@article {pmid31809929,
year = {2019},
author = {Su, Y and Zhang, K and Zhou, Z and Wang, J and Yang, X and Tang, J and Li, H and Lin, S},
title = {Microplastic exposure represses the growth of endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Cladocopium goreaui in culture through affecting its apoptosis and metabolism.},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {244},
number = {},
pages = {125485},
doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125485},
pmid = {31809929},
issn = {1879-1298},
abstract = {Microplastics are widespread emerging marine pollutants that have been found in the coral reef ecosystem. In the present study, using Cladocopium goreaui as a symbiont representative, we investigated cytological, physiological, and molecular responses of a Symbiodiniaceae species to weeklong microplastic exposure (Polystyrene, diameter 1.0 μm, 9.0 × 109 particles L-1). The density and size of algal cells decreased significantly at 7 d and 6-7 d of microplastic exposure, respectively. Chlorophyll a content increased significantly at 7 d of exposure, whereas Fv/Fm did not change significantly during the entire exposure period. We observed significant increases in superoxide dismutase activity and caspase3 activation level, significant decrease in glutathione S-transferase activity, but no change in catalase activity during the whole exposure period. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 191 significantly upregulated and 71 significantly downregulated genes at 7 d after microplastic exposure. Fifteen GO terms were overrepresented for these significantly upregulated genes, which were grouped into four categories including transmembrane ion transport, substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity, calcium ion binding, and calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity. Thirteen of the significantly upregulated genes encode metal ion transporter and ammonium transporter, and five light-harvesting protein genes were among the significantly downregulated genes. These results demonstrate that microplastics can act as an exogenous stressor, suppress detoxification activity, nutrient uptake, and photosynthesis, elevate oxidative stress, and raise the apoptosis level through upregulating ion transport and apoptotic enzymes to repress the growth of C. goreaui. These effects have implications in negative impacts of microplastics on coral-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis that involves C. goreaui.},
}
@article {pmid31806758,
year = {2019},
author = {Varoquaux, N and Cole, B and Gao, C and Pierroz, G and Baker, CR and Patel, D and Madera, M and Jeffers, T and Hollingsworth, J and Sievert, J and Yoshinaga, Y and Owiti, JA and Singan, VR and DeGraaf, S and Xu, L and Blow, MJ and Harrison, MJ and Visel, A and Jansson, C and Niyogi, KK and Hutmacher, R and Coleman-Derr, D and O'Malley, RC and Taylor, JW and Dahlberg, J and Vogel, JP and Lemaux, PG and Purdom, E},
title = {Transcriptomic analysis of field-droughted sorghum from seedling to maturity reveals biotic and metabolic responses.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1907500116},
pmid = {31806758},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Drought is the most important environmental stress limiting crop yields. The C4 cereal sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a critical food, forage, and emerging bioenergy crop that is notably drought-tolerant. We conducted a large-scale field experiment, imposing preflowering and postflowering drought stress on 2 genotypes of sorghum across a tightly resolved time series, from plant emergence to postanthesis, resulting in a dataset of nearly 400 transcriptomes. We observed a fast and global transcriptomic response in leaf and root tissues with clear temporal patterns, including modulation of well-known drought pathways. We also identified genotypic differences in core photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging pathways, highlighting possible mechanisms of drought tolerance and of the delayed senescence, characteristic of the stay-green phenotype. Finally, we discovered a large-scale depletion in the expression of genes critical to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, with a corresponding drop in AM fungal mass in the plants' roots.},
}
@article {pmid31805683,
year = {2019},
author = {Kimeklis, AK and Chirak, ER and Kuznetsova, IG and Sazanova, AL and Safronova, VI and Belimov, AA and Onishchuk, OP and Kurchak, ON and Aksenova, ТS and Pinaev, AG and Andronov, EE and Provorov, NA},
title = {Rhizobia Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa Represent a Genetically Specific Group within Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes10120991},
pmid = {31805683},
issn = {2073-4425},
support = {18-316-00124//Российский Фонд Фундаментальных Исследований (РФФИ)/ ; 16-16-00080//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 19-16-00081//Russian Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Twenty-two rhizobia strains isolated from three distinct populations (North Ossetia, Dagestan, and Armenia) of a relict legume Vavilovia formosa were analysed to determine their position within Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (Rlv). These bacteria are described as symbionts of four plant genera Pisum, Vicia, Lathyrus, and Lens from the Fabeae tribe, of which Vavilovia is considered to be closest to its last common ancestor (LCA). In contrast to biovar viciae, bacteria from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (Rlt) inoculate plants from the Trifolieae tribe. Comparison of house-keeping (hkg: 16S rRNA, glnII, gltA, and dnaK) and symbiotic (sym: nodA, nodC, nodD, and nifH) genes of the symbionts of V. formosa with those of other Rlv and Rlt strains reveals a significant group separation, which was most pronounced for sym genes. A remarkable feature of the strains isolated from V. formosa was the presence of the nodX gene, which was commonly found in Rlv strains isolated from Afghanistan pea genotypes. Tube testing of different strains on nine plant species, including all genera from the Fabeae tribe, demonstrated that the strains from V. formosa nodulated the same cross inoculation group as the other Rlv strains. Comparison of nucleotide similarity in sym genes suggested that their diversification within sym-biotypes of Rlv was elicited by host plants. Contrariwise, that of hkg genes could be caused by either local adaptation to soil niches or by genetic drift. Long-term ecological isolation, genetic separation, and the ancestral position of V. formosa suggested that symbionts of V. formosa could be responsible for preserving ancestral genotypes of the Rlv biovar.},
}
@article {pmid31805640,
year = {2019},
author = {Chirak, ER and Kimeklis, AK and Karasev, ES and Kopat, VV and Safronova, VI and Belimov, AA and Aksenova, TS and Kabilov, MR and Provorov, NA and Andronov, EE},
title = {Search for Ancestral Features in Genomes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Strains Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes10120990},
pmid = {31805640},
issn = {2073-4425},
support = {16-16-00080//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 19-16-00081//Russian Science Foundation/ ; 16-16-00080//Russian Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Vavilovia formosa is a relict leguminous plant growing in hard-to-reach habitats in the rocky highlands of the Caucasus and Middle East, and it is considered as the putative closest living relative of the last common ancestor (LCA) of the Fabeae tribe. Symbionts of Vavilovia belonging to Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae compose a discrete group that differs from the other strains, especially in the nucleotide sequences of the symbiotically specialised (sym) genes. Comparison of the genomes of Vavilovia strains with the reference group composed of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae strains isolated from Pisum and Vicia demonstrated that the vavilovia strains have a set of genomic features, probably indicating the important stages of microevolution of the symbiotic system. Specifically, symbionts of Vavilovia (considered as an ancestral group) demonstrated a scattered arrangement of sym genes (>90 kb cluster on pSym), with the location of nodT gene outside of the other nod operons, the presence of nodX and fixW, and the absence of chromosomal fixNOPQ copies. In contrast, the reference (derived) group harboured sym genes as a compact cluster (<60 kb) on a single pSym, lacking nodX and fixW, with nodT between nodN and nodO, and possessing chromosomal fixNOPQ copies. The TOM strain, obtained from nodules of the primitive &quot;Afghan&quot; peas, occupied an intermediate position because it has the chromosomal fixNOPQ copy, while the other features, the most important of which is presence of nodX and fixW, were similar to the Vavilovia strains. We suggest that genome evolution from the ancestral to the derived R. leguminosarum bv. viciae groups follows the &quot;gain-and-loss of sym genes&quot; and the &quot;compaction of sym cluster&quot; strategies, which are common for the macro-evolutionary and micro-evolutionary processes. The revealed genomic features are in concordance with a relict status of the vavilovia strains, indicating that V. formosa coexists with ancestral microsymbionts, which are presumably close to the LCA of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae.},
}
@article {pmid31805130,
year = {2019},
author = {Morard, R and Füllberg, A and Brummer, GA and Greco, M and Jonkers, L and Wizemann, A and Weiner, AKM and Darling, K and Siccha, M and Ledevin, R and Kitazato, H and de Garidel-Thoron, T and de Vargas, C and Kucera, M},
title = {Genetic and morphological divergence in the warm-water planktonic foraminifera genus Globigerinoides.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {e0225246},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0225246},
pmid = {31805130},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The planktonic foraminifera genus Globigerinoides provides a prime example of a species-rich genus in which genetic and morphological divergence are uncorrelated. To shed light on the evolutionary processes that lead to the present-day diversity of Globigerinoides, we investigated the genetic, ecological and morphological divergence of its constituent species. We assembled a global collection of single-cell barcode sequences and show that the genus consists of eight distinct genetic types organized in five extant morphospecies. Based on morphological evidence, we reassign the species Globoturborotalita tenella to Globigerinoides and amend Globigerinoides ruber by formally proposing two new subspecies, G. ruber albus n.subsp. and G. ruber ruber in order to express their subspecies level distinction and to replace the informal G. ruber &quot;white&quot; and G. ruber &quot;pink&quot;, respectively. The genetic types within G. ruber and Globigerinoides elongatus show a combination of endemism and coexistence, with little evidence for ecological differentiation. CT-scanning and ontogeny analysis reveal that the diagnostic differences in adult morphologies could be explained by alterations of the ontogenetic trajectories towards final (reproductive) size. This indicates that heterochrony may have caused the observed decoupling between genetic and morphological diversification within the genus. We find little evidence for environmental forcing of either the genetic or the morphological diversification, which allude to biotic interactions such as symbiosis, as the driver of speciation in Globigerinoides.},
}
@article {pmid31805103,
year = {2019},
author = {Joshee, K and Abhang, T and Kulkarni, R},
title = {Fatty acid profiling of 75 Indian snack samples highlights overall low trans fatty acid content with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content in some samples.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {e0225798},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0225798},
pmid = {31805103},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Diet-derived fatty acids have well-proven varying effects on human health. In particular, trans fatty acids (TFA) are associated with high risk of cardiovascular diseases whereas, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are considered to be beneficial to the human health. In this study, we report fatty acid profiling of 75 food samples from India belonging to three broad categories, viz., perishable deep-fried, non-perishable deep-fried and bakery. Lipids were extracted from the snacks and fatty acids converted into methyl esters and analysed by gas chromatography. Thirty-seven detected fatty acids were classified into four categories: saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), PUFA, and TFA, of which SFA represented the most abundant class in two-third of the samples. The highest average proportions of TFA and SFA of 3.26% and 56.1%, respectively, in total fatty acids were found in the bakery products; whereas, that of PUFA (38%) in the perishable deep-fried products. Principal Component Analysis depicted clustering of many samples according to the above-mentioned categories and helped predict the oil usage. Lower TFA content in all the samples and high proportion of PUFA in a quarter of the samples is suggestive of a better trend as compared to earlier studies.},
}
@article {pmid31803234,
year = {2019},
author = {Chen, L and Li, D and Shao, Y and Wang, H and Liu, Y and Zhang, Y},
title = {Identifying Microbiota Signature and Functional Rules Associated With Bacterial Subtypes in Human Intestine.},
journal = {Frontiers in genetics},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1146},
doi = {10.3389/fgene.2019.01146},
pmid = {31803234},
issn = {1664-8021},
abstract = {Gut microbiomes are integral microflora located in the human intestine with particular symbiosis. Among all microorganisms in the human intestine, bacteria are the most significant subgroup that contains many unique and functional species. The distribution patterns of bacteria in the human intestine not only reflect the different microenvironments in different sections of the intestine but also indicate that bacteria may have unique biological functions corresponding to their proper regions of the intestine. However, describing the functional differences between the bacterial subgroups and their distributions in different individuals is difficult using traditional computational approaches. Here, we first attempted to introduce four effective sets of bacterial features from independent databases. We then presented a novel computational approach to identify potential distinctive features among bacterial subgroups based on a systematic dataset on the gut microbiome from approximately 1,500 human gut bacterial strains. We also established a group of quantitative rules for explaining such distinctions. Results may reveal the microstructural characteristics of the intestinal flora and deepen our understanding on the regulatory role of bacterial subgroups in the human intestine.},
}
@article {pmid31802184,
year = {2019},
author = {Xu, S and Jiang, L and Qiao, G and Chen, J},
title = {The Bacterial Flora Associated with the Polyphagous Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Is Strongly Affected by Host Plants.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01435-2},
pmid = {31802184},
issn = {1432-184X},
support = {2016YFE0203100//National Key R &amp; D Program of China/ ; XDA19050303//Strategic Priority Research Program A of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 31620103916//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31430078//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Aphids live in symbiosis with a variety of bacteria, including the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola and diverse facultative symbionts. The symbiotic associations for one aphid species, especially for polyphagous species, often differ across populations. In the present study, by using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing, we surveyed in detail the microbiota in natural populations of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii in China and assessed differences in bacterial diversity with respect to host plant and geography. The microbial community of A. gossypii was dominated by a few heritable symbionts. Arsenophonus was the most dominant secondary symbiont, and Spiroplasma was detected for the first time. Statistical tests and ordination analyses showed that host plants rather than geography seemed to have shaped the associated symbiont composition. Special symbiont communities inhabited the Cucurbitaceae-feeding populations, which supported the ecological specialization of A. gossypii on cucurbits from the viewpoint of symbiotic bacteria. Correlation analysis suggested antagonistic interactions between Buchnera and coexisting secondary symbionts and more complicated interactions between different secondary symbionts. Our findings lend further support to an important role of the host plant in structuring symbiont communities of polyphagous aphids and will improve our understanding of the interactions among phytophagous insects, symbionts, and environments.},
}
@article {pmid31801294,
year = {2019},
author = {Alex, A and Antunes, A},
title = {Comparative Genomics Reveals Metabolic Specificity of Endozoicomonas Isolated from a Marine Sponge and the Genomic Repertoire for Host-Bacteria Symbioses.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7120635},
pmid = {31801294},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {PTDC/BIA-BMA/29985/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029985)//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; PTDC/CTA-AMB/31774/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER/031774/2017).//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; UID/Multi/04423/2019//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; },
abstract = {The most recently described bacterial members of the genus Endozoicomonas have been found in association with a wide variety of marine invertebrates. Despite their ubiquity in the host holobiont, limited information is available on the molecular genomic signatures of the symbiotic association of Endozoicomonas with marine sponges. Here, we generated a draft genome of Endozoicomonas sp. OPT23 isolated from the intertidal marine sponge Ophlitaspongia papilla and performed comprehensive comparative genomics analyses. Genome-specific analysis and metabolic pathway comparison of the members of the genus Endozoicomonas revealed the presence of gene clusters encoding for unique metabolic features, such as the utilization of carbon sources through lactate, L-rhamnose metabolism, and a phenylacetic acid degradation pathway in Endozoicomonas sp. OPT23. Moreover, the genome harbors genes encoding for eukaryotic-like proteins, such as ankyrin repeats, tetratricopeptide repeats, and Sel1 repeats, which likely facilitate sponge-bacterium attachment. The genome also encodes major secretion systems and homologs of effector molecules that seem to enable the sponge-associated bacterium to interact with the sponge and deliver the virulence factors for successful colonization. In conclusion, the genome analysis of Endozoicomonas sp. OPT23 revealed the presence of adaptive genomic signatures that might favor their symbiotic lifestyle within the sponge host.},
}
@article {pmid31800204,
year = {2019},
author = {Bratovanov, EV and Ishida, K and Heinze, B and Pidot, SJ and Stinear, TP and Hegemann, JD and Marahiel, MA and Hertweck, C},
title = {Genome Mining and Heterologous Expression Reveal Two Distinct Families of Lasso Peptides Highly Conserved in Endofungal Bacteria.},
journal = {ACS chemical biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acschembio.9b00805},
pmid = {31800204},
issn = {1554-8937},
abstract = {Genome mining identified the fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis Rhizopus microsporus-Mycetohabitans (previously: Burkholderia) rhizoxinica as a rich source of novel natural products. Yet, most of the predicted compounds have remained cryptic. In this study we employed heterologous expression to isolate and characterize three ribosomally-synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) with lariat topology (lasso peptides) from the endosymbiont M. rhizoxinica: burhizin-23, mycetohabin-16 and mycetohabin-15. Through coexpression experiments it was shown that an orphan gene product results in mature mycetohabin-15, albeit encoded remotely from the core biosynthetic gene cluster. Comparative genomics revealed that mycetohabins are highly conserved trait among M. rhizoxinica and related endosymbiotic bacteria. Gene knockout and reinfection experiments indicated that the lasso peptides are not crucial for establishing the symbiosis; instead, the peptides are exported into the environment during endosymbiosis. This is the first report on lasso peptides from endosymbiontic bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31799343,
year = {2019},
author = {Bukharin, OV and Andryuschenko, SV and Perunova, NB and Ivanova, EV and Chainikova, IN and Zdvizhkova, IA},
title = {Genome sequence data announcement of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain ICIS-202 isolated from a healthy human intestine stimulating active nitrogen oxide production in macrophages.},
journal = {Data in brief},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {104761},
doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2019.104761},
pmid = {31799343},
issn = {2352-3409},
abstract = {This report presents the data on the draft genome sequence of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain ICIS-202. The strain, isolated from the intestine of a young healthy woman, was deposited in the State Collection of Microorganisms of Normal Microbiota in Gabrichevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation as a prospective candidate for probiotic development. The size of the genome was 2,265,060 bp (62,4% G + C content). The annotation revealed 1771 coding sequences, including 1771 proteins, 5 rRNA, 52 tRNA, and 3 ncRNA genes. The draft genome sequence data of B. bifidum strain ICIS-202 is available in DBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession nos. SSMS00000000.1, PRJNA412271 and SAMN07709009 for Genome, Bioproject and Biosample databases, respectively.},
}
@article {pmid31798561,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, X and Li, X and Wu, C and Ye, L and Kang, Z and Zhang, X},
title = {Exogenous Nitric Oxide and Phosphorus Stress Affect the Mycorrhization, Plant Growth, and Associated Microbes of Carya illinoinensis Seedlings Colonized by Tuber indicum.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2634},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02634},
pmid = {31798561},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {In the artificial cultivation of truffles, ectomycorrhizal colonization level, host plant quality, and the associated microbes in the rhizosphere soil are vitally important. To explore the effects of nitric oxide (NO) and phosphorus (P) stress on the early symbiosis of truffles and host plants, different concentrations of exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and P were applied to Carya illinoinensis seedlings inoculated with the Chinese black truffle (Tuber indicum). The growth of T. indicum-mycorrhized seedlings and their mycorrhizal colonization rate were investigated. Additionally, the denitrifying bacterial community harboring NO reductase (norB) genes and the fungal community in the rhizosphere of the host were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the colonization rate of T. indicum was significantly influenced by SNP treatments and P stress, with the highest level being obtained when the SNP was 100 μmol/L under low P stress (5 μmol/L). Treatment with 100 μmol/L SNP alone also increased the colonization rate of T. indicum and had positive effects on the plant height, stem circumference, biomass, root-shoot ratio and root POD activity of the seedlings at different times after inoculation. Under low P stress, the 100 μmol/L SNP increased the richness of the norB-type denitrifying bacterial community. Interestingly, the diversity and richness of norB-type denitrifying bacteria were significantly positively correlated with the colonization rate of T. indicum. SNP treatments under low P stress altered the abundance of some dominant taxa such as Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomonas, Ensifer, and Sulfitobacter. Evaluation of the fungal community in the rhizosphere revealed that 100 μmol/L SNP treatment alone had no noticeable effect on their richness and diversity, but it did shape the abundance of some fungi. Buellia, Podospora, Phaeoisaria, Ascotaiwania, and Lophiostoma were more abundant following exogenous NO application, while the abundance of Acremonium, Monographella, and Penicillium were decreased. Network analysis indicated that T. indicum was positively and negatively correlated with some fungal genera when treated with 100 μmol/L SNP. Overall, these results revealed how exogenous NO and P stress influence the symbiosis of truffles and host plants, and indicate that application of SNP treatments has the potential for ectomycorrhizal synthesis and truffle cultivation.},
}
@article {pmid31796934,
year = {2019},
author = {Bauer, E and Kaltenpoth, M and Salem, H},
title = {Minimal fermentative metabolism fuels extracellular symbiont in a leaf beetle.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0562-1},
pmid = {31796934},
issn = {1751-7370},
abstract = {While genome erosion is extensively studied in intracellular symbionts, the metabolic implications of reductive evolution in microbes subsisting extracellularly remain poorly understood. Stammera capleta-an extracellular symbiont in leaf beetles-possesses an extremely reduced genome (0.27 Mb), enabling the study of drastic reductive evolution in the absence of intracellularity. Here, we outline the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of Stammera and its host to elucidate host-symbiont metabolic interactions. Given the symbiont's substantial demands for nutrients and membrane components, the host's symbiotic organ shows repurposing of internal resources by upregulating nutrient transporters and cuticle-processing genes targeting epithelial chitin. Facilitated by this supplementation and its localization, Stammera exhibits a highly streamlined gene expression profile and a fermentation pathway for energy conversion, sharply contrasting the respiratory metabolism retained by most intracellular symbionts. Our results provide insights into a tightly regulated and metabolically integrated extracellular symbiosis, expanding our understanding of the minimal metabolism required to sustain life outside of a host cell.},
}
@article {pmid31796568,
year = {2019},
author = {Chung, M and Teigen, LE and Libro, S and Bromley, RE and Olley, D and Kumar, N and Sadzewicz, L and Tallon, LJ and Mahurkar, A and Foster, JM and Michalski, ML and Dunning Hotopp, JC},
title = {Drug Repurposing of Bromodomain Inhibitors as Potential Novel Therapeutic Leads for Lymphatic Filariasis Guided by Multispecies Transcriptomics.},
journal = {mSystems},
volume = {4},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mSystems.00596-19},
pmid = {31796568},
issn = {2379-5077},
abstract = {To better understand the transcriptomic interplay of organisms associated with lymphatic filariasis, we conducted multispecies transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) on the filarial nematode Brugia malayi, its Wolbachia endosymbiont wBm, and its laboratory vector Aedes aegypti across the entire B. malayi life cycle. In wBm, transcription of the noncoding 6S RNA suggests that it may be a regulator of bacterial cell growth, as its transcript levels correlate with bacterial replication rates. For A. aegypti, the transcriptional response reflects the stress that B. malayi infection exerts on the mosquito with indicators of increased energy demand. In B. malayi, expression modules associated with adult female samples consistently contained an overrepresentation of genes involved in chromatin remodeling, such as the bromodomain-containing proteins. All bromodomain-containing proteins encoded by B. malayi were observed to be upregulated in the adult female, embryo, and microfilaria life stages, including 2 members of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein family. The BET inhibitor JQ1(+), originally developed as a cancer therapeutic, caused lethality of adult worms in vitro, suggesting that it may be a potential therapeutic that can be repurposed for treating lymphatic filariasis.IMPORTANCE The current treatment regimen for lymphatic filariasis is mostly microfilaricidal. In an effort to identify new drug candidates for lymphatic filariasis, we conducted a three-way transcriptomics/systems biology study of one of the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis, Brugia malayi, its Wolbachia endosymbiont wBm, and its vector host Aedes aegypti at 16 distinct B. malayi life stages. B. malayi upregulates the expression of bromodomain-containing proteins in the adult female, embryo, and microfilaria stages. In vitro, we find that the existing cancer therapeutic JQ1(+), which is a bromodomain and extraterminal protein inhibitor, has adulticidal activity in B. malayi.},
}
@article {pmid31796086,
year = {2019},
author = {Pankievicz, VCS and Irving, TB and Maia, LGS and Ané, JM},
title = {Are we there yet? The long walk towards the development of efficient symbiotic associations between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and non-leguminous crops.},
journal = {BMC biology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {99},
doi = {10.1186/s12915-019-0710-0},
pmid = {31796086},
issn = {1741-7007},
support = {DE-SC0018247//U.S. Department of Energy (US)/ ; DE-SC0014377//U.S. Department of Energy/ ; },
abstract = {Nitrogen is an essential element of life, and nitrogen availability often limits crop yields. Since the Green Revolution, massive amounts of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers have been produced from atmospheric nitrogen and natural gas, threatening the sustainability of global food production and degrading the environment. There is a need for alternative means of bringing nitrogen to crops, and taking greater advantage of biological nitrogen fixation seems a logical option. Legumes are used in most cropping systems around the world because of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. However, the world's three major cereal crops-rice, wheat, and maize-do not associate with rhizobia. In this review, we will survey how genetic approaches in rhizobia and their legume hosts allowed tremendous progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling root nodule symbioses, and how this knowledge paves the way for engineering such associations in non-legume crops. We will also discuss challenges in bringing these systems into the field and how they can be surmounted by interdisciplinary collaborations between synthetic biologists, microbiologists, plant biologists, breeders, agronomists, and policymakers.},
}
@article {pmid31544656,
year = {2019},
author = {Vergnes, S and Gayrard, D and Veyssière, M and Toulotte, J and Martinez, Y and Dumont, V and Bouchez, O and Rey, T and Dumas, B},
title = {Phyllosphere Colonization by a Soil Streptomyces sp. Promotes Plant Defense Responses Against Fungal Infection.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {MPMI05190142R},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-05-19-0142-R},
pmid = {31544656},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {Streptomycetes are soil-dwelling, filamentous actinobacteria and represent a prominent bacterial clade inside the plant root microbiota. The ability of streptomycetes to produce a broad spectrum of antifungal metabolites suggests that these bacteria could be used to manage plant diseases. Here, we describe the identification of a soil Streptomyces strain named AgN23 which strongly activates a large array of defense responses when applied on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. AgN23 increased the biosynthesis of salicylic acid, leading to the development of salicylic acid induction deficient 2 (SID2)-dependent necrotic lesions. Size exclusion fractionation of plant elicitors secreted by AgN23 showed that these signals are tethered into high molecular weight complexes. AgN23 mycelium was able to colonize the leaf surface, leading to plant resistance against Alternaria brassicicola infection in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. AgN23-induced resistance was found partially compromised in salicylate, jasmonate, and ethylene mutants. Our data show that Streptomyces soil bacteria can develop at the surface of plant leaves to induce defense responses and protection against foliar fungal pathogens, extending their potential use to manage plant diseases.},
}
@article {pmid31794386,
year = {2019},
author = {Kalayeh, MM and Shah, M},
title = {On Symbiosis of Attribute Prediction and Semantic Segmentation.},
journal = {IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1109/TPAMI.2019.2956039},
pmid = {31794386},
issn = {1939-3539},
abstract = {Attributes are semantically meaningful characteristics whose applicability widely crosses category boundaries. They are particularly important in describing and recognizing concepts for which no explicit training example is given, e.g., zero-shot learning. Additionally, since attributes are human describable, they can be used for efficient human-computer interaction. In this paper, we propose to employ semantic segmentation to improve person-related attribute prediction. The core idea lies in the fact that many attributes describe local properties. In other words, the probability of an attribute to appear in an image is far from being uniform in the spatial domain. We build our attribute prediction model jointly with a deep semantic segmentation network. This harnesses the localization cues learned by the semantic segmentation to guide the attention of the attribute prediction to the regions where different attributes naturally show up. As a result of this approach, in addition to prediction, we are able to localize the attributes despite merely having access to image-level labels (weak supervision) during training. We first propose semantic segmentation-based pooling and gating, respectively denoted as SSP and SSG. In the former, the estimated segmentation masks are used to pool the final activations of the attribute prediction network, from multiple semantically homogeneous regions. This is in contrast to global average pooling which is agnostic with respect to where in the spatial domain activations occur. In SSG, the same idea is applied to the intermediate layers of the network. Specifically, we create multiple copies of the internal activations. In each copy, only values that fall within a certain semantic region are preserved while outside of that, activations are suppressed. This mechanism allows us to prevent pooling operation from blending activations that are associated with semantically different regions. SSP and SSG, while effective, impose heavy memory utilization since each channel of the activations is pooled/gated with all the semantic segmentation masks. To circumvent this, we propose Symbiotic Augmentation (SA), where we learn only one mask per activation channel. SA allows the model to either pick one, or combine (weighted superposition) multiple semantic maps, in order to generate the proper mask for each channel. SA simultaneously applies the same mechanism to the reverse problem by leveraging output logits of attribute prediction to guide the semantic segmentation task. We evaluate our proposed methods for facial attributes on CelebA and LFWA datasets, while benchmarking WIDER Attribute and Berkeley Attributes of People for whole body attributes. Our proposed methods achieve superior results compared to the previous works. Furthermore, we show that in the reverse problem, semantic face parsing significantly improves when its associated task is jointly learned, through our proposed Symbiotic Augmentation, with facial attribute prediction. We confirm that when few training instances are available, indeed image-level facial attribute labels can serve as an effective source of weak supervision to improve semantic face parsing. That reaffirms the need to jointly model these two interconnected tasks.},
}
@article {pmid31794261,
year = {2019},
author = {Anhê, FF and Barra, NG and Schertzer, JD},
title = {Glucose alters symbiotic relationships between gut microbiota and host physiology.},
journal = {American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2019},
pmid = {31794261},
issn = {1522-1555},
abstract = {Bacteria and mammals exhibit all aspects of symbiosis. Metabolic flux in bacteria and in specific host cells can influence host-microbe symbiotic relationships and tip the balance between mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. The relationship between microbes and host metabolism is bidirectional: microbes can influence host blood glucose, but glucose levels can influence the microbiota and host response and outcomes to specific bacteria. A key consideration determining symbiotic relationships is compartmentalization of bacterial niches by mucosal, chemical, and physical barriers of the gut. We propose that compartmentalization of glucose levels in the blood versus the intestinal lumen is another important factor dictating host-microbe symbiosis. Host glucose and specific bacteria can modify the intestinal barrier, immune function, and antimicrobial defences, which can break down compartmentalization of microbes, alter glucose levels and impact symbiosis. Determining how glucose metabolism promotes mutualistic, commensal, and parasitic relationships within the entire microbiota community is relevant to glucose control in diabetes and enteric infections, which occur more often and have worse outcomes in diabetics.},
}
@article {pmid31790118,
year = {2019},
author = {Tominaga, T and Miura, C and Takeda, N and Kanno, Y and Takemura, Y and Seo, M and Yamato, M and Kaminaka, H},
title = {Gibberellin Promotes Fungal Entry and Colonization during Paris-type Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Eustoma grandiflorum.},
journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcz222},
pmid = {31790118},
issn = {1471-9053},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) are divided into two types according to morphology: Arum- and Paris-type AMs. Gibberellins (GAs) mainly inhibit the establishment of Arum-type AM symbiosis in most of model plants, whereas the effects of GAs on Paris-type AM symbiosis are unclear. To provide insights into the mechanism underlying this type of symbiosis, the roles of GAs on Paris-type AM symbiosis were investigated in Eustoma grandiflorum used as the host plant for Paris-type AM establishment. E. grandiflorum seedlings were inoculated with the model AM fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, and then the effects of GA and the GA-biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazole-P on the symbiosis were quantitatively evaluated. Exogenous GA significantly increased hyphopodium formation at the epidermis, thus leading to the promotion of fungal colonization and arbuscule formation in the root cortex. By contrast, the suppression of GA biosynthesis and signaling attenuated fungal entry to E. grandiflorum roots. Moreover, the exudates from GA-treated roots strongly induced the hyphal branching of R. irregularis. Our results show that GA has an opposite effect on Paris-type AM symbiosis in E. grandiflorum compared with Arum-type AM symbiosis. This finding could be explained by the differential regulation of the early colonization stage, where fungal hyphae make contact with and penetrate the epidermis.},
}
@article {pmid31789155,
year = {2019},
author = {Fackelmann, G and Sommer, S},
title = {Microplastics and the gut microbiome: How chronically exposed species may suffer from gut dysbiosis.},
journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {193-203},
doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.030},
pmid = {31789155},
issn = {1879-3363},
abstract = {As small pieces of plastics known as microplastics pollute even the remotest parts of Earth, research currently focuses on unveiling how this pollution may affect biota. Despite increasing awareness, one potentially major consequence of chronic exposure to microplastics has been largely neglected: the impact of the disruption of the symbiosis between host and the natural community and abundance pattern of the gut microbiota. This so-called dysbiosis might be caused by the consumption of microplastics, associated mechanical disruption within the gastrointestinal tract, the ingestion of foreign and potentially pathogenic bacteria, as well as chemicals, which make-up or adhere to microplastics. Dysbiosis may interfere with the host immune system and trigger the onset of (chronic) diseases, promote pathogenic infections, and alter the gene capacity and expression of gut microbiota. We summarize how chronically exposed species may suffer from microplastics-induced gut dysbiosis, deteriorating host health, and highlight corresponding future directions of research.},
}
@article {pmid31789101,
year = {2019},
author = {Liu, W and Li, Y and Bai, X and Wu, H and Bian, L and Hu, X},
title = {LuxR-type regulator AclR1 of Azorhizobium caulinodans regulates cyclic di-GMP and numerous phenotypes in free-living and symbiotic states.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-10-19-0306-R},
pmid = {31789101},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {LuxR-type regulators play important roles in transcriptional regulation in bacteria and control various biological processes. A genome sequence analysis showed the existence of seven LuxR-type regulators in Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571, an important nitrogen-fixing bacterium in both its free-living state and its symbiosis with its host, Sesbania rostrata. However, the functional mechanisms of these regulators remain unclear. In this study, we identified a LuxR-type regulator that contains a REC domain in its N-terminus and designated it AclR1. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis revealed that AclR1 exhibited relatively close evolutionary relationships with MalT/GerE/FixJ/NarL family proteins. Functional analysis of an aclR1 deletion mutant (ΔaclR1) in the free-living state showed that AclR1 positively regulated cell motility and flocculation but negatively regulated exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation, and second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP)-related gene expression. In the symbiotic state, the ΔaclR1 mutant was defective in competitive colonization and nodulation on host plants. These results suggested that AclR1 could provide bacteria with the ability to compete effectively for symbiotic nodulation. Overall, our results show that the REC-LuxR-type regulator AclR1 regulates numerous phenotypes both in the free-living state and during host plant symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31788958,
year = {2019},
author = {Karaivazoglou, K and Konstantakis, C and Assimakopoulos, SF and Triantos, C},
title = {Neonate gut colonization: The rise of a social brain.},
journal = {Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e13767},
doi = {10.1111/nmo.13767},
pmid = {31788958},
issn = {1365-2982},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The human gut microbiota constitutes an integral part of human physiology, playing an important role in maintaining health, and compositional or functional changes in intestinal microbiota may be associated with the emergence of several chronic diseases. Animal and human studies have shown that there is a dynamic cross-talk between intestinal microorganisms and brain networks which has an impact on neurodevelopment and may be extremely critical in shaping human social behavior.<br><br>PURPOSE: The aim of the current review is to appraise and present in a concise manner all findings linking the evolution of neonate and infant gut colonization with early social development and to formulate scientifically informed hypotheses which could guide future research on this field.},
}
@article {pmid31788887,
year = {2019},
author = {Michaud, C and Hervé, V and Dupont, S and Dubreuil, G and Bézier, AM and Meunier, J and Brune, A and Dedeine, F},
title = {Efficient but occasionally imperfect vertical transmission of gut mutualistic protists in a wood-feeding termite.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15322},
pmid = {31788887},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {Although mutualistic associations between animals and microbial symbionts are widespread in nature, the mechanisms that have promoted their evolutionary persistence remain poorly understood. A vertical mode of symbiont transmission (from parents to offspring) is thought to ensure partner fidelity and stabilisation, although the efficiency of vertical transmission has rarely been investigated, especially in cases where hosts harbour a diverse microbial community. Here we evaluated vertical transmission rates of cellulolytic gut oxymonad and parabasalid protists in the wood-feeding termite Reticulitermes grassei. We sequenced amplicons of the 18S rRNA gene of protists from 24 colonies of R. grassei collected in two populations. For each colony, the protist community was characterised from the gut of 14 swarming reproductives and from a pool of 10 worker guts. A total of 98 OTUs belonging to 13 species-level taxa were found. The vertical transmission rate was estimated for each protist present in a colony by its frequency among the reproductives. Results revealed that transmission rates were high, with an average of 0.897 (±0.164) per protist species. Overall, the protist community did not differ between reproductive sexes, suggesting that both the queen and king could contribute to the gut microbiota of the offspring. A positive relationship between the transmission rate of protists and their prevalence within populations was also detected. However, transmission rates alone did not explain protist prevalence. In conclusion, these findings reveal key forces behind a conserved, multi-species mutualism, raising further questions on the roles of horizontal transfer and negative selection in shaping symbiont prevalence.},
}
@article {pmid31788212,
year = {2019},
author = {McIlroy, SE and Cunning, R and Baker, AC and Coffroth, MA},
title = {Competition and succession among coral endosymbionts.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {22},
pages = {12767-12778},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5749},
pmid = {31788212},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Host species often support a genetically diverse guild of symbionts, the identity and performance of which can determine holobiont fitness under particular environmental conditions. These symbiont communities are structured by a complex set of potential interactions, both positive and negative, between the host and symbionts and among symbionts. In reef-building corals, stable associations with specific symbiont species are common, and we hypothesize that this is partly due to ecological mechanisms, such as succession and competition, which drive patterns of symbiont winnowing in the initial colonization of new generations of coral recruits. We tested this hypothesis using the experimental framework of the de Wit replacement series and found that competitive interactions occurred among symbionts which were characterized by unique ecological strategies. Aposymbiotic octocoral recruits within high- and low-light environments were inoculated with one of three Symbiodiniaceae species as monocultures or with cross-paired mixtures, and we tracked symbiont uptake using quantitative genetic assays. Priority effects, in which early colonizers excluded competitive dominants, were evidenced under low light, but these early opportunistic species were later succeeded by competitive dominants. Under high light, a more consistent competitive hierarchy was established in which competitive dominants outgrew and limited the abundance of others. These findings provide insight into mechanisms of microbial community organization and symbiosis breakdown and recovery. Furthermore, transitions in competitive outcomes across spatial and temporal environmental variation may improve lifetime host fitness.},
}
@article {pmid31325386,
year = {2019},
author = {Hause, B},
title = {Elevated CO2 -induced improvement of mycorrhization - which players lie in-between?.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {224},
number = {1},
pages = {5-7},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16023},
pmid = {31325386},
issn = {1469-8137},
mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; *Mycorrhizae ; Plants ; Signal Transduction ; Symbiosis ; },
}
@article {pmid31246974,
year = {2019},
author = {Michalska-Smith, MJ and Allesina, S},
title = {Telling ecological networks apart by their structure: A computational challenge.},
journal = {PLoS computational biology},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {e1007076},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007076},
pmid = {31246974},
issn = {1553-7358},
mesh = {Computational Biology/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Machine Learning ; *Models, Biological ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Ecologists have been compiling ecological networks for over a century, detailing the interactions between species in a variety of ecosystems. To this end, they have built networks for mutualistic (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal) as well as antagonistic (e.g., herbivory, parasitism) interactions. The type of interaction being represented is believed to be reflected in the structure of the network, which would differ substantially between mutualistic and antagonistic networks. Here, we put this notion to the test by attempting to determine the type of interaction represented in a network based solely on its structure. We find that, although it is easy to separate different kinds of nonecological networks, ecological networks display much structural variation, making it difficult to distinguish between mutualistic and antagonistic interactions. We therefore frame the problem as a challenge for the community of scientists interested in computational biology and machine learning. We discuss the features a good solution to this problem should possess and the obstacles that need to be overcome to achieve this goal.},
}
@article {pmid30870419,
year = {2019},
author = {Coykendall, DK and Cornman, RS and Prouty, NG and Brooke, S and Demopoulos, AWJ and Morrison, CL},
title = {Molecular characterization of Bathymodiolus mussels and gill symbionts associated with chemosynthetic habitats from the U.S. Atlantic margin.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {e0211616},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0211616},
pmid = {30870419},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bacteria/*genetics ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Gills/*microbiology ; Microbiota/genetics ; Mytilidae/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus are among the most widespread colonizers of hydrothermal vent and cold seep environments, sustained by endosymbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria. Presumed species of Bathymodiolus are abundant at newly discovered cold seeps on the Mid-Atlantic continental slope, however morphological taxonomy is challenging, and their phylogenetic affinities remain unestablished. Here we used mitochondrial sequence to classify species found at three seep sites (Baltimore Canyon seep (BCS; ~400m); Norfolk Canyon seep (NCS; ~1520m); and Chincoteague Island seep (CTS; ~1000m)). Mitochondrial COI (N = 162) and ND4 (N = 39) data suggest that Bathymodiolus childressi predominates at these sites, although single B. mauritanicus and B. heckerae individuals were detected. As previous work had suggested that methanotrophic and thiotrophic interactions can both occur at a site, and within an individual mussel, we investigated the symbiont communities in gill tissues of a subset of mussels from BCS and NCS. We constructed metabarcode libraries with four different primer sets spanning the 16S gene. A methanotrophic phylotype dominated all gill microbial samples from BCS, but sulfur-oxidizing Campylobacterota were represented by a notable minority of sequences from NCS. The methanotroph phylotype shared a clade with globally distributed Bathymodiolus spp. symbionts from methane seeps and hydrothermal vents. Two distinct Campylobacterota phylotypes were prevalent in NCS samples, one of which shares a clade with Campylobacterota associated with B. childressi from the Gulf of Mexico and the other with Campylobacterota associated with other deep-sea fauna. Variation in chemosynthetic symbiont communities among sites and individuals has important ecological and geochemical implications and suggests shifting reliance on methanotrophy. Continued characterization of symbionts from cold seeps will provide a greater understanding of the ecology of these unique environments as well and their geochemical footprint in elemental cycling and energy flux.},
}
@article {pmid30793221,
year = {2019},
author = {Tsyganova, AV and Seliverstova, EV and Brewin, NJ and Tsyganov, VE},
title = {Comparative analysis of remodelling of the plant-microbe interface in Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula symbiotic nodules.},
journal = {Protoplasma},
volume = {256},
number = {4},
pages = {983-996},
doi = {10.1007/s00709-019-01355-5},
pmid = {30793221},
issn = {1615-6102},
support = {16?16?10035//Russian Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Epitopes ; Medicago truncatula/genetics/*microbiology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Mucoproteins/immunology/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Peas/genetics/*microbiology ; Pectins/immunology/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/immunology/metabolism ; Root Nodules, Plant/cytology/metabolism/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Infection of host cells by nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, known as rhizobia, involves the progressive remodelling of the plant-microbe interface. This process was examined by using monoclonal antibodies to study the subcellular localisation of pectins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in wild-type and ineffective nodules of Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula. The highly methylesterified homogalacturonan (HG), detected by monoclonal antibody JIM7, showed a uniform localisation in the cell wall, regardless of the cell type in nodules of P. sativum and M. truncatula. Low methylesterified HG, recognised by JIM5, was detected mainly in the walls of infection threads in nodules of both species. The galactan side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), recognised by LM5, was present in the nodule meristem in both species and in the infection thread walls in P. sativum, but not in M. truncatula. The membrane-anchored AGP recognised by JIM1 was observed on the plasma membrane in nodules of P. sativum and M. truncatula. In P. sativum, the AGP epitope recognised by JIM1 was present on mature symbiosome membranes of wild-type nodules, but JIM1 labelling was absent from symbiosome membranes in the mutant Sprint-2Fix- (sym31) with undifferentiated bacteroids, suggesting a possible involvement of AGP in the maturation of symbiosomes. Thus, the common and species-specific traits of cell wall remodelling during nodule differentiation were demonstrated.},
}
@article {pmid31785853,
year = {2019},
author = {António, N},
title = {Combining mesenchymal stem cell therapy and exercise training in myocardial infarction: The perfect symbiosis?.},
journal = {Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.repc.2019.10.003},
pmid = {31785853},
issn = {2174-2030},
}
@article {pmid31782953,
year = {2019},
author = {Zeng, W and Liu, B and Zhong, J and Li, Q and Li, Z},
title = {A Natural High-Sugar Diet Has Different Effects on the Prokaryotic Community Structures of Lower and Higher Termites (Blattaria).},
journal = {Environmental entomology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz130},
pmid = {31782953},
issn = {1938-2936},
abstract = {The lignocellulosic digestive symbiosis in termites is a dynamic survival adaptation system. While the contribution of hereditary and habitat factors to the development of the symbiotic bacterial community of termites had been confirmed, the manner in which these factors affect functional synergism among different bacterial lineages has still not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the 16S rRNA gene libraries of Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Termitidae) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) sampled from sugarcane fields (high sugar) or pine tree forests (no free sugar) were sequenced. The results verify that the prokaryotic community structures of termites could be significantly reshaped by native dietary isolation within a species. Although the most dominant phyla are convergent in all samples, their relative abundances in these two termite species exhibited a reverse variation pattern when the termite hosts were fed on the high-sugar diet. Furthermore, we showed that the taxonomic composition of the dominant phyla at the family or genus level differentiate depending on the diet and the host phylogeny. We hypothesize that the flexible bacterial assemblages at low taxonomic level might exert variable functional collaboration to accommodate to high-sugar diet. In addition, the functional predictions of Tax4Fun suggest a stable metabolic functional structure of the microbial communities of the termites in both different diet habitats and taxonomy. We propose that the symbiotic bacterial community in different host termites developed a different functional synergistic pattern, which may be essential to maintain the stability of the overall metabolic function for the survival of termites.},
}
@article {pmid31782853,
year = {2019},
author = {Maillet, F and Fournier, J and Mendis, HC and Tadege, M and Wen, J and Ratet, P and Mysore, KS and Gough, C and Jones, KM},
title = {Sinorhizobium meliloti succinylated high molecular weight succinoglycan and the Medicago truncatula LysM receptor-like kinase MtLYK10 participate independently in symbiotic infection.},
journal = {The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/tpj.14625},
pmid = {31782853},
issn = {1365-313X},
abstract = {The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legume hosts is a finely-tuned process involving many components of both symbiotic partners. Production of the exopolysaccharide succinoglycan by the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 is needed for an effective symbiosis with Medicago spp, and the succinyl modification to this polysaccharide is critical. However, it is not known when succinoglycan intervenes in the symbiotic process, and it is not known whether the plant lysin-motif receptor-like kinase MtLYK10 intervenes in recognition of succinoglycan, as might be inferred from work on the Lotus japonicus MtLYK10 ortholog, LjEPR3. We studied the symbiotic infection phenotypes of S. meliloti mutants deficient in succinoglycan production or producing modified succinoglycan, in wild-type Medicago truncatula plants and in Mtlyk10 mutant plants. On wild-type plants, S. meliloti strains producing no succinoglycan or only unsuccinylated succinoglycan still induced nodule primordia and epidermal infections, but further progression of the symbiotic process was blocked. These S. meliloti mutants induced a more severe infection phenotype on Mtlyk10 mutant plants. Nodulation by succinoglycan-defective strains was achieved by in trans rescue with a Nod factor-deficient S. meliloti mutant. While the Nod factor-deficient strain was always more abundant inside nodules, the succinoglycan-deficient strain was more efficient than the strain producing only unsuccinylated succinoglycan. Together, these data show that succinylated succinoglycan is essential for infection thread formation in M. truncatula, and that MtLYK10 plays an important, but different role in this symbiotic process. These data also suggest that succinoglycan is more important than Nod factors for bacterial survival inside nodules.},
}
@article {pmid31782749,
year = {2019},
author = {Quagliariello, A and Di Paola, M and De Fanti, S and Gnecchi-Ruscone, GA and Martinez-Priego, L and Pérez-Villaroya, D and Sherpa, MG and Sherpa, PT and Marinelli, G and Natali, L and Di Marcello, M and Peluzzi, D and Di Cosimo, P and D'Auria, G and Pettener, D and Sazzini, M and Luiselli, D and De Filippo, C},
title = {Gut microbiota composition in Himalayan and Andean populations and its relationship with diet, lifestyle and adaptation to the high-altitude environment.},
journal = {Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS},
volume = {97},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4436/JASS.97007},
pmid = {31782749},
issn = {2037-0644},
abstract = {Human populations living at high altitude evolved a number of biological adjustments to cope with a challenging environment characterised especially by reduced oxygen availability and limited nutritional resources. This condition may also affect their gut microbiota composition. Here, we explored the impact of exposure to such selective pressures on human gut microbiota by considering different ethnic groups living at variable degrees of altitude: the high-altitude Sherpa and low-altitude Tamang populations from Nepal, the high-altitude Aymara population from Bolivia, as well as a low-altitude cohort of European ancestry, used as control. We thus observed microbial profiles common to the Sherpa and Aymara, but absent in the low-altitude cohorts, which may contribute to the achievement of adaptation to high-altitude lifestyle and nutritional conditions. The collected evidences suggest that microbial signatures associated to these rural populations may enhance metabolic functions able to supply essential compounds useful for the host to cope with high altitude-related physiological changes and energy demand. Therefore, these results add another valuable piece of the puzzle to the understanding of the beneficial effects of symbiosis between microbes and their human host even from an evolutionary perspective.},
}
@article {pmid31781076,
year = {2019},
author = {Huang, L and Chen, D and Zhang, H and Song, Y and Chen, H and Tang, M},
title = {Funneliformis mosseae Enhances Root Development and Pb Phytostabilization in Robinia pseudoacacia in Pb-Contaminated Soil.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2591},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02591},
pmid = {31781076},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {It is possible that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a pivotal role in root development and Pb phytostabilization in plants grown in Pb-contaminated soil. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted over 4 months to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae strain BGCXJ01A on root characteristics of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings in Pb-contaminated soil. Four Pb treatments (0, 90, 900, and 3,000 mg kg-1) were applied to soil in the presence and absence of F. mosseae. Inoculation with F. mosseae prominently improved root length, surface area, volume, and tip number in the plants across all Pb treatments. The F. mosseae inoculation also increased root diameter and fork number, especially under high Pb treatments. The presence of F. mosseae significantly increased the root activity and root tolerance index. However, there was little difference in specific root length between inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The biomass of roots, stems, and leaves all increased following inoculation with F. mosseae. Inoculated plants had greater accumulation and translocation capacities for Pb in the roots and stems, but lower capacities were found in the leaves when compared with those in non-inoculated plants. These results highlight that F. mosseae can alleviate the toxic effects of Pb on root development and can immobilize Pb in the roots and stems of R. pseudoacacia grown in Pb-contaminated soil. This study provides a model system for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soil via reciprocal symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and woody legumes.},
}
@article {pmid31781062,
year = {2019},
author = {Fukatsu, T},
title = {Grand Challenges to Launching an Ideal Platform for Publishing Microbe-Insect Symbiosis Studies.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2542},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02542},
pmid = {31781062},
issn = {1664-302X},
}
@article {pmid31778276,
year = {2019},
author = {Safai, A and Prasad, S and Chougule, T and Saini, J and Pal, PK and Ingalhalikar, M},
title = {Microstructural abnormalities of substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease: A neuromelanin sensitive MRI atlas based study.},
journal = {Human brain mapping},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/hbm.24878},
pmid = {31778276},
issn = {1097-0193},
support = {BT/PR14315/MED/30/474/2010//Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology/ ; ICMR/003/304/2013/00694//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; ECR/2016/000808//Science and Engineering Research Board/ ; },
abstract = {Microstructural changes associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been studied using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). However, these studies show inconsistent results, mainly due to methodological variations in delineation of SNc. To mitigate this, our work aims to construct a probabilistic atlas of SNc based on a 3D Neuromelanin Sensitive MRI (NMS-MRI) sequence and demonstrate its applicability to investigate microstructural changes on a large dataset of PD. Using manual segmentation and deformable registration we created a novel SNc atlas in the MNI space using NMS-MRI sequences of 27 healthy controls (HC). We first quantitatively evaluated this atlas and then employed it to investigate the micro-structural abnormalities in SNc using diffusion MRI from 133 patients with PD and 99 HCs. Our results demonstrated significant increase in diffusivity with no changes in anisotropy. In addition, we also observed an asymmetry of the diffusion metrics with a higher diffusivity and lower anisotropy in the left SNc than the right. Finally, a multivariate classifier based on SNc diffusion features could delineate patients with PD with an average accuracy of 71.7%. Overall, from this work we establish a normative baseline for the SNc region of interest using NMS-MRI while the application on PD data emphasizes on the contribution of diffusivity measures rather than anisotropy of white matter in PD.},
}
@article {pmid31777649,
year = {2019},
author = {Ramoneda, J and Le Roux, J and Frossard, E and Bester, C and Oettlé, N and Frey, B and Gamper, HA},
title = {Insights from invasion ecology: Can consideration of eco-evolutionary experience promote benefits from root mutualisms in plant production?.},
journal = {AoB PLANTS},
volume = {11},
number = {6},
pages = {plz060},
doi = {10.1093/aobpla/plz060},
pmid = {31777649},
issn = {2041-2851},
abstract = {Mutualistic plant-microbial functioning relies on co-adapted symbiotic partners as well as conducive environmental conditions. Choosing particular plant genotypes for domestication and subsequent cultivar selection can narrow the gene pools of crop plants to a degree that they are no longer able to benefit from microbial mutualists. Elevated mineral nutrient levels in cultivated soils also reduce the dependence of crops on nutritional support by mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia. Thus, current ways of crop production are predestined to compromise the propagation and function of microbial symbionts, limiting their long-term benefits for plant yield stability. The influence of mutualists on non-native plant establishment and spread, i.e. biological invasions, provides an unexplored analogue to contemporary crop production that accounts for mutualistic services from symbionts like rhizobia and mycorrhizae. The historical exposure of organisms to biotic interactions over evolutionary timescales, or so-called eco-evolutionary experience (EEE), has been used to explain the success of such invasions. In this paper, we stress that consideration of the EEE concept can shed light on how to overcome the loss of microbial mutualist functions following crop domestication and breeding. We propose specific experimental approaches to utilize the wild ancestors of crops to determine whether crop domestication compromised the benefits derived from root microbial symbioses or not. This can predict the potential for success of mutualistic symbiosis manipulation in modern crops and the maintenance of effective microbial mutualisms over the long term.},
}
@article {pmid31777060,
year = {2019},
author = {Nibbering, B and Ubags, NDJ},
title = {Microbial interactions in the atopic march.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/cei.13398},
pmid = {31777060},
issn = {1365-2249},
abstract = {The human body is populated by a large number of microorganisms and exist in symbiosis with these immensely diverse communities, which are suggested to influence health and disease. The microbiota plays an essential role in the maturation and function of the immune system. The prevalence of atopic diseases has increased drastically over the past decades, and the co-occurrence of multiple allergic diseases and allergic sensitization starting in early life has gained a great deal of attention. Immune responses in different organs affected by allergic diseases (e.g. skin, intestine and lung) may be linked to microbial changes in peripheral tissues. In the current review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of microbial interactions in allergic diseases and their potential role in the atopic march.},
}
@article {pmid31776248,
year = {2019},
author = {Zheng, H and Perreau, J and Powell, JE and Han, B and Zhang, Z and Kwong, WK and Tringe, SG and Moran, NA},
title = {Division of labor in honey bee gut microbiota for plant polysaccharide digestion.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1916224116},
pmid = {31776248},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Bees acquire carbohydrates from nectar and lipids; and amino acids from pollen, which also contains polysaccharides including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. These potential energy sources could be degraded and fermented through microbial enzymatic activity, resulting in short chain fatty acids available to hosts. However, the contributions of individual microbiota members to polysaccharide digestion have remained unclear. Through analysis of bacterial isolate genomes and a metagenome of the honey bee gut microbiota, we identify that Bifidobacterium and Gilliamella are the principal degraders of hemicellulose and pectin. Both Bifidobacterium and Gilliamella show extensive strain-level diversity in gene repertoires linked to polysaccharide digestion. Strains from honey bees possess more such genes than strains from bumble bees. In Bifidobacterium, genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes are colocated within loci devoted to polysaccharide utilization, as in Bacteroides from the human gut. Carbohydrate-active enzyme-encoding gene expressions are up-regulated in response to particular hemicelluloses both in vitro and in vivo. Metabolomic analyses document that bees experimentally colonized by different strains generate distinctive gut metabolomic profiles, with enrichment for specific monosaccharides, corresponding to predictions from genomic data. The other 3 core gut species clusters (Snodgrassella and 2 Lactobacillus clusters) possess few or no genes for polysaccharide digestion. Together, these findings indicate that strain composition within individual hosts determines the metabolic capabilities and potentially affects host nutrition. Furthermore, the niche specialization revealed by our study may promote overall community stability in the gut microbiomes of bees.},
}
@article {pmid31677281,
year = {2019},
author = {Metwally, RA and Al-Amri, SM},
title = {Individual and interactive role of Trichoderma viride and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and pigment content of onion plants.},
journal = {Letters in applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/lam.13246},
pmid = {31677281},
issn = {1472-765X},
abstract = {The study of interactions between beneficial micro-organisms associated with plant roots is important, because such interactions might either enhance or inhibit the beneficial effects of individual species. The effect of the combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a biocontrol fungus (Trichoderma viride) on different growth parameters and chlorophyll a,b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll and total pigments of onion (Allium cepa) plants was studied under glasshouse conditions. The results proved that AM fungi and T. viride are compatible with each other and their combined use was effective not only in improving onion growth parameters such as fresh and dry weights, root and shoot lengths and leaf area but also increasing total chlorophyll, carotenoids and total pigments content in onion leaves. Where, inoculation of onion plants by AM fungi and T. viride alone or in combination significantly increased bulb diameters of onion plants 20, 12·5 and 17·5% increase; respectively, when compared with control ones. Also percentage of AM fungal colonization increased greatly with T. viride inoculation. Therefore, AM fungi and T. viride could be a good alternate of chemical fertilizer for improving the growth of onion. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Significance and Impact of the Study: The need for increasing agricultural productivity and quality has led to an excessive use of chemical fertilizers; creating serious threats to human health and the environment. The use of biofertilizers is an alternative for sustaining high production with low ecological impact. Thus the goal of this study was to propose a biological technique using arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and Trichoderma viride (plant-microbe interaction) for increasing plant growth that represent a great opportunities for recent agricultural practices. This may be an indication displaying the AM and Trichoderma significance for plant progress and growth.},
}
@article {pmid31766793,
year = {2008},
author = {Fabricius, KE and De'ath, G},
title = {PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYMBIONTS AND ENERGY SUPPLY DETERMINE OCTOCORAL BIODIVERSITY IN CORAL REEFS.},
journal = {Ecology},
volume = {89},
number = {11},
pages = {3163-3173},
doi = {10.1890/08-0005.1},
pmid = {31766793},
issn = {1939-9170},
abstract = {Many coral reef organisms live in symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic microalgae. This symbiosis extends the energy resources available to reef organisms, thereby potentially influencing biodiversity. In octocorals, about one-half of the taxa contain photosynthetic symbionts while the rest do not, and thus octocorals are an ideal model to assess the relationships between biodiversity, spatial and environmental factors, and photosynthetic symbionts. Data collected from 1106 sites on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, between 12° and 24° S showed that taxa with photosynthetic symbionts (phototrophs) had higher abundances, wider ranges, and a wider spread of locations than taxa without symbionts (heterotrophs). In phototrophic assemblages, spatial turnover comprised both exchange and loss of taxa, and their richness was high across a broad range of environmental conditions. In contrast, heterotrophs were uncommon, had short ranges, and were located where energy supply was highest and disturbance lowest. Turnover between heterotrophic assemblages comprised taxonomic loss rather than exchange of taxa. The biodiversity patterns and differences between phototrophic and heterotrophic octocorals are similar to those recorded in more spatially limited studies of phototrophic sponges and hard corals, and heterotrophic sponges. This study therefore suggests that the association, or not, with photosynthetic symbionts, and spatial and environmental factors related to energy supply and disturbance are principal drivers of biodiversity, community composition, and ranges of coral reef benthos.},
}
@article {pmid31753986,
year = {2019},
author = {Bishopp, A and Bennett, MJ},
title = {Turning lateral roots into nodules.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {366},
number = {6468},
pages = {953-954},
doi = {10.1126/science.aay8620},
pmid = {31753986},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {*Gene Drive Technology ; *Lotus ; Plant Roots ; Root Nodules, Plant ; Symbiosis ; },
}
@article {pmid31189767,
year = {2019},
author = {Gazdag, O and Kovács, R and Parádi, I and Füzy, A and Ködöböcz, L and Mucsi, M and Szili-Kovács, T and Inubushi, K and Takács, T},
title = {Density and Diversity of Microbial Symbionts under Organic and Conventional Agricultural Management.},
journal = {Microbes and environments},
volume = {34},
number = {3},
pages = {234-243},
pmid = {31189767},
issn = {1347-4405},
mesh = {Agriculture/*methods ; *Biodiversity ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Mycorrhizae/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Plants/microbiology ; Population Density ; Rhizobium/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The influence of organic and conventional farming and agroecology on the diversity and functioning of indigenous soil microbial communities was examined using a multifactorial analysis based on an extended minimum data set of classical status and functional tests. Main soil physicochemical properties and selected microbiological indicators, the quantity of heterotrophic or aerobic spore-forming bacteria, basal and substrate-induced respiration, catabolic activity with MicroResp™, and fluorescein diacetate enzyme activity were characterized. A pot experiment applying the most probable number method was designed with soil dilution series using Pisum sativum L. and Triticum spelta L. to assess the symbiotic infectivity and genetic diversity of key indicator groups of the plant microbiome, e.g. nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil pH, humus content, CFU, enzyme activity, and soil respiration were significantly higher in organic soils. The activity of soil microorganisms was mainly related to clay, humus, calcium, and magnesium parameters. A redundancy analysis test of catabolic activities showed that samples were grouped according to different substrate utilization patterns and land uses were also clearly separated from each other. Farming practice influenced the abundance and diversity of microbial populations. Dark septate endophytic fungi were only found in conventional soils. In addition to confirming soil health improvements by organic management, our results highlight the importance of a complex evaluation including both classical status and functional parameters of soil microbiota, which may more reliably indicate a shift in the quality status of soils.},
}
@article {pmid31038771,
year = {2019},
author = {Chatzivasileiou, P and Vyzantiadis, TA},
title = {Vaginal yeast colonisation: From a potential harmless condition to clinical implications and management approaches-A literature review.},
journal = {Mycoses},
volume = {62},
number = {8},
pages = {638-650},
doi = {10.1111/myc.12920},
pmid = {31038771},
issn = {1439-0507},
mesh = {Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Asymptomatic Infections ; Candida albicans/*physiology ; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/*complications/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Disease Management ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases/drug therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy/prevention &amp; control ; *Symbiosis ; Vagina/*microbiology ; Vulvovaginitis/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Vaginal yeast colonisation is a common clinical condition in premenopausal women. The potential pathogenicity and the circumstances under which it could evolve into infection are not fully clarified. Extensive review the literature regarding the definition of the vaginal yeast colonisation, its demographic features and causes as well as the risk factors favouring infection along with the necessity of treatment. Databases, namely PubMed-MEDLINE, Google Scholar, the University College London databases, e-journals, e-books and official Health Organisations websites were extensively searched in English, French, German and Greek language with no restriction in the type of publications during the last thirty years. In healthy women, vaginal yeast colonisation is an asymptomatic state with Candida albicans being the most prevalent species. Pregnant, HIV-positive and diabetic hosts are at higher risk. Other risk factors include oral contraceptives, hormonal replacement therapy and previous antibiotic use. Colonisation does not necessitate therapeutic intervention when asymptomatic. Prophylactic therapy during the third trimester of pregnancy is often recommended for reducing the risk of neonatal candidiasis. The distinction between commensalism and vaginitis is often complicated. Clinicians should be aware of the clinical context in order to decide the indicated therapeutic approach.},
}
@article {pmid30913227,
year = {2019},
author = {Studivan, MS and Milstein, G and Voss, JD},
title = {Montastraea cavernosa corallite structure demonstrates distinct morphotypes across shallow and mesophotic depth zones in the Gulf of Mexico.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {e0203732},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0203732},
pmid = {30913227},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*anatomy &amp; histology/classification/*physiology ; Dinoflagellida/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {This study assessed morphological variation of the depth-generalist coral Montastraea cavernosa across shallow and mesophotic coral ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) using thirteen corallite metrics. While corallite structure differed significantly across sites, we observed that mean corallite diameters were smaller and spacing was greater in mesophotic corals as compared to shallow corals. Additional corallite variation, including greater mean corallite height of mesophotic samples, are hypothesized to be photoadaptive responses to low light environments. Multivariate analyses also revealed two distinct morphotypes identified by significant variation in corallite spacing with >90% accuracy. A 'shallow' morphotype was characterized by larger, more closely-spaced corallites, while a 'depth-generalist' type exhibited smaller, further-spaced corallites. Variable presence of morphotypes within some sites suggests genotypic influence on corallite morphology as there was a slight, but significant, impact of morphotype on genetic structure within shallow zones in the Flower Garden Banks. Patterns of increased algal symbiont (Symbiodiniaceae) density and chlorophyll concentration were retained in the depth-generalist morphotype even in shallow zones, identifying multiple photoadaptive strategies between morphotypes. The results of this study suggest that morphological variation among M. cavernosa represents a combination of genotypic variation and phenotypic plasticity rather than responses to environmental stimuli alone.},
}
@article {pmid30865672,
year = {2019},
author = {Peng, F and Campos, EO and Sullivan, JG and Berry, N and Song, BB and Daniel, TL and Bradshaw, HD},
title = {Morphospace exploration reveals divergent fitness optima between plants and pollinators.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {e0213029},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0213029},
pmid = {30865672},
issn = {1932-6203},
support = {R01 GM088805/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Coevolution ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Flowers/anatomy &amp; histology ; Male ; Moths/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Phenotype ; Plants/*anatomy &amp; histology ; *Pollination ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The obligate mutualism and exquisite specificity of many plant-pollinator interactions lead to the expectation that flower phenotypes (e.g., corolla tube length) and corresponding pollinator traits (e.g., hawkmoth proboscis length) are congruent as a result of coevolution by natural selection. However, the effect of variation in flower morphology on the fitness of plants and their pollinators has not been quantified systematically. In this study, we employed the theoretical morphospace paradigm using a combination of 3D printing, electronic sensing, and machine vision technologies to determine the influence of two flower morphological features (corolla curvature and nectary diameter) on the fitness of both parties: the artificial flower and its hawkmoth pollinator. Contrary to the expectation that the same flower morphology maximizes the fitness of both plant and pollinator, we found that the two parties have divergent optima for corolla curvature, with non-overlapping fitness peaks in flower morphospace. The divergent fitness optima between plants and pollinators could lead to evolutionary diversification in both groups.},
}
@article {pmid31769156,
year = {2019},
author = {Kipp, MA and Stüeken, EE and Gehringer, MM and Sterelny, K and Scott, JK and Forster, PI and Strömberg, CAE and Buick, R},
title = {Exploring cycad foliage as an archive of the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen.},
journal = {Geobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/gbi.12374},
pmid = {31769156},
issn = {1472-4669},
support = {DGE-1256082//National Science Foundation/ ; //University of Washington/ ; 265-605//Australian Biodiversity and Resources Program/ ; GE2558/3-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {Molecular nitrogen (N2) constitutes the majority of Earth's modern atmosphere, contributing ~0.79 bar of partial pressure (pN2). However, fluctuations in pN2 may have occurred on 107 -109 year timescales in Earth's past, perhaps altering the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen. Here, we explore an archive that may record the isotopic composition of atmospheric N2 in deep time: the foliage of cycads. Cycads are ancient gymnosperms that host symbiotic N2 -fixing cyanobacteria in modified root structures known as coralloid roots. All extant species of cycads are known to host symbionts, suggesting that this N2 -fixing capacity is perhaps ancestral, reaching back to the early history of cycads in the late Paleozoic. Therefore, if the process of microbial N2 fixation records the δ15 N value of atmospheric N2 in cycad foliage, the fossil record of cycads may provide an archive of atmospheric δ15 N values. To explore this potential proxy, we conducted a survey of wild cycads growing in a range of modern environments to determine whether cycad foliage reliably records the isotopic composition of atmospheric N2 . We find that neither biological nor environmental factors significantly influence the δ15 N values of cycad foliage, suggesting that they provide a reasonably robust record of the δ15 N of atmospheric N2 . Application of this proxy to the record of carbonaceous cycad fossils may not only help to constrain changes in atmospheric nitrogen isotope ratios since the late Paleozoic, but also could shed light on the antiquity of the N2 -fixing symbiosis between cycads and cyanobacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31769133,
year = {2019},
author = {Gerasimova, EA and Plotnikov, AO and Khlopko, YA and Zlatogursky, VV},
title = {Multiple Euryhaline Lineages of Centrohelids (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) in Inland Saline Waters Revealed with Metabarcoding.},
journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jeu.12776},
pmid = {31769133},
issn = {1550-7408},
abstract = {The diversity of centrohelids in inland saline waters was studied with metabarcoding for the first time. The fragment of V6-V7 regions of 18S rDNA was sequenced with newly designed primers. Obtained OTUs were identified with molecular phylogenetic analysis and comparison of the signatures in 39es9 hairpin of V7. The obtained data included some OTUs, which could be attributed to four described species, but the majority belonged to previously established or novel environmental clades. Along with some presumably marine/brackish clades and freshwater/low salinity (0-2 ppt) clades, seven presumable species demonstrating broad (from 1-2 up to 78 ppt) salinity tolerance were detected. A number of OTUs belonged to Raphidocystis contractilis, which is known from three independent findings in brackish habitats only. Thus, it was assumed that this species is stenohaline and specifically adapted to salinity 5-15 ppt. The high level of salinity tolerance was suggested for centrohelids before based on morphology, which was used to justify their cosmopolitan distribution. Later these views were criticized based on environmental sequencing, but the results of the current survey indicate, that at least some species are present at salinities from almost freshwater (1-2 ppt) to twice oceanic (78 ppt) and are presumably capable of overcoming oceanic salinity barriers for their distribution.},
}
@article {pmid31768303,
year = {2019},
author = {Sulima, AS and Zhukov, VA and Kulaeva, OA and Vasileva, EN and Borisov, AY and Tikhonovich, IA},
title = {New sources of Sym2A allele in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) carry the unique variant of candidate LysM-RLK gene LykX.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e8070},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.8070},
pmid = {31768303},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {At the onset of legume-rhizobial symbiosis, the mutual recognition of partners occurs based on a complicated interaction between signal molecules and receptors. Bacterial signal molecules named Nod factors (&quot;nodulation factors&quot;) are perceived by the plant LysM-containing receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) that recognize details of its structure (i.e., unique substitutions), thus providing the conditions particular to symbiosis. In the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), the allelic state of Sym2 gene has long been reported to regulate the symbiotic specificity: for infection to be successful, plants with the Sym2A allele (for &quot;Sym2 Afghan&quot;, as these genotypes originate mostly from Afghanistan) require an additional acetylation of the Nod factor which is irrelevant for genotypes with the Sym2E allele (for &quot;Sym2 European&quot;). Despite being described about 90 years ago, Sym2 has not yet been cloned, though phenotypic analysis suggests it probably encodes a receptor for the Nod factor. Recently, we described a novel pea gene LykX (PsLykX) from the LysM-RLK gene family that demonstrates a perfect correlation between its allelic state and the symbiotic specificity of the Sym2A-type. Here we report on a series of Middle-Eastern pea genotypes exhibiting the phenotype of narrow symbiotic specificity discovered in the VIR plant genetic resources gene bank (Saint-Petersburg, Russia). These genotypes are new sources of Sym2A, as has been confirmed by an allelism test with Sym2A pea cv. Afghanistan. Within these genotypes, LykX is present either in the allelic state characteristic for cv. Afghanistan, or in another, minor allelic state found in two genotypes from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Plants carrying the second allele demonstrate the same block of rhizobial infection as cv. Afghanistan when inoculated with an incompatible strain. Intriguingly, this &quot;Tajik&quot; allele of LykX differs from the &quot;European&quot; one by a single nucleotide polymorphism leading to an R75P change in the receptor part of the putative protein. Thus, our new data are in agreement with the hypothesis concerning the identity of LykX and the elusive Sym2 gene.},
}
@article {pmid31767155,
year = {2019},
author = {Ramírez-Bahena, MH and Flores-Félix, JD and Velázquez, E and Peix, Á},
title = {The Mimosoid tree Leucaena leucocephala can be nodulated by the symbiovar genistearum of Bradyrhizobium canariense.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {126041},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126041},
pmid = {31767155},
issn = {1618-0984},
abstract = {Leucaena leucocephala is a Mimosoid legume tree indigenous to America that has spread to other continents, although it is not still present in some European countries such as Portugal. Nevertheless, we found that this legume can be nodulated in this country by slow-growing rhizobial strains which were identified as Bradyrhizobium canariense trough the analysis of the core genes recA and glnII. The analysis of the symbiotic gene nodC showed that these strains belong to the symbiovar genistearum, which commonly nodulates Genistoid legumes. Although two strains nodulating L. leucocephala in China and Brazil were classified within the genus Bradyrhizobium, they belong to undescribed species and to the symbiovars glycinearum and tropici, respectively. Therefore, we report here for the first time the ability of L. leucocephala to establish symbiosis with strains of B. canariense sv genistearum confirming the high promiscuity of L. leucocephala, that allows it to establish symbiosis with rhizobia native to different continents increasing its invasiveness potential.},
}
@article {pmid31450055,
year = {2019},
author = {Cesari, A and Paulucci, N and López-Gómez, M and Hidalgo-Castellanos, J and Plá, CL and Dardanelli, MS},
title = {Restrictive water condition modifies the root exudates composition during peanut-PGPR interaction and conditions early events, reversing the negative effects on plant growth.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {142},
number = {},
pages = {519-527},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.015},
pmid = {31450055},
issn = {1873-2690},
mesh = {Arachis/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*microbiology/physiology ; *Bradyrhizobium ; Citric Acid/metabolism ; Dehydration ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Flavanones/metabolism ; Flavonoids/metabolism ; Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Oleic Acid/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism/*microbiology/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Tryptophan/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Water deficit is one of the most serious environmental factors that affect the productivity of crops in the world. Arachis hypogaea is a legume with a high nutritional value and 70% is cultivated in semi-arid regions. This research aimed to study the effect of water deficit on peanut root exudates composition, analyzing the importance of exudates on peanut-PGPR interaction under restrictive water condition. Peanut seedlings were subjected to six treatments: 0 and 15 mM PEG, in combination with non-inoculated, Bradyrhizobium sp. and Bradyrhizobium-Azospirillum brasilense inoculated treatments. We analyzed the 7-day peanut root exudate in response to a water restrictive condition and the presence of bacterial inocula. Molecular analysis was performed by HPLC, UPLC and GC. Bacteria motility, chemotaxis, bacterial adhesion to peanut roots and peanut growth parameters were analyzed. Restrictive water condition modified the pattern of molecules exuded by roots, increasing the exudation of Naringenin, oleic FA, citric and lactic acid, and stimulation the release of terpenes of known antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The presence of microorganisms modified the composition of root exudates. Water deficit affected the first events of peanut-PGPR interaction and the root exudates favored bacterial mobility, the chemotaxis and attachment of bacteria to peanut roots. Changes in the profile of molecules exuded by roots allowed A. hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium and A.hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium-Azospirillum interaction thus reversing the negative effects of restrictive water condition on peanut growth. These findings have a future potential application to improve plant-PGPR interactions under water deficit by formulating inoculants containing key molecules exuded during stress.},
}
@article {pmid31123791,
year = {2019},
author = {Medina, G and Neves, P and Flores-Martin, S and Manosalva, C and Andaur, M and Otth, C and Lincopan, N and Fernández, H},
title = {Transcriptional analysis of flagellar and putative virulence genes of Arcobacter butzleri as an endocytobiont of Acanthamoeba castellanii.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {201},
number = {8},
pages = {1075-1083},
doi = {10.1007/s00203-019-01678-0},
pmid = {31123791},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {1110202//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico/ ; AT 24121322//Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica/ ; },
mesh = {Acanthamoeba castellanii/*microbiology ; Animals ; Arcobacter/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Flagella/*genetics ; Flagellin/genetics ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; Virulence/genetics ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; },
abstract = {Arcobacter butzleri is an emerging foodborne zoonotic pathogen that has been isolated from environmental water sources. This pathogen establishes in vitro endosymbiotic relationships with Acanthamoeba castellanii, a free-living amoeba found in environmental matrices such as soil and water. The principal aim of this study was to analyse the transcriptional pattern of flagellar (flaA-flaB-flgH-motA) and other putative virulence genes (ciaB-cadF-mviN-pldA) of A. butzleri during its interaction with A. castellanii by quantitative real-time PCR. The transcriptional analysis showed up-regulation of all genes analysed before A. butzleri became established as an endocytobiont of A. castellanii. In contrast, while A. butzleri remains an endocytobiont, a significant and sustained decrease in the transcription of all analysed genes was observed. Our findings suggest that A. butzleri requires a biphasic transcriptional pattern of flagellar and other putative virulence genes to establish an endosymbiotic relationship with A. castellanii.},
}
@article {pmid30798391,
year = {2019},
author = {Singhal, K and Mohanty, S},
title = {Genome organisation and comparative genomics of four novel Wolbachia genome assemblies from Indian Drosophila host.},
journal = {Functional &amp; integrative genomics},
volume = {19},
number = {4},
pages = {617-632},
doi = {10.1007/s10142-019-00664-5},
pmid = {30798391},
issn = {1438-7948},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila/microbiology ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*genetics/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Wolbachia has long been known to share an endosymbiotic relationship with its host as an obligate intracellular organism. Wolbachia diversity as different supergroups is found to be host-specific in most cases except a few, where the host species is seen to accommodate multiple strains. Besides, the Wolbachia genome must have undergone several changes in response to the evolving host genome in order to adapt and establish a strong association with its host, thus making a distinctive Wolbachia-host alliance. The present study focusses on four novel genome assembly and genome-wide sequence variations of Indian Wolbachia strains, i.e. wMel and wRi isolated from two different Drosophila hosts. The genome assembly has an average size of ~ 1.1 Mb and contains ~ 1100 genes, which is comparable with the previously sequenced Wolbachia genomes. The comparative genomics analysis of these genomes and sequence-wide comparison of some functionally significant genes, i.e. ankyrin repeats, Wsp and T4SS, highlight their sequence similarities and dissimilarities, further supporting the strain-specific association of Wolbachia to its host. Interestingly, some of the sequence variations are also found to be restricted to only Indian Wolbachia strains. Further analysis of prophage and their flanking regions in the Wolbachia genome reveals the presence of several functional genes which may assist the phage to reside inside the bacterial host, thus providing a trade-off for the endosymbiont-host association. Understanding this endosymbiont genome in different eco-geographical conditions has become imperative for the recent use of Wolbachia in medical entomology as a vector-control agent.},
}
@article {pmid29786143,
year = {2018},
author = {Fukuhara, D and Irie, K and Uchida, Y and Kataoka, K and Akiyama, K and Ekuni, D and Tomofuji, T and Morita, M},
title = {Impact of commensal flora on periodontal immune response to lipopolysaccharide.},
journal = {Journal of periodontology},
volume = {89},
number = {10},
pages = {1213-1220},
doi = {10.1002/JPER.17-0567},
pmid = {29786143},
issn = {1943-3670},
mesh = {Animals ; *CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; *Lipopolysaccharides ; Mice ; Periodontium ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Commensal flora are involved in the appropriate development of the mature immune system. However, it is unclear how commensal flora contribute to immune responses against periodontal pathogens, including the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of immune responses after topical application of LPS in germ-free (GF) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice.<br><br>METHODS: GF and SPF mice at 8 weeks of age were randomly divided into four groups each: a baseline group (n = 4/group) and three experimental groups (n = 6/group). Experimental groups received topical application of Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS (10 μg/μL) into the palatal gingival sulcus. Sampling was performed before LPS application (baseline) and at 3, 24, or 72 hours after LPS application. The numbers of neutrophils, CD4+ , and CD8+ T cells in periodontal tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression of genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and a transcription factor was determined by real-time PCR.<br><br>RESULTS: SPF mice, but not GF mice, showed an increased number of CD4+ T cells in the periodontal tissue at 3 hours after LPS application, compared with the number at baseline (p < 0.05). Gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α) and forkhead box protein p3 (Foxp3) was also significantly higher in the SPF mice than in the GF mice at 3 hours after LPS application (p < 0.05). The number of neutrophils peaked at 24 hours in both GF and SPF mice.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: LPS-exposed SPF mice exhibited increases in the number of CD4+ T cells and in Tnf-α and Foxp3 gene expression in periodontal tissue compared with LPS-exposed GF mice.},
}
@article {pmid31765971,
year = {2019},
author = {Radek, R and Meuser, K and Altinay, S and Lo, N and Brune, A},
title = {Novel Lineages of Oxymonad Flagellates from the Termite Porotermes adamsoni (Stolotermitidae): the Genera Oxynympha and Termitimonas.},
journal = {Protist},
volume = {170},
number = {6},
pages = {125683},
doi = {10.1016/j.protis.2019.125683},
pmid = {31765971},
issn = {1618-0941},
abstract = {The symbiotic gut flagellates of lower termites form host-specific consortia composed of Parabasalia and Oxymonadida. The analysis of their coevolution with termites is hampered by a lack of information, particularly on the flagellates colonizing the basal host lineages. To date, there are no reports on the presence of oxymonads in termites of the family Stolotermitidae. We discovered three novel, deep-branching lineages of oxymonads in a member of this family, the damp-wood termite Porotermes adamsoni. One tiny species (6-10μm), Termitimonas travisi, morphologically resembles members of the genus Monocercomonoides, but its SSU rRNA genes are highly dissimilar to recently published sequences of Polymastigidae from cockroaches and vertebrates. A second small species (9-13μm), Oxynympha loricata, has a slight phylogenetic affinity to members of the Saccinobaculidae, which are found exclusively in wood-feeding cockroaches of the genus Cryptocercus, the closest relatives of termites, but shows a combination of morphological features that is unprecedented in any oxymonad family. The third, very rare species is larger and possesses a contractile axostyle; it represents a phylogenetic sister group to the Oxymonadidae. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the diversity of oxymonads in termite guts and the evolutionary history of symbiotic digestion.},
}
@article {pmid31765943,
year = {2019},
author = {Bednarz, VN and Grover, R and Ferrier-Pagès, C},
title = {Elevated ammonium delays the impairment of the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis during labile carbon pollution.},
journal = {Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {218},
number = {},
pages = {105360},
doi = {10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105360},
pmid = {31765943},
issn = {1879-1514},
abstract = {Labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a major pollutant in coastal marine environments affected by anthropogenic impacts, and may significantly contribute to coral bleaching and subsequent mortality on coastal reefs. DOC can cause bleaching indirectly through the rapid proliferation of copiotrophic and pathogenic bacteria. Here we demonstrate that labile DOC compounds can also impair the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis by directly affecting coral physiology on both the host and algal symbiont level. In a controlled aquarium experiment, we monitored over several weeks key physiological parameters of the tropical coral Stylophora pistillata exposed to ambient and elevated labile DOC levels (0.1 and 1.0 mM) in combination with low and high nitrogen (i.e. ammonium) conditions (0.2 and 4.0 μM). At the symbiont level, DOC exposure under low ammonium availability decreased the photosynthetic efficiency accompanied by ∼75 % Chl a and ∼50 % symbiont cell reduction. The photosynthetic functioning of the symbionts recovered once the DOC enrichment ceased indicating a reversible shift between autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism. At the host level, the assimilation of exogenous DOC sustained the tissue carbon reserves, but induced a depletion of the nitrogen reserves, indicated by ∼35 % decreased protein levels. This suggests an imbalanced exogenous carbon to nitrogen supply with nitrogen potentially limiting host metabolism on the long-term. We also demonstrate that increased ammonium availability delayed DOC-induced bleaching likely by keeping symbionts in a photosynthetically competent state, which is crucial for symbiosis maintenance and coral survival. Overall, the present study provides further insights into how coastal pollution can de-stabilize the coral-algal symbiosis and cause coral bleaching. Therefore, reducing coastal pollution and sustaining ecological integrity are critical to strengthen the resilience of coral reefs facing climate change.},
}
@article {pmid31763076,
year = {2019},
author = {Rassati, D and Marini, L and Malacrinò, A},
title = {Acquisition of fungi from the environment modifies ambrosia beetle mycobiome during invasion.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e8103},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.8103},
pmid = {31763076},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Microbial symbionts can play critical roles when their host attempts to colonize a new habitat. The lack of symbiont adaptation can in fact hinder the invasion process of their host. This scenario could change if the exotic species are able to acquire microorganisms from the invaded environment. Understanding the ecological factors that influence the take-up of new microorganisms is thus essential to clarify the mechanisms behind biological invasions. In this study, we tested whether different forest habitats influence the structure of the fungal communities associated with ambrosia beetles. We collected individuals of the most widespread exotic (Xylosandrus germanus) and native (Xyleborinus saxesenii) ambrosia beetle species in Europe in several old-growth and restored forests. We characterized the fungal communities associated with both species via metabarcoding. We showed that forest habitat shaped the community of fungi associated with both species, but the effect was stronger for the exotic X. germanus. Our results support the hypothesis that the direct contact with the mycobiome of the invaded environment might lead an exotic species to acquire native fungi. This process is likely favored by the occurrence of a bottleneck effect at the mycobiome level and/or the disruption of the mechanisms sustaining co-evolved insect-fungi symbiosis. Our study contributes to the understanding of the factors affecting insect-microbes interactions, helping to clarify the mechanisms behind biological invasions.},
}
@article {pmid31763075,
year = {2019},
author = {Solomon, GM and Dodangoda, H and McCarthy-Walker, T and Ntim-Gyakari, R and Newell, PD},
title = {The microbiota of Drosophila suzukii influences the larval development of Drosophila melanogaster.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e8097},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.8097},
pmid = {31763075},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Microorganisms play a central role in the biology of vinegar flies such as Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster: serving as a food source to both adults and larvae, and influencing a range of traits including nutrition, behavior, and development. The niches utilized by the fly species partially overlap, as do the microbiota that sustain them, and interactions among these players may drive the development of crop diseases. To learn more about how the microbiota of one species may affect the other, we isolated and identified microbes from field-caught D. suzukii, and then characterized their effects on D. melanogaster larval development time in the laboratory. We found that the D. suzukii microbiota consistently included both yeasts and bacteria. It was dominated by yeasts of the genus Hanseniaspora, and bacteria from the families Acetobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Raising D. melanogaster under gnotobiotic conditions with each microbial isolate individually, we found that some bacteria promoted larval development relative to axenic conditions, but most did not have a significant effect. In contrast, nearly all the yeasts tested significantly accelerated larval development. The one exception was Starmerella bacillaris, which had the opposite effect: significantly slowing larval developmental rate. We investigated the basis for this effect by examining whether S. bacillaris cells could sustain larval growth, and measuring the survival of S. bacillaris and other yeasts in the larval gut. Our results suggest S. bacillaris is not digested by D. melanogaster and therefore cannot serve as a source of nutrition. These findings have interesting implications for possible interactions between the two Drosophilia species and their microbiota in nature. Overall, we found that microbes isolated from D. suzukii promote D. melanogaster larval development, which is consistent with the model that infestation of fruit by D. suzukii can open up habitat for D. melanogaster. We propose that the microbiome is an important dimension of the ecological interactions between Drosophila species.},
}
@article {pmid30690171,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, C and Zhang, Y and Ding, Z and Bai, Y},
title = {Contribution of Microbial Inter-kingdom Balance to Plant Health.},
journal = {Molecular plant},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {148-149},
doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2019.01.016},
pmid = {30690171},
issn = {1752-9867},
mesh = {*Metagenomics ; Plants/*microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
}
@article {pmid30632097,
year = {2019},
author = {Xu, H and Li, H},
title = {Acne, the Skin Microbiome, and Antibiotic Treatment.},
journal = {American journal of clinical dermatology},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {335-344},
doi = {10.1007/s40257-018-00417-3},
pmid = {30632097},
issn = {1179-1888},
support = {81502739//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81673087//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81703148//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2016ZX320014//Innovation Research on Critical Diseases/ ; R01GM099530//National Institutes of Health/ ; CIFMS 2016-I2M-1-003//Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/ ; R01 GM099530/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Acne Vulgaris/*drug therapy/immunology/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*drug effects ; Hair Follicle/immunology/microbiology ; Humans ; Malassezia/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Microbiota/*drug effects/immunology ; Propionibacterium acnes/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Sebaceous Glands/immunology/microbiology ; Symbiosis/drug effects ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disorder involving hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Multiple factors contribute to the disease, including skin microbes. The skin microbiome in the follicle is composed of a diverse group of microorganisms. Among them, Propionibacterium acnes and Malassezia spp. have been linked to acne development through their influence on sebum secretion, comedone formation, and inflammatory response. Antibiotics targeting P. acnes have been the mainstay in acne treatment for the past four decades. Among them, macrolides, clindamycin, and tetracyclines are the most widely prescribed. As antibiotic resistance becomes an increasing concern in clinical practice, understanding the skin microbiome associated with acne and the effects of antibiotic use on the skin commensals is highly relevant and critical to clinicians. In this review, we summarize recent studies of the composition and dynamics of the skin microbiome in acne and the effects of antibiotic treatment on skin microbes.},
}
@article {pmid30619329,
year = {2018},
author = {Zhang, X and Ding, L and Yu, Y and Kong, W and Yin, Y and Huang, Z and Zhang, X and Xu, Z},
title = {The Change of Teleost Skin Commensal Microbiota Is Associated With Skin Mucosal Transcriptomic Responses During Parasitic Infection by Ichthyophthirius multifillis.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {2972},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2018.02972},
pmid = {30619329},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Animals ; Ciliophora Infections/*immunology/parasitology/veterinary ; Fish Diseases/immunology/parasitology ; Flavobacteriaceae/genetics/immunology/isolation &amp; purification ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Hymenostomatida/*immunology/pathogenicity ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Lymphoid Tissue/immunology/microbiology ; Microbiota/genetics/*immunology ; Mucous Membrane/immunology/microbiology ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*immunology/microbiology/parasitology ; Proteobacteria/genetics/immunology/isolation &amp; purification ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/isolation &amp; purification ; Skin/immunology/*microbiology ; Symbiosis/immunology ; Transcriptome/immunology ; },
abstract = {Teleost skin serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens, and contain a skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) that elicit gut-like immune responses against antigen stimulation. Moreover, exposed to the water environment and the pathogens therein, teleost skin is also known to be colonized by diverse microbial communities. However, little is known about the interactions between microbiota and the teleost skin mucosal immune system, especially dynamic changes about the interactions under pathogen infection. We hypothesized that dramatic changes of microbial communities and strong mucosal immune response would be present in the skin of aquatic vertebrate under parasite infection. To confirm this hypothesis, we construct an infected model with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which was experimentally challenged by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). H &amp; E staining of trout skin indicates the successful invasion of Ich and shows the morphological changes caused by Ich infection. Critically, increased mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes were detected in trout skin from experimental groups using qRT-PCR, which were further studied by RNA-Seq analysis. Here, through transcriptomics, we detected that complement factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and antimicrobial genes were strikingly induced in the skin of infected fish. Moreover, high alpha diversity values of microbiota in trout skin from the experimental groups were discovered. Interestingly, we found that Ich infection led to a decreased abundance of skin commensals and increased colonization of opportunistic bacteria through 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, which were mainly characterized by lose of Proteobacteria and increased intensity of Flavobacteriaceae. To our knowledge, our results suggest for the first time that parasitic infection could inhibit symbionts and offer opportunities for other pathogens' secondary infection in teleost skin.},
}
@article {pmid30411820,
year = {2019},
author = {Sapountzis, P and Nash, DR and Schiøtt, M and Boomsma, JJ},
title = {The evolution of abdominal microbiomes in fungus-growing ants.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {879-899},
doi = {10.1111/mec.14931},
pmid = {30411820},
issn = {1365-294X},
support = {DNRF57//Danish National Research Foundation/International ; 323085//ERC Advanced Grant/International ; 300584 GUTS FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF//IEF Marie Curie/International ; },
mesh = {Actinobacteria/physiology ; Alphaproteobacteria/physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*microbiology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Tenericutes/physiology ; },
abstract = {The attine ants are a monophyletic lineage that switched to fungus farming ca. 55-60 MYA. They have become a model for the study of complex symbioses after additional fungal and bacterial symbionts were discovered, but their abdominal endosymbiotic bacteria remain largely unknown. Here, we present a comparative microbiome analysis of endosymbiotic bacteria spanning the entire phylogenetic tree. We show that, across 17 representative sympatric species from eight genera sampled in Panama, abdominal microbiomes are dominated by Mollicutes, α- and γ-Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Bacterial abundances increase from basal to crown branches in the phylogeny reflecting a shift towards putative specialized and abundant abdominal microbiota after the ants domesticated gongylidia-bearing cultivars, but before the origin of industrial-scale farming based on leaf-cutting herbivory. This transition coincided with the ancestral single colonization event of Central/North America ca. 20 MYA, documented in a recent phylogenomic study showing that almost the entire crown group of the higher attine ants, including the leaf-cutting ants, evolved there and not in South America. Several bacterial species are located in gut tissues or abdominal organs of the evolutionarily derived, but not the basal attine ants. The composition of abdominal microbiomes appears to be affected by the presence/absence of defensive antibiotic-producing actinobacterial biofilms on the worker ants' cuticle, but the significance of this association remains unclear. The patterns of diversity, abundance and sensitivity of the abdominal microbiomes that we obtained explore novel territory in the comparative analysis of attine fungus farming symbioses and raise new questions for further in-depth research.},
}
@article {pmid30258200,
year = {2018},
author = {Kaczmarczyk, A and Kucharczyk, H and Kucharczyk, M and Kapusta, P and Sell, J and Zielińska, S},
title = {First insight into microbiome profile of fungivorous thrips Hoplothrips carpathicus (Insecta: Thysanoptera) at different developmental stages: molecular evidence of Wolbachia endosymbiosis.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {14376},
pmid = {30258200},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Actinobacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Alphaproteobacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Firmicutes/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Proteobacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Thysanoptera/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Insects' exoskeleton, gut, hemocoel, and cells are colonized by various microorganisms that often play important roles in their host life. Moreover, insects are frequently infected by vertically transmitted symbionts that can manipulate their reproduction. The aims of this study were the characterization of bacterial communities of four developmental stages of the fungivorous species Hoplothrips carpathicus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), verification of the presence of Wolbachia, in silico prediction of metabolic potentials of the microorganisms, and sequencing its mitochondrial COI barcode. Taxonomy-based analysis indicated that the bacterial community of H. carpathicus contained 21 bacterial phyla. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacterioidetes and Firmicutes, and the most abundant classes were Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, with different proportions in the total share. For pupa and imago (adult) the most abundant genus was Wolbachia, which comprised 69.95% and 56.11% of total bacterial population respectively. Moreover, similarity analysis of bacterial communities showed that changes in microbiome composition are congruent with the successive stages of H. carpathicus development. PICRUSt analysis predicted that each bacterial community should be rich in genes involved in membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, replication and repair processes.},
}
@article {pmid30193778,
year = {2018},
author = {Lopez, V and Cortesero, AM and Poinsot, D},
title = {Influence of the symbiont Wolbachia on life history traits of the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum).},
journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology},
volume = {158},
number = {},
pages = {24-31},
doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2018.09.002},
pmid = {30193778},
issn = {1096-0805},
mesh = {Animals ; Diptera/*microbiology ; Female ; *Life History Traits ; Male ; Symbiosis ; *Wolbachia ; },
abstract = {Wolbachia is an endocellular bacteria infecting arthropods and nematodes and is only transmitted vertically by females via the cytoplasm of the egg. It is often a manipulator of host reproduction, causing cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization or male killing, which all increase the proportion of infected females in the population. However, Wolbachia can modify life history traits of the host without causing the above phenotypes and each species illustrates the variability of relationships between this remarkably versatile symbiont and its many hosts. We have measured maternal transmission and the impact of a natural Wolbachia infection in the cabbage root fly Delia radicum, a major agricultural pest. We used a population that is polymorphic for the infection to ensure similar genetic and microbiome backgrounds between groups. Maternal transmission of the infection was 100% in our sample. We found no evidence of cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization nor male killing. Wolbachia infection significantly reduced hatch rate in infected eggs (by 10%) but improved larvo-nymphal viability sufficiently so that infected eggs nevertheless yielded as many adults as uninfected ones, albeit with a 1.5% longer total development time. Starved and infected ovipositing females suffered significantly reduced viability (20% higher mortality during a 3-day oviposition period) than uninfected females, but mortality was not higher in starved virgin females nor in starved males, suggesting that the energetic cost of the infection is only revealed in extreme conditions. Wolbachia had no effect on egg hatch time or offspring size. The apparently 100% vertical transmission and the significant but mutually compensating effects found suggest that infection might be nearly benign in this host and might only drift slowly, which would explain why the infection rate has been stable in our laboratory (approximately 50% individuals infected) for at least 30 generations.},
}
@article {pmid30110640,
year = {2018},
author = {Kearney, SM and Gibbons, SM and Erdman, SE and Alm, EJ},
title = {Orthogonal Dietary Niche Enables Reversible Engraftment of a Gut Bacterial Commensal.},
journal = {Cell reports},
volume = {24},
number = {7},
pages = {1842-1851},
doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.032},
pmid = {30110640},
issn = {2211-1247},
support = {P30 DK043351/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Load ; Bacteroides/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Diet/*methods ; Eating/physiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Seaweed/*chemistry ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Verrucomicrobia/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; },
abstract = {Interest in manipulating the gut microbiota to treat disease has led to a need for understanding how organisms can establish themselves when introduced into a host with an intact microbial community. Here, we employ the concept of orthogonal niche engineering: a resource typically absent from the diet, seaweed, creates a customized niche for an introduced organism. In the short term, co-introduction of this resource at 1% in the diet along with an organism with exclusive access to this resource, Bacteroides plebeius DSM 17135, enables it to colonize at a median abundance of 1% and frequently up to 10 or more percent, both on pulsed and constant seaweed diets. In a two-month follow-up after the initial treatment period, B. plebeius stops responding to seaweed in mice initially on the constant seaweed diet, suggesting treatment regime will affect controllability. These results offer potential for diet-based intervention to introduce and control target organisms.},
}
@article {pmid30106217,
year = {2019},
author = {Rubin, BER and Kautz, S and Wray, BD and Moreau, CS},
title = {Dietary specialization in mutualistic acacia-ants affects relative abundance but not identity of host-associated bacteria.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {4},
pages = {900-916},
doi = {10.1111/mec.14834},
pmid = {30106217},
issn = {1365-294X},
support = {DEB-1311417//National Science Foundation/International ; DEB-1050243//National Science Foundation/International ; DEB-1442316//National Science Foundation/International ; },
mesh = {Acacia/*physiology ; Acetobacteraceae/physiology ; Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Bartonella/physiology ; Herbivory/physiology ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/physiology ; Nocardiaceae/physiology ; Symbiosis/genetics/physiology ; },
abstract = {Acacia-ant mutualists in the genus Pseudomyrmex nest obligately in acacia plants and, as we show through stable isotope analysis, feed at a remarkably low trophic level. Insects with diets such as these sometimes depend on bacterial symbionts for nutritional enrichment. We, therefore, examine the bacterial communities associated with acacia-ants in order to determine whether they host bacterial partners likely to contribute to their nutrition. Despite large differences in trophic position, acacia-ants and related species with generalized diets do not host distinct bacterial taxa. However, we find that a small number of previously undescribed bacterial taxa do differ in relative abundance between acacia-ants and generalists, including several Acetobacteraceae and Nocardiaceae lineages related to common insect associates. Comparisons with an herbivorous generalist, a parasite that feeds on acacias and a mutualistic species with a generalized diet show that trophic level is likely responsible for these small differences in bacterial community structure. While we did not experimentally test for a nutritional benefit to hosts of these bacterial lineages, metagenomic analysis reveals a Bartonella relative with an intact nitrogen-recycling pathway widespread across Pseudomyrmex mutualists and generalists. This taxon may be contributing to nitrogen enrichment of its ant hosts through urease activity and, concordant with an obligately host-associated lifestyle, appears to be experiencing genomewide relaxed selection. The lack of distinctiveness in bacterial communities across trophic level in this group of ants shows a remarkable ability to adjust to varied diets, possibly with assistance from these diverse ant-specific bacterial lineages.},
}
@article {pmid30006625,
year = {2018},
author = {Selkrig, J and Mohammad, F and Ng, SH and Chua, JY and Tumkaya, T and Ho, J and Chiang, YN and Rieger, D and Pettersson, S and Helfrich-Förster, C and Yew, JY and Claridge-Chang, A},
