31396178,
year = {2019},
author = {Trappeniers, K and Matetovici, I and Van Den Abbeele, J and De Vooght, L},
title = {The Tsetse Fly Displays an Attenuated Immune Response to Its Secondary Symbiont, Sodalis glossinidius.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1650},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01650},
pmid = {31396178},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Sodalis glossinidius, a vertically transmitted facultative symbiont of the tsetse fly, is a bacterium in the early/intermediate state of its transition toward symbiosis, representing an important model for investigating how the insect host immune defense response is regulated to allow endosymbionts to establish a chronic infection within their hosts without being eliminated. In this study, we report on the establishment of a tsetse fly line devoid of S. glossinidius only, allowing us to experimentally investigate (i) the complex immunological interactions between a single bacter