title = {The Drosophila microbiome has a limited influence on sleep, activity, and courtship behaviors.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {10646},
pmid = {30006625},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Courtship ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology/*physiology ; Female ; Germ-Free Life/*physiology ; Host Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Sleep/physiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; },
abstract = {In animals, commensal microbes modulate various physiological functions, including behavior. While microbiota exposure is required for normal behavior in mammals, it is not known how widely this dependency is present in other animal species. We proposed the hypothesis that the microbiome has a major influence on the behavior of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster), a major invertebrate model organism. Several assays were used to test the contribution of the microbiome on some well-characterized behaviors: defensive behavior, sleep, locomotion, and courtship in microbe-bearing, control flies and two generations of germ-free animals. None of the behaviors were largely influenced by the absence of a microbiome, and the small or moderate effects were not generalizable between replicates and/or generations. These results refute the hypothesis, indicating that the Drosophila microbiome does not have a major influence over several behaviors fundamental to the animal's survival and reproduction. The impact of commensal microbes on animal behaviour may not be broadly conserved.},
}
@article {pmid30006512,
year = {2018},
author = {O'Connell Motherway, M and O'Brien, F and O'Driscoll, T and Casey, PG and Shanahan, F and van Sinderen, D},
title = {Carbohydrate Syntrophy enhances the establishment of Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 in the neonatal gut.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {10627},
pmid = {30006512},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Bifidobacterium bifidum/metabolism ; Bifidobacterium breve/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; *Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism/*microbiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Lactose/metabolism ; Mice ; Milk/chemistry/metabolism ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism ; Oligosaccharides/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Up-Regulation ; alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase/genetics/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {The non-digestible oligosaccharide fraction of maternal milk represents an important of carbohydrate and energy source for saccharolytic bifidobacteria in the gastrointestinal tract during early life. However, not all neonatal bifidobacteria isolates can directly metabolise the complex sialylated, fucosylated, sulphated and/or N-acetylglucosamine-containing oligosaccharide structures present in mothers milk. For some bifidobacterial strains, efficient carbohydrate syntrophy or crossfeeding is key to their establishment in the gut. In this study, we have adopted advanced functional genomic approaches to create single and double in-frame deletions of the N-acetyl glucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase encoding genes, nagA1 and nagA2, of B. breve UCC2003. In vitro phenotypic analysis followed by in vivo studies on co-colonisation, mother to infant transmission, and evaluation of the relative co-establishment of B. bifidum and B. breve UCC2003 or UCC2003ΔnagA1ΔnagA2 in dam-reared neonatal mice demonstrates the importance of crossfeeding on sialic acid, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine-containing oligosaccharides for the establishment of B. breve UCC2003 in the neonatal gut. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of in vivo gene expression shows upregulation of genes associated with the utilisation of lactose, sialic acid, GlcNAc-6-S and fucose in B. breve UCC2003, while for UCC2003ΔnagA1ΔnagA2 only genes for lactose metabolism were upregulated.},
}
@article {pmid29980739,
year = {2018},
author = {Bajaj, R and Huang, Y and Gebrechristos, S and Mikolajczyk, B and Brown, H and Prasad, R and Varma, A and Bushley, KE},
title = {Transcriptional responses of soybean roots to colonization with the root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reveals altered phenylpropanoid and secondary metabolism.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {10227},
pmid = {29980739},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Basidiomycota/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Phenylpropionates/*metabolism ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Roots/*genetics/*metabolism/microbiology ; Secondary Metabolism/*genetics ; Soybeans/*genetics/*metabolism/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Piriformospora indica, a root endophytic fungus, has been shown to enhance biomass production and confer tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses in many plant hosts. A growth chamber experiment of soybean (Glycine max) colonized by P. indica compared to uninoculated control plants showed that the fungus significantly increased shoot dry weight, nutrient content, and rhizobial biomass. RNA-Seq analyses of root tissue showed upregulation of 61 genes and downregulation of 238 genes in colonized plants. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses demonstrated that upregulated genes were most significantly enriched in GO categories related to lignin biosynthesis and regulation of iron transport and metabolism but also mapped to categories of nutrient acquisition, hormone signaling, and response to drought stress. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed upregulation of genes within the phenylpropanoid and derivative pathways such as biosynthesis of monolignol subunits, flavonoids and flavonols (luteolin and quercetin), and iron scavenging siderophores. Highly enriched downregulated GO categories included heat shock proteins involved in response to heat, high-light intensity, hydrogen peroxide, and several related to plant defense. Overall, these results suggest that soybean maintains an association with this root endosymbiotic fungus that improves plant growth and nutrient acquisition, modulates abiotic stress, and promotes synergistic interactions with rhizobia.},
}
@article {pmid29980700,
year = {2018},
author = {Pepe, A and Giovannetti, M and Sbrana, C},
title = {Lifespan and functionality of mycorrhizal fungal mycelium are uncoupled from host plant lifespan.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {10235},
pmid = {29980700},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {*Longevity ; Mycelium/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plant Roots/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Plant Shoots/microbiology/*physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts, living in associations with the roots of most land plants. AMF produce wide networks of extraradical mycelium (ERM) of indeterminate length, spreading from host roots into the surrounding soil and establishing belowground interconnections among plants belonging to the same or to different taxa. Whether their lifespan and functionality are limited by host plant viability or can be extended beyond this limit is unknown. To address this issue, we performed time-course studies to investigate viability and functionality of ERM produced in an in vivo whole-plant system by Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizoglomus irregulare, after shoot detachment. Our data revealed that viability and functionality of F. mosseae and R. irregulare extraradical hyphae were uncoupled from host plant lifespan. Indeed, ERM spreading from roots of intact or shootless plants showed comparable levels of viability, similar structural traits and ability to establish mycorrhizal symbioses with new plants, as long as five months after shoot removal. Our findings expand the current knowledge on AMF biology and life cycle, providing data on ERM long-term survival in the soil of two Glomeracean species, functional to the prompt establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses and to the maintenance of soil biological fertility.},
}
@article {pmid29743658,
year = {2018},
author = {Abreu, MS and Messias, JPM and Thörnqvist, PO and Winberg, S and Soares, MC},
title = {Monoaminergic levels at the forebrain and diencephalon signal for the occurrence of mutualistic and conspecific engagement in client reef fish.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {7346},
pmid = {29743658},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Cooperative Behavior ; Coral Reefs ; Diencephalon/*metabolism/physiology ; Dopamine/metabolism/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Fishes/physiology ; Motivation ; Perciformes/metabolism/physiology ; Prosencephalon/*metabolism/physiology ; Serotonin/metabolism/physiology ; Social Behavior ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Social interactions are commonly found among fish as in mammals and birds. While most animals interact socially with conspecifics some however are also frequently and repeatedly observed to interact with other species (i.e. mutualistic interactions). This is the case of the (so-called) fish clients that seek to be cleaned by other fish (the cleaners). Clients face an interesting challenge: they raise enough motivation to suspend their daily activities as to selectively visit and engage in interactions with cleaners. Here we aimed, for the first time, to investigate the region-specific brain monoaminergic level differences arising from individual client fish when facing a cleaner (interspecific context) compared to those introduced to another conspecific (socio-conspecific context). We show that monoaminergic activity differences occurring at two main brain regions, the diencephalon and the forebrain, are associated with fish clients' social and mutualistic activities. Our results are the first demonstration that monoaminergic mechanisms underlie client fish mutualistic engagement with cleanerfish. These pathways should function as a pre-requisite for cleaning to occur, providing to clients the cognitive and physiological tools to seek to be cleaned.},
}
@article {pmid31759337,
year = {2019},
author = {Potkay, A and Ten Veldhuis, MC and Fan, Y and Mattos, CRC and Ananyev, G and Dismukes, GC},
title = {Water and Vapor Transport in Algal-Fungal Lichen: Modeling constrained by Laboratory Experiments, an application for Flavoparmelia caperata.},
journal = {Plant, cell &amp; environment},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pce.13690},
pmid = {31759337},
issn = {1365-3040},
abstract = {Algal-fungal symbionts share water, nutrients and gases via an architecture unique to lichens. Because lichen activity is controlled by moisture dynamics, understanding water transport is prerequisite to understanding their fundamental biology. We propose a model of water distributions within foliose lichens governed by laws of fluid motion. Our model differentiates between water stored in symbionts, on extracellular surfaces, and in distinct morphological layers. We parameterize our model with hydraulic properties inverted from laboratory measurements of Flavoparmelia caperata and validate for wetting and drying. We ask: (1) Where is the bottleneck to water transport? (2) How do hydration and dehydration dynamics differ, and (3) what causes these differences? Resistance to vapor flow is concentrated at thallus surfaces and acts as the bottleneck for equilibrium, while internal resistances are small. The model captures hysteresis in hydration and desiccation, which are shown to be controlled by nonlinearities in hydraulic capacitance. Muting existing nonlinearities slowed drying and accelerated wetting, while exaggerating nonlinearities accelerated drying and slowed wetting. The hydraulic nonlinearity of Flavoparmelia caperata is considerable, which may reflect its preference for humid and stable environments. The model establishes the physical foundation for future investigations of transport of water, gas, and sugar between symbionts.},
}
@article {pmid31758847,
year = {2019},
author = {Missbah El Idrissi, M and Lamin, H and ElFaik, S and Tortosa, G and Peix, A and Bedmar, EJ and Abdelmoumen, H},
title = {Microvirga sp. symbiovar mediterranense nodulates Lupinus cosentinii grown wild in Morocco.},
journal = {Journal of applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jam.14526},
pmid = {31758847},
issn = {1365-2672},
abstract = {AIM: To analyze the diversity of nodule-forming bacteria isolated from Lupinus cosentinii naturally-grown in the Maamora cork oak forest (Rabat, Morocco).<br><br>METHODS AND RESULTS: Out of a total of thirty one bacterial strains, four were selected based on their REP-PCR fingerprinting that were studied by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA, gyrB, dnaK, recA and rpoB housekeeping genes as well as the nodC symbiotic gene. The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the four representative strains showed that they are related to Tunisian strains of genus Microvirga isolated from L. micranthus with nucleotide identity values ranging from 98.67% to 97.13%. The single and concatenated sequences of the16S rRNA, gyrB, dnaK, recA and rpoB housekeeping genes indicated that the L. cosentinii-isolated strains had 99.2 to 99.9% similarities with the Tunisian L. micranthus microsymbionts. The nodC gene phylogeny revealed that the Moroccan strains clustered in the newly described mediterranense symbiovar, and nodulation tests showed that they nodulated not only L. cosentinii but also L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. albus.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the isolation, molecular identification and phylogenetic diversity of L. cosentinii nodule-forming endosymbionts and of their description as members of the Microvirga genus.<br><br>In this work, we show that Microvirga sp. can be isolated from root nodules of wild-grown L. cosentinii in Northeast Africa, that selected strains also nodulate L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. albus, and that they belong to symbiovar mediterranense. In addition, our data support that the ability of Microvirga to nodulate lupines could be related to the soil pH, its geographical distribution being more widespread than expected.},
}
@article {pmid31756978,
year = {2019},
author = {Herrera, H and Soto, J and de Bashan, LE and Sampedro, I and Arriagada, C},
title = {Root-Associated Fungal Communities in Two Populations of the Fully Mycoheterotrophic Plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in Southern Chile.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7120586},
pmid = {31756978},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {1170931//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico/ ; VIU17E0185//Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico/ ; },
abstract = {The microbiological interactions of the roots of non-photosynthetic plants in South America have been scarcely explored. This study analyzes culturable fungal diversity associated with the mycoheterotrophic plant Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae) in southern Chile, growing in two different understoreys of native (Nothofagus-dominated) and mixed forest (native, Cupressussempervirens, and Pinusradiata). Rhizospheric and endophytic fungi were isolated, cultured, and purified to identify microorganisms associated with A. uniflora roots. We showed the different fungi associated with the plant, and that these distributions are influenced by the sampling site. We isolated 410 fungal strains (144 endophytic and 266 from the rhizosphere). We identified 13 operative taxonomical units from plants sampled in the mixed forest, while 15 were from the native forest. Rhizospheric microorganisms were mainly related to Penicillium spp., whereas some pathogenic and saprophytic strains were more frequent inside the roots. Our results have also shown that the fungal strains are weak for phosphate solubilization, but other pathways such as organic acid exudation and indole acetic acid production can be considered as major mechanisms to stimulate plant growth. Our results point to new fungal associates of A. uniflora plants reported in Andean ecosystems, identifying new beneficial endophytic fungi associated with roots of this fully mycoheterotrophic plant.},
}
@article {pmid31754637,
year = {2019},
author = {Patel, BN and Rosenberg, L and Willcox, G and Baltaxe, D and Lyons, M and Irvin, J and Rajpurkar, P and Amrhein, T and Gupta, R and Halabi, S and Langlotz, C and Lo, E and Mammarappallil, J and Mariano, AJ and Riley, G and Seekins, J and Shen, L and Zucker, E and Lungren, M},
title = {Human-machine partnership with artificial intelligence for chest radiograph diagnosis.},
journal = {NPJ digital medicine},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {111},
doi = {10.1038/s41746-019-0189-7},
pmid = {31754637},
issn = {2398-6352},
abstract = {Human-in-the-loop (HITL) AI may enable an ideal symbiosis of human experts and AI models, harnessing the advantages of both while at the same time overcoming their respective limitations. The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel collective intelligence technology designed to amplify the diagnostic accuracy of networked human groups by forming real-time systems modeled on biological swarms. Using small groups of radiologists, the swarm-based technology was applied to the diagnosis of pneumonia on chest radiographs and compared against human experts alone, as well as two state-of-the-art deep learning AI models. Our work demonstrates that both the swarm-based technology and deep-learning technology achieved superior diagnostic accuracy than the human experts alone. Our work further demonstrates that when used in combination, the swarm-based technology and deep-learning technology outperformed either method alone. The superior diagnostic accuracy of the combined HITL AI solution compared to radiologists and AI alone has broad implications for the surging clinical AI deployment and implementation strategies in future practice.},
}
@article {pmid31754003,
year = {2019},
author = {Soyano, T and Shimoda, Y and Kawaguchi, M and Hayashi, M},
title = {A shared gene drives lateral root development and root nodule symbiosis pathways in Lotus.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {366},
number = {6468},
pages = {1021-1023},
doi = {10.1126/science.aax2153},
pmid = {31754003},
issn = {1095-9203},
abstract = {Legumes develop root nodules in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. Rhizobia evoke cell division of differentiated cortical cells into root nodule primordia for accommodating bacterial symbionts. In this study, we show that NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), a transcription factor in Lotus japonicus that is essential for initiating cortical cell divisions during nodulation, regulates the gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2-LIKE18/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN16a (ASL18/LBD16a). Orthologs of ASL18/LBD16a in nonlegume plants are required for lateral root development. Coexpression of ASL18a and the CCAAT box-binding protein Nuclear Factor-Y (NF-Y) subunits, which are also directly targeted by NIN, partially suppressed the nodulation-defective phenotype of L. japonicusdaphne mutants, in which cortical expression of NIN was attenuated. Our results demonstrate that ASL18a and NF-Y together regulate nodule organogenesis. Thus, a lateral root developmental pathway is incorporated downstream of NIN to drive nodule symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31753537,
year = {2019},
author = {Monteil, CL and Lefevre, CT},
title = {Magnetoreception in Microorganisms.},
journal = {Trends in microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.012},
pmid = {31753537},
issn = {1878-4380},
abstract = {Magnetoreception is the sense whereby organisms geolocate and navigate in response to the Earth's magnetic field lines. For decades, magnetotactic bacteria have been the only known magnetoreceptive microorganisms. The magnetotactic behaviour of these aquatic prokaryotes is due to the biomineralization of magnetic crystals. While an old report alleged the existence of microbial algae with similar behaviour, recent discoveries have demonstrated the existence of unicellular eukaryotes able to sense the geomagnetic field, and have revealed different mechanisms and strategies involved in such a sensing. Some ciliates can be magnetically guided after predation of magnetotactic bacteria, while some flagellates acquired this sense through symbiosis with magnetic bacteria. A report has even suggested that some magnetotactic protists could biomineralize magnetic crystals.},
}
@article {pmid31732932,
year = {2019},
author = {Miller, DP and Lamont, RJ},
title = {Signaling Systems in Oral Bacteria.},
journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology},
volume = {1197},
number = {},
pages = {27-43},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_3},
pmid = {31732932},
issn = {0065-2598},
mesh = {*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biofilms ; *Mouth Mucosa/microbiology ; Quorum Sensing ; *Signal Transduction ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The supra- and subgingival plaque biofilm communities of plaque are composed of hundreds of different microbes. These communities are spatially and temporally structured, largely due to cell-cell communications that coordinate synergistic interactions, and intracellular signaling systems to sense changes in the surrounding environment. Homeostasis is maintained through metabolic communication, mutualistic cross-feeding, and cross-respiration. These nutritional symbioses can reciprocally influence the local microenvironments by altering the pH and by detoxifying oxidative compounds. Signal transduction mechanisms include two-component systems, tyrosine phosphorelays, quorum sensing systems, and cyclic nucleotide secondary messengers. Signaling converges on transcriptional programs and can result in synergistic or antagonistic interbacterial interactions that sculpt community development. The sum of all these interactions can be a well-organized polymicrobial community that remains in homeostasis with the host, or a dysbiotic community that provokes pathogenic responses in the host.},
}
@article {pmid30787396,
year = {2019},
author = {Melnyk, RA and Hossain, SS and Haney, CH},
title = {Convergent gain and loss of genomic islands drive lifestyle changes in plant-associated Pseudomonas.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {1575-1588},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0372-5},
pmid = {30787396},
issn = {1751-7370},
mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Genome, Bacterial ; *Genomic Islands ; Genomics ; Plants/*microbiology ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Quorum Sensing ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Host-associated bacteria can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on host health. While some of the molecular mechanisms that determine these outcomes are known, little is known about the evolutionary histories of pathogenic or mutualistic lifestyles. Using the model plant Arabidopsis, we found that closely related strains within the Pseudomonas fluorescens species complex promote plant growth and occasionally cause disease. To elucidate the genetic basis of the transition between commensalism and pathogenesis, we developed a computational pipeline and identified genomic islands that correlate with outcomes for plant health. One island containing genes for lipopeptide biosynthesis and quorum-sensing is required for pathogenesis. Conservation of the quorum-sensing machinery in this island allows pathogenic strains to eavesdrop on quorum signals in the environment and coordinate pathogenic behavior. We found that genomic loci associated with both pathogenic and commensal lifestyles were convergently gained and lost in multiple lineages through homologous recombination, possibly constituting an early step in the differentiation of pathogenic and commensal lifestyles. Collectively this work provides novel insights into the evolution of commensal and pathogenic lifestyles within a single clade of host-associated bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid30770902,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhao, T and Ganji, S and Schiebe, C and Bohman, B and Weinstein, P and Krokene, P and Borg-Karlson, AK and Unelius, CR},
title = {Convergent evolution of semiochemicals across Kingdoms: bark beetles and their fungal symbionts.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {1535-1545},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0370-7},
pmid = {30770902},
issn = {1751-7370},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/metabolism ; Coleoptera/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/physiology ; Fungi/classification/*genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Pheromones/chemistry/*metabolism ; Picea/microbiology/parasitology ; Plant Bark/microbiology/parasitology ; *Symbiosis ; Trees/microbiology/parasitology ; },
abstract = {Convergent evolution of semiochemical use in organisms from different Kingdoms is a rarely described phenomenon. Tree-killing bark beetles vector numerous symbiotic blue-stain fungi that help the beetles colonize healthy trees. Here we show for the first time that some of these fungi are able to biosynthesize bicyclic ketals that are pheromones and other semiochemicals of bark beetles. Volatile emissions of five common bark beetle symbionts were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. When grown on fresh Norway spruce bark the fungi emitted three well-known bark beetle aggregation pheromones and semiochemicals (exo-brevicomin, endo-brevicomin and trans-conophthorin) and two structurally related semiochemical candidates (exo-1,3-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and endo-1,3-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) that elicited electroantennogram responses in the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. When grown on malt agar with 13C D-Glucose, the fungus Grosmannia europhioides incorporated 13C into exo-brevicomin and trans-conophthorin. The enantiomeric compositions of the fungus-produced ketals closely matched those previously reported from bark beetles. The production of structurally complex bark beetle pheromones by symbiotic fungi indicates cross-kingdom convergent evolution of signal use in this system. This signaling is susceptible to disruption, providing potential new targets for pest control in conifer forests and plantations.},
}
@article {pmid30705413,
year = {2019},
author = {Epstein, HE and Torda, G and Munday, PL and van Oppen, MJH},
title = {Parental and early life stage environments drive establishment of bacterial and dinoflagellate communities in a common coral.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {1635-1638},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0358-3},
pmid = {30705413},
issn = {1751-7370},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth &amp; development/*microbiology/parasitology/physiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Dinoflagellida/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Microbiota ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The establishment of coral microbial communities in early developmental stages is fundamental to coral fitness, but its drivers are largely unknown, particularly for bacteria. Using an in situ reciprocal transplant experiment, we examined the influence of parental, planulation and early recruit environments on the microbiome of brooded offspring in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. 16S rRNA and ITS2 rDNA gene metabarcoding showed that bacterial and microalgal endosymbiont communities varied according to parental and planulation environments, but not with early recruit environment. Only a small number of bacterial strains were shared between offspring and their respective parents, revealing bacterial establishment as largely environmentally driven in very early life stages. Conversely, microalgal communities of recruits were highly similar to those of their respective parents, but also contained additional low abundance strains, suggesting both vertical transmission and novel ('horizontal') acquisition. Altogether, recruits harboured more variable microbiomes compared to their parents, indicating winnowing occurs as corals mature.},
}
@article {pmid31751146,
year = {2019},
author = {Xiang, Q and Wang, J and Qin, P and Adil, B and Xu, K and Gu, Y and Yu, X and Zhao, K and Zhang, X and Ma, M and Chen, Q and Chen, X and Yan, Y},
title = {Effect of common bean seed exudates on growth, lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide transport gene expression of Rhizobium anhuiense.},
journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1139/cjm-2019-0413},
pmid = {31751146},
issn = {1480-3275},
abstract = {Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is essential for successful nodulation during the symbiosis of rhizobia and legumes. However, the detailed mechanism of the LPS in this process has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, the effects of exudates the common bean seeds on the growth, lipopolysaccharide production and lipopolysaccharide transport genes expression (lpt) of Rhizobium anhuiense were investigated. R. anhuiense exposed to exudates showed changes in LPS electrophoretic profiles and content, where the LPS band was wider and the LPS content was higher in R. anhuiense treated with seeds exudates. Exudates enhanced cell growth of R. anhuiense in a concentration dependent manner; R. anhuiense exposed to higher doses of the exudate showed faster growth. Seven ltp genes of R. anhuiense were amplified and sequenced. Sequences of six lpt genes, except for lptE, were the same as found in previously analyzed R. anhuiense strains, while lptE shared low sequence similarity with other strains. Exposure to the exudates strongly stimulated the expression of all lpt genes. An approximately 6.7- (lptG) to 301-fold (lptE) increase in the transcriptional levels were observed after only 15 min of exposure to exudates. These results indicate that seed exudates affect the LPS by making the cell wall structure more conducive to symbiotic nodulation.},
}
@article {pmid31750894,
year = {2019},
author = {López-Madrigal, S and Duarte, EH},
title = {Titer regulation in arthropod-Wolbachia symbioses.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnz232},
pmid = {31750894},
issn = {1574-6968},
abstract = {Symbiosis between intracellular bacteria (endosymbionts) and animals are widespread. The alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis is known to maintain a variety of symbiotic associations, ranging from mutualism to parasitism, with a wide range of invertebrates. Wolbachia infection might deeply affect host fitness (e.g. reproductive manipulation, antiviral protection), which is thought to explain its high prevalence in nature. Bacterial loads significantly influence both the infection dynamics and the extent of bacteria-induced host phenotypes. Hence, fine regulation of bacterial titers is considered as a milestone in host-endosymbiont interplay. Here we review both environmental and biological factors modulating Wolbachia titers in arthropods.},
}
@article {pmid31749816,
year = {2019},
author = {Friel, CA and Friesen, ML},
title = {Legumes Modulate Allocation to Rhizobial Nitrogen Fixation in Response to Factorial Light and Nitrogen Manipulation.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1316},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.01316},
pmid = {31749816},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {The costs and benefits that define gain from trade in resource mutualisms depend on resource availability. Optimal partitioning theory predicts that allocation to direct uptake versus trade will be determined by both the relative benefit of the resource acquired through trade and the relative cost of the resource being traded away. While the costs and benefits of carbon:nitrogen exchange in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis have been examined in depth with regards to mineral nitrogen availability, the effects of varying carbon costs are rarely considered. Using a growth chamber experiment, we measured plant growth and symbiosis investment in the model legume Medicago truncatula and its symbiont Ensifer medicae across varying nitrogen and light environments. We demonstrate that plants modulate their allocation to roots and nodules as their return on investment varies according to external nitrogen and carbon availabilities. We find empirical evidence that plant allocation to nodules responds to carbon availability, but that this depends upon the nitrogen environment. In particular, at low nitrogen-where rhizobia provided the majority of nitrogen for plant growth-relative nodule allocation increased when carbon limitation was alleviated with high light levels. Legumes' context-dependent modulation of resource allocation to rhizobia thus prevents this interaction from becoming parasitic even in low-light, high-nitrogen environments where carbon is costly and nitrogen is readily available.},
}
@article {pmid31749773,
year = {2019},
author = {Chien, HL and Huang, WZ and Tsai, MY and Cheng, CH and Liu, CT},
title = {Overexpression of the Chromosome Partitioning Gene parA in Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 Alters the Bacteroid Morphotype in Sesbania rostrata Stem Nodules.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2422},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02422},
pmid = {31749773},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 is a diazotroph that forms N2-fixing nodules on the roots and stems of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata. Deletion of the parA gene of this bacterium results in cell cycle defects, pleiomorphic cell shape, and formation of immature stem nodules on its host plant. In this study, we constructed a parA overexpression mutant (PnptII-parA) to complement a previous study and provide new insights into bacteroid formation. We found that overproduction of ParA did not affect growth, cell morphology, chromosome partitioning, or vegetative nitrogen fixation in the free-living state. Under symbiosis, however, distinctive features, such as a single swollen bacteroid in one symbiosome, relatively narrow symbiosome space, and polyploid cells were observed. The morphotype of the PnptII-parA bacteroid is reminiscent of terminal differentiation in some IRLC indeterminate nodules, but S. rostrata is not thought to produce the NCR peptides that induce terminal differentiation in rhizobia. In addition, the transcript patterns of many symbiosis-related genes elicited by PnptII-parA were different from those elicited by the wild type. Accordingly, we propose that the particular symbiosome formation in PnptII-parA stem-nodules is due to cell cycle disruption caused by excess ParA protein in the symbiotic cells during nodulation.},
}
@article {pmid31749767,
year = {2019},
author = {Slaughter, LC and Nelson, JA and Carlisle, AE and Bourguignon, M and Dinkins, RD and Phillips, TD and McCulley, RL},
title = {Tall Fescue and E. coenophiala Genetics Influence Root-Associated Soil Fungi in a Temperate Grassland.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2380},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02380},
pmid = {31749767},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {A constitutive, host-specific symbiosis exists between the aboveground fungal endophyte Epichloë coenophiala (Morgan-Jones &amp; W. Gams) and the cool-season grass tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.), which is a common forage grass in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and temperate European grasslands. New cultivars of tall fescue are continually developed to improve pasture productivity and animal health by manipulating both grass and E. coenophiala genetics, yet how these selected grass-endophyte combinations impact other microbial symbionts such as mycorrhizal and dark septate fungi remains unclear. Without better characterizing how genetically distinct grass-endophyte combinations interact with belowground microorganisms, we cannot determine how adoption of new E. coenophiala-symbiotic cultivars in pasture systems will influence long-term soil characteristics and ecosystem function. Here, we examined how E. coenophiala presence and host × endophyte genetic combinations control root colonization by belowground symbiotic fungi and associated plant nutrient concentrations and soil properties in a 2-year manipulative field experiment. We used four vegetative clone pairs of tall fescue that consisted of one endophyte-free (E-) and one E. coenophiala-symbiotic (E+) clone each, where E+ clones within each pair contained one of four endophyte genotypes: CTE14, CTE45, NTE16, or NTE19. After 2 years of growth in field plots, we measured root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE), extraradical AMF hyphae in soil, total C, N, and P in root and shoot samples, as well as C and N in associated soils. Although we observed no effects of E. coenophiala presence or symbiotic genotype on total AMF or DSE colonization rates in roots, different grass-endophyte combinations altered AMF arbuscule presence and extraradical hyphal length in soil. The CTE45 genotype hosted the fewest AMF arbuscules regardless of endophyte presence, and E+ clones within NTE19 supported significantly greater soil extraradical hyphae compared to E- clones. Because AMF are often associated with improved soil physical characteristics and C sequestration, our results suggest that development and use of unique grass-endophyte combinations may cause divergent effects on long-term ecosystem properties.},
}
@article {pmid31749568,
year = {2019},
author = {Aphale, D and Natu, A and Laldas, S and Kulkarni, A},
title = {Administration of Streptococcus bovis isolated from sheep rumen digesta on rumen function and physiology as evaluated in a rumen simulation technique system.},
journal = {Veterinary world},
volume = {12},
number = {9},
pages = {1362-1371},
doi = {10.14202/vetworld.2019.1362-1371},
pmid = {31749568},
issn = {0972-8988},
abstract = {Background and Aim: Little information about the stability and changes of sheep ruminal microbiota due to pathogen intervention in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) is available. This study aimed to investigate the effect of administration of a novel isolated Streptococcus bovis strain on rumen microbiology and physiology. In addition, the isolation of pigment-producing Streptococcus lutetiensis is described.<br><br>Materials and Methods: Microbial strains were isolated from sheep rumen digesta. An isolated strain of S. bovis was evaluated in the RUSITEC system fed with mixed cattle feed and compared with an in-house developed probiotic formulation (PF), PF 1, containing Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, Bacillus subtilis, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. The parameters of volatile fatty acid, lactic acid, pH profiling, and the coliform anti-pathogenicity were evaluated to determine the effect of S. bovis on rumen function and physiology.<br><br>Results: Administration of S. bovis reduced the coliform count by 31.20% from 7.2×1010 colony-forming units (CFU)/mLto 1.7×106 CFU/mL. Agar diffusion assays revealed the extracellular antimicrobial activity of S. bovis against coliforms; Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica with 12 and 14 mm zones of inhibition, respectively. Simultaneously, an increase of 61.62% in the rumen yeast count was noted. The physiological changes resulted in a 5% reduction in acetic acid concentration from 431 to 405 mg/L.<br><br>Conclusion: The present research indicates that S. bovis is highly capable of altering rumen physiology and function on colonization and is a key transition microbe to be studied during rumen intervention studies. A decrease in the coliform count could be attributed to extracellular production of a bacteriocin-like substance, as illustrated through agar diffusion assays.},
}
@article {pmid31748328,
year = {2019},
author = {Traubenik, S and Reynoso, MA and Hobecker, KV and Lancia, M and Hummel, M and Rosen, B and Town, C and Bailey-Serres, J and Blanco, FA and Zanetti, ME},
title = {Reprogramming of root cells during nitrogen-fixing symbiosis involves dynamic polysome association of coding and non-coding RNAs.},
journal = {The Plant cell},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1105/tpc.19.00647},
pmid = {31748328},
issn = {1532-298X},
abstract = {Translational control is a widespread mechanism that allows the cell to rapidly modulate gene expression in order to provide flexibility and adaptability to eukaryotic organisms. We applied TRAP (Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification) combined with RNA sequencing to characterize translational regulation of mRNAs at early stages of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis established between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti. Our analysis revealed a poor correlation between transcriptional and translational changes and identified hundreds of regulated protein-coding and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), some of which are regulated in specific cell-types. We demonstrated that a short variant of the lncRNA TAS3 increased its association to the translational machinery in response to rhizobia. Functional analysis revealed that this short variant of TAS3 might act as a target mimic that capture miR390, contributing to reduce tasiARFs production and modulating nodule formation and rhizobial infection. The analysis of alternative transcript variants identified a translationally up-regulated mRNA encoding the subunit 3 of the SUPERKILLER complex (SKI3), which participates in mRNA decay. Knock-down of SKI3 decreased nodule initiation and development, as well as the survival of bacteria within nodules. Our results highlight the importance of translational control and mRNA decay pathways for the successful establishment of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31745930,
year = {2020},
author = {García, JM and Pozo, MJ and López-Ráez, JA},
title = {Histochemical and Molecular Quantification of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Symbiosis.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2083},
number = {},
pages = {293-299},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9952-1_22},
pmid = {31745930},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are one of the most widespread and studied plant associations with beneficial microorganisms. Indeed, more than 80% of land plants, including most agricultural and horticultural crop species, are able to establish this mutualistic symbiosis with AM fungi. Through this association the fungus helps the plant in the acquisition of water and mineral nutrients, especially under stress conditions. AM symbiosis affects other ecologically and economically important traits such as plant architecture, flowering, and fruit quality but also tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, AM fungi have a great potential as biofertilizers and bioprotection agents in sustainable agriculture. However, in order to take advantage of all these benefits, a good and functional symbiosis is required. Here we present methods for reliable quantification of colonization levels which should be useful not only for research but also from the agronomic point of view.},
}
@article {pmid31744076,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, R and Clarke, BB and Belanger, FC},
title = {Transcriptome Analysis of Choke Stroma and Asymptomatic Inflorescence Tissues Reveals Changes in Gene Expression in Both Epichloëfestucae and Its Host Plant Festuca rubra subsp. rubra.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7110567},
pmid = {31744076},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2018-11-661//United States Golf Association/ ; 2019//Rutgers Center for Turfgrass Science/ ; 1007068//USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch/ ; },
abstract = {Many cool-season grasses have symbiotic relationships with Epichloë (Ascomycota, Clavicipitaceae) fungal endophytes that inhabit the intercellular spaces of the above-ground parts of the host plants. The presence of the Epichloë endophytes is generally beneficial to the hosts due to enhanced tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses conferred by the endophytes. Many Epichloë spp. are asexual, and those infections always remain asymptomatic. However, some Epichloë spp. have a sexual stage and produce a macroscopic fruiting body, a stroma, that envelops the developing inflorescence causing a syndrome termed &quot;choke disease&quot;. Here, we report a fungal and plant gene expression analysis of choke stroma tissue and asymptomatic inflorescence tissue of Epichloëfestucae-infected strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra). Hundreds of fungal genes and over 10% of the plant genes were differentially expressed when comparing the two tissue types. The differentially expressed fungal genes in the choke stroma tissue indicated a change in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as a change in expression of numerous genes for candidate effector proteins. Plant stress-related genes were up-regulated in the stroma tissue, suggesting the plant host was responding to the epiphytic stage of E. festucae as a pathogen.},
}
@article {pmid31740601,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, B and Leonard, SP and Li, Y and Moran, NA},
title = {Obligate bacterial endosymbionts limit thermal tolerance of insect host species.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1915307116},
pmid = {31740601},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {The thermal tolerance of an organism limits its ecological and geographic ranges and is potentially affected by dependence on temperature-sensitive symbiotic partners. Aphid species vary widely in heat sensitivity, but almost all aphids are dependent on the nutrient-provisioning intracellular bacterium Buchnera, which has evolved with aphids for 100 million years and which has a reduced genome potentially limiting heat tolerance. We addressed whether heat sensitivity of Buchnera underlies variation in thermal tolerance among 5 aphid species. We measured how heat exposure of juvenile aphids affects later survival, maturation time, and fecundity. At one extreme, heat exposure of Aphis gossypii enhanced fecundity and had no effect on the Buchnera titer. In contrast, heat suppressed Buchnera populations in Aphis fabae, which suffered elevated mortality, delayed development and reduced fecundity. Likewise, in Acyrthosiphon kondoi and Acyrthosiphon pisum, heat caused rapid declines in Buchnera numbers, as well as reduced survivorship, development rate, and fecundity. Fecundity following heat exposure is severely decreased by a Buchnera mutation that suppresses the transcriptional response of a gene encoding a small heat shock protein. Similarly, absence of this Buchnera heat shock gene may explain the heat sensitivity of Ap. fabae Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed heat-induced deformation and shrinkage of bacteriocytes in heat-sensitive species but not in heat-tolerant species. Sensitive and tolerant species also differed in numbers and transcriptional responses of heat shock genes. These results show that shifts in Buchnera heat sensitivity contribute to host variation in heat tolerance.},
}
@article {pmid31739792,
year = {2019},
author = {Li, Y and Tassia, MG and Waits, DS and Bogantes, VE and David, KT and Halanych, KM},
title = {Genomic adaptations to chemosymbiosis in the deep-sea seep-dwelling tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi.},
journal = {BMC biology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {91},
doi = {10.1186/s12915-019-0713-x},
pmid = {31739792},
issn = {1741-7007},
support = {DEB-1036537//National Science Foundation/ ; IOS-0843473//National Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and their hosts are widespread and diverse, often providing protection or nutrients, and may be either obligate or facultative. However, the genetic mechanisms allowing organisms to maintain host-symbiont associations at the molecular level are still mostly unknown, and in the case of bacterial-animal associations, most genetic studies have focused on adaptations and mechanisms of the bacterial partner. The gutless tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Annelida) are obligate hosts of chemoautotrophic endosymbionts (except for Osedax which houses heterotrophic Oceanospirillales), which rely on the sulfide-oxidizing symbionts for nutrition and growth. Whereas several siboglinid endosymbiont genomes have been characterized, genomes of hosts and their adaptations to this symbiosis remain unexplored.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we present and characterize adaptations of the cold seep-dwelling tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi, one of the longest-lived solitary invertebrates. We sequenced the worm's ~ 688-Mb haploid genome with an overall completeness of ~ 95% and discovered that L. luymesi lacks many genes essential in amino acid biosynthesis, obligating them to products provided by symbionts. Interestingly, the host is known to carry hydrogen sulfide to thiotrophic endosymbionts using hemoglobin. We also found an expansion of hemoglobin B1 genes, many of which possess a free cysteine residue which is hypothesized to function in sulfide binding. Contrary to previous analyses, the sulfide binding mediated by zinc ions is not conserved across tubeworms. Thus, the sulfide-binding mechanisms in sibgolinids need to be further explored, and B1 globins might play a more important role than previously thought. Our comparative analyses also suggest the Toll-like receptor pathway may be essential for tolerance/sensitivity to symbionts and pathogens. Several genes related to the worm's unique life history which are known to play important roles in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and aging were also identified. Last, molecular clock analyses based on phylogenomic data suggest modern siboglinid diversity originated in 267 mya (± 70 my) support previous hypotheses indicating a Late Mesozoic or Cenozoic origins of approximately 50-126 mya for vestimentiferans.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Here, we elucidate several specific adaptations along various molecular pathways that link phenome to genome to improve understanding of holobiont evolution. Our findings of adaptation in genomic mechanisms to reducing environments likely extend to other chemosynthetic symbiotic systems.},
}
@article {pmid30822525,
year = {2019},
author = {Peng, X and Liu, H and Chen, P and Tang, F and Hu, Y and Wang, F and Pi, Z and Zhao, M and Chen, N and Chen, H and Zhang, X and Yan, X and Liu, M and Fu, X and Zhao, G and Yao, P and Wang, L and Dai, H and Li, X and Xiong, W and Xu, W and Zheng, H and Yu, H and Shen, S},
title = {A Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly of Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) Provides New Insights into Its Forage and Papermaking Usage.},
journal = {Molecular plant},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
pages = {661-677},
doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2019.01.021},
pmid = {30822525},
issn = {1752-9867},
mesh = {Broussonetia/*genetics/metabolism/microbiology ; Cellulose/biosynthesis ; Chromosomes, Plant/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Flavonoids/biosynthesis ; Genome, Plant/genetics ; *Genomics ; Lignin/biosynthesis ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; *Paper ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is a well-known woody tree historically used for Cai Lun papermaking, one of the four great inventions of ancient China. More recently, Paper mulberry has also been used as forage to address the shortage of feedstuff because of its digestible crude fiber and high protein contents. In this study, we obtained a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Paper mulberry using integrated approaches, including Illumina and PacBio sequencing platform as well as Hi-C, optical, and genetic maps. The assembled Paper mulberry genome consists of 386.83 Mb, which is close to the estimated size, and 99.25% (383.93 Mb) of the assembly was assigned to 13 pseudochromosomes. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the expansion and contraction in the flavonoid and lignin biosynthetic gene families, respectively, accounting for the enhanced flavonoid and decreased lignin biosynthesis in Paper mulberry. Moreover, the increased ratio of syringyl-lignin to guaiacyl-lignin in Paper mulberry underscores its suitability for use in medicine, forage, papermaking, and barkcloth making. We also identified the root-associated microbiota of Paper mulberry and found that Pseudomonas and Rhizobia were enriched in its roots and may provide the source of nitrogen for its stems and leaves via symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Collectively, these results suggest that Paper mulberry might have undergone adaptive evolution and recruited nitrogen-fixing microbes to promote growth by enhancing flavonoid production and altering lignin monomer composition. Our study provides significant insights into genetic basis of the usefulness of Paper mulberry in papermaking and barkcloth making, and as forage. These insights will facilitate further domestication and selection as well as industrial utilization of Paper mulberry worldwide.},
}
@article {pmid30714238,
year = {2019},
author = {Fromont, C and Adair, KL and Douglas, AE},
title = {Correlation and causation between the microbiome, Wolbachia and host functional traits in natural populations of drosophilid flies.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {7},
pages = {1826-1841},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15041},
pmid = {30714238},
issn = {1365-294X},
support = {BIO 1241099//National Science Foundation/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; Drosophila/classification/*microbiology ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Spiroplasma/genetics ; Symbiosis ; Sympatry ; Transcriptome ; Wolbachia/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Resident microorganisms are known to influence the fitness and traits of animals under controlled laboratory conditions, but the relevance of these findings to wild animals is uncertain. This study investigated the host functional correlates of microbiota composition in a wild community of three sympatric species of mycophagous drosophilid flies, Drosophila falleni, Drosophila neotestacea and Drosophila putrida. Specifically, we quantified bacterial communities and host transcriptomes by parallel 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and RNA-Seq of individual flies. Among-fly variation in microbiota composition did not partition strongly by sex or species, and included multiple modules, that is, sets of bacterial taxa whose abundance varied in concert across different flies. The abundance of bacteria in several modules varied significantly with multiple host transcripts, especially in females, but the identity of the correlated host transcriptional functions differed with host species, including epithelial barrier function in D. falleni, muscle function in D. putrida, and insect growth and development in D. neotestacea. In D. neotestacea, which harbours the endosymbionts Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, Wolbachia promotes the abundance of Spiroplasma, and is positively correlated with abundance of Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales. Furthermore, most correlations between host gene expression and relative abundance of bacterial modules were co-correlated with abundance of Wolbachia (but not Spiroplasma), indicative of an interdependence between host functional traits, microbiota composition and Wolbachia abundance in this species. These data suggest that, in these natural populations of drosophilid flies, different host species interact with microbial communities in functionally different ways that can vary with the abundance of endosymbionts.},
}
@article {pmid31737022,
year = {2019},
author = {Poehlman, WL and Schnabel, EL and Chavan, SA and Frugoli, JA and Feltus, FA},
title = {Identifying Temporally Regulated Root Nodulation Biomarkers Using Time Series Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1409},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.01409},
pmid = {31737022},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Root nodulation results from a symbiotic relationship between a plant host and Rhizobium bacteria. Synchronized gene expression patterns over the course of rhizobial infection result in activation of pathways that are unique but overlapping with the highly conserved pathways that enable mycorrhizal symbiosis. We performed RNA sequencing of 30 Medicago truncatula root maturation zone samples at five distinct time points. These samples included plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium medicae and control plants that did not receive any Rhizobium. Following gene expression quantification, we identified 1,758 differentially expressed genes at various time points. We constructed a gene co-expression network (GCN) from the same data and identified link community modules (LCMs) that were comprised entirely of differentially expressed genes at specific time points post-inoculation. One LCM included genes that were up-regulated at 24 h following inoculation, suggesting an activation of allergen family genes and carbohydrate-binding gene products in response to Rhizobium. We also identified two LCMs that were comprised entirely of genes that were down regulated at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation. The identity of the genes in these modules suggest that down-regulating specific genes at 24 h may result in decreased jasmonic acid production with an increase in cytokinin production. At 48 h, coordinated down-regulation of a specific set of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis may play a role in nodulation. We show that GCN-LCM analysis is an effective method to preliminarily identify polygenic candidate biomarkers of root nodulation and develop hypotheses for future discovery.},
}
@article {pmid31726026,
year = {2019},
author = {Moskowitz, JE and Devkota, S},
title = {Determinants of Microbial Antibiotic Susceptibility: The Commensal Gut Microbiota Perspective.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {574-576},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.019},
pmid = {31726026},
issn = {1934-6069},
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Diet ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Microbiota ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Ng et al. (2019) unravel the complex factors that shape commensal gut microbiota susceptibility and resilience to antibiotics. These findings depict the microbiota's malleable dynamics resulting from compositional changes, environmental variability, and dietary shifts, further informing potential strategies to mitigate incomplete microbiome recovery accompanying antibiotic treatment.},
}
@article {pmid31714855,
year = {2019},
author = {Mushegian, AA and Tougeron, K},
title = {Animal-Microbe Interactions in the Context of Diapause.},
journal = {The Biological bulletin},
volume = {237},
number = {2},
pages = {180-191},
doi = {10.1086/706078},
pmid = {31714855},
issn = {1939-8697},
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Diapause ; *Microbiota ; Phenotype ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Dormancy and diapause are key adaptations in many organisms, enabling survival of temporarily or seasonally unsuitable environmental conditions. In this review, we examine how our understanding of programmed developmental and metabolic arrest during diapause intersects with the increasing body of knowledge about animal co-development and co-evolution with microorganisms. Host-microbe interactions are increasingly understood to affect a number of metabolic, physiological, developmental, and behavioral traits and to mediate adaptations to various environments. Therefore, it is timely to consider how microbial factors might affect the expression and evolution of diapause in a changing world. We examine how a range of host-microbe interactions, from pathogenic to mutualistic, may have an impact on diapause phenotypes. Conversely, we examine how the discontinuities that diapause introduces into animal host generations can affect the ecology of microbial communities and the evolution of host-microbe interactions. We discuss these issues as they relate to physiology, evolution of development, local adaptation, disease ecology, and environmental change. Finally, we outline research questions that bridge the historically distinct fields of seasonal ecology and host-microbe interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31416937,
year = {2019},
author = {Youle, RJ},
title = {Mitochondria-Striking a balance between host and endosymbiont.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {365},
number = {6454},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1126/science.aaw9855},
pmid = {31416937},
issn = {1095-9203},
mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/immunology ; Host Microbial Interactions/*immunology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Mitochondria/genetics/*immunology ; Mitochondrial Degradation/immunology ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Mitochondria are organelles with their own genome that arose from α-proteobacteria living within single-celled Archaea more than a billion years ago. This step of endosymbiosis offered tremendous opportunities for energy production and metabolism and allowed the evolution of fungi, plants, and animals. However, less appreciated are the downsides of this endosymbiosis. Coordinating gene expression between the mitochondrial genomes and the nuclear genome is imprecise and can lead to proteotoxic stress. The clonal reproduction of mitochondrial DNA requires workarounds to avoid mutational meltdown. In metazoans that developed innate immune pathways to thwart bacterial and viral infections, mitochondrial components can cross-react with pathogen sensors and invoke inflammation. Here, I focus on the numerous and elegant quality control processes that compensate for or mitigate these challenges of endosymbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31362902,
year = {2019},
author = {Li, YH and Wang, R and Sui, XH and Wang, ET and Zhang, XX and Tian, CF and Chen, WF and Chen, WX},
title = {Bradyrhizobium nanningense sp. nov., Bradyrhizobium guangzhouense sp. nov. and Bradyrhizobium zhanjiangense sp. nov., isolated from effective nodules of peanut in Southeast China.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {42},
number = {5},
pages = {126002},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126002},
pmid = {31362902},
issn = {1618-0984},
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Arachis/*microbiology ; Bradyrhizobium/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; Carbon/metabolism ; China ; Fatty Acids/analysis ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Host Specificity ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Nine slow-growing rhizobia isolated from effective nodules on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) were characterized to clarify the taxonomic status using a polyphasic approach. They were assigned to the genus Bradyrhizobium on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences. MLSA of concatenated glnII-recA-dnaK genes classified them into three species represented by CCBAU 53390T, CCBAU 51670T and CCBAU 51778T, which presented the closest similarity to B. guangxiense CCBAU 53363T, B. guangdongense CCBAU 51649T and B. manausense BR 3351T, B. vignae 7-2T and B. forestalis INPA 54BT, respectively. The dDDH (digital DNA-DNA hybridization) and ANI (Average Nucleotide Identity) between the genomes of the three representative strains and type strains for the closest Bradyrhizobium species were less than 42.1% and 91.98%, respectively, below the threshold of species circumscription. Effective nodules could be induced on peanut and Lablab purpureus by all representative strains, while Vigna radiata formed effective nodules only with CCBAU 53390T and CCBAU 51778T. Phenotypic characteristics including sole carbon sources and growth features supported the phylogenetic results. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic features, strains CCBAU 53390T, CCBAU 51670T and CCBAU 51778T are designated the type strains of three novel species, for which the names Bradyrhizobium nanningense sp. nov., Bradyrhizobium guangzhouense sp. nov. and Bradyrhizobium zhanjiangense sp. nov. are proposed, respectively.},
}
@article {pmid31349995,
year = {2019},
author = {Bouhnik, O and ElFaik, S and Alami, S and Talbi, C and Lamin, H and Abdelmoumen, H and Tortosa Muñoz, G and J Bedmar, E and Missbah El Idrissi, M},
title = {Ensifer fredii symbiovar vachelliae nodulates endemic Vachellia gummifera in semiarid Moroccan areas.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {42},
number = {5},
pages = {125999},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.06.004},
pmid = {31349995},
issn = {1618-0984},
mesh = {DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Fabaceae/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Essential/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Host Specificity ; Morocco ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sinorhizobium/*classification/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {The purpose of this work was to study the genetic diversity of the nodule-forming bacteria associated with native populations of Vachellia gummifera growing wild in Morocco. The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences from three selected strains, following ARDRA and REP-PCR results, revealed they were members of the genus Ensifer and the sequencing of the housekeeping genes recA, gyrB, dnaK and rpoB, and their concatenated phylogenetic analysis, showed that the 3 strains belong to the species E. fredii. Based on the nodC and nodA phylogenies, the 3 strains clearly diverged from the type and other reference strains of E. fredii and formed a clearly separated cluster. The strains AGA1, AGA2 and AGB23 did not form nodules on Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris and Medicago truncatula, and effectively nodulated V. gummifera, Acacia cyanophylla, Prosopis chilensis and Leucaena leucocephala. Based on similarities of the nodC and nodA symbiotic genes and differences in the host range, the strains isolated from Moroccan endemic V. gummifera may form a different symbiovar within Ensifer species, for which the name &quot;vachelliae&quot; is proposed.},
}
@article {pmid30794625,
year = {2019},
author = {Walker, RE and Walker, CG and Camargo, CA and Bartley, J and Flint, D and Thompson, JMD and Mitchell, EA},
title = {Nasal microbial composition and chronic otitis media with effusion: A case-control study.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {e0212473},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0212473},
pmid = {30794625},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Biodiversity ; Case-Control Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Chronic Disease ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Ear, Middle/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microbiota/genetics ; Middle Ear Ventilation ; Nasal Mucosa/*microbiology ; Otitis Media with Effusion/*microbiology/surgery ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) in children can cause prolonged hearing loss, which is associated with an increased risk of learning delays and behavioural problems. Dispersal of bacterial pathogens from the nasal passages to the middle ear is implicated in COME. We sought to determine whether there is an association between nasal microbial composition and COME in children.<br><br>METHODS: A case-control study of children aged 3 and 4 years was conducted. Cases undergoing placement of tympanostomy tubes for COME were compared to healthy controls. Nasal swabs were collected and a questionnaire was administered. The V1-3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq.<br><br>RESULTS: 73 children with COME had a lower Shannon diversity index than 105 healthy controls (1.62 [.80] versus 1.88 [.84], respectively; P = .046). The nasal microbiota of cases and controls differed in composition using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (p = 0.002). Children with COME had a higher abundance of otopathogens and lower abundance of commensals including alpha haemolytic Streptococci and Lactococcus. Cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct nasal microbial profiles. Profiles that were Corynebacterium-dominated (aOR 4.18 [95%CI, 1.68-10.39], Streptococcus-dominated (aOR 3.12 [95%CI, 1.08-9.06], or Moraxella-dominated (aOR 4.70 [95%CI, 1.73-12.80] were associated with COME, compared to a more mixed microbial profile when controlling for age, ethnicity, and recent antibiotics use.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Children with COME have a less diverse nasal microbial composition with a higher abundance of pathogens, compared to healthy children who have a more mixed bacterial profile with a higher abundance of commensals. Further research is required to determine how nasal microbiota may relate to the pathogenesis or maintenance of COME, and whether modification of the nasal microbiota can prevent or treat children at risk of COME.},
}
@article {pmid30429525,
year = {2018},
author = {Biscéré, T and Ferrier-Pagès, C and Gilbert, A and Pichler, T and Houlbrèque, F},
title = {Evidence for mitigation of coral bleaching by manganese.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {16789},
pmid = {30429525},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Calcification, Physiologic/drug effects ; Global Warming ; Iron/adverse effects ; Manganese/*pharmacology ; Metals/pharmacology ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Stress, Physiological/*drug effects ; Symbiosis ; Water Pollutants/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Unprecedented mass coral bleaching events due to global warming and overall seawater pollution have been observed worldwide over the last decades. Although metals are often considered as toxic substances for corals, some are essential at nanomolar concentrations for physiological processes such as photosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. This study was designed to elucidate, the individual and combined effects of nanomolar seawater enrichment in manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe), on the main physiological traits of Stylophora pistillata, maintained under normal growth and thermal stress conditions. We provide, for the first time, evidence that Mn is a key trace element for coral symbionts, enhancing cellular chlorophyll concentrations, photosynthetic efficiency and gross photosynthetic rates at ambient temperature. Our experiment also highlights the key role of Mn in increasing coral resistance to heat stress-induced bleaching. While Mn-enriched corals did not bleach and did not reduce their rates of photosynthesis and calcification, control corals experienced significant bleaching. On the contrary to Mn, Fe enrichment not only impaired calcification but induced significant bleaching. Such information is an important step towards a better understanding of the response of corals to seawater enrichment in metals. It can also explain, to some extent, species susceptibility to environmental stress.},
}
@article {pmid31734921,
year = {2020},
author = {Ngom, M and Cissoko, M and Gray, K and Hocher, V and Laplaze, L and Sy, MO and Svistoonoff, S and Champion, A},
title = {Establishment of Actinorhizal Symbiosis in Response to Ethylene, Salicylic Acid, and Jasmonate.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2085},
number = {},
pages = {117-130},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_9},
pmid = {31734921},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating plant developmental processes. Among them, ethylene and jasmonate are known to be involved in plant defense responses to a wide range of biotic stresses as their levels increase with pathogen infection. In addition, these two phytohormones have been shown to inhibit plant nodulation in legumes. Here, exogenous salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate acid (JA), and ethephon (ET) were applied to the root system of Casuarina glauca plants before Frankia inoculation, in order to analyze their effects on the establishment of actinorhizal symbiosis. This protocol further describes how to identify putative ortholog genes involved in ethylene and jasmonate biosynthesis and/or signaling pathways in plant, using the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), Legume Information System (LIS), and Genevestigator databases. The expression of these genes in response to the bacterium Frankia was analyzed using the gene atlas for Casuarina-Frankia symbiosis (SESAM web site).},
}
@article {pmid31734916,
year = {2020},
author = {Basso, V and Veneault-Fourrey, C},
title = {Role of Jasmonates in Beneficial Microbe-Root Interactions.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2085},
number = {},
pages = {43-67},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_4},
pmid = {31734916},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {The phytohormone jasmonate (JA) modulates various defense and developmental responses of plants, and is implied in the integration of multiple environmental signals. Given its centrality in regulating plant physiology according to external stimuli, JA influences the establishment of interactions between plant roots and beneficial bacteria or fungi. In many cases, moderate JA signaling promotes the onset of mutualism, while massive JA signaling inhibits it. The output also depends on the compatibility between microbe and host plant and on nutritional or environmental cues. Also, JA biosynthesis and perception participate in the systemic regulation of mutualistic interactions and in microbe-induced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Here, we review our current knowledge of the role of JA biosynthesis, signaling, and responses during mutualistic root-microbe interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31733122,
year = {2019},
author = {Petti, S and Lodi, G},
title = {The controversial natural history of oral Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 infection.},
journal = {Oral diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/odi.13234},
pmid = {31733122},
issn = {1601-0825},
abstract = {The natural history of oral Herpes Simplex virus Type-1 (HSV-1) infection in the immunocompetent host is complex and rich in controversial phenomena. Namely, the role of unapparent transmission in primary infection acquisition, the high frequency of asymptomatic primary and recurrent infections, the lack of immunogenicity of HSV-1 internalized in the soma (cell body) of the sensory neurons of the Trigeminal Ganglion, the lytic activity of HSV-1 in the soma of neurons that is limited in the sensory neurons of the Trigeminal Ganglion and often uncontrolled in the other neurons, the role of keratin in promoting the development of recurrence episodes in immunocompetent hosts, the virus-host Nash equilibrium, the paradoxical HSV-1 seronegative individuals who shed HSV-1 trough saliva, the limited efficacy of anti-HSV vaccines, and why the oral route of infection is the least likely to produce severe complications. The natural history of oral HSV-1 infection is also an history of symbiosis between humans and virus that may switch from mutualism to parasitism and vice versa. This balance is typical of microorganisms that are highly co-evolved with humans and its knowledge is essential to oral healthcare providers to perform adequate diagnosis and provide proper individual-based HSV-1 infection therapy.},
}
@article {pmid31732824,
year = {2019},
author = {Banerjee, J and Roy, S and Dhas, Y and Mishra, N},
title = {Senescence-associated miR-34a and miR-126 in middle-aged Indians with type 2 diabetes.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10238-019-00593-4},
pmid = {31732824},
issn = {1591-9528},
abstract = {Rapid urbanization and unhealthy dietary patterns critically increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in middle-aged Indians. However, despite recent evidence of senescence-associated microRNAs (SA-miRNAs) in regulating complex pathways of ageing, their expressions in middle-aged Indians with T2D remain unexplored. Hence we aimed to investigate the changes in expressions of SA-miRNAs miR-34a and miR-126 in middle-aged T2D patients. A total of 30 T2D patients and 30 controls were recruited of age 31-50 years. The expressions of plasma miR-34a and miR-126 were determined by quantitative PCR. Oxidized LDL (OxLDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of different glucose concentrations on miR-34a, miR-126, senescence-associated, and oxidative stress-responsive genes were also studied in an in vitro model of mice pancreatic β-cells. MiR-34a was significantly upregulated, whereas miR-126 was nonsignificantly reduced in T2D patients as compared to controls. T2D patients showed elevated levels of oxidative stress markers than controls. Analysis of cultured mice pancreatic β-cells exposed to high glucose showed significant upregulation of miR-34a, miR-126, p53, and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). We found that circulating miR-34a levels and oxidative stress markers levels were elevated in the middle-aged Indians with T2D as compared to controls. The presence of diabetes may aggravate the normal ageing process in the middle-aged Indians. These SA-miRNAs can also be used to check the cellular dysfunctions and ageing of pancreatic β-cells.},
}
@article {pmid31732817,
year = {2019},
author = {Robin, A and Pradier, C and Sanguin, H and Mahé, F and Lambais, GR and de Araujo Pereira, AP and Germon, A and Santana, MC and Tisseyre, P and Pablo, AL and Heuillard, P and Sauvadet, M and Bouillet, JP and Andreote, FD and Plassard, C and de Moraes Gonçalves, JL and Cardoso, EJBN and Laclau, JP and Hinsinger, P and Jourdan, C},
title = {How deep can ectomycorrhizas go? A case study on Pisolithus down to 4 meters in a Brazilian eucalypt plantation.},
journal = {Mycorrhiza},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00572-019-00917-y},
pmid = {31732817},
issn = {1432-1890},
abstract = {Despite the strong ecological importance of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, their vertical distribution remains poorly understood. To our knowledge, ECM structures associated with trees have never been reported in depths below 2 meters. In this study, fine roots and ECM root tips were sampled down to 4-m depth during the digging of two independent pits differing by their water availability. A meta-barcoding approach based on Illumina sequencing of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) was carried out on DNA extracted from root samples (fine roots and ECM root tips separately). ECM fungi dominated the root-associated fungal community, with more than 90% of sequences assigned to the genus Pisolithus. The morphological and barcoding results demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of ECM symbiosis down to 4-m. The molecular diversity of Pisolithus spp. was strongly dependent on depth, with soil pH and soil water content as primary drivers of the Pisolithus spp. structure. Altogether, our results highlight the importance to consider the ECM symbiosis in deep soil layers to improve our understanding of fine roots functioning in tropical soils.},
}
@article {pmid31730203,
year = {2019},
author = {Younginger, BS and Friesen, ML},
title = {Connecting signals and benefits through partner choice in plant-microbe interactions.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsle/fnz217},
pmid = {31730203},
issn = {1574-6968},
abstract = {Stabilizing mechanisms in plant-microbe symbioses are critical to maintaining beneficial functions, with two main classes: host sanctions and partner choice. Sanctions are currently presumed to be more effective and widespread, based on the idea that microbes rapidly evolve cheating while retaining signals matching cooperative strains. However, hosts that effectively discriminate among a pool of compatible symbionts would gain a significant fitness advantage. Using the well-characterized legume-rhizobium symbiosis as a model for these general principles, we evaluate the evidence for partner choice in the context of the growing field of genomics. Empirical studies, which rely upon bacteria that only vary in nitrogen-fixation ability, ignore host-symbiont signaling and frequently conclude that partner choice is not a robust stabilizing mechanism. Here, we argue that partner choice is an overlooked mechanism of mutualism stability and emphasize that plants need not use the microbial services provided a priori to discriminate among suitable partners. Additionally, we include a model which shows that partner choice signaling increases symbiont and host fitness in the absence of sanctions. Finally, we call for a renewed focus on elucidating the signaling mechanisms that are critical to partner choice while further aiming to understand their evolutionary dynamics in nature.},
}
@article {pmid31729063,
year = {2019},
author = {Plett, KL and Singan, VR and Wang, M and Ng, V and Grigoriev, IV and Martin, F and Plett, JM and Anderson, IC},
title = {Inorganic nitrogen availability alters Eucalyptus grandis receptivity to the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus but not symbiotic nitrogen transfer.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16322},
pmid = {31729063},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {Forest trees are able to thrive in nutrient poor soils in part because they obtain growth-limiting nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), through mutualistic symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Addition of inorganic N into these soils is known to disrupt this mutualism and reduce the diversity of ECM fungi. Despite its ecological impact, the mechanisms governing the observed effects of elevated inorganic N on mycorrhizal communities remain unknown. We address this by using a compartmentalized in vitro system to independently alter nutrients to each symbiont. Using stable isotopes, we traced the nutrient flux under different nutrient regimes between Eucalyptus grandis and its ectomycorrhizal symbiont, Pisolithus albus. We demonstrate that giving E. grandis independent access to N causes a significant reduction in root colonization by P. albus. Transcriptional analysis suggests that the observed reduction in colonization may be caused, in part, by altered transcription of microbe perception genes and defence genes. We show that delivery of N to host leaves is not increased by host nutrient deficiency but by fungal nutrient availability. Overall, this advances our understanding of the effects of N fertilization on ECM fungi and the factors governing nutrient transfer in the E. grandis - P. microcarpus interaction.},
}
@article {pmid31728419,
year = {2019},
author = {Grimaldi, DA and Peñalver, E and Barrón, E and Herhold, HW and Engel, MS},
title = {Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {408},
doi = {10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7},
pmid = {31728419},
issn = {2399-3642},
abstract = {Angiosperms and their insect pollinators form a foundational symbiosis, evidence for which from the Cretaceous is mostly indirect, based on fossils of insect taxa that today are anthophilous, and of fossil insects and flowers that have apparent anthophilous and entomophilous specializations, respectively. We present exceptional direct evidence preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, 100 mya, for feeding on pollen in the eudicot genus Tricolporoidites by a basal new aculeate wasp, Prosphex anthophilos, gen. et sp. nov., in the lineage that contains the ants, bees, and other stinging wasps. Plume of hundreds of pollen grains wafts from its mouth and an apparent pollen mass was detected by micro-CT in the buccal cavity: clear evidence that the wasp was foraging on the pollen. Eudicots today comprise nearly three-quarters of all angiosperm species. Prosphex feeding on Tricolporoidites supports the hypothesis that relatively small, generalized insect anthophiles were important pollinators of early angiosperms.},
}
@article {pmid31302710,
year = {2019},
author = {Medina, G and Leyán, P and da Silva, CV and Flores-Martin, S and Manosalva, C and Fernández, H},
title = {Intra-amoebic localization of Arcobacter butzleri as an endocytobiont of Acanthamoeba castellanii.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {201},
number = {10},
pages = {1447-1452},
doi = {10.1007/s00203-019-01699-9},
pmid = {31302710},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {1110202//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) Chile/ ; AT 24121322//Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT) Chile/ ; FEQUIP2018-PL-06//Fondo de Equipamiento Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Posgrado Universidad Católica de Temuco/ ; },
mesh = {Acanthamoeba castellanii/*microbiology ; Arcobacter/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Vacuoles/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living amoeba found mainly in humid environments and Arcobacter butzleri is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, both can establish in vitro endosymbiotic relationships in the absence of bacterial replication. We analyzed the localization of A. butzleri within A. castellanii establishing their association with endoplasmic reticulum vesicles and mitochondria. Through confocal microscopy, we observed that during the early stages of endosymbiosis, there is not colocalization between amoebic vacuoles containing A. butzleri and mitochondria or ER vesicles of A. castellanii. Considering that energy production of this bacterium occurs via metabolism of amino acids or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, these results contribute to explain the absence of bacterial replication, since A. butzleri would not have access to the nutrients found in endoplasmic reticulum vesicles and mitochondria. In addition, we observe that A. butzleri induces significantly the actin polymerization of A. castellanii during the early stages of endosymbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid30506836,
year = {2019},
author = {Hartmann, AC and Marhaver, KL and Klueter, A and Lovci, MT and Closek, CJ and Diaz, E and Chamberland, VF and Archer, FI and Deheyn, DD and Vermeij, MJA and Medina, M},
title = {Acquisition of obligate mutualist symbionts during the larval stage is not beneficial for a coral host.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {1},
pages = {141-155},
doi = {10.1111/mec.14967},
pmid = {30506836},
issn = {1365-294X},
support = {//PADI Foundation/International ; //CARMABI Foundation/International ; Graduate Office//Scripps Institution of Oceanography Graduate Office/International ; GK-12 Fellowship//National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 Fellowship, NSF Graduate Research Fellowship/International ; Graduate Research Fellowship//National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 Fellowship, NSF Graduate Research Fellowship/International ; IOS-1146880//National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 Fellowship, NSF Graduate Research Fellowship/International ; OCE-0926822//National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 Fellowship, NSF Graduate Research Fellowship/International ; OCE-1442206//National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 Fellowship, NSF Graduate Research Fellowship/International ; OCE-1642311//National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 Fellowship, NSF Graduate Research Fellowship/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/genetics/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Caribbean Region ; Coral Reefs ; Dinoflagellida/genetics/growth &amp; development ; *Ecology ; Larva/genetics ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Theory suggests that the direct transmission of beneficial endosymbionts (mutualists) from parents to offspring (vertical transmission) in animal hosts is advantageous and evolutionarily stable, yet many host species instead acquire their symbionts from the environment (horizontal acquisition). An outstanding question in marine biology is why some scleractinian corals do not provision their eggs and larvae with the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates that are necessary for a juvenile's ultimate survival. We tested whether the acquisition of photosynthetic endosymbionts (family Symbiodiniaceae) during the planktonic larval stage was advantageous, as is widely assumed, in the ecologically important and threatened Caribbean reef-building coral Orbicella faveolata. Following larval acquisition, similar changes occurred in host energetic lipid use and gene expression regardless of whether their symbionts were photosynthesizing, suggesting the symbionts did not provide the energetic benefit characteristic of the mutualism in adults. Larvae that acquired photosymbionts isolated from conspecific adults on their natal reef exhibited a reduction in swimming, which may interfere with their ability to find suitable settlement substrate, and also a decrease in survival. Larvae exposed to two cultured algal species did not exhibit differences in survival, but decreased their swimming activity in response to one species. We conclude that acquiring photosymbionts during the larval stage confers no advantages and can in fact be disadvantageous to this coral host. The timing of symbiont acquisition appears to be a critical component of a host's life history strategy and overall reproductive fitness, and this timing itself appears to be under selective pressure.},
}
@article {pmid30389324,
year = {2018},
author = {Kim, H and Keum, S and Hasan, A and Kim, H and Jung, Y and Lee, D and Kim, Y},
title = {Identification of an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus ehlersii KSY, from Steinernema longicaudum GNUS101 and its immunosuppressive activity against insect host by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis.},
journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology},
volume = {159},
number = {},
pages = {6-17},
doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2018.10.014},
pmid = {30389324},
issn = {1096-0805},
mesh = {Animals ; Nematoda/*genetics/*immunology/*microbiology ; Spodoptera/immunology/*parasitology ; Symbiosis ; Xenorhabdus/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Steinernema longicaudum GNUS101, an entomopathogenic nematode, was isolated from soils in Korea. Its internal transcribed space sequence was highly similar to the known S. longicaudum species. Infective juveniles (IJs) of S. longicaudum were highly virulent to lepidopteran and coleopteran insects. Two different bacteria were isolated from the hemolymph of lepidopteran larvae infected with S. longicaudum. They exhibited blue and red colonies on nutrient bromothymol blue agar. The red-colored bacterium was identified as Enterococcus mundtii KHY while the blue-colored bacterium was identified as Xenorhabdus ehlersii KSY based on 16S rRNA sequencing and biochemical characters. The bacterial species showed different growth rates, with X. ehlersii KSY growing more slowly than E. mundtii KHY. Both bacteria were entomopathogenic, but showed differences in suppressing host immune responses. X. ehlersii KSY, but not E. mundtii KHY, showed inhibitory activity against cellular immune responses of Spodoptera exigua larvae including hemocyte-spreading behavior and nodule formation in bacteria-cultured broth. Its immunosuppressive activity was reversed by adding arachidonic acid, an eicosanoid biosynthesis precursor. Furthermore, organic extracts of X. ehlersii KSY using hexane or ethyl acetate showed inhibitory activity against cellular immune responses of S. exigua larvae. Arachidonic acid addition to S. exigua larvae infected with X. ehlersii significantly rescued the survival rate of target insect. Of the two bacteria isolated from S. longicaudum GNUS101, only X. ehlersii induced immunosuppression of target insect by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis.},
}
@article {pmid31722286,
year = {2019},
author = {Hakim, S and Mirza, BS and Imran, A and Zaheer, A and Yasmin, S and Mubeen, F and Mclean, JE and Mirza, MS},
title = {Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA tag shows disparity in rhizobial and non-rhizobial diversity associated with root nodules of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) growing in different habitats in Pakistan.},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {231},
number = {},
pages = {126356},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2019.126356},
pmid = {31722286},
issn = {1618-0623},
abstract = {In Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, the nodule is the most frequently studied compartment, where the endophytic/symbiotic microbiota demands critical investigation for development of specific inocula. We identified the bacterial diversity within root nodules of mung bean from different growing areas of Pakistan using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. We observed specific OTUs related to specific site where Bradyrhizobium was found to be the dominant genus comprising of 82-94% of total rhizobia in nodules with very minor fraction of sequences from other rhizobia at three sites. In contrast, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) was single dominant genus comprising 99.9% of total rhizobial sequences at site four. Among non-rhizobial sequences, the genus Acinetobacter was abundant (7-18% of total sequences), particularly in Bradyrhizobium-dominated nodule samples. Rhizobia and non-rhizobial PGPR isolated from nodule samples include Ensifer, Bradyrhizobium, Acinetobacter, Microbacterium and Pseudomonas strains. Co-inoculation of multi-trait PGPR Acinetobacter sp. VrB1 with either of the two rhizobia in field exhibited more positive effect on nodulation and plant growth than single-strain inoculation which favors the use of Acinetobacter as an essential component for development of mung bean inoculum. Furthermore, site-specific dominance of rhizobia and non-rhizobia revealed in this study may contribute towards decision making for development and application of specific inocula in different habitats.},
}
@article {pmid31721161,
year = {2019},
author = {Forrester, NJ and Ashman, TL},
title = {Autopolyploidy alters nodule-level interactions in the legume-rhizobium mutualism.},
journal = {American journal of botany},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1375},
pmid = {31721161},
issn = {1537-2197},
support = {1247842//NSF/ ; DEB 1241006//Botanical Society of America/ ; 1452386//Botanical Society of America/ ; },
abstract = {PREMISE: Polyploidy is a major genetic driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in plants, yet its effects on plant interactions with mutualistic microbes remain unresolved. The legume-rhizobium symbiosis regulates global nutrient cycles and plays a role in the diversification of legume species. In this mutualism, rhizobia bacteria fix nitrogen in exchange for carbon provided by legume hosts. This exchange occurs inside root nodules, which house bacterial cells and represent the interface of legume-rhizobium interactions. Although polyploidy may directly impact the legume-rhizobium mutualism, no studies have explored how it alters the internal structure of nodules.<br><br>METHODS: We created synthetic autotetraploids using Medicago sativa subsp. caerulea. Neotetraploid plants and their diploid progenitors were singly inoculated with two strains of rhizobia, Sinorhizobium meliloti and S. medicae. Confocal microscopy was used to quantify internal traits of nodules produced by diploid and neotetraploid plants.<br><br>RESULTS: Autotetraploid plants produced larger nodules with larger nitrogen fixation zones than diploids for both strains of rhizobia, although the significance of these differences was limited by power. Neotetraploid M. sativa subsp. caerulea plants also produced symbiosomes that were significantly larger, nearly twice the size, than those present in diploids.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on how polyploidy directly affects a plant-bacterium mutualism and uncovers novel mechanisms. Changes in plant-microbe interactions that directly result from polyploidy likely contribute to the increased ability of polyploid legumes to establish in diverse environments.},
}
@article {pmid31721158,
year = {2019},
author = {Ford Denison, R},
title = {Evolutionary trade-offs are key to beneficial manipulation of crops by microbes.},
journal = {American journal of botany},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1386},
pmid = {31721158},
issn = {1537-2197},
}
@article {pmid31721121,
year = {2020},
author = {Kreth, J and Abdelrahman, YM and Merritt, J},
title = {Multiplex Imaging of Polymicrobial Communities-Murine Models to Study Oral Microbiome Interactions.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2081},
number = {},
pages = {107-126},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9940-8_8},
pmid = {31721121},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Similar to other mucosal surfaces of the body, the oral cavity hosts a diverse microbial flora that live in polymicrobial biofilm communities. It is the ecology of these communities that are the primary determinants of oral health (symbiosis) or disease (dysbiosis). As such, both symbiosis and dysbiosis are inherently polymicrobial phenomena. In an effort to facilitate studies of polymicrobial communities within rodent models, we developed a suite of synthetic luciferases suitable for multiplexed in situ analyses of microbial ecology and specific gene expression. Using this approach, it is feasible to noninvasively measure multiple luciferase signals in vivo with both spatial and temporal resolution. In the following chapter, we describe the relevant details and protocols used to establish a biophotonic imaging platform for the study of experimental polymicrobial oral biofilms and abscesses in mice. The protocols described here are specifically tailored for use with oral streptococci, but the general strategies are adaptable for a wide range of polymicrobial infection studies using other species.},
}
@article {pmid31720838,
year = {2019},
author = {Rimington, WR and Pressel, S and Duckett, JG and Field, KJ and Bidartondo, MI},
title = {Evolution and networks in ancient and widespread symbioses between Mucoromycotina and liverworts.},
journal = {Mycorrhiza},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00572-019-00918-x},
pmid = {31720838},
issn = {1432-1890},
support = {SSCP DTP//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N009665/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N009665/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N009665/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N00941X/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N00941X/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; NE/N00941X/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; Emeritus Fellowship//Leverhulme Trust/ ; Early Career Fellowship//Leverhulme Trust/ ; RG150276//Royal Society/ ; BB/M026825/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {Like the majority of land plants, liverworts regularly form intimate symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycotina). Recent phylogenetic and physiological studies report that they also form intimate symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi and that some of these, like those involving Glomeromycotina, represent nutritional mutualisms. To compare these symbioses, we carried out a global analysis of Mucoromycotina fungi in liverworts and other plants using species delimitation, ancestral reconstruction, and network analyses. We found that Mucoromycotina are more common and diverse symbionts of liverworts than previously thought, globally distributed, ancestral, and often co-occur with Glomeromycotina within plants. However, our results also suggest that the associations formed by Mucoromycotina fungi are fundamentally different because, unlike Glomeromycotina, they may have evolved multiple times and their symbiotic networks are un-nested (i.e., not forming nested subsets of species). We infer that the global Mucoromycotina symbiosis is evolutionarily and ecologically distinctive.},
}
@article {pmid31719392,
year = {2019},
author = {Kolbasova, GD and Mekhova, ES},
title = {Myzostoma khanhkhoaensis (Myzostomida), a new myzostomid species from the Nhatrang Bay, Vietnam.},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4691},
number = {3},
pages = {zootaxa.4691.3.4},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4691.3.4},
pmid = {31719392},
issn = {1175-5334},
abstract = {A new myzostome species, described here as Myzostoma khanhkhoaensis sp. nov., was collected in Nhatrang Bay, central Vietnam, during investigation of symbionts associated with crinoids. Myzostoma khanhkhoaensis sp. nov. was found only on Clarkcomanthus albinotus Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles Vail, 1986 in dense groups of up to 25 specimens. This species closely matches the colour pattern of the host by adjusting its cryptic colour and infects the distal part of crinoid arms, causing them to become curved. This is the first record of myzostomes that induce deformation of skeletal elements without the formation of galls or cysts. Morphologically M. khanhkhoaensis sp. nov. is close to M. cuniculus and M. pseudocuniculus but clearly differs from both of them by the shape of caudal blade and chaetae. Molecular-genetics analysis based on CO1, 16S and 18S DNA placed M. khanhkhoaensis sp. nov. in a clade including M. cuniculus, M. pseudocuniculus and M. indocuniculus.},
}
@article {pmid31717463,
year = {2019},
author = {Najjar, RS and Feresin, RG},
title = {Plant-Based Diets in the Reduction of Body Fat: Physiological Effects and Biochemical Insights.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {11},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nu11112712},
pmid = {31717463},
issn = {2072-6643},
abstract = {Obesity affects over one-third of Americans and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Interventional trials have consistently demonstrated that consumption of plant-based diets reduces body fat in overweight and obese subjects, even when controlling for energy intake. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been well-defined. This review discusses six major dietary mechanisms that may lead to reduced body fat. These include (1) reduced caloric density, (2) improved gut microbiota symbiosis, (3) increased insulin sensitivity, (4) reduced trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), (5) activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and (6) over-expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Collectively, these factors improve satiety and increase energy expenditure leading to reduced body weight.},
}
@article {pmid31717088,
year = {2019},
author = {Anker, A and DE Grave, S},
title = {Further records of burrow-associated palaemonid shrimps (Decapoda: Palaemonidae).},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4612},
number = {1},
pages = {zootaxa.4612.1.13},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4612.1.13},
pmid = {31717088},
issn = {1175-5334},
abstract = {Despite the ubiquitous nature of symbiosis in palaemonid shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae) which live in or on varied invertebrate hosts, such as echinoderms, sponges, ascidians, hard and soft corals, etc., very few taxa have been recorded living in burrows constructed by other animals. This is in sharp contrast to the rich burrow-dwelling diversity in the Alpheidae, in which numerous genera associate with a great variety of burrowing animals, including stomatopods (Hayashi 2002; Ďuriš Anker 2014), echiurans (Anker et al. 2005, 2015), other alpheid shrimps (e.g. De Grave 2004; Anker Marin 2006), and especially numerous ghost and mud shrimps (e.g. Anker, 2011; Anker Lazarus 2015).},
}
@article {pmid31716922,
year = {2019},
author = {Anker, A and Ashrafi, H},
title = {Salmoneus durisi sp. nov., an infaunal alpheid shrimp probably associated with callianassid ghost shrimps in the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Caridea).},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4651},
number = {1},
pages = {zootaxa.4651.1.4},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.4},
pmid = {31716922},
issn = {1175-5334},
abstract = {A new species of the alpheid shrimp genus Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955, probably an obligate associate of ghost shrimp burrows, is described based on material from Oman (type locality: Darsait near Muscat), Iran and the Philippines. Salmoneus durisi sp. nov. is characterised principally by both chelipeds enlarged, robust, with ventral and dorsal margins of chelae carrying long fine setae, and with minor chela fingers armed with a few large teeth on cutting edges. All specimens of Salmoneus durisi sp. nov. were collected either directly from burrows of larger decapod crustaceans with the aid of a suction pump, or by exposing burrows dug under large subtidal rocks. The Iranian specimen was found together with its presumed host, Neocallichirus calmani (Nobili, 1904). Two additional specimens from Indonesia and the Solomon Islands are tentatively assigned to S. cf. durisi sp. nov., awaiting further studies.},
}
@article {pmid31716921,
year = {2019},
author = {Anker, A},
title = {On three symbiotic species of the alpheid shrimp genus Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 from the Indo-West Pacific, including one new to science (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Caridea).},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4651},
number = {1},
pages = {zootaxa.4651.1.3},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.3},
pmid = {31716921},
issn = {1175-5334},
abstract = {Three species of the alpheid shrimp genus Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 associated with burrows of other decapod crustaceans are reported from various Indo-West Pacific localities. Salmoneus venustus sp. nov. is described based on material collected at two distant localities, Nha Trang Bay, southern Vietnam, the type locality of the new species, and the Yiti-Sifah region east of Muscat, northern Oman. Both specimens were collected with the aid of a suction pump applied to burrow entrances or mounds in muddy sand; the holotype was possibly associated with burrows of the callianassid ghost shrimp, Glypturus sp. Salmoneus venustus sp. nov. shares many characteristics with S. latirostris (Coutière, 1897), including the red banding of the pleon, but can be distinguished from S. latirostris and all other species of the genus by a unique combination of morphological characters. The large-sized Salmoneus brucei Komai, 2009 is reported from Sumba, central Indonesia, representing a significant southward extension of the species' previously known distribution range and the first record since its original description. The callianassid ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus cf. rosae (Nobili, 1904) is recorded as a new host of S. brucei. Finally, Salmoneus colinorum De Grave, 2004, associated with burrows of larger snapping shrimps from the Alpheus malabaricus Fabricius, 1798 species complex, is reported for the first time from Madang, Papua New Guinea, representing an eastward extension of the species' previously known distribution range.},
}
@article {pmid31716856,
year = {2019},
author = {Goto, R and Tanaka, M},
title = {Worm-riding clam: description of Montacutona sigalionidcola sp. nov. (Bivalvia: Heterodonta: Galeommatidae) from Japan and its phylogenetic position.},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4652},
number = {3},
pages = {zootaxa.4652.3.4},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4652.3.4},
pmid = {31716856},
issn = {1175-5334},
abstract = {A new galeommatid bivalve, Montacutona sigalionidcola sp. nov., is described from an intertidal flat in the southern end of the Kii Peninsula, Honshu Island, Japan. Unlike other members of the genus, this species is a commensal with the burrowing scale worm Pelogenia zeylanica (Willey) (Annelida: Sigalionidae) that lives in fine sand sediments. Specimens were always found attached to the dorsal surface of the anterior end of the host body. This species has a ligament lithodesma between diverging hinge teeth, which is characteristic of Montacutona Yamamoto Habe. However, it is morphologically distinguished from the other members of this genus in having elongate-oval shells with small gape at the posteroventral margin and lacking an outer demibranch. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the four-gene combined dataset (18S + 28S + H3 + COI) indicated that this species is monophyletic with Montacutona, Nipponomontacuta Yamamoto Habe and Koreamya Lützen, Hong Yamashita, which are commensals with sea anemones or Lingula brachiopods. This result suggests that host shifting across different phyla occurred at least twice in this clade.},
}
@article {pmid31214820,
year = {2019},
author = {Konecka, E and Olszanowski, Z},
title = {First Evidence of Intracellular Bacteria Cardinium in Thermophilic Mite Microzetorchestes emeryi (Acari: Oribatida): Molecular Screening of Bacterial Endosymbiont Species.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {76},
number = {9},
pages = {1038-1044},
doi = {10.1007/s00284-019-01717-5},
pmid = {31214820},
issn = {1432-0991},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Mites/*microbiology/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Poland ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {We undertook the issue of the distribution of intracellular bacteria among Oribatida (Acari). Six genera of bacteria were detected by PCR and Sanger DNA sequencing: Wolbachia, Cardinium, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, Arsenophonus, and Hamiltonella. Our research, for the first time, revealed the presence of Cardinium in Microzetorchestes emeryi in two subpopulations separated from each other by 300 m. The percentages of infected animals were the same in both subpopulations-ca. 20%. The identity of 16S rDNA sequences of Cardinium between these two subpopulations of M. emeryi was 97%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Cardinium in M. emeryi was clustered into the group A. The occurrence of M. emeryi in Poland has not been reported before and our report is the first one. Cardinium maybe help the thermophilic M. emeryi to adapt to low temperatures in the Central Europe.},
}
@article {pmid31128651,
year = {2019},
author = {Horváthová, T and Babik, W and Kozłowski, J and Bauchinger, U},
title = {Vanishing benefits - The loss of actinobacterial symbionts at elevated temperatures.},
journal = {Journal of thermal biology},
volume = {82},
number = {},
pages = {222-228},
doi = {10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.04.015},
pmid = {31128651},
issn = {0306-4565},
mesh = {Actinobacteria/genetics/*physiology ; Animals ; Hot Temperature ; Isopoda/*microbiology/physiology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Symbiosis ; Temperature ; },
abstract = {Only a few insect species are known to engage in symbiotic associations with antibiotic-producing Actinobacteria and profit from this kind of protection against pathogens. However, it still remains elusive how widespread the symbiotic interactions with Actinobacteria in other organisms are and how these partnerships benefit the hosts in terms of the growth and survival. We characterized a drastic temperature-induced change in the occurrence of Actinobacteria in the gut of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber reared under two different temperature (15 °C and 22 °C) and oxygen conditions (10% and 22% O2) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We show that the relative abundance of actinobacterial gut symbionts correlates with increased host growth at lower temperature. Actinobacterial symbionts were almost completely absent at 22 °C under both high and low oxygen conditions. In addition, we identified members of nearly half of the known actinobacterial families in the isopod microbiome, and most of these include members that are known to produce antibiotics. Our study suggests that hosting diverse actinobacterial symbionts may provide conditions favorable for host growth. These findings show how a temperature-driven decline in microbiome diversity may cause a loss of beneficial functions with negative effects on ectotherms.},
}
@article {pmid30228312,
year = {2018},
author = {Vaughan, DB and Grutter, AS and Hutson, KS},
title = {Cleaner shrimp are a sustainable option to treat parasitic disease in farmed fish.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {13959},
pmid = {30228312},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Control Agents ; Crustacea/*physiology ; Fish Diseases/*prevention &amp; control ; Fisheries/*standards ; Fishes/*parasitology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/parasitology/*prevention &amp; control ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Chemical use is widespread in aquaculture to treat parasitic diseases in farmed fish. Cleaner fish biocontrols are increasingly used in fish farming as an alternative to medicines. However, cleaner fish are susceptible to some of their clients' parasites and their supply is largely dependent on wild harvest. In comparison, cleaner shrimp are not susceptible to fish ectoparasites and they can be reliably bred in captivity. The effectiveness of shrimp in reducing parasites on farmed fish remained unexplored until now. We tested four cleaner shrimp species for their ability to reduce three harmful parasites (a monogenean fluke, a ciliate protozoan, and a leech) on a farmed grouper. All shrimp reduced parasites on fish and most reduced the free-living early-life environmental stages - a function not provided by cleaner fish. Cleaner shrimp are sustainable biocontrol candidates against parasites of farmed fish, with the peppermint cleaner shrimp reducing parasites by up to 98%.},
}
@article {pmid31712572,
year = {2019},
author = {Stieb, SM and de Busserolles, F and Carleton, KL and Cortesi, F and Chung, WS and Dalton, BE and Hammond, LA and Marshall, NJ},
title = {A detailed investigation of the visual system and visual ecology of the Barrier Reef anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {16459},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-52297-0},
pmid = {31712572},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Vision plays a major role in the life of most teleosts, and is assumingly well adapted to each species ecology and behaviour. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we scrutinised several aspects of the visual system and ecology of the Great Barrier Reef anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos, including its orange with white patterning, retinal anatomy and molecular biology, its symbiosis with anemones and sequential hermaphroditism. Amphiprion akindynos possesses spectrally distinct visual pigments and opsins: one rod opsin, RH1 (498 nm), and five cone opsins, SWS1 (370 nm), SWS2B (408 nm), RH2B (498 nm), RH2A (520 nm), and LWS (554 nm). Cones were arranged in a regular mosaic with each single cone surrounded by four double cones. Double cones mainly expressed RH2B (53%) in one member and RH2A (46%) in the other, matching the prevailing light. Single cones expressed SWS1 (89%), which may serve to detect zooplankton, conspecifics and the host anemone. Moreover, a segregated small fraction of single cones coexpressed SWS1 with SWS2B (11%). This novel visual specialisation falls within the region of highest acuity and is suggested to increase the chromatic contrast of Amphiprion akindynos colour patterns, which might improve detection of conspecifics.},
}
@article {pmid31712407,
year = {2019},
author = {Mergaert, P and Kereszt, A and Kondorosi, E},
title = {Gene Expression in Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Nodule Cells in Medicago truncatula and Other Nodulating Plants.},
journal = {The Plant cell},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1105/tpc.19.00494},
pmid = {31712407},
issn = {1532-298X},
abstract = {Root nodules formed by plants of the nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC) are symbiotic organs whose function is the maintenance and metabolic integration of large populations of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These organs feature unique characteristics and processes, including their tissue organization, the presence of specific infection structures called infection threads, endocytotic uptake of bacteria, symbiotic cells that carry thousands of intracellular bacteria without signs of immune response, and the integration of symbiont and host metabolism. The early stages of the nodulation process are governed by a small set of well-defined functions, which together constitute the common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP). The CSSP activates a set of transcription factors (TFs) that orchestrate nodule organogenesis and infection. The later stages of nodule development require the activation of hundreds to thousands of genes, mostly expressed in the symbiotic cells. Many of these symbiotic cell-expressed genes are only active in these cells, reflecting the uniqueness of nodules as plant structures. While it is at present poorly understood how the nodule-specific transcriptome is activated and connected to early CSSP-signaling, candidate TFs have been identified by transcriptome approaches and the importance of epigenetic and chromatin-based regulation has been demonstrated. We further discuss how gene regulation analyses have advanced our understanding of nodule organogenesis and functioning of the symbiotic cells as well as the evolution of symbiosis in the NFC.},
}
@article {pmid31711773,
year = {2019},
author = {Burlaka, AP and Ganusevich, II and Vovk, AV and Burlaka, AA and Gafurov, MR and Lukin, SN},
title = {Redox state of adipose tissue for patients with gastric cancer and its connection with the body mass index and distance from the tumor.},
journal = {Obesity research &amp; clinical practice},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.orcp.2019.10.003},
pmid = {31711773},
issn = {1871-403X},
abstract = {Excess body weight has been causally linked to an increased risk of different cancer types, including gastric cancer but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. Superoxide generation rate, activity of complex I in electron transport chain of mitochondria, activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and 9) of adipose tissues (AT) of patients with gastric cancer in AT located adjacent to tumor (ATAT) and at a distance of 3 cm (ATD) are measured to follow the connection of the redox state with some of the microenvironment indicators (HIF-1α, CD68, Plin5), body mass index (BMI) and cancer metastasis. Superoxide generation rate in ATAT positively correlates with BMI (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) being 4 times higher than in control (p < 0.05). MMP-2, 9 activities in ATAT positively correlate with BMI (r = 0.67, p < 0.05) being 3.3-4.0 higher than in control (p < 0.05). In ATD a statistically significant increase of MMP-2 activity is found. In ATAT for the group of patients with distant metastasis (M1) the superoxide generation rate, MMP-2, 9 activities are about 2 times higher (p < 0.05) than in the subgroup without distant metastases (M0). M1 is also characterized by the increased values of HIF-1α+ (factor 1.25), CD68+ (factor 1.4) and Plin5+ (factor 2.1) compared to M0 category in tumor tissues (p < 0.05). The results can be used for better understanding the mechanism(s) of symbiosis of tumor and adipose tissues as well as serve as a basis for new therapeutic approaches.},
}
@article {pmid30680589,
year = {2019},
author = {Gohain, A and Sarma, RK and Debnath, R and Saikia, J and Singh, BP and Sarmah, R and Saikia, R},
title = {Phylogenetic affiliation and antimicrobial effects of endophytic actinobacteria associated with medicinal plants: prevalence of polyketide synthase type II in antimicrobial strains.},
journal = {Folia microbiologica},
volume = {64},
number = {4},
pages = {481-496},
doi = {10.1007/s12223-018-00673-0},
pmid = {30680589},
issn = {1874-9356},
support = {BT/209/NE/TBP/2011 dated 30/05/2012//Department of Biotechnology , Ministry of Science and Technology/ ; },
mesh = {Actinobacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; *Antibiosis ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Endophytes/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Fungi/physiology ; India ; *Phylogeny ; Plants, Medicinal/*microbiology ; Polyketide Synthases/*genetics/metabolism ; Seasons ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The most diverse and versatile endophytic actinobacteria are relatively unexplored potential sources of bioactive metabolites useful for different medical, agricultural, and other commercial applications. Their diversity in symbiotic association with traditionally utilized medicinal plants of northeast India is scantly available. The present investigation assessed the genetic diversity of endophytic actinobacteria (n = 120) distributed around the root, stem, and leaf tissues of six selected medicinal plants (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, T. arjuna, Murraya koenigii, Rauwolfia serpentina, and Azadirachta indica) from three different protected areas of evergreen forest-the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary (GWS), the Kaziranga National Park (KNP), and the North East Ecological Park (NEEP) of Assam, India. The samples were collected in two seasons (summer and winter). The overall phylogenetic analysis showed significant genetic diversity with 18 distinct genera belonging to 12 families. Overall, the occurrence of Streptomyces genus was predominant across all three sampling sites (76.66%), in both the sampling season (summer and winter). Shannon's and Simpson's diversity estimates showed their presence at A. indica (1.496, 0.778), R. serpentina (1.470, 0.858), and E. officinalis (0.975, 0.353). Among the site sampled, GWS had the most diverse community of actinobacteria (Shannon = 0.86 and Simpson = 0.557). The isolates were antagonistically more active against the investigated plant pathogenic bacteria than fungal pathogens. Further analysis revealed the prevalence of polyketide synthase genes (PKS) type II (84%) and PKS type I (16%) in the genome of the antimicrobial isolates. The overall findings confirmed the presence of biosynthetically active diverse actinobacterial members in the selected medicinal plants which offer potential opportunities towards the exploration of biologically active compounds.},
}
@article {pmid30427082,
year = {2019},
author = {Clare, EL and Fazekas, AJ and Ivanova, NV and Floyd, RM and Hebert, PDN and Adams, AM and Nagel, J and Girton, R and Newmaster, SG and Fenton, MB},
title = {Approaches to integrating genetic data into ecological networks.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {503-519},
doi = {10.1111/mec.14941},
pmid = {30427082},
issn = {1365-294X},
mesh = {Animals ; Costa Rica ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; *Ecology ; Food Chain ; Insecta/*genetics/physiology ; Plants/*genetics ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {As molecular tools for assessing trophic interactions become common, research is increasingly focused on the construction of interaction networks. Here, we demonstrate three key methods for incorporating DNA data into network ecology and discuss analytical considerations using a model consisting of plants, insects, bats and their parasites from the Costa Rica dry forest. The simplest method involves the use of Sanger sequencing to acquire long sequences to validate or refine field identifications, for example of bats and their parasites, where one specimen yields one sequence and one identification. This method can be fully quantified and resolved and these data resemble traditional ecological networks. For more complex taxonomic identifications, we target multiple DNA loci, for example from a seed or fruit pulp sample in faeces. These networks are also well resolved but gene targets vary in resolution and quantification is difficult. Finally, for mixed templates such as faecal contents of insectivorous bats, we use DNA metabarcoding targeting two sequence lengths (157 and 407 bp) of one gene region and a MOTU, BLAST and BIN association approach to resolve nodes. This network type is complex to generate and analyse, and we discuss the implications of this type of resolution on network analysis. Using these data, we construct the first molecular-based network of networks containing 3,304 interactions between 762 nodes of eight trophic functions and involving parasitic, mutualistic and predatory interactions. We provide a comparison of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these data types in network ecology.},
}
@article {pmid30151871,
year = {2019},
author = {González-Varo, JP and Arroyo, JM and Jordano, P},
title = {The timing of frugivore-mediated seed dispersal effectiveness.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {219-231},
doi = {10.1111/mec.14850},
pmid = {30151871},
issn = {1365-294X},
support = {CGL2017-82847-P//Spanish MINECO/International ; RNM-5731//Junta de Andalucía Excellence Projects/International ; SEV-2012-0262//Severo Ochoa Award for Centres of Excellence in R+D+I/International ; H2020-MSCA-IF-2014-656572//Individual Fellowship from the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Birds/classification/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Forests ; Herbivory/physiology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Seed Dispersal/*physiology ; Seeds/growth &amp; development ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The seed dispersal effectiveness framework allows assessing mutualistic services from frugivorous animals in terms of quantity and quality. Quantity accounts for the number of seeds dispersed and quality for the probability of recruitment of dispersed seeds. Research on this topic has largely focused on the spatial patterns of seed deposition because seed fates often vary between microhabitats due to differences in biotic and abiotic factors. However, the temporal dimension has remained completely overlooked despite these factors-and even local disperser assemblages-can change dramatically during long fruiting periods. Here, we test timing effects on seed dispersal effectiveness, using as study case a keystone shrub species dispersed by frugivorous birds and with a fruiting period of 9 months. We evaluated quantity and quality in different microhabitats of a Mediterranean forest and different periods of the fruiting phenophase. We identified the bird species responsible for seed deposition through DNA barcoding and evaluated the probability of seedling recruitment through a series of field experiments on sequential demographic processes. We found that timing matters: The disperser assemblage was temporally structured, seed viability decreased markedly during the plant's fruiting phenophase, and germination was lower for viable seeds dispersed in the fruiting peak. We show how small contributions to seed deposition by transient migratory species can result in a relevant effectiveness if they disperse seeds in a high-quality period for seedling recruitment. This study expands our understanding of seed dispersal effectiveness, highlighting the importance of timing and infrequent interactions for population and community dynamics.},
}
@article {pmid29726053,
year = {2019},
author = {Doña, J and Proctor, H and Serrano, D and Johnson, KP and Oploo, AO and Huguet-Tapia, JC and Ascunce, MS and Jovani, R},
title = {Feather mites play a role in cleaning host feathers: New insights from DNA metabarcoding and microscopy.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {203-218},
doi = {10.1111/mec.14581},
pmid = {29726053},
issn = {1365-294X},
support = {RYC-2009-03967//Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/International ; CGL2011-24466//Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/International ; CGL2015-69650-P//Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/International ; SVP-2013-067939//Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/International ; //Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)/International ; SEV-2012-0262//Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence in R+D+I/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bird Diseases/*genetics/microbiology/parasitology ; Birds/genetics/parasitology ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Feathers/microbiology/*parasitology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; Microscopy ; Mites/*genetics/microbiology/pathogenicity ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {Parasites and other symbionts are crucial components of ecosystems, regulating host populations and supporting food webs. However, most symbiont systems, especially those involving commensals and mutualists, are relatively poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the nature of the symbiotic relationship between birds and their most abundant and diverse ectosymbionts: the vane-dwelling feather mites. For this purpose, we studied the diet of feather mites using two complementary methods. First, we used light microscopy to examine the gut contents of 1,300 individual feather mites representing 100 mite genera (18 families) from 190 bird species belonging to 72 families and 19 orders. Second, we used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and DNA metabarcoding to determine gut contents from 1,833 individual mites of 18 species inhabiting 18 bird species. Results showed fungi and potentially bacteria as the main food resources for feather mites (apart from potential bird uropygial gland oil). Diatoms and plant matter appeared as rare food resources for feather mites. Importantly, we did not find any evidence of feather mites feeding upon bird resources (e.g., blood, skin) other than potentially uropygial gland oil. In addition, we found a high prevalence of both keratinophilic and pathogenic fungal taxa in the feather mite species examined. Altogether, our results shed light on the long-standing question of the nature of the relationship between birds and their vane-dwelling feather mites, supporting previous evidence for a commensalistic-mutualistic role of feather mites, which are revealed as likely fungivore-microbivore-detritivore symbionts of bird feathers.},
}
@article {pmid31710651,
year = {2019},
author = {Konečný, J and Hršelová, H and Bukovská, P and Hujslová, M and Jansa, J},
title = {Correlative evidence for co-regulation of phosphorus and carbon exchanges with symbiotic fungus in the arbuscular mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {e0224938},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0224938},
pmid = {31710651},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Research efforts directed to elucidation of mechanisms behind trading of resources between the partners in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis have seen a considerable progress in the recent years. Yet, despite of the recent developments, some key questions still remain unanswered. For example, it is well established that the strictly biotrophic AM fungus releases phosphorus to- and receives carbon molecules from the plant symbiont, but the particular genes, and their products, responsible for facilitating this exchange, are still not fully described, nor are the principles and pathways of their regulation. Here, we made a de novo quest for genes involved in carbon transfer from the plant to the fungus using genome-wide gene expression array targeting whole root and whole shoot gene expression profiles of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula plants grown in a glasshouse. Using physiological intervention of heavy shading (90% incoming light removed) and the correlation of expression levels of MtPT4, the mycorrhiza-inducible phosphate transporter operating at the symbiotic interface between the root cortical cells and the AM fungus, and our candidate genes, we demonstrate that several novel genes may be involved in resource tradings in the AM symbiosis established by M. truncatula. These include glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, polyol/monosaccharide transporter, DUR3-like, nucleotide-diphospho-sugar transferase or a putative membrane transporter. Besides, we also examined the expression of other M. truncatula phosphate transporters (MtPT1-3, MtPT5-6) to gain further insights in the balance between the &quot;direct&quot; and the &quot;mycorrhizal&quot; phosphate uptake pathways upon colonization of roots by the AM fungus, as affected by short-term carbon/energy deprivation. In addition, the role of the novel candidate genes in plant cell metabolism is discussed based on available literature.},
}
@article {pmid31709760,
year = {2019},
author = {Collens, A and Kelley, E and Katz, LA},
title = {The concept of the hologenome, an epigenetic phenomenon, challenges aspects of the modern evolutionary synthesis.},
journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jez.b.22915},
pmid = {31709760},
issn = {1552-5015},
support = {1541511//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; 1651908//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; R15HG010409/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R15HG010409/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {John Tyler Bonner's call to re-evaluate evolutionary theory in light of major transitions in life on Earth (e.g., from the first origins of microbial life to the evolution of sex, and the origins of multicellularity) resonate with recent discoveries on epigenetics and the concept of the hologenome. Current studies of genome evolution often mistakenly focus only on the inheritance of DNA between parent and offspring. These are in line with the widely accepted Neo-Darwinian framework that pairs Mendelian genetics with an emphasis on natural selection as explanations for the evolution of biodiversity on Earth. Increasing evidence for widespread symbioses complicates this narrative, as is seen in Scott Gilbert's discussion of the concept of the holobiont in this series: Organisms across the tree of life coexist with substantial influence on one another through endosymbiosis, symbioses, and host-associated microbiomes. The holobiont theory, coupled with observations from molecular studies, also requires us to understand genomes in a new way-by considering the interactions underlain by the genome of a host plus its associated microbes, a conglomerate entity referred to as the hologenome. We argue that the complex patterns of inheritance of these genomes coupled with the influence of symbionts on host gene expression make the concept of the hologenome an epigenetic phenomenon. We further argue that the aspects of the hologenome challenge of the modern evolutionary synthesis, which requires updating to remain consistent with Darwin's intent of providing natural laws that underlie the evolution of life on Earth.},
}
@article {pmid31612608,
year = {2019},
author = {Seto, M and Iwasa, Y},
title = {The fitness of chemotrophs increases when their catabolic by-products are consumed by other species.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {22},
number = {12},
pages = {1994-2005},
doi = {10.1111/ele.13397},
pmid = {31612608},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {19K06853//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)/ ; },
mesh = {Biomass ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Chemotrophic microorganisms synthesise biomass by utilising energy obtained from a set of chemical reactions that convert resources to by-products, forming catabolic interactions. The amount of energy obtained per catabolic reaction decreases with the abundance of the by-product named as the 'abundant resource premium'. Consider two species, Species 1 and 2, Species 1 obtains energy from a reaction that converts resource A to by-product B. Species 2 then utilises B as its resource, extracting energy from a reaction that converts B to C. Thus, the presence of Species 2 reduces the abundance of B, which improves the fitness of Species 1 by increasing the energy acquisition per reaction of A to B. We discuss the population dynamic implication of this effect and its importance in expanding a realised niche, boosting material flow through the ecosystem and providing mutualistic interactions among species linked by the material flow. Introducing thermodynamics into population ecology could offer us fundamental ecological insights into understanding the ecology of chemotrophic microorganisms dominating the subsurface realm.},
}
@article {pmid31429819,
year = {2019},
author = {Klepa, MS and Urquiaga, MCO and Somasegaran, P and Delamuta, JRM and Ribeiro, RA and Hungria, M},
title = {Bradyrhizobium niftali sp. nov., an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiont of partridge pea [Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene], a native caesalpinioid legume broadly distributed in the USA.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {69},
number = {11},
pages = {3448-3459},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003640},
pmid = {31429819},
issn = {1466-5034},
mesh = {Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Base Composition ; Bradyrhizobium/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Chamaecrista/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Genes, Bacterial ; Missouri ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Nitrogen ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Information about the symbionts of legumes of the Caesalpinioideae subfamily is still limited, and we performed a polyphasic approach with three Bradyrhizobium strains-CNPSo 3448T, CNPSo 3394 and CNPSo 3442-isolated from Chamaecrista fasciculata, a native legume broadly distributed in the USA. In the phylogenetic analysis of both the 16S rRNA gene and the intergenic transcribed spacer, the CNPSo strains were clustered within the Bradyrhizobium japonicumsuperclade. Multilocus sequence analysis with six housekeeping genes-glnII, gyrB, recA, rpoB, atpD and dnaK-indicated that Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens is the closest species, with 83 % of nucleotide identity. In the genome analyses of CNPSo 3448T, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization results confirmed higher similarity with B. diazoefficiens, with values estimated of 93.35 and 51.50 %, respectively, both below the threshold of the same species, confirming that the CNPSo strains represent a new lineage. BOX-PCR profiles indicated high intraspecific genetic diversity between the CNPSo strains. In the analyses of the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH the CNPSo strains were clustered with Bradyrhizobium arachidis, Bradyrhizobium forestalis, Bradyrhizobium cajani, Bradyrhizobium kavangense and Bradyrhizobium vignae, indicating a different phylogenetic history compared to the conserved core genes. Other physiological (C utilization, tolerance to antibiotics and abiotic stresses), chemical (fatty acid profile) and symbiotic (nodulation host range) properties were evaluated and are described. The data from our study support the description of the CNPSo strains as the novel species Bradyrhizobiumniftali sp. nov., with CNPSo 3448T (=USDA 10051T=U687T=CL 40T) designated as the type strain.},
}
@article {pmid31707657,
year = {2020},
author = {Kowallis, KA and Duvall, SW and Zhao, W and Childers, WS},
title = {Manipulation of Bacterial Signaling Using Engineered Histidine Kinases.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2077},
number = {},
pages = {141-163},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9884-5_10},
pmid = {31707657},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Two-component systems allow bacteria to respond to changes in environmental or cytosolic conditions through autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase (HK) and subsequent transfer of the phosphate group to its downstream cognate response regulator (RR). The RR then elicits a cellular response, commonly through regulation of transcription. Engineering two-component system signaling networks provides a strategy to study bacterial signaling mechanisms related to bacterial cell survival, symbiosis, and virulence, and to develop sensory devices in synthetic biology. Here we focus on the principles for engineering the HK to identify unknown signal inputs, test signal transmission mechanisms, design small molecule sensors, and rewire two-component signaling networks.},
}
@article {pmid31707439,
year = {2019},
author = {Pawlowski, ML and Vuong, TD and Valliyodan, B and Nguyen, HT and Hartman, GL},
title = {Whole-genome resequencing identifies quantitative trait loci associated with mycorrhizal colonization of soybean.},
journal = {TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00122-019-03471-5},
pmid = {31707439},
issn = {1432-2242},
abstract = {KEY MESSAGE: A whole-genome resequencing-derived SNP dataset identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with colonization of soybean by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices). Candidate genes identified in these QTL regions include homologs to known nodulin protein families and other symbiosis-specific genes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form associations with over 80% of all terrestrial plant species and assist their host plants by increasing their nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and resilience against pathogens and pests. Genotypic variation of crop plants to AMF colonization has been identified in crops, including soybean; however, the genetics controlling levels of AMF colonization in soybean are unknown. The overall goal of our study was to identify genomic regions associated with mycorrhizal colonization in soybean using genome-wide association analysis. A diverse panel of 350 exotic soybean genotypes inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices were microscopically evaluated for root colonization using a modified gridline intersect method. Root colonization differed significantly (P < 0.001) among genotypes and ranged from 11 to 70%. A whole-genome resequencing-derived SNP dataset identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with R. intraradices colonization that explained 24% of the phenotypic variance. Candidate genes identified in these QTL regions include homologs to known nodulin protein families and other symbiosis-specific genes. The results showed there was a significant genetic component to the level of colonization by R. intraradices in soybean. This information may be useful in the development of AMF-sensitive soybean cultivars to enhance nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and disease resistance in the crop.},
}
@article {pmid31706032,
year = {2019},
author = {He, J and Zhang, C and Dai, H and Liu, H and Zhang, X and Yang, J and Chen, X and Zhu, Y and Wang, D and Qi, X and Li, W and Wang, Z and An, G and Yu, N and He, Z and Wang, YF and Xiao, Y and Zhang, P and Wang, E},
title = {A LysM Receptor Heteromer Mediates Perception of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiotic Signal in Rice.},
journal = {Molecular plant},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.molp.2019.10.015},
pmid = {31706032},
issn = {1752-9867},
abstract = {Symbiotic microorganisms improve nutrient uptake by plants. To initiate mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plants perceive Myc factors, including lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short-chain chitooligosaccharides (CO4/CO5), secreted by AM fungi. However, the molecular mechanism of Myc factors perception remains elusive. Here, we identified a heteromer of LysM receptor-like kinases, OsMYR1/OsLYK2 and OsCERK1, that mediates perception of AM fungi in rice. CO4 directly binds to OsMYR1, promoting the dimerization and phosphorylation of this receptor complex. Compared to control plants, Osmyr1 and Oscerk1 mutant rice plants are less sensitive to Myc factors and show decreased AM colonization. We engineered transgenic rice by expressing chimeric receptors that respectively replaced the ectodomains of OsMYR1 and OsCERK1 with those from the homologous Nod factor receptors MtNFP and MtLYK3 of Medicago truncatula. Transgenic plants displayed increased calcium oscillations in response to Nod factors compared to control rice. Our findings reveal a mechanism for mycorrhizal symbiotic signal perception in rice, and the ectopic expression of chimeric Nod/Myc receptors achieves a potentially important step towards generating cereals that host nitrogen-fixing bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31705339,
year = {2019},
author = {Sgibnev, A and Kremleva, E},
title = {Probiotics in addition to metronidazole for treatment Trichomonas vaginalis in the presence of BV: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.},
journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology &amp; infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10096-019-03731-8},
pmid = {31705339},
issn = {1435-4373},
abstract = {The purpose was to evaluate whether probiotics can increase the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. Ninety women with Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) in the presence BV were included in the study of regimens for therapy combination with metronidazole and vaginal probiotics. For 7 days, the probiotics group patients received metronidazole at 500 mg twice a day and 1 capsule of probiotic Gynophilus® vaginally twice a day; the placebo group patients in addition to metronidazole received a placebo instead of a probiotic. For the next 7 days, patients in both groups in order restore normal microflora were given the probiotics vaginally. Before the treatment, on the 4th, 8th, and 15th day of therapy complaints, pH and redox potential of the vaginal fluid were recorded, TV detection culturally, microflora of the vagina with the qPCR-RT and microscopically. Adding probiotics to traditional therapy of TV in the presence of BV increased the likelihood of cure from TV (88.6 and 42.9% in the probiotic and placebo groups, respectively) and from BV (63.6 and 11.9%, respectively). We have found that the addition of probiotics to antimicrobial therapy causes the decrease in the inflammatory response and significant changes in the vagina's physicochemical parameters (decreased of the pH values, increased of the redox potential) already on the fourth day of the therapy. The changes in the metronidazole's antimicrobial action implementation when a probiotic is added are the reason of increasing the TV therapy's effectiveness in the BV presence.},
}
@article {pmid31703423,
year = {2019},
author = {Nakakuni, M and Yamasaki, Y and Yoshitake, N and Takehara, K and Yamamoto, S},
title = {Methyl Ether-Derivatized Sterols and Coprostanol Produced via Thermochemolysis Using Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (TMAH).},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {24},
number = {22},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules24224040},
pmid = {31703423},
issn = {1420-3049},
support = {The Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant//Japan Science Society/ ; },
abstract = {Sterols are widely distributed in nature from lipids in organisms to sediments. As a conventional method, extraction and derivatization with TMS have been applied for sterol analysis, requiring a long preparation time for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, for sterol analysis, thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was applied. This method performs hydrolysis and methylation simultaneously; thus, free and ether-bonding sterols can be analyzed as sterol methyl ethers in a relatively short time period. A sediment sample from a tideland (the Yatsu tideland, Japan) was analyzed using the TMAH method, and we detected more than 10 sterols, which include cholest-5-en-3β-ol (cholesterol), 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (sitosterol), 24-methylcholesta-5,22E-3β-ol (brassicasterol), 24-ethylcholesta-5,24(28)Z-dien-3β-ol (isofucosterol), 4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α(H)-cholest-22E-en-3β- ol (dinosterol), and 5β(H)-cholestan-3β-ol (coprostanol). The detection of the various sterols can be attributed to multiple natural and artificial sources around the Yatsu tideland. In this paper, the mass spectra of these sterols are provided together with an interpretation of their fragmentation patterns. Additionally, the fecal pollution in the Yatsu tideland is discussed in the context of the detection of coprostanol.},
}
@article {pmid31701295,
year = {2019},
author = {Margarita, V and Marongiu, A and Diaz, N and Dessì, D and Fiori, PL and Rappelli, P},
title = {Prevalence of double-stranded RNA virus in Trichomonas vaginalis isolated in Italy and association with the symbiont Mycoplasma hominis.},
journal = {Parasitology research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00436-019-06469-6},
pmid = {31701295},
issn = {1432-1955},
abstract = {The flagellated protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis, responsible for trichomoniasis, can establish a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Mycoplasma hominis and can harbor double-stranded RNA Trichomonasvirus (TVV). In this study, we investigated by real-time PCR the prevalence of the four TVVs and of M. hominis among 48 T. vaginalis strains isolated in Italy, and we evaluated a possible association with metronidazole resistance. Fifty percent of the analyzed trichomonad strains tested positive for at least one TVV T. vaginalis, with TVV2 being the most prevalent, followed by TVV1 and TVV3. Two T. vaginalis strains were infected by TVV4, detected in Europe for the first time. Interestingly, we found more than one TVV species in 75% of positive trichomonad strains. M. hominis was present in 81.25% of T. vaginalis isolates tested, and no statistically significant association was observed with the infection by any TVV. Metronidazole sensitivity of T. vaginalis isolates was evaluated in vitro, and no correlation was observed between minimal lethal concentration and the presence of TVVs. This is the first report on TVV infection of T. vaginalis in Italy. Even if no association of TVV positive isolates with the presence of the symbiont M. hominis or with metronidazole resistance was observed, further studies are needed to shed light on the effective role of infecting microorganisms on the pathophysiology of T. vaginalis.},
}
@article {pmid31700961,
year = {2019},
author = {Lanci, L and Zanella, E and Jovane, L and Galeotti, S and Alonso-García, M and Alvarez-Zarikian, CA and Bejugam, NN and Betzler, C and Bialik, OM and Blättler, CL and Eberli, GP and Guo, JA and Haffen, S and Horozal, S and Inoue, M and Kroon, D and Laya, JC and Hui Mee, AL and Lüdmann, T and Nakakuni, M and Niino, K and Petruny, LM and Pratiwi, SD and Reijmer, JJG and Reolid, J and Slagle, AL and Sloss, CR and Su, X and Swart, PK and Wright, JD and Yao, Z and Young, JR},
title = {Dataset of characteristic remanent magnetization and magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform).},
journal = {Data in brief},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {104666},
doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2019.104666},
pmid = {31700961},
issn = {2352-3409},
abstract = {This data article describes data of magnetic stratigraphy and anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization (AIRM) from &quot;Magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform) reveal changes in the monsoon system&quot; [1]. Acquisition of isothermal magnetization on pilot samples and anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization are reported as raw data; magnetostratigraphic data are reported as characteristic magnetization (ChRM).},
}
@article {pmid31700111,
year = {2019},
author = {Cui, L and Guo, F and Zhang, J and Yang, S and Meng, J and Geng, Y and Li, X and Wan, S},
title = {Synergy of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and exogenous Ca2+ benefits peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth through the shared hormone and flavonoid pathway.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {16281},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-52630-7},
pmid = {31700111},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {31601261//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 2016M592236//China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Peanut yield is severely affected by exchangeable calcium ion (Ca2+) deficiency in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis increases the absorption of Ca2+ for host plants. Here, we analyzed the physiological and transcriptional changes in the roots of Arachis hypogaea L. colonized by Funneliformis mosseae under Ca2+-deficient and -sufficient conditions. The results showed that exogenous Ca2+ application increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, plant dry weight, and Ca content of AM plants. Simultaneously, transcriptome analysis showed that Ca2+ application further induced 74.5% of differentially expressed gene transcripts in roots of AM peanut seedlings. These genes are involved in AM symbiosis development, hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, and carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. The transcripts of AM-specific marker genes in AM plants with Ca2+ deprivation were further up-regulated by Ca2+ application. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and flavonoid contents were higher in roots of AM- and Ca2+-treated plants, but salicylic acid (SA) and carotenoid contents specifically increased in roots of the AM plants. Thus, these results suggest that the synergy of AM symbiosis and Ca2+ improves plant growth due to the shared GA- and flavonoid-mediated pathway, whereas SA and carotenoid biosynthesis in peanut roots are specific to AM symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31699041,
year = {2019},
author = {Yuen, B and Polzin, J and Petersen, JM},
title = {Organ transcriptomes of the lucinid clam Loripes orbiculatus (Poli, 1791) provide insights into their specialised roles in the biology of a chemosymbiotic bivalve.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {820},
doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-6177-0},
pmid = {31699041},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {VRG14-021//Vienna Science and Technology Fund/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The lucinid clam Loripes orbiculatus lives in a nutritional symbiosis with sulphur-oxidizing bacteria housed in its gills. Although our understanding of the lucinid endosymbiont physiology and metabolism has made significant progress, relatively little is known about how the host regulates the symbiosis at the genetic and molecular levels. We generated transcriptomes from four L. orbiculatus organs (gills, foot, visceral mass, and mantle) for differential expression analyses, to better understand this clam's physiological adaptations to a chemosymbiotic lifestyle, and how it regulates nutritional and immune interactions with its symbionts.<br><br>RESULTS: The transcriptome profile of the symbiont-housing gill suggests the regulation of apoptosis and innate immunity are important processes in this organ. We also identified many transcripts encoding ion transporters from the solute carrier family that possibly allow metabolite exchange between host and symbiont. Despite the clam holobiont's clear reliance on chemosynthesis, the clam's visceral mass, which contains the digestive tract, is characterised by enzymes involved in digestion, carbohydrate recognition and metabolism, suggesting that L. orbiculatus has a mixotrophic diet. The foot transcriptome is dominated by the biosynthesis of glycoproteins for the construction of mucus tubes, and receptors that mediate the detection of chemical cues in the environment.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The transcriptome profiles of gills, mantle, foot and visceral mass provide insights into the molecular basis underlying the functional specialisation of bivalve organs adapted to a chemosymbiotic lifestyle.},
}
@article {pmid31150382,
year = {2019},
author = {Boza, G and Worsley, SF and Yu, DW and Scheuring, I},
title = {Efficient assembly and long-term stability of defensive microbiomes via private resources and community bistability.},
journal = {PLoS computational biology},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {e1007109},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007109},
pmid = {31150382},
issn = {1553-7358},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis ; Computational Biology ; Ecosystem ; Host Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Symbiosis/physiology ; },
abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that promote the assembly and maintenance of host-beneficial microbiomes is an open problem. Empirical evidence supports the idea that animal and plant hosts can combine 'private resources' with the ecological phenomenon known as 'community bistability' to favour some microbial strains over others. We briefly review evidence showing that hosts can: (i) protect the growth of beneficial strains in an isolated habitat, (ii) use antibiotics to suppress non-beneficial, competitor strains, and (iii) provide resources that only beneficial strains are able to translate into an increased rate of growth, reproduction, or antibiotic production. We then demonstrate in a spatially explicit, individual-based model that these three mechanisms act similarly by selectively promoting the initial proliferation of preferred strains, that is, by acting as a private resource. The faster early growth of preferred strains, combined with the phenomenon of 'community bistability,' allows those strains to continue to dominate the microbiome even after the private resource is withdrawn or made public. This is because after a beneficial colony reaches a sufficiently large size, it can resist invasion by parasites without further private support from the host. We further explicitly model localized microbial interactions and diffusion dynamics, and we show that an intermediate level of antibiotic diffusion is the most efficient mechanism in promoting preferred strains and that there is a wide range of parameters under which hosts can promote the assembly of a self-sustaining defensive microbiome. This in turn supports the idea that hosts readily evolve to promote host-beneficial defensive microbiomes.},
}
@article {pmid30870623,
year = {2019},
author = {Witchley, JN and Penumetcha, P and Abon, NV and Woolford, CA and Mitchell, AP and Noble, SM},
title = {Candida albicans Morphogenesis Programs Control the Balance between Gut Commensalism and Invasive Infection.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {432-443.e6},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.008},
pmid = {30870623},
issn = {1934-6069},
support = {R01 AI108992/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI007334/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI060537/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM007810/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Candida albicans/cytology/*growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Hyphae/cytology/growth &amp; development ; Mice ; Peptide Hydrolases/genetics/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence ; },
abstract = {Candida albicans is a gut commensal and opportunistic pathogen. The transition between yeast and invasive hyphae is central to virulence but has unknown functions during commensal growth. In a mouse model of colonization, yeast and hyphae co-occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. However, competitive infections of C. albicans homozygous gene disruption mutants revealed an unanticipated, inhibitory role for the yeast-to-hypha morphogenesis program on commensalism. We show that the transcription factor Ume6, a master regulator of filamentation, inhibits gut colonization, not by effects on cell shape, but by activating the expression of a hypha-specific pro-inflammatory secreted protease, Sap6, and a hyphal cell surface adhesin, Hyr1. Like a ume6 mutant, strains lacking SAP6 exhibit enhanced colonization fitness, whereas SAP6-overexpression strains are attenuated in the gut. These results reveal a tradeoff between fungal programs supporting commensalism and virulence in which selection against hypha-specific markers limits the disease-causing potential of this ubiquitous commensal-pathogen.},
}
@article {pmid30824263,
year = {2019},
author = {Liang, SH and Anderson, MZ and Hirakawa, MP and Wang, JM and Frazer, C and Alaalm, LM and Thomson, GJ and Ene, IV and Bennett, RJ},
title = {Hemizygosity Enables a Mutational Transition Governing Fungal Virulence and Commensalism.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {418-431.e6},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.005},
pmid = {30824263},
issn = {1934-6069},
support = {R01 AI081704/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI141893/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Candida albicans/*genetics/*growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; Candidiasis/*microbiology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Gene Dosage ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Humans ; *Mutation ; *Symbiosis ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Virulence ; },
abstract = {Candida albicans is a commensal fungus of human gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, but also causes life-threatening systemic infections. The balance between colonization and pathogenesis is associated with phenotypic plasticity, with alternative cell states producing different outcomes in a mammalian host. Here, we reveal that gene dosage of a master transcription factor regulates cell differentiation in diploid C. albicans cells, as EFG1 hemizygous cells undergo a phenotypic transition inaccessible to &quot;wild-type&quot; cells with two functional EFG1 alleles. Notably, clinical isolates are often EFG1 hemizygous and thus licensed to undergo this transition. Phenotypic change corresponds to high-frequency loss of the functional EFG1 allele via de novo mutation or gene conversion events. This phenomenon also occurs during passaging in the gastrointestinal tract with the resulting cell type being hypercompetitive for commensal and systemic infections. A &quot;two-hit&quot; genetic model therefore underlies a key phenotypic transition in C. albicans that enables adaptation to host niches.},
}
@article {pmid31695035,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, F and Sun, J and Radhakrishnan, GV and Lee, T and Bozsóki, Z and Fort, S and Gavrin, A and Gysel, K and Thygesen, MB and Andersen, KR and Radutoiu, S and Stougaard, J and Oldroyd, GED},
title = {A combination of chitooligosaccharide and lipochitooligosaccharide recognition promotes arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {5047},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-12999-5},
pmid = {31695035},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {DNRF79//Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (Danish National Research Foundation)/ ; OPP1028264//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation)/ ; BB/J004553/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; BB/K003712/1//RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)/ ; },
abstract = {Plants associate with beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitating nutrient acquisition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce chitooligosaccharides (COs) and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs), that promote symbiosis signalling with resultant oscillations in nuclear-associated calcium. The activation of symbiosis signalling must be balanced with activation of immunity signalling, which in fungal interactions is promoted by COs resulting from the chitinaceous fungal cell wall. Here we demonstrate that COs ranging from CO4-CO8 can induce symbiosis signalling in Medicago truncatula. CO perception is a function of the receptor-like kinases MtCERK1 and LYR4, that activate both immunity and symbiosis signalling. A combination of LCOs and COs act synergistically to enhance symbiosis signalling and suppress immunity signalling and receptors involved in both CO and LCO perception are necessary for mycorrhizal establishment. We conclude that LCOs, when present in a mix with COs, drive a symbiotic outcome and this mix of signals is essential for arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment.},
}
@article {pmid31693775,
year = {2019},
author = {Bellantuono, AJ and Dougan, KE and Granados-Cifuentes, C and Rodriguez-Lanetty, M},
title = {Free-living and symbiotic lifestyles of a thermotolerant coral endosymbiont display profoundly distinct transcriptomes under both stable and heat stress conditions.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15300},
pmid = {31693775},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {Reef-building corals depend upon a nutritional endosymbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae for the majority of their energetic needs. While this mutualistic relationship is impacted by numerous stressors, warming oceans are a predominant threat to coral reefs, placing the future of the world's reefs in peril. Some Symbiodiniaceae species exhibit tolerance to thermal stress, but the in hospite symbiont response to thermal stress is underexplored. To describe the underpinnings of symbiosis and heat stress response, we compared in hospite and free-living transcriptomes of Durusdinium trenchii, a pan-tropical heat-tolerant Symbiodiniaceae species, under stable temperature conditions and acute hyperthermal stress. We discovered that symbiotic state was a larger driver of the transcriptional landscape than heat stress. The majority of differentially expressed transcripts between in hospite and free-living cells were downregulated, suggesting the in hospite condition is associated with the shutdown of numerous processes uniquely required for a free-living lifestyle. In the free-living state, we identified enrichment for numerous cell signaling pathways and other functions related to detecting and responding to a changing environment, as well as transcripts relating to mitosis, meiosis, and motility. In contrast, in hospite cells exhibited enhanced transcriptional activity for photosynthesis and carbohydrate transport as well as chromatin modifications and a disrupted circadian clock. Hyperthermal stress induced drastic alteration of transcriptional activity in hospite, suggesting symbiotic engagement with the host elicited an exacerbated stress response when compared to free-living D. trenchii. Altogether, the dramatic differences in gene expression between in hospite and free-living D. trenchii indicate the importance of considering symbiotic state in investigations of symbiosis and hyperthermal stress in Symbiodiniaceae.},
}
@article {pmid31693769,
year = {2019},
author = {Simona, F and Zhang, H and Voolstra, CR},
title = {Evidence for a Role of Protein Phosphorylation in the Maintenance of the Cnidarian-Algal Symbiosis.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15298},
pmid = {31693769},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {The endosymbiotic relationship between cnidarians and photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae provides the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. This essential interaction is globally threatened by anthropogenic disturbance. As such, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning the cnidarian-algal association. Here we investigated phosphorylation-mediated protein signaling as a mechanism of regulation of the cnidarian-algal interaction, and we report on the generation of the first phosphoproteome for the coral model organism Aiptasia. Using mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics in data-independent acquisition allowed consistent quantification of over 3,000 phosphopeptides totaling more than 1,600 phosphoproteins across aposymbiotic (symbiont-free) and symbiotic anemones. Comparison of the symbiotic states showed distinct phosphoproteomic profiles attributable to the differential phosphorylation of 539 proteins that cover a broad range of functions, from receptors to structural and signal transduction proteins. A subsequent pathway enrichment analysis identified the processes of 'protein digestion and absorption,' 'carbohydrate metabolism,' and 'protein folding, sorting, and degradation,' and highlighted differential phosphorylation of the 'phospholipase D signaling pathway' and 'protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum.' Targeted phosphorylation of the phospholipase D signaling pathway suggests control of glutamate vesicle trafficking across symbiotic compartments, and phosphorylation of the endoplasmic reticulum machinery suggests recycling of symbiosome-associated proteins. Our study shows for the first time that changes in the phosphorylation status of proteins between aposymbiotic and symbiotic Aiptasia anemones play a role in the regulation of the cnidarian-algal symbiosis. This is the first phosphoproteomic study of a cnidarian-algal symbiotic association as well as the first application of quantification by data-independent acquisition in the coral field.},
}
@article {pmid31693273,
year = {2019},
author = {Zink, KE and Tarnowski, DA and Mandel, MJ and Sanchez, LM},
title = {Optimization of a minimal sample preparation protocol for imaging mass spectrometry of unsectioned juvenile invertebrates.},
journal = {Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jms.4458},
pmid = {31693273},
issn = {1096-9888},
support = {1757297//Division of Integrative Organismal Systems/ ; F31CA236237/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R21AI117262//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; R35GM119627/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; //NationalScience Foundation/ ; /NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Tissue sections have long been the subject matter for the application of imaging mass spectrometry, but recently the technique has been adapted for many other purposes including bacterial colonies and 3D cell culture. Here, we present a simple preparation method for unsectioned invertebrate tissue without the need for fixing, embedding, or slicing. The protocol was used to successfully prepare a Hawaiian bobtail squid hatchling for analysis, and the resulting data detected ions that correspond to compounds present in the host only during its symbiotic colonization by Vibrio fischeri.},
}
@article {pmid31692206,
year = {2019},
author = {Alves Monteiro, HJ and Brahmi, C and Mayfield, AB and Vidal-Dupiol, J and Lapeyre, B and Le Luyer, J},
title = {Molecular mechanisms of acclimation to long-term elevated temperature exposure in marine symbioses.},
journal = {Global change biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.14907},
pmid = {31692206},
issn = {1365-2486},
abstract = {Seawater temperature rise in French Polynesia has repeatedly resulted in the bleaching of corals and giant clams. Because giant clams possess distinctive ectosymbiotic features, they represent a unique and powerful model for comparing molecular pathways involved in 1) maintenance of symbiosis and 2) acquisition of thermo-tolerance among coral reef organisms. Herein, we explored the physiological and transcriptomic responses of the clam hosts and their photosynthetically active symbionts over a 65-day experiment in which clams were exposed to either normal or environmentally relevant elevated seawater temperatures. Additionally, we used metabarcoding data coupled with in situ sampling/survey data to explore the relative importance of holobiont adaptation (i.e., a symbiont community shift) versus acclimation (i.e., physiological changes at the molecular level) in the clams' responses to environmental change. We finally compared transcriptomic data to publicly available genomic datasets for Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates (both cultured and in hospite with the coral Pocillopora damicornis) to better tease apart the responses of both hosts and specific symbiont genotypes in this mutualistic association. Gene module preservation analysis revealed that the function of the symbionts' photosystem II was impaired at high temperature, and this response was also found across all holobionts and Symbiodiniaceae lineages examined. Similarly, epigenetic modulation appeared to be a key response mechanism for symbionts in hospite with giant clams exposed to high temperatures, and such modulation was able to distinguish thermo-tolerant from thermo-sensitive Cladocopium goreaui ecotypes; epigenetic processes may, then, represent a promising research avenue for those interested in coral reef conservation in this era of changing global climate.},
}
@article {pmid31691429,
year = {2019},
author = {Kamra, K and Kaur, H and Prasad, S and Abraham, JS and Somasundaram, S and Makhija, S and Toteja, R and Warren, A and Gupta, R},
title = {Symposium Report: International Symposium on Ciliate Biology, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India, 04-06 April 2018.},
journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jeu.12773},
pmid = {31691429},
issn = {1550-7408},
abstract = {Ciliated protists have attracted wide interest among researchers from the Indian sub-continent in the last few years. An International Symposium on Ciliate Biology (ISCB) 2018 was held on 04-06 April 2018 at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India. The symposium represented a synergy with International Research Coordination Network for Biodiversity of Ciliates (IRCN-BC), an affiliate society of International Society of Protistologists (ISOP). The symposium provided a platform for Indian and International delegates to exchange knowledge, present their latest research findings and establish collaborations as well as creating a networking opportunity for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Nine foreign delegates from 5 countries and 300 Indian delegates actively participated in the event which included 22 oral and 57 poster presentations.},
}
@article {pmid31690032,
year = {2019},
author = {Kosolapova, AO and Belousov, MV and Sulatskaya, AI and Belousova, ME and Sulatsky, MI and Antonets, KS and Volkov, KV and Lykholay, AN and Shtark, OY and Vasileva, EN and Zhukov, VA and Ivanova, AN and Zykin, PA and Kuznetsova, IM and Turoverov, KK and Tikhonovich, IA and Nizhnikov, AA},
title = {Two Novel Amyloid Proteins, RopA and RopB, from the Root Nodule Bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biom9110694},
pmid = {31690032},
issn = {2218-273X},
support = {17-16-01100//Russian Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Amyloids represent protein fibrils with a highly ordered spatial structure, which not only cause dozens of incurable human and animal diseases but also play vital biological roles in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Despite the fact that association of bacterial amyloids with microbial pathogenesis and infectious diseases is well known, there is a lack of information concerning the amyloids of symbiotic bacteria. In this study, using the previously developed proteomic method for screening and identification of amyloids (PSIA), we identified amyloidogenic proteins in the proteome of the root nodule bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum. Among 54 proteins identified, we selected two proteins, RopA and RopB, which are predicted to have β-barrel structure and are likely to be involved in the control of plant-microbial symbiosis. We demonstrated that the full-length RopA and RopB form bona fide amyloid fibrils in vitro. In particular, these fibrils are β-sheet-rich, bind Thioflavin T (ThT), exhibit green birefringence upon staining with Congo Red (CR), and resist treatment with ionic detergents and proteases. The heterologously expressed RopA and RopB intracellularly aggregate in yeast and assemble into amyloid fibrils at the surface of Escherichia coli. The capsules of the R. leguminosarum cells bind CR, exhibit green birefringence, and contain fibrils of RopA and RopB in vivo.},
}
@article {pmid31689451,
year = {2019},
author = {Cervantes, L and Miranda-Sánchez, F and Tejerizo, GT and Romero, D and Brom, S},
title = {Plasmid pSfr64a and the symbiotic plasmid pSfr64b of Sinorhizobium fredii GR64 control each other's conjugative transfer through quorum-sensing elements.},
journal = {Plasmid},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102443},
doi = {10.1016/j.plasmid.2019.102443},
pmid = {31689451},
issn = {1095-9890},
abstract = {Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixing symbionts of plants. Their genomes frequently contain large plasmids, some of which are able to perform conjugative transfer. Plasmid pSfr64a from Sinorhizobium fredii GR64 is a conjugative plasmid, whose transfer is regulated by quorum sensing genes encoded by itself (traR64a, traI64a), in the symbiotic plasmid pSfr64b (traR64b, traI64b), and in the chromosome (ngrI). Also, transfer of pSfr64b requires quorum sensing elements encoded in this plasmid (traR64b, traI64b), in pSfr64a (traR64a), and in the chromosome (ngrI). These results demonstrate that pSfr64a and the symbiotic plasmid depend on each other for conjugative transfer. Plasmid pSfr64a from S. fredii GR64 is unable to transfer from the genomic background of Rhizobium etli CFN42. Our results show that the relaxase of pRet42a is able to process the oriT of pSfr64a, and viceversa, underlining their functional similarity and suggesting that in addition to the external signals, the &quot;cytoplasmic environment&quot; may pose a barrier to plasmid dissemination, even if the plasmids are functional in other aspects.},
}
@article {pmid31686336,
year = {2019},
author = {Durden, L and Wang, D and Panaccione, D and Clay, K},
title = {Decreased Root-Knot Nematode Gall Formation in Roots of the Morning Glory Ipomoea tricolor Symbiotic with Ergot Alkaloid-Producing Fungal Periglandula Sp.},
journal = {Journal of chemical ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10886-019-01109-w},
pmid = {31686336},
issn = {1573-1561},
support = {2R15GM114774-2//Foundation for the National Institutes of Health/ ; 429440//Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute/ ; },
abstract = {Many species of morning glories (Convolvulaceae) form symbioses with seed-transmitted Periglandula fungal endosymbionts, which produce ergot alkaloids and may contribute to defensive mutualism. Allocation of seed-borne ergot alkaloids to various tissues of several Ipomoea species has been demonstrated, including roots of I. tricolor. The goal of this study was to determine if infection of I. tricolor by the Periglandula sp. endosymbiont affects Southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) gall formation and host plant biomass. We hypothesized that I. tricolor plants infected by Periglandula (E+) would develop fewer nematode-induced galls compared to non-symbiotic plants (E-). E+ or E- status of plant lines was confirmed by testing methanol extracts from individual seeds for endosymbiont-produced ergot alkaloids. To test the effects of Periglandula on nematode colonization, E+ and E- I. tricolor seedlings were grown in soil infested with high densities of M. incognita nematodes (N+) or no nematodes (N-) for four weeks in the greenhouse before harvesting. After harvest, nematode colonization of roots was visualized microscopically, and total gall number and plant biomass were quantified. Four ergot alkaloids were detected in roots of E+ plants, but no alkaloids were found in E- plants. Gall formation was reduced by 50% in E+ plants compared to E- plants, independent of root biomass. Both N+ plants and E+ plants had significantly reduced biomass compared to N- and E- plants, respectively. These results demonstrate Periglandula's defensive role against biotic enemies, albeit with a potential trade-off with host plant growth.},
}
@article {pmid31686001,
year = {2019},
author = {Gupta, N and Ansari, A and Dhoke, GV and Chilamari, M and Sivaccumar, J and Kumari, S and Chatterjee, S and Goyal, R and Dutta, PK and Samarla, M and Mukherjee, M and Sarkar, A and Mandal, SK and Rai, V and Biswas, G and Sengupta, A and Roy, S and Roy, M and Sengupta, S},
title = {Computationally designed antibody-drug conjugates self-assembled via affinity ligands.},
journal = {Nature biomedical engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41551-019-0470-8},
pmid = {31686001},
issn = {2157-846X},
abstract = {Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the high specificity of antibodies with cytotoxic payloads. However, the present strategies for the synthesis of ADCs either yield unstable or heterogeneous products or involve complex processes. Here, we report a computational approach that leverages molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to design ADCs that self-assemble through the non-covalent binding of the antibody to a payload that we designed to act as an affinity ligand for specific conserved amino acid residues in the antibody. This method does not require modifications to the antibody structure and yields homogenous ADCs that form in less than 8 min. We show that two conjugates, which consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads conjugated to two different antibodies, retain the structure and binding properties of the antibody and its biological specificity, are stable in plasma and improve anti-tumour efficacy in mice with non-small cell lung tumour xenografts. The relative simplicity of the approach may facilitate the production of ADCs for the targeted delivery of cytotoxic payloads.},
}
@article {pmid31685936,
year = {2019},
author = {Bjorbækmo, MFM and Evenstad, A and Røsæg, LL and Krabberød, AK and Logares, R},
title = {The planktonic protist interactome: where do we stand after a century of research?.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0542-5},
pmid = {31685936},
issn = {1751-7370},
support = {NFR240904//Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway)/ ; },
abstract = {Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, but our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist interactions and gathered the information in a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA). In total, we have registered ~2500 ecological interactions from ~500 publications, spanning the last 150 years. All major protistan lineages were involved in interactions as hosts, symbionts (mutualists and commensalists), parasites, predators, and/or prey. Predation was the most common interaction (39% of all records), followed by symbiosis (29%), parasitism (18%), and 'unresolved interactions' (14%, where it is uncertain whether the interaction is beneficial or antagonistic). Using bipartite networks, we found that protist predators seem to be 'multivorous' while parasite-host and symbiont-host interactions appear to have moderate degrees of specialization. The SAR supergroup (i.e., Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria) heavily dominated PIDA, and comparisons against a global-ocean molecular survey (TARA Oceans) indicated that several SAR lineages, which are abundant and diverse in the marine realm, were underrepresented among the recorded interactions. Despite historical biases, our work not only unveils large-scale eco-evolutionary trends in the protist interactome, but it also constitutes an expandable resource to investigate protist interactions and to test hypotheses deriving from omics tools.},
}
@article {pmid31684871,
year = {2019},
author = {Fonseca-García, C and Zayas, AE and Montiel, J and Nava, N and Sánchez, F and Quinto, C},
title = {Transcriptome analysis of the differential effect of the NADPH oxidase gene RbohB in Phaseolus vulgaris roots following Rhizobium tropici and Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {800},
doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-6162-7},
pmid = {31684871},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {IN204115//Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ ; FC-2016/1503//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by NADPH oxidases known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) in plants. ROS regulate various cellular processes, including the mutualistic interactions between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Rboh is a multigene family comprising nine members (RbohA-I) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The RNA interference-mediated silencing of RbohB (PvRbohB-RNAi) in this species diminished its ROS production and greatly impaired nodulation. By contrast, the PvRbohB-RNAi transgenic roots showed early hyphal root colonization with enlarged fungal hypopodia; therefore, we proposed that PvRbohB positively regulates rhizobial infection (Rhizobium tropici) and inhibits AM colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis in P. vulgaris.<br><br>RESULTS: To corroborate this hypothesis, an RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots inoculated with Rhizobium tropici or Rhizophagus irregularis. We found that, in the early stages, root nodule symbioses generated larger changes of the transcriptome than did AM symbioses in P. vulgaris. Genes related to ROS homeostasis and cell wall flexibility were markedly upregulated in the early stages of rhizobial colonization, but not during AM colonization. Compared with AM colonization, the rhizobia induced the expression of a greater number of genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of auxins, cytokinins, and ethylene, which were typically repressed in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our research provides substantial insights into the genetic interaction networks in the early stages of rhizobia and AM symbioses with P. vulgaris, as well as the differential roles that RbohB plays in processes related to ROS scavenging, cell wall remodeling, and phytohormone homeostasis during nodulation and mycorrhization in this legume.},
}
@article {pmid31684086,
year = {2019},
author = {Trněný, O and Vlk, D and Macková, E and Matoušková, M and Řepková, J and Nedělník, J and Hofbauer, J and Vejražka, K and Jakešová, H and Jansa, J and Piálek, L and Knotová, D},
title = {Allelic Variants for Candidate Nitrogen Fixation Genes Revealed by Sequencing in Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.).},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {21},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms20215470},
pmid = {31684086},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {TH02010351//Technology Agency of the Czech Republic/ ; MZE-RO1718//Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic/ ; Ref. 51834/2017-MZE17253/6.2.2//National programme of conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources and agro-biodiversity/ ; MUNI/A/0958/2018//Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports/ ; },
abstract = {Plant-rhizobia symbiosis can activate key genes involved in regulating nodulation associated with biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Although the general molecular basis of the BNF process is frequently studied, little is known about its intraspecific variability and the characteristics of its allelic variants. This study's main goals were to describe phenotypic and genotypic variation in the context of nitrogen fixation in red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and identify variants in BNF candidate genes associated with BNF efficiency. Acetylene reduction assay validation was the criterion for selecting individual plants with particular BNF rates. Sequences in 86 key candidate genes were obtained by hybridization-based sequence capture target enrichment of plants with alternative phenotypes for nitrogen fixation. Two genes associated with BNF were identified: ethylene response factor required for nodule differentiation (EFD) and molybdate transporter 1 (MOT1). In addition, whole-genome population genotyping by double-digest restriction-site-associated sequencing (ddRADseq) was performed, and BNF was evaluated by the natural 15N abundance method. Polymorphisms associated with BNF and reflecting phenotype variability were identified. The genetic structure of plant accessions was not linked to BNF rate of measured plants. Knowledge of the genetic variation within BNF candidate genes and the characteristics of genetic variants will be beneficial in molecular diagnostics and breeding of red clover.},
}
@article {pmid31042778,
year = {2019},
author = {Chang, DZ and Serra, L and Lu, D and Mortazavi, A and Dillman, AR},
title = {A core set of venom proteins is released by entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Steinernema.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {e1007626},
doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1007626},
pmid = {31042778},
issn = {1553-7374},
mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*metabolism/parasitology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Lepidoptera/*metabolism/parasitology ; Rhabditida/*pathogenicity ; Rhabditida Infections/*metabolism/parasitology ; Symbiosis ; Venoms/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Parasitic helminths release molecular effectors into their hosts and these effectors can directly damage host tissue and modulate host immunity. Excreted/secreted proteins (ESPs) are one category of parasite molecular effectors that are critical to their success within the host. However, most studies of nematode ESPs rely on in vitro stimulation or culture conditions to collect the ESPs, operating under the assumption that in vitro conditions mimic actual in vivo infection. This assumption is rarely if ever validated. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are lethal parasites of insects that produce and release toxins into their insect hosts and are a powerful model parasite system. We compared transcriptional profiles of individual Steinernema feltiae nematodes at different time points of activation under in vitro and in vivo conditions and found that some but not all time points during in vitro parasite activation have similar transcriptional profiles with nematodes from in vivo infections. These findings highlight the importance of experimental validation of ESP collection conditions. Additionally, we found that a suite of genes in the neuropeptide pathway were downregulated as nematodes activated and infection progressed in vivo, suggesting that these genes are involved in host-seeking behavior and are less important during active infection. We then characterized the ESPs of activated S. feltiae infective juveniles (IJs) using mass spectrometry and identified 266 proteins that are released by these nematodes. In comparing these ESPs with those previously identified in activated S. carpocapsae IJs, we identified a core set of 52 proteins that are conserved and present in the ESPs of activated IJs of both species. These core venom proteins include both tissue-damaging and immune-modulating proteins, suggesting that the ESPs of these parasites include both a core set of effectors as well as a specialized set, more adapted to the particular hosts they infect.},
}
@article {pmid30811515,
year = {2019},
author = {Rodríguez-Flores, CI and Ornelas, JF and Wethington, S and Arizmendi, MDC},
title = {Are hummingbirds generalists or specialists? Using network analysis to explore the mechanisms influencing their interaction with nectar resources.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {e0211855},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0211855},
pmid = {30811515},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Birds/*physiology ; Body Size ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Flowers/physiology ; Plant Nectar/*physiology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Pollination/physiology ; Seasons ; South America ; Specialization ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {Mutualistic interactions are powerful drivers of biodiversity on Earth that can be represented as complex interaction networks that vary in connection pattern and intensity. One of the most fascinating mutualisms is the interaction between hummingbirds and the plants they visit. We conducted an exhaustive search for articles, theses, reports, and personal communications with researchers (unpublished data) documenting hummingbird visits to flowers of nectar-rewarding plants. Based on information gathered from 4532 interactions between 292 hummingbird species and 1287 plant species, we built an interaction network between nine hummingbird clades and 100 plant families used by hummingbirds as nectar resources at a continental scale. We explored the network architecture, including phylogenetic, morphological, biogeographical, and distributional information. As expected, the network between hummingbirds and their nectar plants was heterogeneous and nested, but not modular. When we incorporated ecological and historical information in the network nodes, we found a generalization gradient in hummingbird morphology and interaction patterns. The hummingbird clades that most recently diversified in North America acted as generalist nodes and visited flowers with ornithophilous, intermediate and non-ornithophilous morphologies, connecting a high diversity of plant families. This pattern was favored by intermediate morphologies (bill, wing, and body size) and by the low niche conservatism in these clades compared to the oldest clades that diversified in South America. Our work is the first effort exploring the hummingbird-plant mutualistic network at a continental scale using hummingbird clades and plant families as nodes, offering an alternative approach to exploring the ecological and evolutionary factors that explain plant-animal interactions at a large scale.},
}
@article {pmid30303527,
year = {2019},
author = {Lam, WN and Tan, HTW},
title = {The crab spider-pitcher plant relationship is a nutritional mutualism that is dependent on prey-resource quality.},
journal = {The Journal of animal ecology},
volume = {88},
number = {1},
pages = {102-113},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12915},
pmid = {30303527},
issn = {1365-2656},
mesh = {Animals ; Insecta ; *Spiders ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Nutritional mutualisms are one of the three major categories of mutualisms and involve the provision of limiting nutrients (resources) to one species by another. It was recently shown in laboratory experiments that two species of pitcher-dwelling crab spiders (Thomisidae), Thomisus nepenthiphilus and Misumenops nepenthicola, increased capture rates of flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) for their host, Nepenthes gracilis. The spiders ambushed pitcher-visiting flesh flies and dropped their carcasses into pitchers after consuming them. The consumption of shared prey-resources by crab spiders and pitcher plants presents the possibility of parasitism between them. However, ecologically generalizable mechanisms that predict the context-dependent outcomes of such mutualisms are not known. The effectiveness framework (mutualism effectiveness = quality × quantity) is useful for examining the total effect of mutualisms, but its quality component can be difficult to define. We identify the crab spider-pitcher plant interaction as a type of resource conversion mutualism and propose that the quality component in such interactions is the amount of the underlying resource contained in each unit of resource processed. We then used the crab spider-pitcher plant interaction to test the hypothesis that resource conversion mutualisms are more beneficial to the nutrient recipient when operating through high-quality resources (i.e., large prey, in this interaction). We sampled the prey and inquilines of 107 N. gracilis upper pitches in situ and analysed the differences between pitchers that were inhabited or uninhabited by crab spiders, and the differences between nutritional contents of prey that were consumed by crab spiders or not. Pitchers inhabited by T. nepenthiphilus contained higher numbers of several prey taxa, many of which were flying insects. Consumption by T. nepenthiphilus reduced the nutrient contents in all prey examined. Overall, T. nepenthiphilus-assisted prey capture is likely to result in a net nutrient gain for N. gracilis that is proportional to the size of prey consumed by T. nepenthiphilus. Our results suggest that resource conversion mutualisms are more likely to operate through high-quality resources, since the nutrient-processing species necessarily reduces the quality of the resource it processes while increasing its availability to the nutrient recipient species.},
}
@article {pmid29458072,
year = {2018},
author = {Roder, AC and Stock, SP},
title = {Influence of Xenorhabdus (Gamma-Proteobacteria: Enterobacteriaceae) symbionts on gonad postembryonic development in Steinernema (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) nematodes.},
journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology},
volume = {153},
number = {},
pages = {65-74},
doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.015},
pmid = {29458072},
issn = {1096-0805},
mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Gammaproteobacteria ; Male ; Nematoda/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; *Xenorhabdus ; },
abstract = {Steinernema nematodes and their Xenorhabdus partners form an obligate mutualistic association. This partnership is insecticidal to a wide range of insects. Steinernema rely on their Xenorhabdus partner to produce toxins inside the insect cadaver to liberate nutrients from the insect, as well as antimicrobials to sterilize the cadaver, thus creating a suitable environment for reproduction. In return, Steinernema vector their Xenorhabdus between insect hosts. Disruption of this partnership may affect the success of both partners. For instance, when Steinernema associates with non-cognate symbionts, their virulence and reproductive fitness are affected. In this study, we examined the effect of symbiotic (cognate and non-cognate) and non-symbiotic bacteria on maturation time, gonad postembryonic development, and sex ratio of first-generation Steinernema adults. Two Steinernema spp. were considered: S. feltiae SN and S. carpocapsae All. In vitro assays were carried out by pairing each nematode sp. with symbiotic (cognate and non-cognate) Xenorhabdus, and with non-symbiotic bacteria (Serratia proteamaculans). Additionally, for comparative purposes, we also considered adult nematodes reared in vivo in Galleria mellonella larvae to assess nematode development under natural conditions. Results from this study showed non-symbiotic Serratia proteamaculans did not support adult development of S. feltiae but it allowed development of S. carpocapsae adults. Sex ratio decreased from 2:1 to 1:1 (female: male) when S. carpocapsae adults were reared with the non-symbiotic S. proteamaculans. Cognate or non-cognate Xenorhabdus spp. and/or strains did not change the sex ratio of any of either Steinernema spp. tested. Morphometric analysis also revealed that bacterial conditions influenced adult size and gonad postembryonic development in both Steinernema species. Body size (length and width), and gonad length in both S. feltiae males and females, were significantly reduced when reared with a non-cognate Xenorhabdus species. In S. carpocapsae, males exhibited an enhanced body size (length and width) and gonad length when reared with a non-cognate X. nematophila strain. S. carpocapsae females also exhibited an enhanced gonad length when reared with a non-cognate X. nematophila strain. S. carpocapsae males and females were underdeveloped when reared with the non-symbiotic S. proteamaculans, and exhibited reduced body sizes and gonad lengths. We conclude that development of first-generation adults of both Steinernema spp. tested, in particular time to adult maturation as well as body and gonad size were directly influenced by the bacterial symbionts they were cultured with. However, response to the culture conditions was species specific.},
}
@article {pmid31683191,
year = {2019},
author = {Seifert, A and Kashi, Y and Livney, YD},
title = {Delivery to the gut microbiota: A rapidly proliferating research field.},
journal = {Advances in colloid and interface science},
volume = {274},
number = {},
pages = {102038},
doi = {10.1016/j.cis.2019.102038},
pmid = {31683191},
issn = {1873-3727},
abstract = {The post genomic era has brought breakthroughs in our understanding of the complex and fascinating symbiosis we have with our co-evolving microbiota, and its dramatic impact on our physiology, physical and mental health, mood, interpersonal communication, and more. This fast &quot;proliferating&quot; knowledge, particularly related to the gut microbiota, is leading to the development of numerous technologies aimed to promote our health via prudent modulation of our gut microbiota. This review embarks on a journey through the gastrointestinal tract from a biomaterial science and engineering perspective, and focusses on the various state-of-the-art approaches proposed in research institutes and those already used in various industries and clinics, for delivery to the gut microbiota, with emphasis on the latest developments published within the last 5 years. Current and possible future trends are discussed. It seems that future development will progress toward more personalized solutions, combining high throughput diagnostic omic methods, and precision interventions.},
}
@article {pmid31681208,
year = {2019},
author = {Qin, Z and Yu, K and Chen, B and Wang, Y and Liang, J and Luo, W and Xu, L and Huang, X},
title = {Diversity of Symbiodiniaceae in 15 Coral Species From the Southern South China Sea: Potential Relationship With Coral Thermal Adaptability.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2343},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02343},
pmid = {31681208},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {It is well-known that the adaptability of coral-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis to thermal stress varies among coral species, but the cause and/or mechanism behind it are not well-understood. In this study, we aimed to explore this issue based on zooxanthellae density (ZD) and Symbiodiniaceae genus/subclade. Hemocytometry and next-generation sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) marker gene were used to observe ZDs and Symbiodiniaceae genera/subclades associated with 15 typical coral species in the southern South China Sea (SCS). Average ZDs of all corals were in low levels, ranging from 0.84 to 1.22 × 106 cells cm-2, with a total of five Symbiodiniaceae genera, Symbiodinium, Cladocopium, Durusdinium, Fugacium, and Gerakladium, as well as 24 dominant subclades, were detected and varied among these coral species. Pocillopora verrucosa was dominated by Durusdinium (subclade D1/D1a), and other colonial corals were dominated by Cladocopium, but the subclades were varied among these species. Porites lutea and Montipora efflorescens were dominated by C15, and Echinopora lamellosa, Hydnophora exesa, and Coscinaraea exesa were dominated by C40. Acropora corymbosa, Merulina ampliata, and five species of Faviidae were mainly associated with Cladocopium types of C3u and Cspc. In contrast to other colonial corals, the dominant subclade of solitary Fungia fungites was C27, with high host specificity. Our study indicates that coral thermal stress adaptability is mainly affected by dominant Symbiodiniaceae type instead of ZD in the southern SCS. Some heat-sensitive corals, such as P. verrucosa corals, have acquired a high abundance of heat-tolerant Durusdinium to adapt to thermal stress. This could be the main reason for these corals becoming the dominant corals in this reef region. Background subclades analyses showed significant differences among coral species in subclade quantity and diversity. These suggest that numbers of coral species may have adapted to high environmental temperature by adopting various symbionts and/or associating with heat-tolerant Symbiodiniaceae.},
}
@article {pmid31681013,
year = {2019},
author = {Muhammad, A and Habineza, P and Ji, T and Hou, Y and Shi, Z},
title = {Intestinal Microbiota Confer Protection by Priming the Immune System of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae).},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1303},
doi = {10.3389/fphys.2019.01303},
pmid = {31681013},
issn = {1664-042X},
abstract = {The immune system of animals, including insects, is the vital factor to maintain the symbiotic interactions between animals and their associated microbes. However, the effects of gut microbiota on insect immunity remain mostly elusive. Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a destructive pest of palm trees worldwide, which has forged alliances with its gut microbiota. Here, we found that the aposymbiotic insects succumbed at a significantly faster rate than conventionally reared (CR) ones upon bacterial infection. Physiological assays confirmed that CR insects had stronger antimicrobial activity and higher phenoloxidase activity in contrast to germfree (GF) ones, indicating that the systemic immune responses of GF individuals were compromised markedly. Interestingly, under the bacterial challenge conditions, the reassociation of gut microbiota with GF insects could enhance their survival rate by rescuing their immunocompetence. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis uncovered that 35 immune-related genes, including pathogen recognition receptors, effectors and immune signaling pathway, were significantly downregulated in GF insects as compared to CR ones. Collectively, our findings corrobate that intestinal commensal bacteria have profound immunostimulatory effects on RPW larvae. Therefore, knowledge on the effects of gut microbiota on RPW immune defenses may contribute to of set up efficient control strategies of this pest.},
}
@article {pmid31680188,
year = {2019},
author = {Primo, ED and Cossovich, S and Nievas, F and Bogino, P and Humm, EA and Hirsch, AM and Giordano, W},
title = {Exopolysaccharide production in Ensifer meliloti laboratory and native strains and their effects on alfalfa inoculation.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00203-019-01756-3},
pmid = {31680188},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {PICT 1528/15//FONCyT/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial surface molecules have an important role in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Ensifer meliloti (previously, Sinorhizobium meliloti), a symbiotic Gram-negative rhizobacterium, produces two different exopolysaccharides (EPSs), termed EPS I (succinoglycan) and EPS II (galactoglucan), with different functions in the symbiotic process. Accordingly, we undertook a study comparing the potential differences in alfalfa nodulation by E. meliloti strains with differences in their EPSs production. Strains recommended for inoculation as well as laboratory strains and native strains isolated from alfalfa fields were investigated. This study concentrated on EPS-II production, which results in mucoid colonies that are dependent on the presence of an intact expR gene. The results revealed that although the studied strains exhibited different phenotypes, the differences did not affect alfalfa nodulation itself. However, subtle changes in timing and efficacy to the effects of inoculation with the different strains may result because of other as-yet unknown factors. Thus, additional research is needed to determine the most effective inoculant strains and the best conditions for improving alfalfa production under agricultural conditions.},
}
@article {pmid31679040,
year = {2019},
author = {Yahara, H and Tanikawa, N and Okamoto, M and Makita, N},
title = {Characterizing fine-root traits by species phylogeny and microbial symbiosis in 11 co-existing woody species.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04546-2},
pmid = {31679040},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {15K18719//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; 18K14488//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
abstract = {Understanding the differences in fine-root traits among different species is essential to gain a detailed understanding of resource conservation and acquisition strategies of plants. We aimed to explore whether certain root traits are consistent among subsets of species and characterize species together into meaningful community groups. We selected 11 woody species from different microbial symbiotic groups (ectomycorrhiza, arbuscular mycorrhiza, and rhizobia) and phylogenetic groups (broad-leaved angiosperms and coniferous gymnosperms) from the cool temperate forests of Nagano, Japan. We measured root architectural (branching intensity), morphological (root tissue density and specific root length), chemical (N and K concentrations), and anatomical (total stele and total cortex) traits. Significant differences were observed in all root traits, although many species did not differ from one another. Branching intensity was found to be the greatest variation in the measured root traits across the 11 woody species. The results of a principal component analysis of root traits showed a distinct separation between angiosperms and gymnosperms. We identified clusters of species based on their multidimensional root traits that were consistent with the different phylogenetic microbial association groups. Gymnosperm roots may be more resource conservative, while angiosperm roots may be more acquisitive for water and nutrients. We consider that the advances in root traits combination will make a breakthrough in our ability to differentiate the community groups rather than individual root trait.},
}
@article {pmid31678065,
year = {2019},
author = {Llopis-Belenguer, C and Balbuena, JA and Lange, K and de Bello, F and Blasco-Costa, I},
title = {Towards a Unified Functional Trait Framework for Parasites.},
journal = {Trends in parasitology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.003},
pmid = {31678065},
issn = {1471-5007},
abstract = {Trait-based research holds high potential to unveil ecological and evolutionary processes. Functional traits are fitness-related characteristics of individuals, which are measured at individual level and defined without using information external to the individual. Despite the usefulness of the functional approach to understand the performance of individuals in ecosystems, and parasitism being the most common life-history strategy on Earth, studies based on functional traits of parasites are still scarce. Since the choice of functional traits is a critical step for any study, we propose a core list of seven functional traits of metazoan parasites, related to three universal challenges faced by organisms (dispersal, establishment, and persistence), and give guidelines to define appropriate functional traits in future parasite community studies.},
}
@article {pmid31676475,
year = {2019},
author = {Caldera, EJ and Chevrette, MG and McDonald, BR and Currie, CR},
title = {Local adaptation of bacterial symbionts within a geographic mosaic of antibiotic coevolution.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.01580-19},
pmid = {31676475},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution (GMC) posits that coevolutionary dynamics go beyond local coevolution and are comprised of three components: geographic selection mosaics, coevolutionary hot-spots, and trait remixing. It is unclear whether GMC applies to bacteria, as horizontal gene transfer and cosmopolitan dispersal may violate theoretical assumptions. Here, we test key GMC predictions in an antibiotic-producing bacterial symbiont (genus Pseudonocardia) that protects the crops of neotropical, fungus-farming ants (Apterostigma dentigerum) from a specialized pathogen (genus Escovopsis). We found Pseudonocardia antibiotic inhibition of common Escovopsis was elevated in A. dentigerum colonies from Panama compared to those from Costa Rica. Further, a Panama canal-zone population of Pseudonocardia on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) was locally adapted whereas two neighboring populations were not, consistent with a GMC-predicted selection mosaic and a hot-spot of adaptation surrounded by areas of maladaptation. Maladaptation was shaped by incongruent Pseudonocardia-Escovopsis population genetic structure, whereas local adaptation was facilitated by geographic isolation on BCI after the flooding of the Panama Canal. Genomic assessments of antibiotic potential of 29 Pseudonocardia identified diverse and unique biosynthetic gene clusters in BCI strains despite low genetic diversity in the core genome. The strength of antibiotic inhibition was not correlated with the presence/absence of individual biosynthetic gene clusters or parasite location. Rather, biosynthetic gene clusters have undergone selective sweeps, suggesting that the trait remixing dynamics conferring the long-term maintenance of antibiotic potency rely on evolutionary genetic changes within already-present biosynthetic gene clusters and not simply the horizontal acquisition of novel genetic elements or pathways.IMPORTANCE Recently, coevolutionary theory in macro-organisms has been advanced by the Geographic Mosaic theory of Coevolution (GMC) that considers how geography and local adaptation shape coevolutionary dynamics. Here, we test GMC in an ancient symbiosis where the ant Apterostigma dentigerum cultivates fungi in an agricultural system analogous to human farming. The cultivars are parasitized by the fungus Escovopsis The ants maintain symbiotic actinobacteria with antibiotic properties that help combat Escovopsis infection. This antibiotic symbiosis has persisted for over tens of millions of years, begging the questions of how antibiotic potency is maintained over these time scales. Our study tests the GMC in a bacterial defensive symbiosis and in a multi-partite symbiosis framework. Our results show that this multipartite symbiotic system conforms to the GMC and demonstrates that this theory is applicable in both microbes and indirect symbiont-symbiont interactions.},
}
@article {pmid30928367,
year = {2019},
author = {Sharma, C and Bhardwaj, NK},
title = {Biotransformation of fermented black tea into bacterial nanocellulose via symbiotic interplay of microorganisms.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {132},
number = {},
pages = {166-177},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.202},
pmid = {30928367},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {Bacteria/*metabolism ; Biotransformation ; Cellulose/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Fermentation ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Nanostructures/*chemistry ; Sugars/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Tea/chemistry/*microbiology ; Temperature ; Water/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a natural origin biopolymer with multi-dimensional applications has captured a great deal of attention owing to its implausible properties. However, low yield of BNC accompanied with high production cost is challenging its usage in various technological applications. In this study, BNC production has been reported utilizing fermented black tea broth brewed from fresh tea leaves (FBTBF) as well as from used tea leaves (FBTBU) as a cost-effective and high-quality BNC yielding medium. The symbiotic combination of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY) was exploited here to bring fermentation in tea broth. The production yields on dry weight basis were 13.3 g L-1 in FBTBF and 12.8 g L-1 in FBTBU, obtained with 60 g L-1 of glucose in 20 days. The conversion yields of 0.32 and 0.31 g BNC/g sugar were obtained with both the tea broths. The study of produced pellicle using ATR-FTIR, FE-SEM and XRD confirmed its structural, morphological and chemical nature similar to that of BNC. Thus, fermented black tea broth appears to be a potential medium for BNC production. The use of fermented tea broth for the industrial scale production of BNC might significantly reduce its production cost.},
}
@article {pmid30726266,
year = {2019},
author = {Qu, H and Zhang, Y and Chai, H and Gao, ZY and Shi, DZ},
title = {Effects of microbiota-driven therapy on inflammatory responses in elderly individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {e0211233},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0211233},
pmid = {30726266},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Chemokine CCL2/metabolism ; Cytokines/*metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Humans ; Inflammation/*metabolism ; Interleukin-10/metabolism ; Interleukin-6/metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Probiotics/*administration &amp; dosage ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Symbiosis ; Synbiotics/*administration &amp; dosage ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Current evidence suggests that age-associated inflammation, a strong risk factor for the health status of elderly individuals, is closely associated with gut microbiota. Previous animal studies have demonstrated a benefit of microbiota-driven therapy in decreasing low-grade chronic inflammation in elderly individuals; however, it remains controversial in clinical studies. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to assess the effects of microbiota-driven therapy on inflammatory markers in elderly individuals. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched with no language restrictions from the inception of the database to November 11th, 2018 to identify all existing literature. We calculated pooled standard mean difference (SMD) using fixed effect model or random effect model to assess the effects of microbiota-driven therapy on elderly individuals. The methodological quality of the studies was determined according to the Cochrane Handbook. The publication bias was evaluated by funnel plot and Egger regression test. Ten randomized controlled studies, with 689 elderly individuals (347 individuals in the microbiota-driven therapy group and 342 individuals in the placebo group), were included in the analysis. Compared with placebo, microbiota-driven therapy did not decrease the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (SMD, -0.24; 95% CI, -0.69 to 0.21; p = 0.30; I2 = 82.7%), interleukin-6 (SMD, -0.13; 95% CI, -0.74 to 0.49; p = 0.69; I2 = 90.7%) and interleukin-10 (SMD, 1.00; 95% CI, -0.15 to 2.15; p = 0.09; I2 = 96.3%). In addition, the microbiota-driven therapy also did not decrease the levels of C reactive protein (SMD, -1.28; 95% CI, -2.62 to 0.06; p = 0.06; I2 = 96.2%), interleukin-1β (SMD, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.81 to 0.37; p = 0.46; I2 = 73.8%), interleukin-8 (SMD, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.67 to 0.61; p = 0.93; I2 = 88.0%) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (SMD, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.41 to 0.20; p = 0.49; I2 = 0%) when compared with placebo. No obvious publication bias was observed (p>0.05). In conclusion, the present meta-analysis of available randomized controlled studies did not suggest any significant benefit of microbiota-driven therapy in decreasing the inflammatory responses of elderly individuals.},
}
@article {pmid30683920,
year = {2019},
author = {Vacheron, J and Péchy-Tarr, M and Brochet, S and Heiman, CM and Stojiljkovic, M and Maurhofer, M and Keel, C},
title = {T6SS contributes to gut microbiome invasion and killing of an herbivorous pest insect by plant-beneficial Pseudomonas protegens.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {1318-1329},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0353-8},
pmid = {30683920},
issn = {1751-7370},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Feeding Behavior ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Insecta/*microbiology/physiology ; Larva/microbiology/physiology ; Pseudomonas/genetics/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; Type VI Secretion Systems/genetics/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Pseudomonas protegens are multi-talented plant-colonizing bacteria that suppress plant pathogens and stimulate plant defenses. In addition, they are capable of invading and killing agriculturally important plant pest insects that makes them promising candidates for biocontrol applications. Here we assessed the role of type VI secretion system (T6SS) components of type strain CHA0 during interaction with larvae of the cabbage pest Pieris brassicae. We show that the T6SS core apparatus and two VgrG modules, encompassing the respective T6SS spikes (VgrG1a and VgrG1b) and associated effectors (RhsA and Ghh1), contribute significantly to insect pathogenicity of P. protegens in oral infection assays but not when bacteria are injected directly into the hemolymph. Monitoring of the colonization levels of P. protegens in the gut, hemolymph, and excrements of the insect larvae revealed that the invader relies on T6SS and VgrG1a module function to promote hemocoel invasion. A 16S metagenomic analysis demonstrated that T6SS-supported invasion by P. protegens induces significant changes in the insect gut microbiome affecting notably Enterobacteriaceae, a dominant group of the commensal gut bacteria. Our study supports the concept that pathogens deploy T6SS-based strategies to disrupt the commensal microbiota in order to promote host colonization and pathogenesis.},
}
@article {pmid30647459,
year = {2019},
author = {He, M and Wang, J and Fan, X and Liu, X and Shi, W and Huang, N and Zhao, F and Miao, M},
title = {Genetic basis for the establishment of endosymbiosis in Paramecium.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {1360-1369},
pmid = {30647459},
issn = {1751-7370},
mesh = {Chlorella/*microbiology/physiology ; Ciliophora/*microbiology/physiology ; Paramecium/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The single-celled ciliate Paramecium bursaria is an indispensable model for investigating endosymbiosis between protists and green-algal symbionts. To elucidate the mechanism of this type of endosymbiosis, we combined PacBio and Illumina sequencing to assemble a high-quality and near-complete macronuclear genome of P. bursaria. The genomic characteristics and phylogenetic analyses indicate that P. bursaria is the basal clade of the Paramecium genus. Through comparative genomic analyses with its close relatives, we found that P. bursaria encodes more genes related to nitrogen metabolism and mineral absorption, but encodes fewer genes involved in oxygen binding and N-glycan biosynthesis. A comparison of the transcriptomic profiles between P. bursaria with and without endosymbiotic Chlorella showed differential expression of a wide range of metabolic genes. We selected 32 most differentially expressed genes to perform RNA interference experiment in P. bursaria, and found that P. bursaria can regulate the abundance of their symbionts through glutamine supply. This study provides novel insights into Paramecium evolution and will extend our knowledge of the molecular mechanism for the induction of endosymbiosis between P. bursaria and green algae.},
}
@article {pmid30638659,
year = {2019},
author = {Crutcher, FK and Kenerley, CM},
title = {Analysis of a putative glycosylation site in the Trichoderma virens elicitor SM1 reveals no role in protein dimerization.},
journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications},
volume = {509},
number = {3},
pages = {817-821},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.007},
pmid = {30638659},
issn = {1090-2104},
mesh = {Base Sequence ; Disease Resistance ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Glycosylation ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Point Mutation ; Protein Multimerization ; Symbiosis ; Trichoderma/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Zea mays/microbiology/physiology ; },
abstract = {The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens is an avirulent symbiont with the ability to control plant disease through the production of antibiotic compounds, induction of plant resistance to pathogens, and mycoparasitism of other fungi. Previous research has shown that resistance to plant pathogens in maize is induced by the secretion of a member of the cerato-platanin family of proteins, sm1, and that only the monomer of this protein has this activity. It has been hypothesized that glycosylation of sm1 disrupts dimer formation and keeps sm1 in this active monomer form. To further understand the role of this putative glycosylation site as a mechanism to prevent dimerization and subsequent elicitor activity, a point mutation was created in sm1 and transformed into a sm1 deletion strain. Analysis of the behavior of the altered protein (PTM) demonstrates that the putative glycosylation site is not involved in protein dimerization and deletion of this site does not prevent the protein from testing positive for glycosylation. We propose that SM1 is not glycosylated but instead may interact with an oligosaccharide or other small molecule. However, the exact mechanism of dimerization in SM1 remains unknown.},
}
@article {pmid30337547,
year = {2018},
author = {Morioka, E and Oida, M and Tsuchida, T and Ikeda, M},
title = {Nighttime activities and peripheral clock oscillations depend on Wolbachia endosymbionts in flies.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {15432},
pmid = {30337547},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {JP16H04651//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/International ; JP16H04651//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Circadian Clocks/genetics/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*microbiology/physiology ; Female ; Genes, Reporter ; *Host Microbial Interactions ; Locomotion/*physiology/radiation effects ; Male ; Period Circadian Proteins/genetics ; Photic Stimulation ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Wolbachia/drug effects/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Wolbachia are ubiquitous bacterial endosymbionts of arthropods and affect host gene expression. Although Wolbachia infections were suggested to modulate sleep in flies, their influence on the circadian clock remained obscure. Here, we screened bacterial symbionts in a laboratory Drosophila melanogaster colony, and observed widespread infections of wMel strain Wolbachia. We established a Wolbachia-free strain from a clock gene reporter strain, period-luciferase (per-luc). Temperature (19-29 °C)-compensated free-running periods were detected regardless of infections which may reflect the lack of wMel infections in central circadian pacemaker neurons. However, locomotor activity levels during the night or subjective night were significantly amplified in uninfected flies. Moreover, the behavioral phenotype of F1 offspring of an uninfected female and infected male resembled that of uninfected flies. This trait is consistent with maternal transmission of Wolbachia infection. Interestingly, per-luc activities in headless bodies, as an index of peripheral circadian oscillators, were severely damped in uninfected flies. Additionally, circadian amplitudes of PER immunoreactivities in Malpighian tubules were reduced in uninfected flies. These results demonstrate that Wolbachia boost fly peripheral clock oscillations and diurnal behavioral patterns. Genetic mechanisms underlying behavioral rhythms have been widely analyzed using mutant flies whereas screening of Wolbachia will be necessary for future studies.},
}
@article {pmid30194350,
year = {2018},
author = {Alleman, A and Hertweck, KL and Kambhampati, S},
title = {Random Genetic Drift and Selective Pressures Shaping the Blattabacterium Genome.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {13427},
pmid = {30194350},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Cockroaches/microbiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Flavobacteriaceae/*genetics ; *Genetic Drift ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Estimates suggest that at least half of all extant insect genera harbor obligate bacterial mutualists. Whereas an endosymbiotic relationship imparts many benefits upon host and symbiont alike, the intracellular lifestyle has profound effects on the bacterial genome. The obligate endosymbiont genome is a product of opposing forces: genes important to host survival are maintained through physiological constraint, contrasted by the fixation of deleterious mutations and genome erosion through random genetic drift. The obligate cockroach endosymbiont, Blattabacterium - providing nutritional augmentation to its host in the form of amino acid synthesis - displays radical genome alterations when compared to its most recent free-living relative Flavobacterium. To date, eight Blattabacterium genomes have been published, affording an unparalleled opportunity to examine the direction and magnitude of selective forces acting upon this group of symbionts. Here, we find that the Blattabacterium genome is experiencing a 10-fold increase in selection rate compared to Flavobacteria. Additionally, the proportion of selection events is largely negative in direction, with only a handful of loci exhibiting signatures of positive selection. These findings suggest that the Blattabacterium genome will continue to erode, potentially resulting in an endosymbiont with an even further reduced genome, as seen in other insect groups such as Hemiptera.},
}
@article {pmid31675110,
year = {2019},
author = {Brody, AK and Waterman, B and Ricketts, TH and Degrassi, AL and González, JB and Harris, JM and Richardson, LL},
title = {Genotype-specific effects of ericoid mycorrhizae on floral traits and reproduction in Vaccinium corymbosum.},
journal = {American journal of botany},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ajb2.1372},
pmid = {31675110},
issn = {1537-2197},
support = {SARE FNE12-770//University of Vermont/ ; DEB-1754280//NSF/ ; NIFA 2014-01977//USDA/ ; },
abstract = {PREMISE: Most plants interact with mycorrhizal fungi and animal pollinators simultaneously. Yet, whether mycorrhizae affect traits important to pollination remains poorly understood and may depend on the match between host and fungal genotypes. Here, we examined how ericoid mycorrhizal fungi affected flowering phenology, floral traits, and reproductive success, among eight genotypes of highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae). We asked three overarching questions: (1) Do genotypes differ in response to inoculation? (2) How does inoculation affect floral and flowering traits? (3) Are inoculated plants more attractive to pollinators and less pollen limited than non-inoculated plants of the same genotype?<br><br>METHODS: To examine these questions, we experimentally inoculated plants with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, grew the plants in the field, and measured flowering and floral traits over 2 years. In year 2, we conducted a hand-pollination experiment to test whether plants differed in pollen limitation.<br><br>RESULTS: Inoculated plants had significantly higher levels of colonization for some genotypes, and there were significant floral trait changes in inoculated plants for some genotypes as well. On average, inoculated plants produced significantly larger floral displays, more fruits per inflorescence, and heavier fruits with lower sugar content, than non-inoculated, control plants. Hand pollination enhanced the production of fruits, and fruit mass, for non-inoculated plants but not for those that were inoculated.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that inoculation with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi enhanced flowering and altered investment in reproduction in genotype-specific ways. These findings underscore the importance of examining belowground symbionts and genotype-specific responses in their hosts to fully understand the drivers of aboveground interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31673886,
year = {2019},
author = {Durkin, ES and Proctor, H and Luong, LT},
title = {Life history of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Parasitiformes: Macrochelidae): new insights on life history and evidence of facultative parasitism on Drosophila.},
journal = {Experimental &amp; applied acarology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10493-019-00431-y},
pmid = {31673886},
issn = {1572-9702},
support = {435245//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
abstract = {Macrocheles muscaedomesticae is a cosmopolitan macrochelid mite whose populations have likely diverged considering the many locations they inhabit, but most of the work published on this mite species has been on the basis of their association with the house fly, Musca domestica. Here, we studied several aspects of the biology of M. muscaedomesticae associated with drosophilid flies collected in Alberta, Canada. We assessed the degree of divergence of our populations from others, compared their life history to other published populations and experimentally tested whether M. muscaedomesticae feeds on Drosophila hydei hosts by comparing the body mass of mites that attached to hosts to those that did not. There was no strong phylogenetic differentiation among any of the M. muscaedomesticae specimens, suggesting multiple recent introductions of this species to Canada. Compared to other populations, our mites exhibited lower fecundity, which may have been a result of the temperature or nematode-only diet in which they were maintained. Finally, mites that attached to hosts for 4 h weighed significantly more than those that did not. Without direct evidence for host tissue transfer to the mites, it is difficult to determine whether the mites are indeed feeding on their hosts while attached. However, the existing evidence for the costs fly hosts endure at the expense of these mites makes this relationship antagonistic.},
}
@article {pmid31673082,
year = {2019},
author = {Clark, DW and Okada, Y and Moore, KHS and Mason, D and Pirastu, N and Gandin, I and Mattsson, H and Barnes, CLK and Lin, K and Zhao, JH and Deelen, P and Rohde, R and Schurmann, C and Guo, X and Giulianini, F and Zhang, W and Medina-Gomez, C and Karlsson, R and Bao, Y and Bartz, TM and Baumbach, C and Biino, G and Bixley, MJ and Brumat, M and Chai, JF and Corre, T and Cousminer, DL and Dekker, AM and Eccles, DA and van Eijk, KR and Fuchsberger, C and Gao, H and Germain, M and Gordon, SD and de Haan, HG and Harris, SE and Hofer, E and Huerta-Chagoya, A and Igartua, C and Jansen, IE and Jia, Y and Kacprowski, T and Karlsson, T and Kleber, ME and Li, SA and Li-Gao, R and Mahajan, A and Matsuda, K and Meidtner, K and Meng, W and Montasser, ME and van der Most, PJ and Munz, M and Nutile, T and Palviainen, T and Prasad, G and Prasad, RB and Priyanka, TDS and Rizzi, F and Salvi, E and Sapkota, BR and Shriner, D and Skotte, L and Smart, MC and Smith, AV and van der Spek, A and Spracklen, CN and Strawbridge, RJ and Tajuddin, SM and Trompet, S and Turman, C and Verweij, N and Viberti, C and Wang, L and Warren, HR and Wootton, RE and Yanek, LR and Yao, J and Yousri, NA and Zhao, W and Adeyemo, AA and Afaq, S and Aguilar-Salinas, CA and Akiyama, M and Albert, ML and Allison, MA and Alver, M and Aung, T and Azizi, F and Bentley, AR and Boeing, H and Boerwinkle, E and Borja, JB and de Borst, GJ and Bottinger, EP and Broer, L and Campbell, H and Chanock, S and Chee, ML and Chen, G and Chen, YI and Chen, Z and Chiu, YF and Cocca, M and Collins, FS and Concas, MP and Corley, J and Cugliari, G and van Dam, RM and Damulina, A and Daneshpour, MS and Day, FR and Delgado, GE and Dhana, K and Doney, ASF and Dörr, M and Doumatey, AP and Dzimiri, N and Ebenesersdóttir, SS and Elliott, J and Elliott, P and Ewert, R and Felix, JF and Fischer, K and Freedman, BI and Girotto, G and Goel, A and Gögele, M and Goodarzi, MO and Graff, M and Granot-Hershkovitz, E and Grodstein, F and Guarrera, S and Gudbjartsson, DF and Guity, K and Gunnarsson, B and Guo, Y and Hagenaars, SP and Haiman, CA and Halevy, A and Harris, TB and Hedayati, M and van Heel, DA and Hirata, M and Höfer, I and Hsiung, CA and Huang, J and Hung, YJ and Ikram, MA and Jagadeesan, A and Jousilahti, P and Kamatani, Y and Kanai, M and Kerrison, ND and Kessler, T and Khaw, KT and Khor, CC and de Kleijn, DPV and Koh, WP and Kolcic, I and Kraft, P and Krämer, BK and Kutalik, Z and Kuusisto, J and Langenberg, C and Launer, LJ and Lawlor, DA and Lee, IT and Lee, WJ and Lerch, MM and Li, L and Liu, J and Loh, M and London, SJ and Loomis, S and Lu, Y and Luan, J and Mägi, R and Manichaikul, AW and Manunta, P and Másson, G and Matoba, N and Mei, XW and Meisinger, C and Meitinger, T and Mezzavilla, M and Milani, L and Millwood, IY and Momozawa, Y and Moore, A and Morange, PE and Moreno-Macías, H and Mori, TA and Morrison, AC and Muka, T and Murakami, Y and Murray, AD and de Mutsert, R and Mychaleckyj, JC and Nalls, MA and Nauck, M and Neville, MJ and Nolte, IM and Ong, KK and Orozco, L and Padmanabhan, S and Pálsson, G and Pankow, JS and Pattaro, C and Pattie, A and Polasek, O and Poulter, N and Pramstaller, PP and Quintana-Murci, L and Räikkönen, K and Ralhan, S and Rao, DC and van Rheenen, W and Rich, SS and Ridker, PM and Rietveld, CA and Robino, A and van Rooij, FJA and Ruggiero, D and Saba, Y and Sabanayagam, C and Sabater-Lleal, M and Sala, CF and Salomaa, V and Sandow, K and Schmidt, H and Scott, LJ and Scott, WR and Sedaghati-Khayat, B and Sennblad, B and van Setten, J and Sever, PJ and Sheu, WH and Shi, Y and Shrestha, S and Shukla, SR and Sigurdsson, JK and Sikka, TT and Singh, JR and Smith, BH and Stančáková, A and Stanton, A and Starr, JM and Stefansdottir, L and Straker, L and Sulem, P and Sveinbjornsson, G and Swertz, MA and Taylor, AM and Taylor, KD and Terzikhan, N and Tham, YC and Thorleifsson, G and Thorsteinsdottir, U and Tillander, A and Tracy, RP and Tusié-Luna, T and Tzoulaki, I and Vaccargiu, S and Vangipurapu, J and Veldink, JH and Vitart, V and Völker, U and Vuoksimaa, E and Wakil, SM and Waldenberger, M and Wander, GS and Wang, YX and Wareham, NJ and Wild, S and Yajnik, CS and Yuan, JM and Zeng, L and Zhang, L and Zhou, J and Amin, N and Asselbergs, FW and Bakker, SJL and Becker, DM and Lehne, B and Bennett, DA and van den Berg, LH and Berndt, SI and Bharadwaj, D and Bielak, LF and Bochud, M and Boehnke, M and Bouchard, C and Bradfield, JP and Brody, JA and Campbell, A and Carmi, S and Caulfield, MJ and Cesarini, D and Chambers, JC and Chandak, GR and Cheng, CY and Ciullo, M and Cornelis, M and Cusi, D and Smith, GD and Deary, IJ and Dorajoo, R and van Duijn, CM and Ellinghaus, D and Erdmann, J and Eriksson, JG and Evangelou, E and Evans, MK and Faul, JD and Feenstra, B and Feitosa, M and Foisy, S and Franke, A and Friedlander, Y and Gasparini, P and Gieger, C and Gonzalez, C and Goyette, P and Grant, SFA and Griffiths, LR and Groop, L and Gudnason, V and Gyllensten, U and Hakonarson, H and Hamsten, A and van der Harst, P and Heng, CK and Hicks, AA and Hochner, H and Huikuri, H and Hunt, SC and Jaddoe, VWV and De Jager, PL and Johannesson, M and Johansson, Å and Jonas, JB and Jukema, JW and Junttila, J and Kaprio, J and Kardia, SLR and Karpe, F and Kumari, M and Laakso, M and van der Laan, SW and Lahti, J and Laudes, M and Lea, RA and Lieb, W and Lumley, T and Martin, NG and März, W and Matullo, G and McCarthy, MI and Medland, SE and Merriman, TR and Metspalu, A and Meyer, BF and Mohlke, KL and Montgomery, GW and Mook-Kanamori, D and Munroe, PB and North, KE and Nyholt, DR and O'connell, JR and Ober, C and Oldehinkel, AJ and Palmas, W and Palmer, C and Pasterkamp, GG and Patin, E and Pennell, CE and Perusse, L and Peyser, PA and Pirastu, M and Polderman, TJC and Porteous, DJ and Posthuma, D and Psaty, BM and Rioux, JD and Rivadeneira, F and Rotimi, C and Rotter, JI and Rudan, I and Den Ruijter, HM and Sanghera, DK and Sattar, N and Schmidt, R and Schulze, MB and Schunkert, H and Scott, RA and Shuldiner, AR and Sim, X and Small, N and Smith, JA and Sotoodehnia, N and Tai, ES and Teumer, A and Timpson, NJ and Toniolo, D and Tregouet, DA and Tuomi, T and Vollenweider, P and Wang, CA and Weir, DR and Whitfield, JB and Wijmenga, C and Wong, TY and Wright, J and Yang, J and Yu, L and Zemel, BS and Zonderman, AB and Perola, M and Magnusson, PKE and Uitterlinden, AG and Kooner, JS and Chasman, DI and Loos, RJF and Franceschini, N and Franke, L and Haley, CS and Hayward, C and Walters, RG and Perry, JRB and Esko, T and Helgason, A and Stefansson, K and Joshi, PK and Kubo, M and Wilson, JF},
title = {Associations of autozygosity with a broad range of human phenotypes.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {4957},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-12283-6},
pmid = {31673082},
issn = {2041-1723},
abstract = {In many species, the offspring of related parents suffer reduced reproductive success, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. In humans, the importance of this effect has remained unclear, partly because reproduction between close relatives is both rare and frequently associated with confounding social factors. Here, using genomic inbreeding coefficients (FROH) for >1.4 million individuals, we show that FROH is significantly associated (p < 0.0005) with apparently deleterious changes in 32 out of 100 traits analysed. These changes are associated with runs of homozygosity (ROH), but not with common variant homozygosity, suggesting that genetic variants associated with inbreeding depression are predominantly rare. The effect on fertility is striking: FROH equivalent to the offspring of first cousins is associated with a 55% decrease [95% CI 44-66%] in the odds of having children. Finally, the effects of FROH are confirmed within full-sibling pairs, where the variation in FROH is independent of all environmental confounding.},
}
@article {pmid31672737,
year = {2019},
author = {Bukharin, OV and Perunova, NB and Andryuschenko, SV and Ivanova, EV and Bondarenko, TA and Chainikova, IN},
title = {Genome Sequence Announcement of Bacillus paranthracis Strain ICIS-279, Isolated from Human Intestine.},
journal = {Microbiology resource announcements},
volume = {8},
number = {44},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/MRA.00662-19},
pmid = {31672737},
issn = {2576-098X},
abstract = {This report describes the genome sequence of Bacillus paranthracis strain ICIS-279, isolated from human feces. It demonstrates a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitory activity up to 0.1 ng/ml. The genome size is 5,180,499 bp, with a G+C content of 35.4%. Annotation revealed 5,168 coding sequences, including 5,168 proteins and 43 rRNA, 102 tRNA, and 5 noncoding RNA (ncRNA) genes.},
}
@article {pmid31672627,
year = {2019},
author = {Dhas, Y and Banerjee, J and Damle, G and Mishra, N},
title = {Serum 25(OH)D concentration and its association with inflammation and oxidative stress in the middle-aged Indian healthy and diabetic subjects.},
journal = {Steroids},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108532},
doi = {10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108532},
pmid = {31672627},
issn = {1878-5867},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. We have studied the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.<br><br>METHODS: We have recruited total 180 male and female subjects aged between 30-50 years and divided them into two groups as control (n=90) and T2DM (n=90). We have measured 25(OH)D concentration, markers of inflammation including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and markers of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) by using standard methods.<br><br>RESULTS: We stratified control and T2DM groups by 25(OH)D concentration and it indicates that in severe deficiency and sufficiency category IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Ox-LDL were significantly different while in moderate deficiency category only MDA was significantly different, among control and T2DM groups. In an insufficiency category, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, and Ox-LDL were significantly different among control and T2DM groups. Correlation analysis indicates a negative correlation of 25(OH)D with IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Ox-LDL among total subjects. Further, logistics regression analysis demonstrated a significant association of different categories of 25(OH)D with IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Ox-LDL before and after adjustment to body mass index and waist to hip ratio.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This study suggest that vitamin D may have significant implications in the prevention of inflammation and oxidative stress.},
}
@article {pmid31670480,
year = {2019},
author = {Quigley, KM and Alvarez Roa, C and Torda, G and Bourne, DG and Willis, BL},
title = {Co-dynamics of Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial populations during the first year of symbiosis with Acropora tenuis juveniles.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e959},
doi = {10.1002/mbo3.959},
pmid = {31670480},
issn = {2045-8827},
abstract = {Interactions between corals and their associated microbial communities (Symbiodiniaceae and prokaryotes) are key to understanding corals' potential for and rate of acclimatory and adaptive responses. However, the establishment of microalgal and bacterial communities is poorly understood during coral ontogeny in the wild. We examined the establishment and co-occurrence between multiple microbial communities using 16S rRNA (bacterial) and ITS2 rDNA (Symbiodiniaceae) gene amplicon sequencing in juveniles of the common coral, Acropora tenuis, across the first year of development. Symbiodiniaceae communities in juveniles were dominated by Durusdinium trenchii and glynnii (D1 and D1a), with lower abundances of Cladocopium (C1, C1d, C50, and Cspc). Bacterial communities were more diverse and dominated by taxa within Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Both communities were characterized by significant changes in relative abundance and diversity of taxa throughout the year. D1, D1a, and C1 were significantly correlated with multiple bacterial taxa, including Alpha-, Deltra-, and Gammaproteobacteria, Planctomycetacia, Oxyphotobacteria, Phycisphaerae, and Rhizobiales. Specifically, D1a tended to associate with Oxyphotobacteria and D1 with Alphaproteobacteria, although these associations may represent correlational and not causal relationships. Bioenergetic modeling combined with physiological measurements of coral juveniles (surface area and Symbiodiniaceae cell densities) identified key periods of carbon limitation and nitrogen assimilation, potentially coinciding with shifts in microbial community composition. These results demonstrate that Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities are dynamic throughout the first year of ontology and may vary in tandem, with important fitness effects on host juveniles.},
}
@article {pmid31667798,
year = {2019},
author = {Ormeño-Orrillo, E and Martínez-Romero, E and Zúñiga-Dávila, D},
title = {Identification of the symbiosis island of Bradyrhizobium paxllaeri LMTR 21T.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s42770-019-00164-5},
pmid = {31667798},
issn = {1678-4405},
support = {238-2015-FONDECYT-DE//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica/ ; },
abstract = {The complete symbiosis island (SI) of Bradyrhizobium paxllaeri LMTR 21T, a mutualistic symbiont of the legume Phaseolus lunatus, was identified and analyzed. The SI was 646 kb in size, had lower G+C content than the genome average, and encoded not only nodulation and nitrogen fixation functions but also those for hydrogen uptake, vitamin and phytohormone biosynthesis, molybdenum transport, nonribosomal peptide synthesis, and type III secretion. Additionally, two divergent nodA genes were encoded in the SI.},
}
@article {pmid31666982,
year = {2019},
author = {Aschtgen, MS and Brennan, CA and Nikolakakis, K and Cohen, S and McFall-Ngai, M and Ruby, EG},
title = {Insights into flagellar function and mechanism from the squid-vibrio symbiosis.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {32},
doi = {10.1038/s41522-019-0106-5},
pmid = {31666982},
issn = {2055-5008},
abstract = {Flagella are essential and multifunctional nanomachines that not only move symbionts towards their tissue colonization site, but also play multiple roles in communicating with the host. Thus, untangling the activities of flagella in reaching, interacting, and signaling the host, as well as in biofilm formation and the establishment of a persistent colonization, is a complex problem. The squid-vibrio system offers a unique model to study the many ways that bacterial flagella can influence a beneficial association and, generally, other bacteria-host interactions. Vibrio fischeri is a bioluminescent bacterium that colonizes the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes. Over the last 15 years, the structure, assembly, and functions of V. fischeri flagella, including not only motility and chemotaxis, but also biofilm formation and symbiotic signaling, have been revealed. Here we discuss these discoveries in the perspective of other host-bacteria interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31666028,
year = {2019},
author = {Lampert, N and Mikaelyan, A and Brune, A},
title = {Diet is not the primary driver of bacterial community structure in the gut of litter-feeding cockroaches.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {238},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-019-1601-9},
pmid = {31666028},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {SFB 978//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diet is a major determinant of bacterial community structure in termite guts, but evidence of its importance in the closely related cockroaches is conflicting. Here, we investigated the ecological drivers of the bacterial gut microbiota in cockroaches that feed on lignocellulosic leaf litter.<br><br>RESULTS: The physicochemical conditions determined with microsensors in the guts of Ergaula capucina, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, and Byrsotria rothi were similar to those reported for both wood-feeding and omnivorous cockroaches. All gut compartments were anoxic at the center and showed a slightly acidic to neutral pH and variable but slightly reducing conditions. Hydrogen accumulated only in the crop of B. rothi. High-throughput amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes documented that community structure in individual gut compartments correlated strongly with the respective microenvironmental conditions. A comparison of the hindgut microbiota of cockroaches and termites from different feeding groups revealed that the vast majority of the core taxa in cockroaches with a lignocellulosic diet were present also in omnivorous cockroaches but absent in wood-feeding higher termites.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that diet is not the primary driver of bacterial community structure in the gut of wood- and litter-feeding cockroaches. The high similarity to the gut microbiota of omnivorous cockroaches suggests that the dietary components that are actually digested do not differ fundamentally between feeding groups.},
}
@article {pmid31265361,
year = {2019},
author = {Nouwen, N and Gargani, D and Giraud, E},
title = {The Modification of the Flavonoid Naringenin by Bradyrhizobium sp. Strain ORS285 Changes the nod Genes Inducer Function to a Growth Stimulator.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {32},
number = {11},
pages = {1517-1525},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-05-19-0133-R},
pmid = {31265361},
issn = {0894-0282},
mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; *Bradyrhizobium/drug effects/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; *Fabaceae ; *Flavanones/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Flavonoids ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; *Rhizobium ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {As inducers of nodulation (nod) genes, flavonoids play an important role in the symbiotic interaction between rhizobia and legumes. However, in addition to the control of expression of nod genes, many other effects of flavonoids on rhizobial cells have been described. Here, we show that the flavonoid naringenin stimulates the growth of the photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium sp. strain ORS285. This growth-stimulating effect was still observed for strain ORS285 with nodD1, nodD2, or the naringenin-degrading fde operon deleted. Phenotypic microarray analysis indicates that in cells grown in the presence of naringenin, the glycerol and fatty acid metabolism is activated. Moreover, electron microscopic and enzymatic analyses show that polyhydroxy alkanoate metabolism is altered in cells grown in the presence of naringenin. Although strain ORS285 was able to degrade naringenin, a fraction was converted into an intensely yellow-colored molecule with an m/z (+) of 363.0716. Further analysis indicates that this molecule is a hydroxylated and O-methylated form of naringenin. In contrast to naringenin, this derivative did not induce nod gene expression, but it did stimulate the growth of strain ORS285. We hypothesize that the growth stimulation and metabolic changes induced by naringenin are part of a mechanism to facilitate the colonization and infection of naringenin-exuding host plants.},
}
@article {pmid30715579,
year = {2019},
author = {Kivlin, SN and Kazenel, MR and Lynn, JS and Lee Taylor, D and Rudgers, JA},
title = {Plant Identity Influences Foliar Fungal Symbionts More Than Elevation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {78},
number = {3},
pages = {688-698},
doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01336-4},
pmid = {30715579},
issn = {1432-184X},
support = {DEB1354972//Directorate for Biological Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {Climate Change ; Colorado ; Ecosystem ; Endophytes/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/physiology ; Mycobiome ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/classification/*microbiology/physiology ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Poaceae/classification/*microbiology/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Despite colonizing nearly every plant on Earth, foliar fungal symbionts have received little attention in studies on the biogeography of host-associated microbes. Evidence from regional scale studies suggests that foliar fungal symbiont distributions are influenced both by plant hosts and environmental variation in climate and soil resources. However, previous surveys have focused on either one plant host across an environmental gradient or one gradient and multiple plant hosts, making it difficult to disentangle the influence of host identity from the influence of the environment on foliar endophyte communities. We used a culture-based approach to survey fungal symbiont composition in the leaves of nine C3 grass species along replicated elevation gradients in grasslands of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. In these ecosystems, the taxonomic richness and composition of foliar fungal symbionts were mostly structured by the taxonomic identity of the plant host rather than by variation in climate. Plant traits related to size (height and leaf length) were the best predictors of foliar fungal symbiont composition and diversity, and composition did not vary predictably with plant evolutionary history. The largest plants had the most diverse and distinctive fungal communities. These results suggest that across the ~ 300 m elevation range that we sampled, foliar fungal symbionts may indirectly experience climate change by tracking the shifting distributions of plant hosts rather than tracking climate directly.},
}
@article {pmid30535231,
year = {2019},
author = {Qi, LD and Sun, JT and Hong, XY and Li, YX},
title = {Diversity and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Horizontal Transmission of Endosymbionts Between Whiteflies and Their Parasitoids.},
journal = {Journal of economic entomology},
volume = {112},
number = {2},
pages = {894-905},
doi = {10.1093/jee/toy367},
pmid = {30535231},
issn = {1938-291X},
mesh = {Animals ; China ; *Hemiptera ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; *Wolbachia ; },
abstract = {Endosymbionts are widely distributed among insects via intraspecific vertical transmission and interspecific horizontal transmission. Parasitoids have attracted considerable interest due to their possible role in the horizontal transmission of endosymbionts. Horizontal transmission of endosymbionts between whiteflies via parasitoids has been revealed in the laboratory. However, whether this occurs under field conditions remains unknown. Here, the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of endosymbionts in 1,350 whiteflies and 36 parasitoids that emerged from whitefly nymphs collected from three locations in Jiangsu Province of China were investigated. Only Rickettsia and Wolbachia were identified in both whiteflies and parasitoids, with an overall infection frequency of 22.67% in whiteflies and 16.67% in parasitoids for Wolbachia and of 12.15% in whiteflies and 25% in parasitoids for Rickettsia. Despite the distant relationship between whiteflies and their parasitoids, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Rickettsia and Wolbachia individuals collected from the two types of organisms were grouped together. Furthermore, shared haplotypes were also identified, which was consistent with the horizontal transmission of endosymbionts between parasitoids and whiteflies. In addition, a parasitoid resistance-related symbiont, Hamiltonella, was detected in whiteflies at a 100% infection frequency, probably accounting for the relatively low parasitism of the whiteflies in the field. The factors affecting the infection frequency of the four secondary endosymbionts in whiteflies were also examined.},
}
@article {pmid30496431,
year = {2019},
author = {Sakamoto, H and Suzuki, R and Nishizawa, N and Matsuda, T and Gotoh, T},
title = {Effects of Wolbachia/Cardinium Infection on the Mitochondrial Phylogeny of Oligonychus castaneae (Acari: Tetranychidae).},
journal = {Journal of economic entomology},
volume = {112},
number = {2},
pages = {883-893},
doi = {10.1093/jee/toy354},
pmid = {30496431},
issn = {1938-291X},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Japan ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; *Tetranychidae ; *Wolbachia ; },
abstract = {A wide range of invertebrates harbor intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria. Within these endosymbionts, Wolbachia and Cardinium, have been attracting particular attention because these bacteria frequently affect the genetic structure and genetic diversity of their hosts. They cause various reproductive alterations such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis induction, male-killing, and feminization. Through these alterations, they also affect the maternally inherited organelles of their hosts. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be used for molecular phylogenetic analysis of invertebrates. However, in Wolbachia- or Cardinium-infected invertebrates, phylogenetic trees based on mtDNA are often inconsistent with those based on nuclear DNA. In the present study, we determined the Wolbachia/Cardinium infection status of 45 populations of the mite, Oligonychus castaneae Ehara &amp; Gotoh (Acari: Tetranychidae), collected throughout Japan. Then, we compared phylogenetic trees of O. castaneae based on both the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of mtDNA and the 28S rRNA gene of nuclear DNA to clarify the effects of Wolbachia and/or Cardinium infection. We found 106 Wolbachia-infected individuals and 250 Cardinium-infected individuals in a total of 450 individuals, indicating an infection rate of 79%. No double-infected individuals were observed. In the 28S tree, almost all populations formed a single group. In the COI tree, O. castaneae formed four separate groups that more closely followed Wolbachia/Cardinium infection than geographic distribution. These results strongly suggest that the endosymbionts affected mitochondrial variation of O. castaneae.},
}
@article {pmid30154474,
year = {2018},
author = {de Fouw, J and van der Heide, T and van Belzen, J and Govers, LL and Cheikh, MAS and Olff, H and van de Koppel, J and van Gils, JA},
title = {A facultative mutualistic feedback enhances the stability of tropical intertidal seagrass beds.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {12988},
pmid = {30154474},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; Avicennia/*physiology ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Biological ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; *Tropical Climate ; },
abstract = {Marine foundation species such as corals, seagrasses, salt marsh plants, and mangrove trees are increasingly found to engage in mutualistic interactions. Because mutualisms by their very nature generate a positive feedback between the species, subtle environmental impacts on one of the species involved may trigger mutualism breakdown, potentially leading to ecosystem regime shifts. Using an empirically parameterized model, we investigate a facultative mutualism between seagrass and lucinid bivalves with endosymbiotic sulfide-oxidizing gill bacteria in a tropical intertidal ecosystem. Model predictions for our system show that, by alleviating the build-up of toxic sulfide, this mutualism maintains an otherwise intrinsically unstable seagrass ecosystem. However, an increase in seagrass mortality above natural levels, due to e.g. desiccation stress, triggers mutualism breakdown. This pushes the system in collapse-and-recovery dynamics ('slow-fast cycles') characterized by long-term persistent states of bare and seagrass-dominated, with rapid transitions in between. Model results were consistent with remote sensing analyses that suggest feedback-mediated state shifts induced by desiccation. Overall, our combined theoretical and empirical results illustrate the potential of mutualistic feedbacks to stabilize ecosystems, but also reveal an important drawback as small environmental changes may trigger shifts. We therefore suggest that mutualisms should be considered for marine conservation and restoration of seagrass beds.},
}
@article {pmid31664477,
year = {2019},
author = {Kolátková, V and Čepička, I and Gargiulo, GM and Vohník, M},
title = {Enigmatic Phytomyxid Parasite of the Alien Seagrass Halophila stipulacea: New Insights into Its Ecology, Phylogeny, and Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea.},
journal = {Microbial ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00248-019-01450-3},
pmid = {31664477},
issn = {1432-184X},
support = {1308218//Grantová Agentura, Univerzita Karlova (CZ)/ ; },
abstract = {Marine phytomyxids represent often overlooked obligate biotrophic parasites colonizing diatoms, brown algae, and seagrasses. An illustrative example of their enigmatic nature is the phytomyxid infecting the seagrass Halophila stipulacea (a well-known Lessepsian migrant from the Indo-Pacific to the Mediterranean Sea). In the Mediterranean, the occurrence of this phytomyxid was first described in 1995 in the Strait of Messina (southern Italy) and the second time in 2017 in the Aegean coast of Turkey. Here we investigated, using scuba diving, stereomicroscopy, light and scanning electron microscopy, and molecular methods, whether the symbiosis is still present in southern Italy, its distribution in this region and its relation to the previous reports. From the total of 16 localities investigated, the symbiosis has only been found at one site. A seasonal pattern was observed with exceptionally high abundance (> 40% of the leaf petioles colonized) in September 2017, absence of the symbiosis in May/June 2018, and then again high infection rates (~ 30%) in September 2018. In terms of anatomy and morphology as well as resting spore dimensions and arrangement, the symbiosis seems to be identical to the preceding observations in the Mediterranean. According to the phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rRNA gene, the phytomyxid represents the first characterized member of the environmental clade &quot;TAGIRI-5&quot;. Our results provide new clues about its on-site ecology (incl. possible dispersal mechanisms), hint that it is rare but established in the Mediterranean, and encourage further research into its distribution, ecophysiology, and taxonomy.},
}
@article {pmid31662458,
year = {2019},
author = {Kerwin, AH and Gromek, SM and Suria, AM and Samples, RM and Deoss, DJ and O'Donnell, K and Frasca, S and Sutton, DA and Wiederhold, NP and Balunas, MJ and Nyholm, SV},
title = {Shielding the Next Generation: Symbiotic Bacteria from a Reproductive Organ Protect Bobtail Squid Eggs from Fungal Fouling.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mBio.02376-19},
pmid = {31662458},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {The importance of defensive symbioses, whereby microbes protect hosts through the production of specific compounds, is becoming increasingly evident. Although defining the partners in these associations has become easier, assigning function to these relationships often presents a significant challenge. Here, we describe a functional role for a bacterial consortium in a female reproductive organ in the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes Bacteria from the accessory nidamental gland (ANG) are deposited into the egg jelly coat (JC), where they are hypothesized to play a defensive role during embryogenesis. Eggs treated with an antibiotic cocktail developed a microbial biomass primarily composed of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium keratoplasticum that infiltrated the JC, resulting in severely reduced hatch rates. Experimental manipulation of the eggs demonstrated that the JC was protective against this fungal fouling. A large proportion of the bacterial strains isolated from the ANG or JC inhibited F. keratoplasticum in culture (87.5%), while a similar proportion of extracts from these strains also exhibited antifungal activity against F. keratoplasticum and/or the human-pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (72.7%). Mass spectral network analyses of active extracts from bacterial isolates and egg clutches revealed compounds that may be involved in preventing microbial overgrowth. Several secondary metabolites were identified from ANG/JC bacteria and egg clutches, including the known antimicrobial lincomycin as well as a suite of glycerophosphocholines and mycinamicin-like compounds. These results shed light on a widely distributed but poorly understood symbiosis in cephalopods and offer a new source for exploring bacterial secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity.IMPORTANCE Organisms must have strategies to ensure successful reproduction. Some animals that deposit eggs protect their embryos from fouling/disease with the help of microorganisms. Although beneficial bacteria are hypothesized to contribute to egg defense in some organisms, the mechanisms of this protection remain largely unknown, with the exception of a few recently described systems. Using both experimental and analytical approaches, we demonstrate that symbiotic bacteria associated with a cephalopod reproductive gland and eggs inhibit fungi. Chemical analyses suggest that these bacteria produce antimicrobial compounds that may prevent overgrowth from fungi and other microorganisms. Given the distribution of these symbiotic glands among many cephalopods, similar defensive relationships may be more common in aquatic environments than previously realized. Such defensive symbioses may also be a rich source for the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds.},
}
@article {pmid30250307,
year = {2018},
author = {Valenta, K and Kalbitzer, U and Razafimandimby, D and Omeja, P and Ayasse, M and Chapman, CA and Nevo, O},
title = {The evolution of fruit colour: phylogeny, abiotic factors and the role of mutualists.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {14302},
pmid = {30250307},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {NE 2156/1-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/International ; },
mesh = {Color ; Fruit/*physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Pigmentation/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; Ultraviolet Rays ; },
abstract = {The adaptive significance of fruit colour has been investigated for over a century. While colour can fulfil various functions, the most commonly tested hypothesis is that it has evolved to increase fruit visual conspicuousness and thus promote detection and consumption by seed dispersing animals. However, fruit colour is a complex trait which is subjected to various constraints and selection pressures. As a result, the effect of animal selection on fruit colour are often difficult to identify, and several studies have failed to detect it. Here, we employ an integrative approach to examine what drives variation in fruit colour. We quantified the colour of ripe fruit and mature leaves of 97 tropical plant species from three study sites in Madagascar and Uganda. We used phylogenetically controlled models to estimate the roles of phylogeny, abiotic factors, and dispersal mode on fruit colour variation. Our results show that, independent of phylogeny and leaf coloration, mammal dispersed fruits are greener than bird dispersed fruits, while the latter are redder than the former. In addition, fruit colour does not correlate with leaf colour in the visible spectrum, but fruit reflection in the ultraviolet area of the spectrum is strongly correlated with leaf reflectance, emphasizing the role of abiotic factors in determining fruit colour. These results demonstrate that fruit colour is affected by both animal sensory ecology and abiotic factors and highlight the importance of an integrative approach which controls for the relevant confounding factors.},
}
@article {pmid31659382,
year = {2019},
author = {Rocha, G and Le Queré, A and Medina, A and Cuéllar, A and Contreras, JL and Carreño, R and Bustillos, R and Muñoz-Rojas, J and Villegas, MDC and Chaintreuil, C and Dreyfus, B and Munive, JA},
title = {Diversity and phenotypic analyses of salt- and heat-tolerant wild bean Phaseolus filiformis rhizobia native of a sand beach in Baja California and description of Ensifer aridi sp. nov.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00203-019-01744-7},
pmid = {31659382},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {242743//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; 273344//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; 220636//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología/ ; VIEP00075//Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ ; M08-A02//SEP-CONACYT-ANUIES-ECOS NORD France/ ; },
abstract = {In northern Mexico, aridity, salinity and high temperatures limit areas that can be cultivated. To investigate the nature of nitrogen-fixing symbionts of Phaseolus filiformis, an adapted wild bean species native to this region, their phylogenies were inferred by MLSA. Most rhizobia recovered belong to the proposed new species Ensifer aridi. Phylogenetic analyses of nodC and nifH show that Mexican isolates carry symbiotic genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer that are divergent from those previously characterized among bean symbionts. These strains are salt tolerant, able to grow in alkaline conditions, high temperatures, and capable of utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon sources for growth. This study improves the knowledge on diversity, geographic distribution and evolution of bean-nodulating rhizobia in Mexico and further enlarges the spectrum of microsymbiont with which Phaseolus species can interact with, including cultivated bean varieties, notably under stressed environments. Here, the species Ensifer aridi sp. nov. is proposed as strain type of the Moroccan isolate LMR001T (= LMG 31426T; = HAMBI 3707T) recovered from desert sand dune.},
}
@article {pmid31659035,
year = {2019},
author = {Averill, C and Bhatnagar, JM and Dietze, MC and Pearse, WD and Kivlin, SN},
title = {Global imprint of mycorrhizal fungi on whole-plant nutrient economics.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1906655116},
pmid = {31659035},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Mycorrhizal fungi are critical members of the plant microbiome, forming a symbiosis with the roots of most plants on Earth. Most plant species partner with either arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal fungi, and these symbioses are thought to represent plant adaptations to fast and slow soil nutrient cycling rates. This generates a second hypothesis, that arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal plant species traits complement and reinforce these fungal strategies, resulting in nutrient acquisitive vs. conservative plant trait profiles. Here we analyzed 17,764 species level trait observations from 2,940 woody plant species to show that mycorrhizal plants differ systematically in nitrogen and phosphorus economic traits. Differences were clearest in temperate latitudes, where ectomycorrhizal plant species are more nitrogen use- and phosphorus use-conservative than arbuscular mycorrhizal species. This difference is reflected in both aboveground and belowground plant traits and is robust to controlling for evolutionary history, nitrogen fixation ability, deciduousness, latitude, and species climate niche. Furthermore, mycorrhizal effects are large and frequently similar to or greater in magnitude than the influence of plant nitrogen fixation ability or deciduous vs. evergreen leaf habit. Ectomycorrhizal plants are also more nitrogen conservative than arbuscular plants in boreal and tropical ecosystems, although differences in phosphorus use are less apparent outside temperate latitudes. Our findings bolster current theories of ecosystems rooted in mycorrhizal ecology and support the hypothesis that plant mycorrhizal association is linked to the evolution of plant nutrient economic strategies.},
}
@article {pmid31659034,
year = {2019},
author = {Wong, WY and Simakov, O and Bridge, DM and Cartwright, P and Bellantuono, AJ and Kuhn, A and Holstein, TW and David, CN and Steele, RE and Martínez, DE},
title = {Expansion of a single transposable element family is associated with genome-size increase and radiation in the genus Hydra.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1910106116},
pmid = {31659034},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Transposable elements are one of the major contributors to genome-size differences in metazoans. Despite this, relatively little is known about the evolutionary patterns of element expansions and the element families involved. Here we report a broad genomic sampling within the genus Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian at the focal point of diverse research in regeneration, symbiosis, biogeography, and aging. We find that the genome of Hydra is the result of an expansion event involving long interspersed nuclear elements and in particular a single family of the chicken repeat 1 (CR1) class. This expansion is unique to a subgroup of the genus Hydra, the brown hydras, and is absent in the green hydra, which has a repeat landscape similar to that of other cnidarians. These features of the genome make Hydra attractive for studies of transposon-driven genome expansions and speciation.},
}
@article {pmid31239554,
year = {2019},
author = {Ågren, JA and Davies, NG and Foster, KR},
title = {Enforcement is central to the evolution of cooperation.},
journal = {Nature ecology &amp; evolution},
volume = {3},
number = {7},
pages = {1018-1029},
doi = {10.1038/s41559-019-0907-1},
pmid = {31239554},
issn = {2397-334X},
support = {209397/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Humans ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Cooperation occurs at all levels of life, from genomes, complex cells and multicellular organisms to societies and mutualisms between species. A major question for evolutionary biology is what these diverse systems have in common. Here, we review the full breadth of cooperative systems and find that they frequently rely on enforcement mechanisms that suppress selfish behaviour. We discuss many examples, including the suppression of transposable elements, uniparental inheritance of mitochondria and plastids, anti-cancer mechanisms, reciprocation and punishment in humans and other vertebrates, policing in eusocial insects and partner choice in mutualisms between species. To address a lack of accompanying theory, we develop a series of evolutionary models that show that the enforcement of cooperation is widely predicted. We argue that enforcement is an underappreciated, and often critical, ingredient for cooperation across all scales of biological organization.},
}
@article {pmid30374104,
year = {2018},
author = {Gegner, T and Carrau, T and Vilcinskas, A and Lee, KZ},
title = {The infection of Harmonia axyridis by a parasitic nematode is mediated by entomopathogenic bacteria and triggers sex-specific host immune responses.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {15938},
pmid = {30374104},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {VI 219/7-1, VO 84171//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/International ; VI 219/7-1, VO 84171//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/International ; LOEWE ZIB//Hessisches Ministerium f&amp;#x00FC;r Wissenschaft und Kunst (Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts)/International ; LOEWE ZIB//Hessisches Ministerium f&amp;#x00FC;r Wissenschaft und Kunst (Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts)/International ; LOEWE ZIB//Hessisches Ministerium f&amp;#x00FC;r Wissenschaft und Kunst (Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts)/International ; LOEWE ZIB//Hessisches Ministerium f&amp;#x00FC;r Wissenschaft und Kunst (Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts)/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/genetics/metabolism ; Coleoptera/immunology/metabolism/*parasitology ; Enterobacteriaceae/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Immune System/*metabolism ; Larva/microbiology ; Male ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Tylenchida/growth &amp; development/isolation &amp; purification/*microbiology ; Virulence ; },
abstract = {The harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis is native to Asia but has been introduced into many countries as a biological control agent. It is now considered an invasive pest, threatening the biodiversity of native ladybirds globally, in part because of its superior immune system. H. axyridis is infected and killed by the parasitic nematode Parasitylenchus bifurcatus, which could therefore be developed as a biological strategy to counter the spread of this insect pest. However, effective control requires an understanding of the tripartite relationship between H. axyridis, P. bifurcatus and their potential bacterial mutualists. Here we describe the isolation of two species of nematode-associated bacteria (Serratia marcescens and Providencia rettgeri) which were highly virulent against H. axyridis in survival experiments. In addition, contact between the nematodes and beetles led to the sex-specific modulation of multiple host immunity-related genes after 24 and 48 h, with many genes encoding antimicrobial peptides rapidly and stably repressed in females whereas the same genes were initially induced in males before suppression at the later time point. These data provide evidence that the female immune system responds much more strongly to the nematodes and provokes, in turn, a more robust invasion strategy involving the bacterial mutualists.},
}
@article {pmid30013030,
year = {2018},
author = {Jensen, A and Ladegaard Grønkjær, L and Holmstrup, P and Vilstrup, H and Kilian, M},
title = {Unique subgingival microbiota associated with periodontitis in cirrhosis patients.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {10718},
pmid = {30013030},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Aged ; Bacteria/genetics/immunology/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity ; Cohort Studies ; DNA, Bacterial/isolation &amp; purification ; Dysbiosis/immunology/*microbiology ; Female ; Gingiva/immunology/microbiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications/*immunology/microbiology ; Male ; Microbiota/genetics/*immunology ; Middle Aged ; Periodontitis/immunology/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Symbiosis/immunology ; },
abstract = {Liver cirrhosis is a severe disease with major impact on the overall health of the patient including poor oral health. Lately, there has been increasing focus on oral diseases as cirrhosis-related complications due to the potential impact on systemic health and ultimately mortality. Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases in cirrhosis patients. However, no studies have investigated the composition of the subgingival microbiome in patients suffering from periodontitis and liver cirrhosis. We analysed the subgingival microbiome in 21 patients with periodontitis and cirrhosis using long-reads Illumina sequencing. The subgingival microbiota was dominated by bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes phylum and to a lesser extend the Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla. Bacteria usually considered periodontal pathogens, like Porhyromonas ginigivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, generally showed low abundancy. Comparing the microbiota in our patients with that of periodontitis patients and healthy controls of three other studies revealed that the periodontitis-associated subgingival microbiota in cirrhosis patients is composed of a unique microbiota of bacteria not normally associated with periodontitis. We hypothesise that periodontitis in cirrhosis patients is a consequence of dysbiosis due to a compromised immune system that renders commensal bacteria pathogenic.},
}
@article {pmid30006509,
year = {2018},
author = {Bernhard, JM and Panieri, G},
title = {Keystone Arctic paleoceanographic proxy association with putative methanotrophic bacteria.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {10610},
pmid = {30006509},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {OCE-1634469//National Science Foundation (NSF)/International ; },
mesh = {Arctic Regions ; Bacteria/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Foraminifera/cytology/*microbiology/ultrastructure ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology/*parasitology ; Methane/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Oceanography ; Paleontology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Foraminifera in sediments exposed to gas-hydrate dissociation are not expected to have cellular adaptations that facilitate inhabitation of chemosynthesis-based ecosystems because, to date, there are no known endemic seep foraminifera. To establish if foraminifera inhabit sediments impacted by gas-hydrate dissociation, we examined the cellular ultrastructure of Melonis barleeanus (Williamson, 1858) from the Vestnesa gas hydrate province (Arctic Ocean, west of Svalbard at ~79 °N; ~1200-m depth; n = 4). From sediments with gas hydrate indicators, living M. barleeanus had unusual pore plugs composed of a thick, fibrous meshwork; mitochondria were concentrated at the cell periphery, under pore plugs. While there was no evidence of endosymbioses with prokaryotes, most M. barleeanus specimens were associated with what appear to be Type I methanotrophic bacteria. One foraminifer had a particularly large bolus of these microbes concentrated near its aperture. This is the first documented instance of bona fide living M. barleeanus in gas-hydrate sediments and first documentation of a foraminifer living in close association with putative methanotrophs. Our observations have implications to paleoclimate records utilizing this foundational foraminiferal species.},
}
@article {pmid29453423,
year = {2018},
author = {Quigley, KM and Warner, PA and Bay, LK and Willis, BL},
title = {Unexpected mixed-mode transmission and moderate genetic regulation of Symbiodinium communities in a brooding coral.},
journal = {Heredity},
volume = {121},
number = {6},
pages = {524-536},
pmid = {29453423},
issn = {1365-2540},
mesh = {Alveolata/*genetics ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*parasitology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Larva/genetics ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Determining the extent to which Symbiodinium communities in corals are inherited versus environmentally acquired is fundamental to understanding coral resilience and to predicting coral responses to stressors like warming oceans that disrupt this critical endosymbiosis. We examined the fidelity with which Symbiodinium communities in the brooding coral Seriatopora hystrix are vertically transmitted and the extent to which communities are genetically regulated, by genotyping the symbiont communities within 60 larvae and their parents (9 maternal and 45 paternal colonies) using high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 locus. Unexpectedly, Symbiodinium communities associated with brooded larvae were distinct from those within parent colonies, including the presence of types not detected in adults. Bayesian heritability (h2) analysis revealed that 33% of variability in larval Symbiodinium communities was genetically controlled. Results highlight flexibility in the establishment of larval symbiont communities and demonstrate that symbiont transmission is not exclusively vertical in brooding corals. Instead, we show that Symbiodinium transmission in S. hystrix involves a mixed-mode strategy, similar to many terrestrial invertebrate symbioses. Also, variation in the abundances of common Symbiodinium types among adult corals suggests that microhabitat differences influence the structure of in hospite Symbiodinium communities. Partial genetic regulation coupled with flexibility in the environmentally acquired component of Symbiodinium communities implies that corals with vertical transmission, like S. hystrix, may be more resilient to environmental change than previously thought.},
}
@article {pmid31655741,
year = {2019},
author = {Rutten, PJ and Poole, PS},
title = {Oxygen regulatory mechanisms of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia.},
journal = {Advances in microbial physiology},
volume = {75},
number = {},
pages = {325-389},
doi = {10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.08.001},
pmid = {31655741},
issn = {2162-5468},
abstract = {Rhizobia are α- and β-proteobacteria that form a symbiotic partnership with legumes, fixing atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia and providing it to the plant. Oxygen regulation is key in this symbiosis. Fixation is performed by an oxygen-intolerant nitrogenase enzyme but requires respiration to meet its high energy demands. To satisfy these opposing constraints the symbiotic partners cooperate intimately, employing a variety of mechanisms to regulate and respond to oxygen concentration. During symbiosis rhizobia undergo significant changes in gene expression to differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Legumes host these bacteroids in specialized root organs called nodules. These generate a near-anoxic environment using an oxygen diffusion barrier, oxygen-binding leghemoglobin and control of mitochondria localization. Rhizobia sense oxygen using multiple interconnected systems which enable a finely-tuned response to the wide range of oxygen concentrations they experience when transitioning from soil to nodules. The oxygen-sensing FixL-FixJ and hybrid FixL-FxkR two-component systems activate at relatively high oxygen concentration and regulate fixK transcription. FixK activates the fixNOQP and fixGHIS operons producing a high-affinity terminal oxidase required for bacterial respiration in the microaerobic nodule. Additionally or alternatively, some rhizobia regulate expression of these operons by FnrN, an FNR-like oxygen-sensing protein. The final stage of symbiotic establishment is activated by the NifA protein, regulated by oxygen at both the transcriptional and protein level. A cross-species comparison of these systems highlights differences in their roles and interconnections but reveals common regulatory patterns and themes. Future work is needed to establish the complete regulon of these systems and identify other regulatory signals.},
}
@article {pmid31653843,
year = {2019},
author = {Du, K and Zhang, M and Dai, C and Zhou, ZN and Xie, YW and Ren, ZH and Tian, H and Chen, LQ and Van Tendeloo, G and Zhang, Z},
title = {Manipulating topological transformations of polar structures through real-time observation of the dynamic polarization evolution.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {4864},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-12864-5},
pmid = {31653843},
issn = {2041-1723},
abstract = {Topological structures based on controllable ferroelectric or ferromagnetic domain configurations offer the opportunity to develop microelectronic devices such as high-density memories. Despite the increasing experimental and theoretical insights into various domain structures (such as polar spirals, polar wave, polar vortex) over the past decade, manipulating the topological transformations of polar structures and comprehensively understanding its underlying mechanism remains lacking. By conducting an in-situ non-contact bias technique, here we systematically investigate the real-time topological transformations of polar structures in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers at an atomic level. The procedure of vortex pair splitting and the transformation from polar vortex to polar wave and out-of-plane polarization are observed step by step. Furthermore, the redistribution of charge in various topological structures has been demonstrated under an external bias. This provides new insights for the symbiosis of polar and charge and offers an opportunity for a new generation of microelectronic devices.},
}
@article {pmid31653715,
year = {2019},
author = {Burghardt, LT and Trujillo, DI and Epstein, B and Tiffin, P and Young, ND},
title = {A 'Select and Resequence' approach reveals strain-specific effects of Medicago nodule-specific PLAT-domain genes.},
journal = {Plant physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1104/pp.19.00831},
pmid = {31653715},
issn = {1532-2548},
abstract = {Genetic studies of legume symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria have traditionally focused on nodule and nitrogen-fixation phenotypes when hosts are inoculated with a single rhizobial strain. These approaches overlook the potential effect of host genes on rhizobial fitness (i.e., how many rhizobia are released from host nodules) and strain-specific effects of host genes (i.e., genome x genome interactions). Using Medicago truncatula mutants in the recently described Nodule-specific PLAT Domain (NPD) gene family, we show how inoculating plants with a mixed inoculum of 68 rhizobial strains (Ensifer meliloti) via a select-and-resequence (S&amp;R) approach can be used to efficiently assay host mutants for strain-specific effects of late-acting host genes on interacting bacteria. The deletion of a single NPD gene (npd2) or all five members of the NPD gene family (npd1-5) differentially altered the frequency of rhizobial strains in nodules even though npd2 mutants had no visible nodule morphology or N-fixation phenotype. Also, npd1-5 nodules were less diverse and had larger populations of colony-forming rhizobia despite their smaller size. Lastly, NPD mutations disrupt a positive correlation between strain fitness and wild-type host biomass. These changes indicate that the effects of NPD proteins are strain dependent and that NPD family members are not redundant with regard to their effects on rhizobial strains. Association analyses of the rhizobial strains in the mixed inoculation indicate that rhizobial genes involved in chromosome segregation, cell division, GABA metabolism, efflux systems, and stress tolerance play an important role in the strain-specific effects of NPD genes.},
}
@article {pmid31652999,
year = {2019},
author = {He, W and Guo, L and Wang, L and Zhao, Q and Guo, L and Cao, W and Mur, LAJ and Wei, Y},
title = {Host Genotype and Precipitation Influence of Fungal Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin Abundance in a Locoweed.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {21},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms20215285},
pmid = {31652999},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {31402133//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2020-QY-210//Special Aid Fund for Qinghai Province/ ; 18JS110//Key Laboratory Research Fund of Department of Education of Shaanxi Province/ ; 201203062//Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China/ ; WH//Stapledon Fellowship/ ; BB/M027945/1//BBSRC Exchange grant/ ; },
abstract = {Many plant endophytes produce mycotoxins, but how host genetic variation influences endophyte colonization and mycotoxin production under natural conditions is poorly understood. This interaction has not been fully considered in many previous studies which used controlled experiments with agronomic or model plant species. Here, we investigated this interaction in a naturally occurring forb (a locoweed species) Oxytropis ochrocephala, its symbiotic endophyte Alternaria oxytropis, and the mycotoxin swainsonine. Host genetic variation was characterized by microsatellite markers. Endophyte infection rate and swainsonine levels were determined by PCR and HPLC, respectively. Genetic markers defined two distinct host populations and revealed that host genetics were significantly correlated with geographical location, elevation, and precipitation. As the host diverged, symbiotic interactions were reduced or failed to produce detectable swainsonine in one host population. Host genotype and precipitation had a significant impact in shaping swainsonine production at the population level. This study highlights the effect of host genotype in influencing this interaction in locoweeds.},
}
@article {pmid31652848,
year = {2019},
author = {da Trindade, R and Almeida, L and Xavier, L and Lins, AL and Andrade, EH and Maia, JG and Mello, A and Setzer, WN and Ramos, A and da Silva, JK},
title = {Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization Promotes Changes in the Volatile Compounds and Enzymatic Activity of Lipoxygenase and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase in Piper nigrum L. 'Bragantina'.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/plants8110442},
pmid = {31652848},
issn = {2223-7747},
support = {446711/2014-4//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been used to promote numerous benefits to plants. In this study, we evaluated the symbiosis between AMF species (Rhizophagus clarus, Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and Piper nigrum L. 'Bragantina'. Volatile compounds, lipoxygenase (LOX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, and total phenolic content were monitored from 1 to 60 days post-inoculation (dpi). Hyphae, arbuscles, and vesicles were observed during the root colonization. In the leaves, AMF induced an increase of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (54.0%-79.0%) and a decrease of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (41.3%-14.5%) at 7 dpi and 60 dpi (41.8%-21.5%), respectively. Cubenol, the main volatile compound of leaves, showed a significant decrease at 7 dpi (21.5%-0.28%) and 45 dpi (20.4%-18.42%). β-caryophyllene, the major volatile compound of the roots, displayed a significant reduction at 45 dpi (30.0%-20.0%). LOX increased in the roots at 21, 30, and 60 dpi. PAL was higher in leaves during all periods, except at 60 dpi, and increased at 21 and 45 dpi in the roots. The total phenolic content showed a significant increase only in the roots at 30 dpi. The results suggested that AMF provided changes in the secondary metabolism of P. nigrum, inducing its resistance.},
}
@article {pmid31649632,
year = {2019},
author = {He, C and Wang, W and Hou, J},
title = {Plant Growth and Soil Microbial Impacts of Enhancing Licorice With Inoculating Dark Septate Endophytes Under Drought Stress.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2277},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02277},
pmid = {31649632},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {This study mainly aimed to investigate the effects of dark septate endophytes (DSE) (Acrocalymma vagum, Paraboeremia putaminum, and Fusarium acuminatum) on the growth and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere soil of a medicinal plant, licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), grown in the non-sterile soil under drought stress. The results showed that three DSE strains could effectively colonize the plant roots and form a strain-dependent symbiosis with licorice. Although drought stress declined the growth of licorice plants, these decreases were partly recovered by DSE inoculation. Specifically, the inoculation of A. vagum and P. putaminum significantly increased the biomass and glycyrrhizin content, whereas A. vagum and F. acuminatum increased glycyrrhizic acid content of host plants under drought stress. However, the inoculation of F. acuminatum showed significant negative effects on the shoot, root, and total biomass of licorice plants. In addition, the effects of DSE inoculation on the morphological, photosynthetic, and antioxidant parameters of licorice plants, and mineral nutrient and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere soil were dependent on the DSE species as well as water regime. Interestingly, DSE inoculation significantly increased AM fungi content under drought stress. In addition, DSE associated with water had a significant positive influence on soil organic matter, available phosphorus (P), AM fungi, leaf number, soluble protein, SOD activity, total root length, root branch, and glycyrrhizic acid content. Based on the results of variance partitioning analysis, 17.0, 34.0, 14.9, 40.1, 28.2, and 18.0% variations in shoot morphology, root morphology, plant biomass, active ingredient, photosynthetic parameters, and antioxidant parameters, respectively, were attributable to the presence of certain soil microorganisms. These findings suggest the possibility that DSE inoculation improved the root development and nutrient absorption of host plants, altered the soil microbiota, and might also contribute to plant growth and survival under drought conditions. As A. vagum exhibited positive effects on the plant biomass, morphological and physiological parameters, and active ingredient content in licorice plants under drought stress, it was considered to be the best fungus for licorice cultivation. These results contribute to the understanding of the ecological function of DSE fungi in dryland agriculture.},
}
@article {pmid31649123,
year = {2019},
author = {Roy, S and Liu, W and Nandety, RS and Crook, AD and Mysore, KS and Pislariu, CI and Frugoli, JA and Dickstein, R and Udvardi, MK},
title = {Celebrating 20 years of genetic discoveries in legume nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.},
journal = {The Plant cell},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1105/tpc.19.00279},
pmid = {31649123},
issn = {1532-298X},
abstract = {Since 1999, various forward- and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200 genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries advanced our understanding of the evolution of SNF in plants and its relationship to other beneficial endosymbioses, signaling between plants and microbes, control of microbial infection of plant cells, control of plant cell division leading to nodule development, autoregulation of nodulation, intracellular accommodation of bacteria, nodule oxygen homeostasis, control of bacteroid differentiation, metabolism and transport supporting symbiosis, and control of nodule senescence. This review catalogs and contextualizes all of the plant genes currently known to be required for SNF in two model legume species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and two crop species, Glycine max (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). We also consider, briefly, the future of SNF genetics in the era of pan genomics and genome editing.},
}
@article {pmid31300639,
year = {2019},
author = {Ziegler, M and Grupstra, CGB and Barreto, MM and Eaton, M and BaOmar, J and Zubier, K and Al-Sofyani, A and Turki, AJ and Ormond, R and Voolstra, CR},
title = {Coral bacterial community structure responds to environmental change in a host-specific manner.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {3092},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-10969-5},
pmid = {31300639},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {Baseline Funds//King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)/International ; },
mesh = {Acclimatization/*physiology ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*microbiology/*physiology ; Bacterial Translocation/*physiology ; Coral Reefs ; Host Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The global decline of coral reefs heightens the need to understand how corals respond to changing environmental conditions. Corals are metaorganisms, so-called holobionts, and restructuring of the associated bacterial community has been suggested as a means of holobiont adaptation. However, the potential for restructuring of bacterial communities across coral species in different environments has not been systematically investigated. Here we show that bacterial community structure responds in a coral host-specific manner upon cross-transplantation between reef sites with differing levels of anthropogenic impact. The coral Acropora hemprichii harbors a highly flexible microbiome that differs between each level of anthropogenic impact to which the corals had been transplanted. In contrast, the microbiome of the coral Pocillopora verrucosa remains remarkably stable. Interestingly, upon cross-transplantation to unaffected sites, we find that microbiomes become indistinguishable from back-transplanted controls, suggesting the ability of microbiomes to recover. It remains unclear whether differences to associate with bacteria flexibly reflects different holobiont adaptation mechanisms to respond to environmental change.},
}
@article {pmid30761155,
year = {2018},
author = {Meade, KG and O'Farrelly, C},
title = {β-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {3072},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2018.03072},
pmid = {30761155},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Animals ; Homeostasis/*immunology ; Host Microbial Interactions/immunology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Microbiota/*immunology ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; beta-Defensins/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Diverse commensal populations are now regarded as key to physiological homeostasis and protection against disease. Although bacteria are the most abundant component of microbiomes, and the most intensively studied, the microbiome also consists of viral, fungal, archael, and protozoan communities, about which comparatively little is known. Host-defense peptides (HDPs), originally described as antimicrobial, now have renewed significance as curators of the pervasive microbial loads required to maintain homeostasis and manage microbiome diversity. Harnessing HDP biology to transition away from non-selective, antibiotic-mediated treatments for clearance of microbes is a new paradigm, particularly in veterinary medicine. One family of evolutionarily conserved HDPs, β-defensins which are produced in diverse combinations by epithelial and immune cell populations, are multifunctional cationic peptides which manage the cross-talk between host and microbes and maintain a healthy yet dynamic equilibrium across mucosal systems. They are therefore key gatekeepers to the oral, respiratory, reproductive and enteric tissues, preventing pathogen-associated inflammation and disease and maintaining physiological normality. Expansions in the number of genes encoding these natural antibiotics have been described in the genomes of some species, the functional significance of which has only recently being appreciated. β-defensin expression has been documented pre-birth and disruptions in their regulation may play a role in maladaptive neonatal immune programming, thereby contributing to subsequent disease susceptibility. Here we review recent evidence supporting a critical role for β-defensins as farmers of the pervasive and complex prokaryotic ecosystems that occupy all body surfaces and cavities. We also share some new perspectives on the role of β-defensins as sensors of homeostasis and the immune vanguard particularly at sites of immunological privilege where inflammation is attenuated.},
}
@article {pmid30562523,
year = {2018},
author = {Egan, SP and Hood, GR and Martinson, EO and Ott, JR},
title = {Cynipid gall wasps.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {28},
number = {24},
pages = {R1370-R1374},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.028},
pmid = {30562523},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Animals ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plant Tumors/*parasitology ; Plants/*parasitology ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Egan et al. introduce the reader to gall wasps, including a description of their life cycle and complex ecological interactions with host plants and natural enemies.},
}
@article {pmid30374192,
year = {2018},
author = {Estes, AM and Hearn, DJ and Agrawal, S and Pierson, EA and Dunning Hotopp, JC},
title = {Comparative genomics of the Erwinia and Enterobacter olive fly endosymbionts.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {15936},
pmid = {30374192},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Base Composition ; Enterobacter/*genetics ; Erwinia/*genetics ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/*methods ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Olea/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The pestivorous tephritid olive fly has long been known as a frequent host of the obligately host-associated bacterial endosymbiont, Erwinia dacicola, as well as other facultative endosymbionts. The genomes of Erwinia dacicola and Enterobacter sp. OLF, isolated from a California olive fly, encode the ability to supplement amino acids and vitamins missing from the olive fruit on which the larvae feed. The Enterobacter sp. OLF genome encodes both uricase and ureases, and the Er. dacicola genome encodes an allantoate transport pathway, suggesting that bird feces or recycling the fly's waste products may be important sources of nitrogen. No homologs to known nitrogenases were identified in either bacterial genome, despite suggestions of their presence from experiments with antibiotic-treated flies. Comparisons between the olive fly endosymbionts and their free-living relatives revealed similar GC composition and genome size. The Er. dacicola genome has fewer genes for amino acid metabolism, cell motility, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism than free-living Erwinia spp. while having more genes for cell division, nucleotide metabolism and replication as well as mobile elements. A 6,696 bp potential lateral gene transfer composed primarily of amino acid synthesis and transport genes was identified that is also observed in Pseudomonas savastanoii pv savastanoii, the causative agent of olive knot disease.},
}
@article {pmid30344114,
year = {2018},
author = {Fox, MD and Williams, GJ and Johnson, MD and Radice, VZ and Zgliczynski, BJ and Kelly, ELA and Rohwer, FL and Sandin, SA and Smith, JE},
title = {Gradients in Primary Production Predict Trophic Strategies of Mixotrophic Corals across Spatial Scales.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {28},
number = {21},
pages = {3355-3363.e4},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.057},
pmid = {30344114},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*metabolism ; Autotrophic Processes ; Carbon/*metabolism ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Oceans and Seas ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Mixotrophy is among the most successful nutritional strategies in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The ability of organisms to supplement primary nutritional modes along continua of autotrophy and heterotrophy fosters trophic flexibility that can sustain metabolic demands under variable or stressful conditions. Symbiotic, reef-building corals are among the most broadly distributed and ecologically important mixotrophs, yet we lack a basic understanding of how they modify their use of autotrophy and heterotrophy across gradients of food availability. Here, we evaluate how one coral species, Pocillopora meandrina, supplements autotrophic nutrition through heterotrophy within an archipelago and test whether this pattern holds across species globally. Using stable isotope analysis (δ13C) and satellite-derived estimates of nearshore primary production (chlorophyll-a, as a proxy for food availability), we show that P. meandrina incorporates a greater proportion of carbon via heterotrophy when more food is available across five central Pacific islands. We then show that this pattern is consistent globally using data from 15 coral species across 16 locations spanning the Caribbean Sea and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Globally, surface chlorophyll-a explains 77% of the variation in coral heterotrophic nutrition, 86% for one genus across 10 islands, and 94% when controlling for coral taxonomy within archipelagos. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that satellite-derived estimates of nearshore primary production provide a globally relevant proxy for resource availability that can explain variation in coral trophic ecology. Thus, our model provides a pivotal step toward resolving the biophysical couplings between mixotrophic organisms and spatial patterns of resource availability in the coastal oceans.},
}
@article {pmid30319660,
year = {2018},
author = {Villena, J and Kitazawa, H and Van Wees, SCM and Pieterse, CMJ and Takahashi, H},
title = {Receptors and Signaling Pathways for Recognition of Bacteria in Livestock and Crops: Prospects for Beneficial Microbes in Healthy Growth Strategies.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {2223},
pmid = {30319660},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Animal Diseases/immunology/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Animal Feed/adverse effects ; Animal Husbandry/methods ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/administration &amp; dosage/adverse effects ; Bacteria/drug effects/*immunology ; Crop Production/methods ; Crops, Agricultural/*immunology/microbiology ; Disease Resistance/immunology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; Livestock/*immunology/microbiology ; Plant Diseases/immunology/microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Plant Immunity ; Plant Proteins/immunology ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology ; Signal Transduction/immunology ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Modern animal and crop production practices are associated with the regular use of antimicrobials, potentially increasing selection pressure on bacteria to become resistant. Alternative approaches are needed in order to satisfy the demands of the growing human population without the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. Researchers have brought a different perspective to solve this problem and have emphasized the exploitation of animal- and plant-associated microorganisms that are beneficial to their hosts through the modulation of the innate immune system. There is increasing evidence that plants and animals employ microbial perception and defense pathways that closely resemble each other. Formation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) complexes involving leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing proteins, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated activation of immune response genes, and subsequent production of antimicrobial products and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) to improve defenses against pathogens, add to the list of similarities between both systems. Recent pioneering work has identified that animal and plant cells use similar receptors for sensing beneficial commensal microbes that are important for the maintenance of the host's health. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms involved in the recognition of pathogenic and commensal microbes by the innate immune systems of animal and plants highlighting their differences and similarities. In addition, we discuss the idea of using beneficial microbes to modulate animal and plant immune systems in order to improve the resistance to infections and reduce the use of antimicrobial compounds.},
}
@article {pmid30140076,
year = {2018},
author = {Alcaraz, LD and Peimbert, M and Barajas, HR and Dorantes-Acosta, AE and Bowman, JL and Arteaga-Vázquez, MA},
title = {Marchantia liverworts as a proxy to plants' basal microbiomes.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {12712},
pmid = {30140076},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {237387//Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&amp;#x00ED;a (National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico)/International ; TA200117//Direcci&amp;#x00F3;n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad&amp;#x00E9;mico, Universidad Nacional Aut&amp;#x00F3;noma de M&amp;#x00E9;xico (Direcci&amp;#x00F3;n General Asuntos del Personal Acad&amp;#x00E9;mico, Universidad Nacional Aut&amp;#x00F3;noma de M&amp;#x00E9;xico)/International ; },
mesh = {*Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Host Microbial Interactions/*genetics ; Marchantia/*microbiology ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Microbiomes influence plant establishment, development, nutrient acquisition, pathogen defense, and health. Plant microbiomes are shaped by interactions between the microbes and a selection process of host plants that distinguishes between pathogens, commensals, symbionts and transient bacteria. In this work, we explore the microbiomes through massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes of microbiomes two Marchantia species of liverworts. We compared microbiomes from M. polymorpha and M. paleacea plants collected in the wild relative to their soils substrates and from plants grown in vitro that were established from gemmae obtained from the same populations of wild plants. Our experimental setup allowed identification of microbes found in both native and in vitro Marchantia species. The main OTUs (97% identity) in Marchantia microbiomes were assigned to the following genera: Methylobacterium, Rhizobium, Paenibacillus, Lysobacter, Pirellula, Steroidobacter, and Bryobacter. The assigned genera correspond to bacteria capable of plant-growth promotion, complex exudate degradation, nitrogen fixation, methylotrophs, and disease-suppressive bacteria, all hosted in the relatively simple anatomy of the plant. Based on their long evolutionary history Marchantia is a promising model to study not only long-term relationships between plants and their microbes but also the transgenerational contribution of microbiomes to plant development and their response to environmental changes.},
}
@article {pmid29718285,
year = {2018},
author = {Amos, BA and Leemon, DL and Hayes, RA and Cribb, BW and Furlong, MJ},
title = {Associations Between the Small Hive Beetle and the Yeast Kodamaea ohmeri Throughout the Host Life Cycle.},
journal = {Journal of economic entomology},
volume = {111},
number = {4},
pages = {1501-1508},
doi = {10.1093/jee/toy121},
pmid = {29718285},
issn = {1938-291X},
abstract = {The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is a pest of colonies of social bees, including the honeybee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We investigated A. tumida oviposition behavior and development and found that it laid eggs in clutches that ranged in size (3-75 eggs per clutch) and that when fed on hive products in laboratory culture (27°C; RH 65%; 12:12 (L:D) h) it completed three larval instars before pupation. The yeast Kodamaea ohmeri (Etchells &amp; Bell) Y. Yamada, T. Suzuki, M. Matsuda &amp; K. Mikata (Ascomycota: Saccharomycotina) is associated with A. tumida, but the exact nature of this relationship is unknown. We examined the association in host eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults to establish its extent and potential specificity and determined the likely mechanism of vertical transmission. K. ohmeri was detected in egg mucilage and on host cuticle and from internal preparations of A. tumida at every stage of development. Based on colony forming unit (CFU) counts, the K. ohmeri densities varied significantly between developmental stages; the highest internal density was recorded in third instar larvae. Presence of K. ohmeri within adult A. tumida was not affected by contamination of the cuticle by the yeast during the larval and pupal stages nor by the mated status of the adult. This deepened understanding of A. tumida ovipositional behavior and larval development along with a better understanding of the relationship between K. ohmeri and its host is important for the development of management strategies for this important pest.},
}
@article {pmid31646970,
year = {2019},
author = {Jooste, M and Roets, F and Midgley, GF and Oberlander, KC and Dreyer, LL},
title = {Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Oxalis - evidence for a vertically inherited bacterial symbiosis.},
journal = {BMC plant biology},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {441},
doi = {10.1186/s12870-019-2049-7},
pmid = {31646970},
issn = {1471-2229},
support = {Scarce Skills Doctoral Scholarship//National Research Foundation/ ; Blue Skies Research Grant//National Research Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Plant-endophyte symbioses often revolve around nitrogen metabolism, and involve varying degrees of intimacy. Although evidence for vertical inheritance of nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria is increasing, it is confined mostly to crop plants, and to date no such system has been reported for geophytes.<br><br>METHODS: Bacterial endophytes associated with Oxalis, the most species-rich geophytic genus form the Cape Flora in southern Africa was studied. Culturable endophytes were isolated from surface-sterilized vegetative and reproductive plant organs for six host species at three locations. Colonies of microbes on various artificial media were morphotyped, enumerated and identified using sequence data. Filter exclusion experiments were conducted to determine if endophytes were vertically transmitted to seeds, determine if mucilage plays a role to actively attract microbes from the soil and to assess microbial richness isolated from the mucilage of Oxalis seedlings. Fluorescent microscopy was implemented in order to visualize endophytic bacteria in cryo-sectioned seeds.<br><br>RESULTS: Evidence for a novel, vertically transmitted symbiosis was reported. Communities of nitrogen-fixing and plant growth-promoting Bacillus endophytes were found to associate with selected Oxalis hosts from nitrogen-deficient environments of the Cape. Bacillus endophytes were ubiquitous and diverse across species and plant bodies, and were prominent in seeds. Three common nitrogen-fixing Bacillus have known oxalotrophic properties and appear to be housed inside specialised cavities (containing oxalates) within the plant body and seeds.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The discovery of vertical transmission and potential benefits to both host and endophyte suggest a particularly tight mutualism in the Oxalis-endophyte system. This discovery suggests unexpected ways in which geophytes might avoid nitrogen deficiency, and suggest that such symbioses are more common than previously expected.},
}
@article {pmid30375469,
year = {2018},
author = {Karnkowska, A and Bennett, MS and Triemer, RE},
title = {Dynamic evolution of inverted repeats in Euglenophyta plastid genomes.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {16071},
pmid = {30375469},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {2016/21/D/NZ8/01288//Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre)/International ; },
mesh = {Euglenida/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Plastid/*genetics ; Introns/genetics ; Inverted Repeat Sequences/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plastids/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {Photosynthetic euglenids (Euglenophyta) are a monophyletic group of unicellular eukaryotes characterized by the presence of plastids, which arose as the result of the secondary endosymbiosis. Many Euglenophyta plastid (pt) genomes have been characterized recently, but they represented mainly one family - Euglenaceae. Here, we report a comparative analysis of plastid genomes from eight representatives of the family Phacaceae. Newly sequenced plastid genomes share a number of features including synteny and gene content, except for genes mat2 and mat5 encoding maturases. The observed diversity of intron number and presence/absence of maturases corroborated previously suggested correlation between the number of maturases in the pt genome and intron proliferation. Surprisingly, pt genomes of taxa belonging to Discoplastis and Lepocinclis encode two inverted repeat (IR) regions containing the rDNA operon, which are absent from the Euglenaceae. By mapping the presence/absence of IR region on the obtained phylogenomic tree, we reconstructed the most probable events in the evolution of IRs in the Euglenophyta. Our study highlights the dynamic nature of the Euglenophyta plastid genome, in particular with regards to the IR regions that underwent losses repeatedly.},
}
@article {pmid30088785,
year = {2018},
author = {Yadav, S and Eleftherianos, I},
title = {Prolonged Storage Increases Virulence of Steinernema Entomopathogenic Nematodes Toward Drosophila Larvae.},
journal = {The Journal of parasitology},
volume = {104},
number = {6},
pages = {722-725},
doi = {10.1645/18-91},
pmid = {30088785},
issn = {1937-2345},
mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology/*parasitology ; Germ-Free Life ; Larva/microbiology/parasitology ; Rhabditida/*pathogenicity ; Symbiosis ; Time Factors ; Virulence ; Xenorhabdus/physiology ; },
abstract = {Entomopathogenic nematodes are excellent organisms for dissecting the molecular basis of parasitism and probing the insect innate immune system. The nematode parasite Steinernema carpocapsae is a potent pathogen of insects that has emerged recently as a model for parasitic infection and anti-nematode immune signaling and response. The nematodes are mutualistically associated with the bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila, which are also pathogenic to insects. Separation of nematodes from their associated bacteria facilitates mechanistic studies focusing on the impact of the parasites without considering the contribution of their bacterial partners. An important aspect in insect infection experiments with entomopathogenic nematodes includes the storage duration of the parasites. Here we have infected larvae of the model insect Drosophila melanogaster with S. carpocapsae nematodes that had been stored for 3 wk or 3 mo. Survival data consistently revealed that infective juveniles with prolonged storage exhibit substantially increased virulence toward D. melanogaster larvae compared with those that had been stored for a shorter time, and the presence of mutualistic X. nematophila in the nematodes does not influence this result. Although the basis for this effect is currently unknown, these surprising findings indicate that prolonged nematode storage can markedly alter virulence. This is significant knowledge that should be taken into account in functional assays involving infection with parasitic nematodes. Future efforts will focus on the identification and characterization of the factors that might determine the interrelationship between prolonged storage and virulence in nematode parasites.},
}
@article {pmid30958139,
year = {2019},
author = {Humphreys, RK and Ruxton, GD},
title = {Adaptive suicide: is a kin-selected driver of fatal behaviours likely?.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {20180823},
doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2018.0823},
pmid = {30958139},
issn = {1744-957X},
mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insecta ; *Parasites ; *Suicide ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {While several manipulated host behaviours are accepted as extended phenotypes of parasites, there remains debate over whether other altered behaviours in hosts following parasitic invasion represent cases of parasite manipulation, host defence or the pathology of infection. One particularly controversial subject is 'suicidal behaviour' in infected hosts. The host-suicide hypothesis proposes that host death benefits hosts doomed to reduced direct fitness by protecting kin from parasitism and therefore increasing inclusive fitness. However, adaptive suicide has been difficult to demonstrate conclusively as a host adaptation in studies on social or clonal insects, for whom high relatedness should enable greater inclusive fitness benefits. Following discussion of empirical and theoretical works from a behavioural ecology perspective, this review finds that the most persuasive evidence for selection of adaptive suicide comes from bacteria. Despite a focus on parasites, driven by the existing literature, the potential for the evolution of adaptive suicidal behaviour in hosts is also considered to apply to cases of infection by pathogens, provided that the disease has a severe effect on direct fitness and that suicidal behaviour can affect pathogen transmission dynamics. Suggestions are made for future research and a broadening of the possible implications for coevolution between parasites and hosts.},
}
@article {pmid30699166,
year = {2019},
author = {Kawakita, A and Sato, AAW and Salazar, JRL and Kato, M},
title = {Leafflower-leafflower moth mutualism in the Neotropics: Successful transoceanic dispersal from the Old World to the New World by actively-pollinating leafflower moths.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {e0210727},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0210727},
pmid = {30699166},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Magnoliopsida/*physiology ; Moths ; Phylogeny ; Pollination/physiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {In the Old World tropics, several hundred species of leafflowers (Phyllanthus sensu lato; Phyllanthaceae) are engaged in obligate mutualisms with species-specific leafflower moths (Epicephala; Gracillariidae) whose adults actively pollinate flowers and larvae consume the resulting seeds. Considerable diversity of Phyllanthus also exists in the New World, but whether any New World Phyllanthus is pollinated by Epicephala is unknown. We studied the pollination biology of four woody Phyllanthus species occurring in Peru over a period of four years, and found that each species is associated with a species-specific, seed-eating Epicephala moth, here described as new species. Another Epicephala species found associated with herbaceous Phyllanthus is also described. This is the first description of Epicephala from the New World. Field-collected female moths of the four Epicephala species associated with woody Phyllanthus all carried pollen on the proboscises, and active pollination behavior was observed in at least two species. Thus, Epicephala moths also pollinate New World Phyllanthus. However, not all of these Epicephala species may be mutualistic with their hosts, because we occasionally observed females laying eggs in developing fruits without pollinating. Also, the flowers of some Phyllanthus species were visited by pollen-bearing thrips or gall midges, which potentially acted as co-pollinators or primary pollinators. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the New World Epicephala associated with woody Phyllanthus are nested within lineages of Old World active pollinators. Thus, actively-pollinating Epicephala moths, which originated in the Old World, successfully colonized the New World probably across the Pacific and established mutualisms with resident Phyllanthus species, although whether any of the relationships are obligate requires further study. There is likely a major radiation of Epicephala still to be found in the New World.},
}
@article {pmid30699163,
year = {2019},
author = {Singh, T and Iijima, M and Yasumoto, K and Sakai, K},
title = {Effects of moderate thermal anomalies on Acropora corals around Sesoko Island, Okinawa.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {e0210795},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0210795},
pmid = {30699163},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/growth &amp; development/*microbiology/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Global Warming ; Host Microbial Interactions/physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Japan ; Population Dynamics/trends ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Symbiosis/physiology ; },
abstract = {Over the past several decades, coral reef ecosystems have experienced recurring bleaching events. These events were predominantly caused by thermal anomalies, which vary widely in terms of severity and spatio-temporal distribution. Acropora corals, highly prominent contributors to the structural complexity of Pacific coral reefs, are sensitive to thermal stress. Response of Acropora corals to extremely high temperature has been well documented. However, studies on the effects of moderately high temperature on Acropora corals are limited. In the summer of 2016, a moderate coral bleaching event due to moderately high temperature was observed around Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan. The objective of this study was to examine thermal tolerance patterns of Acropora corals, across reefs with low to moderate thermal exposure (degree heating weeks ~2-5°C week). Field surveys on permanent plots were conducted from October 2015 to April 2017 to compare the population dynamics of adult Acropora corals 6 months before and after the bleaching events around Sesoko Island. Variability in thermal stress response was driven primarily by the degree of thermal stress. Wave action and turbidity may have mediated the thermal stress. Tabular and digitate coral morphologies were the most tolerant and susceptible to thermal stress, respectively. Growth inhibition after bleaching was more pronounced in the larger digitate and corymbose coral morphologies. This study indicates that Acropora populations around Sesoko Island can tolerate short-term, moderate thermal challenges.},
}
@article {pmid30568295,
year = {2018},
author = {Marting, PR and Kallman, NM and Wcislo, WT and Pratt, SC},
title = {Ant-plant sociometry in the Azteca-Cecropia mutualism.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {17968},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-36399-9},
pmid = {30568295},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {NA//Smithsonian | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution)/International ; NA//Smithsonian | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution)/International ; NA//ASU | School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University (ASU School of Life Sciences)/International ; CCF-1012029//National Science Foundation (NSF)/International ; CCF-1012029//National Science Foundation (NSF)/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Nesting Behavior ; *Plants ; Population Density ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Sociometric Techniques ; *Symbiosis ; Trees ; },
abstract = {A holistic understanding of superorganism biology requires study of colony sociometry, or the quantitative relationships among growth, nest architecture, morphology, and behavior. For ant colonies that obligately nest within plant hosts, their sociometry is likely intertwined with the plant, which has implications for the evolution, strength, and stability of the mutualism. In the Azteca-Cecropia mutualism, plants provide ants with food rewards and hollow stems for nesting in return for protection from herbivores. Several interesting questions arise when considering ant-plant sociometry: are colony growth and plant growth synchronized? How do colonies distribute themselves within the stem of their host plant? How do plant traits influence worker morphology? How is collective personality related to tree structure, nest organization, and worker morphology? To address these questions, we investigated patterns within and relationships among five major sociometric categories of colonies in the field - plant traits, colony size, nest organization, worker morphology, and collective personality. We found that colony sociometry was intimately intertwined with host plant traits. Colony and plant growth rates were synchronized, suggesting that positive feedback between plant and colony growth stabilizes the mutualism. The colony's distribution inside the host tree tended to follow leaf growth, with most workers, brood, and the queen in the top half of the tree. Worker morphology correlated with plant size instead of colony size or age, which suggests that plant traits influence worker development. Colony personality was independent of colony distribution and tree structure but may correlate with worker size such that colonies with smaller, less variable workers had more aggressive personalities. This study provides insights into how ant-plant structural relationships may contribute to plant protection and the strength of mutualisms.},
}
@article {pmid30275487,
year = {2018},
author = {de Moraes, LA and Muller, C and Bueno, RCOF and Santos, A and Bello, VH and De Marchi, BR and Watanabe, LFM and Marubayashi, JM and Santos, BR and Yuki, VA and Takada, HM and de Barros, DR and Neves, CG and da Silva, FN and Gonçalves, MJ and Ghanim, M and Boykin, L and Pavan, MA and Krause-Sakate, R},
title = {Distribution and phylogenetics of whiteflies and their endosymbiont relationships after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {14589},
pmid = {30275487},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Alphaproteobacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Animals ; Brazil ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Gammaproteobacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*classification/genetics/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; *Introduced Species ; *Phylogeography ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous insect and a successful vector of plant viruses. B. tabaci is a species complex and in Brazil native species from the New World (NW) group, as well as the invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) were reported. For better understanding the distribution of the different species four years after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil, whiteflies were collected from 237 locations throughout the country between the years of 2013 and 2017, species were identified and the facultative endosymbionts detected. The survey revealed that MEAM1 was the prevalent species found on major crops across Brazil. It is the only species present in North, Northwestern and Central Brazil and was associated with virus-infected plants. MED was found in five States from Southeast to South regions, infesting mainly ornamental plants and was not associated with virus-infected plants. The prevalent endosymbionts identified in MEAM1 were Hamiltonella and Rickettsia; and the mtCOI analysis revealed low genetic diversity for MEAM1. In contrast, several different endosymbionts were identified in MED including Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Arsenophonus; and two distinct genetic groups were found based on the mtCOI analysis. Monitoring the distribution of the whiteflies species in Brazil is essential for proper management of this pest.},
}
@article {pmid29799016,
year = {2018},
author = {Mumoki, FN and Pirk, CWW and Yusuf, AA and Crewe, RM},
title = {Reproductive parasitism by worker honey bees suppressed by queens through regulation of worker mandibular secretions.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {7701},
pmid = {29799016},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Bodily Secretions/physiology ; Competitive Behavior/*physiology ; *Dominance-Subordination ; Female ; Male ; Mandible/*metabolism ; Pheromones/metabolism ; Reproduction/physiology ; Scent Glands/*metabolism ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Social Behavior ; Social Dominance ; Symbiosis/physiology ; },
abstract = {Social cohesion in social insect colonies can be achieved through the use of chemical signals whose production is caste-specific and regulated by social contexts. In honey bees, queen mandibular gland pheromones (QMP) maintain reproductive dominance by inhibiting ovary activation and production of queen-like mandibular gland signals in workers. We investigated whether honey bee queens can control reproductively active workers of the intraspecific social parasite Apis mellifera capensis, parasitising A. m. scutellata host colonies. Our results show that the queen's QMP suppresses ovarian activation and inhibits the production of QMP pheromone signals by the parasitic workers, achieved through differential expression of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these pheromones at two points in the biosynthetic pathway. This is the first report showing that honey bee queens can regulate reproduction in intraspecific social parasites and deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of worker reproduction in social insects.},
}
@article {pmid29474513,
year = {2018},
author = {Baluška, F and Lyons, S},
title = {Energide-cell body as smallest unit of eukaryotic life.},
journal = {Annals of botany},
volume = {122},
number = {5},
pages = {741-745},
pmid = {29474513},
issn = {1095-8290},
mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Cell Body/*physiology ; Cell Nucleus/*physiology ; Eukaryotic Cells/*physiology ; Life ; Plant Cells/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Background: The evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic nucleus is obscure and controversial. Currently preferred are autogenic concepts; ideas of a symbiotic origin are mostly discarded and forgotten. Here we briefly discuss these issues and propose a new version of the symbiotic and archaeal origin of the eukaryotic nucleus.<br><br>Scope and Conclusions: The nucleus of eukaryotic cells forms via its perinuclear microtubules, the primary eukaryotic unit known also as the Energide-cell body. As for all other endosymbiotic organelles, new Energides are generated only from other Energides. While the Energide cannot be generated de novo, it can use its secretory apparatus to generate de novo the cell periphery apparatus. We suggest that Virchow's tenet Omnis cellula e cellula should be updated as Omnis Energide e Energide to reflect the status of the Energide as the primary unit of the eukaryotic cell, and life. In addition, the plasma membrane provides feedback to the Energide and renders it protection via the plasma membrane-derived endosomal network. New discoveries suggest archaeal origins of both the Energide and its host cell.},
}
@article {pmid31636183,
year = {2019},
author = {Itoh, H and Jang, S and Takeshita, K and Ohbayashi, T and Ohnishi, N and Meng, XY and Mitani, Y and Kikuchi, Y},
title = {Host-symbiont specificity determined by microbe-microbe competition in an insect gut.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1912397116},
pmid = {31636183},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Despite the omnipresence of specific host-symbiont associations with acquisition of the microbial symbiont from the environment, little is known about how the specificity of the interaction evolved and is maintained. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris acquires a specific bacterial symbiont of the genus Burkholderia from environmental soil and harbors it in midgut crypts. The genus Burkholderia consists of over 100 species, showing ecologically diverse lifestyles, and including serious human pathogens, plant pathogens, and nodule-forming plant mutualists, as well as insect mutualists. Through infection tests of 34 Burkholderia species and 18 taxonomically diverse bacterial species, we demonstrate here that nonsymbiotic Burkholderia and even its outgroup Pandoraea could stably colonize the gut symbiotic organ and provide beneficial effects to the bean bug when inoculated on aposymbiotic hosts. However, coinoculation revealed that the native symbiont always outcompeted the nonnative bacteria inside the gut symbiotic organ, explaining the predominance of the native Burkholderia symbiont in natural bean bug populations. Hence, the abilities for colonization and cooperation, usually thought of as specific traits of mutualists, are not unique to the native Burkholderia symbiont but, to the contrary, competitiveness inside the gut is a derived trait of the native symbiont lineage only and was thus critical in the evolution of the insect gut symbiont.},
}
@article {pmid31635886,
year = {2019},
author = {Rajnovic, I and Ramírez-Bahena, MH and Sánchez-Juanes, F and González-Buitrago, JM and Kajic, S and Peix, Á and Velázquez, E and Sikora, S},
title = {Phylogenetic diversity of rhizobia nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia and definition of the symbiovar phaseoli within the species Rhizobium pisi.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {126019},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126019},
pmid = {31635886},
issn = {1618-0984},
abstract = {Phaseolus vulgaris is a legume indigenous to America which is currently cultivated in Europe including countries located at the Southeast of this continent, such as Croatia, where several local landraces are cultivated, most of them of Andean origin. In this work we identify at species and symbiovar levels several fast-growing strains able to form effective symbiosis with P. vulgaris in different Croatian soils. The identification at species level based on MALDI-TOF MS and core gene sequence analysis showed that most of these strains belong to the species R. leguminosarum, R. hidalgonense and R. pisi. In addition, several strains belong to putative new species phylogenetically close to R. ecuadorense and R. sophoriradicis. All Croatian strains belong to the symbiovar phaseoli and harbour the α and γ nodC alleles typical for American strains of this symbiovar. Nevertheless, most of Croatian strains harboured the γ nodC gene allele supporting its Andean origin since it is also dominant in other European countries, where Andean cultivars of P. vulgaris are traditionally cultivated, as occurs in Spain. The only strains harbouring the α nodC allele belong to R. hidalgonense and R. pisi, this last only containing the symbiovars viciae and trifolii to date. This is the first report about the presence in Europe of the species R. hidalgonense, the nodulation of P. vulgaris by R. pisi and the existence of the symbiovar phaseoli within this species. These results significantly increase the knowledge of the biogeography of Rhizobium-P. vulgaris symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid30504790,
year = {2018},
author = {Tiwari, G and Duraivadivel, P and Sharma, S and P, H},
title = {1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase producing beneficial rhizobacteria ameliorate the biomass characters of Panicum maximum Jacq. by mitigating drought and salt stress.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {17513},
pmid = {30504790},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Adaptation, Biological ; *Biomass ; Carbon-Carbon Lyases/*biosynthesis ; *Droughts ; Panicum/*microbiology/*physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Roots/microbiology/physiology ; *Salt Stress ; Soil Microbiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a precursor molecule of ethylene whose concentration is elevated in the plant subjected to biotic and abiotic stress. Several soil microorganisms are reported to produce ACC deaminase (ACCd) which degrades ACC thereby reducing stress ethylene in host plants. This study is aimed to apply ACCd producing beneficial rhizobacteria to improve biochemical parameters and cell wall properties of Panicum maximum exposed to salt and drought stress, focusing on bioethanol production. Thirty-seven ACCd producing bacteria isolated from rhizospheric soil of field grown P. maximum and 13 were shortlisted based on their beneficial traits (root colonization, production of indole acetic acid, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, phosphate solubilization, biofilm formation, tolerance to salt and Polyethylene glycol) and a total score obtained. All shortlisted bacteria were found significant in enhancing the plant growth, water conservation, membrane stability, biocompatible solutes and protein, phenolic contents and photosynthetic pigments in plants grown under stress conditions. Cell wall composition (Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin) of the treated plants grown under stress conditions recorded a significant improvement over their respective controls and found equivalent to the plants grown under normal circumstances. Biomass from bacterial treatment recorded higher total reducing sugars upon pre-treatment and hydrolysis, and theoretical bioethanol yield.},
}
@article {pmid30510292,
year = {2018},
author = {Brasseur, L and Caulier, G and Lepoint, G and Gerbaux, P and Eeckhaut, I},
title = {Echinometra mathaei and its ectocommensal shrimps: the role of sea urchin spinochrome pigments in the symbiotic association.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {17540},
pmid = {30510292},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Decapoda (Crustacea)/*physiology ; Naphthoquinones/*metabolism ; Pigmentation/*physiology ; Sea Urchins/*physiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Tuleariocaris holthuisi and Arete indicus are two ectocommensal shrimps closely associated with the tropical sea urchin Echinometra mathaei. This study provides a comparison of these two E. mathaei symbiotic crustaceans and particularly focuses on the relationship between T. holthuisi and its host's pigments (i.e. spinochromes), and its dependency on its host. While all the analyses underline a close association between A. indicus and E. mathaei, they reveal a particularly close interaction between T. holthuisi and its host. Chemical analyses reveal that these shrimps present the same spinochrome composition as E. mathaei, and have similar colouration, allowing camouflage. Isotopic composition and pigment loss after host separation suggest that these pigments are certainly assimilated upon feeding on the urchin. Moreover, symbiont isolation experiments demonstrate the high dependency of T. holthuisi on its host and the importance of the host's pigments on their survival capacity. Finally, some host recognition mechanisms are investigated for T. holthuisi and show the probable implication of spinochromes in host selection, through chemical recognition. Hence, all the results suggest the essential roles of spinochromes for T. holthuisi, which, in turn, suggests the potential implication of these pigments in the shrimps' metabolism.},
}
@article {pmid30479364,
year = {2018},
author = {Murphy, SF and Hall, C and Done, JD and Schaeffer, AJ and Thumbikat, P},
title = {A prostate derived commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis strain prevents and ameliorates induction of chronic prostatitis by UPEC infection.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {17420},
pmid = {30479364},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {R01 DK094898/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; RO1DK108127//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes &amp; Digestive &amp; Kidney Diseases)/International ; R01DK083609//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes &amp; Digestive &amp; Kidney Diseases)/International ; R01DK108127//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes &amp; Digestive &amp; Kidney Diseases)/International ; R01 DK108127/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia/etiology/*microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Prostatitis/complications/*microbiology/prevention &amp; control ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/*pathogenicity ; Symbiosis ; Touch ; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/*pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Chronic prostatitis/Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common syndrome with limited therapies and an unknown etiology. Previously, our laboratory has defined a potential role for pathogenic infection in disease onset. Intra-urethral infection with a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain isolated from a CP/CPPS patient, CP1, induces prostatic inflammation and tactile allodynia in mice. We have also demonstrated that a prostate specific Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial isolate, NPI (non-pain inducing), from a healthy subject reduces pain and inflammation in an experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) murine model. Here we focus on the interplay between these human isolates in the context of prostatitis development and resolution. NOD/ShiLtJ mice were inoculated with either NP1 or CP1, or combinations of both. Infection with CP1 induced pelvic tactile allodynia after 7 days, while NPI instillation alone induced no such response. Instillation with NPI 7 days following CP1 infection resolved pelvic tactile allodynia and prophylactic instillation 7 days prior to CPI infection prevented its onset. Prophylactic NPI instillation also prevented CP1 colonization of both prostate and bladder tissues. In vitro analyses revealed that CP1 and NPI do not directly inhibit the growth or invasive potential of one another. Immunological analyses revealed that specific markers associated with CP1-induced pelvic allodynia were decreased upon NPI treatment or repressed by prophylactic colonization. This study demonstrates that a commensal bacterial isolate can inhibit the colonization, pain responses, and immunological activation to uropathogenic bacteria, emphasizing the power of a healthy prostatic microflora in controlling health and disease.},
}
@article {pmid30087358,
year = {2018},
author = {Chaib De Mares, M and Jiménez, DJ and Palladino, G and Gutleben, J and Lebrun, LA and Muller, EEL and Wilmes, P and Sipkema, D and van Elsas, JD},
title = {Expressed protein profile of a Tectomicrobium and other microbial symbionts in the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba as evidenced by metaproteomics.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {11795},
pmid = {30087358},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {607786//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/International ; 607786//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/International ; 607786//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/International ; 607786//EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme)/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms/metabolism/microbiology ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*biosynthesis ; Gene Expression Regulation/*physiology ; Porifera/*microbiology ; Proteomics ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Aplysina aerophoba is an emerging model marine sponge, with a well-characterized microbial community in terms of diversity and structure. However, little is known about the expressed functional capabilities of its associated microbes. Here, we present the first metaproteomics-based study of the microbiome of A. aerophoba. We found that transport and degradation of halogenated and chloroaromatic compounds are common active processes in the sponge microbiomes. Our data further reveal that the highest number of proteins were affiliated to a sponge-associated Tectomicrobium, presumably from the family Entotheonellaceae, as well as to the well-known symbiont &quot;Candidatus Synechococcus spongiarium&quot;, suggesting a high metabolic activity of these two microorganisms in situ. Evidence for nitric oxide (NO) conversion to nitrous oxide was consistently observed for Tectomicrobia across replicates, by production of the NorQ protein. Moreover, we found a potential energy-yielding pathway through CO oxidation by putative Chloroflexi bacteria. Finally, we observed expression of enzymes that may be involved in the transformation of chitin, glycoproteins, glycolipids and glucans into smaller molecules, consistent with glycosyl hydrolases predicted from analyses of the genomes of Poribacteria sponge symbionts. Thus, this study provides crucial links between expressed proteins and specific members of the A. aerophoba microbiome.},
}
@article {pmid31634977,
year = {2019},
author = {Liu, C and Cheng, SH and Lin, S},
title = {Illuminating the dark depths inside coral.},
journal = {Cellular microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e13122},
doi = {10.1111/cmi.13122},
pmid = {31634977},
issn = {1462-5822},
abstract = {The ability to observe in situ 3D distribution and dynamics of endosymbionts in corals is crucial for gaining a mechanistic understanding of coral bleaching and reef degradation. Here, we report the development of a tissue clearing (TC)-coupled light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) method for 3D imaging of the coral holobiont at single-cell resolution. The initial applications have demonstrated the ability of this technique to provide high space-resolution quantitative information of endosymbiont abundance and distribution within corals. With specific fluorescent probes or assays, TC-LSFM also revealed spatial distribution and dynamics of physiological conditions (such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and hypoxia response) in both corals and their endosymbionts. This tool is highly promising for in situ and in-depth data acquisition to illuminate coral symbiosis and health conditions in the changing marine environment, providing fundamental information for coral reef conservation and restoration.},
}
@article {pmid31634976,
year = {2019},
author = {Stedman, A and Brunner, K and Nigro, G},
title = {Decrypting the communication between microbes and the intestinal mucosa - A brief review on PMM's latest research.},
journal = {Cellular microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e13118},
doi = {10.1111/cmi.13118},
pmid = {31634976},
issn = {1462-5822},
abstract = {Over the past 10 years, the &quot;Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire&quot; (PMM) unit of Prof. Philippe Sansonetti has studied the molecular cross-talk between the intestinal microbiota and the gut epithelium aiming to better understand how this mutualistic symbiosis delineates homeostasis and, when perturbed, prompts pathology. To do so, the unit has manipulated both bacterial and epithelial cells, and used cutting-edge technology. More recently, the lab has turned its focus also on studying the intestinal crypt and more specifically the intestinal stem cell (ISC), for their role in epithelial regeneration and long-term epithelium renewal. Here, we provide a brief review summarizing recent results obtained from the lab, with particular focus on the intestinal crypt.},
}
@article {pmid31633059,
year = {2019},
author = {Deng, Y and Chen, H and Li, C and Xu, J and Qi, Q and Xu, Y and Zhu, Y and Zheng, J and Peng, D and Ruan, L and Sun, M},
title = {Endophyte Bacillus subtilis evade plant defense by producing lantibiotic subtilomycin to mask self-produced flagellin.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {368},
doi = {10.1038/s42003-019-0614-0},
pmid = {31633059},
issn = {2399-3642},
abstract = {Microbes can enter into healthy plants as endophytes and confer beneficial functions. The entry of commensal microbes into plants involves penetrating plant defense. Most mechanisms about overcoming plant defense are focused on adapted pathogens, while the mechanism involved in beneficial endophyte evades plant defense to achieve harmonious commensalism is unclear. Here, we discover a mechanism that an endophyte bacterium Bacillus subtilis BSn5 reduce to stimulate the plant defensive response by producing lantibiotic subtilomycin to bind self-produced flagellin. Subtilomycin bind with flagellin and affect flg22-induced plant defense, by which means promotes the endophytic colonization in A. thaliana. Subtilomycin also promotes the BSn5 colonization in a distinct plant, Amorphophallus konjac, where the BSn5 was isolated. Our investigation shows more independent subtilomycin/-like producers are isolated from distinct plants. Our work unveils a common strategy that is used for bacterial endophytic colonization.},
}
@article {pmid31632421,
year = {2019},
author = {Valdés-López, O and Formey, D and Isidra-Arellano, MC and Reyero-Saavedra, MDR and Fernandez-Göbel, TF and Sánchez-Correa, MDS},
title = {Argonaute Proteins: Why Are They So Important for the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis?.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1177},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.01177},
pmid = {31632421},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Unlike most other land plants, legumes can fulfill their nitrogen needs through the establishment of symbioses with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (rhizobia). Through this symbiosis, fixed nitrogen is incorporated into the food chain. Because of this ecological relevance, the genetic mechanisms underlying the establishment of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis (LRS) have been extensively studied over the past decades. During this time, different types of regulators of this symbiosis have been discovered and characterized. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the participation of different types of small RNAs, including microRNAs, in the different stages of this symbiosis. The involvement of small RNAs also indicates that Argonaute (AGO) proteins participate in the regulation of the LRS. However, despite this obvious role, the relevance of AGO proteins in the LRS has been overlooked and understudied. Here, we discuss and hypothesize the likely participation of AGO proteins in the regulation of the different steps that enable the establishment of the LRS. We also briefly review and discuss whether rhizobial symbiosis induces DNA damages in the legume host. Understanding the different levels of LRS regulation could lead to the development of improved nitrogen fixation efficiency to enhance sustainable agriculture, thereby reducing dependence on inorganic fertilizers.},
}
@article {pmid31632369,
year = {2019},
author = {Xiao, G and Liu, S and Xiao, Y and Zhu, Y and Zhao, H and Li, A and Li, Z and Feng, J},
title = {Seasonal Changes in Gut Microbiota Diversity and Composition in the Greater Horseshoe Bat.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2247},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02247},
pmid = {31632369},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {A large number of microorganisms colonize the intestines of animals. The gut microbiota plays an important role in nutrient metabolism and affects a number of physiological mechanisms in the host. Studies have shown that seasonal changes occur in the intestinal microbes of mammals that hibernate seasonally. However, these studies only focused on ground squirrels and bears. It remains unclear how hibernation might affect the intestinal microbes of bats. In this study, we measured microbial diversity and composition in the gut of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in different periods (early spring, early summer, late summer, torpor, and interbout arousal) using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and PICRUSt to predict functional profiles. We found seasonal changes in the diversity and composition of the gut microbes in R. ferrumequinum. The diversity of gut microbiota was highest in the late summer and lowest in the early summer. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was highest in the early summer and significantly lower in other periods. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was lowest in the early summer and significantly increased in the late summer, followed by a significant decrease in the early winter and early spring. The relative abundance of Tenericutes was significantly higher in the early spring compared with other periods. The results of functional prediction by PICRUSt showed seasonal variations in the relative abundance of metabolism-related pathways, including lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. Functional categories for carbohydrate metabolism had significantly lower relative abundance in early winter-torpor compared with late summer, while those associated with lipid metabolism had significantly higher relative abundance in the early winter compared with late summer. Overall, our results show that seasonal physiological changes associated with hibernation alter the gut microbial community of R. ferrumequinum. Hibernation may also alter the metabolic function of intestinal microbes, possibly by converting the gut microflora from carbohydrate-related to lipid-related functional categories. This study deepens our understanding of the symbiosis between hibernating mammals and gut microbes.},
}
@article {pmid31632357,
year = {2019},
author = {Uehling, JK and Entler, MR and Meredith, HR and Millet, LJ and Timm, CM and Aufrecht, JA and Bonito, GM and Engle, NL and Labbé, JL and Doktycz, MJ and Retterer, ST and Spatafora, JW and Stajich, JE and Tschaplinski, TJ and Vilgalys, RJ},
title = {Microfluidics and Metabolomics Reveal Symbiotic Bacterial-Fungal Interactions Between Mortierella elongata and Burkholderia Include Metabolite Exchange.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2163},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02163},
pmid = {31632357},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {We identified two poplar (Populus sp.)-associated microbes, the fungus, Mortierella elongata strain AG77, and the bacterium, Burkholderia strain BT03, that mutually promote each other's growth. Using culture assays in concert with a novel microfluidic device to generate time-lapse videos, we found growth specific media differing in pH and pre-conditioned by microbial growth led to increased fungal and bacterial growth rates. Coupling microfluidics and comparative metabolomics data results indicated that observed microbial growth stimulation involves metabolic exchange during two ordered events. The first is an emission of fungal metabolites, including organic acids used or modified by bacteria. A second signal of unknown nature is produced by bacteria which increases fungal growth rates. We find this symbiosis is initiated in part by metabolic exchange involving fungal organic acids.},
}
@article {pmid31632180,
year = {2019},
author = {Kachamakova, M and Antonova, V and Koshev, Y},
title = {The role of ant nests in European ground squirrel's (Spermophilus citellus) post-reintroduction adaptation in two Bulgarian mountains.},
journal = {Biodiversity data journal},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e38292},
doi = {10.3897/BDJ.7.e38292},
pmid = {31632180},
issn = {1314-2828},
abstract = {The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) is a vulnerable species, whose populations are declining throughout its entire range in Central and South-Eastern Europe. To a great extent, its conservation depends on habitat restoration, maintenance and protection. In order to improve the conservation status of the species, reintroductions are increasingly applied. Therefore, researchers focus their attention on factors that facilitate these activities and contribute to their success. In addition to the well-known factors like grass height and exposition, others, related to the underground characteristics, are more difficult to evaluate. The presence of other digging species could help this evaluation. Here, we present two reintroduced ground squirrel colonies, where the vast majority of the burrows are located in the base of anthills, mainly of yellow meadow ant (Lasius flavus). This interspecies relationship offers numerous advantages for the ground squirrel and is mostly neutral for the ants. The benefits for the ground squirrel, including reduced energy demand for digging, as well as additional surveillance and hiding places available, could greatly enhance the post-reintroduction adaptation process.},
}
@article {pmid31631459,
year = {2019},
author = {Jelassi, R and Khemaissia, H and Ghemari, C and Raimond, M and Souty-Grosset, C and Nasri-Ammar, K},
title = {The induced damage in the hepatopancreas of Orchestia species after exposure to a mixture of Cu/Zn-An ultrastructural study.},
journal = {Microscopy research and technique},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jemt.23397},
pmid = {31631459},
issn = {1097-0029},
support = {//Research Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar/ ; //Erasmus Mundus Al Idrisi II Programme of the European Union/ ; },
abstract = {The hepatopancreas of crustaceans species has been recognized as an essential target organ to assess trace elements' effects. Due to its dynamic and capability of detoxifying trace metal, this organ often indicates distinct pathological disturbances. In the present work, we intend to evaluate the bioaccumulation of trace metal in three Orchestia species (Orchestia montagui, Orchestia gammarellus, and Orchestia mediterranea) living in symmetry in the banks of Bizerte lagoon (37°13'8″N 09°55'1″E) after their exposure during 14 days to a mixture of copper and zinc, and to highlight the effect of these metals on their hepatopancreas ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy. At the end of the experiment, results showed that the mortality and the body mass varied according to the used nominal concentrations. Significant alterations were noted in all the treatment groups. The degree of these alterations depends on the used concentration, and they are represented especially by the cells remoteness and the border lyses, the reduction of the nuclear volume, the increase in the cytoplasm density with the presence of trace metal in the nucleus as well as in the vacuole, the disorganization and the destruction of microvilli, the condensation of the majority of cellular organelles and mitochondria swelling. Through this study, Orchestia genus could be an attractive candidate for the biochemical study of trace metal toxicity in Tunisian wetlands.},
}
@article {pmid31630948,
year = {2019},
author = {Bucek, A and Šobotník, J and He, S and Shi, M and McMahon, DP and Holmes, EC and Roisin, Y and Lo, N and Bourguignon, T},
title = {Evolution of Termite Symbiosis Informed by Transcriptome-Based Phylogenies.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.076},
pmid = {31630948},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {Termitidae comprises ∼80% of all termite species [1] that play dominant decomposer roles in tropical ecosystems [2, 3]. Two major events during termite evolution were the loss of cellulolytic gut protozoans in the ancestor of Termitidae and the subsequent gain in the termitid subfamily Macrotermitinae of fungal symbionts cultivated externally in &quot;combs&quot; constructed within the nest [4, 5]. How these symbiotic transitions occurred remains unresolved. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial data previously suggested that Macrotermitinae is the earliest branching termitid lineage, followed soon after by Sphaerotermitinae [6], which cultivates bacterial symbionts on combs inside its nests [7]. This has led to the hypothesis that comb building was an important evolutionary step in the loss of gut protozoa in ancestral termitids [8]. We sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of 55 termite species and reconstructed phylogenetic trees from up to 4,065 orthologous genes of 68 species. We found strong support for a novel sister-group relationship between the bacterial comb-building Sphaerotermitinae and fungus comb-building Macrotermitinae. This key finding indicates that comb building is a derived trait within Termitidae and that the creation of a comb-like &quot;external rumen&quot; involving bacteria or fungi may not have driven the loss of protozoa from ancestral termitids, as previously hypothesized. Instead, associations with gut prokaryotic symbionts, combined with dietary shifts from wood to other plant-based substrates, may have played a more important role in this symbiotic transition. Our phylogenetic tree provides a platform for future studies of comparative termite evolution and the evolution of symbiosis in this taxon.},
}
@article {pmid31629922,
year = {2019},
author = {Mehta, N and Pandit, A and Shukla, S},
title = {Transforming Healthcare with Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Mapping Study.},
journal = {Journal of biomedical informatics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {103311},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103311},
pmid = {31629922},
issn = {1532-0480},
abstract = {The domain of healthcare has always been flooded with a huge amount of complex data, coming in at a very fast-pace. A vast amount of data is generated in different sectors of healthcare industry: data from hospitals and healthcare providers, medical insurance, medical equipment, life sciences and medical research. With the advancement in technology, there is a huge potential for utilization of this data for transforming healthcare. The application of analytics, machine learning and artificial intelligence over big data enables identification of patterns and correlations and hence provides actionable insights for improving the delivery of healthcare. There have been many contributions to the literature in this topic, but we lack a comprehensive view of the current state of research and application. This paper focuses on assessing the available literature in order to provide the researchers with evidence that enable fostering further development in this area. A systematic mapping study was conducted to identify and analyze research on big data analytics and artificial intelligence in healthcare, in which 2421 articles between 2013 and February 2019 were evaluated. The results of this study will help understand the needs in application of these technologies in healthcare by identifying the areas that require additional research. It will hence provide the researchers and industry experts with a base for future work.},
}
@article {pmid31629083,
year = {2019},
author = {Sinkov, VV and Ogarkov, OB and Plotnikov, AO and Gogoleva, NE and Zhdanova, SN and Pervanchuk, VL and Belkova, NL and Koshcheev, ME and Thomas, TA and Liu, J and Zorkaltseva, EY and Heysell, SK},
title = {Metagenomic analysis of mycobacterial transrenal DNA in patients with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection.},
journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104057},
doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104057},
pmid = {31629083},
issn = {1567-7257},
abstract = {The existence of &quot;transrenal&quot; DNA (tr-DNA), i.e. cell-free DNA that has distributed through the renal barrier to the urine, was first shown from a pathogen in 2000 (Botezatu et al., 2000). However, a targeted search for tr-DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) started relatively recently (Cannas et al., 2008; Green et al., 2009). While other MBT cellular components found in the urine, e.g. lipoarabinomannan, have been used as an enhanced diagnostic tool, tr-DNA has the potential for strain specific identification or a more persistent biomarker during treatment of active disease. We therefore sought to identify by high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) MBT genome fragments in the urine of people with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis (HIV-TB) co-infection living in a co-epidemic setting, and to evaluate whether these DNA targets are suitable for the development a quantitative TaqMan polymerase chain reaction with real-time detection (rt-PCR). Selection and mapping to the reference MBT genome of strain H37Rv (NC_000962) revealed 158 fragments of mycobacterial DNA with length from 19 to 44 base pairs (bp) repeated in different DNA samples. Five targets were chosen for design of rt-PCR primers and probes. Comparative analysis of the newly developed tests that were based on the results of NGS did not reveal a significant increase in sensitivity and specificity relative to the previous empirically designed targets. Howver, highly reproducible NGS reads of mycobacterial tr-DNA were obtained. rt-PCR test development suitable for more practical clinical use was likely limited by the small size of the secreted DNA fragments. It is necessary to develop further molecular approaches for the detection of mycobacterial tr-DNA or rely on NGS techniques with inherent bioinformatics requirements.},
}
@article {pmid31628148,
year = {2019},
author = {Mitchell, JH and Leonard, JM and Delaney, J and Girguis, PR and Scott, KM},
title = {Hydrogen does not appear to be a major electron donor for the deep-sea hydrothermal vent symbiosis Riftia pachyptila.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.01522-19},
pmid = {31628148},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Use of hydrogen gas (H2) as an electron donor is common among free-living chemolithotrophic microorganisms. Given the presence of this dissolved gas at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, it has been suggested that it may also be a major electron donor for the free-living and symbiotic chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that are the primary producers at these sites. Giant Riftia pachyptila siboglonid tubeworms and their symbiotic bacteria (&quot;Candidatus Endoriftia persephone&quot;) dominate many vents in the Eastern Pacific, and their use of sulfide as a major electron donor has been documented. Genes encoding hydrogenase are present in the &quot;Cand. E. persephone&quot; genome, and proteome data suggest that these genes are expressed. In this work, high-pressure respirometry of intact R. pachyptila and incubations of trophosome homogenate were used to determine whether this symbiotic association could also use H2 as a major electron donor. Measured rates of H2 uptake by intact R. pachyptila in high-pressure respirometers were similar to rates measured in the absence of tubeworms. Oxygen uptake rates in the presence of H2 were always markedly lower than those measured in the presence of sulfide, as was the incorporation of 13C-labeled dissolved inorganic carbon. Carbon fixation by trophosome homogenate was not stimulated by H2, nor was hydrogenase activity detectable in these samples. Though genes encoding [NiFe] group 1e and [NiFe] group 3b hydrogenase are present in the genome and transcribed, it does not appear that H2 is a major electron donor for this system, and may instead play a role in intracellular redox homeostasis.IMPORTANCE Despite the presence of hydrogenase genes, transcripts, and proteins in the &quot;Cand. E. persephone&quot; genome, transcriptome and proteome, it does not appear that R. pachyptila can use H2 as a major electron donor. For many uncultivable microorganisms, -omic analyses are the basis for inferences about their activities in situ. However, as is apparent from the study conducted here, there are dangers in extrapolating from -omics data to function, and it is essential, whenever possible, to verify functions predicted from -omics data with physiological and biochemical measurements.},
}
@article {pmid31628145,
year = {2019},
author = {Wong, SY and Charlesworth, JC and Benaud, N and Burns, BP and Ferrari, BC},
title = {Communication within East Antarctic Soil Bacteria.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.01968-19},
pmid = {31628145},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Antarctica, being the coldest, driest and windiest continent on Earth, represents the most extreme environment a living organism can survive in. Under constant exposure to harsh environmental threats, terrestrial Antarctica remains home to a great diversity of microorganisms, indicating that the soil bacteria must have adapted a range of survival strategies that require cell-to-cell communication. Survival strategies include secondary metabolite production, biofilm formation, bioluminescence, symbiosis, conjugation, sporulation and motility, all of which are often regulated by quorum sensing (QS), a type of bacterial communication. Up to now, such mechanisms have not been explored in terrestrial Antarctica. In this study, LuxI/LuxR-based quorum sensing (QS) activity was delineated in soil bacterial isolates recovered from Adams Flat, in the Vestfold Hills region of East Antarctica. Interestingly, we identified the production of potential homoserine lactones (HSLs) ranging from medium to long chain length in 19 bacterial species using three biosensors, namely Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4, Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Escherichia coli MT102, in conjunction with thin layer chromatography (TLC). The majority of detectable HSLs were from gram-positive species not previously known to produce HSLs. This discovery further expands our understand of the microbial community capable of this type of communication, as well as providing insights into physiological adaptations of microorganisms that allow them to survive in the harsh Antarctic environment.IMPORTANCE Quorum sensing, a type of bacterial communication, is widely known to regulate many processes including those that confer survival advantage. However, little is known about communication by bacteria residing within Antarctic soils. Employing a combination of bacteria biosensors, analytical techniques, and genome mining, we found a variety of Antarctic soil bacteria speaking a common language, via the LuxI/LuxR-based quorum sensing, thus potentially supporting survival in a mixed microbial community. This study reports potential quorum sensing activity in Antarctic soils and has provided a platform for studying physiological adaptations of microorganisms that allow them to survive in the harsh Antarctic environment.},
}
@article {pmid31627093,
year = {2019},
author = {Gu, L and Zhao, M and Ge, M and Zhu, S and Cheng, B and Li, X},
title = {Transcriptome analysis reveals comprehensive responses to cadmium stress in maize inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.},
journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
volume = {186},
number = {},
pages = {109744},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109744},
pmid = {31627093},
issn = {1090-2414},
abstract = {Biological strategy of utilization of plants-microbe's interactions to remediate cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils is effective and practical. However, limited evidence at transcriptome level is available about how microbes work with host plants to alleviate Cd stress. In the present study, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed between maize seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and non-AM fungi inoculation under distinct concentrations of CdCl2 (0, 25, and 50 mg per kg soil). Significantly higher levels of Cd were found in root tissues of maize colonized by AM fungi, whereas, Cd content was reduced as much as 50% in leaf tissues when compared to non-AM seedlings, indicating that symbiosis between AM fungi and maize seedlings can significantly block translocation of Cd from roots to leaf tissues. Moreover, a total of 5827 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were determined and approximately 68.54% DEGs were downregulated when roots were exposed to high Cd stress. In contrast, 67.16% (595) DEGs were significantly up-regulated when seedlings were colonized by AM fungi under 0 mg CdCl2. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis, global expression profiles were split into eight distinct clusters. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that hundreds of genes functioning in plant hormone signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and glutathione metabolism were enriched. Furthermore, MapMan pathway analysis indicated a more comprehensive overview response, including hormone metabolism, especially in JA, glutathione metabolism, transcription factors and secondary metabolites, to Cd stress in mycorrhizal maize seedlings. These results provide an overview, at the transcriptome level, of how inoculation of maize seedlings by AM fungi could facilitate the relief of Cd stress.},
}
@article {pmid31626704,
year = {2019},
author = {Spribille, T},
title = {Lichen symbionts outside of symbiosis: how do they find their match? A commentary on: 'A case study on the re-establishment of the cyanolichen symbiosis: where do the compatible photobionts come from?'.},
journal = {Annals of botany},
volume = {124},
number = {3},
pages = {vi-vii},
doi = {10.1093/aob/mcz130},
pmid = {31626704},
issn = {1095-8290},
}
@article {pmid31626586,
year = {2019},
author = {Bromfield, ESP and Cloutier, S and Nguyen, HDT},
title = {Description and complete genome sequences of Bradyrhizobium symbiodeficiens sp. nov., a non-symbiotic bacterium associated with legumes native to Canada.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003772},
pmid = {31626586},
issn = {1466-5034},
abstract = {Four bacterial strains isolated from root nodules of soybean plants that had been inoculated with root-zone soil of either Amphicarpaea bracteata (Hog Peanut) or Desmodium canadense (Showy Tick Trefoil) growing in Canada, were previously characterized and placed in a novel lineage within the genus Bradyrhizobium. The taxonomic status of the novel strains was verified by genomic and phenotypic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of individual and concatenated housekeeping gene sequences (atpD, glnII, recA, gyrB and rpoB) placed all novel strains in a highly supported lineage distinct from named Bradyrhizobium species. Data for sequence similarities of concatenated housekeeping genes of novel strains relative to type strains of named species were consistent with the phylogenetic data. Average nucleotide identity values of genome sequences (84.5-93.7 %) were below the threshold value of 95-96 % for bacterial species circumscription. Close relatives to the novel strains are Bradyrhizobium amphicarpaeae, Bradyrhizobium ottawaense and Bradyrhizobium shewense. The complete genomes of strains 85S1MBT and 65S1MB consist of single chromosomes of size 7.04 and 7.13 Mbp, respectively. The genomes of both strains have a G+C content of 64.3 mol%. These strains lack a symbiosis island as well as key nodulation, nitrogen-fixation and photosystem genes. Data from various phenotypic tests including growth characteristics and carbon source utilization supported the sequence-based analyses. Based on the data presented here, the four strains represent a novel species for which the name Bradyrhizobiumsymbiodeficiens sp. nov., is proposed, with 85S1MBT (=LMG 29937T=HAMBI 3684T) as the type strain.},
}
@article {pmid31626582,
year = {2019},
author = {Kabdullayeva, T and Crosbie, DB and Marín, M},
title = {Mesorhizobium norvegicum sp. nov., a rhizobium isolated from a Lotus corniculatus root nodule in Norway.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003769},
pmid = {31626582},
issn = {1466-5034},
abstract = {Strain 10.2.2T was isolated from a root nodule of a Lotus corniculatus plant growing near Skammestein (Norway). Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization revealed that colonies grown on yeast-mannitol broth agar were circular, convex and slimy. Growth occurred at 28 °C in 0-1 % NaCl and in a pH range from above 4 to 10. Cells were resistant to kanamycin and phosphomycin. They could assimilate carbon sources such as l-lysine, d-mannose, d-mannitol, and l-alanine. Major fatty acids found in the organism were 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. Genome sequencing and characterization of the genome revealed its size to be 8.27 Mbp with a G+C content of 62.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and housekeeping gene alignments placed this strain within the genus Mesorhizobium. Pairwise genome-wide average nucleotide identity values supported that strain 10.2.2T represents a new species, for which we propose the name Mesorhizobium norvegicum sp. nov. with the type strain 10.2.2T (=DSM 108834T=LMG 31153T).},
}
@article {pmid31625467,
year = {2019},
author = {Verma, A and Nayek, A and Kumar, A and Singh, R and Salotra, P},
title = {Elucidation of role of an acetyltransferase like protein in paromomycin resistance in Leishmania donovani using in silico and in vitro approaches.},
journal = {Journal of biomolecular structure &amp; dynamics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.1080/07391102.2019.1682674},
pmid = {31625467},
issn = {1538-0254},
abstract = {Paromomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is an effective treatment for VL (visceral leishmaniasis) in India. The modification of aminoglycoside antibiotics by enzymes such as aminoglycoside acetyltransferases is the predominant mechanism of resistance to antibiotics in bacterial system. In the present study, we identified and characterized LdATLP (an acetyltransferase like protein) and elucidated its role in paromomycin resistance in Leishmania donovani. Gene encoding LdATLP was consistently up-regulated (>2fold) in three distinct paromomycin resistant in comparison with sensitive parasites, although the gene sequence was identical in the two. In silico analysis revealed that LdATLP consisted of conserved GNAT (GCN5-related N-Acetyltransferase) domain which is characteristic of aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferases. Evolutionary relationship among LdATLP of Leishmania and aminoglycoside acetyltransferases of bacteria was established by phylogenetic analysis. The 3D structure of LdATLP, predicted by ab-initio modeling, constituted 6 α-helices and 6 β-sheets. A few residues, such as R175, R177, E196, R197, V198, V200, K202, R205, C206, D208, G210, R211, R215, A234, S237, S238, K239, D240, F241 and Y242 of GNAT domain were predicted to be present at active site. Molecular docking of LdATLP with paromomycin or indolicidin (broad spectrum inhibitor of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes), followed by molecular dynamics simulation of docked complex suggested that both paromomycin and indolicidin bind to LdATLP with comparable free energy of binding. In vitro studies revealed that in presence of indolicidin, paromomycin resistant parasites exhibited reversion of phenotype into sensitive parasites with marked increase in paromomycin susceptibility, suggesting the role of LdATLP in paromomycin resistance.},
}
@article {pmid31624868,
year = {2019},
author = {Luo, S and Yin, J and Peng, Y and Xie, J and Wu, H and He, D and Li, X and Cheng, G},
title = {Glutathione is Involved in Detoxification of Peroxide and Root Nodule Symbiosis of Mesorhizobium huakuii.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00284-019-01784-8},
pmid = {31624868},
issn = {1432-0991},
support = {31772399//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; CZY18022//Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities, South-Central University for Nationalities/ ; },
abstract = {Legumes interact with symbiotic rhizobia to produce nitrogen-fixation root nodules under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The contribution of glutathione (GSH) to this symbiosis and anti-oxidative damage was investigated using the M. huakuii gshB (encoding GSH synthetase) mutant. The gshB mutant grew poorly with different monosaccharides, including glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, or mannitol, as sole sources of carbon. The antioxidative capacity of gshB mutant was significantly decreased by these treatments with H2O2 under the lower concentrations and cumene hydroperoxide (CUOOH) under the higher concentrations, indicating that GSH plays different roles in response to organic peroxide and inorganic peroxide. The gshB mutant strain displayed no difference in catalase activity, but significantly lower levels of the peroxidase activity and the glutathione reductase activity than the wild type. The same level of catalase activity could be associated with upregulation of the transcriptional activity of the catalase genes under H2O2-induced conditions. The nodules infected by the gshB mutant were severely impaired in abnormal nodules, and showed a nodulation phenotype coupled to a 60% reduction in the nitrogen fixation capacity. A 20-fold decrease in the expression of two nitrogenase genes, nifH and nifD, is observed in the nodules induced by gshB mutant strain. The symbiotic deficiencies were linked to bacteroid early senescence.},
}
@article {pmid31624556,
year = {2019},
author = {Igolkina, AA and Bazykin, GA and Chizhevskaya, EP and Provorov, NA and Andronov, EE},
title = {Matching population diversity of rhizobial nodA and legume NFR5 genes in plant-microbe symbiosis.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {18},
pages = {10377-10386},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5556},
pmid = {31624556},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {We hypothesized that population diversities of partners in nitrogen-fixing rhizobium-legume symbiosis can be matched for &quot;interplaying&quot; genes. We tested this hypothesis using data on nucleotide polymorphism of symbiotic genes encoding two components of the plant-bacteria signaling system: (a) the rhizobial nodA acyltransferase involved in the fatty acid tail decoration of the Nod factor (signaling molecule); (b) the plant NFR5 receptor required for Nod factor binding. We collected three wild-growing legume species together with soil samples adjacent to the roots from one large 25-year fallow: Vicia sativa, Lathyrus pratensis, and Trifolium hybridum nodulated by one of the two Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars (viciae and trifolii). For each plant species, we prepared three pools for DNA extraction and further sequencing: the plant pool (30 plant indiv.), the nodule pool (90 nodules), and the soil pool (30 samples). We observed the following statistically significant conclusions: (a) a monotonic relationship between the diversity in the plant NFR5 gene pools and the nodule rhizobial nodA gene pools; (b) higher topological similarity of the NFR5 gene tree with the nodA gene tree of the nodule pool, than with the nodA gene tree of the soil pool. Both nonsynonymous diversity and Tajima's D were increased in the nodule pools compared with the soil pools, consistent with relaxation of negative selection and/or admixture of balancing selection. We propose that the observed genetic concordance between NFR5 gene pools and nodule nodA gene pools arises from the selection of particular genotypes of the nodA gene by the host plant.},
}
@article {pmid31623993,
year = {2019},
author = {Kumari, A and Pathak, PK and Loake, GJ and Gupta, KJ},
title = {The PHYTOGLOBIN-NO Cycle Regulates Plant Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.},
journal = {Trends in plant science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2019.09.007},
pmid = {31623993},
issn = {1878-4372},
abstract = {The production of the redox-active signaling molecule, NO, has long been associated with interactions between microbes and their host plants. Emerging evidence now suggests that specific NO signatures and cognate patterns of PHYTOGLOBIN1 (PHYTOGB1) expression, a key regulator of cellular NO homeostasis, may help determine either symbiosis or pathogenicity.},
}
@article {pmid31623782,
year = {2019},
author = {Sulieman, S and Kusano, M and Ha, CV and Watanabe, Y and Abdalla, MA and Abdelrahman, M and Kobayashi, M and Saito, K and Mühling, KH and Tran, LP},
title = {Divergent metabolic adjustments in nodules are indispensable for efficient N2 fixation of soybean under phosphate stress.},
journal = {Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology},
volume = {289},
number = {},
pages = {110249},
doi = {10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110249},
pmid = {31623782},
issn = {1873-2259},
abstract = {The main objective of the present study was to characterize the symbiotic N2 fixation (SNF) capacity and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for low-Pi acclimation in soybean plants grown in association with two Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strains which differ in SNF capacity (USDA110 vs. CB1809). In comparison with the USDA110-soybean, the CB1809-soybean association revealed a greater SNF capacity in response to Pi starvation, as evidenced by relative higher plant growth and higher expression levels of the nifHDK genes. This enhanced Pi acclimation was partially related to the efficient utilization to the overall carbon (C) budget of symbiosis in the CB1809-induced nodules compared with that of the USDA110-induced nodules under low-Pi provision. In contrast, the USDA110-induced nodules favored other metabolic acclimation mechanisms that expend substantial C cost, and consequently cause negative implications on nodule C expenditure during low-Pi conditions. Fatty acids, phytosterols and secondary metabolites are characterized among the metabolic pathways involved in nodule acclimation under Pi starvation. While USDA110-soybean association performed better under Pi sufficiency, it is very likely that the CB1809-soybean association is better acclimatized to cope with Pi deficiency owing to the more effective functional plasticity and lower C cost associated with these nodular metabolic arrangements.},
}
@article {pmid30100341,
year = {2018},
author = {LaJeunesse, TC and Parkinson, JE and Gabrielson, PW and Jeong, HJ and Reimer, JD and Voolstra, CR and Santos, SR},
title = {Systematic Revision of Symbiodiniaceae Highlights the Antiquity and Diversity of Coral Endosymbionts.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {28},
number = {16},
pages = {2570-2580.e6},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.008},
pmid = {30100341},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Coral Reefs ; Dinoflagellida/*classification/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The advent of molecular data has transformed the science of organizing and studying life on Earth. Genetics-based evidence provides fundamental insights into the diversity, ecology, and origins of many biological systems, including the mutualisms between metazoan hosts and their micro-algal partners. A well-known example is the dinoflagellate endosymbionts (&quot;zooxanthellae&quot;) that power the growth of stony corals and coral reef ecosystems. Once assumed to encompass a single panmictic species, genetic evidence has revealed a divergent and rich diversity within the zooxanthella genus Symbiodinium. Despite decades of reporting on the significance of this diversity, the formal systematics of these eukaryotic microbes have not kept pace, and a major revision is long overdue. With the consideration of molecular, morphological, physiological, and ecological data, we propose that evolutionarily divergent Symbiodinium &quot;clades&quot; are equivalent to genera in the family Symbiodiniaceae, and we provide formal descriptions for seven of them. Additionally, we recalibrate the molecular clock for the group and amend the date for the earliest diversification of this family to the middle of the Mesozoic Era (∼160 mya). This timing corresponds with the adaptive radiation of analogs to modern shallow-water stony corals during the Jurassic Period and connects the rise of these symbiotic dinoflagellates with the emergence and evolutionary success of reef-building corals. This improved framework acknowledges the Symbiodiniaceae's long evolutionary history while filling a pronounced taxonomic gap. Its adoption will facilitate scientific dialog and future research on the physiology, ecology, and evolution of these important micro-algae.},
}
@article {pmid30061694,
year = {2018},
author = {Fisher, ML and Watson, DW and Osborne, JA and Mochizuki, H and Breen, M and Schal, C},
title = {Growth kinetics of endosymbiont Wolbachia in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {11444},
pmid = {30061694},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {P30 ES025128/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; NCHHU0017-13//U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)/International ; 2013-5-35 MBE//Alfred P. Sloan Foundation/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bedbugs/*microbiology ; DNA/genetics ; Female ; Kinetics ; Larva/microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*growth &amp; development ; },
abstract = {The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius harbors the endosymbiotic microorganism, Wolbachia (wCle), in a gonad-associated bacteriome as an obligate nutritional mutualist. The obligatory nature of this association suggests that all individuals in C. lectularius populations would be infected with wCle. However, studies spanning the past several decades have reported variation in both infection frequency and relative abundance of wCle in field-collected samples of bed bugs. Since the growth kinetics of wCle is poorly understood, the objective of this study was to quantify wCle over the life cycle of two strains of C. lectularius. Our results highlight that wCle is dynamic during bed bug development, changing relative to life stage, intermolt stage, and blood-fed status. These results suggest new hypotheses about the coordination of Wolbachia growth and regression with its host's physiology and endocrine events. The observed quantitative modulation of wCle during the bed bug life cycle and during periods of starvation may explain the disparities in wCle infections reported in field-collected C. lectularius.},
}
@article {pmid31621248,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, H and Meng, PP and Dou, Q and Zhang, SX and Wang, HH and Wang, CY},
title = {[Advances in mechanisms of nutrient exchange between mycorrhizal fungi and host plants].},
journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology},
volume = {30},
number = {10},
pages = {3596-3604},
doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201910.034},
pmid = {31621248},
issn = {1001-9332},
abstract = {Mycorrhizae, formed through the colonization of soil mycorrhizal fungi into the roots of host plants, are common symbiosis in the terrestrial ecosystems. The establishment of mycorrhizae is mainly based on the bidirectional nutrient exchanges between the symbiotic partners. Mycorrhizal fungi can absorb mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from soil and transport them to the host plants for their growth. As an exchange, host plants supply mycorrhizal fungi with the carbohydrates in the form of lipids or sugars, which are essential for fungal growth. In recent years, the mechanism of nutrient exchange between the mycorrhizal fungi and host plants has been a hot research topic. Important progresses have been achieved in mechanisms of host plants nutrient uptake and transport mediated by the mycorrhizal fungi. In this review, recent advances in nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi and host plants were summarized, especially in the absorption and bidirectional transfer mechanisms of important nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The potential regulatory effects of nutrient exchange in the mycorrhizal development were also reviewed. In addition, key problems and prospects of related researches were analyzed. This paper would be meaningful for the establishment of mycorrhizal model and the optimization of mycorrhizal effects.},
}
@article {pmid31621153,
year = {2019},
author = {Hill, PW and Broughton, R and Bougoure, J and Havelange, W and Newsham, KK and Grant, H and Murphy, DV and Clode, P and Ramayah, S and Marsden, KA and Quilliam, RS and Roberts, P and Brown, C and Read, DJ and Deluca, TH and Bardgett, RD and Hopkins, DW and Jones, DL},
title = {Angiosperm symbioses with non-mycorrhizal fungal partners enhance N acquisition from ancient organic matter in a warming maritime Antarctic.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ele.13399},
pmid = {31621153},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {//British Antarctic Survey/ ; //University of Western Australia/ ; NE/I012303/1//Natural Environment Research Council/ ; },
abstract = {In contrast to the situation in plants inhabiting most of the world's ecosystems, mycorrhizal fungi are usually absent from roots of the only two native vascular plant species of maritime Antarctica, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis. Instead, a range of ascomycete fungi, termed dark septate endophytes (DSEs), frequently colonise the roots of these plant species. We demonstrate that colonisation of Antarctic vascular plants by DSEs facilitates not only the acquisition of organic nitrogen as early protein breakdown products, but also as non-proteinaceous d-amino acids and their short peptides, accumulated in slowly-decomposing organic matter, such as moss peat. Our findings suggest that, in a warming maritime Antarctic, this symbiosis has a key role in accelerating the replacement of formerly dominant moss communities by vascular plants, and in increasing the rate at which ancient carbon stores laid down as moss peat over centuries or millennia are returned to the atmosphere as CO2 .},
}
@article {pmid31619728,
year = {2019},
author = {Nguyen, TD and Cavagnaro, TR and Watts-Williams, SJ},
title = {The effects of soil phosphorus and zinc availability on plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi: a physiological and molecular assessment.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {14880},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-51369-5},
pmid = {31619728},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been demonstrated for plant biomass, and zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) uptake, under soil nutrient deficiency. Additionally, a number of Zn and P transporter genes are affected by mycorrhizal colonisation or implicated in the mycorrhizal pathway of uptake. However, a comprehensive study of plant physiology and gene expression simultaneously, remains to be undertaken. Medicago truncatula was grown at different soil P and Zn availabilities, with or without inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis. Measures of biomass, shoot elemental concentrations, mycorrhizal colonisation, and expression of Zn transporter (ZIP) and phosphate transporter (PT) genes in the roots, were taken. Mycorrhizal plants had a greater tolerance of both P and Zn soil deficiency; there was also evidence of AMF protecting plants against excessive Zn accumulation at high soil Zn. The expression of all PT genes was interactive with both P availability and mycorrhizal colonisation. MtZIP5 expression was induced both by AMF and soil Zn deficiency, while MtZIP2 was down-regulated in mycorrhizal plants, and up-regulated with increasing soil Zn concentration. These findings provide the first comprehensive physiological and molecular picture of plant-mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis with regard to soil P and Zn availability. Mycorrhizal fungi conferred tolerance to soil Zn and P deficiency and this could be linked to the induction of the ZIP transporter gene MtZIP5, and the PT gene MtPT4.},
}
@article {pmid31530279,
year = {2019},
author = {Daza, FFF and Roman, GR and Rodriguez, MV and Vargas, IAG and Heano, HC and Cereda, MP and Mulet, RAC},
title = {Spores of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum as a bioinsecticide for the control of Atta cephalotes.},
journal = {Biological research},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {51},
doi = {10.1186/s40659-019-0259-y},
pmid = {31530279},
issn = {0717-6287},
support = {025-2016//Colciencias/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*microbiology ; Beauveria/growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; *Biological Control Agents ; Colombia ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Spores, Fungal ; Symbiosis ; Trichoderma/growth &amp; development/*pathogenicity ; Universities ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The leafcutter ant (Atta cephalotes) is associated with losses in the agricultural sector, due to its defoliating activity; for its control, biological, mechanical and chemical methods have been developed, the latter associated with adverse effects on human and environmental health. This research validated in the field for the control of the leafcutter ant (A. cephalotes) using a mixture of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum spores.<br><br>METHODS: The effectiveness from the combination of spores of B. bassiana and T. lignorum with an initial concentration of 2 × 109 spores/ml, in the following proportions of B. bassiana and T. lignorum, A (1:1), of each fungus. It was evaluated within the university campus, comparing it with two commercial formulations, Mycotrol (B. bassiana) and Mycobac (T. lignorum). Additionally, this formulation was evaluated in 49 nests distributed 16 in 14 locations in Colombia. The formulation application was carried out by direct application, using a pump at a speed of 10 ml/m2. The effectiveness was estimated from the reduction of the flow of ants, evaluating the statistically significant differences using the ANOVA and Tukey-test.<br><br>RESULTS: Effective control of 90% of the nests was observed in the field phase in 60 days, except in nests with areas > 50 m2 that were located in regions with high rainfall (annual average precipitation above 7000 mm), such as Buenaventura.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In this work, it was demonstrated that the combination of B. bassiana and T. lignorum spores represent a viable alternative for the control of the leafcutter ant, in which the effectiveness is related to several factors, including the size of the nest and the rainfall in the area.},
}
@article {pmid31370098,
year = {2019},
author = {Riley, RC and Cavagnaro, TR and Brien, C and Smith, FA and Smith, SE and Berger, B and Garnett, T and Stonor, R and Schilling, RK and Chen, ZH and Powell, JR},
title = {Resource allocation to growth or luxury consumption drives mycorrhizal responses.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {22},
number = {11},
pages = {1757-1766},
doi = {10.1111/ele.13353},
pmid = {31370098},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {DP140103936//Australian Research Council/ ; },
mesh = {*Mycorrhizae ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Resource Allocation ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Highly variable phenotypic responses in mycorrhizal plants challenge our functional understanding of plant-fungal mutualisms. Using non-invasive high-throughput phenotyping, we observed that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi relieved phosphorus (P) limitation and enhanced growth of Brachypodium distachyon under P-limited conditions, while photosynthetic limitation under low nitrogen (N) was exacerbated by the fungus. However, these responses were strongly dependent on host genotype: only the faster growing genotype (Bd3-1) utilised P transferred from the fungus to achieve improved growth under P-limited conditions. Under low N, the slower growing genotype (Bd21) had a carbon and N surplus that was linked to a less negative growth response compared with the faster growing genotype. These responses were linked to the regulation of N : P stoichiometry, couples resource allocation to growth or luxury consumption in diverse plant lineages. Our results attest strongly to a mechanism in plants by which plant genotype-specific resource economics drive phenotypic outcomes during AM symbioses.},
}
@article {pmid30532066,
year = {2018},
author = {Vďačný, P and Érseková, E and Šoltys, K and Budiš, J and Pecina, L and Rurik, I},
title = {Co-existence of multiple bacterivorous clevelandellid ciliate species in hindgut of wood-feeding cockroaches in light of their prokaryotic consortium.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {17749},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-36245-y},
pmid = {30532066},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Bacteroidetes/physiology ; Biodiversity ; Cockroaches/*microbiology ; Digestive System/*microbiology ; Euryarchaeota/physiology ; Firmicutes/physiology ; Prokaryotic Cells/microbiology ; Proteobacteria/physiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Wood ; },
abstract = {The hindgut of wood-feeding Panesthia cockroaches harbours a diverse microbial community, whose most morphologically prominent members are bacterivorous clevelandellid ciliates. Co-occurrence and correlation patterns of prokaryotes associated with these endosymbiotic ciliates were investigated. Multidimensional scaling based on taxa interaction-adjusted index showed a very clear separation of the hindgut ciliate samples from the ciliate-free hindgut samples. This division was corroborated also by SparCC analysis which revealed strong negative associations between prokaryotic taxa that were relatively more abundant in the ciliate-free hindgut samples and prokaryotic taxa that were more abundant in the ciliate samples. This very likely reflects the grazing behaviour of hindgut ciliates which prefer Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, causing their abundances to be increased in the ciliate samples at the expense of abundances of Euryarchaeota and Bacteroidetes which prevail in the hindgut content. Ciliate species do not distinctly differ in the associated prokaryotes, indicating that minute variations in the proportion of associated bacteria might be sufficient to avoid competition between bacterivorous ciliate species and hence enable their co-occurrence in the same host. The nearest free-living relatives of hindgut ciliates have a different pattern of associations with prokaryotes, i.e., alphaproteobacteria are predominantly associated with free-living ciliates while gammaproteobacteria with hindgut ciliates.},
}
@article {pmid29701804,
year = {2018},
author = {Calvo-Begueria, L and Rubio, MC and Martínez, JI and Pérez-Rontomé, C and Delgado, MJ and Bedmar, EJ and Becana, M},
title = {Redefining nitric oxide production in legume nodules through complementary insights from electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and specific fluorescent probes.},
journal = {Journal of experimental botany},
volume = {69},
number = {15},
pages = {3703-3714},
pmid = {29701804},
issn = {1460-2431},
mesh = {Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Fabaceae/*metabolism ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Leghemoglobin/*metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule with multiple functions in plants. Given its critical importance and reactivity as a gaseous free radical, we have examined NO production in legume nodules using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and the specific fluorescent dye 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. Also, in this context, we critically assess previous and current views of NO production and detection in nodules. EPR of intact nodules revealed that nitrosyl-leghemoglobin (Lb2+NO) was absent from bean or soybean nodules regardless of nitrate supply, but accumulated in soybean nodules treated with nitrate that were defective in nitrite or nitric oxide reductases or that were exposed to ambient temperature. Consequently, bacteroids are a major source of NO, denitrification enzymes are required for NO homeostasis, and Lb2+NO is not responsible for the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by nitrate. Further, we noted that Lb2+NO is artifactually generated in nodule extracts or in intact nodules not analyzed immediately after detachment. The fluorescent probe detected NO formation in bean and soybean nodule infected cells and in soybean nodule parenchyma. The NO signal was slightly decreased by inhibitors of nitrate reductase but not by those of nitric oxide synthase, which could indicate a minor contribution of plant nitrate reductase and supports the existence of nitrate- and arginine-independent pathways for NO production. Together, our data indicate that EPR and fluorometric methods are complementary to draw reliable conclusions about NO production in plants.},
}
@article {pmid29700820,
year = {2018},
author = {Kremer, JMM and Nooten, SS and Cook, JM and Ryalls, JMW and Barton, CVM and Johnson, SN},
title = {Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations promote ant tending of aphids.},
journal = {The Journal of animal ecology},
volume = {87},
number = {5},
pages = {1475-1483},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12842},
pmid = {29700820},
issn = {1365-2656},
mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Aphids ; Carbon Dioxide ; Plants ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Animal mutualisms, which involve beneficial interactions between individuals of different species, are common in nature. Insect-insect mutualism, for example, is widely regarded as a keystone ecological interaction. Some mutualisms are anticipated to be modified by climate change, but the focus has largely been on plant-microbe and plant-animal mutualisms rather than those between animals. Ant-aphid mutualisms, whereby ants tend aphids to harvest their honeydew excretions and, in return, provide protection for the aphids, are widespread. The mutualism is heavily influenced by the quality and quantity of honeydew produced by aphids, which is directly affected by host plant quality. As predicted increases in concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) are widely reported to affect plant nutritional chemistry, this may also alter honeydew quality and hence the nature of ant-aphid mutualisms. Using glasshouse chambers and field-based open-top chambers, we determined the effect of eCO2 on the growth and nutritional quality (foliar amino acids) of lucerne (Medicago sativa). We determined how cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) populations and honeydew production were impacted when feeding on such plants and how this affected the tending behaviour of ants (Iridomyrmex sp.). eCO2 stimulated plant growth but decreased concentrations of foliar amino acids by 29% and 14% on aphid-infested plants and aphid-free plants, respectively. Despite the deterioration in host plant quality under eCO2 , aphids maintained performance and populations were unchanged by eCO2 . Aphids induced higher concentrations of amino acids (glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid) important for endosymbiont-mediated synthesis of essential amino acids. Aphids feeding under eCO2 also produced over three times more honeydew than aphids feeding under ambient CO2 , suggesting they were imbibing more phloem sap at eCO2 . The frequency of ant tending of aphids more than doubled in response to eCO2 . To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the effects of atmospheric change on an ant-aphid mutualism. In particular, these results highlight how impending changes to concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may alter mutualistic behaviour between animals. These could include positive impacts, as reported here, shifts from mutualism to antagonism, partner switches and mutualism abandonment.},
}
@article {pmid29590405,
year = {2018},
author = {Sinclair, TR and Nogueira, MA},
title = {Selection of host-plant genotype: the next step to increase grain legume N2 fixation activity.},
journal = {Journal of experimental botany},
volume = {69},
number = {15},
pages = {3523-3530},
doi = {10.1093/jxb/ery115},
pmid = {29590405},
issn = {1460-2431},
mesh = {Agriculture ; *Bacteria ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Fabaceae/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; Genotype ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen Fixation/*genetics ; Plant Shoots/genetics/physiology ; Root Nodules, Plant/genetics/physiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Symbiosis ; Water/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Symbiotic N2 fixation research thus far has been primarily focused on selection of bacteria. However, little progress in impacting crop yields has resulted from this approach. Bacteria introduced in field soils rarely compete well with indigenous bacteria, including mutated lines selected for high nitrogen fixation capacity. Consequently, introduction of 'elite' bacteria in fields commonly does not result in crop yield increase. This review highlights that the primary regulation of N2 fixation is a result of response of integrated physiological activity at the plant level. Nitrogen feedback from the host plant plays an important role in regulating the N2 fixation rate. Rapid sequestration of fixed nitrogen by the plant is especially important for high N2 fixation activity. In addition, water cycling in the plant between the shoot and nodules plays a key role in sustaining high N2 fixation activity. Therefore, attention in selecting the host-plant genotype is suggested to be the next step to increasing N2 fixation activity of grain legumes.},
}
@article {pmid31618269,
year = {2019},
author = {Moonjely, S and Zhang, X and Fang, W and Bidochka, MJ},
title = {Metarhizium robertsii ammonium permeases (MepC and Mep2) contribute to rhizoplane colonization and modulates the transfer of insect derived nitrogen to plants.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {e0223718},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0223718},
pmid = {31618269},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The endophytic insect pathogenic fungi (EIPF) Metarhizium promotes plant growth through symbiotic association and the transfer of insect-derived nitrogen. However, little is known about the genes involved in this association and the transfer of nitrogen. In this study, we assessed the involvement of six Metarhizium robertsii genes in endophytic, rhizoplane and rhizospheric colonization with barley roots. Two ammonium permeases (MepC and Mep2) and a urease, were selected since homologous genes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were reported to play a pivotal role in nitrogen mobilization during plant root colonization. Three other genes were selected on the basis on RNA-Seq data that showed high expression levels on bean roots, and these encoded a hydrophobin (Hyd3), a subtilisin-like serine protease (Pr1A) and a hypothetical protein. The root colonization assays revealed that the deletion of urease, hydrophobin, subtilisin-like serine protease and hypothetical protein genes had no impact on endophytic, rhizoplane and rhizospheric colonization at 10 or 20 days. However, the deletion of MepC resulted in significantly increased rhizoplane colonization at 10 days whereas ΔMep2 showed increased rhizoplane colonization at 20 days. In addition, the nitrogen transporter mutants also showed significantly higher 15N incorporation of insect derived nitrogen in barley leaves in the presence of nutrients. Insect pathogenesis assay revealed that disruption of MepC, Mep2, urease did not reduce virulence toward insects. The enhanced rhizoplane colonization of ΔMep2 and ΔMepC and insect derived nitrogen transfer to plant hosts suggests the role of MepC and Mep2 in Metarhizium-plant symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31617792,
year = {2019},
author = {Daubech, B and Poinsot, V and Klonowska, A and Capela, D and Chaintreuil, C and Moulin, L and Marchetti, M and Masson-Boivin, C},
title = {noeM, a New Nodulation Gene Involved in the Biosynthesis of Nod Factors with an Open-Chain Oxidized Terminal Residue and in the Symbiosis with Mimosa pudica.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {MPMI06190168R},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-06-19-0168-R},
pmid = {31617792},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {The β-rhizobium Cupriavidus taiwanensis is a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Mimosa pudica. Nod factors produced by this species were previously found to be pentameric chitin-oligomers carrying common C18:1 or C16:0 fatty acyl chains, N-methylated and C-6 carbamoylated on the nonreducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine and sulfated on the reducing terminal residue. Here, we report that, in addition, C. taiwanensis LMG19424 produces molecules where the reducing sugar is open and oxidized. We identified a novel nodulation gene located on the symbiotic plasmid pRalta, called noeM, which is involved in this atypical Nod factor structure. noeM encodes a transmembrane protein bearing a fatty acid hydroxylase domain. This gene is expressed during symbiosis with M. pudica and requires NodD and luteolin for optimal expression. The closest noeM homologs formed a separate phylogenetic clade containing rhizobial genes only, which are located on symbiosis plasmids downstream from a nod box. Corresponding proteins, referred to as NoeM, may have specialized in symbiosis via the connection to the nodulation pathway and the spread in rhizobia. noeM was mostly found in isolates of the Mimoseae tribe, and specifically detected in all tested strains able to nodulate M. pudica. A noeM deletion mutant of C. taiwanensis was affected for the nodulation of M. pudica, confirming the role of noeM in the symbiosis with this legume.},
}
@article {pmid31614693,
year = {2019},
author = {Deo, D and Davray, D and Kulkarni, R},
title = {A Diverse Repertoire of Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis Gene Clusters in Lactobacillus Revealed by Comparative Analysis in 106 Sequenced Genomes.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7100444},
pmid = {31614693},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) is one of the unique features of Lactobacillus genus. EPS not only have many physiological roles such as in stress tolerance, quorum sensing and biofilm formation, but also have numerous applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we identified and compared EPS biosynthesis gene clusters in 106 sequenced Lactobacillus genomes representing 27 species. Of the 146 identified clusters, only 41 showed the typical generic organization of genes as reported earlier. Hierarchical clustering showed highly varied nature of the clusters in terms of the gene composition; nonetheless, habitat-wise grouping was observed for the gene clusters from host-adapted and nomadic strains. Of the core genes required for EPS biosynthesis, epsA, B, C, D and E showed higher conservation, whereas gt, wzx and wzy showed high variability in terms of the number and composition of the protein families. Analysis of the distribution pattern of the protein families indicated a higher proportion of mutually exclusive families in clusters from host-adapted and nomadic strains, whereas those from the free-living group had very few unique families. Taken together, this analysis highlights high variability in the EPS gene clusters amongst Lactobacillus with some of their properties correlated to the habitats.},
}
@article {pmid31250035,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, G and Huang, S and Wang, Y and Cai, S and Yu, H and Liu, H and Zeng, X and Zhang, G and Qiao, S},
title = {Bridging intestinal immunity and gut microbiota by metabolites.},
journal = {Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS},
volume = {76},
number = {20},
pages = {3917-3937},
doi = {10.1007/s00018-019-03190-6},
pmid = {31250035},
issn = {1420-9071},
support = {31420103908//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2017YFD0500506//Key Technologies Research and Development Program/ ; },
mesh = {*Adaptive Immunity ; Amino Acids/immunology/metabolism ; Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/immunology/metabolism ; Dysbiosis/immunology/*metabolism/microbiology/therapy ; Fatty Acids/immunology/metabolism ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*immunology ; Germ-Free Life/immunology ; Homeostasis/immunology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/*metabolism/microbiology ; Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Metabolome/*immunology ; Myeloid Cells/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Symbiosis/immunology ; },
abstract = {The gastrointestinal tract is the site of nutrient digestion and absorption and is also colonized by diverse, highly mutualistic microbes. The intestinal microbiota has diverse effects on the development and function of the gut-specific immune system, and provides some protection from infectious pathogens. However, interactions between intestinal immunity and microorganisms are very complex, and recent studies have revealed that this intimate crosstalk may depend on the production and sensing abilities of multiple bioactive small molecule metabolites originating from direct produced by the gut microbiota or by the metabolism of dietary components. Here, we review the interplay between the host immune system and the microbiota, how commensal bacteria regulate the production of metabolites, and how these microbiota-derived products influence the function of several major innate and adaptive immune cells involved in modulating host immune homeostasis.},
}
@article {pmid31095275,
year = {2019},
author = {Karimi, S and Askari Seyahooei, M and Izadi, H and Bagheri, A and Khodaygan, P},
title = {Effect of Arsenophonus Endosymbiont Elimination on Fitness of the Date Palm Hopper, Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae).},
journal = {Environmental entomology},
volume = {48},
number = {3},
pages = {614-622},
doi = {10.1093/ee/nvz047},
pmid = {31095275},
issn = {1938-2936},
mesh = {Animals ; Enterobacteriaceae ; *Hemiptera ; Insecta ; *Phoeniceae ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The date palm hopper, Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin, is one of the most important pests of the date palm in the Middle East and North Africa. This insect uses its needle-like sucking mouthparts to feed on phloem, which is devoid of most essential amino acids and many vitamins. The absence of essential nutrient in its diet is suggested to be ameliorated by endosymbionts in O. lybicus. Arsenophonus is one of the main bacterial endosymbionts widely prevalent in O. lybicus. In this study, we used antibiotics to eliminate Arsenophonus from O. lybicus originating from three populations (Fin, Qale'e Qazi, and Roodan) and studied the effects on the fitness of the pest. Our results revealed that the removal of Arsenophonus increased the developmental time of the immature stages and reduced the values of different life-history parameters including nymphal survival rate and adult longevity in the host. Furthermore, elimination of Arsenophonus completely obliterated offspring production in all O. lybicus populations investigated. These results confirm the dependency of O. lybicus on Arsenophonus for fitness and give a new insight regarding the possibility of symbiotic control of O. lybicus.},
}
@article {pmid31022695,
year = {2018},
author = {Powell, DA and Ma, M and So, M and Frelinger, JA},
title = {The Commensal Neisseria musculi Modulates Host Innate Immunity To Promote Oral Colonization.},
journal = {ImmunoHorizons},
volume = {2},
number = {9},
pages = {305-313},
doi = {10.4049/immunohorizons.1800070},
pmid = {31022695},
issn = {2573-7732},
support = {R56 AI124665/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Escherichia coli ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/*immunology ; Host Microbial Interactions ; Immunity, Innate ; Interleukin-6/deficiency/immunology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Knockout ; Neisseria/*immunology ; Symbiosis/immunology ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; },
abstract = {Neisseria musculi, isolated from the oral cavity of wild-caught mice, does not colonize most inbred mouse strains. N. musculi does weakly (50%) colonize C57BL/6J (B6) mice but readily colonizes CAST/EiJ (CAST) mice. In this study, we examined whether differences in the CAST and B6 host response could elucidate mechanisms governing N. musculi colonization. In vivo stimulation of B6 or CAST splenocytes with wild type (WT) Neisseria or Escherichia coli LPS showed that CAST mice had a blunted inflammatory response, producing significantly lower levels of IL-6 than B6 mice. The use of specific genetic knockouts highlighted a need for an intact innate immune system to prevent colonization. B6-RAG-1-/- mice were colonized at a similar rate as WT B6 mice, whereas B6-MyD88-/- and TLR4-/- mice were readily colonized like CAST (100%) mice. Sequence analysis revealed a unique point mutation in TLR4 in CAST mice. However, crosses to TLR4-/- mice and analysis of recombinant inbred Collaborative Cross mice showed that TLR4 from CAST mice was not sufficient to allow Neisseria colonization. In vitro stimulation of B6 bone marrow-derived macrophages or splenocytes with WT Neisseria yielded low levels of IL-6 compared with LPS stimulation. Surprisingly, UV-inactivated Neisseria induced high levels of IL-6, suggesting suppression of IL-6 production is an active bacterial process. Consistent with a critical role for IL-6 in preventing colonization, mice deficient for the IL-6 receptor were efficiently colonized, indicating host IL-6 production plays a critical role in determining host colonization susceptibility.},
}
@article {pmid31613012,
year = {2019},
author = {Panneerselvam, P and Sahoo, S and Senapati, A and Kumar, U and Mitra, D and Parameswaran, C and Anandan, A and Kumar, A and Jahan, A and Nayak, AK},
title = {Understanding interaction effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rice under elevated carbon dioxide conditions.},
journal = {Journal of basic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jobm.201900294},
pmid = {31613012},
issn = {1521-4028},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), particularly the Glomerales group, play a paramount role in plant nutrient uptake, and abiotic and biotic stress management in rice, but recent evidence revealed that elevated CO2 concentration considerably reduces the Glomerales group in soil. In view of this, the present study was initiated to understand the interaction effect of native Glomerales species application in rice plants (cv. Naveen) under elevated CO2 concentrations (400 ± 10, 550 ± 20, and 700 ± 20 ppm) in open-top chambers. Three different modes of application of the AMF inoculum were evaluated, of which, combined application of AMF at the seedling production and transplanting stages showed increased AMF colonization, which significantly improved grain yield by 25.08% and also increased uptake of phosphorus by 18.2% and nitrogen by 49.5%, as observed at 700-ppm CO2 concentration. Organic acids secretion in rice root increased in AMF-inoculated plants exposed to 700-ppm CO2 concentration. To understand the overall effect of CO2 elevation on AMF interaction with the rice plant, principal component and partial least square regression analysis were performed, which found both positive and negative responses under elevated CO2 concentration.},
}
@article {pmid31612356,
year = {2019},
author = {Singh, MP and Saxena, M and Saimbi, CS and Siddiqui, MH and Roy, R},
title = {Post-periodontal surgery propounds early repair salivary biomarkers by 1H NMR based metabolomics.},
journal = {Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {141},
doi = {10.1007/s11306-019-1593-3},
pmid = {31612356},
issn = {1573-3890},
support = {5/4/2-7-12-NCD-II//Indian Council of Medical Research/ ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Oral microflora is a well-orchestrated and acts as a sequential defense mechanism for any infection related to oral disease. Chronic periodontitis is a disease of a microbial challenge to symbiosis and homeostasis. Periodontal surgery is the most promising cure with repair process during periodontal regeneration. It has an encouraging outcome in terms of early recovery biomarkers.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: Saliva of periodontal surgery subjects with the chronic periodontitis have been evaluated by 1H NMR spectroscopy in search of possible early metabolic differences that could be obtained in order to see the eradication of disease which favours the symbiotic condition.<br><br>METHOD: The study employed 1H NMR spectroscopy on 176 human saliva samples in search of distinctive differences and their spectral data were further subjected to multivariate and quantitative analysis.<br><br>RESULT: The 1H NMR study of periodontal surgery samples shows clear demarcation and profound metabolic differences when compared with the diseased condition. Several metabolites such as lactate, ethanol, succinate, and glutamate were found to be of higher significance in periodontal surgery in contrast to chronic periodontitis subjects. The PLS-DA model of the studied group resulted in R2 of 0.83 and Q2 of 0.70.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Significant metabolites could be considered as early repair markers for chronic periodontitis disease as they are being restored to achieve symbiosis. The study, therefore, concluded the early recovery process of the diseased subjects with the restoration of possible metabolomic profile similar to the healthy controls.},
}
@article {pmid31611899,
year = {2019},
author = {Fiorilli, V and Wang, JY and Bonfante, P and Lanfranco, L and Al-Babili, S},
title = {Apocarotenoids: Old and New Mediators of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1186},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.01186},
pmid = {31611899},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Plants utilize hormones and other small molecules to trigger and coordinate their growth and developmental processes, adapt and respond to environmental cues, and communicate with surrounding organisms. Some of these molecules originate from carotenoids that act as universal precursors of bioactive metabolites arising through oxidation of the carotenoid backbone. This metabolic conversion produces a large set of compounds known as apocarotenoids, which includes the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs) and different signaling molecules. An increasing body of evidence suggests a crucial role of previously identified and recently discovered carotenoid-derived metabolites in the communication with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the establishment of the corresponding symbiosis, which is one of the most relevant plant-fungus mutualistic interactions in nature. In this review, we provide an update on the function of apocarotenoid hormones and regulatory metabolites in AM symbiosis, highlighting their effect on both partners.},
}
@article {pmid29934603,
year = {2018},
author = {Oron, S and Abramovich, S and Almogi-Labin, A and Woeger, J and Erez, J},
title = {Depth related adaptations in symbiont bearing benthic foraminifera: New insights from a field experiment on Operculina ammonoides.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {9560},
pmid = {29934603},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Convolvulaceae/metabolism/*microbiology ; Foraminifera/*physiology ; Fossils ; Laboratories ; Light ; *Symbiosis ; Temperature ; },
abstract = {Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are marine calcifying protists that commonly harbor algae as symbionts. These organisms are major calcium carbonate producers and important contributors to primary production in the photic zones. Light is one of the main known factors limiting their distribution, and species of this group developed specific mechanisms that allow them to occupy different habitats across the light gradient. Operculina ammonoides (Gronovius, 1781) is a planispiral LBF that has two main shell morphotypes, thick involute and flat evolute. Earlier studies suggested morphologic changes with variation in water depth and presumably light. In this study, specimens of the two morphotypes were placed in the laboratory under artificial low light and near the sea floor at depths of 15 m, 30 m, and 45 m in the Gulf of Aqaba-Eilat for 23 days. Differences in growth and symbionts content were evaluated using weight, size, and chlorophyll a. Our results show that O. ammonoides exhibit morphological plasticity when constructing thinner chambers after relocation to low light conditions, and adding more weight per area after relocation to high light conditions. In addition, O. ammonoides exhibited chlorophyll content adaptation to a certain range of light conditions, and evolute specimens that were acclimatized to very low light did not survive relocation to a high light environment, possibly due to photo-oxidative stress.},
}
@article {pmid29844498,
year = {2018},
author = {Förderer, M and Rödder, D and Langer, MR},
title = {Patterns of species richness and the center of diversity in modern Indo-Pacific larger foraminifera.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {8189},
pmid = {29844498},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; *Biodiversity ; Carbonates/metabolism ; Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem ; Foraminifera/*physiology ; Indian Ocean ; Models, Biological ; Pacific Ocean ; Symbiosis ; Tropical Climate ; },
abstract = {Symbiont-bearing Larger Benthic Foraminifera (LBF) are ubiquitous components of shallow tropical and subtropical environments and contribute substantially to carbonaceous reef and shelf sediments. Climate change is dramatically affecting carbonate producing organisms and threatens the diversity and structural integrity of coral reef ecosystems. Recent invertebrate and vertebrate surveys have identified the Coral Triangle as the planet's richest center of marine life delineating the region as a top priority for conservation. We compiled and analyzed extensive occurrence records for 68 validly recognized species of LBF from the Indian and Pacific Ocean, established individual range maps and applied Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) and Species Distribution Model (SDM) methodologies to create the first ocean-wide species richness maps. SDM output was further used for visualizing latitudinal and longitudinal diversity gradients. Our findings provide strong support for assigning the tropical Central Indo-Pacific as the world's species-richest marine region with the Central Philippines emerging as the bullseye of LBF diversity. Sea surface temperature and nutrient content were identified as the most influential environmental constraints exerting control over the distribution of LBF. Our findings contribute to the completion of worldwide research on tropical marine biodiversity patterns and the identification of targeting centers for conservation efforts.},
}
@article {pmid29648609,
year = {2018},
author = {Osborne, SJ and McMillan, VE and White, R and Hammond-Kosack, KE},
title = {Elite UK winter wheat cultivars differ in their ability to support the colonization of beneficial root-infecting fungi.},
journal = {Journal of experimental botany},
volume = {69},
number = {12},
pages = {3103-3115},
pmid = {29648609},
issn = {1460-2431},
support = {BB/J/00426X/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/P016855/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/J014508/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/I002545/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Ascomycota/*physiology ; England ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Triticum/*microbiology/physiology ; },
abstract = {In numerous countries, Gaeumannomyces species, within the Magnaporthaceae family, have previously been implicated in the suppression of take-all root disease in wheat. A UK arable isolate collection (n=47) was gathered and shown to contain Gaeumannomyces hyphopodioides and an unnamed Magnaporthaceae species. A novel seedling pot bioassay revealed that both species had a similar ability to colonize cereal roots; however, rye (Secale cereale) was only poorly colonized by the Magnaporthaceae species. To evaluate the ability of 40 elite UK winter wheat cultivars to support soil inoculum of beneficial soil-dwelling fungi, two field experiments were carried out using a naturally infested arable site in south-east England. The elite cultivars grown in the first wheat situation differed in their ability to support G. hyphopodioides inoculum, measured by colonization on Hereward as the subsequent wheat in a seedling soil core bioassay. In addition, the root colonization ability of G. hyphopodioides was influenced by the choice of the second wheat cultivar. Nine cultivars supported the colonization of the beneficial root fungus. Our findings provide evidence of complex host genotype-G. hyphopodioides interactions occurring under field conditions. This new knowledge could provide an additional soil-based crop genetic management strategy to help combat take-all root disease.},
}
@article {pmid31610133,
year = {2019},
author = {Biedermann, PHW and Vega, FE},
title = {Ecology and Evolution of Insect-Fungus Mutualisms.},
journal = {Annual review of entomology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024910},
pmid = {31610133},
issn = {1545-4487},
abstract = {The evolution of a mutualism requires reciprocal interactions whereby one species provides a service that the other species cannot perform or performs less efficiently. Services exchanged in insect-fungus mutualisms include nutrition, protection, and dispersal. In ectosymbioses, which are the focus of this review, fungi can be consumed by insects or can degrade plant polymers or defensive compounds, thereby making a substrate available to insects. They can also protect against environmental factors and produce compounds antagonistic to microbial competitors. Insects disperse fungi and can also provide fungal growth substrates and protection. Insect-fungus mutualisms can transition from facultative to obligate, whereby each partner is no longer viable on its own. Obligate dependency has (a) resulted in the evolution of morphological adaptations in insects and fungi, (b) driven the evolution of social behaviors in some groups of insects, and (c) led to the loss of sexuality in some fungal mutualists. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 65 is January 7, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.},
}
@article {pmid31610071,
year = {2019},
author = {Benezech, C and Doudement, M and Gourion, B},
title = {Legumes tolerance to Rhizobia is not always observed and not always deserved.},
journal = {Cellular microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e13124},
doi = {10.1111/cmi.13124},
pmid = {31610071},
issn = {1462-5822},
abstract = {Rhizobia display dual lifestyle. These bacteria are soil inhabitants but can also elicit the formation of a special niche on the root of legume plants, the nodules. In such organs, rhizobia can promote the growth of their host by providing them nitrogen they captured from atmosphere. All along the infection process, the plant innate immunity has to be controlled to maintain compatible interaction. However, nodulation does not always result in profit for the plant as compatible interactions include both nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing associations. In recent years, our knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the control of plant innate immunity during rhizobia-legume interactions has greatly improved notably by the identification of bacterial and plant genes activating or suppressing the plant defenses. Surprisingly results also demonstrated that in some cases plant defense reactions result in abortion of the nodulation process despite that the rhizobial strain has all the genetic potential to establish mutualism. In such situation, experimental evolution approaches highlighted possible rapid switches of incompatible rhizobia either to mutualistic or parasitic behavior. Here we review this recent literature.},
}
@article {pmid31608994,
year = {2019},
author = {Desai, D and Pethe, P},
title = {Polycomb repressive complex 1: Regulators of neurogenesis from embryonic to adult stage.},
journal = {Journal of cellular physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jcp.29299},
pmid = {31608994},
issn = {1097-4652},
support = {//SVKM's NMIMS (deemed-to-be) University/ ; },
abstract = {Development of vertebrate nervous system is a complex process which involves differential gene expression and disruptions in this process or in the mature brain, may lead to neurological disorders and diseases. Extensive work that spanned several decades using rodent models and recent work on stem cells have helped uncover the intricate process of neuronal differentiation and maturation. There are various morphological changes, genetic and epigenetic modifications which occur during normal mammalian neural development, one of the chromatin modifications that controls vital gene expression are the posttranslational modifications on histone proteins, that controls accessibility of translational machinery. Among the histone modifiers, polycomb group proteins (PcGs), such as Ezh2, Eed and Suz12 form large protein complexes-polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2); while Ring1b and Bmi1 proteins form core of PRC1 along with accessory proteins such as Cbx, Hph, Rybp and Pcgfs catalyse histone modifications such as H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub1. PRC1 proteins are known to play critical role in X chromosome inactivation in females but they also repress the expression of key developmental genes and tightly regulate the mammalian neuronal development. In this review we have discussed the signalling pathways, morphogens and nuclear factors that initiate, regulate and maintain cells of the nervous system. Further, we have extensively reviewed the recent literature on the role of Ring1b and Bmi1 in mammalian neuronal development and differentiation; as well as highlighted questions that are still unanswered.},
}
@article {pmid31608569,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, Z and Liu, X and Feng, G and Zhu, H and Yao, Q},
title = {Linking lipid transfer with reduced arbuscule formation in tomato roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus under low pH stress.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14810},
pmid = {31608569},
issn = {1462-2920},
abstract = {Arbuscules are the core structures of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), and arbuscule development is regulated by environmental stress, e.g., low pH. Recent studies indicate that lipid transfer from plants is essential for AM fungal colonization; however, the role of lipid transfer in arbuscule formation and the dynamics of lipid accumulation in arbuscules under low pH stress are far from well understood. In the symbiosis of tomato and Rhizophagus intraradices under contrasting pH conditions (pH 4.5 vs. pH 6.5), we investigated arbuscule formation, nutrient uptake, alkaline phosphatase activity, and lipid accumulation; examined the gene expression involved in phosphate transport, lipid biosynthesis and transfer, and sugar metabolism; and visualized the lipid dynamics in arbuscules. Low pH greatly inhibited arbuscule formation, in parallel with reduced phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) accumulation in AM fungus and decreased P uptake. This reduction was supported by the decreased expression of plant genes encoding lipid biosynthesis and transfer. More degenerating arbuscules were observed under low pH conditions, and neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFAs) accumulated only in degenerating arbuscules. These data reveal that, under low pH stress, reduced lipid transfer from hosts to AM fungi is responsible for the inhibited arbuscule formation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid31608089,
year = {2019},
author = {King, E and Wallner, A and Rimbault, I and Barrachina, C and Klonowska, A and Moulin, L and Czernic, P},
title = {Monitoring of Rice Transcriptional Responses to Contrasted Colonizing Patterns of Phytobeneficial Burkholderia s.l. Reveals a Temporal Shift in JA Systemic Response.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1141},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.01141},
pmid = {31608089},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {In the context of plant-pathogen and plant-mutualist interactions, the underlying molecular bases associated with host colonization have been extensively studied. However, it is not the case for non-mutualistic beneficial interactions or associative symbiosis with plants. Particularly, little is known about the transcriptional regulations associated with the immune tolerance of plants towards beneficial microbes. In this context, the study of the Burkholderia rice model is very promising to describe the molecular mechanisms involved in associative symbiosis. Indeed, several species of the Burkholderia sensu lato (s.l.) genus can colonize rice tissues and have beneficial effects; particularly, two species have been thoroughly studied: Burkholderia vietnamiensis and Paraburkholderia kururiensis. This study aims to compare the interaction of these species with rice and especially to identify common or specific plant responses. Therefore, we analyzed root colonization of the rice cultivar Nipponbare using DsRed-tagged bacterial strains and produced the transcriptomes of both roots and leaves 7 days after root inoculation. This led us to the identification of a co-expression jasmonic acid (JA)-related network exhibiting opposite regulation in response to the two strains in the leaves of inoculated plants. We then monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) the expression of JA-related genes during time course colonization by each strain. Our results reveal a temporal shift in this JA systemic response, which can be related to different colonization strategies of both strains.},
}
@article {pmid31608044,
year = {2019},
author = {Romero-Contreras, YJ and Ramírez-Valdespino, CA and Guzmán-Guzmán, P and Macías-Segoviano, JI and Villagómez-Castro, JC and Olmedo-Monfil, V},
title = {Tal6 From Trichoderma atroviride Is a LysM Effector Involved in Mycoparasitism and Plant Association.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2231},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02231},
pmid = {31608044},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {LysM effectors play a relevant role during the plant colonization by successful phytopathogenic fungi, since they enable them to avoid either the triggering of plant defense mechanisms or their attack effects. Tal6, a LysM protein from Trichoderma atroviride, is capable of binding to complex chitin. However, until now its biological function is not completely known, particularly its participation in plant-Trichoderma interactions. We obtained T. atroviride Tal6 null mutant and Tal6 overexpressing strains and determined the role played by this protein during Trichoderma-plant interaction and mycoparasitism. LysM effector Tal6 from T. atroviride protects the hyphae from chitinases by binding to chitin of the fungal cell wall, increases the fungus mycoparasitic capacity, and modulates the activation of the plant defense system. These results show that beneficial fungi also employ LysM effectors to improve their association with plants.},
}
@article {pmid31608043,
year = {2019},
author = {Gifford, I and Vance, S and Nguyen, G and Berry, AM},
title = {A Stable Genetic Transformation System and Implications of the Type IV Restriction System in the Nitrogen-Fixing Plant Endosymbiont Frankia alni ACN14a.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2230},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02230},
pmid = {31608043},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Genus Frankia is comprised primarily of nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria that form root nodule symbioses with a group of hosts known as the actinorhizal plants. These plants are evolutionarily closely related to the legumes that are nodulated by the rhizobia. Both host groups utilize homologs of nodulation genes for root-nodule symbiosis, derived from common plant ancestors. The corresponding endosymbionts, Frankia and the rhizobia, however, are distantly related groups of bacteria, leading to questions about their symbiotic mechanisms and evolutionary history. To date, a stable system of electrotransformation has been lacking in Frankia despite numerous attempts by research groups worldwide. We have identified type IV methyl-directed restriction systems, highly-expressed in a range of actinobacteria, as a likely barrier to Frankia transformation. Here we report the successful electrotransformation of the model strain F. alni ACN14a with an unmethylated, broad host-range replicating plasmid, expressing chloramphenicol-resistance for selection and GFP as a marker of gene expression. This system circumvented the type IV restriction barrier and allowed the stable maintenance of the plasmid. During nitrogen limitation, Frankia differentiates into two cell types: the vegetative hyphae and nitrogen-fixing vesicles. When the expression of egfp under the control of the nif gene cluster promoter was localized using fluorescence imaging, the expression of nitrogen fixation in nitrogen-limited culture was localized in Frankia vesicles but not in hyphae. The ability to separate gene expression patterns between Frankia hyphae and vesicles will enable deeper comparisons of molecular signaling and metabolic exchange between Frankia-actinorhizal and rhizobia-legume symbioses to be made, and may broaden potential applications in agriculture. Further downstream applications are possible, including gene knock-outs and complementation, to open up a range of experiments in Frankia and its symbioses. Additionally, in the transcriptome of F. alni ACN14a, type IV restriction enzymes were highly expressed in nitrogen-replete culture but their expression strongly decreased during symbiosis. The down-regulation of type IV restriction enzymes in symbiosis suggests that horizontal gene transfer may occur more frequently inside the nodule, with possible new implications for the evolution of Frankia.},
}
@article {pmid31608037,
year = {2019},
author = {Antoine, R and Rivera-Millot, A and Roy, G and Jacob-Dubuisson, F},
title = {Relationships Between Copper-Related Proteomes and Lifestyles in β Proteobacteria.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2217},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02217},
pmid = {31608037},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Copper is an essential transition metal whose redox properties are used for a variety of enzymatic oxido-reductions and in electron transfer chains. It is also toxic to living beings, and therefore its cellular concentration must be strictly controlled. We have performed in silico analyses of the predicted proteomes of more than one hundred species of β proteobacteria to characterize their copper-related proteomes, including cuproproteins, i.e., proteins with active-site copper ions, copper chaperones, and copper-homeostasis systems. Copper-related proteomes represent between 0 and 1.48% of the total proteomes of β proteobacteria. The numbers of cuproproteins are globally proportional to the proteome sizes in all phylogenetic groups and strongly linked to aerobic respiration. In contrast, environmental bacteria have considerably larger proportions of copper-homeostasis systems than the other groups of bacteria, irrespective of their proteome sizes. Evolution toward commensalism, obligate, host-restricted pathogenesis or symbiosis is globally reflected in the loss of copper-homeostasis systems. In endosymbionts, defense systems and copper chaperones have disappeared, whereas residual cuproenzymes are electron transfer proteins for aerobic respiration. Lifestyle is thus a major determinant of the size and composition of the copper-related proteome, and it is particularly reflected in systems involved in copper homeostasis. Analyses of the copper-related proteomes of a number of species belonging to the Burkholderia, Bordetella, and Neisseria genera indicates that commensals are in the process of shedding their copper-homeostasis systems and chaperones to greater extents yet than pathogens.},
}
@article {pmid31607710,
year = {2019},
author = {Kavadi, SN},
title = {V. R. Khanolkar and the Indian Cancer Research Centre, 1952-1962.},
journal = {Indian journal of cancer},
volume = {56},
number = {4},
pages = {364-367},
doi = {10.4103/ijc.IJC_14_19},
pmid = {31607710},
issn = {1998-4774},
abstract = {This note presents a brief account of the ideas and efforts of V.R. Khanolkar in the period 1952-1962 to develop the Indian Cancer Research Centre into a &quot;center of excellence&quot;. Khanolkar, who is recognized as a pioneer in cancer research in India, focused on developing multidisciplinary medical research and mentored and trained young medical researchers. He sought and received aid from the Rockefeller Foundation, which was keen to support him in this task.},
}
@article {pmid30418562,
year = {2019},
author = {Knobloch, S and Jóhannsson, R and Marteinsson, V},
title = {Bacterial diversity in the marine sponge Halichondria panicea from Icelandic waters and host-specificity of its dominant symbiont &quot;Candidatus Halichondribacter symbioticus&quot;.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology},
volume = {95},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiy220},
pmid = {30418562},
issn = {1574-6941},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; *Host Specificity ; Iceland ; Phylogeny ; Porifera/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Marine sponges can harbour diverse bacteria that contribute to host metabolism and defence. Identifying these stable members of sponge bacterial communities remains a necessary step in understanding their ecological roles and underlying co-evolutionary processes. In this study, we applied high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, ribosomal nucleotide variant analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridisation to characterise the core members of the bacterial community in the marine sponge Halichondria panicea from Icelandic waters. We show that the core bacterial community across all samples consisted of a single, dominant bacterial taxon, for which we propose a candidate status 'Candidatus Halichondribacter symbioticus'. Comparison against public databases showed that 'Ca. H. symbioticus' is both a highly abundant specialist in H. panicea and a low abundant opportunist in other sponge species. Additionally, H. panicea with and without 'Ca. H. symbioticus' co-exist in similar locations in the North Atlantic. This dichotomy paired with the presence of geographically distinct ribosomal sequence variants of the symbiont make H. panicea an interesting sponge species for studying sponge-symbiont co-evolution and functional interactions.},
}
@article {pmid29891919,
year = {2018},
author = {Balvín, O and Roth, S and Talbot, B and Reinhardt, K},
title = {Co-speciation in bedbug Wolbachia parallel the pattern in nematode hosts.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {8797},
pmid = {29891919},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Bedbugs/*microbiology ; Biosynthetic Pathways/genetics ; Biotin/biosynthesis ; *Genetic Speciation ; *Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/*classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Wolbachia bacteria, vertically transmitted intracellular endosymbionts, are associated with two major host taxa in which they show strikingly different symbiotic modes. In some taxa of filarial nematodes, where Wolbachia are strictly obligately beneficial to the host, they show complete within- and among-species prevalence as well as co-phylogeny with their hosts. In arthropods, Wolbachia usually are parasitic; if beneficial effects occurs, they can be facultative or obligate, related to host reproduction. In arthropods, the prevalence of Wolbachia varies within and among taxa, and no co-speciation events are known. However, one arthropod species, the common bedbug Cimex lectularius was recently found to be dependent on the provision of biotin and riboflavin by Wolbachia, representing a unique case of Wolbachia providing nutritional and obligate benefits to an arthropod host, perhaps even in a mutualistic manner. Using the presence of presumably functional biotin gene copies, our study demonstrates that the obligate relationship is maintained at least in 10 out of 15 species of the genera Cimex and Paracimex. The remaining five species harboured Wolbachia as well, demonstrating the first known case of 100% prevalence of Wolbachia among higher arthropod taxa. Moreover, we show the predicted co-cladogenesis between Wolbachia and their bedbug hosts, also as the first described case of Wolbachia co-speciation in arthropods.},
}
@article {pmid29700426,
year = {2018},
author = {Aira, M and Pérez-Losada, M and Domínguez, J},
title = {Diversity, structure and sources of bacterial communities in earthworm cocoons.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {6632},
pmid = {29700426},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics ; *Biodiversity ; *Microbiota ; Oligochaeta/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Animals start interactions with the bacteria that will constitute their microbiomes at embryonic stage. After mating, earthworms produce cocoons externally which will be colonized with bacteria from their parents and the environment. Due to the key role bacterial symbionts play on earthworm fitness, it is important to study bacterial colonization during cocoon formation. Here we describe the cocoon microbiome of the earthworms Eisenia andrei and E. fetida, which included 275 and 176 bacterial species, respectively. They were dominated by three vertically-transmitted symbionts, Microbacteriaceae, Verminephrobacter and Ca. Nephrothrix, which accounted for 88% and 66% of the sequences respectively. Verminephrobacter and Ca. Nephrothrix showed a high rate of sequence variation, suggesting that they could be biparentally acquired during mating. The other bacterial species inhabiting the cocoons came from the bedding, where they accounted for a small fraction of the diversity (27% and 7% of bacterial species for E. andrei and E. fetida bedding). Hence, earthworm cocoon microbiome includes a large fraction of the vertically-transmitted symbionts and a minor fraction, but more diverse, horizontally and non-randomly acquired from the environment. These data suggest that horizontally-transmitted bacteria to cocoons may play an important role in the adaptation of earthworms to new environments or diets.},
}
@article {pmid29588209,
year = {2018},
author = {Goerzen, DW and Erlandson, MA},
title = {Infection of the chalcid parasitoid Pteromalus venustus Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with the male-killing symbiont Arsenophonus nasoniae (Gamma-Proteobacteria: Enterobacteriaceae).},
journal = {Journal of invertebrate pathology},
volume = {154},
number = {},
pages = {24-28},
doi = {10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.013},
pmid = {29588209},
issn = {1096-0805},
mesh = {Animals ; Bees/microbiology ; Biological Control Agents ; Enterobacteriaceae/*physiology ; Female ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Hymenoptera/*microbiology ; Male ; Sex Ratio ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The male-killing symbiont Arsenophonus nasoniae is a gamma-proteobacterium that infects parasitic wasps; the male progeny of infected females exhibit increased embryonic death. In this study, we examined methods to horizontally infect Pteromalus venustus (a parasitoid infesting populations of the alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata) with A. nasoniae. We then tested the success of these methods via semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative digital PCR, using a molecular marker specific to A. nasoniae. Controlled parasitoid mating experiments were then undertaken to determine whether infections of A. nasoniae in P. venustus induce the male-killing phenotype as has been reported for other host species; evidence of this male-killing phenotype was observed in the current study. Over the course of the eight parasitoid generations following introduction of A. nasoniae infection in P. venustus, the male component of the parasitoid sex ratio was substantially reduced in the infected population (1.05 ♂: 1.00 ♀) compared to the control population (2.46 ♂: 1.00 ♀). Establishment of stable A. nasoniae infections in P. venustus populations could lower the proportion of male progeny, thus negatively impacting the mating success of females, and reducing overall populations of the parasitoid in alfalfa leafcutting bee populations.},
}
@article {pmid31605615,
year = {2019},
author = {Carrère, S and Verdenaud, M and Gough, C and Gouzy, J and Gamas, P},
title = {LeGOO: An Expertized Knowledge Database for the Model Legume Medicago truncatula.},
journal = {Plant &amp; cell physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcz177},
pmid = {31605615},
issn = {1471-9053},
abstract = {Medicago truncatula was proposed, about three decades ago, as a model legume to study the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It has now been adopted to study a wide range of biological questions, including various developmental processes (in particular root, symbiotic nodule and seed development), symbiotic (nitrogen-fixing and arbuscular mycorrhizal endosymbioses) and pathogenic interactions, as well as responses to abiotic stress. With a number of tools and resources set up in M. truncatula for omics, genetics and reverse genetics approaches, massive amounts of data have been produced, as well as four genome sequence releases. Many of these data were generated with heterogeneous tools, notably for transcriptomics studies, and are consequently difficult to integrate. This issue is addressed by the LeGOO (for Legume Graph-Oriented Organizer) knowledge base (https://www.legoo.org), which finds the correspondence between the multiple identifiers of the same gene. Furthermore, an important goal of LeGOO is to collect and represent biological information from peer-reviewed publications, whatever the technical approaches used to obtain this information. The information is modeled in a graph-oriented database, which enables flexible representation, with currently over 200,000 relations retrieved from 298 publications. LeGOO also provides the user with mining tools, including links to the Mt5.0 genome browser and associated information (on gene functional annotation, expression, methylome, natural diversity and available insertion mutants), as well as tools to navigate through different model species. LeGOO is, therefore, an innovative database that will be useful to the Medicago and legume community to better exploit the wealth of data produced on this model species.},
}
@article {pmid31603616,
year = {2019},
author = {Chen, B and Xie, S and Zhang, X and Zhang, N and Feng, H and Sun, C and Lu, X and Shao, Y},
title = {Gut microbiota metabolic potential correlates with body size between mulberry-feeding lepidopteran pest species.},
journal = {Pest management science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ps.5642},
pmid = {31603616},
issn = {1526-4998},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many insect pests rely on microbial symbionts to obtain nutrients or for defence, thereby allowing them to exploit novel food sources and degrade environmental xenobiotics including pesticides. Although Lepidoptera is one of the most diverse insect taxa and includes important agricultural pests, their microbiotas have not been studied much, particularly functional traits. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the gut microbiota across multiple mulberry-feeding lepidopteran species, resolving both community structure and metabolic potential.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results indicate abundant bacteria inside the gut of larval Lepidoptera. However, even though they were fed the same diet, the structures of the bacterial communities differed in four major mulberry pest species, suggesting host-specific effects on microbial associations. Community-level metabolic reconstructions further showed that despite taxonomic composition varied greatly, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and membrane transporter were key functional capabilities of gut bacteria in all samples, which may play basic roles in the larval gut. In addition, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of gut bacterial predicted gene ontologies revealed specialized features of the microbiotas associated with these mulberry pests, which were divided into two distinct clusters (macrolepidopterans vs. microlepidopterans). This pattern became even more prominent when more Lepidoptera species involved.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A suite of gut microbiota metabolic functions significantly correlated with larval size; the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were specifically enriched in large species, while small larvae had enhanced nucleotide metabolism. Our report paves the way for uncovering the correlation between host phenotype and microbial symbiosis in this notorious insect pest group. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid31602111,
year = {2019},
author = {Konwar, P and Vyas, N and Hossain, SS and Gore, MN and Choudhury, M},
title = {Nutritional Status of Adolescent Girls Belonging to the Tea Garden Estates of Sivasagar District, Assam, India.},
journal = {Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive &amp; Social Medicine},
volume = {44},
number = {3},
pages = {238-242},
doi = {10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_357_18},
pmid = {31602111},
issn = {0970-0218},
abstract = {Background: Any deficiency or inadequate dietary pattern can lead to poor nutrition which can further influence both growth and development throughout from infancy to adolescence. Since adolescents represent the next generation of parents, it is important to monitor their nutritional status at this crucial stage. Thus, this study aimed to explore the factors associated with nutritional status among adolescent girls belonging to these tea gardens.<br><br>Objective: The objective of this community-based cross-sectional study was to assess the nutritional status of adolescent girls belonging to the tea garden community and the association of the sociodemographic factors with it.<br><br>Materials and Methods: Anthropometric measurement was taken among adolescent girls in the tea estates of Nazira subdivision of Sivasagar district, Assam. The pattern of dietary intake among adolescents was also studied. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 15.<br><br>Results: The prevalence of thinness and stunting across 265 adolescent girls was 49.4% and 50.6%, respectively. Calorie and protein deficits were found to be 76.60% and 65%, respectively. Majority of the respondents, i.e., 66.80% of the participants, had a poor intake of essential food constituents. Moreover, 76.21% of the respondents were anemic. The association of different sociodemographic factors with thinness, inadequate protein intake, and anemia were found during the study.<br><br>Conclusion: Thinness and stunting along with protein-energy malnutrition and inadequate intake of important food groups were prevalent in adolescent tea community girls. Overall, the public health burden of malnutrition is still a persisting health problem in the tea gardens of Assam.},
}
@article {pmid31600926,
year = {2019},
author = {Marangoni, LFB and Mies, M and Güth, AZ and Banha, TNS and Inague, A and Fonseca, JDS and Dalmolin, C and Faria, SC and Ferrier-Pagès, C and Bianchini, A},
title = {Peroxynitrite Generation and Increased Heterotrophic Capacity Are Linked to the Disruption of the Coral-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis in a Scleractinian and Hydrocoral Species.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7100426},
pmid = {31600926},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {23038.004300/2014-40//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; 573949/2008-5//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 84/2010//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; 104519-003//International Development Research Centre, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada/ ; },
abstract = {Ocean warming is one of the greatest global threats to coral reef ecosystems; it leads to the disruption of the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis (bleaching) and to nutrient starvation, because corals mostly rely on autotrophy (i.e., the supply of photosynthates from the dinoflagellate symbionts) for their energy requirements. Although coral bleaching has been well studied, the early warning signs of bleaching, as well as the capacity of corals to shift from autotrophy to heterotrophy, are still under investigation. In this study, we evaluated the bleaching occurrence of the scleractinian coral Mussismillia harttii and the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis during a natural thermal stress event, under the 2015-2016 El Niño influence in three reef sites of the South Atlantic. We focused on the link between peroxynitrite (ONOO-) generation and coral bleaching, as ONOO- has been very poorly investigated in corals and never during a natural bleaching event. We also investigated the natural trophic plasticity of the two corals through the use of new lipid biomarkers. The results obtained first demonstrate that ONOO- is linked to the onset and intensity of bleaching in both scleractinian corals and hydrocorals. Indeed, ONOO- concentrations were correlated with bleaching intensity, with the highest levels preceding the highest bleaching intensity. The time lag between bleaching and ONOO- peak was, however, species-specific. In addition, we observed that elevated temperatures forced heterotrophy in scleractinian corals, as Mu. harttii presented high heterotrophic activity 15 to 30 days prior bleaching occurrence. On the contrary, a lower heterotrophic activity was monitored for the hydrocoral Mi. alicornis, which also experienced higher bleaching levels compared to Mu. hartii. Overall, we showed that the levels of ONOO- in coral tissue, combined to the heterotrophic capacity, are two good proxies explaining the intensity of coral bleaching.},
}
@article {pmid31240798,
year = {2019},
author = {Greenler, SM and Estrada, LA and Kellner, KF and Saunders, MR and Swihart, RK},
title = {Prescribed fire and partial overstory removal alter an acorn-rodent conditional mutualism.},
journal = {Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America},
volume = {29},
number = {7},
pages = {e01958},
doi = {10.1002/eap.1958},
pmid = {31240798},
issn = {1051-0761},
mesh = {Animals ; *Fires ; Forests ; *Quercus ; Rodentia ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {In eastern North America, oak (Quercus) regeneration failure has spurred management using silvicultural approaches better aligned with the autecology of oaks. In particular, shelterwood harvests can create favorable intermediate light conditions for oak establishment and prescribed fire is predicted (by the oak-fire hypothesis) to favor oak regeneration. These approaches substantially modify forest structure and may affect crucial trophic interactions including the conditional mutualism between oaks and granivorous rodents that scatterhoard acorns, which shifts along a continuum from antagonistic to mutualistic depending on external factors. We investigated how overwinter survival and dispersal of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) acorns were influenced by location within or outside of group shelterwood harvests (small canopy gaps created throughout an intact forest stand) with and without prescribed fire. We conducted two concurrent experiments to test (1) dispersal and survival of acorns presented on the forest floor and (2) acorn pilferage rates from caches that mimic squirrel scatterhoards in shelterwood gap/group interiors, edges, and the uncut forest matrix in burned and unburned forest stands. In both experiments, acorn survival was generally higher in burned than unburned stands. Acorn survival from forest floor presentations was higher in the unharvested forest matrix than harvest gap interiors; however, there was no effect of proximity to harvest gaps on survival of cached acorns. Survival of cached acorns was associated with understory vegetative cover (-), coarse woody debris cover (-), and distance to nearest tree (+), but uncorrelated with canopy cover above the cache. Our results suggest that reduced understory cover following prescribed fire may increase perceived habitat riskiness for granivores resulting in higher acorn survival up to 2 yr post-fire. These findings unify the oak-fire and oak-granivore conditional mutualism hypotheses, and suggest that the environmental conditions following prescribed fire and group shelterwood harvests may shift the oak-granivore conditional mutualism in a direction beneficial for oak regeneration.},
}
@article {pmid29849034,
year = {2018},
author = {Glasl, B and Smith, CE and Bourne, DG and Webster, NS},
title = {Exploring the diversity-stability paradigm using sponge microbial communities.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {8425},
pmid = {29849034},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Pigmentation ; Porifera/metabolism/*microbiology/physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Salinity ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {A key concept in theoretical ecology is the positive correlation between biodiversity and ecosystem stability. When applying this diversity-stability concept to host-associated microbiomes, the following questions emerge: (1) Does microbial diversity influence the stability of microbiomes upon environmental fluctuations? (2) Do hosts that harbor high versus low microbial diversity differ in their stress response? To test the diversity-stability concept in host-associated microbiomes, we exposed six marine sponge species with varying levels of microbial diversity to non-lethal salinity disturbances and followed their microbial composition over time using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. No signs of sponge stress were evident following salinity amendment and microbiomes exhibited compositional resistance irrespective of their microbial diversity. Compositional stability of the sponge microbiome manifests itself at distinct host taxonomic and host microbial diversity groups, with (1) stable host genotype-specific microbiomes at oligotype-level; (2) stable host species-specific microbiomes at genus-level; and (3) stable and specific microbiomes at phylum-level for hosts with high versus low microbial diversity. The resistance of sponge microbiomes together with the overall stability of sponge holobionts upon salinity fluctuations suggest that the stability-diversity concept does not appear to hold for sponge microbiomes and provides further evidence for the widely recognized environmental tolerance of sponges.},
}
@article {pmid31600710,
year = {2019},
author = {Zou, YN and Wu, HH and Giri, B and Wu, QS and Kuča, K},
title = {Mycorrhizal symbiosis down-regulates or does not change root aquaporin expression in trifoliate orange under drought stress.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {144},
number = {},
pages = {292-299},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.001},
pmid = {31600710},
issn = {1873-2690},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizas absorb water from soil to host plants, while the relationship between mycorrhizas and aquaporins (AQPs, membrane water channel proteins, which function in water transport) in mycorrhizal plants is unclear. In this study, Funneliformis mosseae-colonized trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings were grown in pots fitted with 37-μm nylon meshes at the bottom of each pot to allow mycorrhizal hyphae absorb water from an outer beaker. The expression of seven plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) genes, six tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) genes, and four nodulin-26 like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) genes were analyzed in roots of both well-watered (WW) and drought stressed (DS) plants. The six-week DS plants dramatically increased hyphal water absorption rate by 1.4 times, as compared with WW plants. Mycorrhizal plants exhibited greater plant growth performance, leaf water status (water potential and relative water content), and gas exchange under both WW and DS conditions. Mycorrhizal inoculation induced diverse expression patterns in these AQPs under WW: up-regulation of PtNIP1;1, PtPIP2;1, and PtPIP2;5, down-regulation of PtNIP1;2, PtNIP6;1, PtPIP1;2, PtPIP1;5, PtPIP2;8, PtTIP1;1, PtTIP1;2, PtTIP1;3, and PtTIP5;1, and no changes in other AQPs. However, the expression of PtPIPs and PtNIPs was down-regulated by mycorrhizal inoculation under DS, and PtTIPs was not induced by mycorrhizal colonization under DS. The expression pattern of AQPs in response to mycorrhizas under DS is a way of mycorrhizal plants to minimize water loss.},
}
@article {pmid31600251,
year = {2019},
author = {Chabaud, M and Fournier, J and Brichet, L and Abdou-Pavy, I and Imanishi, L and Brottier, L and Pirolles, E and Hocher, V and Franche, C and Bogusz, D and Wall, LG and Svistoonoff, S and Gherbi, H and Barker, DG},
title = {Chitotetraose activates the fungal-dependent endosymbiotic signaling pathway in actinorhizal plant species.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {e0223149},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0223149},
pmid = {31600251},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Mutualistic plant-microbe associations are widespread in natural ecosystems and have made major contributions throughout the evolutionary history of terrestrial plants. Amongst the most remarkable of these are the so-called root endosymbioses, resulting from the intracellular colonization of host tissues by either arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or nitrogen-fixing bacteria that both provide key nutrients to the host in exchange for energy-rich photosynthates. Actinorhizal host plants, members of the Eurosid 1 clade, are able to associate with both AM fungi and nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes known as Frankia. Currently, little is known about the molecular signaling that allows these plants to recognize their fungal and bacterial partners. In this article, we describe the use of an in vivo Ca2+ reporter to identify symbiotic signaling responses to AM fungi in roots of both Casuarina glauca and Discaria trinervis, actinorhizal species with contrasting modes of Frankia colonization. This approach has revealed that, for both actinorhizal hosts, the short-chain chitin oligomer chitotetraose is able to mimic AM fungal exudates in activating the conserved symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP) in epidermal root cells targeted by AM fungi. These results mirror findings in other AM host plants including legumes and the monocot rice. In addition, we show that chitotetraose is a more efficient elicitor of CSSP activation compared to AM fungal lipo-chitooligosaccharides. These findings reinforce the likely role of short-chain chitin oligomers during the initial stages of the AM association, and are discussed in relation to both our current knowledge about molecular signaling during Frankia recognition as well as the different microsymbiont root colonization mechanisms employed by actinorhizal hosts.},
}
@article {pmid31600190,
year = {2019},
author = {Becking, T and Chebbi, MA and Giraud, I and Moumen, B and Laverré, T and Caubet, Y and Peccoud, J and Gilbert, C and Cordaux, R},
title = {Sex chromosomes control vertical transmission of feminizing Wolbachia symbionts in an isopod.},
journal = {PLoS biology},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {e3000438},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3000438},
pmid = {31600190},
issn = {1545-7885},
abstract = {Microbial endosymbiosis is widespread in animals, with major ecological and evolutionary implications. Successful symbiosis relies on efficient vertical transmission through host generations. However, when symbionts negatively affect host fitness, hosts are expected to evolve suppression of symbiont effects or transmission. Here, we show that sex chromosomes control vertical transmission of feminizing Wolbachia endosymbionts in the isopod Armadillidium nasatum. Theory predicts that the invasion of an XY/XX species by cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters is unlikely because it leads to fixation of the unusual (and often lethal or infertile) YY genotype. We demonstrate that A. nasatum X and Y sex chromosomes are genetically highly similar and that YY individuals are viable and fertile, thereby enabling Wolbachia spread in this XY-XX species. Nevertheless, we show that Wolbachia cannot drive fixation of YY individuals, because infected YY females do not transmit Wolbachia to their offspring, unlike XX and XY females. The genetic basis fits the model of a Y-linked recessive allele (associated with an X-linked dominant allele), in which the homozygous state suppresses Wolbachia transmission. Moreover, production of all-male progenies by infected YY females restores a balanced sex ratio at the host population level. This suggests that blocking of Wolbachia transmission by YY females may have evolved to suppress feminization, thereby offering a whole new perspective on the evolutionary interplay between microbial symbionts and host sex chromosomes.},
}
@article {pmid31598235,
year = {2019},
author = {Jono, T and Kojima, Y and Mizuno, T},
title = {Novel cooperative antipredator tactics of an ant specialized against a snake.},
journal = {Royal Society open science},
volume = {6},
number = {8},
pages = {190283},
doi = {10.1098/rsos.190283},
pmid = {31598235},
issn = {2054-5703},
abstract = {Eusocial insects can express surprisingly complex cooperative defence of the colony. Brood and reproductive castes typically remain in the nest and are protected by workers' various antipredator tactics against intruders. In Madagascar, a myrmicine ant, Aphaenogaster swammerdami, occurs sympatrically with a large blindsnake, Madatyphlops decorsei. As blindsnakes generally specialize on feeding on termites and ants brood by intruding into the nest, these snakes are presumably a serious predator on the ant. Conversely, a lamprophiid snake, Madagascarophis colubrinus, is considered to occur often in active A. swammerdami nests without being attacked. By presenting M. colubrinus, M. decorsei and a control snake, Thamnosophis lateralis, at the entrance of the nest, we observed two highly specialized interactions between ants and snakes: the acceptance of M. colubrinus into the nest and the cooperative evacuation of the brood from the nest for protection against the ant-eating M. decorsei. Given that M. colubrinus is one of the few known predators of blindsnakes in this area, A. swammerdami may protect their colonies against this blindsnake by two antipredator tactics, symbiosis with M. colubrinus and evacuation in response to intrusion by blindsnakes. These findings demonstrate that specialized predators can drive evolution of complex cooperative defence in eusocial species.},
}
@article {pmid31597890,
year = {2019},
author = {Hashimoto, S and Wongdee, J and Songwattana, P and Greetatorn, T and Goto, K and Tittabutr, P and Boonkerd, N and Teaumroong, N and Uchiumi, T},
title = {Homocitrate Synthase Genes of Two Wide-Host-Range Bradyrhizobium Strains are Differently Required for Symbiosis Depending on Host Plants.},
journal = {Microbes and environments},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME19078},
pmid = {31597890},
issn = {1347-4405},
abstract = {The nifV gene encodes homocitrate synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of homocitrate, which is essential for arranging the FeMo-cofactor in the catalytic center of nitrogenase. Some host plants, such as Lotus japonicus, supply homocitrate to their symbionts, in this case, Mesorhizobium loti, which lacks nifV. In contrast, Bradyrhizobium ORS285, a symbiont of Aeschynomene cross-inoculation (CI) groups 2 and 3, requires nifV for symbiosis with Aeschynomene species that belong to CI group 3, and some species belonging to CI group 2. However, it currently remains unclear whether rhizobial nifV is required for symbiosis with Aeschynomene species belonging to CI group 1 or with other legumes. We generated nifV-disruption (ΔnifV) mutants of two wide-host-range rhizobia, Bradyrhizobium SUTN9-2 and DOA9, to investigate whether they require nifV for symbiosis. Both ΔnifV mutant strains showed significantly less nitrogenase activity in a free-living state than the respective wild-type strains. The symbiotic phenotypes of SUTN9-2, DOA9, and their ΔnifV mutants were examined with four legumes, Aeschynomene americana, Stylosanthes hamata, Indigofera tinctoria, and Desmodium tortuosum. nifV was required for the efficient symbiosis of SUTN9-2 with A. americana (CI group 1), but not for that of DOA9. SUTN9-2 established symbiosis with all three other legumes; nifV was required for symbiosis with I. tinctoria and D. tortuosum. These results suggest that, in addition to Aeschynomene CI groups 2 and 3, CI group 1 and several other legumes require the rhizobial nifV for symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31597352,
year = {2019},
author = {Torres, N and Hilbert, G and Antolín, MC and Goicoechea, N},
title = {Aminoacids and Flavonoids Profiling in Tempranillo Berries Can Be Modulated by the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.},
journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/plants8100400},
pmid = {31597352},
issn = {2223-7747},
support = {AGL2014-56075-C2-1-R//SPANISH MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND COMPETENCY/ ; INNOVINE 311775//INNOVINE European project/ ; FPU Grant//SPANISH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORT/ ; },
abstract = {(1) Background: Vitisvinifera L. cv. Tempranillo is cultivated over the world for its wine of high quality. The association of Tempranillo with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) induced the accumulation of phenolics and carotenoids in leaves, affected the metabolism of abscisic acid (ABA) during berry ripening, and modulated some characteristics and quality aspects of grapes. The objective of this study was to elucidate if AMF influenced the profiles and the content of primary and secondary metabolites determinants for berry quality in Tempranillo. (2) Methods: Fruit-bearing cuttings inoculated with AMF or uninoculated were cultivated under controlled conditions. (3) Results: Mycorrhizal symbiosis modified the profile of metabolites in Tempranillo berries, especially those of the primary compounds. The levels of glucose and amino acids clearly increased in berries of mycorrhized Tempranillo grapevines, including those of the aromatic precursor amino acids. However, mycorrhizal inoculation barely influenced the total amount and the profiles of anthocyanins and flavonols in berries. (4) Conclusions: Mycorrhizal inoculation of Tempranillo grapevines may be an alternative to the exogenous application of nitrogen compounds in order to enhance the contents of amino acids in grapes, which may affect the aromatic characteristics of wines.},
}
@article {pmid30444650,
year = {2018},
author = {O'Brien, AM and Sawers, RJH and Ross-Ibarra, J and Strauss, SY},
title = {Evolutionary Responses to Conditionality in Species Interactions across Environmental Gradients.},
journal = {The American naturalist},
volume = {192},
number = {6},
pages = {715-730},
doi = {10.1086/700118},
pmid = {30444650},
issn = {1537-5323},
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Coevolution ; Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The outcomes of many species interactions are conditional on the environments in which they occur. Often, interactions grade from being more positive under stressful or low-resource conditions to more antagonistic or neutral under benign conditions. Here, we take predictions about two well-supported ecological theories on conditionality-limiting resource models and the stress-gradient hypothesis-and combine them with those from the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution (GMTC) to generate predictions for systematic patterns of adaptation and coadaptation between partners along abiotic gradients. When interactions become more positive in stressful environments, mutations that increase fitness in one partner may also increase fitness in the other; because fitnesses are aligned, selection should favor greater mutualistic adaptation and coadaptation between interacting species in stressful ends of environmental gradients. As a corollary, in benign environments antagonistic coadaptation could result in Red Queen or arms-race dynamics or the reduction of antagonism through character displacement and niche partitioning. Here, we distinguish between generally mutualistic or antagonistic adaptation (i.e., mutations in one partner that have similar effects across multiple populations of the other) and specific adaptations to sympatric partners (local adaptation), which can occur either alone or simultaneously. We then outline the kinds of data required to test these predictions, develop experimental designs and statistical methods, and demonstrate these using simulations based on GMTC models. Our methods can be applied to a range of conditional outcomes and may also be useful in assisted translocation approaches in the face of climate change.},
}
@article {pmid30054358,
year = {2018},
author = {Qin, S and Feng, WW and Zhang, YJ and Wang, TT and Xiong, YW and Xing, K},
title = {Diversity of Bacterial Microbiota of Coastal Halophyte Limonium sinense and Amelioration of Salinity Stress Damage by Symbiotic Plant Growth-Promoting Actinobacterium Glutamicibacter halophytocola KLBMP 5180.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {84},
number = {19},
pages = {},
pmid = {30054358},
issn = {1098-5336},
mesh = {Actinobacteria/genetics/*physiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; China ; Endophytes/genetics/physiology ; Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/growth &amp; development/metabolism/microbiology ; Plumbaginaceae/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*microbiology ; Salt Stress ; Salt-Tolerant Plants/growth &amp; development/metabolism/*microbiology ; Sodium Chloride/metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Plant-associated microorganisms are considered a key determinant of plant health and growth. However, little information is available regarding the composition and ecological function of the roots' and leaves' bacterial microbiota of halophytes. Here, using both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, we characterized the bacterial communities of the roots and leaves as well as the rhizosphere and bulk soils of the coastal halophyte Limonium sinense in Jiangsu Province, China. We identified 49 representative bacterial strains belonging to 17 genera across all samples, with Glutamicibacter as the most dominant genus. All Glutamicibacter isolates showed multiple potential plant growth promotion traits and tolerated a high concentration of NaCl and a wide pH range. Interestingly, further inoculation experiments showed that the Glutamicibacter halophytocola strain KLBMP 5180 isolated from root tissue significantly promoted host growth under NaCl stress. Indeed, KLBMP 5180 inoculation increased the concentrations of total chlorophyll, proline, antioxidative enzymes, flavonoids, K+, and Ca2+ in the leaves; the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Na+ were reduced. A transcriptome analysis identified 1,359 and 328 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in inoculated seedlings treated with 0 and 250 mM NaCl, respectively. We found that pathways related to phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and ion transport and metabolism might play more important roles in host salt stress tolerance induced by KLBMP 5180 inoculation compared to that in noninoculated leaves. Our results provide novel insights into the complex composition and function of the bacterial microbiota of the coastal halophyte L. sinense and suggest that halophytes might recruit specific bacteria to enhance their tolerance of harsh environments.IMPORTANCE Halophytes are important coastal plants often used for the remediation of saline coastal soils. Limonium sinense is well known for its medical properties and phytoremediation of saline soils. However, excessive exploitation and utilization have made the wild resource endangered. The use of endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria may be one of the suitable ways to solve the problem. This study was undertaken to develop approaches to improve the growth of L. sinense using endophytes. The application of actinobacterial endophytes ameliorated salt stress damage of the host via complex physiological and molecular mechanisms. The results also highlight the potential of using habitat-adapted, symbiotic, indigenous endophytic bacteria to enhance the growth and ameliorate abiotic stress damage of host plants growing in special habitats.},
}
@article {pmid31596956,
year = {2019},
author = {Zeng, T and Rodriguez-Moreno, L and Mansurkhodzaev, A and Wang, P and van den Berg, W and Gasciolli, V and Cottaz, S and Fort, S and Thomma, BPHJ and Bono, JJ and Bisseling, T and Limpens, E},
title = {A LysM effector subverts chitin-triggered immunity to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16245},
pmid = {31596956},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi greatly improve mineral uptake by host plants in nutrient-depleted soil and can intracellularly colonize root cortex cells in the vast majority of higher plants. However, AM fungi possess common fungal cell wall components such as chitin which can be recognized by plant chitin receptors to trigger immune responses, raising the question how AM fungi effectively evade chitin-triggered immune responses during symbiosis. In this study, we characterize a secreted LysM (Lysin motif) effector identified from the model AM fungal species Rhizophagus irregularis, called RiSLM. RiSLM is one of the highest expressed effector proteins in intraradical mycelium during the symbiosis. In vitro binding assays show that RiSLM binds chitin-oligosaccharides and can protect fungal cell walls from chitinases. Moreover, RiSLM efficiently interferes with chitin-triggered immune responses, such as defence gene induction and reactive oxygen species production in Medicago truncatula. Although RiSLM also binds to symbiotic (lipo-)chitooligosaccharides it does not interfere significantly with symbiotic signalling in Medicago. Host-induced gene silencing of RiSLM greatly reduces fungal colonization levels. Taken together, our results reveal a key role for AM fungal LysM effectors to subvert chitin-triggered immunity in symbiosis, pointing to a common role for LysM effectors in both symbiotic and pathogenic fungi.},
}
@article {pmid31596856,
year = {2019},
author = {Payelleville, A and Blackburn, D and Lanois, A and Pagès, S and Cambon, MC and Ginibre, N and Clarke, DJ and Givaudan, A and Brillard, J},
title = {Role of the Photorhabdus Dam methyltransferase during interactions with its invertebrate hosts.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {e0212655},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0212655},
pmid = {31596856},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Photorhabdus luminescens is an entomopathogenic bacterium found in symbiosis with the nematode Heterorhabditis. Dam DNA methylation is involved in the pathogenicity of many bacteria, including P. luminescens, whereas studies about the role of bacterial DNA methylation during symbiosis are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Dam DNA methylation in P. luminescens during the whole bacterial life cycle including during symbiosis with H. bacteriophora. We constructed a strain overexpressing dam by inserting an additional copy of the dam gene under the control of a constitutive promoter in the chromosome of P. luminescens and then achieved association between this recombinant strain and nematodes. The dam overexpressing strain was able to feed the nematode in vitro and in vivo similarly as a control strain, and to re-associate with Infective Juvenile (IJ) stages in the insect. No difference in the amount of emerging IJs from the cadaver was observed between the two strains. Compared to the nematode in symbiosis with the control strain, a significant increase in LT50 was observed during insect infestation with the nematode associated with the dam overexpressing strain. These results suggest that during the life cycle of P. luminescens, Dam is not involved the bacterial symbiosis with the nematode H. bacteriophora, but it contributes to the pathogenicity of the nemato-bacterial complex.},
}
@article {pmid31595476,
year = {2020},
author = {Tak, N and Bissa, G and Gehlot, HS},
title = {Methods for Isolation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Fixing Legume-Nodulating Bacteria.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2057},
number = {},
pages = {119-143},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9_12},
pmid = {31595476},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is a characteristic feature of nodulating legumes. The wild legumes are comparatively less explored for their SNF ability; hence, it is essential to study nodulation and identify the microsymbiont diversity associated with them. This chapter aims to describe the methodology for nodule hunting; trapping, isolation, and characterization of root nodule bacteria (RNB) at phenotypic, genotypic, and symbiotic levels. The documentation of nodulating native legume species and the rhizobial diversity associated with them in various parts of world has gained attention as this symbiotic association provides fixed nitrogen, improves productivity of plants in an ecofriendly manner. Before field-based applications the symbiotic bacteria need to be assessed for their N fixing ability as well as characterized at molecular level. The phylogeny based on symbiosis-essential genes supplemented with the host-range studies helps in better understanding of the symbiotaxonomy of rhizobia. More efficient symbiotic couples need to be screened by cross-nodulation studies for their application in agricultural practices.},
}
@article {pmid31595051,
year = {2019},
author = {Yang, Y and Sun, J and Sun, Y and Kwan, YH and Wong, WC and Zhang, Y and Xu, T and Feng, D and Zhang, Y and Qiu, JW and Qian, PY},
title = {Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic insights into the symbiosis of deep-sea tubeworm holobionts.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0520-y},
pmid = {31595051},
issn = {1751-7370},
support = {DY135-E2-1-03//China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (China Ocean Mineral Resources R&amp;D Association)/ ; },
abstract = {Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seeps are often densely populated by animals that host chemosynthetic symbiotic bacteria, but the molecular mechanisms of such host-symbiont relationship remain largely unclear. We characterized the symbiont genome of the seep-living siboglinid Paraescarpia echinospica and compared seven siboglinid-symbiont genomes. Our comparative analyses indicate that seep-living siboglinid endosymbionts have more virulence traits for establishing infections and modulating host-bacterium interaction than the vent-dwelling species, and have a high potential to resist environmental hazards. Metatranscriptome and metaproteome analyses of the Paraescarpia holobiont reveal that the symbiont is highly versatile in its energy use and efficient in carbon fixation. There is close cooperation within the holobiont in production and supply of nutrients, and the symbiont may be able to obtain nutrients from host cells using virulence factors. Moreover, the symbiont is speculated to have evolved strategies to mediate host protective immunity, resulting in weak expression of host innate immunity genes in the trophosome. Overall, our results reveal the interdependence of the tubeworm holobiont through mutual nutrient supply, a pathogen-type regulatory mechanism, and host-symbiont cooperation in energy utilization and nutrient production, which is a key adaptation allowing the tubeworm to thrive in deep-sea chemosynthetic environments.},
}
@article {pmid31594815,
year = {2019},
author = {Thiergart, T and Zgadzaj, R and Bozsóki, Z and Garrido-Oter, R and Radutoiu, S and Schulze-Lefert, P},
title = {Lotus japonicus Symbiosis Genes Impact Microbial Interactions between Symbionts and Multikingdom Commensal Communities.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mBio.01833-19},
pmid = {31594815},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {The wild legume Lotus japonicus engages in mutualistic symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Using plants grown in natural soil and community profiling of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal internal transcribed spacers (ITSs), we examined the role of the Lotus symbiosis genes RAM1, NFR5, SYMRK, and CCaMK in structuring bacterial and fungal root-associated communities. We found host genotype-dependent community shifts in the root and rhizosphere compartments that were mainly confined to bacteria in nfr5 or fungi in ram1 mutants, while symrk and ccamk plants displayed major changes across both microbial kingdoms. We observed in all AM mutant roots an almost complete depletion of a large number of Glomeromycota taxa that was accompanied by a concomitant enrichment of Helotiales and Nectriaceae fungi, suggesting compensatory niche replacement within the fungal community. A subset of Glomeromycota whose colonization is strictly dependent on the common symbiosis pathway was retained in ram1 mutants, indicating that RAM1 is dispensable for intraradical colonization by some Glomeromycota fungi. However, intraradical colonization by bacteria belonging to the Burkholderiaceae and Anaeroplasmataceae is dependent on AM root infection, revealing a microbial interkingdom interaction. Despite the overall robustness of the bacterial root microbiota against major changes in the composition of root-associated fungal assemblages, bacterial and fungal cooccurrence network analysis demonstrates that simultaneous disruption of AM and rhizobium symbiosis increases the connectivity among taxa of the bacterial root microbiota. Our findings imply a broad role for Lotus symbiosis genes in structuring the root microbiota and identify unexpected microbial interkingdom interactions between root symbionts and commensal communities.IMPORTANCE Studies on symbiosis genes in plants typically focus on binary interactions between roots and soilborne nitrogen-fixing rhizobia or mycorrhizal fungi in laboratory environments. We utilized wild type and symbiosis mutants of a model legume, grown in natural soil, in which bacterial, fungal, or both symbioses are impaired to examine potential interactions between the symbionts and commensal microorganisms of the root microbiota when grown in natural soil. This revealed microbial interkingdom interactions between the root symbionts and fungal as well as bacterial commensal communities. Nevertheless, the bacterial root microbiota remains largely robust when fungal symbiosis is impaired. Our work implies a broad role for host symbiosis genes in structuring the root microbiota of legumes.},
}
@article {pmid31593868,
year = {2019},
author = {Bongrand, C and Ruby, EG},
title = {The impact of Vibrio fischeri strain variation on host colonization.},
journal = {Current opinion in microbiology},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {15-19},
doi = {10.1016/j.mib.2019.09.002},
pmid = {31593868},
issn = {1879-0364},
abstract = {Strain-level epidemiology is a key approach to understanding the mechanisms underlying establishment of any host-microbe association. The squid-vibrio light organ symbiosis has proven to be an informative and tractable experimental model in which to discover these mechanisms because it involves only one bacterial species, Vibrio fischeri. In this horizontally transmitted symbiosis, the squid presents nutrients to the bacteria located in a bilobed light-emitting organ, while the symbionts provide bioluminescence to their host. To initiate this association, V. fischeri cells go through several distinct stages: from free-living in the bacterioplankton, to forming a multicellular aggregation near pores on the light organ's surface, to migrating through the pores and into crypts deep in the light organ, where the symbiont population grows and luminesces. Because individual cells must successfully navigate these distinct regions, phenotypic differences between strains will have a strong impact on the composition of the population finally colonizing the squid. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of behavioral characteristics that differentially drive a strain's success, including its effectiveness of aggregation, the rapidity with which it reaches the deep crypts, and its deployment of type VI secretion.},
}
@article {pmid31592190,
year = {2019},
author = {Reynolds, LA and Hornett, EA and Jiggins, CD and Hurst, GDD},
title = {Suppression of Wolbachia-mediated male-killing in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina involves a single genomic region.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7677},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7677},
pmid = {31592190},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Background: Sex ratio distorting agents (maternally inherited symbionts and meiotically-driving sex chromosomes) are common in insects. When these agents rise to high frequencies they create strong population sex ratio bias and selection then favours mutations that act to restore the rare sex. Despite this strong selection pressure, the evolution of mutations that suppress sex ratio distorting elements appears to be constrained in many cases, where sex-biased populations persist for many generations. This scenario has been observed in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina, where Wolbachia-mediated male killing endured for 800-1,000 generations across multiple populations before the evolution of suppression. Here we test the hypothesis that this evolutionary lag is the result of suppression being a multilocus trait requiring multiple mutations.<br><br>Methods: We developed genetic markers, based on conservation of synteny, for each H. bolina chromosome and verified coverage using recombinational mapping. We then used a Wolbachia-infected mapping family to assess each chromosome for the presence of loci required for male survival, as determined by the presence of markers in all surviving sons.<br><br>Results: Informative markers were obtained for each of the 31 chromosomes in H. bolina. The only marker that cosegregated with suppression was located on chromosome 25. A genomic region necessary for suppression has previously been located on this chromosome. We therefore conclude that a single genomic region of the H. bolina genome is necessary for male-killing suppression.<br><br>Discussion: The evolutionary lag observed in our system is not caused by a need for changes at multiple genomic locations. The findings favour hypotheses in which either multiple mutations are required within a single genomic region, or the suppressor mutation is a singularly rare event.},
}
@article {pmid31591568,
year = {2019},
author = {Ichikawa, T and Hirahara, K and Kokubo, K and Kiuchi, M and Aoki, A and Morimoto, Y and Kumagai, J and Onodera, A and Mato, N and Tumes, DJ and Goto, Y and Hagiwara, K and Inagaki, Y and Sparwasser, T and Tobe, K and Nakayama, T},
title = {CD103hi Treg cells constrain lung fibrosis induced by CD103lo tissue-resident pathogenic CD4 T cells.},
journal = {Nature immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41590-019-0494-y},
pmid = {31591568},
issn = {1529-2916},
support = {JP19gm1210003//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)/ ; JP19ek0410060//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)/ ; JP19gm6110005//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)/ ; JP19ek0410045//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)/ ; (S) 26221305//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; JP19H05650//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; (C) 19K16683//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; (C) 18K07164//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; },
abstract = {Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are crucial mediators of adaptive immunity in nonlymphoid tissues. However, the functional heterogeneity and pathogenic roles of CD4+ TRM cells that reside within chronic inflammatory lesions remain unknown. We found that CD69hiCD103lo CD4+ TRM cells produced effector cytokines and promoted the inflammation and fibrotic responses induced by chronic exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus. Simultaneously, immunosuppressive CD69hiCD103hiFoxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells were induced and constrained the ability of pathogenic CD103lo TRM cells to cause fibrosis. Thus, lung tissue-resident CD4+ T cells play crucial roles in the pathology of chronic lung inflammation, and CD103 expression defines pathogenic effector and immunosuppressive tissue-resident cell subpopulations in the inflamed lung.},
}
@article {pmid31591240,
year = {2019},
author = {Teulet, A and Busset, N and Fardoux, J and Gully, D and Chaintreuil, C and Cartieaux, F and Jauneau, A and Comorge, V and Okazaki, S and Kaneko, T and Gressent, F and Nouwen, N and Arrighi, JF and Koebnik, R and Mergaert, P and Deslandes, L and Giraud, E},
title = {The rhizobial type III effector ErnA confers the ability to form nodules in legumes.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1904456116},
pmid = {31591240},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Several Bradyrhizobium species nodulate the leguminous plant Aeschynomene indica in a type III secretion system-dependent manner, independently of Nod factors. To date, the underlying molecular determinants involved in this symbiotic process remain unknown. To identify the rhizobial effectors involved in nodulation, we mutated 23 out of the 27 effector genes predicted in Bradyrhizobium strain ORS3257. The mutation of nopAO increased nodulation and nitrogenase activity, whereas mutation of 5 other effector genes led to various symbiotic defects. The nopM1 and nopP1 mutants induced a reduced number of nodules, some of which displayed large necrotic zones. The nopT and nopAB mutants induced uninfected nodules, and a mutant in a yet-undescribed effector gene lost the capacity for nodule formation. This effector gene, widely conserved among bradyrhizobia, was named ernA for &quot;effector required for nodulation-A.&quot; Remarkably, expressing ernA in a strain unable to nodulate A. indica conferred nodulation ability. Upon its delivery by Pseudomonas fluorescens into plant cells, ErnA was specifically targeted to the nucleus, and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy approach supports the possibility that ErnA binds nucleic acids in the plant nuclei. Ectopic expression of ernA in A. indica roots activated organogenesis of root- and nodule-like structures. Collectively, this study unravels the symbiotic functions of rhizobial type III effectors playing distinct and complementary roles in suppression of host immune functions, infection, and nodule organogenesis, and suggests that ErnA triggers organ development in plants by a mechanism that remains to be elucidated.},
}
@article {pmid31591150,
year = {2019},
author = {Deng, J and Zhu, F and Liu, J and Zhao, Y and Wen, J and Wang, T and Dong, J},
title = {Transcription factor bHLH2 represses CYSTEINE PROTEASE 77 to negatively regulate nodule senescence.},
journal = {Plant physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1104/pp.19.00574},
pmid = {31591150},
issn = {1532-2548},
abstract = {Legume-rhizobia symbiosis is a time-limited process due to the onset of senescence, which results in the degradation of host plant cells and symbiosomes. A number of transcription factors, proteases, and functional genes have been associated with nodule senescence; however, whether other proteases or transcription factors are involved in nodule senescence remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified an early nodule senescence mutant in Medicago truncatula, denoted bhlh2 (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 2), that exhibits decreased nitrogenase activity, acceleration of plant programmed cell death (PCD), and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results suggest that MtbHLH2 plays a negative role in nodule senescence. Nodules of wild-type and bhlh2-TALEN mutant plants at 28 days post inoculation were used for transcriptome sequencing. The transcriptome data analysis identified a papain-like cysteine protease gene, denoted MtCP77, that could serve as a potential target of MtbHLH2. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that MtbHLH2 directly binds to the promoter of MtCP77 to inhibit its expression. MtCP77 positively regulates nodule senescence by accelerating plant PCD and ROS accumulation. In addition, the expression of MtbHLH2 in the nodules gradually decreased from the meristematic zone to the nitrogen fixation zone, whereas the expression of MtCP77 showed enhancement. These results indicate that MtbHLH2 and MtCP77 have opposite functions in the regulation of nodule senescence. These results reveal significant roles for MtbHLH2 and MtCP77 in plant PCD, ROS accumulation, and nodule senescence, and improve our understanding of the regulation of the nodule senescence process.},
}
@article {pmid31591000,
year = {2019},
author = {Msaddak, A and Rejili, M and Durán, D and Mars, M and Palacios, JM and Ruiz-Argüeso, T and Rey, L and Imperial, J},
title = {Microvirga tunisiensis sp. nov., a root nodule symbiotic bacterium isolated from Lupinus micranthus and L. luteus grown in Northern Tunisia.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {126015},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126015},
pmid = {31591000},
issn = {1618-0984},
abstract = {Three bacterial strains, LmiM8T, LmiE10 and LluTb3, isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules of Lupinus micranthus (Lmi strains) and L. luteus (Llu strain) growing in Northern Tunisia were analysed using genetic, phenotypic and symbiotic approaches. Phylogenetic analyses based on rrs and concatenated gyrB and dnaK genes suggested that these Lupinus strains constitute a new Microvirga species with identities ranging from 95 to 83% to its closest relatives Microvirga makkahensis, M. vignae, M. zambiensis, M. ossetica, and M. lotononidis. The genome sequences of strains LmiM8T and LmiE10 exhibited pairwise Average Nucleotide Identities (ANIb) above 99.5%, significantly distant (73-89% pairwise ANIb) from other Microvirga species sequenced (M. zambiensis and M. ossetica). A phylogenetic analysis based on the symbiosis-related gene nodA placed the sequences of the new species in a divergent clade close to Mesorhizobium, Microvirga and Bradyrhizobium strains, suggesting that the M. tunisiensis strains represent a new symbiovar different from the Bradyrhizobium symbiovars defined to date. In contrast, the phylogeny derived from another symbiosis-related gene, nifH, reproduced the housekeeping genes phylogenies. The study of morphological, phenotypical and physiological features, including cellular fatty acid composition of the novel isolates demonstrated their unique profile regarding close reference Microvirga strains. Strains LmiM8T, LmiE10 and LluTb3 were able to nodulate several Lupinus spp. Based on genetic, genomic and phenotypic data presented in this study, these strains should be grouped within a new species for which the name Microvirga tunisiensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain LmiM8T=CECT 9163T, LMG 29689T).},
}
@article {pmid31175441,
year = {2019},
author = {Pietras, M},
title = {First record of North American fungus Rhizopogon pseudoroseolus in Australia and prediction of its occurrence based on climatic niche and symbiotic partner preferences.},
journal = {Mycorrhiza},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {397-401},
doi = {10.1007/s00572-019-00899-x},
pmid = {31175441},
issn = {1432-1890},
support = {DEC-2015/16/S/NZ9/00370//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; },
mesh = {Australia ; Basidiomycota/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification/*physiology ; Climate ; New Zealand ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Pinus/*microbiology/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Tasmania ; },
abstract = {In 2017 a North American fungus, Rhizopogon pseudoroseolus (Boletales, Basidiomycota), formerly known in Oceania as only occurring in New Zealand, was found for the first time in South Australia. The morphological identification of collected specimens was confirmed using an internal transcribed spacer barcoding approach. In this study, the biogeography of R. pseudoroseolus is also presented, based on sporocarp and ectomycorrhiza records. Species distribution modeling implemented in MaxEnt was used to estimate the distribution of the potential range of R. pseudoroseolus in Australia and New Zealand. The obtained model illustrates, in the background of climatic variables and distribution of a symbiotic partner, its wide range of suitable habitats in New Zealand, South-East Australia, and Tasmania. Precipitation of the coldest quarters and annual mean temperature are important factors influencing the potential distribution of the fungus. The occurrence of Pinus radiata, the ectomycorrhizal partner of R. pseudoroseolus, is also an important factor limiting expansion of the fungus' invasion range.},
}
@article {pmid29563606,
year = {2018},
author = {Ertz, D and Guzow-Krzemińska, B and Thor, G and Łubek, A and Kukwa, M},
title = {Photobiont switching causes changes in the reproduction strategy and phenotypic dimorphism in the Arthoniomycetes.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {4952},
pmid = {29563606},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Ascomycota/*genetics ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; Host Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Lichens/classification/*microbiology/physiology ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/genetics ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Phylogenetic analyses using mtSSU and nuITS sequences of Buellia violaceofusca (previously placed in Lecanoromycetes), a sterile, sorediate lichen having a trebouxioid photobiont, surprisingly prove that the species is conspecific with Lecanographa amylacea (Arthoniomycetes), a fertile, esorediate species with a trentepohlioid photobiont. These results suggest that L. amylacea and B. violaceofusca are photomorphs of the same mycobiont species, which, depending on the photobiont type, changes the morphology and the reproduction strategy. This is the first example of a lichenized fungus that can select between Trebouxia (Trebouxiophyceae) and trentepohlioid (Ulvophyceae) photobionts. Trebouxia photobionts from the sorediate morphotype belong to at least three different phylogenetic clades, and the results suggest that Lecanographa amylacea can capture the photobiont of other lichens such as Chrysothrix candelaris to form the sorediate morphotype. Phylogenetic analyses based on rbcL DNA data suggest that the trentepohlioid photobiont of L. amylacea is closely related to Trentepohlia isolated from fruticose lichens. The flexibility in the photobiont choice enables L. amylacea to use a larger range of tree hosts. This strategy helps the lichen to withstand changes of environmental conditions, to widen its distribution range and to increase its population size, which is particularly important for the survival of this rare species.},
}
@article {pmid29526588,
year = {2018},
author = {Turelli, M and Cooper, BS and Richardson, KM and Ginsberg, PS and Peckenpaugh, B and Antelope, CX and Kim, KJ and May, MR and Abrieux, A and Wilson, DA and Bronski, MJ and Moore, BR and Gao, JJ and Eisen, MB and Chiu, JC and Conner, WR and Hoffmann, AA},
title = {Rapid Global Spread of wRi-like Wolbachia across Multiple Drosophila.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {28},
number = {6},
pages = {963-971.e8},
pmid = {29526588},
issn = {1879-0445},
support = {R01 GM104325/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM124701/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR027303/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR029668/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; /HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/genetics ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/veterinary ; Drosophila/*genetics/microbiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome/genetics ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/veterinary ; Introduced Species ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Wolbachia/*genetics/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Maternally transmitted Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Cardinium bacteria are common in insects [1], but their interspecific spread is poorly understood. Endosymbionts can spread rapidly within host species by manipulating host reproduction, as typified by the global spread of wRi Wolbachia observed in Drosophila simulans [2, 3]. However, because Wolbachia cannot survive outside host cells, spread between distantly related host species requires horizontal transfers that are presumably rare [4-7]. Here, we document spread of wRi-like Wolbachia among eight highly diverged Drosophila hosts (10-50 million years) over only about 14,000 years (5,000-27,000). Comparing 110 wRi-like genomes, we find ≤0.02% divergence from the wRi variant that spread rapidly through California populations of D. simulans. The hosts include both globally invasive species (D. simulans, D. suzukii, and D. ananassae) and narrowly distributed Australian endemics (D. anomalata and D. pandora) [8]. Phylogenetic analyses that include mtDNA genomes indicate introgressive transfer of wRi-like Wolbachia between closely related species D. ananassae, D. anomalata, and D. pandora but no horizontal transmission within species. Our analyses suggest D. ananassae as the Wolbachia source for the recent wRi invasion of D. simulans and D. suzukii as the source of Wolbachia in its sister species D. subpulchrella. Although six of these wRi-like variants cause strong cytoplasmic incompatibility, two cause no detectable reproductive effects, indicating that pervasive mutualistic effects [9, 10] complement the reproductive manipulations for which Wolbachia are best known. &quot;Super spreader&quot; variants like wRi may be particularly useful for controlling insect pests and vector-borne diseases with Wolbachia transinfections [11].},
}
@article {pmid29526587,
year = {2018},
author = {Nunes, CEP and Maruyama, PK and Azevedo-Silva, M and Sazima, M},
title = {Parasitoids Turn Herbivores into Mutualists in a Nursery System Involving Active Pollination.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {28},
number = {6},
pages = {980-986.e3},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.013},
pmid = {29526587},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Animals ; Female ; Flowers ; Fruit ; Herbivory/physiology ; Larva ; Orchidaceae/metabolism ; Parasites ; Pollen ; Pollination/physiology ; Reproduction ; Seeds ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Wasps/metabolism/*parasitology ; Weevils/*metabolism/parasitology ; },
abstract = {Nursery pollination involves pollinators that lay eggs on the flowers they pollinate and have their brood fed on flower parts or developing ovules [1-4]. Active pollination, a ritualistic behavioral sequence shown by nursery pollinators when transferring pollen from anthers to stigmas, is known in only four plant lineages [5-8], including the classical examples of fig trees-fig wasps and yuccas-yucca moths [5, 6]. We report in detail a system in which weevils actively pollinate orchids prior to having their larvae fed on the developing fruits. Sampling over five years revealed that although weevils trigger fruit set, this interaction is negative for the plant as weevil larvae often consume all contents of infested fruits. However, part of weevil-infested fruits is often &quot;rescued&quot; by parasitoid wasps, which kill the weevil larvae before all fruit content is consumed (Figure 1). &quot;Rescued&quot; fruits present high seed viability and biomass similar to that of non-infested fruits, much higher than that of fruits with weevils only. Hence, parasitoids mediate the fitness consequences of the interaction between the plant and its parasitic pollinator. Weevils constitute a megadiverse group of herbivores commonly reported as florivores [9] but are also appreciated as flower-ovipositing pollinators of cycads and palms [4, 10-13] and were previously recorded carrying orchid pollinaria [14-16]. The orchid-weevil system presented here shows that plant-floral visitor interaction outcome can be mediated by a third party (parasitoids) and illustrates a way by which the biological context may allow the emergence and persistence of active nursery pollination behavior in nature.},
}
@article {pmid31587644,
year = {2019},
author = {Richards, TA and Massana, R and Pagliara, S and Hall, N},
title = {Single cell ecology.},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
volume = {374},
number = {1786},
pages = {20190076},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0076},
pmid = {31587644},
issn = {1471-2970},
abstract = {Cells are the building blocks of life, from single-celled microbes through to multi-cellular organisms. To understand a multitude of biological processes we need to understand how cells behave, how they interact with each other and how they respond to their environment. The use of new methodologies is changing the way we study cells allowing us to study them on minute scales and in unprecedented detail. These same methods are allowing researchers to begin to sample the vast diversity of microbes that dominate natural environments. The aim of this special issue is to bring together research and perspectives on the application of new approaches to understand the biological properties of cells, including how they interact with other biological entities. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Single cell ecology'.},
}
@article {pmid31347757,
year = {2019},
author = {Clark, RE and Gutierrez Illan, J and Comerford, MS and Singer, MS},
title = {Keystone mutualism influences forest tree growth at a landscape scale.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
pages = {1599-1607},
doi = {10.1111/ele.13352},
pmid = {31347757},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {DEB-1404177//NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Forests ; *Herbivory ; Symbiosis ; Trees/*growth &amp; development ; },
abstract = {Interactions between ants and phloem-feeding herbivores are characterised as a keystone mutualism because they restructure arthropod communities and generate trophic cascades. Keystone interactions in terrestrial food webs are hypothesised to depend on herbivore community structure and bottom-up effects on plant growth. Here, we tested this prediction at a landscape scale with a long-term ant-exclusion experiment on hickory saplings in the context of spatial variation in herbivore community structure and habitat quality. We quantified top-down effects of ants, herbivore communities as well as abiotic factors impacting hickory shoot growth. We found that ants influenced shoot growth via strong, context-dependent, compensatory effects, with clear cascading benefits only when phloem-feeders were present and chewing herbivore abundance was high. By contrast, while several landscape variables predicted hickory growth, they did not mediate the strength of cascading effects of ants. These results suggest that ant/sap-feeder mutualisms may regulate forest productivity by mediating effects of multiple herbivore guilds.},
}
@article {pmid31243858,
year = {2019},
author = {Valdovinos, FS},
title = {Mutualistic networks: moving closer to a predictive theory.},
journal = {Ecology letters},
volume = {22},
number = {9},
pages = {1517-1534},
doi = {10.1111/ele.13279},
pmid = {31243858},
issn = {1461-0248},
support = {DEB-1834497//US NSF/ ; U061182//University of Michigan MICDE/ ; U061182//University of Michigan/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Appetitive Behavior ; Biodiversity ; *Models, Biological ; *Plants ; Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Plant-animal mutualistic networks sustain terrestrial biodiversity and human food security. Global environmental changes threaten these networks, underscoring the urgency for developing a predictive theory on how networks respond to perturbations. Here, I synthesise theoretical advances towards predicting network structure, dynamics, interaction strengths and responses to perturbations. I find that mathematical models incorporating biological mechanisms of mutualistic interactions provide better predictions of network dynamics. Those mechanisms include trait matching, adaptive foraging, and the dynamic consumption and production of both resources and services provided by mutualisms. Models incorporating species traits better predict the potential structure of networks (fundamental niche), while theory based on the dynamics of species abundances, rewards, foraging preferences and reproductive services can predict the extremely dynamic realised structures of networks, and may successfully predict network responses to perturbations. From a theoretician's standpoint, model development must more realistically represent empirical data on interaction strengths, population dynamics and how these vary with perturbations from global change. From an empiricist's standpoint, theory needs to make specific predictions that can be tested by observation or experiments. Developing models using short-term empirical data allows models to make longer term predictions of community dynamics. As more longer term data become available, rigorous tests of model predictions will improve.},
}
@article {pmid30963197,
year = {2019},
author = {Xu, J and Koyanagi, Y and Isogai, E and Nakamura, S},
title = {Effects of fermentation products of the commensal bacterium Clostridium ramosum on motility, intracellular pH, and flagellar synthesis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {201},
number = {6},
pages = {841-846},
doi = {10.1007/s00203-019-01656-6},
pmid = {30963197},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {18J10834//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
mesh = {Clostridium/*chemistry/metabolism ; Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli/chemistry/*cytology/genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Flagella/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intestines/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The flagellum and motility are crucial virulence factors for many pathogenic bacteria. In general, pathogens invade and translocate through motility and adhere to specific tissue via flagella. Therefore, the motility and flagella of pathogens are effectual targets for attenuation. Here, we show that the fermentation products of Clostridium ramosum, a commensal intestinal bacterium, decrease the intracellular pH of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and influence its swimming motility. Quantifications of flagellar rotation in individual EHEC cells showed an increase in reversal frequency and a decrease in rotation rate in the presence of C. ramosum fermentation products. Furthermore, the C. ramosum fermentation products affected synthesis of flagellar filaments. The results were reproduced by a combination of organic acids under acidic conditions. Short-chain fatty acids produced by microbes in the gut flora are beneficial for the host, e.g. they prevent infection. Thus, C. ramosum could affect the physiologies of other enteric microbes and host tissues.},
}
@article {pmid30953092,
year = {2019},
author = {Liu, X and Qiu, W and Rao, B and Cao, Y and Fang, X and Yang, J and Jiang, G and Zhong, Z and Zhu, J},
title = {Bacterioferritin comigratory protein is important in hydrogen peroxide resistance, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation in Azorhizobium caulinodans.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {201},
number = {6},
pages = {823-831},
doi = {10.1007/s00203-019-01654-8},
pmid = {30953092},
issn = {1432-072X},
support = {2015CB150600//973 project/ ; 31770096//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31470202//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Azorhizobium caulinodans/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cytochrome b Group/genetics/*metabolism ; Fabaceae/microbiology/physiology ; Ferritins/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*pharmacology ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; Plant Root Nodulation ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Reactive oxygen species are not only harmful for rhizobia but also required for the establishment of symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and their legume hosts. In this work, we first investigated the preliminary role of the bacterioferritin comigratory protein (BCP), a member of the peroxiredoxin family, in the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azorhizobium caulinodans. Our data revealed that the bcp-deficient strain of A. caulinodans displayed an increased sensitivity to inorganic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but not to two organic peroxides in a growth-phase-dependent manner. Meanwhile, BCP was found to be involved in catalase activity under relatively low H2O2 conditions. Furthermore, nodulation and N2 fixation were significantly impaired by mutation of the bcp gene in A. caulinodans. Our work initially documented the importance of BCP in the bacterial defence against H2O2 in the free-living stage of rhizobia and during their symbiotic interactions with legumes. Molecular signalling in vivo is required to decipher the holistic functions of BCP in A. caulinodans as well as in other rhizobia.},
}
@article {pmid29897399,
year = {2018},
author = {Reiter, N and Lawrie, AC and Linde, CC},
title = {Matching symbiotic associations of an endangered orchid to habitat to improve conservation outcomes.},
journal = {Annals of botany},
volume = {122},
number = {6},
pages = {947-959},
pmid = {29897399},
issn = {1095-8290},
mesh = {Basidiomycota/*physiology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species ; Orchidaceae/*microbiology/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Victoria ; },
abstract = {Background and Aims: An understanding of mycorrhizal variation, orchid seed germination temperature and the effect of co-occurring plant species could be critical for optimizing conservation translocations of endangered plants with specialized mycorrhizal associations.<br><br>Methods: Focusing on the orchid Thelymitra epipactoides, we isolated mycorrhizal fungi from ten plants within each of three sites; Shallow Sands Woodland (SSW), Damp Heathland (DH) and Coastal Heathland Scrub (CHS). Twenty-seven fungal isolates were tested for symbiotic germination under three 24 h temperature cycles: 12 °C for 16 h-16 °C for 8 h, 16 °C for 16 h-24 °C for 8 h or 27 °C constant. Fungi were sequenced using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large subunit 1 (nLSU1), nLSU2 and mitochondrial large rRNA gene (mtLSU). Orchids were grown to maturity and co-planted with each of ten associated plant species in a glasshouse experiment with tuber width measured at 12 months after co-planting.<br><br>Key Results: Two Tulasnella fungal lineages were isolated and identified by phylogenetic analyses, operational taxonomic unit 1 (OTU1) and 'T. asymmetrica'. Fungal lineages were specific to sites and did not co-occur. OTU1 (from the SSW site) germinated seed predominantly at 12-16 °C (typical of autumn-winter temperature) whereas 'T. asymmetrica' (from the DH and CHS sites) germinated seed across all three temperature ranges. There was no difference in the growth of adult orchids germinated with different OTUs. There was a significant reduction in tuber size of T. epipactoides when co-planted with six of the commonly co-occurring plant species.<br><br>Conclusions: We found that orchid fungal lineages and their germination temperature can change with habitat, and established that translocation sites can be optimized with knowledge of co-occurring plant interactions. For conservation translocations, particularly under a changing climate, we recommend that plants should be grown with mycorrhizal fungi tailored to the recipient site.},
}
@article {pmid29884754,
year = {2018},
author = {Lugli, GA and Mancino, W and Milani, C and Duranti, S and Turroni, F and van Sinderen, D and Ventura, M},
title = {Reconstruction of the Bifidobacterial Pan-Secretome Reveals the Network of Extracellular Interactions between Bifidobacteria and the Infant Gut.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {84},
number = {16},
pages = {},
pmid = {29884754},
issn = {1098-5336},
mesh = {Bifidobacterium/*genetics/*metabolism ; Bifidobacterium longum/genetics/metabolism ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Glycomics ; Humans ; Infant ; Intestines/*microbiology ; *Metabolome ; Metagenome ; Milk, Human/metabolism ; Oligosaccharides/metabolism ; Proteome ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The repertoire of secreted proteins decoded by a microorganism represents proteins released from or associated with the cell surface. In gut commensals, such as bifidobacteria, these proteins are perceived to be functionally relevant, as they regulate the interaction with the gut environment. In the current study, we screened the predicted proteome of over 300 bifidobacterial strains among the currently recognized bifidobacterial species to generate a comprehensive database encompassing bifidobacterial extracellular proteins. A glycobiome analysis of this predicted bifidobacterial secretome revealed that a correlation exists between particular bifidobacterial species and their capability to hydrolyze human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and intestinal glycoconjugates, such as mucin. Furthermore, an exploration of metatranscriptomic data sets of the infant gut microbiota allowed the evaluation of the expression of bifidobacterial genes encoding extracellular proteins, represented by ABC transporter substrate-binding proteins and glycoside hydrolases enzymes involved in the degradation of human milk oligosaccharides and mucin. Overall, this study provides insights into how bifidobacteria interact with their natural yet highly complex environment, the infant gut.IMPORTANCE The ecological success of bifidobacteria relies on the activity of extracellular proteins that are involved in the metabolism of nutrients and the interaction with the environment. To date, information on secreted proteins encoded by bifidobacteria is incomplete and just related to few species. In this study, we reconstructed the bifidobacterial pan-secretome, revealing extracellular proteins that modulate the interaction of bifidobacteria with their natural environment. Furthermore, a survey of the secretion systems between bifidobacterial genomes allowed the identification of a conserved Sec-dependent secretion machinery in all the analyzed genomes and the Tat protein translocation system in the chromosomes of 23 strains belonging to Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum and Bifidobacterium aesculapii.},
}
@article {pmid29878049,
year = {2018},
author = {Izzo, TJ and Fernandez Piedade, MT and Dáttilo, W},
title = {Postponing the production of ant domatia as a strategy promoting an escape from flooding in an Amazonian myrmecophyte.},
journal = {Annals of botany},
volume = {122},
number = {6},
pages = {985-991},
pmid = {29878049},
issn = {1095-8290},
mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Brazil ; *Floods ; Herbivory ; Melastomataceae/anatomy &amp; histology/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/anatomy &amp; histology/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Background and Aims: Even when adapted to flooding environments, the spatial distribution, growing strategies and anti-herbivore defences of plants face stressful conditions. Here we describe the effects of flooding on carbon allocation on growth, domatia and leaf production, and the herbivory on the myrmecophyte domatia-bearing Tococa coronata Benth. (Melastomataceae) growing along river banks in the Amazon region.<br><br>Methods: In an area of 80 000 m2 of riparian forest along the Juruena River we actively searched for individuals of T. coronata. In each plant we evaluated the size of the plant when producing the first domatium and determined its best predictor: (1) plant total height; (2) size of plants above flood level; or (3) length of time each plant spent underwater. We also compared the herbivory, internode elongation, foliar asymmetry and specific leaf weight between T. coronata individuals growing above and below the maximum flooding level. The distance to the river and the height of the first domatium produced were compared between T. coronata and its sympatric congener, T. bulifera.<br><br>Key Results: We found that T. coronata invests in rapid growth in the early ontogenetic stages through an elongation of internodes rather than in constitutive anti-herbivore defences to leaves or domatia to exceed the maximum flooding level. Consequently, its leaf herbivory was higher when compared with those produced above the flooding level. Individuals with leaves above flood levels produce coriaceous leaves and ant-domatias. Thus, flooding seems to trigger changes in growth strategies of the species. Furthermore, T. coronata occurs within the flood level, whereas its congener T. bullifera invariably occurs at sites unreachable by floods.<br><br>Conclusion: Even in conditions of high stress, T. coronata presents both physiological and adaptive strategies that allow for colonization and establishment within flooded regions. These mechanisms involve an extreme trade-off of postponing adult plant characteristics to rapid growth to escape flooding while minimizing carbon allocation to defence.},
}
@article {pmid29803476,
year = {2018},
author = {González-Escobar, JL and Grajales-Lagunes, A and Smoliński, A and Chagolla-López, A and De Léon-Rodríguez, A and Barba de la Rosa, AP},
title = {Microbiota of edible Liometopum apiculatum ant larvae reveals potential functions related to their nutritional value.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {109},
number = {},
pages = {497-505},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.049},
pmid = {29803476},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*microbiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Food Analysis/methods ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Larva/microbiology ; Male ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; *Nutritive Value ; Ribotyping ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Edible insects, due to their high nutritive value, are currently considered as a potential renewable source for food and feed production. Liometopum apiculatum ants are widely distributed in arid and semi-arid ecosystems and their larvae (escamoles) are considered as a delicacy, however the microbial importance in L. apiculatum nutritional ecology is unknown. The aim of this research was to characterize the microorganisms associated with both L. apiculatum larvae and the reproductive adult ants using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and culturomics approaches. The obligate endosymbionts were also investigated through microscopic analysis. The most abundant Phylum identified by sequencing in the larvae was Firmicutes while in adult ants was Proteobacteria. Interestingly, the culturomics results showed 15 genera corresponding to the bacteria identified by sequencing analysis. Particularly, it was observed a large population of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which could be linked with the high protein content in escamoles. Endosymbionts were detected in bacteoriocytes, these bacteria are related with vitamins and essential amino acids biosynthesis, and both compounds contributing to the high nutritional value of escamoles. This is the first report of the microorganisms present in the escamolera ant ensuring their safety as food and opening new areas of nutritional ecological and food processing.},
}
@article {pmid29752265,
year = {2018},
author = {Stoudenmire, JL and Essock-Burns, T and Weathers, EN and Solaimanpour, S and Mrázek, J and Stabb, EV},
title = {An Iterative, Synthetic Approach To Engineer a High-Performance PhoB-Specific Reporter.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {84},
number = {14},
pages = {},
pmid = {29752265},
issn = {1098-5336},
mesh = {Aliivibrio/genetics ; Aliivibrio fischeri/*genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Decapodiformes/microbiology ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Photobacterium/genetics ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Salmonella enterica/genetics ; Sequence Analysis ; Symbiosis ; Synthetic Biology ; },
abstract = {Transcriptional reporters are common tools for analyzing either the transcription of a gene of interest or the activity of a specific transcriptional regulator. Unfortunately, the latter application has the shortcoming that native promoters did not evolve as optimal readouts for the activity of a particular regulator. We sought to synthesize an optimized transcriptional reporter for assessing PhoB activity, aiming for maximal &quot;on&quot; expression when PhoB is active, minimal background in the &quot;off&quot; state, and no control elements for other regulators. We designed specific sequences for promoter elements with appropriately spaced PhoB-binding sites, and at 19 additional intervening nucleotide positions for which we did not predict sequence-specific effects, the bases were randomized. Eighty-three such constructs were screened in Vibrio fischeri, enabling us to identify bases at particular randomized positions that significantly correlated with high-level &quot;on&quot; or low-level &quot;off&quot; expression. A second round of promoter design rationally constrained 13 additional positions, leading to a reporter with high-level PhoB-dependent expression, essentially no background, and no other known regulatory elements. As expressed reporters, we used both stable and destabilized variants of green fluorescent protein (GFP), the latter of which has a half-life of 81 min in V. fischeri In culture, PhoB induced the reporter when phosphate was depleted to a concentration below 10 μM. During symbiotic colonization of its host squid, Euprymna scolopes, the reporter indicated heterogeneous phosphate availability in different light-organ microenvironments. Finally, testing this construct in other members of the Proteobacteria demonstrated its broader utility. The results illustrate how a limited ability to predict synthetic promoter-reporter performance can be overcome through iterative screening and reengineering.IMPORTANCE Transcriptional reporters can be powerful tools for assessing when a particular regulator is active; however, native promoters may not be ideal for this purpose. Optimal reporters should be specific to the regulator being examined and should maximize the difference between the &quot;on&quot; and &quot;off&quot; states; however, these properties are distinct from the selective pressures driving the evolution of natural promoters. Synthetic promoters offer a promising alternative, but our understanding often does not enable fully predictive promoter design, and the large number of alternative sequence possibilities can be intractable. In a synthetic promoter region with over 34 billion sequence variants, we identified bases correlated with favorable performance by screening only 83 candidates, allowing us to rationally constrain our design. We thereby generated an optimized reporter that is induced by PhoB and used it to explore the low-phosphate response of V. fischeri This promoter design strategy will facilitate the engineering of other regulator-specific reporters.},
}
@article {pmid29728387,
year = {2018},
author = {McCully, AL and Behringer, MG and Gliessman, JR and Pilipenko, EV and Mazny, JL and Lynch, M and Drummond, DA and McKinlay, JB},
title = {An Escherichia coli Nitrogen Starvation Response Is Important for Mutualistic Coexistence with Rhodopseudomonas palustris.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {84},
number = {14},
pages = {},
pmid = {29728387},
issn = {1098-5336},
support = {F32 GM123703/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Carbon/metabolism ; Cation Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Coculture Techniques ; Culture Media/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Rhodopseudomonas/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; *Symbiosis ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcriptome ; },
abstract = {Microbial mutualistic cross-feeding interactions are ubiquitous and can drive important community functions. Engaging in cross-feeding undoubtedly affects the physiology and metabolism of individual species involved. However, the nature in which an individual species' physiology is influenced by cross-feeding and the importance of those physiological changes for the mutualism have received little attention. We previously developed a genetically tractable coculture to study bacterial mutualisms. The coculture consists of fermentative Escherichia coli and phototrophic Rhodopseudomonas palustris In this coculture, E. coli anaerobically ferments sugars into excreted organic acids as a carbon source for R. palustris In return, a genetically engineered R. palustris strain constitutively converts N2 into NH4+, providing E. coli with essential nitrogen. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and proteomics, we identified transcript and protein levels that differ in each partner when grown in coculture versus monoculture. When in coculture with R. palustris, E. coli gene expression changes resembled a nitrogen starvation response under the control of the transcriptional regulator NtrC. By genetically disrupting E. coli NtrC, we determined that a nitrogen starvation response is important for a stable coexistence, especially at low R. palustris NH4+ excretion levels. Destabilization of the nitrogen starvation regulatory network resulted in variable growth trends and, in some cases, extinction. Our results highlight that alternative physiological states can be important for survival within cooperative cross-feeding relationships.IMPORTANCE Mutualistic cross-feeding between microbes within multispecies communities is widespread. Studying how mutualistic interactions influence the physiology of each species involved is important for understanding how mutualisms function and persist in both natural and applied settings. Using a bacterial mutualism consisting of Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Escherichia coli growing cooperatively through bidirectional nutrient exchange, we determined that an E. coli nitrogen starvation response is important for maintaining a stable coexistence. The lack of an E. coli nitrogen starvation response ultimately destabilized the mutualism and, in some cases, led to community collapse after serial transfers. Our findings thus inform on the potential necessity of an alternative physiological state for mutualistic coexistence with another species compared to the physiology of species grown in isolation.},
}
@article {pmid29728381,
year = {2018},
author = {Høj, L and Levy, N and Baillie, BK and Clode, PL and Strohmaier, RC and Siboni, N and Webster, NS and Uthicke, S and Bourne, DG},
title = {Crown-of-Thorns Sea Star Acanthaster cf. solaris Has Tissue-Characteristic Microbiomes with Potential Roles in Health and Reproduction.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {84},
number = {13},
pages = {},
pmid = {29728381},
issn = {1098-5336},
mesh = {Animal Diseases ; Animals ; Australia ; Bacteria/*classification ; Coral Reefs ; Dysbiosis ; Host Microbial Interactions/*physiology ; Male ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; *Reproduction ; Seawater/microbiology ; Spiroplasma ; Starfish/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; Tenericutes ; },
abstract = {Outbreaks of coral-eating crown-of-thorns sea stars (CoTS; Acanthaster species complex) cause substantial coral loss; hence, there is considerable interest in developing prevention and control strategies. We characterized the microbiome of captive CoTS and assessed whether dysbiosis was evident in sea stars during a disease event. Most tissue types had a distinct microbiome. The exception was female gonads, in which the microbiomes were highly variable among individuals. Male gonads were dominated (>97% of reads) by a single Mollicutes-related operational taxonomic unit (OTU). Detailed phylogenetic and microscopy analysis demonstrated the presence of a novel Spiroplasma-related bacterium in the spermatogenic layer. Body wall samples had high relative abundance (43 to 64% of reads) of spirochetes, likely corresponding to subcuticular symbionts reported from many echinoderms. Tube feet were characterized by Hyphomonadaceae (24 to 55% of reads). Pyloric cecal microbiomes had high alpha diversity, comprising many taxa commonly found in gastrointestinal systems. The order Oceanospirillales (genera Endozoicomonas and Kistimonas) was detected in all tissues. A microbiome shift occurred in diseased individuals although differences between tissue types were retained. The relative abundance of spirochetes was significantly reduced in diseased individuals. Kistimonas was present in all diseased individuals and significantly associated with diseased tube feet, but its role in disease causation is unknown. While Arcobacter was significantly associated with diseased tissues and Vibrionaceae increased in diversity, no single OTU was detected in all diseased individuals, suggesting opportunistic proliferation of these taxa in this case. This study shows that CoTS have tissue-characteristic bacterial communities and identifies taxa that could play a role in reproduction and host health.IMPORTANCE Coral-eating crown-of-thorns sea stars (CoTS; Acanthaster species complex) are native to the Indo-Pacific, but during periodic population outbreaks they can reach extreme densities (>1,000 starfish per hectare) and function as a pest species. On the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, CoTS have long been considered one of the major contributors to coral loss. There has been significant investment in a targeted control program using lethal injection, and there is interest in developing additional and complementary technologies that can increase culling efficiencies. The biology of CoTS has been studied extensively, but little is known about their associated microbiome. This cultivation-independent analysis of the CoTS microbiome provides a baseline for future analyses targeting the functional role of symbionts, the identification of pathogens, or the development of reproduction manipulators.},
}
@article {pmid29720714,
year = {2018},
author = {Pereira, TN and Rocha, MN and Sucupira, PHF and Carvalho, FD and Moreira, LA},
title = {Wolbachia significantly impacts the vector competence of Aedes aegypti for Mayaro virus.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {6889},
pmid = {29720714},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Aedes/microbiology/*virology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Humans ; Mosquito Vectors/microbiology/*virology ; Symbiosis ; Togaviridae/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Togaviridae Infections/transmission ; *Virus Replication ; Wolbachia/*pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Wolbachia, an intracellular endosymbiont present in up to 70% of all insect species, has been suggested as a sustainable strategy for the control of arboviruses such as Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya. As Mayaro virus outbreaks have also been reported in Latin American countries, the objective of this study was to evaluate the vector competence of Brazilian field-collected Ae. aegypti and the impact of Wolbachia (wMel strain) upon this virus. Our in vitro studies with Aag2 cells showed that Mayaro virus can rapidly multiply, whereas in wMel-infected Aag2 cells, viral growth was significantly impaired. In addition, C6/36 cells seem to have alterations when infected by Mayaro virus. In vivo experiments showed that field-collected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are highly permissive to Mayaro virus infection, and high viral prevalence was observed in the saliva. On the other hand, Wolbachia-harboring mosquitoes showed significantly impaired capability to transmit Mayaro virus. Our results suggest that the use of Wolbachia-harboring mosquitoes may represent an effective mechanism for the reduction of Mayaro virus transmission throughout Latin America.},
}
@article {pmid29689202,
year = {2018},
author = {de Vries, J and Archibald, JM},
title = {Plastid genomes.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {28},
number = {8},
pages = {R336-R337},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.027},
pmid = {29689202},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Cyanobacteria/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Plastid/*genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plants/genetics ; Plastids/*genetics/*metabolism ; Symbiosis/genetics/physiology ; },
abstract = {de Vries and Archibald introduce the topic of plastid genomes - prokaryotic genomes housed within eukaryotic algae and plants.},
}
@article {pmid29615668,
year = {2018},
author = {Pandey, SS and Singh, S and Pandey, H and Srivastava, M and Ray, T and Soni, S and Pandey, A and Shanker, K and Babu, CSV and Banerjee, S and Gupta, MM and Kalra, A},
title = {Endophytes of Withania somnifera modulate in planta content and the site of withanolide biosynthesis.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {5450},
pmid = {29615668},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Biomass ; Endophytes/*physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Withania/genetics/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Withanolides/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Tissue specific biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is a distinguished feature of medicinal plants. Withania somnifera, source of pharmaceutically important withanolides biosynthesizes withaferin-A in leaves and withanolide-A in roots. To increase the in planta withanolides production, a sustainable approach needs to be explored. Here, we isolated endophytes from different parts of W. somnifera plants and their promising role in in planta withanolide biosynthesis was established in both in-vivo grown as well in in-vitro raised composite W. somnifera plants. Overall, the fungal endophytes improved photosynthesis, plant growth and biomass, and the root-associated bacterial endophytes enhanced the withanolide content in both in-vivo and in-vitro grown plants by modulating the expression of withanolide biosynthesis genes in leaves and roots. Surprisingly, a few indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing and nitrogen-fixing root-associated endophytes could induce the biosynthesis of withaferin-A in roots by inducing in planta IAA-production and upregulating the expression of withanolide biosynthesis genes especially MEP-pathway genes (DXS and DXR) in roots as well. Results indicate the role of endophytes in modulating the synthesis and site of withanolides production and the selected endophytes can be used for enhancing the in planta withanolide production and enriching roots with pharmaceutically important withaferin-A which is generally absent in roots.},
}
@article {pmid29581066,
year = {2018},
author = {Slullitel, PA and Buttaro, MA and Greco, G and Oñativia, JI and Sánchez, ML and Mc Loughlin, S and García-Ávila, C and Comba, F and Zanotti, G and Piccaluga, F},
title = {No lower bacterial adhesion for ceramics compared to other biomaterials: An in vitro analysis.},
journal = {Orthopaedics &amp; traumatology, surgery &amp; research : OTSR},
volume = {104},
number = {4},
pages = {439-443},
doi = {10.1016/j.otsr.2018.03.003},
pmid = {29581066},
issn = {1877-0568},
mesh = {Antibiosis ; *Bacterial Adhesion ; *Biocompatible Materials ; *Ceramics ; Chromium ; Cobalt ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; Joint Prosthesis/microbiology ; *Metals ; *Polyethylene ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/physiology ; Staphylococcus epidermidis/physiology ; Symbiosis ; Titanium ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although there is some clinical evidence of ceramic bearings being associated with a lower infection rate after total hip arthroplasty (THA), available data remains controversial since this surface is usually reserved for young, healthy patients. Therefore, we investigated the influence of five commonly used biomaterials on the adhesion potential of four biofilm-producing bacteria usually detected in infected THAs.<br><br>HYPOTHESIS: Ceramic biomaterials exhibit less bacterial adherence than other biomaterials.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this in vitro research, we evaluated the ability of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to adhere to the surface of a cobalt-chromium metal head, a fourth-generation ceramic head, a fourth-generation ceramic insert, a highly-crossed linked polyethylene insert and a titanium porous-coated acetabular component. After an initial washing step, bacterial separation from the surface of each specimen was done with a vortex agitator. The colony-forming units were counted to determine the number of viable adherent bacteria.<br><br>RESULTS: We found no differences on global bacterial adhesion between the different surfaces (p=0.5). E. coli presented the least adherence potential among the analysed pathogens (p<0.001). The combination of E. coli and S. epidermidis generated an antagonist effect over the adherence potential of S. epidermidis individually (58±4% vs. 48±5%; p=0.007). The combination of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus presented a trend to an increased adherence of P. aeruginosa independently, suggesting an agonist effect (71% vs. 62%; p=0.07).<br><br>DISCUSSION: Ceramic bearings appeared not to be related to a lower bacterial adhesion than other biomaterials. However, different adhesive potentials among bacteria may play a major role on infection's inception.<br><br>LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, in vitro study.},
}
@article {pmid31585988,
year = {2019},
author = {Takeshita, K and Yamada, T and Kawahara, Y and Narihiro, T and Ito, M and Kamagata, Y and Shinzato, N},
title = {Tripartite Symbiosis of an Anaerobic Scuticociliate with two Hydrogenosome-Associated Endosymbionts, a Holospora-related Alphaproteobacterium and a Methanogenic Archaeon.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.00854-19},
pmid = {31585988},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {A number of anaerobic ciliates, unicellular eukaryote, intracellularly possess methanogenic archaea and bacteria as symbiotic partners. Although this tripartite relationship is of interest in terms of the fact that each participant is from three different domains, the difficulty in culture and maintenance of those host species with symbiotic partners has disturbed both ecological and functional studies so far. In this study, we obtained a stable culture of a small anaerobic scuticociliate, strain GW7. By transmission electron microscopic observation and fluorescent in situ hybridization with domain-specific probes, we demonstrated that GW7 possessed both archaeal and bacterial endosymbionts in its cytoplasm. These endosymbionts were independently associated with hydrogenosomes, which are organelle producing hydrogen and ATP in anaerobic condition. Clone library analyses targeting prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes, fluorescent in situ hybridization with endosymbiont-specific probes, and molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed phylogenetic affiliation and intracellular localization of these endosymbionts. The endosymbiotic archaeon is a methanogen belonging to the genus Methanoregula (order Methanomicrobiales); a member of this genus has been previously described as the endosymbiont of an anaerobic ciliate from the genus Metopus (class Armophorea), which is only distantly related to strain GW7 (class Oligohymenophorea). The endosymbiotic bacterium belongs to the family Holosporaceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria, which also comprises several endosymbionts of various aerobic ciliates. For this endosymbiotic bacterium, we proposed the novel candidate species in the novel candidate genus &quot;Candidatus Hydrogenosomobacter endosymbioticus.&quot;Importance Tripartite symbioses between anaerobic ciliated protists and their intracellular archaeal and bacterial symbionts are not uncommon, but most reports have been based mainly on microscopic observations. Deeper insights into the function, ecology, and evolution of these fascinating symbioses involving partners from all three domains of life have been hampered by the difficulties of culturing anaerobic ciliates in the laboratory and the frequent loss of their prokaryotic partners during long-term cultivation. In the present study, we report the isolation of an anaerobic scuticociliate, strain GW7, which has been stably maintained in our laboratory for more than three years without losing either of its endosymbionts. Unexpectedly, molecular characterization of the endosymbionts revealed that bacterial partner of GW7 is phylogenetically related to intranuclear endosymbionts of aerobic ciliates. This strain will enable future genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses of the interactions in this tripartite symbiosis and a comparison with the endosymbioses in aerobic ciliates.},
}
@article {pmid31585231,
year = {2019},
author = {Kudryavtsev, A and Volkova, E and Plotnikov, A},
title = {Vannella samoroda n. sp. (Amoebozoa) - First member of the genus from a continental saline habitat placed in a molecular tree.},
journal = {European journal of protistology},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {125634},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125634},
pmid = {31585231},
issn = {1618-0429},
abstract = {Vannella samoroda n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Vannellida) was isolated from the mouth of the Malaya Samoroda river flowing into Elton, the largest European hypersaline lake (Russia). Among all rivers of the area, it has the highest salt content (ca. 110‰). Amoebae maintained in seawater medium with ca. 77‰ salts concentration had a set of morphological characters typical of Vannella spp.: rounded, fan-shaped, or spatulate locomotive form, floating form with bent, blunt-ended hyaline pseudopodia, and a cell coat consisting of regularly packed palisade elements and scarce simple filaments. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 genes show that the amoeba is most closely related to Vannella ebro Smirnov, 2001, but represents a distinct species. The clade of V. ebro and V. samoroda branches among marine species of Vannella. The studied species is the first member of the genus Vannella from a continental saline habitat described using molecular data. Interestingly, it has a broad range of salinity tolerance: cells reproduce above 18‰, while survival of a few cells regularly occurs even in highly diluted Prescott and James medium. The normal culture restores itself when PJ medium is substituted with 77‰ seawater medium even after months of experimental incubation.},
}
@article {pmid31583109,
year = {2019},
author = {La Carpia, F and Wojczyk, BS and Annavajhala, MK and Rebbaa, A and Culp-Hill, R and D'Alessandro, A and Freedberg, DE and Uhlemann, AC and Hod, EA},
title = {Transfusional iron overload and intravenous iron infusions modify the mouse gut microbiota similarly to dietary iron.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {5},
number = {},
pages = {26},
doi = {10.1038/s41522-019-0097-2},
pmid = {31583109},
issn = {2055-5008},
abstract = {Iron is essential for both microorganisms and their hosts. Although effects of dietary iron on gut microbiota have been described, the effect of systemic iron administration has yet to be explored. Here, we show that dietary iron, intravenous iron administration, and chronic transfusion in mice increase the availability of iron in the gut. These iron interventions have consistent and reproducible effects on the murine gut microbiota; specifically, relative abundance of the Parabacteroides and Lactobacillus genera negatively correlate with increased iron stores, whereas members of the Clostridia class positively correlate with iron stores regardless of the route of iron administration. Iron levels also affected microbial metabolites, in general, and indoles, in particular, circulating in host plasma and in stool pellets. Taken together, these results suggest that by shifting the balance of the microbiota, clinical interventions that affect iron status have the potential to alter biologically relevant microbial metabolites in the host.},
}
@article {pmid31582561,
year = {2019},
author = {Su, Z and Kuscu, C and Malik, A and Shibata, E and Dutta, A},
title = {Angiogenin generates specific stress-induced tRNA halves and is not involved in tRF-3-mediated gene silencing.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1074/jbc.RA119.009272},
pmid = {31582561},
issn = {1083-351X},
abstract = {tRNA fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves have been implicated in various cellular processes, including gene silencing, translation, stress granule assembly, cell differentiation, retrotransposon activity, symbiosis, apoptosis and more. Overexpressed angiogenin (ANG) cleaves tRNA anticodons and produces tRNA halves similar to those produced in response to stress. However, it is not clear whether endogenous ANG is essential for producing the stress-induced tRNA halves. It is also not clear whether smaller tRFs are generated from the tRNA halves. Here, using global short RNA-Seq approach, we found that ANG overexpression selectively cleaves a subset of tRNAs, including tRNAGlu, tRNAGly, tRNALys, tRNAVal, tRNAHis, tRNAAsp, and tRNASeC to produce tRNA halves and tRF-5s that are 26-30 bases long. Surprisingly, ANG knockout revealed that the majority of stress-induced tRNA halves, except for the 5' half from tRNAHisGTG and the 3' half from tRNAAspGTC, are ANG independent, suggesting there are other RNases that produce tRNA halves. We also found that the 17-25-bases-long tRF-3s and tRF-5s that could enter into Argonaute complexes are not induced by ANG overexpression, suggesting that they are generated independently from tRNA halves. Consistent with this, ANG knockout did not decrease tRF-3 levels or gene-silencing activity. We conclude that ANG cleaves specific tRNAs and is not the only RNAse that creates tRNA halves and that the shorter tRFs are not generated from the tRNA halves or from independent tRNA cleavage by ANG.},
}
@article {pmid31581628,
year = {2019},
author = {Mazzocca, A},
title = {The Systemic-Evolutionary Theory of the Origin of Cancer (SETOC): A New Interpretative Model of Cancer as a Complex Biological System.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms20194885},
pmid = {31581628},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {The Systemic-Evolutionary Theory of Cancer (SETOC) is a recently proposed theory based on two important concepts: (i) Evolution, understood as a process of cooperation and symbiosis (Margulian-like), and (ii) The system, in terms of the integration of the various cellular components, so that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, as in any complex system. The SETOC posits that cancer is generated by the de-emergence of the &quot;eukaryotic cell system&quot; and by the re-emergence of cellular subsystems such as archaea-like (genetic information) and/or prokaryotic-like (mitochondria) subsystems, featuring uncoordinated behaviors. One of the consequences is a sort of &quot;cellular regression&quot; towards ancestral or atavistic biological functions or behaviors similar to those of protists or unicellular organisms in general. This de-emergence is caused by the progressive breakdown of the endosymbiotic cellular subsystem integration (mainly, information = nucleus and energy = mitochondria) as a consequence of long-term injuries. Known cancer-promoting factors, including inflammation, chronic fibrosis, and chronic degenerative processes, cause prolonged damage that leads to the breakdown or failure of this form of integration/endosymbiosis. In normal cells, the cellular &quot;subsystems&quot; must be fully integrated in order to maintain the differentiated state, and this integration is ensured by a constant energy intake. In contrast, when organ or tissue damage occurs, the constant energy intake declines, leading, over time, to energy shortage, failure of endosymbiosis, and the de-differentiated state observed in dysplasia and cancer.},
}
@article {pmid31581056,
year = {2019},
author = {Dias, AS and Almeida, CR and Helguero, LA and Duarte, IF},
title = {Metabolic crosstalk in the breast cancer microenvironment.},
journal = {European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)},
volume = {121},
number = {},
pages = {154-171},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejca.2019.09.002},
pmid = {31581056},
issn = {1879-0852},
abstract = {During tumorigenesis, breast tumour cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, which generally includes enhanced glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, glutaminolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis. However, the extension and functional importance of these metabolic alterations may diverge not only according to breast cancer subtypes, but also depending on the interaction of cancer cells with the complex surrounding microenvironment. This microenvironment comprises a variety of non-cancerous cells, such as immune cells (e.g. macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer cells), fibroblasts, adipocytes and endothelial cells, together with extracellular matrix components and soluble factors, which influence cancer progression and are predictive of clinical outcome. The continuous interaction between cancer and stromal cells results in metabolic competition and symbiosis, with oncogenic-driven metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells shaping the metabolism of neighbouring cells and vice versa. This review addresses current knowledge on this metabolic crosstalk within the breast tumour microenvironment (TME). Improved understanding of how metabolism in the TME modulates cancer development and evasion of tumour-suppressive mechanisms may provide clues for novel anticancer therapeutics directed to metabolic targets.},
}
@article {pmid31574908,
year = {2019},
author = {Xi, P and Wang, D and Liu, W and Shi, C},
title = {DFT Study into the Influence of Carbon Material on the Hydrophobicity of a Coal Pyrite Surface.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {24},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules24193534},
pmid = {31574908},
issn = {1420-3049},
support = {3142017102//the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China/ ; },
abstract = {From the macroscopic point of view, the hydrophilicity of symbiotic carbon pyrite is weakened overall compared to that of pure pyrite. It is very important to explain the impact of elemental carbon accreted on a pyrite surface on the surface's hydrophobicity from the perspective of quantum chemistry. To study the influence of adsorbed carbon atoms on the hydrophilicity of a coal pyrite surface versus a pyrite surface, the adsorption of a single water molecule at an adjacent Fe site of a one-carbon-atom-covered pyrite surface and a carbon atom monolayer were simulated and calculated with the first-principles method of density functional theory (DFT). The water molecules can be stably adsorbed at the adjacent Fe site of the carbon-atom-covered pyrite surface. The hybridization of the O 2p (H2O) and Fe 3d (pyrite surface) orbitals was the main interaction between the water molecule and the pyrite surface, forming a strong Fe-O covalent bond. The water molecule only slightly adsorbs above a C atom on the carbon-atom-covered pyrite and the carbon atom monolayer surfaces. The valence bond between the water molecule and the pyrite surface changed from an Fe-O bond to an Fe-C-O bond, in which the C-O bond is very weak, resulting in a weaker interaction between water and the surface.},
}
@article {pmid31571583,
year = {2019},
author = {Baker, LJ and Freed, LL and Easson, CG and Lopez, JV and Fenolio, D and Sutton, TT and Nyholm, SV and Hendry, TA},
title = {Diverse deep-sea anglerfishes share a genetically reduced luminous symbiont that is acquired from the environment.},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.7554/eLife.47606},
pmid = {31571583},
issn = {2050-084X},
abstract = {Deep-sea anglerfishes are relatively abundant and diverse, but their luminescent bacterial symbionts remain enigmatic. The genomes of two symbiont species have qualities common to vertically transmitted, host-dependent bacteria. However, a number of traits suggest that these symbionts may be environmentally acquired. To determine how anglerfish symbionts are transmitted, we analyzed bacteria-host codivergence across six diverse anglerfish genera. Most of the anglerfish species surveyed shared a common species of symbiont. Only one other symbiont species was found, which had a specific relationship with one anglerfish species, Cryptopsaras couesii. Host and symbiont phylogenies lacked congruence, and there was no statistical support for codivergence broadly. We also recovered symbiont-specific gene sequences from water collected near hosts, suggesting environmental persistence of symbionts. Based on these results we conclude that diverse anglerfishes share symbionts that are acquired from the environment, and that these bacteria have undergone extreme genome reduction although they are not vertically transmitted.},
}
@article {pmid30904352,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, YJ and Han, Y and Sun, YZ and Jiang, HH and Liu, M and Qi, RQ and Gao, XH},
title = {Extracellular vesicles derived from Malassezia furfur stimulate IL-6 production in keratinocytes as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models.},
journal = {Journal of dermatological science},
volume = {93},
number = {3},
pages = {168-175},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.03.001},
pmid = {30904352},
issn = {1873-569X},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Line ; Dermatitis/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Extracellular Vesicles/*immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/immunology/*metabolism ; Keratinocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; Malassezia/cytology/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; NF-kappa B/immunology/metabolism ; Skin/cytology/immunology/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malassezia is one of the commensal microorganisms colonized on human skin and has been shown to be related to several inflammatory cutaneous disorders. Previous studies indicated that Malassezia. sympodialis (M. sympodialis) can produce extracellular vesicles, however, the immunoregulatory function of Malassezia extracellular vesicles on keratinocytes has not been studied.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extracellular vesicular production capability of Malassezia. furfur (M. furfur) and examine their immunoregulatory effects both in vitro and in vivo.<br><br>METHODS: Extracellular vesicles derived from M. furfur were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation procedure. Their structure and diameter were determined by negative stain TEM and NTA, respectively. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the internalization of these nanoparticles into HaCaT cells and mice epidermal keratinocytes. The expressions of inflammatory cytokines were screened using PCR Array assay and validated in vitro by qPCR and ELISA assays. In vivo cytokine production was measured by the IHC method. The role of NF-κB in such process was evaluated in HaCaT cells by western blot assay.<br><br>RESULTS: Our results showed that M. furfur produced ovoid-shaped nanoparticles, which could be then internalized into HaCaT cells, as well as mice epidermal keratinocytes. IL-6 expression was significantly enhanced in response to extracellular vesicular stimulation both in vitro and in vivo, in which process the activation of NF-κB was involved.<br><br>CONCLUSION: M. furfur has the ability to release extracellular vesicles, which can be internalized into keratinocytes and promote the production of IL-6 with the involvement of NF-κB dependent pathway. Such findings reveal some important new insights into Malassezia pathogenesis and therapy.},
}
@article {pmid30205029,
year = {2018},
author = {Nuismer, SL and Week, B and Aizen, MA},
title = {Coevolution Slows the Disassembly of Mutualistic Networks.},
journal = {The American naturalist},
volume = {192},
number = {4},
pages = {490-502},
doi = {10.1086/699218},
pmid = {30205029},
issn = {1537-5323},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biota ; Computer Simulation ; Human Activities ; Models, Theoretical ; Plants ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Important groups of mutualistic species are threatened worldwide, and identifying factors that make them more or less fragile in the face of disturbance is becoming increasingly critical. Although much research has focused on identifying the ecological factors that favor the stability of communities rich in mutualists, much less has been devoted to understanding the role played by historical and contemporary evolution. Here we develop mathematical models and computer simulations of coevolving mutualistic communities that allow us to explore the importance of coevolution in stabilizing communities against anthropogenic disturbance. Our results demonstrate that communities with a long history of coevolution are substantially more robust to disturbance, losing individual species and interactions at lower rates. In addition, our results identify a novel phenomenon-coevolutionary rescue-that mitigates the impacts of ongoing anthropogenic disturbance by rewiring the network structure of the community in a way that compensates for the extinction of individual species and interactions.},
}
@article {pmid30146006,
year = {2018},
author = {Huang, C and Wang, J and Zheng, X and Chen, Y and Zhou, R and Wei, H and Sun, R and Tian, Z},
title = {Commensal bacteria aggravate allergic asthma via NLRP3/IL-1β signaling in post-weaning mice.},
journal = {Journal of autoimmunity},
volume = {93},
number = {},
pages = {104-113},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaut.2018.07.003},
pmid = {30146006},
issn = {1095-9157},
mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Asthma/chemically induced/genetics/immunology/*microbiology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry/cytology/immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects/immunology/pathology ; Gene Expression ; Interleukin-1beta/genetics/*immunology ; Lung/drug effects/*immunology/microbiology ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects/immunology/pathology ; Metronidazole/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Microbiota/immunology ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics/*immunology ; Ovalbumin/administration &amp; dosage ; Signal Transduction/*immunology ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; Vancomycin/pharmacology ; Weaning ; },
abstract = {Perturbation of commensal bacteria by antibiotic exposure aggravates ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma in pre-weaning mice. However, the influence of dysbiosis of commensal bacteria on asthma development in post-weaning mice is still limited. Here, we treated 3-week-old post-weaning mice with antibiotics to disrupt commensal bacteria and then established OVA-induced allergic asthma by peritoneal sensitization using OVA/alum and intranasal challenge with OVA. Contrary to the protective function in pre-weaning mice, commensal bacteria in post-weaning mice aggravated OVA-induced asthma. Commensal bacteria in post-weaning mice promoted OVA-induced allergic asthma through maintenance of NLRP3/IL-1β expression in peritoneal macrophages (pMφ), which promoted recruitment of inflammatory cells, especially inflammatory monocytes, into the peritoneal cavity after OVA/alum sensitization. Further study showed that metronidazole- and vancomycin-sensitive bacteria are involved in maintenance of NLRP3/IL-1β signal in pMφ. Our results suggest that certain species of commensal bacteria in post-weaning mice aggravate OVA-induced allergic asthma through NLRP3/IL-1β signal pathway.},
}
@article {pmid29934134,
year = {2018},
author = {Zaheer, M and Wang, C and Bian, F and Yu, Z and Hernandez, H and de Souza, RG and Simmons, KT and Schady, D and Swennes, AG and Pflugfelder, SC and Britton, RA and de Paiva, CS},
title = {Protective role of commensal bacteria in Sjögren Syndrome.},
journal = {Journal of autoimmunity},
volume = {93},
number = {},
pages = {45-56},
pmid = {29934134},
issn = {1095-9157},
support = {P30 CA125123/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 DK056338/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI053831/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR024574/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AI036211/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 EY026893/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/pathology ; Cornea/*immunology/pathology ; Dacryocystitis/genetics/immunology/*microbiology/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Germ-Free Life ; Goblet Cells/immunology/pathology ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*immunology ; Interferon-gamma/genetics/immunology ; Interleukin-12/genetics/immunology ; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/deficiency/genetics/*immunology ; Lacrimal Apparatus/*immunology/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Permeability ; Sjogren's Syndrome/genetics/immunology/*microbiology/pathology ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; },
abstract = {CD25 knock-out (CD25KO) mice spontaneously develop Sjögren Syndrome (SS)-like inflammation. We investigated the role of commensal bacteria by comparing CD25KO mice housed in conventional or germ-free conditions. Germ-free CD25KO mice have greater corneal barrier dysfunction, lower goblet cell density, increased total lymphocytic infiltration score, increased expression of IFN-γ, IL-12 and higher a frequency of CD4+IFN-γ+ cells than conventional mice. CD4+ T cells isolated from female germ-free CD25KO mice adoptively transferred to naive immunodeficient RAG1KO recipients caused more severe Sjögren-like disease than CD4+ T cells transferred from conventional CD25KO mice. Fecal transplant in germ-free CD25KO mice reversed the spontaneous dry eye phenotype and decreased the generation of pathogenic CD4+IFN-γ+ cells. Our studies indicate that lack of commensal bacteria accelerates the onset and severity of dacryoadenitis and generates autoreactive CD4+T cells with greater pathogenicity in the CD25KO model, suggesting that the commensal bacteria or their metabolites products have immunoregulatory properties that protect exocrine glands in the CD25KO SS model.},
}
@article {pmid29675831,
year = {2018},
author = {Kauko, A and Lehto, K},
title = {Eukaryote specific folds: Part of the whole.},
journal = {Proteins},
volume = {86},
number = {8},
pages = {868-881},
doi = {10.1002/prot.25517},
pmid = {29675831},
issn = {1097-0134},
mesh = {Archaea/genetics ; Bacteria/classification ; Biological Evolution ; Databases, Protein ; Eukaryota/*classification ; Eukaryotic Cells/classification ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Proteins/genetics ; Symbiosis/*genetics ; },
abstract = {The origin of eukaryotes is one of the central transitions in the history of life; without eukaryotes there would be no complex multicellular life. The most accepted scenarios suggest the endosymbiosis of a mitochondrial ancestor with a complex archaeon, even though the details regarding the host and the triggering factors are still being discussed. Accordingly, phylogenetic analyses have demonstrated archaeal affiliations with key informational systems, while metabolic genes are often related to bacteria, mostly to the mitochondrial ancestor. Despite of this, there exists a large number of protein families and folds found only in eukaryotes. In this study, we have analyzed structural superfamilies and folds that probably appeared during eukaryogenesis. These folds typically represent relatively small binding domains of larger multidomain proteins. They are commonly involved in biological processes that are particularly complex in eukaryotes, such as signaling, trafficking/cytoskeleton, ubiquitination, transcription and RNA processing, but according to recent studies, these processes also have prokaryotic roots. Thus the folds originating from an eukaryotic stem seem to represent accessory parts that have contributed in the expansion of several prokaryotic processes to a new level of complexity. This might have taken place as a co-evolutionary process where increasing complexity and fold innovations have supported each other.},
}
@article {pmid29574753,
year = {2018},
author = {Lu, KJ and Danila, FR and Cho, Y and Faulkner, C},
title = {Peeking at a plant through the holes in the wall - exploring the roles of plasmodesmata.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {218},
number = {4},
pages = {1310-1314},
doi = {10.1111/nph.15130},
pmid = {29574753},
issn = {1469-8137},
mesh = {Calcium Signaling ; Cell Wall/*physiology ; Circadian Clocks ; Genome, Plant ; Plasmodesmata/*physiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Plasmodesmata (PD) are membrane-lined pores that connect neighbouring plant cells and allow molecular exchange via the symplast. Past studies have revealed the basic structure of PD, some of the transport mechanisms for molecules through PD, and a variety of physiological processes in which they function. Recently, with the help of newly developed technologies, several exciting new features of PD have been revealed. New PD structures were observed during early formation of PD and between phloem sieve elements and phloem pole pericycle cells in roots. Both observations challenge our current understanding of PD structure and function. Research into novel physiological responses, which are regulated by PD, indicates that we have not yet fully explored the potential contribution of PD to overall plant function. In this Viewpoint article, we summarize some of the recent advances in understanding the structure and function of PD and propose the challenges ahead for the community.},
}
@article {pmid31568958,
year = {2019},
author = {Sebastiana, M and Duarte, B and Monteiro, F and Malhó, R and Caçador, I and Matos, AR},
title = {The leaf lipid composition of ectomycorrhizal oak plants shows a drought-tolerance signature.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {144},
number = {},
pages = {157-165},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.032},
pmid = {31568958},
issn = {1873-2690},
abstract = {Ectomycorrhizas have been reported to increase plant tolerance to drought. However, the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. Membranes are the first targets of degradation during drought, and growing evidences support a role for membrane lipids in plant tolerance and adaptation to drought. We have previously shown that improved tolerance of ectomycorrhizal oak plants to drought could be related to leaf membrane lipid metabolism, namely through an increased ability to sustain fatty acid content and composition, indicative of a higher membrane stability under stress. Here, we analysed in deeper detail the modulation of leaf lipid metabolism in oak plants mycorrhized with Pisolithus tinctorius and subjected to drought stress. Results show that mycorrhizal plants show patterns associated with water deficit tolerance, like a higher content of chloroplast lipids, whose levels are maintained upon drought stress. Likewise, mycorrhizal plants show increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the chloroplast phosphatidylglycerol lipid fraction. As a common response to drought, the digalactosyldiacyloglycerol/monogalactosyldiacyloglycerol ratio increased in the non-mycorrhizal plants, but not in the mycorrhizal plants, associated to smaller alterations in the expression of galactolipid metabolism genes, indicative of a higher drought tolerance. Under drought, inoculated plants showed increased expression of genes involved in neutral lipids biosynthesis, which could be related to an increased ability to tolerate drought stress. Overall, results from this study provide evidences of the involvement of lipid metabolism in the response of ectomycorrhizal plants to water deficit and point to an increased ability to maintain a stable chloroplast membrane functional integrity under stress.},
}
@article {pmid31568486,
year = {2019},
author = {Voronin, D and Schnall, E and Grote, A and Jawahar, S and Ali, W and Unnasch, TR and Ghedin, E and Lustigman, S},
title = {Pyruvate produced by Brugia spp. via glycolysis is essential for maintaining the mutualistic association between the parasite and its endosymbiont, Wolbachia.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {e1008085},
doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1008085},
pmid = {31568486},
issn = {1553-7374},
abstract = {Human parasitic nematodes are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and onchocerciasis (river blindness), diseases that are endemic to more than 80 countries and that consistently rank in the top ten for the highest number of years lived with disability. These filarial nematodes have evolved an obligate mutualistic association with an intracellular bacterium, Wolbachia, a symbiont that is essential for the successful development, reproduction, and survival of adult filarial worms. Elimination of the bacteria causes adult worms to die, making Wolbachia a primary target for developing new interventional tools to combat filariases. To further explore Wolbachia as a promising indirect macrofilaricidal drug target, the essential cellular processes that define the symbiotic Wolbachia-host interactions need to be identified. Genomic analyses revealed that while filarial nematodes encode all the enzymes necessary for glycolysis, Wolbachia does not encode the genes for three glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase, 6-phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. These enzymes are necessary for converting glucose into pyruvate. Wolbachia, however, has the full complement of genes required for gluconeogenesis starting with pyruvate, and for energy metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Therefore, we hypothesized that Wolbachia might depend on host glycolysis to maintain a mutualistic association with their parasitic host. We did conditional experiments in vitro that confirmed that glycolysis and its end-product, pyruvate, sustain this symbiotic relationship. Analysis of alternative sources of pyruvate within the worm indicated that the filarial lactate dehydrogenase could also regulate the local intracellular concentration of pyruvate in proximity to Wolbachia and thus help control bacterial growth via molecular interactions with the bacteria. Lastly, we have shown that the parasite's pyruvate kinase, the enzyme that performs the last step in glycolysis, could be a potential novel anti-filarial drug target. Establishing that glycolysis is an essential component of symbiosis in filarial worms could have a broader impact on research focused on other intracellular bacteria-host interactions where the role of glycolysis in supporting intracellular survival of bacteria has been reported.},
}
@article {pmid31565856,
year = {2019},
author = {Gilbert, SF},
title = {Evolutionary transitions revisited: Holobiont evo-devo.},
journal = {Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jez.b.22903},
pmid = {31565856},
issn = {1552-5015},
support = {//Swarthmore College Faculty Research Grant/ ; },
abstract = {John T. Bonner lists four essential transformations in the evolution of life: the emergence of the eukaryotic cell, meiosis, multicellularity, and the nervous system. This paper analyses the mechanisms for those transitions in light of three of Dr. Bonner's earlier hypotheses: (a) that the organism is its life cycle, (b) that evolution consists of alterations of the life cycle, and (c) that development extends beyond the body and into interactions with other organisms. Using the notion of the holobiont life cycle, this paper attempts to show that these evolutionary transitions can be accomplished through various means of symbiosis. Perceiving the organism both as an interspecies consortium and as a life cycle supports a twofold redefinition of the organism as a holobiont constructed by integrating together the life cycles of several species. These findings highlight the importance of symbiosis and the holobiont development in analyses of evolution.},
}
@article {pmid31564246,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, H and Park, JS and Zhai, RG and Wilson, ACC},
title = {microRNA-92a regulates the expression of aphid bacteriocyte-specific secreted protein 1.},
journal = {BMC research notes},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {638},
doi = {10.1186/s13104-019-4665-6},
pmid = {31564246},
issn = {1756-0500},
support = {IOS-1121847//National Science Foundation/ ; IOS-354154//National Science Foundation/ ; R56NS095893//Foundation for the National Institutes of Health/ ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Aphids harbor a nutritional obligate endosymbiont in specialized cells called bacteriocytes, which aggregate to form an organ known as the bacteriome. Aphid bacteriomes display distinct gene expression profiles that facilitate the symbiotic relationship. Currently, the mechanisms that regulate these patterns of gene expression are unknown. Recently using computational pipelines, we identified miRNAs that are conserved in expression in the bacteriomes of two aphid species and proposed that they function as important regulators of bacteriocyte gene expression. Here using a dual luciferase assay in mouse NIH/3T3 cell culture, we aimed to experimentally validate the computationally predicted interaction between Myzus persicae miR-92a and the predicted target region of M. persicae bacteriocyte-specific secreted protein 1 (SP1) mRNA.<br><br>RESULTS: In the dual luciferase assay, miR-92a interacted with the SP1 target region resulting in a significant downregulation of the luciferase signal. Our results demonstrate that miR-92a interacts with SP1 to alter expression in a heterologous expression system, thereby supporting our earlier assertion that miRNAs are regulators of the aphid/Buchnera symbiotic interaction.},
}
@article {pmid30356736,
year = {2018},
author = {Vitetta, L and Vitetta, G and Hall, S},
title = {Immunological Tolerance and Function: Associations Between Intestinal Bacteria, Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phages.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {2240},
pmid = {30356736},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Bacteria/classification/*immunology ; Bacteriophages/classification/*immunology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*immunology ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance/*immunology ; Intestines/*immunology/microbiology/virology ; Prebiotics/administration &amp; dosage ; Probiotics/administration &amp; dosage ; Symbiosis/immunology ; },
abstract = {Post-birth there is a bacterial assault on all mucosal surfaces. The intestinal microbiome is an important participant in health and disease. The pattern of composition and concentration of the intestinal microbiome varies greatly. Therefore, achieving immunological tolerance in the first 3-4 years of life is critical for maintaining health throughout a lifetime. Probiotic bacteria are organisms that afford beneficial health effects to the host and in certain instances may protect against the development of disease. The potential benefits of modifying the composition of the intestinal microbial cohort for therapeutic benefit is evident in the use in high risks groups such as premature infants, children receiving antibiotics, rotavirus infections in non-vaccinated children and traveler's diarrhea in adults. Probiotics and prebiotics are postulated to have immunomodulating capabilities by influencing the intestinal microbial cohort and dampening the activity of pathobiont intestinal microbes, such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Clostridia perfringens. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are examples of probiotics found in the large intestine and so far, the benefits afforded to probiotics have varied in efficacy. Most likely the efficacy of probiotic bacteria has a multifactorial dependency, namely on a number of factors that include agents used, the dose, the pattern of dosing, and the characteristics of the host and the underlying luminal microbial environment and the activity of bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, are small viruses that infect and lyse intestinal bacteria. As such it can be posited that these viruses display an effective local protective control mechanism for the intestinal barrier against commensal pathobionts that indirectly may assist the host in controlling bacterial concentrations in the gut. A co-operative activity may be envisaged between the intestinal epithelia, mucosal immunity and the activity of bacteriophages to eliminate pathobiots, highlighting the potential role of bacteriophages in assisting with maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Hence bacteriophage local control of inflammation and immune responses may be an additional immunological defense mechanism that exploits bacteriophage-mucin glycoprotein interactions that controls bacterial diversity and abundance in the mucin layers of the gut. Moreover, and importantly the efficacy of probiotics may be dependent on the symbiotic incorporation of prebiotics, and the abundance and diversity of the intestinal microbiome encountered. The virome may be an important factor that determines the efficacy of some probiotic formulations.},
}
@article {pmid30283451,
year = {2018},
author = {Lange, A and Schäfer, A and Bender, A and Steimle, A and Beier, S and Parusel, R and Frick, JS},
title = {Galleria mellonella: A Novel Invertebrate Model to Distinguish Intestinal Symbionts From Pathobionts.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {2114},
pmid = {30283451},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/immunology/pathogenicity ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Intestines/*immunology/parasitology ; Invertebrates/*immunology/physiology ; Mice ; Moths/*immunology/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology/metabolism ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; Virulence/immunology ; beta-Defensins/classification/genetics/immunology ; },
abstract = {Insects and mammals share evolutionary conserved innate immune responses to maintain intestinal homeostasis. We investigated whether the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella may be used as an experimental organism to distinguish between symbiotic Bacteroides vulgatus and pathobiotic Escherichia coli, which are mammalian intestinal commensals. Oral application of the symbiont or pathobiont to G. mellonella resulted in clearly distinguishable innate immune responses that could be verified by analyzing similar innate immune components in mice in vivo and in vitro. The differential innate immune responses were initiated by the recognition of bacterial components via pattern recognition receptors. The pathobiont detection resulted in increased expression of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species related genes as well as antimicrobial peptide gene expression. In contrast, the treatment/application with symbiotic bacteria led to weakened immune responses in both mammalian and insect models. As symbionts and pathobionts play a crucial role in development of inflammatory bowel diseases, we hence suggest G. mellonella as a future replacement organism in inflammatory bowel disease research.},
}
@article {pmid30113119,
year = {2018},
author = {Niehs, SP and Dose, B and Scherlach, K and Roth, M and Hertweck, C},
title = {Genomics-Driven Discovery of a Symbiont-Specific Cyclopeptide from Bacteria Residing in the Rice Seedling Blight Fungus.},
journal = {Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology},
volume = {19},
number = {20},
pages = {2167-2172},
doi = {10.1002/cbic.201800400},
pmid = {30113119},
issn = {1439-7633},
mesh = {Burkholderia/classification/genetics/*metabolism ; Oryza/*microbiology ; Peptide Synthases/metabolism ; *Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Rhizopus/*metabolism ; Seedlings/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The rice seedling blight fungus Rhizopus microsporus harbors endosymbiotic bacteria (Burkholderia rhizoxinica) that produce the virulence factor rhizoxin and control host development. Genome mining indicated a massive inventory of cryptic nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, which have not yet been linked to any natural products. The discovery and full characterization of a novel cyclopeptide from endofungal bacteria is reported. In silico analysis of an orphan, symbiont-specific NRPS predicted the structure of a nonribosomal peptide, which was targeted by LC-MS/MS profiling of wild-type and engineered null mutants. NMR spectroscopy and chemical derivatization elucidated the structure of the bacterial cyclopeptide. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the relationship of starter C domains for rare N-acetyl-capped peptides. Heptarhizin is produced under symbiotic conditions in geographically constrained strains from the Pacific clade; this indicates a potential ecological role of the peptide.},
}
@article {pmid29981324,
year = {2018},
author = {Arenas, A and Roces, F},
title = {Appetitive and aversive learning of plants odors inside different nest compartments by foraging leaf-cutting ants.},
journal = {Journal of insect physiology},
volume = {109},
number = {},
pages = {85-92},
doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.07.001},
pmid = {29981324},
issn = {1879-1611},
mesh = {Animals ; Ants/*physiology ; Appetitive Behavior/*physiology ; Basidiomycota ; Learning/*physiology ; Nesting Behavior/physiology ; *Odorants ; Plants/chemistry ; Smell/physiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Cues inside the nest provide social insect foragers with information about resources currently exploited that may influence their decisions outside. Leaf-cutting ants harvest leaf fragments that are either further processed as substrate for their symbiotic fungus, or disposed of if unsuitable. We investigated whether Acromyrmex ambiguus foragers develop learned preferences for olfactory cues they experienced either in the fungus or in the waste chamber of the nest. Foragers' olfactory preferences were quantified as a choice between sugared papers disks scented with a novel odor and with the odor experienced in one of the nest compartments, before and after odor addition. Odors incorporated in the fungus chamber led to preferences towards paper disks smelling of them. Conversely, odors experienced in the waste chambers led to avoidance of similarly-scented disks. To investigate context-specificity of responses, we quantified learned preferences towards an odor that occurred first in the fungus chamber, and 14 h later in the waste chamber. Foragers initially developed a preference for the odor added in the fungus chamber that turned into avoidance when the same odor solely occurred later in the waste chamber. Avoidance of plants could also be induced in a more natural context, when fresh leaf disks of novel plants, privet or firethorn, were presented in the waste chamber. We conclude that learned acceptance or rejection of suitable plants by foragers depend on the learning context: smells can lead to appetitive learning when present in the fungus garden, or to avoidance learning when they occur at the dump.},
}
@article {pmid29535321,
year = {2018},
author = {Onuț-Brännström, I and Benjamin, M and Scofield, DG and Heiðmarsson, S and Andersson, MGI and Lindström, ES and Johannesson, H},
title = {Sharing of photobionts in sympatric populations of Thamnolia and Cetraria lichens: evidence from high-throughput sequencing.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {4406},
pmid = {29535321},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Ascomycota/classification/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; Ecosystem ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Lichens/physiology ; Parmeliaceae/classification/*physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Phylogeny ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {In this study, we explored the diversity of green algal symbionts (photobionts) in sympatric populations of the cosmopolitan lichen-forming fungi Thamnolia and Cetraria. We sequenced with both Sanger and Ion Torrent High-Throughput Sequencing technologies the photobiont ITS-region of 30 lichen thalli from two islands: Iceland and Öland. While Sanger recovered just one photobiont genotype from each thallus, the Ion Torrent data recovered 10-18 OTUs for each pool of 5 lichen thalli, suggesting that individual lichens can contain heterogeneous photobiont populations. Both methods showed evidence for photobiont sharing between Thamnolia and Cetraria on Iceland. In contrast, our data suggest that on Öland the two mycobionts associate with distinct photobiont communities, with few shared OTUs revealed by Ion Torrent sequencing. Furthermore, by comparing our sequences with public data, we identified closely related photobionts from geographically distant localities. Taken together, we suggest that the photobiont composition in Thamnolia and Cetraria results from both photobiont-mycobiont codispersal and local acquisition during mycobiont establishment and/or lichen growth. We hypothesize that this is a successful strategy for lichens to be flexible in the use of the most adapted photobiont for the environment.},
}
@article {pmid29377140,
year = {2018},
author = {Pozzi, AC and Roy, M and Nagati, M and Schwob, G and Manzi, S and Gardes, M and Moreau, PA and Fernandez, MP},
title = {Patterns of diversity, endemism and specialization in the root symbiont communities of alder species on the island of Corsica.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {219},
number = {1},
pages = {336-349},
doi = {10.1111/nph.14996},
pmid = {29377140},
issn = {1469-8137},
mesh = {Alnus/*microbiology ; *Biodiversity ; France ; Frankia/genetics/physiology ; Italy ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; },
abstract = {We investigated whether the diversity, endemicity and specificity of alder symbionts could be changed by isolation in a Mediterranean glacial refugium. We studied both ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi and nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria associated with alders, and compared their communities in Corsica and on the European continent. Nodules and root tips were sampled on the three alder species present in Corsica and continental France and Italy. Phylogenies based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and a multilocus sequence analysis approach were used to characterize fungal and Frankia species, respectively. Patterns of diversity, endemism and specialization were compared between hosts and regions for each symbiont community. In Corsica, communities were not generally richer than on the mainland. The species richness per site depended mainly on host identity: Alnus glutinosa and Alnus cordata hosted richer Frankia and EM communities, respectively. Half of the Frankia species were endemic to Corsica against only 4% of EM species. Corsica is not a hotspot of diversity for all alder symbionts but sustains an increased frequency of poor-dispersers such as hypogeous fungi. Generalist EM fungi and host-dependent profusely sporulating (Sp+) Frankia were abundantly associated with Corsican A. cordata, a pattern related to a more thermophilic and xerophylic climate and to the co-occurrence with other host trees.},
}
@article {pmid31563584,
year = {2019},
author = {Cao, C and Li, H and Jones, MGK and Wylie, SJ},
title = {Challenges to elucidating how endornaviruses influence fungal hosts: creating mycovirus-free isogenic fungal lines and testing them.},
journal = {Journal of virological methods},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {113745},
doi = {10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113745},
pmid = {31563584},
issn = {1879-0984},
abstract = {Determining roles of mycoviruses in fungal biology is complicated, especially when fungi are co-infected with multiple viruses. Genetically identical (isogenic) fungal lines that are infected by and uninfected by viruses must be created and compared. Here, we study an isolate of Ceratobasidium sp., a fungus isolated from pelotons in roots of a wild terrestrial orchid. The fungal isolate was co-infected with three distinct endornaviruses, isolates of Ceratobasidium endonarvirus B (CbEVB), Ceratobasidium endonarvirus C (CbEVC) and Ceratobasidium endonarvirus D (CbEVD). An experiment to reveal natural distribution of the three mycoviruses within a fungal colony revealed no sectoring; they were all evenly distributed throughout the colony. Hyphal tipping and treatments with one of five antibiotics (kanamycin, streptomycin, cycloheximide, rifampicin and ampicillin) were applied in attempts to 'cure' fungal lines of one, two or three of the viruses present. Surprisingly, the three mycoviruses responded differentially to each curing approach. The isolate of CbEVC was eliminated upon treatment with cycloheximide, but not with kanamycin or streptomycin, whereas the isolate of CbEVD did not respond to cycloheximide. The isolate of CbEVB was eliminated upon all treatments. In some cases, a virus was undetectable by RT-PCR after treatment, but when the fungus was cultured for a period on non-selective medium, the virus was detected again. Effects of mycoviruses on growth characteristics of isogenic fungal lines on two media were studied. Co-infection by the three viruses reduced mycelial growth rate on both media. In contrast, some fungal lines infected with one or two mycoviruses grew more rapidly than virus-free lines.},
}
@article {pmid31562172,
year = {2019},
author = {Speck, JJ and James, EK and Sugawara, M and Sadowsky, MJ and Gyaneshwar, P},
title = {An Alkane Sulfonate Monooxygenase is Required for Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (syn. Bradyrhizobium japonicum) USDA110T.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.01552-19},
pmid = {31562172},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Sulfur (S) containing molecules play an important role in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and are critical components of nitrogenase and other iron-S proteins. S deficiency inhibits symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobia. However, despite its importance, little is known about the sources of S that rhizobia utilize during symbiosis. We previously showed that Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110T can assimilate both inorganic and organic S and that genes involved in organic S utilization are expressed during symbiosis. Here we show that a B. diazoefficiens USDA110 T insertion mutant in sulfonate monooxygenase (ssuD) is defective in nitrogen fixation. Microscopy analyses revealed that the ssuD- was defective in root hair infection and that bacteroids of the ssuD- showed degradation as compared to the wild type strain. Moreover, the ssuD- was significantly more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress than was the wild type strain. Taken together, these results show that the ability of rhizobia to utilize organic S plays an important role in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Since nodules have been reported to be an important source of reduced S used during symbiosis and nitrogen fixation, further research will be needed to determine the mechanisms involved in regulation of S assimilation by rhizobia.IMPORTANCE Rhizobia form symbiotic association with legumes that lead to formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Sulfur-containing molecules play crucial role in nitrogen fixation and thus the rhizobia inside nodules require high amounts of sulfur. Rhizobia can assimilate both inorganic (sulfate) and organic (sulfonates) sources of sulfur. However, very little is known about rhizobial sulfur metabolism during symbiosis. In this report, we show that sulfonate utilization by Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens is important for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in both soybean and cowpea. The symbiotic defect is probably due to increased sensitivity to oxidative stress from sulfur deficiency in the mutant strain defective for sulfonate utilization. The results of this study can be extended to other rhizobia-legume symbioses as sulfonate utilization genes are widespread in these bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid31561965,
year = {2019},
author = {Jahn, MT and Arkhipova, K and Markert, SM and Stigloher, C and Lachnit, T and Pita, L and Kupczok, A and Ribes, M and Stengel, ST and Rosenstiel, P and Dutilh, BE and Hentschel, U},
title = {A Phage Protein Aids Bacterial Symbionts in Eukaryote Immune Evasion.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.019},
pmid = {31561965},
issn = {1934-6069},
abstract = {Phages are increasingly recognized as important members of host-associated microbiomes, with a vast genomic diversity. The new frontier is to understand how phages may affect higher order processes, such as in the context of host-microbe interactions. Here, we use marine sponges as a model to investigate the interplay between phages, bacterial symbionts, and eukaryotic hosts. Using viral metagenomics, we find that sponges, although massively filtering seawater, harbor species-specific and even individually unique viral signatures that are taxonomically distinct from other environments. We further discover a symbiont phage-encoded ankyrin-domain-containing protein, which is widely spread in phages of many host-associated contexts including human. We confirm in macrophage infection assays that the ankyrin protein (ANKp) modulates the eukaryotic host immune response against bacteria. We predict that the role of ANKp in nature is to facilitate coexistence in the tripartite interplay between phages, symbionts, and sponges and possibly many other host-microbe associations.},
}
@article {pmid31561208,
year = {2019},
author = {Brisbois, BW and Spiegel, JM and Harris, L},
title = {Health, environment and colonial legacies: Situating the science of pesticides, bananas and bodies in Ecuador.},
journal = {Social science &amp; medicine (1982)},
volume = {239},
number = {},
pages = {112529},
doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112529},
pmid = {31561208},
issn = {1873-5347},
abstract = {Pesticide-related health impacts in Ecuador's banana industry illustrate the need to understand science's social production in the context of major North-South inequities. This paper explores colonialism's ongoing context-specific relationships to science, and what these imply for population health inquiry and praxis. Themes in postcolonial science and technology studies and critical Latin American scholarship guide this exploration, oriented around an ethnographic case study of bananas, pesticides and health in Ecuador. The challenge of explaining these impacts prompts us to explore discursive and contextual dynamics of pesticide toxicology and phytopathology, two disciplines integral to understanding pesticide-health linkages. The evolution of banana phytopathology reflects patterns of banana production and plant science in settings made accessible to scientists by European colonialism and American military interventions. Similarly, American foreign policy in Cold War-era Latin America created conditions for widespread pesticide exposures and accompanying health science research. Neocolonial representations of the global South interacted with these material realities in fostering generation of scientific knowledge. Implications for health praxis include troubling celebratory portrayals of global interconnectedness in the field of global health, motivating critical political economy and radical community-based approaches in their place. Another implication is a challenge to conciliatory corporate engagement approaches in health research, given banana production's symbiosis of scientifically 'productive' military and corporate initiatives. Similarly, the origins and evolution of toxicology should promote humility and precautionary approaches in addressing environmental injustices such as pesticide toxicity, given the role of corporate actors in promoting systematic underestimation of risk to vulnerable populations. Perhaps most unsettlingly, the very structures and processes that drive health inequities in Ecuador's banana industry simultaneously shape production of knowledge about those inequities. Public health scholars should thus move beyond simply carrying out more, or better, studies, and pursue the structural changes needed to redress historical and ongoing injustices.},
}
@article {pmid31560813,
year = {2019},
author = {Mee, ED and Gaylor, MG and Jasso-Selles, DE and Mizumoto, N and Gile, GH},
title = {Molecular phylogenetic position of Hoplonympha natator (Trichonymphea, Parabasalia).},
journal = {The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jeu.12765},
pmid = {31560813},
issn = {1550-7408},
abstract = {Hoplonympha natator is an obligate symbiont of Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Kalotermitidae), from southwestern North America. Another Hoplonympha species inhabits Hodotermopsis sjostedti (Archotermopsidae), from montane Southeast Asia. The large phylogenetic and geographical distance between the hosts makes the distribution of Hoplonympha puzzling. Here we report the phylogenetic position of H. natator from P. simplicicornis through maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of 18S rRNA genes. The two Hoplonympha species form a clade with a deep node, making a recent symbiont transfer unlikely. The distribution of Hoplonympha may be due to an ancient transfer or strict vertical inheritance with differential loss from other hosts.},
}
@article {pmid31560603,
year = {2019},
author = {Aoki, T and Smith, JA and Kasson, MT and Freeman, S and Geiser, DM and Geering, ADW and O'Donnell, K},
title = {Three novel Ambrosia Fusarium Clade species producing clavate macroconidia known (F. floridanum and F. obliquiseptatum) or predicted (F. tuaranense) to be farmed by Euwallacea spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on woody hosts.},
journal = {Mycologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-17},
doi = {10.1080/00275514.2019.1647074},
pmid = {31560603},
issn = {1557-2536},
abstract = {The Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) comprises at least 16 genealogically exclusive species-level lineages within clade 3 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). These fungi are either known or predicted to be farmed by Asian Euwallacea ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the tribe Xyleborini as a source of nutrition. To date, only 4 of the 16 AFC lineages have been described formally. In the absence of Latin binomials, an ad hoc nomenclature was developed to distinguish the 16 species lineages as AF-1 to AF-16. Herein, Fusarium species AF-3, AF-5, and AF-7 were formally described as F. floridanum, F. tuaranense, and F. obliquiseptatum, respectively. Fusarium floridanum farmed by E. interjectus on box elder (Acer negundo) in Gainesville, Florida, was distinguished morphologically by the production of sporodochial conidia that were highly variable in size and shape together with greenish-pigmented chlamydospores. Fusarium tuaranense was isolated from a beetle-damaged Paŕa rubber tree (Hevea brasiliense) in North Borneo, Malaysia, and was diagnosed by production of the smallest sporodochial conidia of any species within the AFC. Lastly, F. obliquiseptatum was farmed by an unnamed ambrosia beetle designated Euwallacea sp. 3 (E. fornicatus species complex) on avocado (Persea americana) in Queensland, Australia. It uniquely produces some clavate sporodochial conidia with oblique septa. Maximum likelihood analysis of a multilocus data set resolved these three novel AFC taxa as phylogenetically distinct species based on genealogical concordance. Particularly where introduced into exotic environments, these exotic mutualists pose a serious threat to the avocado industry, native forests, and urban landscapes in diverse regions throughout the world.},
}
@article {pmid31560378,
year = {2019},
author = {, and Fitzmaurice, C and Abate, D and Abbasi, N and Abbastabar, H and Abd-Allah, F and Abdel-Rahman, O and Abdelalim, A and Abdoli, A and Abdollahpour, I and Abdulle, ASM and Abebe, ND and Abraha, HN and Abu-Raddad, LJ and Abualhasan, A and Adedeji, IA and Advani, SM and Afarideh, M and Afshari, M and Aghaali, M and Agius, D and Agrawal, S and Ahmadi, A and Ahmadian, E and Ahmadpour, E and Ahmed, MB and Akbari, ME and Akinyemiju, T and Al-Aly, Z and AlAbdulKader, AM and Alahdab, F and Alam, T and Alamene, GM and Alemnew, BTT and Alene, KA and Alinia, C and Alipour, V and Aljunid, SM and Bakeshei, FA and Almadi, MAH and Almasi-Hashiani, A and Alsharif, U and Alsowaidi, S and Alvis-Guzman, N and Amini, E and Amini, S and Amoako, YA and Anbari, Z and Anber, NH and Andrei, CL and Anjomshoa, M and Ansari, F and Ansariadi, A and Appiah, SCY and Arab-Zozani, M and Arabloo, J and Arefi, Z and Aremu, O and Areri, HA and Artaman, A and Asayesh, H and Asfaw, ET and Ashagre, AF and Assadi, R and Ataeinia, B and Atalay, HT and Ataro, Z and Atique, S and Ausloos, M and Avila-Burgos, L and Avokpaho, EFGA and Awasthi, A and Awoke, N and Ayala Quintanilla, BP and Ayanore, MA and Ayele, HT and Babaee, E and Bacha, U and Badawi, A and Bagherzadeh, M and Bagli, E and Balakrishnan, S and Balouchi, A and Bärnighausen, TW and Battista, RJ and Behzadifar, M and Behzadifar, M and Bekele, BB and Belay, YB and Belayneh, YM and Berfield, KKS and Berhane, A and Bernabe, E and Beuran, M and Bhakta, N and Bhattacharyya, K and Biadgo, B and Bijani, A and Bin Sayeed, MS and Birungi, C and Bisignano, C and Bitew, H and Bjørge, T and Bleyer, A and Bogale, KA and Bojia, HA and Borzì, AM and Bosetti, C and Bou-Orm, IR and Brenner, H and Brewer, JD and Briko, AN and Briko, NI and Bustamante-Teixeira, MT and Butt, ZA and Carreras, G and Carrero, JJ and Carvalho, F and Castro, C and Castro, F and Catalá-López, F and Cerin, E and Chaiah, Y and Chanie, WF and Chattu, VK and Chaturvedi, P and Chauhan, NS and Chehrazi, M and Chiang, PP and Chichiabellu, TY and Chido-Amajuoyi, OG and Chimed-Ochir, O and Choi, JJ and Christopher, DJ and Chu, DT and Constantin, MM and Costa, VM and Crocetti, E and Crowe, CS and Curado, MP and Dahlawi, SMA and Damiani, G and Darwish, AH and Daryani, A and das Neves, J and Demeke, FM and Demis, AB and Demissie, BW and Demoz, GT and Denova-Gutiérrez, E and Derakhshani, A and Deribe, KS and Desai, R and Desalegn, BB and Desta, M and Dey, S and Dharmaratne, SD and Dhimal, M and Diaz, D and Dinberu, MTT and Djalalinia, S and Doku, DT and Drake, TM and Dubey, M and Dubljanin, E and Duken, EE and Ebrahimi, H and Effiong, A and Eftekhari, A and El Sayed, I and Zaki, MES and El-Jaafary, SI and El-Khatib, Z and Elemineh, DA and Elkout, H and Ellenbogen, RG and Elsharkawy, A and Emamian, MH and Endalew, DA and Endries, AY and Eshrati, B and Fadhil, I and Fallah, V and Faramarzi, M and Farhangi, MA and Farioli, A and Farzadfar, F and Fentahun, N and Fernandes, E and Feyissa, GT and Filip, I and Fischer, F and Fisher, JL and Force, LM and Foroutan, M and Freitas, M and Fukumoto, T and Futran, ND and Gallus, S and Gankpe, FG and Gayesa, RT and Gebrehiwot, TT and Gebremeskel, GG and Gedefaw, GA and Gelaw, BK and Geta, B and Getachew, S and Gezae, KE and Ghafourifard, M and Ghajar, A and Ghashghaee, A and Gholamian, A and Gill, PS and Ginindza, TTG and Girmay, A and Gizaw, M and Gomez, RS and Gopalani, SV and Gorini, G and Goulart, BNG and Grada, A and Ribeiro Guerra, M and Guimaraes, ALS and Gupta, PC and Gupta, R and Hadkhale, K and Haj-Mirzaian, A and Haj-Mirzaian, A and Hamadeh, RR and Hamidi, S and Hanfore, LK and Haro, JM and Hasankhani, M and Hasanzadeh, A and Hassen, HY and Hay, RJ and Hay, SI and Henok, A and Henry, NJ and Herteliu, C and Hidru, HD and Hoang, CL and Hole, MK and Hoogar, P and Horita, N and Hosgood, HD and Hosseini, M and Hosseinzadeh, M and Hostiuc, M and Hostiuc, S and Househ, M and Hussen, MM and Ileanu, B and Ilic, MD and Innos, K and Irvani, SSN and Iseh, KR and Islam, SMS and Islami, F and Jafari Balalami, N and Jafarinia, M and Jahangiry, L and Jahani, MA and Jahanmehr, N and Jakovljevic, M and James, SL and Javanbakht, M and Jayaraman, S and Jee, SH and Jenabi, E and Jha, RP and Jonas, JB and Jonnagaddala, J and Joo, T and Jungari, SB and Jürisson, M and Kabir, A and Kamangar, F and Karch, A and Karimi, N and Karimian, A and Kasaeian, A and Kasahun, GG and Kassa, B and Kassa, TD and Kassaw, MW and Kaul, A and Keiyoro, PN and Kelbore, AG and Kerbo, AA and Khader, YS and Khalilarjmandi, M and Khan, EA and Khan, G and Khang, YH and Khatab, K and Khater, A and Khayamzadeh, M and Khazaee-Pool, M and Khazaei, S and Khoja, AT and Khosravi, MH and Khubchandani, J and Kianipour, N and Kim, D and Kim, YJ and Kisa, A and Kisa, S and Kissimova-Skarbek, K and Komaki, H and Koyanagi, A and Krohn, KJ and Bicer, BK and Kugbey, N and Kumar, V and Kuupiel, D and La Vecchia, C and Lad, DP and Lake, EA and Lakew, AM and Lal, DK and Lami, FH and Lan, Q and Lasrado, S and Lauriola, P and Lazarus, JV and Leigh, J and Leshargie, CT and Liao, Y and Limenih, MA and Listl, S and Lopez, AD and Lopukhov, PD and Lunevicius, R and Madadin, M and Magdeldin, S and El Razek, HMA and Majeed, A and Maleki, A and Malekzadeh, R and Manafi, A and Manafi, N and Manamo, WA and Mansourian, M and Mansournia, MA and Mantovani, LG and Maroufizadeh, S and Martini, SMS and Mashamba-Thompson, TP and Massenburg, BB and Maswabi, MT and Mathur, MR and McAlinden, C and McKee, M and Meheretu, HAA and Mehrotra, R and Mehta, V and Meier, T and Melaku, YA and Meles, GG and Meles, HG and Melese, A and Melku, M and Memiah, PTN and Mendoza, W and Menezes, RG and Merat, S and Meretoja, TJ and Mestrovic, T and Miazgowski, B and Miazgowski, T and Mihretie, KMM and Miller, TR and Mills, EJ and Mir, SM and Mirzaei, H and Mirzaei, HR and Mishra, R and Moazen, B and Mohammad, DK and Mohammad, KA and Mohammad, Y and Darwesh, AM and Mohammadbeigi, A and Mohammadi, H and Mohammadi, M and Mohammadian, M and Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A and Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M and Mohammadpourhodki, R and Mohammed, AS and Mohammed, JA and Mohammed, S and Mohebi, F and Mokdad, AH and Monasta, L and Moodley, Y and Moosazadeh, M and Moossavi, M and Moradi, G and Moradi-Joo, M and Moradi-Lakeh, M and Moradpour, F and Morawska, L and Morgado-da-Costa, J and Morisaki, N and Morrison, SD and Mosapour, A and Mousavi, SM and Muche, AA and Muhammed, OSS and Musa, J and Nabhan, AR and Naderi, M and Nagarajan, AJ and Nagel, G and Nahvijou, A and Naik, G and Najafi, F and Naldi, L and Nam, HS and Nasiri, N and Nazari, J and Negoi, I and Neupane, S and Newcomb, PA and Nggada, HA and Ngunjiri, JW and Nguyen, CT and Nikniaz, L and Ningrum, DNA and Nirayo, YL and Nixon, MR and Nnaji, CA and Nojomi, M and Nosratnejad, S and Shiadeh, MN and Obsa, MS and Ofori-Asenso, R and Ogbo, FA and Oh, IH and Olagunju, AT and Olagunju, TO and Oluwasanu, MM and Omonisi, AE and Onwujekwe, OE and Oommen, AM and Oren, E and Ortega-Altamirano, DDV and Ota, E and Otstavnov, SS and Owolabi, MO and P A, M and Padubidri, JR and Pakhale, S and Pakpour, AH and Pana, A and Park, EK and Parsian, H and Pashaei, T and Patel, S and Patil, ST and Pennini, A and Pereira, DM and Piccinelli, C and Pillay, JD and Pirestani, M and Pishgar, F and Postma, MJ and Pourjafar, H and Pourmalek, F and Pourshams, A and Prakash, S and Prasad, N and Qorbani, M and Rabiee, M and Rabiee, N and Radfar, A and Rafiei, A and Rahim, F and Rahimi, M and Rahman, MA and Rajati, F and Rana, SM and Raoofi, S and Rath, GK and Rawaf, DL and Rawaf, S and Reiner, RC and Renzaho, AMN and Rezaei, N and Rezapour, A and Ribeiro, AI and Ribeiro, D and Ronfani, L and Roro, EM and Roshandel, G and Rostami, A and Saad, RS and Sabbagh, P and Sabour, S and Saddik, B and Safiri, S and Sahebkar, A and Salahshoor, MR and Salehi, F and Salem, H and Salem, MR and Salimzadeh, H and Salomon, JA and Samy, AM and Sanabria, J and Santric Milicevic, MM and Sartorius, B and Sarveazad, A and Sathian, B and Satpathy, M and Savic, M and Sawhney, M and Sayyah, M and Schneider, IJC and Schöttker, B and Sekerija, M and Sepanlou, SG and Sepehrimanesh, M and Seyedmousavi, S and Shaahmadi, F and Shabaninejad, H and Shahbaz, M and Shaikh, MA and Shamshirian, A and Shamsizadeh, M and Sharafi, H and Sharafi, Z and Sharif, M and Sharifi, A and Sharifi, H and Sharma, R and Sheikh, A and Shirkoohi, R and Shukla, SR and Si, S and Siabani, S and Silva, DAS and Silveira, DGA and Singh, A and Singh, JA and Sisay, S and Sitas, F and Sobngwi, E and Soofi, M and Soriano, JB and Stathopoulou, V and Sufiyan, MB and Tabarés-Seisdedos, R and Tabuchi, T and Takahashi, K and Tamtaji, OR and Tarawneh, MR and Tassew, SG and Taymoori, P and Tehrani-Banihashemi, A and Temsah, MH and Temsah, O and Tesfay, BE and Tesfay, FH and Teshale, MY and Tessema, GA and Thapa, S and Tlaye, KG and Topor-Madry, R and Tovani-Palone, MR and Traini, E and Tran, BX and Tran, KB and Tsadik, AG and Ullah, I and Uthman, OA and Vacante, M and Vaezi, M and Varona Pérez, P and Veisani, Y and Vidale, S and Violante, FS and Vlassov, V and Vollset, SE and Vos, T and Vosoughi, K and Vu, GT and Vujcic, IS and Wabinga, H and Wachamo, TM and Wagnew, FS and Waheed, Y and Weldegebreal, F and Weldesamuel, GT and Wijeratne, T and Wondafrash, DZ and Wonde, TE and Wondmieneh, AB and Workie, HM and Yadav, R and Yadegar, A and Yadollahpour, A and Yaseri, M and Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V and Yeshaneh, A and Yimam, MA and Yimer, EM and Yisma, E and Yonemoto, N and Younis, MZ and Yousefi, B and Yousefifard, M and Yu, C and Zabeh, E and Zadnik, V and Moghadam, TZ and Zaidi, Z and Zamani, M and Zandian, H and Zangeneh, A and Zaki, L and Zendehdel, K and Zenebe, ZM and Zewale, TA and Ziapour, A and Zodpey, S and Murray, CJL},
title = {Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.},
journal = {JAMA oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996},
pmid = {31560378},
issn = {2374-2445},
abstract = {Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.<br><br>Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning.<br><br>Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence.<br><br>Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs).<br><br>Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.},
}
@article {pmid31559908,
year = {2019},
author = {Kale, VP},
title = {Application of &quot;primed&quot; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Current status and Future prospects.},
journal = {Stem cells and development},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1089/scd.2019.0149},
pmid = {31559908},
issn = {1557-8534},
abstract = {Regenerative potential of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal cells (MSCs) has led to their application in various cellular therapies. Since in vivo these cells are present in very low numbers, they need expansion in culture to get clinically relevant numbers; however, such long-term ex vivo manipulation leads to loss of their regenerative capacity. Although use of naïve MSCs is still the most common approach used in various therapies, several strategies, both genetic and pharmacological, are being tried out to boost the regenerative capacity of in vitro expanded MSCs. Such manipulations are very commonly reported for regeneration of various tissues like bone, cartilage, kidney, pancreas, etc. Likewise, several efforts have been made to investigate priming of MSCs to enhance their immuno-regulatory activity, but such efforts have not been made to the same extent for enhancing the efficacy of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Development of such approaches for HSCT would not only be useful for enhancing the transplantation efficacy of cord blood cells, which are fewer in numbers, and aged HSCs, which could be functionally compromised, but also for genetically modified HSCs, which are likely to be both, fewer in number and also functionally compromised. This review specifically deals with application of &quot;primed&quot; MSCs in the scenario of HSCT.},
}
@article {pmid31558429,
year = {2019},
author = {Chahar, DS and Ravindran, S and Pisal, SS},
title = {Monoclonal antibody purification and its progression to commercial scale.},
journal = {Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.09.007},
pmid = {31558429},
issn = {1095-8320},
abstract = {With the advancements in upstream technologies, the capacity for monoclonal antibody (mAb) production has transformed from a few milligrams to grams per liter. These titers lead to enormous pressure on downstream processes (DSPs), which need to be reworked to achieve higher efficiency and better utilization of available resources. Various parameters, such as column sizing, aggregate removal, filtration and volume handling, must be considered while designing a facility for commercial scale. If any of these critical parameters are not defined during the facility design stage, collapse of the process can result, further resulting in commercial loss and delaying entry of the product into the market. Therefore, during the facility design stage, the process requirements, space utilization, process efficiency and advanced manufacturing systems must be evaluated appropriately before implementation on a commercial scale.},
}
@article {pmid31557944,
year = {2019},
author = {Brígido, C and Menéndez, E and Paço, A and Glick, BR and Belo, A and Félix, MR and Oliveira, S and Carvalho, M},
title = {Mediterranean Native Leguminous Plants: A Reservoir of Endophytic Bacteria with Potential to Enhance Chickpea Growth under Stress Conditions.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms7100392},
pmid = {31557944},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {UID/AGR/00115/2013//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016810 (PTDC/AGR-PRO/2978/2014)//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia-FEDER-COMPETE2020/ ; ALT20-03-0145-FEDER-000039//Portugal 2020/Alentejo 2020/ ; },
abstract = {Bacterial endophytes, a subset of a plant's microbiota, can facilitate plant growth by a number of different mechanisms. The aims of this study were to assess the diversity and functionality of endophytic bacterial strains from internal root tissues of native legume species grown in two distinct sites in South of Portugal and to evaluate their ability to promote plant growth. Here, 122 endophytic bacterial isolates were obtained from 12 different native legume species. Most of these bacteria possess at least one of the plant growth-promoting features tested in vitro, with indole acetic acid production being the most common feature among the isolates followed by the production of siderophores and inorganic phosphate solubilization. The results of in planta experiments revealed that co-inoculation of chickpea plants with specific endophytic bacteria along with N2-fixing symbionts significantly improved the total biomass of chickpea plants, in particular when these plants were grown under saline conditions. Altogether, this study revealed that Mediterranean native legume species are a reservoir of plant growth-promoting bacteria, that are also tolerant to salinity and to toxic levels of Mn. Thus, these bacterial endophytes are well adapted to common constraints present in soils of this region which constitutes important factors to consider in the development of bacterial inoculants for stressful conditions in the Mediterranean region.},
}
@article {pmid30650116,
year = {2019},
author = {Akami, M and Andongma, AA and Zhengzhong, C and Nan, J and Khaeso, K and Jurkevitch, E and Niu, CY and Yuval, B},
title = {Intestinal bacteria modulate the foraging behavior of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae).},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {e0210109},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0210109},
pmid = {30650116},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Pupa/physiology ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Tephritidae/microbiology/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The gut microbiome of insects directly or indirectly affects the metabolism, immune status, sensory perception and feeding behavior of its host. Here, we examine the hypothesis that in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis, Diptera: Tephritidae), the presence or absence of gut symbionts affects foraging behavior and nutrient ingestion. We offered protein-starved flies, symbiotic or aposymbiotic, a choice between diets containing all amino acids or only the non-essential ones. The different diets were presented in a foraging arena as drops that varied in their size and density, creating an imbalanced foraging environment. Suppressing the microbiome resulted in significant changes of the foraging behavior of both male and female flies. Aposymbiotic flies responded faster to the diets offered in experimental arenas, spent more time feeding, ingested more drops of food, and were constrained to feed on time-consuming patches (containing small drops of food), when these offered the full complement of amino acids. We discuss these results in the context of previous studies on the effect of the gut microbiome on host behavior, and suggest that these be extended to the life history dimension.},
}
@article {pmid29625978,
year = {2018},
author = {McGlynn, SE and Chadwick, GL and O'Neill, A and Mackey, M and Thor, A and Deerinck, TJ and Ellisman, MH and Orphan, VJ},
title = {Subgroup Characteristics of Marine Methane-Oxidizing ANME-2 Archaea and Their Syntrophic Partners as Revealed by Integrated Multimodal Analytical Microscopy.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {84},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {29625978},
issn = {1098-5336},
support = {P41 GM103412/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Anaerobiosis ; Archaea/*classification/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Deltaproteobacteria/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Methane/*metabolism ; Microbial Consortia ; Microscopy, Electron ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Phylogenetically diverse environmental ANME archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria cooperatively catalyze the anaerobic oxidation of methane oxidation (AOM) in multicelled consortia within methane seep environments. To better understand these cells and their symbiotic associations, we applied a suite of electron microscopy approaches, including correlative fluorescence in situ hybridization-electron microscopy (FISH-EM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. FISH-EM of methane seep-derived consortia revealed phylogenetic variability in terms of cell morphology, ultrastructure, and storage granules. Representatives of the ANME-2b clade, but not other ANME-2 groups, contained polyphosphate-like granules, while some bacteria associated with ANME-2a/2c contained two distinct phases of iron mineral chains resembling magnetosomes. 3D segmentation of two ANME-2 consortium types revealed cellular volumes of ANME and their symbiotic partners that were larger than previous estimates based on light microscopy. Polyphosphate-like granule-containing ANME (tentatively termed ANME-2b) were larger than both ANME with no granules and partner bacteria. This cell type was observed with up to 4 granules per cell, and the volume of the cell was larger in proportion to the number of granules inside it, but the percentage of the cell occupied by these granules did not vary with granule number. These results illuminate distinctions between ANME-2 archaeal lineages and partnering bacterial populations that are apparently unified in their ability to perform anaerobic methane oxidation.IMPORTANCE Methane oxidation in anaerobic environments can be accomplished by a number of archaeal groups, some of which live in syntrophic relationships with bacteria in structured consortia. Little is known of the distinguishing characteristics of these groups. Here, we applied imaging approaches to better understand the properties of these cells. We found unexpected morphological, structural, and volume variability of these uncultured groups by correlating fluorescence labeling of cells with electron microscopy observables.},
}
@article {pmid29205373,
year = {2018},
author = {Huang, F and Lankau, R and Peng, S},
title = {Coexistence via coevolution driven by reduced allelochemical effects and increased tolerance to competition between invasive and native plants.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {218},
number = {1},
pages = {357-369},
doi = {10.1111/nph.14937},
pmid = {29205373},
issn = {1469-8137},
mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Brassicaceae/physiology ; Glucosinolates/analysis ; *Introduced Species ; Linear Models ; Pheromones/*metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; Urticaceae/physiology ; },
abstract = {Coevolution can promote long-term coexistence of two competing species if selection acts to reduce the fitness inequality between competitors and/or strengthen negative frequency dependence within each population. However, clear coevolution between plant competitors has been rarely documented. Plant invasions offer opportunities to capture the process of coevolution. Here we investigated how the developing relationship between an invasive forb, Alliaria petiolata, and a native competitor, Pilea pumila, may affect their long-term coexistence, by testing the competitive effects of populations of varying lengths of co-occurrence on each other across a chronosequence of invasion history. Alliaria petiolata and P. pumila tended to develop greater tolerance to competition over invasion history. Their coexistence was promoted more by increases in stabilizing relative to equalizing processes. These changes likely stem in part from reductions in allelopathic traits in the invader and evolution of tolerance in the native. These results suggested that some native species can evolve tolerance against the competitive effects of strong invaders, which likely promoted their persistence in invaded communities. However, the potential for coevolutionary rescue of competing populations is likely to vary across native species, and evolutionary processes should not be expected to compensate for the ecological consequences of exotic invasions.},
}
@article {pmid27604856,
year = {2018},
author = {Pichersky, E and Raguso, RA},
title = {Why do plants produce so many terpenoid compounds?.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {220},
number = {3},
pages = {692-702},
doi = {10.1111/nph.14178},
pmid = {27604856},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {IOS-1025636//National Science Foundation of the USA/International ; DEB-1342792//National Science Foundation of the USA/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Terpenes/chemistry/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {All plants synthesize a suite of several hundred terpenoid compounds with roles that include phytohormones, protein modification reagents, anti-oxidants, and more. Different plant lineages also synthesize hundreds of distinct terpenoids, with the total number of such specialized plant terpenoids estimated in the scores of thousands. Phylogenetically restricted terpenoids are implicated in defense or in the attraction of beneficial organisms. A popular hypothesis is that the ability of plants to synthesize new compounds arose incrementally by selection when, as a result of gradual changes in their biotic partners and enemies, the 'old' plant compounds were no longer effective, a process dubbed the 'coevolutionary arms race'. Another hypothesis posits that often the sheer diversity of such compounds provides benefits that a single compound cannot. In this article, we review the unique features of the biosynthetic apparatus of terpenes in plants that facilitate the production of large numbers of distinct terpenoids in each species and how facile genetic and biochemical changes can lead to the further diversification of terpenoids. We then discuss evidence relating to the hypotheses that given ecological functions may be enhanced by the presence of mixtures of terpenes and that the acquisition of new functions by terpenoids may favor their retention once the original functions are lost.},
}
@article {pmid31555282,
year = {2019},
author = {Goto, Y},
title = {Epithelial Cells as a Transmitter of Signals From Commensal Bacteria and Host Immune Cells.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2057},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2019.02057},
pmid = {31555282},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are non-hematopoietic cells that form a physical barrier against external antigens. Recent studies indicate that IECs have pleiotropic functions in the regulation of luminal microbiota and the host immune system. IECs produce various immune modulatory cytokines and chemokines in response to commensal bacteria and contribute to developing the intestinal immune system. In contrast, IECs receive cytokine signals from immune cells and produce various immunological factors against luminal bacteria. This bidirectional function of IECs is critical to regulate homeostasis of microbiota and the host immune system. Disruption of the epithelial barrier leads to detrimental host diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colonic cancer, and pathogenic infection. This review provides an overview of the functions and physiology of IECs and highlights their bidirectional functions against luminal bacteria and immune cells, which contribute to maintaining gut homeostasis.},
}
@article {pmid31553827,
year = {2019},
author = {Tong, CG and Wu, FH and Yuan, YH and Chen, YR and Lin, CS},
title = {High-efficiency CRISPR/Cas-based editing of Phalaenopsis orchid MADS genes.},
journal = {Plant biotechnology journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pbi.13264},
pmid = {31553827},
issn = {1467-7652},
abstract = {Phalaenopsis orchids are popular potted ornamental plants around the world due to their beauty, floral diversity, and long indoor blooming period. Orchids are also important in plant research, having tiny, dust-like seeds, crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, complex deletion of the genes encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunits, and mycorrhizal symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31552366,
year = {2019},
author = {Silva-Junior, EA and Paludo, CR and Amaral, JG and Gallon, ME and Gobbo-Neto, L and Nascimento, FS and Lopes, NP},
title = {Chemical Diversity in a Stingless Bee-Plant Symbiosis.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {4},
number = {12},
pages = {15208-15214},
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.9b02096},
pmid = {31552366},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Bees are essential pollinators on earth, supporting forest equilibrium and human agriculture. The chemistry of the stingless bee-plant symbiosis is a complex and not completely understood phenomenon. Here, we combined untargeted tandem mass spectrometry, molecular networking, and multivariate statistical analysis to investigate the chemical diversity in colonies of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona depilis. Flavonoids were the most representative and diverse group of plant metabolites detected, indicating the importance of these biologically active natural products to the bees. We unveiled the metabolome, mapped the distribution of plant metabolites in stingless bee colonies, and digitized the chemical data into a public database.},
}
@article {pmid31552222,
year = {2019},
author = {Thuan, NH and An, TT and Shrestha, A and Canh, NX and Sohng, JK and Dhakal, D},
title = {Recent Advances in Exploration and Biotechnological Production of Bioactive Compounds in Three Cyanobacterial Genera: Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis.},
journal = {Frontiers in chemistry},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {604},
doi = {10.3389/fchem.2019.00604},
pmid = {31552222},
issn = {2296-2646},
abstract = {Cyanobacteria, are only Gram-negative bacteria with the capacity of oxygenic photosynthesis, so termed as &quot;Cyanophyta&quot; or &quot;blue-green algae.&quot; Their habitat is ubiquitous, which includes the diverse environments, such as soil, water, rock and other organisms (symbiosis, commensalism, or parasitism, etc.,). They are characterized as prominent producers of numerous types of important compounds with anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Among the various cyanobacterial genera, members belonging to genera Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis possess greater attention. The major reason for that is the strains belonging to these genera produce the compounds with diverse activities/structures, including compounds in preclinical and/or clinical trials (cryptophycin and curacin), or the compounds retaining unique activities such as protease inhibitor (micropeptins and aeruginosins). Most of these compounds were tested for their efficacy and mechanism of action(MOA) through in vitro and/or in vivo studies. Recently, the advances in culture techniques of these cyanobacteria, and isolation, purification, and chromatographic analysis of their compounds have revealed insurmountable novel bioactive compounds from these cyanobacteria. This review provides comprehensive update on the origin, isolation and purification methods, chemical structures and biological activities of the major compounds from Nostoc, Lyngbya, and Microcystis. In addition, multi-omics approaches and biotechnological production of compounds from selected cyanobacterial genera have been discussed.},
}
@article {pmid31551977,
year = {2019},
author = {Bouznif, B and Guefrachi, I and Rodríguez de la Vega, RC and Hungria, M and Mars, M and Alunni, B and Shykoff, JA},
title = {Phylogeography of the Bradyrhizobium spp. Associated With Peanut, Arachis hypogaea: Fellow Travelers or New Associations?.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2041},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02041},
pmid = {31551977},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Legume plants have colonized almost all terrestrial biotopes. Their ecological success is partly due to the selective advantage provided by their symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia, which allow legumes to thrive on marginal lands and nitrogen depleted soils where non-symbiotic plants cannot grow. Additionally, their symbiotic capacities result in a high protein content in their aerial parts and seeds. This interesting nutritional value has led to the domestication and agricultural exploitation of several legumes grown for seeds and/or fodder for human and domestic animal consumption. Several cultivated legume species are thus grown far beyond their natural geographic range. Other legume species have become invasives, spreading into new habitats. The cultivation and establishment of legume species outside of their original range requires either that they are introduced or cultivated along with their original symbiotic partner or that they find an efficient symbiotic partner in their introduced habitat. The peanut, Arachis hypogaea, a native of South America, is now cultivated throughout the world. This species forms root nodules with Bradyrhizobium, but it is unclear whether these came with the seeds from their native range or were acquired locally. Here we propose to investigate the phylogeography of Bradyrhizobium spp. associated with a number of different wild and cultivated legume species from a range of geographical areas, including numerous strains isolated from peanut roots across the areas of peanut cultivation. This will allow us to address the question of whether introduced/cultivated peanuts associate with bacteria from their original geographic range, i.e., were introduced together with their original bacterial symbionts, or whether they acquired their current associations de novo from the bacterial community within the area of introduction. We will base the phylogenetic analysis on sequence data from both housekeeping and core genes and a symbiotic gene (nif). Differences between the phylogenetic signal of symbiotic and non-symbiotic genes could result from horizontal transfer of symbiosis capacity. Thus this study will also allow us to elucidate the processes by which this symbiotic association has evolved within this group of Bradyrhizobium spp.},
}
@article {pmid31551973,
year = {2019},
author = {Scolari, F and Casiraghi, M and Bonizzoni, M},
title = {Aedes spp. and Their Microbiota: A Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {2036},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02036},
pmid = {31551973},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Aedes spp. are a major public health concern due to their ability to be efficient vectors of dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and other arboviruses. With limited vaccines available and no effective therapeutic treatments against arboviruses, the control of Aedes spp. populations is currently the only strategy to prevent disease transmission. Host-associated microbes (i.e., microbiota) recently emerged as a promising field to be explored for novel environmentally friendly vector control strategies. In particular, gut microbiota is revealing its impact on multiple aspects of Aedes spp. biology, including vector competence, thus being a promising target for manipulation. Here we describe the technological advances, which are currently expanding our understanding of microbiota composition, abundance, variability, and function in the two main arboviral vectors, the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Aedes spp. microbiota is described in light of its tight connections with the environment, with which mosquitoes interact during their various developmental stages. Unraveling the dynamic interactions among the ecology of the habitat, the mosquito and the microbiota have the potential to uncover novel physiological interdependencies and provide a novel perspective for mosquito control.},
}
@article {pmid31549137,
year = {2019},
author = {Fernández-Marín, B and López-Pozo, M and Perera-Castro, AV and Irati Arzac, M and Saenz-Ceniceros, A and Colesie, C and de Los Ríos, A and Sancho, LG and Pintado, A and Laza, JM and Pérez-Ortega, S and García-Plazaola, JI},
title = {Symbiosis at its limits: ecophysiological consequences of lichenization to the genus Prasiola in Antarctica.},
journal = {Annals of botany},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/aob/mcz149},
pmid = {31549137},
issn = {1095-8290},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lichens represent a symbiotic relationship between at least one fungal and one photosynthetic partner. The association between the lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata (Verrucariaceae) and different species of Prasiola (Trebouxiophyceae) has an amphipolar distribution and represents a unique case study for the understanding of lichen symbiosis because of the macroalgal nature of the photobiont, the flexibility of the symbiotic interaction and the co-existence of free-living and lichenized forms in the same microenvironment. In this context, we aimed to (1) characterise the photosynthetic performance of co-occurring populations of free-living and lichenized Prasiola and (2) assess the effect of the symbiosis on the water relations in Prasiola, including its tolerance to desiccation and its survival and performance under sub-zero temperatures.<br><br>METHODS: Photochemical responses to irradiance, desiccation, and freezing temperature and pressure-volume curves of co-existing free-living and lichenized Prasiola thalli were measured in situ in Livingston Island (Maritime Antarctica). Analyses of photosynthetic pigment, glass transition and ice nucleation temperatures, surface hydrophobicity extent and molecular analyses were conducted in the lab.<br><br>KEY RESULTS: Free-living and lichenized forms of Prasiola were identified as two different species: P. crispa and Prasiola sp., respectively. While the lichenization appears to have no effect on the photochemical performance of the alga, or in its tolerance to desiccation (at short-term), the symbiotic lifestyle involves (1) changes in water relations, (2) a considerable decrease in the net carbon balance and (3) an enhanced freezing tolerance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our results support an improved tolerance to subzero temperature as main benefit of lichenization for the photobiont, but highlight that lichenization represents a delicate equilibrium between a mutualistic and a less reciprocal relationship. In a warmer climate scenario, the spread of the free-living Prasiola in detriment of the lichen form would be likely, with unknown consequences for the Maritime Antarctic ecosystems.},
}
@article {pmid31549018,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, J and Hossain, MS and Lyu, Z and Schmutz, J and Stacey, G and Xu, D and Joshi, T},
title = {SoyCSN: Soybean context-specific network analysis and prediction based on tissue-specific transcriptome data.},
journal = {Plant direct},
volume = {3},
number = {9},
pages = {e00167},
doi = {10.1002/pld3.167},
pmid = {31549018},
issn = {2475-4455},
abstract = {The Soybean Gene Atlas project provides a comprehensive map for understanding gene expression patterns in major soybean tissues from flower, root, leaf, nodule, seed, and shoot and stem. The RNA-Seq data generated in the project serve as a valuable resource for discovering tissue-specific transcriptome behavior of soybean genes in different tissues. We developed a computational pipeline for Soybean context-specific network (SoyCSN) inference with a suite of prediction tools to analyze, annotate, retrieve, and visualize soybean context-specific networks at both transcriptome and interactome levels. BicMix and Cross-Conditions Cluster Detection algorithms were applied to detect modules based on co-expression relationships across all the tissues. Soybean context-specific interactomes were predicted by combining soybean tissue gene expression and protein-protein interaction data. Functional analyses of these predicted networks provide insights into soybean tissue specificities. For example, under symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing conditions, the constructed soybean leaf network highlights the connection between the photosynthesis function and rhizobium-legume symbiosis. SoyCSN data and all its results are publicly available via an interactive web service within the Soybean Knowledge Base (SoyKB) at http://soykb.org/SoyCSN. SoyCSN provides a useful web-based access for exploring context specificities systematically in gene regulatory mechanisms and gene relationships for soybean researchers and molecular breeders.},
}
@article {pmid31529895,
year = {2019},
author = {Ning, CH and Li, WB and Zhang, C and Liu, RJ},
title = {[Growth-promotion and disease control effects on chili and eggplant by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant symbiotic actinomycetes].},
journal = {Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology},
volume = {30},
number = {9},
pages = {3195-3202},
doi = {10.13287/j.1001-9332.201909.037},
pmid = {31529895},
issn = {1001-9332},
mesh = {*Actinobacteria ; Actinomyces ; Capsicum/*microbiology ; Fungi ; *Mycorrhizae ; Plant Roots ; Solanum melongena/*microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or plant symbiotic actinomycetes (PSA) play an important role in stimulating plant growth, antagonizing pathogens, tolerating stress, and controlling plant disease. However, whether there is a synergistic effect between AMF and PSA in promoting plant growth and controlling disease is worth exploring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF and PSA on growth-promotion and controlling disease on Solanaceae vegetables and to obtain effective AMF+PSA combinations. Under greenhouse pot conditions, chili (Capsicum annu-um, cultivar: Yangjiaojiao) and eggplant (Solanum melongena, cultivar: Heiguanchangqie) were inoculated with or without AMF Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Glomus versiforme (Gv), PSA Streptomyces globosus H6-1, Streptomyces rochei S2-2, Streptomyces coralus D11-4 or/and pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea. There were a total of 48 treatments. The growth, disease and root symbiont development of plants were determined. The results showed that Fm and PSA could promote each other's colonization, while Gv and PSA inhibited each other. Compared with the control, AMF, PSA and AMF+PSA improved the photosynthetic performance, root activity, and growth of chili and eggplant. Under the condition of inoculation with pathogenic fungi, AMF and/or PSA treatment significantly increased growth and reduced the disease index of plants, with the effects of PSA being greater than that of AMF. Fm+H6-1 combination had the best effect on the growth-promotion and controlling disease of chili plants, with the controlling effect on gray mold reaching 69.1%. Fm+ D11-4 had the best effect on the growth promotion and controlling disease of eggplant, the controlling effect of which on gray mold reached 75.5%. Fm+H6-1 andFm+D11-4 were efficient combinations of chili and eggplant for promoting growth and controlling disease under the conditions of this experiment. Further tests in field are needed.},
}
@article {pmid30408219,
year = {2018},
author = {Martin, FM and Harrison, MJ and Lennon, S and Lindahl, B and Öpik, M and Polle, A and Requena, N and Selosse, MA},
title = {Cross-scale integration of mycorrhizal function.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {220},
number = {4},
pages = {941-946},
doi = {10.1111/nph.15493},
pmid = {30408219},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {ANR-11-LABX 0002 01//Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems/International ; IUT20-28//Estonian Research Council/International ; //European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange)/International ; //ERA-NET Cofund BiodivERsA3 (SoilMan)/International ; },
mesh = {Fungi/physiology ; Microbiota ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plants/microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
}
@article {pmid30130506,
year = {2018},
author = {Simpson, C},
title = {Evolution: Serving Up Light.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {28},
number = {16},
pages = {R873-R875},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.037},
pmid = {30130506},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Animals ; *Anthozoa ; *Dinoflagellida ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Dinoflagellate algae form symbiotic partnerships with hosts from across a wide swath of the tree of life. New work shows that the genus Symbiodinium should now be considered a family, and importantly that the group is 110 million years older than previously thought. This expanded time period resolves long-standing questions about the evolution of photosymbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid30022580,
year = {2018},
author = {Samo, TJ and Kimbrel, JA and Nilson, DJ and Pett-Ridge, J and Weber, PK and Mayali, X},
title = {Attachment between heterotrophic bacteria and microalgae influences symbiotic microscale interactions.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {20},
number = {12},
pages = {4385-4400},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14357},
pmid = {30022580},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {SCW1039//Department of Energy's Genome Sciences Program/International ; AC52-07NA27344//Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory/International ; //Texas A&amp;M University/International ; },
mesh = {Bacteria/*metabolism ; Biofuels ; Carbon/metabolism ; Diatoms/metabolism/microbiology ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Microalgae/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The surface and surroundings of microalgal cells (phycosphere) are critical interaction zones but have been difficult to functionally interrogate due to methodological limitations. We examined effects of phycosphere-associated bacteria for two biofuel-relevant microalgal species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis salina) using stable isotope tracing and high spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging (NanoSIMS) to quantify elemental exchanges at the single-cell level. Each algal species responded differently to bacterial attachment. In P. tricornutum, a high percentage of cells had attached bacteria (92%-98%, up to eight bacteria per alga) and fixed 64% more carbon with attached bacteria compared to axenic cells. In contrast, N. salina cells were less commonly associated with bacteria (42%-63%), harboured fewer bacteria per alga, and fixed 10% more carbon without attached bacteria compared to axenic cells. An uncultivated bacterium related to Haliscomenobacter sp. was identified as an effective mutualist; it increased carbon fixation when attached to P. tricornutum and incorporated 71% more algal-fixed carbon relative to other bacteria. Our results illustrate how phylogenetic identity and physical location of bacteria and algae facilitate diverse metabolic responses. Phycosphere-mediated, mutualistic chemical exchanges between autotrophs and heterotrophs may be a fruitful means to increase microalgal productivity for applied engineering efforts.},
}
@article {pmid29581469,
year = {2018},
author = {Hunt, VL and Hino, A and Yoshida, A and Kikuchi, T},
title = {Comparative transcriptomics gives insights into the evolution of parasitism in Strongyloides nematodes at the genus, subclade and species level.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {5192},
pmid = {29581469},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Helminth Proteins/classification/genetics ; Humans ; Larva/genetics/pathogenicity ; Life Cycle Stages/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Rats, Wistar ; Rodentia/parasitology ; Strongyloides/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Strongyloidiasis/*genetics/parasitology ; Symbiosis/genetics ; Transcriptome/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Strongyloides spp., gastrointestinal nematode parasites of humans and other animals, have genetically identical parasitic and free-living adult life cycle stages. This is an almost unique feature amongst nematodes and comparison of these two stages can provide insights into the genetic basis and evolution of Strongyloides nematode parasitism. Here, we present RNAseq data for S. venezuelensis, a parasite of rodents, and identify genes that are differentially expressed in parasitic and free-living life cycle stages. Comparison of these data with analogous RNAseq data for three other Strongyloides spp., has identified key protein-coding gene families with a putative role in parasitism including WAGO-like Argonautes (at the genus level) and speckle-type POZ-like coding genes (S. venezuelensis-S. papillosus phylogenetic subclade level). Diverse gene families are uniquely upregulated in the parasitic stage of all four Strongyloides species, including a distinct upregulation of genes encoding cytochrome P450 in S. venezuelensis, suggesting some diversification of the molecular tools used in the parasitic life cycle stage among individual species. Together, our results identify key gene families with a putative role in Strongyloides parasitism or features of the parasitic life cycle stage, and deepen our understanding of parasitism evolution among Strongyloides species.},
}
@article {pmid29499213,
year = {2018},
author = {Bi, J and Sehgal, A and Williams, JA and Wang, YF},
title = {Wolbachia affects sleep behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.},
journal = {Journal of insect physiology},
volume = {107},
number = {},
pages = {81-88},
doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.02.011},
pmid = {29499213},
issn = {1879-1611},
mesh = {Animals ; Arousal ; Circadian Rhythm ; Drosophila melanogaster/*microbiology/*physiology ; Female ; Insect Proteins ; Male ; *Sleep ; Symbiosis ; Up-Regulation ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria present in a wide range of insects. Although their dramatic effects on host reproductive biology have been well studied, the effects of Wolbachia on sleep behavior of insect hosts are not well documented. In this study, we report that Wolbachia infection caused an increase of total sleep time in both male and female Drosophila melanogaster. The increase in sleep was associated with an increase in the number of nighttime sleep bouts or episodes, but not in sleep bout duration. Correspondingly, Wolbachia infection also reduced the arousal threshold of their fly hosts. However, neither circadian rhythm nor sleep rebound following deprivation was influenced by Wolbachia infection. Transcriptional analysis of the dopamine biosynthesis pathway revealed that two essential genes, Pale and Ddc, were significantly upregulated in Wolbachia-infected flies. Together, these results indicate that Wolbachia mediates the expression of dopamine related genes, and decreases the sleep quality of their insect hosts. Our findings help better understand the host-endosymbiont interactions and in particular the Wolbachia's impact on behaviors, and thus on ecology and evolution in insect hosts.},
}
@article {pmid29355963,
year = {2018},
author = {Brundrett, MC and Tedersoo, L},
title = {Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {220},
number = {4},
pages = {1108-1115},
doi = {10.1111/nph.14976},
pmid = {29355963},
issn = {1469-8137},
mesh = {*Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Contents Summary 1108 I. Introduction 1108 II. Mycorrhizal plant diversity at global and local scales 1108 III. Mycorrhizal evolution in plants: a brief update 1111 IV. Conclusions and perspectives 1114 References 1114 SUMMARY: The majority of vascular plants are mycorrhizal: 72% are arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), 2.0% are ectomycorrhizal (EcM), 1.5% are ericoid mycorrhizal and 10% are orchid mycorrhizal. Just 8% are completely nonmycorrhizal (NM), whereas 7% have inconsistent NM-AM associations. Most NM and NM-AM plants are nutritional specialists (e.g. carnivores and parasites) or habitat specialists (e.g. hydrophytes and epiphytes). Mycorrhizal associations are consistent in most families, but there are exceptions with complex roots (e.g. both EcM and AM). We recognize three waves of mycorrhizal evolution, starting with AM in early land plants, continuing in the Cretaceous with multiple new NM or EcM linages, ericoid and orchid mycorrhizas. The third wave, which is recent and ongoing, has resulted in root complexity linked to rapid plant diversification in biodiversity hotspots.},
}
@article {pmid31544655,
year = {2019},
author = {Agtuca, B and Stopka, SA and Tuleski, TR and Amaral, FPD and Evans, S and Liu, Y and Xu, D and Adele Monteiro, R and Koppenaal, DW and Paša-Tolić, L and Anderton, CR and Vertes, A and Stacey, G},
title = {In situ metabolomic analysis of Setaria viridis roots colonized by beneficial endophytic bacteria.},
journal = {Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1094/MPMI-06-19-0174-R},
pmid = {31544655},
issn = {0894-0282},
abstract = {Over the past decades, crop yields have risen in parallel with increasing use of fossil-fuel derived nitrogen (N) fertilizers, but with concomitant negative impacts on climate and water resources. There is a need for more sustainable agricultural practices, and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) could be part of the solution. A variety of nitrogen-fixing, epiphytic and endophytic plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are known to stimulate plant growth. However, compared to the rhizobium-legume symbiosis, little mechanistic information is available as to how PGPB affect plant metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the metabolic changes in roots of the model grass species Setaria viridis upon endophytic colonization by Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1 (fix+) or a fix- mutant strain (SmR54), compared to uninoculated roots. Endophytic colonization of the root is highly localized and, hence, analysis of whole root segments dilutes the metabolic signature of those few cells impacted by the bacteria. Therefore, we utilized in situ laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) to sample only those root segments at or adjacent to the sites of bacterial colonization. Metabolites involved in purine, zeatin, and riboflavin pathways were significantly more abundant in inoculated plants while metabolites indicative of nitrogen, starch, and sucrose metabolism were reduced in roots inoculated with the fix- strain or uninoculated, presumably due to N limitation. Interestingly, compounds, involved in indole-alkaloid biosynthesis were more abundant in the roots colonized by the fix- strain, perhaps reflecting a plant defense response.},
}
@article {pmid31543639,
year = {2019},
author = {Vijayaraghavan, S and Rishipathak, P and Hinduja, A},
title = {High-Fidelity Simulation versus Case-Based Discussion for Teaching Bradyarrhythmia to Emergency Medical Services Students.},
journal = {Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {176-178},
doi = {10.4103/JETS.JETS_115_18},
pmid = {31543639},
issn = {0974-2700},
abstract = {Introduction: Bradyarrhythmias are a common clinical finding yet can be life-threatening in certain situations. Accordingly, diagnosis and prompt intervention remain the cornerstone of effective management of bradyarrhythmia. The study compares the two methods by assessing improvement in knowledge acquisition using pretest, posttest, and satisfaction survey with the teaching pedagogy.<br><br>Materials and Methods: A randomized control trial of simulation-based teaching compared with case-based discussion was conducted among Postgraduate Diploma in Emergency Medical Services students. The students anonymously filled out pretest, posttest, and a satisfaction questionnaire composed of six statements in three domains (quality of instruction, debriefing, and overall satisfaction). The statements were rated using a 10-point scale. Test results were compared using t-test for equality of means of independent samples.<br><br>Results and Discussion: All 40 students selected completed all the steps of the study. Knowledge improvement from pretest to posttest was observed in both teaching methods derived using paired sample t-test (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed while comparing improvement scores of posttest versus pretest between both the groups. Mean satisfaction score of simulation group was significantly higher at 8.40 compared to case-based group which was at 7.87. Satisfaction survey showed marked significance (P = 0.03) for simulation-based teaching.<br><br>Conclusion: As a single intervention, simulation-based teaching is superior to case-based discussion in terms of student satisfaction but remains similarly effective in terms of knowledge acquisition.},
}
@article {pmid31300924,
year = {2019},
author = {Fonseca-Romero, MA and Fornoni, J and Del-Val, E and Boege, K},
title = {Ontogenetic trajectories of direct and indirect defenses of myrmecophytic plants colonized either by mutualistic or opportunistic ant species.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {190},
number = {4},
pages = {857-865},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04469-y},
pmid = {31300924},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {IN211314//Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (UNAM)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Plant Development ; Plant Leaves ; Plants ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Myrmecophytic plants are expected to produce greater direct defenses when young and switch towards indirect defenses once they reach the size and vigor to produce enough rewards for their ant mutualists. The presence of opportunistic ant species, however, is likely to promote the variation in these ontogenetic trajectories. When plants do not obtain benefits from ants, they cannot rely on this indirect defense. Hence, the expression of direct defenses is expected to remain constant or even increase during the development of plants colonized by opportunistic ants, whereas a reduction in resource allocation to indirect defenses should be observed. To assess if myrmecophytic plants adjust their ontogenetic trajectories in defense as a function of the colonizing ant species, we estimated direct and indirect defenses at four ontogenetic stages of the myrmecophytic plant Vachellia hindsii colonized by either mutualistic or opportunistic ant partners. We report that cyanogenic potential decreased while leaf thickness and the production of sugar in extrafloral nectaries increased along plant development. The magnitude of these ontogenetic changes, however, varied as a function of the identity of the colonizing ants. As expected, when colonized by opportunistic ants, plants produced more direct defenses and reduced the production of rewards. We suggest that facultative changes in the expression of ontogenetic trajectories in direct and indirect defenses could be a mechanism to reduce the fitness costs associated with opportunistic interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31154510,
year = {2019},
author = {Hemrová, L and Kotilínek, M and Konečná, M and Paulič, R and Jersáková, J and Těšitelová, T and Knappová, J and Münzbergová, Z},
title = {Identification of drivers of landscape distribution of forest orchids using germination experiment and species distribution models.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {190},
number = {2},
pages = {411-423},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04427-8},
pmid = {31154510},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {31-16-05677S//Grantová Agentura České Republiky/ ; RVO 67985939//Akademie Věd České Republiky/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Germination ; *Mycorrhizae ; *Orchidaceae ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The family of orchids involves a number of critically endangered species. Understanding of drivers of their landscape distribution could provide a valuable insight into their decline. Our objectives were to develop models predicting distribution of selected orchid species-four co-occurring forest orchid species, Cephalanthera rubra, Epipactis atrorubens, E. helleborine, and Neottia nidus-avis-at a landscape scale using a wide range of habitat characteristics. Subsequently, we compared the model predictions with species occurrence and the results of the field germination experiment while considering two germination stages-asymbiotic (early stage) and symbiotic. And finally, we attempted to identify possible drivers of species' landscape distribution (i.e., dispersal, availability of habitat patches, or fungal associates). We have discovered that different habitat characteristics determined the distribution of different orchids. The species also differed in terms of availability of suitable habitat patches and patch occupancy (the highest being E. atrorubens with 80%). Landscape distribution of the species was primarily restricted by the availability of fungal associates (the most important factor for C. rubra) and by the availability of suitable habitat patches (the most important in case of N. nidus-avis). Despite expected easy dispersal of spores, orchid distribution seems to be limited by the availability of fungal associates in the landscape. In contrast, the availability of orchid seeds does not seem to limit their distribution. These results can provide useful guidelines for conservation of the studied species.},
}
@article {pmid31102015,
year = {2019},
author = {Rekret, P and Maherali, H},
title = {Local adaptation to mycorrhizal fungi in geographically close Lobelia siphilitica populations.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {190},
number = {1},
pages = {127-138},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04412-1},
pmid = {31102015},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {261300-2013//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
mesh = {Fungi ; *Lobelia ; *Mycorrhizae ; Phosphorus ; Plant Roots ; Soil ; Soil Microbiology ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Mutualism between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is common, and plant populations are expected to have adapted to the AM fungal communities occupying their roots. Tests of this hypothesis have frequently been done with plant populations that are tens to hundreds of kilometers apart. However, because AM fungal community composition differs at scales < 1 km, local adaptation of plant populations to AM fungi may occur at small spatial scales, but this prediction has not been tested. Furthermore, prior experiments do not often experimentally identify whether adaptation is related to specific mycorrhizal functions. To test for plant adaptation to AM fungal communities at small spatial scales, and whether adaptation is associated with the nutritional benefits that AM fungi provide to plants, we grew Lobelia siphilitica plants from two geographically close populations (1.4 km apart) in a greenhouse reciprocal transplant experiment with soil biota that either included (whole soil) or excluded AM fungi (microbial wash) at both low and high soil phosphorus availability. Though both plant populations responded positively to the presence of AM fungi in the whole soil biota treatment relative to the microbial wash treatment, the average growth response of plant populations to mycorrhizal fungi was highest when local populations were grown with local AM fungi. In addition, local adaptation was only observed in the presence of AM fungi at low phosphorus levels. Thus, local adaptation of plant populations to AM fungi is present at spatial scales that are much smaller than previously demonstrated and occurred primarily to enhance phosphorus acquisition.},
}
@article {pmid31062163,
year = {2019},
author = {Leong, FWS and Lam, WN and Tan, HTW},
title = {Digestive mutualism in a pitcher plant supports the monotonic rather than hump-shaped stress-gradient hypothesis model.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {190},
number = {3},
pages = {523-534},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04404-1},
pmid = {31062163},
issn = {1432-1939},
mesh = {Animals ; Larva ; Plant Leaves ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH) predicts that the strength and frequency of facilitative interactions increase monotonically with increasing environmental stress, but some empirical studies have found this decrease at extreme stress levels, suggesting a hump-shaped SGH instead. However, empirical studies of the SGH are often hindered by confounding resource and non-resource stress gradients. Nepenthes pitcher plants trap animal prey using modified-leaf pitfall traps which are also inhabited by organisms known as inquilines. Inquilines may assist pitchers in the digestion of trapped prey. This interaction is known as a digestive mutualism and is both mutualistic and facilitative by definition. Inquiline species may also facilitate each other via processing chain commensalisms. We used in vitro experiments to examine the isolated effect of resource stress on the outcomes of two facilitative interactions: (i) digestive mutualism-facilitation of pitcher nutrient sequestration by two inquiline dipteran larvae, culicids and phorids; (ii) processing chain commensalism-facilitation between these two inquiline taxa. The net nutritional benefit of phorids on N. gracilis was found to conform more to a monotonic rather than hump-shaped SGH model. However, the effect of culicids on N. gracilis and the effects of culicids and phorids on each other were weak. These findings provide compelling evidence that changes in facilitation along an isolated resource stress gradient conform to the predictions of the monotonic SGH model rather than that of the revised hump-shaped model, and highlight the importance of isolating stress gradients in empirical tests of the SGH.},
}
@article {pmid30953167,
year = {2019},
author = {Bontrager, M and Muir, CD and Angert, AL},
title = {Geographic variation in reproductive assurance of Clarkia pulchella.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {190},
number = {1},
pages = {59-67},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04390-4},
pmid = {30953167},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {Discovery Grant//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
mesh = {*Clarkia ; Flowers ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; Seeds ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Climate can affect plant populations through direct effects on physiology and fitness, and through indirect effects on their relationships with pollinating mutualists. We therefore expect that geographic variation in climate might lead to variation in plant mating systems. Biogeographic processes, such as range expansion, can also contribute to geographic patterns in mating system traits. We manipulated pollinator access to plants in eight sites spanning the geographic range of Clarkia pulchella to investigate geographic and climatic drivers of fruit production and seed set in the absence of pollinators (reproductive assurance). We examined how reproductive assurance and fruit production varied with the position of sites within the range of the species and with temperature and precipitation. We found that reproductive assurance in C. pulchella was greatest in populations in the northern part of the species' range and was not well explained by any of the climate variables that we considered. In the absence of pollinators, some populations of C. pulchella have the capacity to increase fruit production, perhaps through resource reallocation, but this response is climate dependent. Pollinators are important for reproduction in this species, and recruitment is sensitive to seed input. The degree of autonomous self-pollination that is possible in populations of this mixed-mating species may be shaped by historic biogeographic processes or variation in plant and pollinator community composition rather than variation in climate.},
}
@article {pmid30790444,
year = {2019},
author = {Xia, X and Zhang, J and Song, T and Lu, Y},
title = {Stimulation of Smithella-dominating propionate oxidation in a sediment enrichment by magnetite and carbon nanotubes.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology reports},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {236-248},
doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12737},
pmid = {30790444},
issn = {1758-2229},
mesh = {Archaea/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Butyrates/metabolism ; Deltaproteobacteria/genetics/isolation &amp; purification/*metabolism ; Ferrosoferric Oxide/*analysis/pharmacology ; Formates/pharmacology ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/*microbiology ; Hydrogen/pharmacology ; Methane/metabolism ; Nanotubes, Carbon/*analysis ; Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects ; Phylogeny ; Propionates/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Recent studies have shown that application of conductive materials including magnetite and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can promote the methanogenic decomposition of short-chain fatty acids and even more complex organic matter in anaerobic digesters and natural habitats. The linkage to microbial identity and the mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the effects of nanoscale magnetite (nanoFe3 O4) and multiwalled CNTs on the syntrophic oxidation of propionate in an enrichment obtained from lake sediment. The microbial populations were composed mainly of Smithella, Syntrophomonas, Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina and Methanoregula. In addition to acetate, butyrate was transiently accumulated indicating that propionate was oxidized by Smithella via the dismutation pathway and part of the leaked butyrate was oxidized by Syntrophomonas. Propionate oxidation and CH4 production were significantly accelerated in the presence of nanoFe3 O4 and CNTs. While propionate oxidation was suppressed upon H2 application and suspended completely upon formate application in the control, this suppressive effect was substantially compromised in the presence of nanoFe3 O4 and CNTs. The tests on hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis of a pure culture methanogen and of the enrichment culture without propionate showed negative effect by both materials. The positive effect of nanoFe3 O4 disappeared when it was insulated by surface-coating with silica. Observations made with fluorescence in situ hybridization and scanning electron microscope indicated the extensive formation of microbial cell-conductive material mixture aggregates. Our results suggest that direct interspecies electron transfer is likely activated by the conductive materials and operates in concert with H2 /formate-dependent electron transfer for syntrophic propionate oxidation in the sediment enrichment.},
}
@article {pmid30761773,
year = {2019},
author = {Sacristán-Soriano, O and Winkler, M and Erwin, P and Weisz, J and Harriott, O and Heussler, G and Bauer, E and West Marsden, B and Hill, A and Hill, M},
title = {Ontogeny of symbiont community structure in two carotenoid-rich, viviparous marine sponges: comparison of microbiomes and analysis of culturable pigmented heterotrophic bacteria.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology reports},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {249-261},
doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12739},
pmid = {30761773},
issn = {1758-2229},
support = {705464//Marie Curie/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/chemistry/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Carotenoids ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Heterotrophic Processes ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Porifera/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Marine sponges harbour diverse communities of microbes. Mechanisms used to establish microbial symbioses in sponges are poorly understood, and the relative contributions of horizontal and vertical transmission are unknown for most species. We examined microbial communities in adults and larvae of carotenoid-rich Clathria prolifera and Halichondria bowerbanki from the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States. We sequenced microbiomes from larvae and their mothers and seawater (16S rRNA gene sequencing), and compared microbial community characteristics between species and ambient seawater. The microbial communities in sponges were significantly different than those found in seawater, and each species harboured a distinctive microbiome. Larval microbiomes exhibited significantly lower richness compared with adults, with both sponges appearing to transfer to larvae a particular subset of the adult microbiome. We also surveyed culturable bacteria isolated from larvae of both species. Due to conspicuous coloration of adults and larvae, we focused on pigmented heterotrophic bacteria. We found that the densities of bacteria, in terms of colony-forming units and pigmented heterotrophic bacteria, were higher in larvae than in seawater. We identified a common mode of transmission (vertical and horizontal) of microbes in both sponges that might differ between species.},
}
@article {pmid30673856,
year = {2019},
author = {Schweiger, JM and Kemnade, C and Bidartondo, MI and Gebauer, G},
title = {Light limitation and partial mycoheterotrophy in rhizoctonia-associated orchids.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {189},
number = {2},
pages = {375-383},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04340-0},
pmid = {30673856},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {Ge 565/7-2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
mesh = {Carbon Isotopes ; *Mycorrhizae ; Nitrogen Isotopes ; *Orchidaceae ; Rhizoctonia ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Partially mycoheterotrophic (PMH) plants obtain organic molecules from their mycorrhizal fungi in addition to carbon (C) fixed by photosynthesis. Some PMH orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi have been shown to flexibly adjust the proportion of organic molecules obtained from fungi according to the habitat's light level. We hypothesise that Neottia ovata and Ophrys insectifera, two orchids associated with saprotrophic rhizoctonia fungi, are also able to increase uptake of organic molecules from fungi as irradiance levels decrease. We continuously measured light availability for individuals of N. ovata and O. insectifera at a grassland and a forest during orchid flowering and fruiting. We repeatedly sampled leaves of N. ovata, O. insectifera and autotrophic reference species for stable isotope natural abundances (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O) and C and N concentrations. We found significant 13C enrichment in both orchids relative to autotrophic references at the forest but not the grassland, and significant 2H enrichment at both sites. The 13C enrichment in O. insectifera was linearly correlated with the habitat's irradiance levels. We conclude that both species can be considered as PMH and at least in O. insectifera, the degree of partial mycoheterotrophy can be fine-tuned according to light availability. However, exploitation of mycorrhizal fungi appears less flexible in saprotroph-associated orchids than in orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi.},
}
@article {pmid30618212,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, H and Cai, Y and Li, X and Christie, P and Zhang, J and Gai, J},
title = {Temperature-mediated phylogenetic assemblage of fungal communities and local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology reports},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {215-226},
doi = {10.1111/1758-2229.12729},
pmid = {30618212},
issn = {1758-2229},
mesh = {*Adaptation, Physiological ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; DNA, Fungal/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Ecosystem ; *Mycobiome ; Mycorrhizae/classification/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Development ; Plant Roots/microbiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Temperature ; },
abstract = {Recent work demonstrates that habitat conditions exert striking effects on symbiont performance by mediating trade-offs in plants, AM fungi and environmental interactions. However, how local temperature conditions influence the functional diversity of mycorrhizal symbioses and the genetics of coexisting AM fungi at the local scale remain unclear. In the present study, we conducted a reciprocal inoculation experiment to explore the performance of sympatric associations against allopatric associations under contrasting temperatures and the AM fungal community in colonized roots. No local adaptation of plant biomass was found under both temperature conditions investigated, but a consistent local versus foreign effect was found in AM fungal performance. The temperature and the origin of the inoculum relative to the plant origin were important in explaining symbiotic function. Correspondingly, the community structure and Nearest Relatedness Index of the AM fungal community of the root symbiont varied with inoculum source, and assemblages with more closely related taxa led to a decline in plant biomass and stronger disequilibrium among AM fungi in roots. Our findings suggest that functional divergence exists in naturally coexisting communities of AM fungi from contrasting climatic origins, and fungal relatedness is an important driver of plant growth.},
}
@article {pmid30357527,
year = {2018},
author = {Parmentier, T and De Laender, F and Wenseleers, T and Bonte, D},
title = {Contrasting indirect effects of an ant host on prey-predator interactions of symbiotic arthropods.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {188},
number = {4},
pages = {1145-1153},
pmid = {30357527},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {BOF17/PDO/084//Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds/ ; 253 PDM/16/099//KU Leuven/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; *Arthropods ; Predatory Behavior ; *Spiders ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Indirect interactions occur when a species affects another species by altering the density (density-mediated interactions) or influencing traits (trait-mediated interactions) of a third species. We studied variation in these two types of indirect interactions in a network of red wood ants and symbiotic arthropods living in their nests. We tested whether the ant workers indirectly affected survival of a symbiotic prey species (Cyphoderus albinus) by changing the density and/or traits of three symbiotic predators, i.e., Mastigusa arietina, Thyreosthenius biovatus and Stenus aterrimus, provoking, respectively, low, medium and high ant aggression. An ant nest is highly heterogeneous in ant worker density and the number of aggressive interactions towards symbionts increases with worker density. We, therefore, hypothesized that varying ant density could indirectly impact prey-predator interactions of the associated symbiont community. Ants caused trait-mediated indirect effects in all three prey-predator interactions, by affecting the prey capture rate of the symbiotic predators at different worker densities. Prey capture rate of the highly and moderately aggressed spider predators M. arietina and T. biovatus decreased with ant density, whereas the prey capture rate of the weakly aggressed beetle predator S. aterrimus increased. Ants also induced density-mediated indirect interactions as high worker densities decreased the survival rate of the two predatory spider species. These results demonstrate for the first time that a host can indirectly mediate the trophic interactions between associated symbionts. In addition, we show that a single host can induce opposing indirect effects depending on its degree of aggression towards the symbionts.},
}
@article {pmid30206689,
year = {2018},
author = {Leong, FWS and Lam, WN and Tan, HTW},
title = {A dipteran larva-pitcher plant digestive mutualism is dependent on prey resource digestibility.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {188},
number = {3},
pages = {813-820},
pmid = {30206689},
issn = {1432-1939},
mesh = {Animals ; Larva ; *Plant Leaves ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Positive species interactions tend to be context dependent. However, it is difficult to predict how benefit in a mutualism changes in response to changing contexts. Nepenthes pitcher plants trap animal prey using leaf pitfall traps known as pitchers. Many specialized inquiline organisms inhibit these pitchers, and are known to facilitate the digestion of prey carcasses in them. Nepenthes gracilis traps diverse arthropod prey taxa, which are likely to differ greatly in the ease with which they may be digested, independently of inquilines, by plant enzymes. In this study, we used in vitro experiments to compare the nutritional benefit provided by phorid (scuttle fly) and culicid (mosquito) dipteran larvae to their host, N. gracilis, and to each other. The effects of phorids on N. gracilis nutrient sequestration were very variable, being positive for large prey which have low digestibility, but negative for small prey which are highly digestible. However, the effect of culicids on N. gracilis and the effects of culicids and phorids on each other were not significantly altered by prey type. These results show that a digestive mutualism is highly dependent on the digestibility of the resource-a context dependency that conforms well to the predictions of the stress-gradient hypothesis in facilitation research. Our findings have significant implications for many other digestive mutualisms, and also suggest that greater insights may be gained from the synthesis of concepts between the fields of mutualism and facilitation research.},
}
@article {pmid30105580,
year = {2018},
author = {Lim, RJY and Lam, WN and Tan, HTW},
title = {Novel pitcher plant-spider mutualism is dependent upon environmental resource abundance.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {188},
number = {3},
pages = {791-800},
pmid = {30105580},
issn = {1432-1939},
mesh = {Animals ; *Diptera ; Nitrogen ; *Spiders ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Positive species interactions are ubiquitous and crucial components of communities, but they are still not well incorporated into established ecological theories. The definitions of facilitation and mutualism overlap, and both are often context dependent. Many interactions that are facilitative under stressful conditions become competitive under more benign ones. This is known as the stress-gradient hypothesis, which is a specific case of context dependency. Stress can be further divided into resource and non-resource categories, but a better mechanistic understanding is necessary to improve the theory's predictions. We examined if two pitcher-dwelling crab spiders (Thomisidae), Thomisus nepenthiphilus and Misumenops nepenthicola, can facilitate nitrogen sequestration in their pitcher plant host, Nepenthes gracilis, by ambushing pitcher-visiting flies and dropping their carcasses into pitchers after consumption. This relationship is, by definition, both mutualistic and facilitative. Laboratory experiments found that both crab spiders increased prey-capture rates of N. gracilis. Nutrient analyses showed that both crab spiders also decreased per unit nitrogen yield of prey. Using experiment duration as a proxy of prey-resource availability, we constructed a mechanistic conceptual model of nutritional benefit. The nutritional benefit received by N. gracilis from T. nepenthiphilus decreases with increasing levels of the limiting resource in the environment (i.e., decreasing levels of resource stress). Our findings suggest that any nutritional mutualism that increases the quantity of resource capture (e.g. number of prey individuals) but decreases the quality of the captured resource (e.g. nitrogen content of individual prey) will necessarily conform to the resource-based predictions of the stress gradient hypothesis.},
}
@article {pmid29943143,
year = {2018},
author = {terHorst, CP and Wirth, C and Lau, JA},
title = {Genetic variation in mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in an invasive legume.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {188},
number = {1},
pages = {159-171},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-4211-6},
pmid = {29943143},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {1312490//Division of Mathematical Sciences/ ; 1559105//Division of Ocean Sciences/ ; 0918963//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; 1257756//Division of Environmental Biology/ ; },
mesh = {*Fabaceae ; Genetic Variation ; Plant Development ; *Rhizobium ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Mutualists may play an important role in invasion success. The ability to take advantage of novel mutualists or survive and reproduce despite a lack of mutualists may facilitate invasion by those individuals with such traits. Here, we used two greenhouse studies to examine how soil microbial communities in general and mutualistic rhizobia in particular affect the performance of a legume species (Medicago polymorpha) that has invaded five continents. We performed two plant growth experiments with Medicago polymorpha, inoculating them with soil slurries in one experiment or rhizobial cultures in another experiment. For both experiments, we compared the growth of Medicago in competition with conspecific or heterospecific plants and examined variation among plant genotypes collected from the native and introduced ranges. We found that all genotypes experienced similar increases in biomass and formed more nodules that house rhizobia bacteria when inoculated with soil from a previously invaded site, compared to uninoculated plants or plants inoculated with soil from uninvaded and low invasion sites. In a second experiment, plants inoculated with rhizobia generally produced more biomass, had greater tolerance to interspecific competition, and had greater effects on competitor biomass than uninoculated plants. However, plant genotypes collected from the native range benefited more from rhizobia and were less tolerant of competition relative to genotypes collected from the introduced range. In the introduced range, compatible mutualists may not be readily available but competition is intense, causing Medicago to evolve to benefit less from interactions with rhizobia mutualists, while simultaneously becoming more tolerant of competition.},
}
@article {pmid29869019,
year = {2018},
author = {Kersch-Becker, MF and Grisolia, BB and Campos, MJO and Romero, GQ},
title = {The role of spider hunting mode on the strength of spider-plant mutualisms.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {188},
number = {1},
pages = {213-222},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-018-4170-y},
pmid = {29869019},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {313955/2014-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 400892/2014-6//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 2016/01209-9//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Ecosystem ; Plants ; Predatory Behavior ; *Spiders ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The strength and outcome of mutualistic interactions can be highly dependent on the combination of traits of the species involved. Distinct foraging strategies (e.g., hunting mode) of mutualistic predators may cause predator-prey interactions to vary, potentially affecting the strength of trophic cascades. We evaluate the causes of variation in the strength of spider-plant mutualisms by focusing on contrasting hunting modes of two spiders: an actively hunting lynx spider (Peucetia sp.) and a sit-and-wait crab spider (Misumenops argenteus). We manipulated spider species composition by assigning each plant to one of the following treatments: (1) no spiders; (2) sit-and-wait spiders only; (3) actively hunting spiders only; (4) actively hunting + sit-and-wait spiders. We then examined the independent and interactive effects of spider species on floral herbivory and fitness of the glandular trichome-bearing plant, Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae). Both spider species increased plant fitness by suppressing herbivores and increasing ovary fertilization, but the overall net benefit of spiders was contingent on spider hunting mode. Sit-and-wait spiders promoted stronger positive cascading effects compared to actively hunting spiders. The combination of spider species suppressed herbivores in an additive manner; their combined impact on plant fitness, however, was lower than expected, suggesting that the inter-specific interaction between spiders is slightly antagonistic. Thus, both spider species combined weakened the strength of this spider-plant mutualism. Our findings offer a general framework for understanding the critical role of predator foraging mode in trophic cascades.},
}
@article {pmid29521443,
year = {2018},
author = {Ankrah, NYD and Douglas, AE},
title = {Nutrient factories: metabolic function of beneficial microorganisms associated with insects.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
pages = {2002-2011},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14097},
pmid = {29521443},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {IOS-1354743//National Science Foundation/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Insecta/*microbiology ; Nutrients/*metabolism ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Many symbiotic microorganisms in animals, including insects, have parallels to microbial nutrient factories of biotechnology: just as the metabolism of individual microorganisms and microbial communities is modified by biotechnologists to produce specific nutrients, so the many insect-associated microorganisms synthesize specific nutrients that support the sustained growth and reproduction of their animal host. Three broad metabolic functions are mediated by insect-associated microorganisms: (i) fermentation of dietary constituents, releasing products that contribute to host carbon and energy metabolism; (ii) overproduction of nutrients, notably essential amino acids, required by the host and (iii) recycling of host waste metabolites. In many systems, the nutrients that are released from living microbial cells have been identified, with evidence for metabolite cross-feeding and shared metabolic pathways both among different microbial taxa and between microorganisms and the host. However, the flux of nutrients from microbial cells to host has rarely been quantified; our understanding of the processes that regulate nutrient transfer is fragmentary; and the scale and mechanism of metabolic adaptations of microorganisms to host nutritional demand are largely unknown. Recent advances in metabolic, microscopical and modelling techniques offer excellent opportunities to resolve these outstanding issues, with insights that can contribute to the effective design of nutrient factories for biotechnological applications.},
}
@article {pmid29488306,
year = {2018},
author = {López-Lara, IM and Nogales, J and Pech-Canul, Á and Calatrava-Morales, N and Bernabéu-Roda, LM and Durán, P and Cuéllar, V and Olivares, J and Alvarez, L and Palenzuela-Bretones, D and Romero, M and Heeb, S and Cámara, M and Geiger, O and Soto, MJ},
title = {2-Tridecanone impacts surface-associated bacterial behaviours and hinders plant-bacteria interactions.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
pages = {2049-2065},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14083},
pmid = {29488306},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {BIO2010-18005//Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness/International ; BIO2013-42801-P//Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness/International ; CVI-03541//Consejería de Economía, Innovación Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía/International ; //ERDF funds/International ; 153998//CONACyT-Mexico/International ; MR/N501852/1//JPI-AMR-Medical Research Council/International ; //Spanish Ministry for Education and Science/International ; MR/N501852/1//Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biofilms/drug effects ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Ketones/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Medicago sativa/*microbiology ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Sinorhizobium meliloti/*drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Surface motility and biofilm formation are behaviours which enable bacteria to infect their hosts and are controlled by different chemical signals. In the plant symbiotic alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, the lack of long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity (FadD) leads to increased surface motility, defects in biofilm development and impaired root colonization. In this study, analyses of lipid extracts and volatiles revealed that a fadD mutant accumulates 2-tridecanone (2-TDC), a methylketone (MK) known as a natural insecticide. Application of pure 2-TDC to the wild-type strain phenocopies the free-living and symbiotic behaviours of the fadD mutant. Structural features of the MK determine its ability to promote S. meliloti surface translocation, which is mainly mediated by a flagella-independent motility. Transcriptomic analyses showed that 2-TDC induces differential expression of iron uptake, redox and stress-related genes. Interestingly, this MK also influences surface motility and impairs biofilm formation in plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, 2-TDC not only hampers alfalfa nodulation but also the development of tomato bacterial speck disease. This work assigns a new role to 2-TDC as an infochemical that affects important bacterial traits and hampers plant-bacteria interactions by interfering with microbial colonization of plant tissues.},
}
@article {pmid29305657,
year = {2018},
author = {Clark, RE and Singer, MS},
title = {Keystone mutualism strengthens top-down effects by recruiting large-bodied ants.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {186},
number = {3},
pages = {601-610},
pmid = {29305657},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {1404177//Division of Environmental Biology/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Connecticut ; Food Chain ; Herbivory ; Predatory Behavior ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Determining the impacts of mutualistic interactions and predator diversity on food webs are two important goals in community ecology. In this study, we examined how predator community variation mediates the strength of top-down effects in the presence and absence of mutualistic interactions. We examined the impacts of predatory ant species that simultaneously prey on leaf-chewing herbivores (Lepidoptera) and engage in food-for-protection mutualisms with sap-feeding herbivores (Hemiptera) in the lower canopy of Connecticut forests. In this 2-year study, we examined three hypothetical mechanisms by which mutualisms can alter the top-down effects of ants: (1) sap feeders increase ant abundance, thus strengthening predatory effects; (2) sap feeders increase the relative abundance of a species that has stronger predatory effects; and (3) changes to predator diversity (species richness) are caused by sap feeders mediating top-down effects of the ant community. Experiments revealed that host plants occupied by sap feeders favored large-bodied ant species in the genus Camponotus, but there were no changes to community-wide ant abundance or ant species richness. Fitting predictions of predation strength based on the functional trait of body size, large-bodied Camponotus suppressed caterpillars and reduced leaf herbivory. This work shows that the ant-hemipteran mutualism, which has been characterized as a keystone interaction, can generate strong top-down effects on leaf-chewing herbivores and herbivory via increasing the relative abundance of species with functional traits relevant to predation, such as body size. Therefore, the emergence of specific ants as keystone predators in a community can be contingent upon their mutualism with sap-feeding Hemiptera.},
}
@article {pmid29247290,
year = {2018},
author = {Ibarra-Isassi, J and Oliveira, PS},
title = {Indirect effects of mutualism: ant-treehopper associations deter pollinators and reduce reproduction in a tropical shrub.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {186},
number = {3},
pages = {691-701},
pmid = {29247290},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {306115/2013-1//Brazilian Research Council (CNPq)/International ; 2014/23141-1//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/International ; 2014/12486-8//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Ants ; Bees ; Brazil ; Flowers ; *Hemiptera ; Pollination ; Reproduction ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Animal-pollinated plants can be susceptible to changes in pollinator availability. Honeydew-producing treehoppers frequently occur on inflorescences, potentially enhancing ant-mediated negative effects on pollination services. However, the effect of ant-attended, honeydew-producing insects on plant reproduction remains uncertain. We recorded the abundance of treehoppers and ants on Byrsonima intermedia (Malpighiaceae), and monitored floral visitors in a Brazilian cerrado savanna. We manipulated the presence of ants and ant-treehopper associations on inflorescences to assess their effect on pollination and fruit formation. We used dried ants pinned to inflorescences to evaluate the effect of ant presence and ant identity on potential pollinators. Results show that the presence of treehoppers increases ant abundance on flowers and disrupts pollination by oil-collecting bees, decreasing the frequency and duration of floral visits and reducing fruit and seed set. Treehopper herbivory has no direct effect on fruit or seed production, which are independent of treehopper density. Pinned ants promote avoidance by floral visitors, reducing the number of visits. Ant identity mediates visitation decisions, with Ectatomma brunneum causing greater avoidance by floral visitors than Camponotus rufipes. Field videos show that pollinating bees are harassed by ants near flowers, prompting avoidance behavior by the bees. This is the first demonstration of indirect effects by honeydew-gathering ants, via disrupted pollination, on plant reproduction in tropical cerrado savanna. Our results highlight the importance of studying other interactions near flowers, in addition to just observing pollinators, for a proper understanding of plant reproduction.},
}
@article {pmid31542229,
year = {2019},
author = {Al-Khafaji, AM and Armstrong, SD and Varotto Boccazzi, I and Gaiarsa, S and Sinha, A and Li, Z and Sassera, D and Carlow, CKS and Epis, S and Makepeace, BL},
title = {Rickettsia buchneri, symbiont of the deer tick Ixodes scapularis, can colonise the salivary glands of its host.},
journal = {Ticks and tick-borne diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101299},
doi = {10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101299},
pmid = {31542229},
issn = {1877-9603},
abstract = {Vertically-transmitted bacterial symbionts are widespread in ticks and have manifold impacts on the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases. For instance, they may provide essential nutrients to ticks, affect vector competence, induce immune responses in vertebrate hosts, or even evolve to become vertebrate pathogens. The deer or blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis harbours the symbiont Rickettsia buchneri in its ovarian tissues. Here we show by molecular, proteomic and imaging methods that R. buchneri is also capable of colonising the salivary glands of wild I. scapularis. This finding has important implications for the diagnosis of rickettsial infections and for pathogen-symbiont interactions in this notorious vector of Lyme borreliosis.},
}
@article {pmid31541734,
year = {2019},
author = {Kolbert, Z and Barroso, JB and Brouquisse, R and Corpas, FJ and Gupta, KJ and Lindermayr, C and Loake, GJ and Palma, JM and Petřivalský, M and Wendehenne, D and Hancock, JT},
title = {A forty year journey: The generation and roles of NO in plants.},
journal = {Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.niox.2019.09.006},
pmid = {31541734},
issn = {1089-8611},
abstract = {In this year there is the 40th anniversary of the first publication of plant nitric oxide (NO) emission by Lowell Klepper. In the decades since then numerous milestone discoveries have revealed that NO is a multifunctional molecule in plant cells regulating both plant development and stress responses. Apropos of the anniversary, these authors aim to review and discuss the developments of past concepts in plant NO research related to NO metabolism, NO signaling, NO's action in plant growth and in stress responses and NO's interactions with other reactive compounds. Despite the long-lasting research efforts and the accumulating experimental evidences numerous questions are still needed to be answered, thus future challenges and research directions have also been drawn up.},
}
@article {pmid31541152,
year = {2019},
author = {Cheng, CY and Chang, SL and Lin, IT and Yao, MC},
title = {Abundant and diverse Tetrahymena species living in the bladder traps of aquatic carnivorous Utricularia plants.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {13669},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50123-1},
pmid = {31541152},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Ciliates are unicellular eukaryotes known for their cellular complexity and wide range of natural habitats. How they adapt to their niches and what roles they play in ecology remain largely unknown. The genus Tetrahymena is among the best-studied groups of ciliates and one particular species, Tetrahymena thermophila, is a well-known laboratory model organism in cell and molecular biology, making it an excellent candidate for study in protist ecology. Here, based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene barcoding, we identify a total of 19 different putative Tetrahymena species and two closely related Glaucoma lineages isolated from distinct natural habitats, of which 13 are new species. These latter include 11 Tetrahymena species found in the bladder traps of Utricularia plants, the most species-rich and widely distributed aquatic carnivorous plant, thus revealing a previously unknown but significant symbiosis of Tetrahymena species living among the microbial community of Utricularia bladder traps. Additional species were collected using an artificial trap method we have developed. We show that diverse Tetrahymena species may live even within the same habitat and that their populations are highly dynamic, suggesting that the diversity and biomass of species worldwide is far greater than currently appreciated.},
}
@article {pmid31537840,
year = {2019},
author = {Catanzaro, JR and Strauss, JD and Bielecka, A and Porto, AF and Lobo, FM and Urban, A and Schofield, WB and Palm, NW},
title = {IgA-deficient humans exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis despite secretion of compensatory IgM.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {13574},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-49923-2},
pmid = {31537840},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Immunoglobulin A is the dominant antibody isotype found in mucosal secretions and enforces host-microbiota symbiosis in mice, yet selective IgA-deficiency (sIgAd) in humans is often described as asymptomatic. Here, we determined the effects of IgA deficiency on human gut microbiota composition and evaluated the possibility that mucosal secretion of IgM can compensate for a lack of secretory IgA. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bacterial cell sorting to evaluate gut microbiota composition and taxa-specific antibody coating of the gut microbiota in 15 sIgAd subjects and matched controls. Despite the secretion of compensatory IgM into the gut lumen, sIgAd subjects displayed an altered gut microbiota composition as compared to healthy controls. These alterations were characterized by a trend towards decreased overall microbial diversity as well as significant shifts in the relative abundances of specific microbial taxa. While secretory IgA in healthy controls targeted a defined subset of the microbiota via high-level coating, compensatory IgM in sIgAd subjects showed less specificity than IgA and bound a broader subset of the microbiota. We conclude that IgA plays a critical and non-redundant role in controlling gut microbiota composition in humans and that secretory IgA has evolved to maintain a diverse and stable gut microbial community.},
}
@article {pmid31537652,
year = {2019},
author = {Whittaker, DJ and Slowinski, SP and Greenberg, JM and Alian, O and Winters, AD and Ahmad, MM and Burrell, MJE and Soini, HA and Novotny, MV and Ketterson, ED and Theis, KR},
title = {Experimental evidence that symbiotic bacteria produce chemical cues in a songbird.},
journal = {The Journal of experimental biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/jeb.202978},
pmid = {31537652},
issn = {1477-9145},
abstract = {Symbiotic microbes that inhabit animal scent glands can produce volatile compounds used as chemical signals by the host animal. Though several studies have demonstrated correlations between scent gland bacterial community structure and host animal odour profiles, none have systematically demonstrated a causal relationship. In birds, volatile compounds in preen oil secreted by the uropygial gland serve as chemical cues and signals. Here we test whether manipulating the uropygial gland microbial community affects chemical profiles in the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We found an effect of antibiotic treatment targeting the uropygial gland on both bacterial and volatile profiles. In a second study, we cultured bacteria from junco preen oil, and found that all the cultivars produced at least one volatile compound common in junco preen oil, and that most cultivars produced multiple preen oil volatiles. In both studies, we identified experimentally generated patterns in specific volatile compounds previously shown to predict junco reproductive success. Together, our data provide experimental support for the hypothesis that symbiotic bacteria produce behaviourally relevant volatile compounds within avian chemical cues and signals.},
}
@article {pmid31534844,
year = {2019},
author = {May, A and Narayanan, S and Alcock, J and Varsani, A and Maley, C and Aktipis, A},
title = {Kombucha: a novel model system for cooperation and conflict in a complex multi-species microbial ecosystem.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7565},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7565},
pmid = {31534844},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Kombucha, a fermented tea beverage with an acidic and effervescent taste, is composed of a multispecies microbial ecosystem with complex interactions that are characterized by both cooperation and conflict. In kombucha, a complex community of bacteria and yeast initiates the fermentation of a starter tea (usually black or green tea with sugar), producing a biofilm that covers the liquid over several weeks. This happens through several fermentative phases that are characterized by cooperation and competition among the microbes within the kombucha solution. Yeast produce invertase as a public good that enables both yeast and bacteria to metabolize sugars. Bacteria produce a surface biofilm which may act as a public good providing protection from invaders, storage for resources, and greater access to oxygen for microbes embedded within it. The ethanol and acid produced during the fermentative process (by yeast and bacteria, respectively) may also help to protect the system from invasion by microbial competitors from the environment. Thus, kombucha can serve as a model system for addressing important questions about the evolution of cooperation and conflict in diverse multispecies systems. Further, it has the potential to be artificially selected to specialize it for particular human uses, including the development of antimicrobial ecosystems and novel materials. Finally, kombucha is easily-propagated, non-toxic, and inexpensive, making it an excellent system for scientific inquiry and citizen science.},
}
@article {pmid31534701,
year = {2019},
author = {Garcia, JR and Larsen, TJ and Queller, DC and Strassmann, JE},
title = {Fitness costs and benefits vary for two facultative Burkholderia symbionts of the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {17},
pages = {9878-9890},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5529},
pmid = {31534701},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Hosts and their associated microbes can enter into different relationships, which can range from mutualism, where both partners benefit, to exploitation, where one partner benefits at the expense of the other. Many host-microbe relationships have been presumed to be mutualistic, but frequently only benefits to the host, and not the microbial symbiont, have been considered. Here, we address this issue by looking at the effect of host association on the fitness of two facultative members of the Dictyostelium discoideum microbiome (Burkholderia agricolaris and Burkholderia hayleyella). Using two indicators of bacterial fitness, growth rate and abundance, we determined the effect of D. discoideum on Burkholderia fitness. In liquid culture, we found that D. discoideum amoebas lowered the growth rate of both Burkholderia species. In soil microcosms, we tracked the abundance of Burkholderia grown with and without D. discoideum over a month and found that B. hayleyella had larger populations when associating with D. discoideum while B. agricolaris was not significantly affected. Overall, we find that both B. agricolaris and B. hayleyella pay a cost to associate with D. discoideum, but B. hayleyella can also benefit under some conditions. Understanding how fitness varies in facultative symbionts will help us understand the persistence of host-symbiont relationships.<br><br>OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/data/15/.},
}
@article {pmid31534383,
year = {2019},
author = {Hosie, AM and Fromont, J and Munyard, K and Jones, DS},
title = {Description of a new species of Membranobalanus (Crustacea, Cirripedia) from southern Australia.},
journal = {ZooKeys},
volume = {873},
number = {},
pages = {25-42},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.873.35421},
pmid = {31534383},
issn = {1313-2989},
abstract = {A new species of sponge-inhabiting barnacle, Membranobalanus porphyrophilussp. nov., is described herein. This species can be distinguished from all other congeners by a combination of characters, in particular by the shapes of the tergum and scutum and the armament of the cirri. COI sequence data from the type specimens have been lodged with GenBank and a morphological key to the species of Membranobalanus is provided to aid future research. The host of the new species is the southern Australian endemic demosponge Spheciospongia purpurea. The new species of barnacle is thought to be host species specific.},
}
@article {pmid31529916,
year = {2016},
author = {Titov, VN and Parchimovitch, RM},
title = {[The phylogenetic theory of general pathology. The becoming of function of at mitochondria at symbiosis of bacterial cells and archaea. Inconsistency of Randle cycle, regulation metabolism of fatty acids and glucose by insulin.].},
journal = {Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika},
volume = {61},
number = {7},
pages = {388-396},
doi = {10.18821/0860-2084-2016-61-7-388-396},
pmid = {31529916},
issn = {0869-2084},
abstract = {The implementation of Randle rule is not a cycle; fatty acids C4 - ketone bodies at interrelationships with glucose metabolite - pyruvate regulate production of mitochondria of acetyl-KoA by induction of substrate and its conversion in Krebs cycle, reactions of respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation and formation of ATP. In phylogenesis, the early substrate for formation of ATP by mitochondria is acetyl-KoA from C4 fatty acids 4; this is alternative A of induction by substrate adopted from archaea. The alternative B of induction in bacteria is based on synthesis of acetyl-KoA by mitohondria from pyruvate developed in cytosol from exogenous glucose. The insulin is late activator of absorption by glucose cells in phylogenesis; using induction by substrate, insulin inhibits absorption of fatty acids by cells and specifically activates absorption of glucose by them. The insulin activates absorption of glucose only by insulin-dependent cells by force of decreasing of &quot;bioavailability&quot; of fatty acids. These cells are preferred to be metabolize by mitochondria from times of archaea. The insulin, blocking lipolysis in insulin-dependent adipocytes &quot;forces&quot; mitochondria, instead of formation of acetyl-KoA from fatty acids, to produce it from pyruvate at activation of glycolysis and pyruvate-dehydrogenased complex. Under effect of insulin, mitochondria form acetyl-KoA and synthesize ATP from oleic mono-saturated fatty acids but not from palmitic saturated fatty acids. The kinetic parameters of second reaction and formation of ATP per unit of time (effectiveness) are much higher than in first reaction. The effectiveness of i9mplementation of alternative A in synthesis of ATP, kinetic parameters of production of acetyl-KoA in mitochondria in alternative A are more effective than in case of alternative B and metabolic conversion of glucose. The syndrome of resistance to insulin is, at the first place, pathology of metabolism of fatty acids and only in the second place metabolism of glucose. The incapacity of insulin to block lipolysis in the phylogenetically earlier visceral fatty cells is the basis of resistance.},
}
@article {pmid30830394,
year = {2018},
author = {Farag, MA and Maamoun, AA and Meyer, A and Wessjohann, LA},
title = {Salicylic acid and its derivatives elicit the production of diterpenes and sterols in corals and their algal symbionts: a metabolomics approach to elicitor SAR.},
journal = {Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {127},
doi = {10.1007/s11306-018-1416-y},
pmid = {30830394},
issn = {1573-3890},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/chemistry/*metabolism ; Diterpenes/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Metabolomics ; Multivariate Analysis ; Salicylic Acid/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Sterols/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The production of marine drugs in its normal habitats is often low and depends greatly on ecological conditions. Chemical synthesis of marine drugs is not economically feasible owing to their complex structures. Biotechnology application via elicitation represents a promising tool to enhance metabolites yield that has yet to be explored in soft corals.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: Study the elicitation impact of salicylic acid (SA) and six analogues in addition to a systemic acquired resistance inducer on secondary metabolites accumulation in the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi along with the symbiont zooxanthellae and if SA elicitation effect is extended to other coral species S. glaucum and Lobophyton pauciliforum.<br><br>METHODS: Post elicitation in the three corals and zooxanthella, metabolites were extracted and analyzed via UHPLC-MS coupled with chemometric tools.<br><br>RESULTS: Multivariate data analysis of the UHPLC-MS data set revealed clear segregation of SA, amino-SA, and acetyl-SA elicited samples. An increased level ca. 6- and 8-fold of the diterpenes viz., sarcophytonolide I, sarcophine and a C28-sterol, was observed in SA and amino-SA groups, respectively. Post elicitation, the level of diepoxy-cembratriene increased 1.5-fold and 2.4-fold in 1 mM SA, and acetyl-SA (aspirin) treatment groups, respectively. S. glaucum and Lobophyton pauciliforum showed a 2-fold increase of diepoxy-cembratriene levels.<br><br>CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SA could function as a general and somewhat selective diterpene inducing signaling molecule in soft corals. Structural consideration reveals initial structure-activity relationship (SAR) in SA derivatives that seem important for efficient diterpene and sterol elicitation.},
}
@article {pmid30150232,
year = {2018},
author = {Tsao, YF and Taylor, VL and Kala, S and Bondy-Denomy, J and Khan, AN and Bona, D and Cattoir, V and Lory, S and Davidson, AR and Maxwell, KL},
title = {Phage Morons Play an Important Role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phenotypes.},
journal = {Journal of bacteriology},
volume = {200},
number = {22},
pages = {},
pmid = {30150232},
issn = {1098-5530},
support = {MOP-136845//CIHR/Canada ; XNE-86943//CIHR/Canada ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/microbiology ; *Genes, Viral ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Lysogeny ; *Phenotype ; Prophages/*genetics ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Pseudomonas Phages/*genetics/physiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/pathogenicity/*virology ; Symbiosis ; Virulence ; Virulence Factors/*genetics ; },
abstract = {The viruses that infect bacteria, known as phages, play a critical role in controlling bacterial populations in many diverse environments, including the human body. This control stems not only from phages killing bacteria but also from the formation of lysogens. In this state, the phage replication cycle is suppressed, and the phage genome is maintained in the bacterial cell in a form known as a prophage. Prophages often carry genes that benefit the host bacterial cell, since increasing the survival of the host cell by extension also increases the fitness of the prophage. These highly diverse and beneficial phage genes, which are not required for the life cycle of the phage itself, have been referred to as &quot;morons,&quot; as their presence adds &quot;more on&quot; the phage genome in which they are found. While individual phage morons have been shown to contribute to bacterial virulence by a number of different mechanisms, there have been no systematic investigations of their activities. Using a library of phages that infect two different clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, PAO1 and PA14, we compared the phenotypes imparted by the expression of individual phage morons. We identified morons that inhibit twitching and swimming motilities and observed an inhibition of the production of virulence factors such as rhamnolipids and elastase. This study demonstrates the scope of phage-mediated phenotypic changes and provides a framework for future studies of phage morons.IMPORTANCE Environmental and clinical isolates of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently contain viruses known as prophages. These prophages can alter the virulence of their bacterial hosts through the expression of nonessential genes known as &quot;morons.&quot; In this study, we identified morons in a group of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages and characterized the effects of their expression on bacterial behaviors. We found that many morons confer selective advantages for the bacterial host, some of which correlate with increased bacterial virulence. This work highlights the symbiotic relationship between bacteria and prophages and illustrates how phage morons can help bacteria adapt to different selective pressures and contribute to human diseases.},
}
@article {pmid29349810,
year = {2018},
author = {Senovilla, M and Castro-Rodríguez, R and Abreu, I and Escudero, V and Kryvoruchko, I and Udvardi, MK and Imperial, J and González-Guerrero, M},
title = {Medicago truncatula copper transporter 1 (MtCOPT1) delivers copper for symbiotic nitrogen fixation.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {218},
number = {2},
pages = {696-709},
doi = {10.1111/nph.14992},
pmid = {29349810},
issn = {1469-8137},
mesh = {Biological Transport/drug effects ; Cation Transport Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Membrane/drug effects/metabolism ; Copper/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism ; Medicago truncatula/cytology/*metabolism ; Multigene Family ; Mutation/genetics ; *Nitrogen Fixation/drug effects ; Nitrogenase/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Root Nodules, Plant/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; *Symbiosis/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Copper is an essential nutrient for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. This element is delivered by the host plant to the nodule, where membrane copper (Cu) transporter would introduce it into the cell to synthesize cupro-proteins. COPT family members in the model legume Medicago truncatula were identified and their expression determined. Yeast complementation assays, confocal microscopy and phenotypical characterization of a Tnt1 insertional mutant line were carried out in the nodule-specific M. truncatula COPT family member. Medicago truncatula genome encodes eight COPT transporters. MtCOPT1 (Medtr4g019870) is the only nodule-specific COPT gene. It is located in the plasma membrane of the differentiation, interzone and early fixation zones. Loss of MtCOPT1 function results in a Cu-mitigated reduction of biomass production when the plant obtains its nitrogen exclusively from symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutation of MtCOPT1 results in diminished nitrogenase activity in nodules, likely an indirect effect from the loss of a Cu-dependent function, such as cytochrome oxidase activity in copt1-1 bacteroids. These data are consistent with a model in which MtCOPT1 transports Cu from the apoplast into nodule cells to provide Cu for essential metabolic processes associated with symbiotic nitrogen fixation.},
}
@article {pmid31530112,
year = {2019},
author = {Caves, EM and Chen, C and Johnsen, S},
title = {The cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis adjusts its behaviour towards predatory versus non-predatory clients.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {20190534},
doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2019.0534},
pmid = {31530112},
issn = {1744-957X},
abstract = {In cleaning mutualisms, small cleaner organisms remove ectoparasites and dead skin from larger clients. Because cheating by predatory clients can result in cleaner death, cleaners should assess the potential risk of interacting with a given client and adjust their behaviour accordingly. Cleaner shrimp are small marine crustaceans that interact with numerous client fish species, many of which are potential predators. We use in situ observations of cleaner-client interactions to show that the cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis adjusts several behaviours when interacting with predatory versus non-predatory clients. Predatory clients were cleaned in a significantly lower proportion of interactions than non-predatory clients, and cleaners also exhibited a leg rocking behaviour-potentially signalling their identity or intent to clean-almost exclusively toward predatory clients. Incidence of leg rocking was positively correlated with client size, and laboratory experiments showed that it can be elicited by dark visual stimuli and decreases in illumination level. Thus, cleaners clean less frequently when predation risk is higher, and may use leg rocking as a signal advertising cleaning services and directed specifically at predators.},
}
@article {pmid31527788,
year = {2019},
author = {Quigley, KM and Willis, BL and Kenkel, CD},
title = {Transgenerational inheritance of shuffled symbiont communities in the coral Montipora digitata.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {13328},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-50045-y},
pmid = {31527788},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Adult organisms may &quot;prime&quot; their offspring for environmental change through a number of genetic and non-genetic mechanisms, termed parental effects. Some coral species may shuffle the proportions of Symbiodiniaceae within their endosymbiotic communities, subsequently altering their thermal tolerance, but it is unclear if shuffled communities are transferred to offspring. We evaluated Symbiodiniaceae community composition in tagged colonies of Montipora digitata over two successive annual spawning seasons and the 2016 bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef. ITS2 amplicon sequencing was applied to four families (four maternal colonies and 10-12 eggs per family) previously sampled and sequenced the year before to characterize shuffling potential in these M. digitata colonies and determine if shuffled abundances were preserved in gametes. Symbiont densities and photochemical efficiencies differed significantly among adults in 2016, suggesting differential responses to increased temperatures. Low-abundance (&quot;background&quot;) sequence variants differed more among years than between maternal colonies and offspring. Results indicate that shuffling can occur in a canonically 'stable' symbiosis, and that the shuffled community is heritable. Hence, acclimatory changes like shuffling of the Symbiodiniaceae community are not limited to the lifetime of an adult coral and that shuffled communities are inherited across generations in a species with vertical symbiont transmission. Although previously hypothesized, to our knowledge, this is the first evidence that shuffled Symbiodiniaceae communities (at both the inter- and intra- genera level) can be inherited by offspring and supports the hypothesis that shuffling in microbial communities may serve as a mechanism of rapid coral acclimation to changing environmental conditions.},
}
@article {pmid31526475,
year = {2019},
author = {Ericson, CF and Eisenstein, F and Medeiros, JM and Malter, KE and Cavalcanti, GS and Zeller, RW and Newman, DK and Pilhofer, M and Shikuma, NJ},
title = {A contractile injection system stimulates tubeworm metamorphosis by translocating a proteinaceous effector.},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.7554/eLife.46845},
pmid = {31526475},
issn = {2050-084X},
support = {1R21DC013180-01A1/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States ; N00014-17-1-2677//Office of Naval Research/ ; N00014-16-1-2135//Office of Naval Research/ ; N00014-14-1-0340//Office of Naval Research/ ; 679209/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; 31003A_179255/SNSF_/Swiss National Science Foundation/Switzerland ; },
abstract = {The swimming larvae of many marine animals identify a location on the sea floor to undergo metamorphosis based on the presence of specific bacteria. Although this microbe-animal interaction is critical for the life cycles of diverse marine animals, what types of biochemical cues from bacteria that induce metamorphosis has been a mystery. Metamorphosis of larvae of the tubeworm Hydroides elegans is induced by arrays of phage tail-like contractile injection systems, which are released by the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. Here we identify the novel effector protein Mif1. By cryo-electron tomography imaging and functional assays, we observe Mif1 as cargo inside the tube lumen of the contractile injection system and show that the mif1 gene is required for inducing metamorphosis. Purified Mif1 is sufficient for triggering metamorphosis when electroporated into tubeworm larvae. Our results indicate that the delivery of protein effectors by contractile injection systems may orchestrate microbe-animal interactions in diverse contexts.},
}
@article {pmid31375485,
year = {2019},
author = {Cruz, LF and Menocal, O and Mantilla, J and Ibarra-Juarez, LA and Carrillo, D},
title = {Xyleborus volvulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Biology and Fungal Associates.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {85},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.01190-19},
pmid = {31375485},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {The ambrosia beetle Xyleborus volvulus Fabricius has been reported as a potential vector of the plant pathogen Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich &amp; Aghayeva that is affecting avocado orchards in South Florida. In this study, we examined its life cycle, process of gallery formation, gallery structure, and fungal associates by rearing one generation on avocado sawdust medium under control conditions. The adult foundress excavated a vertical tunnel that constituted the main gallery with a length of 2.5 cm, followed by the construction of up to six secondary galleries with a total length of 4.4 cm. The time period for one generation (egg to adult) was 28 days. Teneral males emerged 3 days after the emergence of the first females. The F1 generation did not significantly contribute to gallery expansion. Four species of Raffaelea and nine yeast species were recovered from galleries and beetles. Raffaelea arxii and Candida berthetii were the most frequent symbionts recovered from new adults and galleries. Candida berthetii dominated during the early stages of the gallery development, whereas R. arxii was most frequent in later stages. Other Raffaelea species were inconsistently isolated from galleries, which suggests a strong association between Xyleborus volvulus and both R. arxii and C. berthetii These results suggest that R. arxii is the primary nutritional symbiont of X. volvulus and that yeast species may be pioneer colonizers that assist with the growth of fungal symbionts.IMPORTANCE Ambrosia beetles cultivate fungi in tunnels bored into weakened host trees. This obligate interaction is required for their survival as beetles feed on these symbiotic fungi, and the fungi benefit from transportation by the beetles. Xyleborus volvulus carries many nonpathogenic symbionts; however, recently the acquisition of Raffaelea lauricola (the causal agent of a lethal vascular disease of lauraceous trees) by this beetle has altered its status from wood degrader to potential pest in avocado. We conducted a study to understand the relationship of this beetle and its fungal associates. Our results show that X. volvulus has a multipartite flexible association with different Raffaelea species. The lack of fidelity in the mutualistic association may explain the acquisition of R. lauricola Knowing the beetle biology and its mutualistic interactions furthers an understanding of the beetle's role as a potential vector and in disease transmission.},
}
@article {pmid30870617,
year = {2019},
author = {Desai, JV and Lionakis, MS},
title = {Setting Up Home: Fungal Rules of Commensalism in the Mammalian Gut.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {347-349},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.012},
pmid = {30870617},
issn = {1934-6069},
mesh = {Animals ; Candida albicans ; Candidiasis/*microbiology ; Humans ; Mammals ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Candida albicans is a commensal fungus of the human gut, but also causes life-threatening systemic infections. Recent studies published in Cell Host &amp; Microbe (Witchley et al., 2019) and Science (Tso et al., 2018) provide insights into the determinants of C. albicans commensal fitness within the mammalian gut.},
}
@article {pmid30137670,
year = {2018},
author = {Gong, S and Li, Z and Zhang, F and Xiao, Y and Cheng, H},
title = {Symbiochlorum hainanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) isolated from bleached corals living in the South China Sea.},
journal = {Journal of phycology},
volume = {54},
number = {6},
pages = {811-817},
doi = {10.1111/jpy.12779},
pmid = {30137670},
issn = {1529-8817},
support = {2013CB956103//Major National Scientific Research Project, China/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa ; China ; Chlorophyta/*classification/cytology/enzymology/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis ; Microalgae/*classification/cytology/enzymology/genetics ; Pacific Ocean ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Algal/*analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/analysis ; Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/analysis ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Light/scanning electron/transmission microscopy-based morphological analyses and multiple nucleotide sequences-based molecular phylogenetic analyses are used to identify and assess the phylogenetic position of a new unidentified green alga isolated from bleached corals living in the South China Sea. This new unidentified green alga is a unicellular marine alga and has uninucleate vegetative cells and multiple chloroplasts with a pyrenoid. It can form aplanosporangium covered by cell walls and reproduces by releasing autospore. These features differ substantially from those of the two genera Ignatius and Pseudocharacium. Those two genera have been accommodated in the Ignatius clade. Nucleotide sequences of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA), internal transcribed spacer 2 of ribosomal RNA gene (ITS2) and ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene (rbcL, partial) are obtained and compared with published green algal sequences. The results from the morphology, ultrastructure, and multiple nucleotide sequences data support the placement of the new unidentified green alga in Ulvophyceae. This new unidentified isolate is described as Symbiochlorum hainanensis gen. et sp. nov., a new sister lineage to the Ignatius clade, Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta.},
}
@article {pmid29791719,
year = {2018},
author = {Molins, A and Moya, P and García-Breijo, FJ and Reig-Armiñana, J and Barreno, E},
title = {Molecular and morphological diversity of Trebouxia microalgae in sphaerothallioid Circinaria spp. lichens1.},
journal = {Journal of phycology},
volume = {54},
number = {4},
pages = {494-504},
doi = {10.1111/jpy.12751},
pmid = {29791719},
issn = {1529-8817},
mesh = {Ascomycota/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; Chlorophyta/classification/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Genetic Variation ; Lichens/classification/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Microalgae/classification/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Three vagrant (Circinaria hispida, Circinaria gyrosa, and Circinaria sp. 'paramerae') and one crustose (semi-vagrant, Circinaria sp. 'oromediterranea') lichens growing in very continental areas in the Iberian Peninsula were selected to study the phycobiont diversity. Mycobiont identification was checked using nrITS DNA barcoding: Circinaria sp. 'oromediterranea' and Circinaria sp. 'paramerae' formed a new clade. Phycobiont diversity was analyzed in 50 thalli of Circinaria spp. using nrITS DNA and LSU rDNA, with microalgae coexistence being found in all the species analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The survey of phycobiont diversity showed up to four different Trebouxia spp. as the primary phycobiont in 20 thalli of C. hispida, in comparison with the remaining Circinaria spp., where only one Trebouxia was the primary microalga. In lichen species showing coexistence, some complementary approaches are needed (454 pyrosequencing and/or ultrastructural analyses). Five specimens were selected for high-throughput screening (HTS) analyses: 22 Trebouxia OTUs were detected, 10 of them not previously known. TEM analyses showed three different cell morphotypes (Trebouxia sp. OTU A12, OTU S51, and T. cretacea) whose ultrastructure is described here in detail for the first time. HTS revealed a different microalgae pool in each species studied, and we cannot assume a specific pattern between these pools and the ecological and/or morphological characteristics. The mechanisms involved in the selection of the primary phycobiont and the other microalgae by the mycobiont are unknown, and require complex experimental designs. The systematics of the genus Circinaria is not yet well resolved, and more analyses are needed to establish a precise delimitation of the species.},
}
@article {pmid29696650,
year = {2018},
author = {Ziegler, M and Stone, E and Colman, D and Takacs-Vesbach, C and Shepherd, U},
title = {Patterns of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) diversity and assemblages among diverse hosts and the coral reef environment of Lizard Island, Australia.},
journal = {Journal of phycology},
volume = {54},
number = {4},
pages = {447-460},
pmid = {29696650},
issn = {1529-8817},
support = {P30 GM110907/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa ; *Biodiversity ; Coral Reefs ; DNA, Protozoan/analysis ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis ; Dinoflagellida/classification/*genetics/physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Geologic Sediments/parasitology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Queensland ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Large-scale environmental disturbances may impact both partners in coral host-Symbiodinium systems. Elucidation of the assembly patterns in such complex and interdependent communities may enable better prediction of environmental impacts across coral reef ecosystems. In this study, we investigated how the community composition and diversity of dinoflagellate symbionts in the genus Symbiodinium were distributed among 12 host species from six taxonomic orders (Actinaria, Alcyonacea, Miliolida, Porifera, Rhizostoma, Scleractinia) and in the reef water and sediments at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef before the 3rd Global Coral Bleaching Event. 454 pyrosequencing of the ITS2 region of Symbiodinium yielded 83 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 97% similarity cut-off. Approximately half of the Symbiodinium OTUs from reef water or sediments were also present in symbio. OTUs belonged to six clades (A-D, F-G), but community structure was uneven. The two most abundant OTUs (100% matches to types C1 and A3) comprised 91% of reads and OTU C1 was shared by all species. However, sequence-based analysis of these dominant OTUs revealed host species specificity, suggesting that genetic similarity cut-offs of Symbiodinium ITS2 data sets need careful evaluation. Of the less abundant OTUs, roughly half occurred at only one site or in one species and the background Symbiodinium communities were distinct between individual samples. We conclude that sampling multiple host taxa with differing life history traits will be critical to fully understand the symbiont diversity of a given system and to predict coral ecosystem responses to environmental change and disturbance considering the differential stress response of the taxa within.},
}
@article {pmid29531241,
year = {2018},
author = {Chen, H and Zhang, Y and Peng, Y and Corlett, RT},
title = {Latitudinal effects on phenology near the northern limit of figs in China.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {4320},
pmid = {29531241},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; China ; Ficus/*physiology ; *Pollination ; Seasons ; *Symbiosis ; Tropical Climate ; Wasps/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The interaction between pollinating wasps and figs is an obligate plant-insect mutualism, and the ca. 750 Ficus species are mainly tropical. Climatic constraints may limit species distributions through their phenology and this seems particularly likely for figs, where phenological mismatches can cause local extinction of the short-lived pollinators. We therefore compared the phenologies of Ficus altissima, F. racemosa and F. semicordata in tropical Xishuangbanna (21°55'N) and subtropical Liuku (25°50'N), SW China, to understand what factors limit fig distributions near their northern limits. All species produced synchronous crops of syconia in Xishuangbanna but production in Liuku was continuous, which may help maintain pollinator populations. However, in general, we found decreased fitness at the northern site: slower syconium development, so fewer crops each year; fewer seeds per syconium (two species); and fewer pollinators and more non-pollinators per syconium, so less pollen is dispersed. This is most easily explained by colder winters, although low humidities may also contribute, and suggests the northern limit is set by temperature constraints on reproductive phenology. If so, the warming predicted for future decades is expected to enhance the fitness of northern populations of figs and, in the longer term, allow them to shift their range limits northwards.},
}
@article {pmid28721523,
year = {2017},
author = {Messika, I and Garrido, M and Kedem, H and China, V and Gavish, Y and Dong, Q and Fuqua, C and Clay, K and Hawlena, H},
title = {From endosymbionts to host communities: factors determining the reproductive success of arthropod vectors.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {184},
number = {4},
pages = {859-871},
pmid = {28721523},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {2012063//United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation/International ; FP7-293713//Marie Curie Career Integration Grant/International ; 1391/15//Israel Science Foundation/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Arthropod Vectors ; Female ; *Flea Infestations ; *Reproduction ; Rodentia ; Selection, Genetic ; Siphonaptera ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Elucidating the factors determining reproductive success has challenged scientists since Darwin, but the exact pathways that shape the evolution of life history traits by connecting extrinsic (e.g., landscape structure) and intrinsic (e.g., female's age and endosymbionts) factors and reproductive success have rarely been studied. Here we collected female fleas from wild rodents in plots differing in their densities and proportions of the most dominant rodent species. We then combined path analysis and model selection approaches to explore the network of effects, ranging from micro to macroscales, determining the reproductive success of these fleas. Our results suggest that female reproductive success is directly and positively associated with their infection by Mycoplasma bacteria and their own body mass, and with the rodent species size and total density. In addition, we found evidence for indirect effects of rodent sex and rodent community diversity on female reproductive success. These results highlight the importance of exploring interrelated factors across organization scales while studying the reproductive success of wild organisms, and they have implications for the control of vector-borne diseases.},
}
@article {pmid28707111,
year = {2017},
author = {Furukawa, S and Kawakita, A},
title = {Limiting the cost of mutualism: the defensive role of elongated gynophore in the leafflower-moth mutualism.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {184},
number = {4},
pages = {835-846},
pmid = {28707111},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {24770018//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Female ; *Flowers ; Fruit ; Geography ; Larva ; *Moths ; *Oviposition ; Parasites ; Pollination ; Seeds ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Mutualisms are interactions from which both partners benefit but may collapse if mutualists' costs and benefits are not aligned. Host sanctions are one mechanism whereby hosts selectively allocate resources to the more cooperative partners and thereby reduce the fitness of overexploiters; however, many mutualisms lack apparent means of host sanctions. In mutualisms between plants and pollinating seed parasites, such as those between leafflowers and leafflower moths, pollinators consume subsets of the seeds as larval food in return for their pollination service. Plants may select against overexploiters by selectively aborting flowers with a heavy egg load, but in many leafflower species, seeds are fully eaten in some fruits, suggesting that such a mechanism is not present in all species. Instead, the fruits of Breynia vitis-idaea have stalk-like structures (gynophore) through which early-instar moth larvae must bore to reach seeds. Examination of moth mortality in fruits with different gynophore lengths suggested that fruits with longer gynophore had higher moth mortality and, therefore, less seed damage. Most moth mortality occurred at the egg stage or as early larval instar before moths reached the seeds, consistent with the view that gynophore functions to prevent moth access to seeds. Gynophore length was unaffected by plant size, extent of moth oviposition, or geography; thus, it is most likely genetically controlled. Because gynophores do not elongate in related species whose pollinators oviposit directly into the ovary, the gynophore in B. vitis-idaea may have evolved as a defense to limit the cost of the mutualism.},
}
@article {pmid31523509,
year = {2019},
author = {Yeoman, CJ and Brutscher, LM and Esen, ÖC and Ibaoglu, F and Fowler, C and Eren, AM and Wanner, K and Weaver, DK},
title = {Genome-resolved insights into a novel Spiroplasma symbiont of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Cephus cinctus).},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7548},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7548},
pmid = {31523509},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Arthropods often have obligate relationships with symbiotic microbes, and recent investigations have demonstrated that such host-microbe relationships could be exploited to suppress natural populations of vector carrying mosquitos. Strategies that target the interplay between agricultural pests and their symbionts could decrease the burden caused by agricultural pests; however, the lack of comprehensive genomic insights into naturally occurring microbial symbionts presents a significant bottleneck. Here we employed amplicon surveys, genome-resolved metagenomics, and scanning electron microscopy to investigate symbionts of the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus), a major pest that causes an estimated $350 million dollars or more in wheat yield losses in the northwestern United States annually. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing of two major haplotypes and life stages of wheat stem sawfly, we show a novel Spiroplasma species is ever-present and predominant, with phylogenomic analyses placing it as a member of the ixodetis clade of mollicutes. Using state-of-the-art metagenomic assembly and binning strategies we were able to reconstruct a 714 Kb, 72.7%-complete Spiroplasma genome, which represents just the second draft genome from the ixodetis clade of mollicutes. Functional annotation of the Spiroplasma genome indicated carbohydrate-metabolism involved PTS-mediated import of glucose and fructose followed by glycolysis to lactate, acetate, and propionoate. The bacterium also encoded biosynthetic pathways for essential vitamins B2, B3, and B9. We identified putative Spiroplasma virulence genes: cardiolipin and chitinase. These results identify a previously undescribed symbiosis between wheat stem sawfly and a novel Spiroplasma sp., availing insight into their molecular relationship, and may yield new opportunities for microbially-mediated pest control strategies.},
}
@article {pmid31522775,
year = {2019},
author = {Requena, T and Velasco, M},
title = {The human microbiome in sickness and in health.},
journal = {Revista clinica espanola},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.rce.2019.07.004},
pmid = {31522775},
issn = {1578-1860},
abstract = {The study of the human microbiome has led to an exceptional increase in the current understanding of the importance of microbiota for health throughout all stages of life. Human microbial colonization occurs in the skin, genitourinary system and, mainly, in the oral cavity and intestinal tract. In these locations, the human microbiota establishes a symbiotic relationship with the host and helps maintain the physiological homeostasis. Lifestyle, age, diet and use of antibiotics are the main regulators of the composition and functionality of human microbiota. Recent studies have indicated the reduction in microbial diversity as one of the contributors to the development of diseases. In addition to phylogenetic diversity studies, further metagenomic studies are needed at the functional level of the human microbiome to improve our understanding of its involvement in human health.},
}
@article {pmid30787435,
year = {2019},
author = {Whiteley, AT and Eaglesham, JB and de Oliveira Mann, CC and Morehouse, BR and Lowey, B and Nieminen, EA and Danilchanka, O and King, DS and Lee, ASY and Mekalanos, JJ and Kranzusch, PJ},
title = {Bacterial cGAS-like enzymes synthesize diverse nucleotide signals.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {567},
number = {7747},
pages = {194-199},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-0953-5},
pmid = {30787435},
issn = {1476-4687},
support = {S10 RR029205/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI026289/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI018045/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD021527/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; S10 OD021832/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; P30 GM124165/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; T32 CA207021/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dinucleoside Phosphates/biosynthesis/metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Nucleotides/*biosynthesis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Nucleotidyltransferases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Operon/genetics ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) have central roles in bacterial homeostasis and virulence by acting as nucleotide second messengers. Bacterial CDNs also elicit immune responses during infection when they are detected by pattern-recognition receptors in animal cells. Here we perform a systematic biochemical screen for bacterial signalling nucleotides and discover a large family of cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferases (CD-NTases) that use both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides to synthesize a diverse range of CDNs. A series of crystal structures establish CD-NTases as a structurally conserved family and reveal key contacts in the enzyme active-site lid that direct purine or pyrimidine selection. CD-NTase products are not restricted to CDNs and also include an unexpected class of cyclic trinucleotide compounds. Biochemical and cellular analyses of CD-NTase signalling nucleotides demonstrate that these cyclic di- and trinucleotides activate distinct host receptors and thus may modulate the interaction of both pathogens and commensal microbiota with their animal and plant hosts.},
}
@article {pmid29963630,
year = {2018},
author = {Kitada, Y and Muramatsu, K and Toju, H and Kibe, R and Benno, Y and Kurihara, S and Matsumoto, M},
title = {Bioactive polyamine production by a novel hybrid system comprising multiple indigenous gut bacterial strategies.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {4},
number = {6},
pages = {eaat0062},
pmid = {29963630},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {Agmatine/metabolism ; Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Feces/microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Mice ; Polyamines/*metabolism ; Putrescine/biosynthesis ; Symbiosis ; Transcriptome ; },
abstract = {Metabolites of the intestinal microbiota are thought to be generated through metabolic pathways spanning multiple taxa of intestinal bacteria. We have previously shown that the level of putrescine, a polyamine found abundantly in the human intestinal lumen, is increased in the colonic lumen following administration of arginine and the probiotic Bifidobacterium sp.; however, the underlying mechanism remained poorly understood. We report a novel pathway for putrescine production from arginine through agmatine involving the collaboration of two bacterial groups, and triggered by environmental acidification (drop in pH to below 6.5 from neutral). This pathway comprises the acid tolerance system of Escherichia coli, representing bacteria that have an arginine-dependent acid resistance system; the energy production system of Enterococcus faecalis, representing bacteria that have an agmatine deiminase system; and the acid production system of the acid-producing bacteria, represented by Bifidobacterium spp. This pathway is unique in that it represents a relationship between the independent survival strategies of multiple bacteria.},
}
@article {pmid29476118,
year = {2018},
author = {Stuhr, M and Blank-Landeshammer, B and Reymond, CE and Kollipara, L and Sickmann, A and Kucera, M and Westphal, H},
title = {Disentangling thermal stress responses in a reef-calcifier and its photosymbionts by shotgun proteomics.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {3524},
pmid = {29476118},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Aquatic Organisms ; Calcification, Physiologic/genetics ; Coral Reefs ; Diatoms/*genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Foraminifera/*genetics/growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Ontology ; Hot Temperature ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis/genetics ; Proteome/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; Proteomics/*methods ; *Stress, Physiological ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The proliferation of key marine ecological engineers and carbonate producers often relies on their association with photosymbiotic algae. Evaluating stress responses of these organisms is important to predict their fate under future climate projections. Physiological approaches are limited in their ability to resolve the involved molecular mechanisms and attribute stress effects to the host or symbiont, while probing and partitioning of proteins cannot be applied in organisms where the host and symbiont are small and cannot be physically separated. Here we apply a label-free quantitative proteomics approach to detect changes of proteome composition in the diatom-bearing benthic foraminifera Amphistegina gibbosa experimentally exposed to three thermal-stress scenarios. We developed a workflow for protein extraction from less than ten specimens and simultaneously analysed host and symbiont proteomes. Despite little genomic data for the host, 1,618 proteins could be partially assembled and assigned. The proteomes revealed identical pattern of stress response among stress scenarios as that indicated by physiological measurements, but allowed identification of compartment-specific stress reactions. In the symbiont, stress-response and proteolysis-related proteins were up regulated while photosynthesis-related proteins declined. In contrast, host homeostasis was maintained through chaperone up-regulation associated with elevated proteosynthesis and proteolysis, and the host metabolism shifted to heterotrophy.},
}
@article {pmid31521732,
year = {2019},
author = {Horiuchi, A and Kokubu, E and Warita, T and Ishihara, K},
title = {Synergistic biofilm formation by Parvimonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum.},
journal = {Anaerobe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102100},
doi = {10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102100},
pmid = {31521732},
issn = {1095-8274},
abstract = {Parvimonas micra is frequently isolated from lesions of apical periodontitis and is a major disease-related pathogen. One of the main causes of apical periodontitis is extraradicular biofilm. In this study, we investigated polymicrobial biofilm formation by P. micra and species associated with apical periodontitis. The coaggregation activity of P. micra with partner strains was investigated by visual assays. Synergistic biofilm formation was evaluated by cocultures of P. micra and partner strains. Growth of planktonic cells was measured by evaluating the absorbance at OD660, and biofilm formation was examined by staining with crystal violet. The effects of soluble components on synergistic biofilm formation and planktonic cell growth were examined after coculture of P. micra and other strains separated with a 0.4-μm pore-size porous membrane. P. micra coaggregated with Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, or Capnoctyophaga ochracea. P. micra showed no coaggregation with Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, or Prevotella intermedia. In mixed cultures, biofilm formation by P. micra and F. nucleatum was greater than that by P. micra and P. gingivalis or C. ochracea. In separated cocultures, planktonic cell growth of P. micra was enhanced by each of the three species. Biofilm formation by P. micra was enhanced by F. nucleatum and C. ochracea; however, no significant enhancement was observed with P. gingivalis. These data indicated that P. micra and F. nucleatum had synergistic effects in biofilm formation and that these effects may be important for colonization by these two species in apical periodontitis lesions.},
}
@article {pmid31521050,
year = {2019},
author = {Farci, D and Sanna, C and Medda, R and Pintus, F and Kalaji, HM and Kirkpatrick, J and Piano, D},
title = {Shedding light on the presymbiontic phase of C. arietinum.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {224-231},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.014},
pmid = {31521050},
issn = {1873-2690},
abstract = {A complex network of symbiotic events between plants and bacteria allows the biosphere to exploit the atmospheric reservoir of molecular nitrogen. In seeds, a series of presymbiotic steps are already identified during imbibition, while interactions between the host and its symbiont begin in the early stages of germination. In the present study, a detailed analysis of the substances' complex delivered by Cicer arietinum seeds during imbibition showed a relevant presence of proteins and amino acids, which, except for cysteine, occurred with the whole proteinogenic pool. The imbibing solution was found to provide essential probiotic properties able to sustain the growth of the specific chickpea symbiont Mesorhizobium ciceri. Moreover, the imbibing solution, behaving as a complete medium, was found to be critically important for the symbiont's attraction, a fact this that is strictly related to the presence of the amino acids glycine, serine, and threonine. Here, the presence of these amino acids is constantly supported by the presence of the enzymes serine hydroxymethyltransferase and formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase, which are both involved in their biosynthesis. The reported findings are discussed in the light of the pivotal role played by the imbibing solution in attracting and sustaining symbiosis between the host and its symbiont.},
}
@article {pmid31521032,
year = {2019},
author = {Genc, O and van Capelleveen, G and Erdis, E and Yildiz, O and Yazan, DM},
title = {A socio-ecological approach to improve industrial zones towards eco-industrial parks.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {250},
number = {},
pages = {109507},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109507},
pmid = {31521032},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {One of the concrete examples of industrial symbiosis development is eco-industrial parks, which improves resource efficiency and minimizes environmental impacts by adopting models for waste exchanges between industries. Despite past efforts, many industrial zones around the world are not yet considered as eco-industrial parks because of the low number (or total lack) of symbiotic relationships among industries. A promising strategy is to develop those existing industrial zones into eco-industrial parks. However, there is a lack of studies addressing how to assess environmental improvement in relation to network sustainability. This study demonstrates such an assessment approach using an integration of food web analysis and social network analysis. These two methods can assist in assessing differences in network configurations with respect to potential implementations of industrial symbiosis, and in analysing the resilience, redundancy, connectance, and cyclicity of eco-parks. The use of the methods is illustrated in a case study of an industrial zone in Turkey. Four potential future scenarios are proposed, including potential future co-location of companies in the industrial zone in order to foster industrial symbiotic network formation. These scenarios are compared with the current configuration. The results indicate the method's ability to assess the resilience of an industrial network. Moreover, the case shows an improvement of network sustainability and follows some sustainable properties of natural ecosystems as a result of implementing the industrial symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31520944,
year = {2019},
author = {Noman, A and Aqeel, M and Qasim, M and Haider, I and Lou, Y},
title = {Plant-insect-microbe interaction: A love triangle between enemies in ecosystem.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {699},
number = {},
pages = {134181},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134181},
pmid = {31520944},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {In natural ecosystems, plants interact with biotic components such as microbes, insects, animals and other plants as well. Generally, researchers have focused on each interaction separately, which condenses the significance of the interaction. This limited presentation of the facts masks the collective role of constantly interacting organisms in complex communities disturbing not only plant responses but also the response of organisms for each other in natural ecological settings. Beneficial microorganisms interact with insect herbivores, their predators and pollinators in a bidirectional way through the plant. Fascinatingly, insects employ diverse tactics to protect themselves from parasites or predators. Influences of microbial and insects attack on plants can bring changes in info-chemical frameworks and play a role in the food chain also. After insect herbivory and microbial pathogenesis, plants exhibit intense morpho-physiological and chemical reprogramming that leads to repellence/attraction of attacking organism or its natural enemy. The characterization of such interactions in different ecosystems is receiving due consideration, and underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms must be the point of concentration to unveil the evolution of multifaceted multitrophic interactions. Therefore, we have focused this phenomenon in a more realistic setting by integrating ecology and physiology to portray these multidimensional interfaces. We have shown, in this article, physiological trajectories in plant-microbe and insect relationship and their ecological relevance in nature. We focus and discuss microbial pathogenesis in plants, induced defense and the corresponding behavior of herbivore insects and vice-versa. It is hoped that this review will stimulate interest and zeal in microbes mediated plant-insect interactions along with their ecological consequences and encourage scientists to accept the challenges in this field.},
}
@article {pmid31518652,
year = {2019},
author = {Carrillo, JD and Rugman-Jones, PF and Husein, D and Stajich, JE and Kasson, MT and Carrillo, D and Stouthamer, R and Eskalen, A},
title = {Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex exhibit promiscuous mutualism with ambrosia fungi in Taiwan.},
journal = {Fungal genetics and biology : FG &amp; B},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {103269},
doi = {10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103269},
pmid = {31518652},
issn = {1096-0937},
abstract = {Carrillo, J.D., Rugman-Jones, PF., Husein, D., Stajich, J.E., Kasson, MT., Carrillo, D., Stouthamer, R., and Eskalen, A. 2019. Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex exhibit promiscuous mutualism with ambrosia fungi in Taiwan A number of ambrosia beetles have come to prominence in recent years because of the damage they inflict on a variety of trees within invaded habitats across the globe. Ambrosia beetles rely on symbiotic microorganisms, mainly fungi, as a dedicated food source and carry those microorganisms around with them within specialized organs termed mycangia. Investigation of members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex and their fungal symbionts in Taiwan revealed promiscuous symbioses with ambrosial Fusaria clade (AFC) members, Graphium spp., and Paracremonium spp. based on co-phylogenetic analyses. For AFC members, a novel diagnostic PCR assay targeting mating type genes MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 was developed and validated by amplicon size and sequencing. Mating types screening of AFC members revealed the isolates screened are all heterothallic (self-sterile), with both MAT types represented and recovered from fungi vectored by E. fornicatus, E. kuroshio, and E. whitfordiodendrus in Taiwan. Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex and the variety of ambrosia fungi they utilize further confirms that their relationship with fungi are more likely promiscuous in native areas, as opposed to strictly obligate to a specific combination of fungi as observed in invaded areas.},
}
@article {pmid31515637,
year = {2019},
author = {Liu, B and Liu, X and Liu, F and Ma, H and Ma, B and Zhang, W and Peng, L},
title = {Growth improvement of Lolium multiflorum Lam. induced by seed inoculation with fungus suspension of Xerocomus badius and Serendipita indica.},
journal = {AMB Express},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {145},
doi = {10.1186/s13568-019-0865-7},
pmid = {31515637},
issn = {2191-0855},
support = {2019LY009//Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province/ ; 31570614//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {In this study, a pot experiment was carried out in greenhouse to investigate the potentials of Xerocomus badius and Serendipita indica to penetrate and colonize roots of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and to induce beneficial effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The results showed that X. badius and S. indica successfully colonized in the root system of L. multiflorum seedlings and the root colonization rate was 72.65% and 88.42%, respectively. By microscopy, the hyphae, chlamydospores and spores produced by S. indica were observed in roots cortex of L. multiflorum seedlings. In comparison with the non-inoculated seedlings, seedlings inoculated with X. badius and S. indica showed significant increase in growth parameters with plant height, basal diameter, biomass accumulation, relative growth rate, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content. Also, we found that seedlings inoculated with S. indica exhibited a greater growth-promotion as compared with X. badius-inoculated seedlings. No significant influence of the two fungus application has been observed with respect to seed germination. It suggested that well establishments of mutualistic symbiosis between L. multiflorum and X. badius or S. indica were not so essential to seed germination but contributed highly to the survival and growth of the seedlings.},
}
@article {pmid30936488,
year = {2019},
author = {Spang, A and Stairs, CW and Dombrowski, N and Eme, L and Lombard, J and Caceres, EF and Greening, C and Baker, BJ and Ettema, TJG},
title = {Proposal of the reverse flow model for the origin of the eukaryotic cell based on comparative analyses of Asgard archaeal metabolism.},
journal = {Nature microbiology},
volume = {4},
number = {7},
pages = {1138-1148},
doi = {10.1038/s41564-019-0406-9},
pmid = {30936488},
issn = {2058-5276},
mesh = {Archaea/classification/*genetics/*metabolism ; Archaeal Proteins/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; Genome, Archaeal/genetics ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; *Models, Biological ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The origin of eukaryotes represents an unresolved puzzle in evolutionary biology. Current research suggests that eukaryotes evolved from a merger between a host of archaeal descent and an alphaproteobacterial endosymbiont. The discovery of the Asgard archaea, a proposed archaeal superphylum that includes Lokiarchaeota, Thorarchaeota, Odinarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota suggested to comprise the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes, has helped to elucidate the identity of the putative archaeal host. Whereas Lokiarchaeota are assumed to employ a hydrogen-dependent metabolism, little is known about the metabolic potential of other members of the Asgard superphylum. We infer the central metabolic pathways of Asgard archaea using comparative genomics and phylogenetics to be able to refine current models for the origin of eukaryotes. Our analyses indicate that Thorarchaeota and Lokiarchaeota encode proteins necessary for carbon fixation via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and for obtaining reducing equivalents from organic substrates. By contrast, Heimdallarchaeum LC2 and LC3 genomes encode enzymes potentially enabling the oxidation of organic substrates using nitrate or oxygen as electron acceptors. The gene repertoire of Heimdallarchaeum AB125 and Odinarchaeum indicates that these organisms can ferment organic substrates and conserve energy by coupling ferredoxin reoxidation to respiratory proton reduction. Altogether, our genome analyses suggest that Asgard representatives are primarily organoheterotrophs with variable capacity for hydrogen consumption and production. On this basis, we propose the 'reverse flow model', an updated symbiogenetic model for the origin of eukaryotes that involves electron or hydrogen flow from an organoheterotrophic archaeal host to a bacterial symbiont.},
}
@article {pmid30332582,
year = {2018},
author = {Winbourne, JB and Harrison, MT and Sullivan, BW and Alvarez-Clare, S and Lins, SR and Martinelli, L and Nasto, M and Piotto, D and Rolim, S and Wong, M and Porder, S},
title = {A New Framework for Evaluating Estimates of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Forests.},
journal = {The American naturalist},
volume = {192},
number = {5},
pages = {618-629},
doi = {10.1086/699828},
pmid = {30332582},
issn = {1537-5323},
mesh = {Bacteria ; Brazil ; Computer Simulation ; Costa Rica ; *Nitrogen Fixation ; *Rainforest ; Root Nodules, Plant/*metabolism ; Soil/chemistry ; Symbiosis/physiology ; Tropical Climate ; },
abstract = {Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) makes atmospheric nitrogen biologically available and regulates carbon storage in many terrestrial ecosystems. Despite its global importance, estimates of SNF rates are highly uncertain, particularly in tropical forests where rates are assumed to be high. Here we provide a framework for evaluating the uncertainty of sample-based SNF estimates and discuss its implications for quantifying SNF and thus understanding of forest function. We apply this framework to field data sets from six lowland tropical rainforests (mature and secondary) in Brazil and Costa Rica. We use this data set to estimate parameters influencing SNF estimation error, notably the root nodule abundance and variation in SNF rates among soil cores containing root nodules. We then use simulations to gauge the relationship between sampling effort and SNF estimation accuracy for a combination of parameters. Field data illuminate a highly right-skewed lognormal distribution of SNF rates among soil cores containing root nodules that were rare and spanned five orders of magnitude. Consequently, simulations demonstrated that sample sizes of hundreds to even thousands of soil cores are needed to obtain estimates of SNF that are within, for example, a factor of 2 of the actual rate with 75% probability. This represents sample sizes that are larger than most studies to date. As a result of this previously undescribed uncertainty, we suggest that current estimates of SNF in tropical forests are not sufficiently constrained to elucidate forest stand-level controls of SNF, which hinders our understanding of the impact of SNF on tropical forest ecosystem processes.},
}
@article {pmid30109687,
year = {2019},
author = {Pierart, A and Maes, AQ and Dumat, C and Sejalon-Delmas, N},
title = {Vermicompost addition influences symbiotic fungi communities associated with leek cultivated in metal-rich soils.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {26},
number = {20},
pages = {20040-20051},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-018-2803-7},
pmid = {30109687},
issn = {1614-7499},
support = {ANR-12-0011-VBDU//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; },
mesh = {Agriculture/methods ; *Composting ; Metals/*pharmacokinetics ; Mycobiome/genetics/*physiology ; Mycorrhizae ; Onions/*growth &amp; development/microbiology ; Plant Roots/*microbiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Soil Pollutants/*pharmacokinetics ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {In the context of urban agriculture, where soils are frequently contaminated with metal(loid)s (TM), we studied the influence of vermicompost amendments on symbiotic fungal communities associated with plants grown in two metal-rich soils. Leek (Allium porrum L.) plants were grown with or without vermicompost in two metal-rich soils characterized by either geogenic or anthropogenic TM sources, to assess the influence of pollutant origin on soil-plant transfer. Fungal communities associated with the leek roots were identified by high throughput Illumina MiSeq and TM contents were measured using mass spectrometry. Vermicompost addition led to a dramatic change in the fungal community with a loss of diversity in the two tested soils. This effect could partially explain the changes in metal transfer at the soil-AMF-plant interface. Our results suggest being careful while using composts when growing edibles in contaminated soils. More generally, this study highlights the need for further research in the field of fungal communities to refine practical recommendations to gardeners. Graphical abstract.},
}
@article {pmid29732407,
year = {2018},
author = {Blažek, R and Polačik, M and Smith, C and Honza, M and Meyer, A and Reichard, M},
title = {Success of cuckoo catfish brood parasitism reflects coevolutionary history and individual experience of their cichlid hosts.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {4},
number = {5},
pages = {eaar4380},
pmid = {29732407},
issn = {2375-2548},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Catfishes/*physiology ; Cichlids/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Obligate brood parasites manipulate other species into raising their offspring. Avian and insect brood parasitic systems demonstrate how interacting species engage in reciprocal coevolutionary arms races through behavioral and morphological adaptations and counteradaptations. Mouthbrooding cichlid fishes are renowned for their remarkable evolutionary radiations and complex behaviors. In Lake Tanganyika, mouthbrooding cichlids are exploited by the only obligate nonavian vertebrate brood parasite, the cuckoo catfish Synodontis multipunctatus. We show that coevolutionary history and individual learning both have a major impact on the success of cuckoo catfish parasitism between coevolved sympatric and evolutionarily naïve allopatric cichlid species. The rate of cuckoo catfish parasitism in coevolved Tanganyikan hosts was 3 to 11 times lower than in evolutionarily naïve cichlids. Moreover, using experimental infections, we demonstrate that parasite egg rejection in sympatric hosts was much higher, leading to seven times greater parasite survival in evolutionarily naïve than sympatric hosts. However, a high rejection frequency of parasitic catfish eggs by coevolved sympatric hosts came at a cost of increased rejection of their own eggs. A significant cost of catfish parasitism was universal, except for coevolved sympatric cichlid species with previous experience of catfish parasitism, demonstrating that learning and individual experience both contribute to a successful host response.},
}
@article {pmid29462403,
year = {2018},
author = {Lebreton, F and Valentino, MD and Schaufler, K and Earl, AM and Cattoir, V and Gilmore, MS},
title = {Transferable vancomycin resistance in clade B commensal-type Enterococcus faecium.},
journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy},
volume = {73},
number = {6},
pages = {1479-1486},
pmid = {29462403},
issn = {1460-2091},
support = {HHSN272200900018C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P01 AI083214/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI072360/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U19 AI110818/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Cross Infection/microbiology ; Enterococcus faecium/drug effects/*genetics ; Feces/microbiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Operon ; Phylogeny ; Plasmids/*genetics ; Symbiosis ; Vancomycin/pharmacology ; Vancomycin Resistance/*genetics ; Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Objectives: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium is a leading cause of MDR hospital infection. Two genetically definable populations of E. faecium have been identified: hospital-adapted MDR isolates (clade A) and vancomycin-susceptible commensal strains (clade B). VanN-type vancomycin resistance was identified in two isolates of E. faecium recovered from blood and faeces of an immunocompromised patient. To understand the genomic context in which VanN occurred in the hospitalized patient, the risk it posed for transmission in the hospital and its origins, it was of interest to determine where these strains placed within the E. faecium population structure.<br><br>Methods: We obtained the genome sequence of the VanN isolates and performed comparative and functional genomics of the chromosome and plasmid content.<br><br>Results: We show that, in these strains, VanN occurs in a genetic background that clusters with clade B E. faecium, which is highly unusual. We characterized the chromosome and the conjugative plasmid that carries VanN resistance in these strains, pUV24. This plasmid exhibits signatures of in-host selection on the vanN operon regulatory system, which are associated with a constitutive expression of vancomycin resistance. VanN resistance in clade B strains may go undetected by current methods.<br><br>Conclusions: We report a case of vancomycin resistance in a commensal lineage of E. faecium responsible for an atypical bacteraemia in an immunocompromised patient. A reservoir of transferable glycopeptide resistance in the community could pose a concern for public health.},
}
@article {pmid29385453,
year = {2018},
author = {Wang, Y and Staubach, F},
title = {Individual variation of natural D.melanogaster-associated bacterial communities.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology letters},
volume = {365},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsle/fny017},
pmid = {29385453},
issn = {1574-6968},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Drosophila melanogaster/*microbiology ; Male ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Drosophila melanogaster has become an important model organism to study host-microbe interaction in the laboratory. However, the natural microbial communities that are associated with D. melanogaster have received less attention. Especially, information on inter-individual variation is still lacking, because most studies so far have used pooled material from several flies. Here, we collected bacterial 16S rRNA gene community profiles from a set of 32 individuals from a single population. We simulated pools from the individual data (i) to assess how well the microbiome of a host population is represented by pools, and (ii) to compare variation of Drosophila microbiomes within and between populations. Taxon richness was increased in simulated pools, suggesting that pools paint a more comprehensive picture of the taxa associated with a host population. Furthermore, microbiome composition varied less between pools than between individuals, indicating that differences even out in pools. Variation in microbiome composition was larger between populations than between simulated pools from a single population, adding to the notion that there are population-specific effects on the Drosophila microbiome. Surprisingly, samples from individuals clustered into two groups, suggesting that there are yet unknown factors that affect the composition of natural fly-associated microbial communities and need further research.},
}
@article {pmid29292829,
year = {2018},
author = {Raven, JA and Lambers, H and Smith, SE and Westoby, M},
title = {Costs of acquiring phosphorus by vascular land plants: patterns and implications for plant coexistence.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {217},
number = {4},
pages = {1420-1427},
doi = {10.1111/nph.14967},
pmid = {29292829},
issn = {1469-8137},
mesh = {Adaptation, Physiological ; Embryophyta/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Plant Roots/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Content Summary 1420 I. Introduction 1421 II. Root adaptations that influence P acquisition 1422 III. Costs of P acquisition: general 1423 IV. Costs of P acquisition that are independent of soil P concentrations 1423 V. Costs of P acquisition that increase as soil P concentrations decline 1424 VI. Discussion and conclusions 1424 Acknowledgements 1425 References 1425 SUMMARY: We compare carbon (and hence energy) costs of the different modes of phosphorus (P) acquisition by vascular land plants. Phosphorus-acquisition modes are considered to be mechanisms of plants together with their root symbionts and structures such as cluster roots involved in mobilising or absorbing P. Phosphorus sources considered are soluble and insoluble inorganic and organic pools. Costs include operating the P-acquisition mechanisms, and resource requirements to construct and maintain them. For most modes, costs increase as the relevant soil P concentration declines. Costs can thus be divided into a component incurred irrespective of soil P concentration, and a component describing how quickly costs increase as the soil P concentration declines. Differences in sensitivity of costs to soil P concentration arise mainly from how economically mycorrhizal fungal hyphae or roots that explore the soil volume are constructed, and from costs of exudates that hydrolyse or mobilise insoluble P forms. In general, modes of acquisition requiring least carbon at high soil P concentrations experience a steeper increase in costs as soil P concentrations decline. The relationships between costs and concentrations suggest some reasons why different modes coexist, and why the mixture of acquisition modes differs between sites.},
}
@article {pmid29193223,
year = {2018},
author = {Waller, LP and Felten, J and Hiiesalu, I and Vogt-Schilb, H},
title = {Sharing resources for mutual benefit: crosstalk between disciplines deepens the understanding of mycorrhizal symbioses across scales.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {217},
number = {1},
pages = {29-32},
doi = {10.1111/nph.14912},
pmid = {29193223},
issn = {1469-8137},
mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; Plants/microbiology ; Symbiosis/*physiology ; },
}
@article {pmid31512052,
year = {2019},
author = {Gogoleva, OA and Shchuplova, EA},
title = {The influence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria on the interaction of opportunistic microorganisms with erythrocytes.},
journal = {Folia microbiologica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s12223-019-00748-6},
pmid = {31512052},
issn = {1874-9356},
support = {№ 0420-2015-0005//The work wascarried out within the framework of the state task on the topic &quot;The role of the microbial factor in the functioning of the physiological systems of the human body&quot;/ ; },
abstract = {Getting into a weakened organism, non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTMB) contact not only with the cells of the microorganism but also with the microflora of the human body; however, these interactions are poorly understood. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of NTMB supernatants on the properties of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms in their interaction with red blood cells. We used strains of non-tuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium iranicum and M. rutilum, as well as strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. Using the fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) method, the processes of adhesion to the surface of erythrocytes and the intra-erythrocyte penetration of cells of S. epidermidis and E. coli under the influence of NTMB supernatants were studied. To study changes in the haemoglobin molecule under the action of the supernatants of NTMB, spectral analysis was performed. Statistical processing was performed using STATISTIKA 6.0. The results showed that the supernatants of M. iranicum and M. rutilum increased the adhesion of conditionally pathogenic bacteria with a low level of AntiHbA to the surface of erythrocytes by 3-4 times. It also increased the intra-erythrocyte penetration of cells of S. epidermidis and E. coli relative to the control values. As a result of studying the haemoglobin spectrum of erythrocytes under the influence of M. iranicum, a decrease in the optical density values of oxyhaemoglobin by a factor of 2 relative to the values in the control sample was noted. Thus, the supernatants of NTMB have a multidirectional effect on the interaction of opportunistic microorganisms with erythrocytes, increasing the adhesive activity and the penetration of cells into the erythrocytes, as well as reducing the optical density of oxyhaemoglobin.},
}
@article {pmid30777324,
year = {2019},
author = {Mellal, H and Yacine, B and Boukaous, L and Khouni, S and Benguedouar, A and Castellano-Hinojosa, A and Bedmar, EJ},
title = {Phylogenetic diversity of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from root nodules of Lupinus angustifolius grown wild in the North East of Algeria.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {397-402},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2019.01.003},
pmid = {30777324},
issn = {1618-0984},
mesh = {Algeria ; Bradyrhizobium/*classification/genetics/physiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Essential/genetics ; Host Specificity ; Lupinus/*microbiology ; *Phylogeny ; Plant Root Nodulation ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {From a total of 80 bacterial strains isolated from root nodules of Lupinus angustifolius grown wild in the North-Eastern Algerian region of El Tarf, 64 plant host-nodulating strains clustered into 17 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting groups. The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence from the representative strain of each group revealed they were closely related to members of the genus Bradyrhizobium of the Alphaproteobacteria, but their affiliation at the species level was not clear. Sequencing of the housekeeping genes glnII and recA, and their concatenated phylogenetic analysis, showed that 12 strains belong to B. lupini, other 2 strains affiliated with B. diazoefficiens and that 1 strain was closely related to B. japonicum. The remaining two strains showed similarity values ≤95% with B. cytisi and could represent new lineages within the genus Bradyrhizobium. Sequencing of the symbiotic nodC gene from 4 selected bradyrhizobial strains showed they were all similar to those of the species included in symbiovar genistearum.},
}
@article {pmid30487259,
year = {2018},
author = {Harrison, TL and Simonsen, AK and Stinchcombe, JR and Frederickson, ME},
title = {More partners, more ranges: generalist legumes spread more easily around the globe.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {14},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {30487259},
issn = {1744-957X},
mesh = {Fabaceae/microbiology/*physiology ; *Plant Dispersal ; RNA, Bacterial/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis ; Rhizobium/genetics/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {How does mutualism affect range expansion? On the one hand, mutualists might thrive in new habitats thanks to the resources, stress tolerance or defence provided by their partners. On the other, specialized mutualists might fail to find compatible partners beyond their range margins, limiting further spread. A recent global analysis of legume ranges found that non-symbiotic legumes have been successfully introduced to more ranges than legumes that form symbioses with rhizobia, but there is still abundant unexplained variation in introduction success within symbiotic legumes. We test the hypothesis that generalist legumes have spread to more ranges than specialist legumes. We used published data and rhizobial 16S rRNA sequences from GenBank to quantify the number of rhizobia partners that associate with 159 legume species, spanning the legume phylogeny and the globe. We found that generalist legumes occur in more introduced ranges than specialist legumes, suggesting that among mutualists, specialization hinders range expansions.},
}
@article {pmid30381384,
year = {2018},
author = {Palmer-Young, EC and Raffel, TR and McFrederick, QS},
title = {Temperature-mediated inhibition of a bumblebee parasite by an intestinal symbiont.},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences},
volume = {285},
number = {1890},
pages = {},
pmid = {30381384},
issn = {1471-2954},
support = {R01 GM122062/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bees/microbiology/parasitology ; Coculture Techniques ; Crithidia/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Lactobacillus/*growth &amp; development/metabolism ; Symbiosis/physiology ; *Temperature ; },
abstract = {Competition between organisms is often mediated by environmental factors, including temperature. In animal intestines, nonpathogenic symbionts compete physically and chemically against pathogens, with consequences for host infection. We used metabolic theory-based models to characterize differential responses to temperature of a bacterial symbiont and a co-occurring trypanosomatid parasite of bumblebees, which regulate body temperature during flight and incubation. We hypothesized that inhibition of parasites by bacterial symbionts would increase with temperature, due to symbionts having higher optimal growth temperatures than parasites. We found that a temperature increase over the range measured in bumblebee colonies would favour symbionts over parasites. As predicted by our hypothesis, symbionts reduced the optimal growth temperature for parasites, both in direct competition and when parasites were exposed to symbiont spent medium. Inhibitory effects of the symbiont increased with temperature, reflecting accelerated growth and acid production by symbionts. Our results indicate that high temperatures, whether due to host endothermy or environmental factors, can enhance the inhibitory effects of symbionts on parasites. Temperature-modulated manipulation of microbiota could be one explanation for fever- and heat-induced reductions of infection in animals, with consequences for diseases of medical and conservation concern.},
}
@article {pmid29034959,
year = {2018},
author = {Helliwell, KE and Pandhal, J and Cooper, MB and Longworth, J and Kudahl, UJ and Russo, DA and Tomsett, EV and Bunbury, F and Salmon, DL and Smirnoff, N and Wright, PC and Smith, AG},
title = {Quantitative proteomics of a B12 -dependent alga grown in coculture with bacteria reveals metabolic tradeoffs required for mutualism.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {217},
number = {2},
pages = {599-612},
pmid = {29034959},
issn = {1469-8137},
support = {BB/F011652/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/I013164/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Algal Proteins/metabolism ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Chlorophyta/drug effects/genetics/*growth &amp; development/*metabolism ; Coculture Techniques ; Computational Biology ; Electron Transport/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects ; Mesorhizobium/drug effects/*growth &amp; development ; Photosynthesis/drug effects ; *Proteomics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Symbiosis/*drug effects ; Vitamin B 12/*pharmacology ; },
abstract = {The unicellular green alga Lobomonas rostrata requires an external supply of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) for growth, which it can obtain in stable laboratory cultures from the soil bacterium Mesorhizobium loti in exchange for photosynthate. We investigated changes in protein expression in the alga that allow it to engage in this mutualism. We used quantitative isobaric tagging (iTRAQ) proteomics to determine the L. rostrata proteome grown axenically with B12 supplementation or in coculture with M. loti. Data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD005046). Using the related Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a reference genome, 588 algal proteins could be identified. Enzymes of amino acid biosynthesis were higher in coculture than in axenic culture, and this was reflected in increased amounts of total cellular protein and several free amino acids. A number of heat shock proteins were also elevated. Conversely, photosynthetic proteins and those of chloroplast protein synthesis were significantly lower in L. rostrata cells in coculture. These observations were confirmed by measurement of electron transfer rates in cells grown under the two conditions. The results indicate that, despite the stability of the mutualism, L. rostrata experiences stress in coculture with M. loti, and must adjust its metabolism accordingly.},
}
@article {pmid31509600,
year = {2019},
author = {Radice, VZ and Brett, MT and Fry, B and Fox, MD and Hoegh-Guldberg, O and Dove, SG},
title = {Evaluating coral trophic strategies using fatty acid composition and indices.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
pages = {e0222327},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0222327},
pmid = {31509600},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The ecological success of shallow water reef-building corals has been linked to the symbiosis between the coral host and its dinoflagellate symbionts (herein 'symbionts'). As mixotrophs, symbiotic corals depend on nutrients 1) transferred from their photosynthetic symbionts (autotrophy) and 2) acquired by host feeding on particulate organic resources (heterotrophy). However, coral species differ in the extent to which they depend on heterotrophy for nutrition and these differences are typically poorly defined. Here, a multi-tracer fatty acid approach was used to evaluate the trophic strategies of three species of common reef-building coral (Galaxea fascicularis, Pachyseris speciosa, and Pocillopora verrucosa) whose trophic strategies had previously been identified using carbon stable isotopes. The composition and various indices of fatty acids were compared to examine the relative contribution of symbiont autotrophy and host heterotrophy in coral energy acquisition. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to estimate the contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from various potential sources to the coral hosts. The total fatty acid composition and fatty acid indices revealed differences between the more heterotrophic (P. verrucosa) and more autotrophic (P. speciosa) coral hosts, with the coral host G. fascicularis showing overlap with the other two species and greater variability overall. For the more heterotrophic P. verrucosa, the fatty acid indices and LDA results both indicated a greater proportion of copepod-derived fatty acids compared to the other coral species. Overall, the LDA estimated that PUFA derived from particulate resources (e.g., copepods and diatoms) comprised a greater proportion of coral host PUFA in contrast to the lower proportion of symbiont-derived PUFA. These estimates provide insight into the importance of heterotrophy in coral nutrition, especially in productive reef systems. The study supports carbon stable isotope results and demonstrates the utility of fatty acid analyses for exploring the trophic strategies of reef-building corals.},
}
@article {pmid31508195,
year = {2019},
author = {He, S and Grasis, JA and Nicotra, ML and Juliano, CE and Schnitzler, CE},
title = {Cnidofest 2018: the future is bright for cnidarian research.},
journal = {EvoDevo},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {20},
doi = {10.1186/s13227-019-0134-5},
pmid = {31508195},
issn = {2041-9139},
abstract = {The 2018 Cnidarian Model Systems Meeting (Cnidofest) was held September 6-9th at the University of Florida Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience in St. Augustine, FL. Cnidofest 2018, which built upon the momentum of Hydroidfest 2016, brought together research communities working on a broad spectrum of cnidarian organisms from North America and around the world. Meeting talks covered diverse aspects of cnidarian biology, with sessions focused on genomics, development, neurobiology, immunology, symbiosis, ecology, and evolution. In addition to interesting biology, Cnidofest also emphasized the advancement of modern research techniques. Invited technology speakers showcased the power of microfluidics and single-cell transcriptomics and demonstrated their application in cnidarian models. In this report, we provide an overview of the exciting research that was presented at the meeting and discuss opportunities for future research.},
}
@article {pmid31504077,
year = {2017},
author = {Dupre, C and Grasis, JA and Steele, RE and Schnitzler, CE and Juliano, CE},
title = {Hydroidfest 2016: celebrating a renaissance in hydrozoan research.},
journal = {EvoDevo},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {7},
doi = {10.1186/s13227-017-0070-1},
pmid = {31504077},
issn = {2041-9139},
abstract = {Hydroidfest 2016 took place on September 23-25 at the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay, CA. The meeting brought together cnidarian researchers, with an emphasis on those studying hydrozoans, from North America and other parts of the world. The scientific topics discussed were diverse, including sessions focused on development, regeneration, aging, immunology, symbiosis, and neurobiology. Thanks to the application of modern biological technologies, hydrozoans and other cnidarians are now fertile ground for research in numerous disciplines. Moreover, their amenability to comparative approaches is a powerful asset that was repeatedly showcased during the meeting. Here, we give a brief account of the work that was presented and the opportunities that emerged from the ensuing discussions.},
}
@article {pmid31504533,
year = {2019},
author = {Havird, JC and Weaver, RJ and Milani, L and Ghiselli, F and Greenway, R and Ramsey, AJ and Jimenez, AG and Dowling, DK and Hood, WR and Montooth, KL and Estes, S and Schulte, PM and Sokolova, IM and Hill, GE},
title = {Beyond the Powerhouse: Integrating Mitonuclear Evolution, Physiology, and Theory in Comparative Biology.},
journal = {Integrative and comparative biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/icb/icz132},
pmid = {31504533},
issn = {1557-7023},
abstract = {Eukaryotes are the outcome of an ancient symbiosis and as such, eukaryotic cells fundamentally possess two genomes. As a consequence, gene products encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes must interact in an intimate and precise fashion to enable aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. This genomic architecture of eukaryotes is proposed to necessitate perpetual coevolution between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes to maintain coadaptation, but the presence of two genomes also creates the opportunity for intracellular conflict. In the collection of papers that constitute this symposium volume, scientists working in diverse organismal systems spanning vast biological scales address emerging topics in integrative, comparative biology in light of mitonuclear interactions.},
}
@article {pmid31504465,
year = {2019},
author = {Freed, LL and Easson, C and Baker, LJ and Fenolio, D and Sutton, TT and Khan, Y and Blackwelder, P and Hendry, TA and Lopez, JV},
title = {Characterization of the microbiome and bioluminescent symbionts across life stages of ceratioid anglerfishes of the gulf of mexico.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiz146},
pmid = {31504465},
issn = {1574-6941},
abstract = {The interdependence of diverse organisms through symbiosis reaches even the deepest parts of the oceans. As part of the DEEPEND project (deependconsortium.org) research on deep Gulf of Mexico biodiversity, we profiled the bacterial communities ('microbiomes') and luminous symbionts of 36 specimens of adult and larval deep-sea anglerfishes of the suborder Ceratioidei using 16S rDNA. Transmission Electron Microscopy was used to characterize the location of symbionts in adult light organs (esca). Whole larval microbiomes, and adult skin and gut microbiomes, were dominated by bacteria in the genera Moritella and Pseudoalteromonas genera. 16S rDNA sequencing results from adult fishes corroborate the previously published identity of ceratioid bioluminescent symbionts and support findings that these symbionts do not consistently exhibit host specificity at the host family level. Bioluminescent symbiont amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were absent from larval ceratioid samples, but were found at all depths in the seawater, with a highest abundance found at mesopelagic depths. As adults spend the majority of their lives in the meso and bathypelagic, the trend in symbiont abundance is consistent with their life history. These findings support the hypothesis that bioluminescent symbionts are not present throughout host development, and that ceratioids acquire their bioluminescent symbionts from the environment.},
}
@article {pmid31504453,
year = {2019},
author = {Barelli, L and Behie, SW and Bidochka, MJ},
title = {Availability of carbon and nitrogen in soil affects Metarhizium robertsii root colonization and transfer of insect-derived nitrogen.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsec/fiz144},
pmid = {31504453},
issn = {1574-6941},
abstract = {The endophytic, insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium, exchanges insect-derived nitrogen for photosynthate as part of a symbiotic association similar to well-known mycorrhizal relationships. However, little is known about this nitrogen transfer in soils where there is an abundance of nitrogen and/or carbon. Here we applied D-glucose and ammonium nitrate to soil to examine the effect on root colonization and transfer of labelled nitrogen (15N) from an insect (injected with 15N-ammonium sulfate), to Metarhizium robertsii, into leaves of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, over the course of 28 days. Application of exogenous carbon and/or nitrogen to soils significantly reduced detectable 15N in plant leaves. Metarhizium root colonization, quantified with real-time PCR, revealed colonization persisted under all conditions but was significantly greater on roots in soil supplemented with glucose and significantly lower in soil supplemented with ammonium nitrate. Fungal gene expression analysis revealed differential expression of sugar and nitrogen transporters (mrt, st3, nrr1, nit1, mep2) when Metarhizium was grown in pure broth culture or in co-culture with plant roots under various carbon and nitrogen conditions. The observation that Metarhizium maintained root colonization in the absence of nitrogen transfer, and without evidence of plant harm, is intriguing and indicates additional benefits with ecological importance.},
}
@article {pmid31500535,
year = {2019},
author = {Foster, RA and Zehr, JP},
title = {Diversity, Genomics, and Distribution of Phytoplankton-Cyanobacterium Single-Cell Symbiotic Associations.},
journal = {Annual review of microbiology},
volume = {73},
number = {},
pages = {435-456},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062650},
pmid = {31500535},
issn = {1545-3251},
abstract = {Cyanobacteria are common in symbiotic relationships with diverse multicellular organisms (animals, plants, fungi) in terrestrial environments and with single-celled heterotrophic, mixotrophic, and autotrophic protists in aquatic environments. In the sunlit zones of aquatic environments, diverse cyanobacterial symbioses exist with autotrophic taxa in phytoplankton, including dinoflagellates, diatoms, and haptophytes (prymnesiophytes). Phototrophic unicellular cyanobacteria related to Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are associated with a number of groups. N2-fixing cyanobacteria are symbiotic with diatoms and haptophytes. Extensive genome reduction is involved in the N2-fixing endosymbionts, most dramatically in the unicellular cyanobacteria associated with haptophytes, which have lost most of the photosynthetic apparatus, the ability to fix C, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The mechanisms involved in N2-fixing symbioses may involve more interactions beyond simple exchange of fixed C for N. N2-fixing cyanobacterial symbioses are widespread in the oceans, even more widely distributed than the best-known free-living N2-fixing cyanobacteria, suggesting they may be equally or more important in the global ocean biogeochemical cycle of N.Despite their ubiquitous nature and significance in biogeochemical cycles, cyanobacterium-phytoplankton symbioses remain understudied and poorly understood.},
}
@article {pmid31185402,
year = {2019},
author = {Parvin, S and Van Geel, M and Yeasmin, T and Lievens, B and Honnay, O},
title = {Variation in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with lowland rice (Oryza sativa) along a gradient of soil salinity and arsenic contamination in Bangladesh.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {686},
number = {},
pages = {546-554},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.450},
pmid = {31185402},
issn = {1879-1026},
mesh = {Arsenic/*analysis ; Bangladesh ; Environmental Monitoring ; Mycobiome ; Mycorrhizae/*growth &amp; development ; Oryza/*microbiology/physiology ; Soil/chemistry ; Soil Microbiology ; Soil Pollutants/*analysis ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Rice is an essential food crop that nourishes >50% of the world population. In many regions of Bangladesh rice production is constrained by high soil salinity and heavy metal contamination due to irrigation practices. Plants may naturally overcome such stress through mutualistic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Yet, little is known regarding the diversity and composition of AMF communities in rice fields with high saline and arsenic concentration. Here we used high throughput Illumina sequencing to characterize AMF communities in rice roots from 45 Bangladeshi rice fields, along a large geographical gradient of soil salinity and arsenic contamination. We obtained 77 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, based on a sequence similarity threshold of 97%) from eight AMF families, and showed that high soil salinity and arsenic concentration are significantly associated with low AMF diversity in rice roots. Soil salinity and arsenic concentration also explained a large part of the variation in AMF community composition, but also soil pH, moisture, organic matter content and plant available soil phosphorus played an important role. Overall, our study showed that even at very high salinity and arsenic levels, some AMF OTUs are present in rice roots. Their potential role in mediating a reduction of rice stress and arsenic uptake remains to be investigated.},
}
@article {pmid31101011,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, Y and Chen, Q and Xie, JY and Yeung, YH and Xiao, B and Liao, B and Xu, J and Qiu, JW},
title = {Development of a transcriptomic database for 14 species of scleractinian corals.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {387},
doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-5744-8},
pmid = {31101011},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {JCYJ20170307161326613//Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (CN)/ ; 2017-03//Environment and Conservation Fund, Hong Kong/ ; 12102018//General Research Fund of Hong Kong/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*classification/*genetics ; Computational Biology/*methods ; *Databases, Genetic ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Symbiosis ; *Transcriptome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Scleractinian corals are important reef builders, but around the world they are under the threat of global climate change as well as local stressors. Molecular resources are critical for understanding a species' stress responses and resilience to the changing environment, but such resources are unavailable for most scleractinian corals, especially those distributed in the South China Sea. We therefore aimed to provide transcriptome resources for 14 common species, including a few structure forming species, in the South China Sea.<br><br>DESCRIPTION: We sequenced the transcriptome of 14 species of scleractinian corals using high-throughput RNA-seq and conducted de novo assembly. For each species, we produced 7.4 to 12.0 gigabases of reads, and assembled them into 271 to 762 thousand contigs with a N50 value of 629 to 1427 bp. These contigs included 66 to 114 thousand unigenes with a predicted open reading frame, and 74.3 to 80.5% of the unigenes were functionally annotated. In the azooxanthelate species Tubastraea coccinea, 41.5% of the unigenes had at least a best-hit sequence from corals. In the other thirteen species, 20.2 to 48.9% of the annotated unigenes had best-hit sequences from corals, and 28.3 to 51.6% from symbiotic algae belonging to the family Symbiodinaceae. With these resources, we developed a transcriptome database (CoralTBase) which features online BLAST and keyword search for unigenes/functional terms through a user friendly Internet interface.<br><br>SHORT CONCLUSION: We developed comprehensive transcriptome resources for 14 species of scleractinian corals and constructed a publicly accessible database (www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/~db/CoralTBase). CoralTBase will facilitate not only functional studies using these corals to understand the molecular basis of stress responses and adaptation, but also comparative transcriptomic studies with other species of corals and more distantly related cnidarians.},
}
@article {pmid30857983,
year = {2019},
author = {Wu, Y and Zhou, Z and Wang, J and Luo, J and Wang, L and Zhang, Y},
title = {Temperature regulates the recognition activities of a galectin to pathogen and symbiont in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis.},
journal = {Developmental and comparative immunology},
volume = {96},
number = {},
pages = {103-110},
doi = {10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.003},
pmid = {30857983},
issn = {1879-0089},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*immunology/microbiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Coral Reefs ; Escherichia coli/immunology ; Galectins/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Host Microbial Interactions/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Streptococcus mutans/immunology ; Symbiosis/*immunology ; *Temperature ; Vibrio/immunology ; },
abstract = {Lectins serve as essential pattern recognition receptors, and play important roles in the recognition of non-self and mediation of innate immune response in metazoans. Scleractinian corals are vulnerable to pathogen infection and endosymbiosis disruption under heat stress that can finally lead to coral bleaching. In this study, a cDNA sequence encoding one galectin was cloned in scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis (PdGLT-1). The deduced PdGLT-1 protein shared highest amino acid sequence similarity (99%) with galectin from Stylophora pistillata (XP_022806650.1), and was composed of one signal peptide, one Collagen domain and one Gal-Lectin domain. PdGLT-1 recombinant protein (rPdGLT-1) was expressed and purified in vitro. Binding activities of rPdGLT-1 to bacteria and symbiont were determined using western blotting method. Results showed that rPdGLT-1 was able to bind to gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus mutans, gram-negative bacteria Vibrio coralliilyticus and Escherichia coli, with the highest activity for V. coralliilyticus, and further agglutinated them. The bound rPdGLT-1 to Symbiodinium (10-104 cells mL-1) was detectable, and its binding ability was concentration-dependent. Furthermore, dual binding activities were determined under different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 °C), and the optimal temperatures were found to be 25 and 30 °C for V. coralliilyticus and Symbiodinium, respectively. Results suggested that PdGLT-1 could recognize pathogenic bacteria and symbiotic dinoflagellates Symbiodinium. However, their recognition activities were repressed under high temperature (>30 °C). This study provided insights into the underlying mechanism of lectin modulation to heat bleaching through its pathogen and Symbiodinium recognition in the scleractinian coral P. damicornis.},
}
@article {pmid30719426,
year = {2018},
author = {Myles, IA and Moore, IN and Castillo, CR and Datta, SK},
title = {Differing Virulence of Healthy Skin Commensals in Mouse Models of Infection.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {451},
doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2018.00451},
pmid = {30719426},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Infections/*microbiology/pathology ; Carrier State/microbiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Methylobacteriaceae/*growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; Mice ; Probiotics/administration &amp; dosage/*adverse effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; Staphylococcus/*growth &amp; development/pathogenicity ; *Symbiosis ; *Virulence ; },
abstract = {Introduction: As therapies for atopic dermatitis (AD) based on live biotherapeutic products (LBP) are developed, the potential displacement of biotherapeutic strains, and species to mucosal sites where they are not naturally found is of investigative interest. However, formal assessment of the toxicity potential of healthy skin commensal organisms has not been reported in the literature. Our previous research indicates that topical application of live Roseomonas mucosa to treat AD was associated with clinical benefit on the skin, but the effects of exposure via inhalation, eye inoculation, and ingestion were unknown. Methods: Herein we report our findings from mice inoculated with commensal strains of R. mucosa, coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial isolates were collected under clinical trial NCT03018275, however these results do not represent an interventional clinical trial. Results: Our tested R. mucosa isolates did not display significant infection or inflammation. However, neutropenic mice inoculated with CNS had infection without major inflammation in pulmonary models. In contrast, systemic infection generated hepatic and splenic pathology for P. aeruginosa and CNS, which was worsened by the presence of neutropenia. Discussion: Our results suggest that LBP derived from bacteria without significant infectivity histories, such as R. mucosa, may represent safer options than known pathobionts like P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus spp. Overall, these results suggest that topically applied LBP from select skin commensals are likely to present safe therapeutic options and reinforce our prior clinical findings.},
}
@article {pmid31497392,
year = {2019},
author = {Shtark, OY and Puzanskiy, RK and Avdeeva, GS and Yurkov, AP and Smolikova, GN and Yemelyanov, VV and Kliukova, MS and Shavarda, AL and Kirpichnikova, AA and Zhernakov, AI and Afonin, AM and Tikhonovich, IA and Zhukov, VA and Shishova, MF},
title = {Metabolic alterations in pea leaves during arbuscular mycorrhiza development.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7495},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7495},
pmid = {31497392},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known to be a mutually beneficial plant-fungal symbiosis; however, the effect of mycorrhization is heavily dependent on multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, for the proper employment of such plant-fungal symbiotic systems in agriculture, a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of the plant developmental response to mycorrhization is needed. The aim of this work was to uncover the physiological and metabolic alterations in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves associated with mycorrhization at key plant developmental stages. Plants of pea cv. Finale were grown in constant environmental conditions under phosphate deficiency. The plants were analyzed at six distinct time points, which corresponded to certain developmental stages of the pea: I: 7 days post inoculation (DPI) when the second leaf is fully unfolded with one pair of leaflets and a simple tendril; II: 21 DPI at first leaf with two pairs of leaflets and a complex tendril; III: 32 DPI when the floral bud is enclosed; IV: 42 DPI at the first open flower; V: 56 DPI when the pod is filled with green seeds; and VI: 90-110 DPI at the dry harvest stage. Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on the fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activity, accumulation of chlorophyll a, b or carotenoids. However, at stage III (corresponding to the most active phase of mycorrhiza development), the number of internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leaf was lower in the inoculated plants than in those without inoculation. Moreover, inoculation extended the vegetation period of the host plants, and resulted in increase of the average dry weight per seed at stage VI. The leaf metabolome, as analyzed with GC-MS, included about three hundred distinct metabolites and showed a strong correlation with plant age, and, to a lesser extent, was influenced by mycorrhization. Metabolic shifts influenced the levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism. The use of unsupervised dimension reduction methods showed that (i) at stage II, the metabolite spectra of inoculated plants were similar to those of the control, and (ii) at stages IV and V, the leaf metabolic profiles of inoculated plants shifted towards the profiles of the control plants at earlier developmental stages. At stage IV the inoculated plants exhibited a higher level of metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids, and lipophilic compounds in comparison to control plants. Thus, mycorrhization led to the retardation of plant development, which was also associated with higher seed biomass accumulation in plants with an extended vegetation period. The symbiotic crosstalk between host plant and AM fungi leads to alterations in several biochemical pathways the details of which need to be elucidated in further studies.},
}
@article {pmid31495588,
year = {2019},
author = {Iwai, S and Fujita, K and Takanishi, Y and Fukushi, K},
title = {Photosynthetic Endosymbionts Benefit from Host's Phagotrophy, Including Predation on Potential Competitors.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.074},
pmid = {31495588},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {In many endosymbioses, hosts have been shown to benefit from symbiosis, but it remains unclear whether intracellular endosymbionts benefit from their association with hosts [1, 2]. This makes it difficult to determine evolutionary mechanisms underlying cooperative behaviors between hosts and intracellular endosymbionts, such as mutual exchange of vital resources. Here, we investigate the fitness effects of symbiosis on the ciliate host Paramecium bursaria and on the algal endosymbiont Chlorella [3, 4], using experimental microcosms that include the free-living alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to mimic ecologically realistic conditions. We demonstrate that both host ciliate and the endosymbiotic algae gain fitness benefits from the symbiosis when another alga C. reinhardtii is present in the system. Specifically, the endosymbiotic Chlorella can grow as the host ciliate feeds and grows on C. reinhardtii, whereas the growth of free-living Chlorella is reduced by its competitor, C. reinhardtii. Thus, we propose that the endosymbiotic algae benefit from the host's phagotrophy, which allows the endosymbiont to access particulate nutrient sources and to indirectly prey on the potential competitors competing with its free-living counterparts. Even though the ecological contexts in which each partner receives its benefits differ, both partners would gain net fitness benefits in an ecological timescale. Thus, the cooperative behaviors can evolve through fitness feedback (partner fidelity feedback) between the host and the endosymbiont, without need for special partner control mechanisms. The proposed ecological and evolutionary mechanisms provide a basis for understanding cooperative resource exchanges in endosymbioses, including many photosynthetic endosymbioses widespread in aquatic ecosystems.},
}
@article {pmid31166161,
year = {2019},
author = {Sazanova, AL and Safronova, VI and Kuznetsova, IG and Karlov, DS and Belimov, AA and Andronov, EE and Chirak, ER and Popova, JP and Verkhozina, AV and Willems, A and Tikhonovich, IA},
title = {Bosea caraganae sp. nov. a new species of slow-growing bacteria isolated from root nodules of the relict species Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir. originating from Mongolia.},
journal = {International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology},
volume = {69},
number = {9},
pages = {2687-2695},
doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003509},
pmid = {31166161},
issn = {1466-5034},
mesh = {Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Base Composition ; Bradyrhizobiaceae/*classification/isolation &amp; purification ; Caragana/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Genes, Bacterial ; Mongolia ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Root Nodules, Plant/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Two Gram-stain-negative strains, RCAM04680T and RCAM04685, were isolated from root nodules of the relict legume Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir. originating from the south-western shore of Lake Khuvsgul (Mongolia). The 16S rRNA gene (rrs) sequencing data showed that these novel isolates belong to the genus Bosea and are phylogenetically closest to the type strains Bosea lathyri LMG 26379T, Bosea vaviloviae LMG 28367T, Bosea massiliensis LMG 26221T and Bosea lupini LMG 26383T (the rrs-similarity levels were 98.7-98.8 %). The recA gene of strain RCAM04680T showed the highest sequence similarity to the type strain B. lupini LMG 26383T (95.4 %), while its atpD gene was closest to that of B. lathyri LMG 26379T (94.4 %). The ITS, dnaK and gyrB sequences of this isolate were most similar to the B. vaviloviae LMG 28367T (86.8 % for ITS, 90.4 % for the other genes). The most abundant fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c (40.8 %). The whole genomes of strains RCAM04680T and RCAM04685 were identical (100 % average nucleotide identity). The highest average nucleotide identity value (82.8 %) was found between the genome of strain RCAM04680T and B. vaviloviae LMG 28367T. The common nodABC genes required for legume nodulation were absent in both strains; however, some other symbiotic nol, nod, nif and fix genes were detected. Based on the genetic study, as well as analyses of the whole-cell fatty acid compositions and phenotypic properties, a new species, Boseacaraganae sp. nov. (type strain RCAM04680T (=LMG 31125T), is proposed.},
}
@article {pmid30904535,
year = {2019},
author = {Javaheri-Kermani, M and Asoodeh, A},
title = {A novel beta-1,4 glucanase produced by symbiotic Bacillus sp. CF96 isolated from termite (Anacanthotermes).},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {131},
number = {},
pages = {752-759},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.124},
pmid = {30904535},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacillus/classification/*enzymology/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Stability ; Glycoside Hydrolases/*chemistry/*isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Isoptera/*microbiology ; Solvents ; Substrate Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Temperature ; },
abstract = {A novel beta-1,4-glucanase was purified and characterized from symbiotic Bacillus sp. CF96 of termite. The SDS-PAGE and zymogram analyses revealed a molecular mass of 35.6 kDa. Optimal activity was at 50 °C and pH 5.5, while the enzyme was active over a wide range of temperature 20-80 °C and pH 4-10 and interestingly more than 60% of the maximum activity remained up to pH 9. The enzyme activity increased in the presence of hexane, chloroform and methanol (20% v/v). while, the enzyme activity was inhibited by metal ions such as Mn2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+. The isolated enzyme was able to degrade carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), avicel and cellulose. Cellobiose was the hydrolytic product of enzymatic reaction based on thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. Regarding beta-1,4 endo/exoglucanase activity and high temperature, pH and solvent stability, the enzyme has potential for various industrial applications especially in designing pesticide for termite.},
}
@article {pmid30246365,
year = {2018},
author = {Murakami, T and Segawa, T and Takeuchi, N and Barcaza Sepúlveda, G and Labarca, P and Kohshima, S and Hongoh, Y},
title = {Metagenomic analyses highlight the symbiotic association between the glacier stonefly Andiperla willinki and its bacterial gut community.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {20},
number = {11},
pages = {4170-4183},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14420},
pmid = {30246365},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {16H04840//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; 17K19423//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; 22241005//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; 23117003//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; 26241020//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/International ; GS009//NEXT/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/*genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Ecosystem ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Ice Cover/*parasitology ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Insecta/*microbiology/physiology ; Metagenomics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The glacier stonefly Andiperla willinki is the largest metazoan inhabiting the Patagonian glaciers. In this study, we analysed the gut microbiome of the aquatic nymphs by 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic sequencing. The bacterial gut community was consistently dominated by taxa typical of animal digestive tracts, such as Dysgonomonadaceae and Lachnospiraceae, as well as those generally indigenous to glacier environments, such as Polaromonas. Interestingly, the dominant Polaromonas phylotypes detected in the stonefly gut were almost never detected in the glacier surface habitat. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the bacterial lineages typical of animal guts colonized the gut wall in a co-aggregated form, while Polaromonas cells were not included in the aggregates. Draft genomes of several dominant bacterial lineages were reconstructed from metagenomic datasets and indicated that the predominant Dysgonomonadaceae bacterium is capable of degrading various polysaccharides derived from host-ingested food, such as algae, and that other dominant bacterial lineages ferment saccharides liberated by the polysaccharide degradation. Our results suggest that the gut bacteria-host association in the glacier stonefly contributes to host nutrition as well as material cycles in the glacier environment.},
}
@article {pmid30062595,
year = {2019},
author = {Kapitan, M and Niemiec, MJ and Steimle, A and Frick, JS and Jacobsen, ID},
title = {Fungi as Part of the Microbiota and Interactions with Intestinal Bacteria.},
journal = {Current topics in microbiology and immunology},
volume = {422},
number = {},
pages = {265-301},
doi = {10.1007/82_2018_117},
pmid = {30062595},
issn = {0070-217X},
mesh = {*Bacteria ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Candida albicans/pathogenicity/physiology ; Fungi/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Humans ; *Microbial Interactions ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The human microbiota consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi that build a highly complex network of interactions between each other and the host. While there are many examples for commensal bacterial influence on host health and immune modulation, little is known about the role of commensal fungi inside the gut community. Up until now, fungal research was concentrating on opportunistic diseases caused by fungal species, leaving the possible role of fungi as part of the microbiota largely unclear. Interestingly, fungal and bacterial abundance in the gut appear to be negatively correlated and disruption of the bacterial microbiota is a prerequisite for fungal overgrowth. The mechanisms behind bacterial colonization resistance are likely diverse, including direct antagonism as well as bacterial stimulation of host defense mechanisms. In this work, we will review the current knowledge of the development of the intestinal bacterial and fungal community, the influence of the microbiota on human health and disease, and the role of the opportunistic yeast C. albicans. We will furthermore discuss the possible benefits of commensal fungal colonization. Finally, we will summarize the recent findings on bacterial-fungal interactions.},
}
@article {pmid29131106,
year = {2018},
author = {Heiss, CN and Olofsson, LE},
title = {Gut Microbiota-Dependent Modulation of Energy Metabolism.},
journal = {Journal of innate immunity},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {163-171},
doi = {10.1159/000481519},
pmid = {29131106},
issn = {1662-8128},
mesh = {Animals ; *Energy Metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/metabolism/physiology ; Leptin/metabolism ; Obesity/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Signal Transduction ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The gut microbiota has emerged as an environmental factor that modulates the host's energy balance. It increases the host's ability to harvest energy from the digested food, and produces metabolites and microbial products such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and lipopolysaccharides. These metabolites and microbial products act as signaling molecules that modulate appetite, gut motility, energy uptake and storage, and energy expenditure. Several findings suggest that the gut microbiota can affect the development of obesity. Germ-free mice are leaner than conventionally raised mice and they are protected against diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, obese humans and rodents have an altered gut microbiota composition with less phylogeneic diversity compared to lean controls, and transplantation of the gut microbiota from obese subjects to germ-free mice can transfer the obese phenotype. Taken together, these findings indicate a role for the gut microbiota in obesity and suggest that the gut microbiota could be targeted to improve metabolic diseases like obesity. This review focuses on the role of the gut microbiota in energy balance regulation and its potential role in obesity.},
}
@article {pmid31493718,
year = {2019},
author = {Hidalgo-Castellanos, J and Duque, AS and Burgueño, A and Herrera-Cervera, JA and Fevereiro, P and López-Gómez, M},
title = {Overexpression of the arginine decarboxylase gene promotes the symbiotic interaction Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti and induces the accumulation of proline and spermine in nodules under salt stress conditions.},
journal = {Journal of plant physiology},
volume = {241},
number = {},
pages = {153034},
doi = {10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153034},
pmid = {31493718},
issn = {1618-1328},
abstract = {Legumes have the capacity to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with soil bacteria known as rhizobia by the formation of root nodules. However, nitrogen fixation is highly sensitive to soil salinity with a concomitant reduction of the plant yield and soil fertilization. Polycationic aliphatic amines known as polyamines (PAs) have been shown to be involved in the response to a variety of stresses in plants including soil salinity. Therefore, the generation of transgenic plants overexpressing genes involved in PA biosynthesis have been proposed as a promising tool to improve salt stress tolerance in plants. In this work we tested whether the modulation of PAs in transgenic Medicago truncatula plants was advantageous for the symbiotic interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti under salt stress conditions, when compared to wild type plants. Consequently, we characterized the symbiotic response to salt stress of the homozygous M. truncatula plant line L-108, constitutively expressing the oat adc gene, coding for the PA biosynthetic enzyme arginine decarboxylase, involved in PAs biosynthesis. In a nodulation kinetic assay, nodule number incremented in L-108 plants under salt stress. In addition, these plants at vegetative stage showed higher nitrogenase and nodule biomass and, under salt stress, accumulated proline (Pro) and spermine (Spm) in nodules, while in wt plants, the accumulation of glutamic acid (Glu), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) (the ethylene (ET) precursor) were the metabolites involved in the salt stress response. Therefore, overexpression of oat adc gene favours the symbiotic interaction between plants of M. truncatula L-108 and S. meliloti under salt stress and the accumulation of Pro and Spm, seems to be the molecules involved in salt stress tolerance.},
}
@article {pmid31492935,
year = {2019},
author = {Chagas, PMB and Caetano, AA and Tireli, AA and Cesar, PHS and Corrêa, AD and Guimarães, IDR},
title = {Use of an Environmental Pollutant From Hexavalent Chromium Removal as a Green Catalyst in The Fenton Process.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {12819},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-49196-9},
pmid = {31492935},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The present study refers to the use of an environmental pollutant generated during the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous media. This pollutant is a material with catalytic properties suitable for application in the oxidative degradation of problematic organic compounds. The material, initially used as an adsorbent, is a composite prepared by modifying the crystalline phases of iron oxides together with the chitosan (CT-FeCr). Chemical and morphological characterizations of the materials were performed using SEM analysis coupled with EDS, XRD and DSC. The CT-FeCr beads were used in the degradation of methylene blue dye (MB) and showed excellent degradation potential (93.6%). The presence of Cr on the surface of the catalyst was responsible for the increase in catalytic activity compared to the CT-Fe and pure magnetite materials. The product of the effluent treatment and the presence of the catalyst itself in the environment do not pose toxic effects. In addition, the CT-FeCr beads showed catalytic stability for several consecutive reaction cycles with possible technical and economic viability. The concept of &quot;industrial symbiosis&quot; may be applied to this technology, with that term relating to the reuse of a byproduct generated in one particular industrial sector by another as a raw material.},
}
@article {pmid31492817,
year = {2019},
author = {Treitli, SC and Kolisko, M and Husník, F and Keeling, PJ and Hampl, V},
title = {Revealing the metabolic capacity of Streblomastix strix and its bacterial symbionts using single-cell metagenomics.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1910793116},
pmid = {31492817},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Lower termites harbor in their hindgut complex microbial communities that are involved in the digestion of cellulose. Among these are protists, which are usually associated with specific bacterial symbionts found on their surface or inside their cells. While these form the foundations of a classic system in symbiosis research, we still know little about the functional basis for most of these relationships. Here, we describe the complex functional relationship between one protist, the oxymonad Streblomastix strix, and its ectosymbiotic bacterial community using single-cell genomics. We generated partial assemblies of the host S. strix genome and Candidatus Ordinivivax streblomastigis, as well as a complex metagenome assembly of at least 8 other Bacteroidetes bacteria confirmed by ribosomal (r)RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to be associated with S. strix. Our data suggest that S. strix is probably not involved in the cellulose digestion, but the bacterial community on its surface secretes a complex array of glycosyl hydrolases, providing them with the ability to degrade cellulose to monomers and fueling the metabolism of S. strix In addition, some of the bacteria can fix nitrogen and can theoretically provide S. strix with essential amino acids and cofactors, which the protist cannot synthesize. On the contrary, most of the bacterial symbionts lack the essential glycolytic enzyme enolase, which may be overcome by the exchange of intermediates with S. strix This study demonstrates the value of the combined single-cell (meta)genomic and FISH approach for studies of complicated symbiotic systems.},
}
@article {pmid31492669,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhou, K and Zhang, R and Sun, J and Zhang, W and Tian, RM and Chen, C and Kawagucci, S and Xu, Y},
title = {Potential SUP05-Phage Interactions in Hydrothermal Vent Sponges.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.00992-19},
pmid = {31492669},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {In deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the clade SUP05 are crucial symbionts of invertebrate animals. Marine viruses, as the most abundant biological entities in the ocean, play essential roles in regulating the sulfur metabolism of the SUP05 bacteria. To date, vent-sponge-associated SUP05 and their phages have not been well documented. The current study analyzed the microbiome of Haplosclerida spp. sponges from hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough and recovered the dominant SUP05 genome, designated VS-SUP05. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VS-SUP05 was closely related to endosymbiotic SUP05 strains from mussels living in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields. Homology and metabolic pathway comparisons against free-living and symbiotic SUP05 revealed that the VS-SUP05 genome shared many features with the deep-sea mussel symbionts. Supporting a potentially-symbiotic lifestyle, the VS-SUP05 genome contained genes involved in the synthesis of essential amino acids and cofactors that are desired by the host. Analysis of sponge-associated viral sequences revealed putative VS-SUP05 phages, all of which were double-stranded viruses belonging to the families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, and Microviridae Among the phage sequences, one contig contained metabolic genes (iscR, iscS, and iscU) involved in iron-sulfur cluster formation. Interestingly, genome sequence comparison revealed horizontal transfer of the iscS gene among phages, VS-SUP05 and other symbiotic SUP05, indicating an interaction between marine phages and SUP05 symbionts. Overall, our findings confirm the presence of SUP05 bacteria and their phages in sponges from deep-sea vents, and imply a beneficial interaction that allows adaptation of the host sponge to the hydrothermal vent environment.Importance Chemosynthetic SUP05 bacteria dominate the microbial communities of deep-sea hydrothermal vents around the world,. SUP05 bacteria utilize the reduced chemical compounds in vent fluids and commonly form symbioses with invertebrate organisms. This symbiotic relationship could be key to adapting to such unique and extreme environments. Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on the planet and have been identified in hydrothermal vent environments. However, their interactions with the symbiotic microbes of the SUP05 clade, along with their role in the symbiotic system, remain unclear. Here, using metagenomic sequence-based analyses, we determined that bacteriophages may support metabolism in SUP05 bacteria and play a role in the sponge-associated symbiosis system in hydrothermal vent environments.},
}
@article {pmid31492667,
year = {2019},
author = {Eckstein, S and Dominelli, N and Brachmann, A and Heermann, R},
title = {Phenotypic heterogeneity of insect pathogenic Photorhabdus luminescens - insights into the fate of secondary cells.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.01910-19},
pmid = {31492667},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Photorhabdus luminescens are Gram-negative bacteria that live in symbiosis with soil nematodes and are simultaneously highly pathogenic towards insects. The bacteria exist in two phenotypically different forms, designated as primary (1°) and secondary (2°) cells. Yet unknown environmental stimuli as well as global stress conditions induce phenotypic switching of up to 50% of 1° to 2° cells. An important difference between the two phenotypic forms is that 2° cells are unable to live in symbiosis with nematodes and are therefore believed to remain in the soil after a successful infection cycle. In this work, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to highlight and better understand the role of 2° cells and their putative ability to adapt to a life in soil. We could confirm that the major phenotypic differences between the two cell forms are mediated at transcriptional level as the corresponding genes were down-regulated in 2° cells. Furthermore, 2° cells seem to be adapted to another environment as we found several differentially expressed genes involved in the cells' metabolism, motility and chemotaxis as well as stress resistance, which are either up- or down-regulated in 2° cells. As in contrast to 1° cells 2° cells chemotactically responded to different attractants including plant root exudates there is evidence for the rhizosphere as an alternative environment for the 2° cells. Since P. luminescens is biotechnologically used as bio-insecticide, investigation of a putative interaction of 2° cells with plants is also of great interest for agriculture.Importance The biological function and the fate of P. luminescens 2° cells was unclear. Here we performed comparative transcriptomics of P. luminescens 1° and 2° cultures and found several genes that are up- or down-regulated in 2° cells compared to 1° cells not only coding for known phenotypic differences of the two cell forms. Our results suggest that when 1° cells convert to 2° cells, they drastically change their way of life. Thus, 2° cells could easily adapt to an alternative environment such as a free live in the rhizosphere putatively utilizing plant derived compounds as nutrient source. Since 2° cells are not able to re-associate with the nematodes, an alternative lifestyle in the rhizosphere would be conceivable.},
}
@article {pmid31489370,
year = {2019},
author = {Sakanaka, M and Hansen, ME and Gotoh, A and Katoh, T and Yoshida, K and Odamaki, T and Yachi, H and Sugiyama, Y and Kurihara, S and Hirose, J and Urashima, T and Xiao, JZ and Kitaoka, M and Fukiya, S and Yokota, A and Lo Leggio, L and Abou Hachem, M and Katayama, T},
title = {Evolutionary adaptation in fucosyllactose uptake systems supports bifidobacteria-infant symbiosis.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {5},
number = {8},
pages = {eaaw7696},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaw7696},
pmid = {31489370},
issn = {2375-2548},
abstract = {The human gut microbiota established during infancy has persistent effects on health. In vitro studies have suggested that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in breast milk promote the formation of a bifidobacteria-rich microbiota in infant guts; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we characterized two functionally distinct but overlapping fucosyllactose transporters (FL transporter-1 and -2) from Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis. Fecal DNA and HMO consumption analyses, combined with deposited metagenome data mining, revealed that FL transporter-2 is primarily associated with the bifidobacteria-rich microbiota formation in breast-fed infant guts. Structural analyses of the solute-binding protein (SBP) of FL transporter-2 complexed with 2'-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose, together with phylogenetic analysis of SBP homologs of both FL transporters, highlight a unique adaptation strategy of Bifidobacterium to HMOs, in which the gain-of-function mutations enable FL transporter-2 to efficiently capture major fucosylated HMOs. Our results provide a molecular insight into HMO-mediated symbiosis and coevolution between bifidobacteria and humans.},
}
@article {pmid30249322,
year = {2018},
author = {Chen, PW and Lin, YL and Huang, MS},
title = {Profiles of commensal and opportunistic bacteria in human milk from healthy donors in Taiwan.},
journal = {Journal of food and drug analysis},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {1235-1244},
doi = {10.1016/j.jfda.2018.03.004},
pmid = {30249322},
issn = {1021-9498},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Female ; Humans ; *Microbiota ; Milk, Human/chemistry/*microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Symbiosis ; Taiwan ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Recent studies indicate that milk from healthy mothers may harbor potential probiotics. Nonetheless, the distribution of bacterial profiles in human milk samples in Taiwan is not fully understood. Therefore, with the aim to address this question, in this study, milk samples were collected from 33 healthy mothers (D1 to D33) visiting our hospital during a 6-month period. The milk microbiota was analyzed by a molecular approach (Illumina MiSeq sequencing). The results indicate that the milk samples have a unique profile and patterns of bacterial abundance levels. Moreover, in colostrum and transitional-milk samples, we detected 154 and 127 bacterial species, respectively, and these sets shared 42.6% of the bacterial species. The most common bacterial species among all milk samples were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus lactarius, and Staphylococcus hominis, suggesting that the skin contamination route plays an important role in the composition of the milk microbiota. Nevertheless, four Lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus zeae, and Lactobacillus gasseri, were present in only 7 samples (21% prevalence), and bifidobacterial species were quite rare taxa among the present samples. The Staphylococcus aureus was detected in a total of 15 samples (45% prevalence), suggesting that this species may be commonly present in milk samples. In conclusion, each milk sample revealed a unique profile and patterns of bacterial abundance levels, and our data do not support the idea that lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are common and abundant in modern milk samples. Because none of the donors of the milk samples showed mastitis or any discomfort during the sampling process or at follow-up inspection, the microbiota of these milk samples is not likely to negatively affect its host. This study provides new information on the proportions of commensal bacteria in human milk in Taiwan.},
}
@article {pmid30165400,
year = {2018},
author = {Gavelis, GS and Gile, GH},
title = {How did cyanobacteria first embark on the path to becoming plastids?: lessons from protist symbioses.},
journal = {FEMS microbiology letters},
volume = {365},
number = {19},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/femsle/fny209},
pmid = {30165400},
issn = {1574-6968},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Cyanobacteria/genetics/*physiology ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Eukaryota/genetics/*physiology ; Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Photosynthesis ; Plastids/*physiology ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Symbioses between phototrophs and heterotrophs (a.k.a 'photosymbioses') are extremely common, and range from loose and temporary associations to obligate and highly specialized forms. In the history of life, the most transformative was the 'primary endosymbiosis,' wherein a cyanobacterium was engulfed by a eukaryote and became genetically integrated as a heritable photosynthetic organelle, or plastid. By allowing the rise of algae and plants, this event dramatically altered the biosphere, but its remote origin over one billion years ago has obscured the sequence of events leading to its establishment. Here, we review the genetic, physiological and developmental hurdles involved in early primary endosymbiosis. Since we cannot travel back in time to witness these evolutionary junctures, we will draw on examples of unicellular eukaryotes (protists) spanning diverse modes of photosymbiosis. We also review experimental approaches that could be used to recreate aspects of early primary endosymbiosis on a human timescale.},
}
@article {pmid31485773,
year = {2019},
author = {Feng, Z and Zhang, L and Wu, Y and Wang, L and Xu, M and Yang, M and Li, Y and Wei, G and Chou, M},
title = {The Rpf84 gene, encoding a ribosomal large subunit protein, RPL22, regulates symbiotic nodulation in Robinia pseudoacacia.},
journal = {Planta},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00425-019-03267-3},
pmid = {31485773},
issn = {1432-2048},
support = {2016YFD0800706//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 31172252//National Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)/ ; 2016JM3004//Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province/ ; },
abstract = {MAIN CONCLUSION: A homologue of the ribosomal protein L22e, Rpf84, regulates root nodule symbiosis by mediating the infection process of rhizobia and preventing bacteroids from degradation in Robinia pseudoacacia. Ribosomal proteins (RPs) are known to have extraribosomal functions, including developmental regulation and stress responses; however, the effects of RPs on symbiotic nodulation of legumes are still unclear. Ribosomal protein 22 of the large 60S subunit (RPL22), a non-typical RP that is only found in eukaryotes, has been shown to function as a tumour suppressor in animals. Here, a homologue of RPL22, Rpf84, was identified from the leguminous tree R. pseudoacacia. Subcellular localization assays showed that Rpf84 was expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Knockdown of Rpf84 by RNA interference (RNAi) technology impaired the infection process and nodule development. Compared with the control, root and stem length, dry weight and nodule number per plant were drastically decreased in Rpf84-RNAi plants. The numbers of root hair curlings, infection threads and nodule primordia were also significantly reduced. Ultrastructure analyses showed that Rpf84-RNAi nodules contained fewer infected cells with fewer bacteria. In particular, remarkable deformation of bacteroids and fusion of multiple symbiosomes occurred in infected cells. By contrast, overexpression of Rpf84 promoted nodulation, and the overexpression nodules maintained a larger infection/differentiation region and had more infected cells filled with bacteroids than the control at 45 days post inoculation, suggesting a retarded ageing process in nodules. These results indicate for the first time that RP regulates the symbiotic nodulation of legumes and that RPL22 may function in initiating the invasion of rhizobia and preventing bacteroids from degradation in R. pseudoacacia.},
}
@article {pmid31484206,
year = {2019},
author = {Huang, R and Li, Z and Mao, C and Zhang, H and Sun, Z and Li, H and Huang, C and Feng, Y and Shen, X and Bucher, M and Zhang, Z and Lin, Y and Cao, Y and Duanmu, D},
title = {Natural variation at OsCERK1 regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.16158},
pmid = {31484206},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {The symbiotic interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and land plants is essential for efficient nutrient acquisition and utilization. Our understanding of key processes controlling the AMF colonization in rice is still limited. Dongxiang wild rice (DY) exhibited a stronger colonization with Rhizophagus irregularis than the rice cultivar Zhongzao 35 (ZZ35). Chromosome-segment substitution lines were constructed and the OsCERK1 gene from DY was mapped. Transgenic plants in the japonica rice Zhonghua 11 (ZZ11) were constructed to compare root colonization by AMF. Chromosome single-segment substitution lines containing OsCERK1DY showed higher phosphorus content and grain yield relative to ZZ35. Four amino acids substitutions were identified among the OsCERK1 haplotypes of DY, ZZ35 and ZH11, and two of them were in the second lysin motif domain, which is essential for the differences of AMF colonization level among rice varieties. Heterologous expression of OsCERK1DY in ZH11 significantly enhanced AMF colonization and increased resistance against the pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae. Notably, the OsCERK1DY haplotype was absent from 4,660 cultivated rice varieties. We conclude that OsCERK1 is a key gene affecting the symbiotic interaction with AMF and OsCERK1DY has the biotechnological potential to increase rice phosphorus acquisition and utilization efficiency for sustainable agriculture. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid31479939,
year = {2019},
author = {Li, J and Wang, T and Yu, S and Bai, J and Qin, S},
title = {Community characteristics and ecological roles of bacterial biofilms associated with various algal settlements on coastal reefs.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {250},
number = {},
pages = {109459},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109459},
pmid = {31479939},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms, which are a group of bacteria attaching to and ultimately forming communities on reefs, perform essential ecological functions in coastal ecosystems. Particularly, they may attract or repulse the settling down of opportunistic algae. However, this phenomenon and the interaction mechanism are not fully understood. This study investigated reefs from the Changdao coastal zone to determine the structures and functions of bacterial biofilms symbiosing with various algae using high-throughput sequencing analysis. The Shannon diversity index of microbiota with algal symbiosis reached 5.34, which was higher than that of microbiota wherein algae were absent (4.80). The beta diversity results for 11 samples revealed that there existed a separation between bacterial communities on reefs with and without attached algae, while communities with similar algae clustered together. The taxa mostly associated with algae-symbiotic microbiota are the Actinobacteria phylum, and the Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria classes. The Cyanobacteria phylum was not associated with algae-symbiotic microbiota. As revealed by functional analysis, the bacteria mostly involved in the metabolism of sulfur were represented by brown and red algae in the biofilm symbiosis. Bacteria related to the metabolism of certain trace elements were observed only in specific groups. Moreover, phototrophy-related bacteria were less abundant in samples coexisting with algae. This study established the link between bacterial biofilms and algal settlements on costal reefs, and revealed the possible holobiont relationship between them. This may provide new technical directions toward realizing algal cultivation and management during the construction of artificial reef ecosystems.},
}
@article {pmid31479095,
year = {2019},
author = {Azevedo, GPR and Paz, PHCD and Mattsson, HK and Moreira, APB and Leomil, L and Calegário, G and Appolinario, L and Vidal, L and Silva, BS and Tonon, LAC and Tschoeke, DA and Garcia, GD and Thompson, FL and Thompson, CC},
title = {[PROVISIONAL] Genome sequence of Shewanella corallii strain A687 isolated from pufferfish (Sphoeroides spengleri).},
journal = {Genetics and molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2018-0314},
pmid = {31479095},
issn = {1415-4757},
abstract = {We present here the genome sequence of Shewanella corallii strain A687 isolated from pufferfish Sphoeroides spengleri (Family Tetraodontidae). The assembly consists of 5,215,037 bp and contains 284 contigs, with a G+C content of 50.3%. The genus Shewanella comprises 67 recognized species. These bacteria are Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic gammaproteobacteria and frequently isolated from marine environments (MacDonell &amp; Colwell, 1985, Sugimoto et al., 2018). Shewanella species are involved in the production of antimicrobial metabolites and tetrodotoxin, a strong neurotoxin (Simidu et al., 1990, Magarlamov et al., 2017, Matsui et al., 1989). Shewanella corallii was recorded from red sea coral (Shnit-Orland, 2010). The aim of the present study was to determine the genome sequence of Shewanella corallii strain A687. S. corallii A687 was isolated from pufferfish Sphoeroides spengleri (Family Tetraodontidae), in Arraial do Cabo (Brazil) in 2016. Genomic DNA was extracted using according to Pitcher's protocol (Pitcher et al., 1989) and used for 300-bp paired-end library preparation with Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit. The genome was sequenced using MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) as previously described (Walter et al., 2016). Sequences obtained were pre-processed using PRINSEQ software to remove reads smaller than 35 bp and low-score sequences (Phred 30) (Schmieder &amp; Edwards, 2011). Sequence reads were assembled using A5-Miseq (Coil et al., 2015) and CAP3 software (Huang &amp; Madan, 1999). The gene prediction and functional annotation were performed using the RAST server (Overbeek et al., 2014). Secondary metabolism was analyzed by antiSMASH (Weber et al., 2015) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) arrays were determined with CRISPRFinder (Grissa et al., 2007). The sequencing generated a total of 4,557,272 reads and 768,079,097 bp that were assembled in 284 contigs (N50=298,540 bp). The estimated genome size is 5,215,037 bp with G+C of 50.3%, and a coverage of 146-fold. RAST predicted 4,555 coding sequences, and 175 RNA sequences (147 tRNAs, 11 16S rRNAs, 6 23S rRNAs, and 11 5S rRNAs). Analyzing the genes predicted by RAST, a total of 74 genes were involved in resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds including copper homeostasis (N=8); bile hydrolysis (N=2); cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance (N=20); resistance to fluoroquinolones (N=4); arsenic resistance (N=4); copper homeostasis: copper tolerance (N=6); tetracycline resistance, ribosome protection type II (N=2); beta-lactamase (N=5); multidrug resistance efflux pumps (N=22); resistance to chromium compounds (N=1); 24 genes for the metabolism of aromatic compounds, including salicylate ester, chloroaromatic and quinate degradation. Phage elements sequences (N=44) were found in this genome, and CRISPRs arrays candidates were predicted in four sequences. We searched through subsystems for genes associated to symbiosis. Genes encoding type I, (lapBCDE, lapL, lapP, RTX and TolC) and type II (TadA, TadB, TadC, VirB11, RcpC, CpaB and CpaF) secretion systems were detected. We also identified 16 genes related to vitamin B12 synthesis and four LuxR gene families (Bondarev et al., 2013).},
}
@article {pmid31478269,
year = {2019},
author = {Breusing, C and Johnson, SB and Vrijenhoek, RC and Young, CR},
title = {Host hybridization as a potential mechanism of lateral symbiont transfer in deep-sea vesicomyid clams.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15224},
pmid = {31478269},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {Deep-sea vesicomyid clams live in mutualistic symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria that are inherited through the maternal germ line. On evolutionary timescales, strictly vertical transmission should lead to co-speciation of host mitochondrial and symbiont lineages; nonetheless, examples of incongruent phylogenies have been reported, suggesting that symbionts are occasionally horizontally transmitted between host species. The current paradigm for vesicomyid clams holds that direct transfers cause host shifts or mixtures of symbionts. An alternative hypothesis suggests that hybridization between host species might explain symbiont transfers. Two clam species, Archivesica gigas and Phreagena soyoae, frequently co-occur at deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Although the two species typically host gammaproteobacterial symbiont lineages marked by divergent 16S rRNA phylotypes, we identified a number of clams with the A. gigas mitotype that hosted symbionts with the P. soyoae phylotype. Demographic inference models based on genome-wide SNP data and three Sanger sequenced gene markers provided evidence that A. gigas and P. soyoae hybridized in the past, supporting the hypothesis that hybridization might be a viable mechanism of inter-specific symbiont transfer. These findings provide new perspectives on the evolution of vertically transmitted symbionts and their hosts in deep-sea chemosynthetic environments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid31477892,
year = {2019},
author = {Müller, LM and Flokova, K and Schnabel, E and Sun, X and Fei, Z and Frugoli, J and Bouwmeester, HJ and Harrison, MJ},
title = {A CLE-SUNN module regulates strigolactone content and fungal colonization in arbuscular mycorrhiza.},
journal = {Nature plants},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41477-019-0501-1},
pmid = {31477892},
issn = {2055-0278},
abstract = {During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, colonization of the root is modulated in response to the physiological status of the plant, with regulation occurring locally and systemically. Here, we identify differentially expressed genes encoding CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) peptides that negatively regulate colonization levels by modulating root strigolactone content. CLE function requires a receptor-like kinase, SUNN; thus, a CLE-SUNN-strigolactone feedback loop is one avenue through which the plant modulates colonization levels.},
}
@article {pmid31477738,
year = {2019},
author = {Ibny, FYI and Jaiswal, SK and Mohammed, M and Dakora, FD},
title = {Symbiotic effectiveness and ecologically adaptive traits of native rhizobial symbionts of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) in Africa and their relationship with phylogeny.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {12666},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-48944-1},
pmid = {31477738},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is an indigenous, drought-tolerant, underutilized African food legume, with the ability to fix atmospheric N2 in symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia. The aim of this study was to assess the morpho-physiological, symbiotic and phylogenetic characteristics of rhizobia nodulating Bambara groundnut in Ghana, Mali and South Africa. The morpho-physiologically diverse isolates tested were also found to exhibit differences in functional efficiency and phylogenetic positions. Based on Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR banding patterns, the isolates were grouped into eight major clusters. The concentrations of Ca, Na and K in soils had a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect on the distribution of rhizobia. Though many isolates were symbiotically very effective, the effectiveness index varied markedly (p ≤ 0.05) among them. Moreover, the isolates also exhibited tolerance to a wide range of NaCl (0.5-7%), streptomycin (50-500 µg.ml-1), and kanamycin (25-150 µg.ml-1) concentrations. Additionally, these isolates could produce 0.02 to 69.71 µg.ml-1 of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in tryptophan-supplemented medium, as well as solubilize tri-calcium phosphate. Phylogenetic analysis of these rhizobial isolates using 16S rRNA, atpD, glnII, gyrB, recA and symbiotic (nifH and nodC) gene sequences revealed distinct and novel evolutionary lineages related to the genus Bradyrhizobium, with some of them being very close to Bradyrhizobium vignae, B. kavangense, B. subterraneum, B. elkanii and B. pachyrhizi.},
}
@article {pmid31477173,
year = {2019},
author = {Attardo, GM and Abd-Alla, AMM and Acosta-Serrano, A and Allen, JE and Bateta, R and Benoit, JB and Bourtzis, K and Caers, J and Caljon, G and Christensen, MB and Farrow, DW and Friedrich, M and Hua-Van, A and Jennings, EC and Larkin, DM and Lawson, D and Lehane, MJ and Lenis, VP and Lowy-Gallego, E and Macharia, RW and Malacrida, AR and Marco, HG and Masiga, D and Maslen, GL and Matetovici, I and Meisel, RP and Meki, I and Michalkova, V and Miller, WJ and Minx, P and Mireji, PO and Ometto, L and Parker, AG and Rio, R and Rose, C and Rosendale, AJ and Rota-Stabelli, O and Savini, G and Schoofs, L and Scolari, F and Swain, MT and Takáč, P and Tomlinson, C and Tsiamis, G and Van Den Abbeele, J and Vigneron, A and Wang, J and Warren, WC and Waterhouse, RM and Weirauch, MT and Weiss, BL and Wilson, RK and Zhao, X and Aksoy, S},
title = {Comparative genomic analysis of six Glossina genomes, vectors of African trypanosomes.},
journal = {Genome biology},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {187},
doi = {10.1186/s13059-019-1768-2},
pmid = {31477173},
issn = {1474-760X},
support = {D43 TW007391/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; U01AI115648/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI051584/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R03TW008413/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R03TW009444/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R21AI109263//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International ; U54HG003079/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity.<br><br>RESULTS: Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.},
}
@article {pmid31475981,
year = {2019},
author = {Wardhani, TAK and Roswanjaya, YP and Dupin, S and Li, H and Linders, S and Hartog, M and Geurts, R and van Zeijl, A},
title = {Transforming, Genome Editing and Phenotyping the Nitrogen-fixing Tropical Cannabaceae Tree Parasponia andersonii.},
journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE},
volume = {},
number = {150},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3791/59971},
pmid = {31475981},
issn = {1940-087X},
abstract = {Parasponia andersonii is a fast-growing tropical tree that belongs to the Cannabis family (Cannabaceae). Together with 4 additional species, it forms the only known non-legume lineage able to establish a nitrogen-fixing nodule symbiosis with rhizobium. Comparative studies between legumes and P. andersonii could provide valuable insight into the genetic networks underlying root nodule formation. To facilitate comparative studies, we recently sequenced the P. andersonii genome and established Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated stable transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. Here, we provide a detailed description of the transformation and genome editing procedures developed for P. andersonii. In addition, we describe procedures for the seed germination and characterization of symbiotic phenotypes. Using this protocol, stable transgenic mutant lines can be generated in a period of 2-3 months. Vegetative in vitro propagation of T0 transgenic lines allows phenotyping experiments to be initiated at 4 months after A. tumefaciens co-cultivation. Therefore, this protocol takes only marginally longer than the transient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-based root transformation method available for P. andersonii, though offers several clear advantages. Together, the procedures described here permit P. andersonii to be used as a research model for studies aimed at understanding symbiotic associations as well as potentially other aspects of the biology of this tropical tree.},
}
@article {pmid31475451,
year = {2019},
author = {Hu, Y and Linz, DM and Parker, ES and Schwab, DB and Casasa, S and Macagno, ALM and Moczek, AP},
title = {Developmental bias in horned dung beetles and its contributions to innovation, adaptation, and resilience.},
journal = {Evolution &amp; development},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ede.12310},
pmid = {31475451},
issn = {1525-142X},
support = {//National Science Foundation/ ; //John Templeton Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {Developmental processes transduce diverse influences during phenotype formation, thereby biasing and structuring amount and type of phenotypic variation available for evolutionary processes to act on. The causes, extent, and consequences of this bias are subject to significant debate. Here we explore the role of developmental bias in contributing to organisms' ability to innovate, to adapt to novel or stressful conditions, and to generate well integrated, resilient phenotypes in the face of perturbations. We focus our inquiry on one taxon, the horned dung beetle genus Onthophagus, and review the role developmental bias might play across several levels of biological organization: (a) gene regulatory networks that pattern specific body regions; (b) plastic developmental mechanisms that coordinate body wide responses to changing environments and; (c) developmental symbioses and niche construction that enable organisms to build teams and to actively modify their own selective environments. We posit that across all these levels developmental bias shapes the way living systems innovate, adapt, and withstand stress, in ways that can alternately limit, bias, or facilitate developmental evolution. We conclude that the structuring contribution of developmental bias in evolution deserves further study to better understand why and how developmental evolution unfolds the way it does.},
}
@article {pmid31474965,
year = {2019},
author = {Chang, ACG and Chen, T and Li, N and Duan, J},
title = {Perspectives on Endosymbiosis in Coralloid Roots: Association of Cycads and Cyanobacteria.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1888},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01888},
pmid = {31474965},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Past endosymbiotic events allowed photosynthetic organisms to flourish and evolve in terrestrial areas. The precursor of chloroplasts was an ancient photosynthetic cyanobacterium. Presently, cyanobacteria are still capable of establishing successful symbioses in a wide range of hosts. One particular host plant among the gymnosperms is cycads (Order Cycadales) in which a special type of root system, referred to as coralloid roots, develops to house symbiotic cyanobacteria. A number of studies have explained coralloid root formation and cyanobiont invasion but the questions on mechanisms of this host-microbe association remains vague. Most researches focus on diversity of symbionts in coralloid roots but equally important is to explore the underlying mechanisms of cycads-Nostoc symbiosis as well. Besides providing an overview of relevant areas presently known about this association and citing putative genes involved in cycad-cyanobacteria symbioses, this paper aims to identify the limitations that hamper attempts to get to the root of the matter and suggests future research directions that may prove useful.},
}
@article {pmid31474946,
year = {2019},
author = {Beinart, RA and Luo, C and Konstantinidis, KT and Stewart, FJ and Girguis, PR},
title = {The Bacterial Symbionts of Closely Related Hydrothermal Vent Snails With Distinct Geochemical Habitats Show Broad Similarity in Chemoautotrophic Gene Content.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1818},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.01818},
pmid = {31474946},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Symbiosis has evolved between a diversity of invertebrate taxa and chemosynthetic bacterial lineages. At the broadest level, these symbioses share primary function: the bacterial symbionts use the energy harnessed from the oxidation of reduced chemicals to power the fixation of inorganic carbon and/or other nutrients, providing the bulk of host nutrition. However, it is unclear to what extent the ecological niche of the host species is influenced by differences in symbiont traits, particularly those involved in chemoautotrophic function and interaction with the geochemical environment. Hydrothermal vents in the Lau Basin (Tonga) are home to four morphologically and physiologically similar snail species from the sister genera Alviniconcha and Ifremeria. Here, we assembled nearly complete genomes from their symbionts to determine whether differences in chemoautotrophic capacity exist among these symbionts that could explain the observed distribution of these snail species into distinct geochemical habitats. Phylogenomic analyses confirmed that the symbionts have evolved from four distinct lineages in the classes γ-proteobacteria or Campylobacteria. The genomes differed with respect to genes related to motility, adhesion, secretion, and amino acid uptake or excretion, though were quite similar in chemoautotrophic function, with all four containing genes for carbon fixation, sulfur and hydrogen oxidation, and oxygen and nitrate respiration. This indicates that differences in the presence or absence of symbiont chemoautotrophic functions does not likely explain the observed geochemical habitat partitioning. Rather, differences in gene expression and regulation, biochemical differences among these chemoautotrophic pathways, and/or differences in host physiology could all influence the observed patterns of habitat partitioning.},
}
@article {pmid31474535,
year = {2019},
author = {Weber, PM and Moessel, F and Paredes, GF and Viehboeck, T and Vischer, NOE and Bulgheresi, S},
title = {A Bidimensional Segregation Mode Maintains Symbiont Chromosome Orientation toward Its Host.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.064},
pmid = {31474535},
issn = {1879-0445},
abstract = {All living organisms require accurate segregation of their genetic material. However, in microbes, chromosome segregation is less understood than replication and cell division, which makes its decipherment a compelling research frontier. Furthermore, it has only been studied in free-living microbes so far. Here, we investigated this fundamental process in a rod-shaped symbiont, Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti. This gammaproteobacterium divides longitudinally as to form a columnar epithelium ensheathing its nematode host. We hypothesized that uninterrupted host attachment would affect bacterial chromosome dynamics and set out to localize specific chromosomal loci and putative DNA-segregating proteins by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunostaining, respectively. First, DNA replication origins (ori) number per cell demonstrated symbiont monoploidy. Second, we showed that sister ori segregate diagonally prior to septation onset. Moreover, the localization pattern of the centromere-binding protein ParB recapitulates that of ori, and consistently, we showed recombinant ParB to specifically bind an ori-proximal site (parS) in vitro. Third, chromosome replication ends prior to cell fission, and as the poles start to invaginate, termination of replication (ter) sites localize medially, at the leading edges of the growing septum. They then migrate to midcell, concomitantly with septation progression and until this is completed. In conclusion, we propose that symbiont ParB might drive chromosome segregation along the short axis and that tethering of sister ter regions to the growing septum mediates their migration along the long axis. Crucially, active bidimensional segregation of the chromosome allows transgenerational maintenance of its configuration, and therefore, it may represent an adaptation to symbiosis. VIDEO ABSTRACT.},
}
@article {pmid31471999,
year = {2019},
author = {Khemaissia, H and Jelassi, R and Ghemari, C and Raimond, M and Souty-Grosset, C and Nasri-Ammar, K},
title = {Evaluation of trace element contamination using Armadillo officinalis Duméril, 1816 (Crustacea, Isopoda) as a tool: An ultrastructural study.},
journal = {Microscopy research and technique},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jemt.23371},
pmid = {31471999},
issn = {1097-0029},
abstract = {To estimate trace element bioaccumulation in Armadillo officinalis, specimens were collected from Ghar El Melh lagoon then exposed for 3 weeks in contaminated sediments with copper, zinc, and cadmium. From the first week until the end of the experiment, a decrease in A. officinalis growth related to the increase of Cd concentration in the sediment was recorded. However, a mass gain was highlighted under Cu and Zn exposures. At the end of experiment, body metal concentrations were measured using flame atomic emission spectrometry. Results of the bioaccumulation factor showed that the species could be considered as a macroconcentrator of copper (BAF > 2) and a deconcentrator of zinc (BAF < 2). Microscopy observations of hepatopancreas cells showed morphological and histological changes even at the lowest concentration. They consisted in the microvillus border destruction, lipid droplets modifications, trace element accumulation, and the condensation of the majority of cellular organelles. The degree of these alterations was found to be dose-dependent. Through these results, the isopod A. officinalis could be used as relevant monitor organisms for soil metal contamination.},
}
@article {pmid31468195,
year = {2019},
author = {Cui, Y and Gao, J and He, Y and Jiang, L},
title = {Plant extracellular vesicles.},
journal = {Protoplasma},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00709-019-01435-6},
pmid = {31468195},
issn = {1615-6102},
support = {AoE/M-05/12, CUHK14130716, 14102417, 14100818, 14104716, C4012-16E, C4002-17G, and RIF R4005-18//Chinese University of Hong Kong/ ; 31670179 and 91854201//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Exocytosis is a key mechanism for delivering materials into the extracellular space for cell function and communication. In plant cells, conventional protein secretion (CPS) is achieved via an ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-Golgi-TGN (trans-Golgi network)-PM (plasma membrane) pathway. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) bypassing these secretory organelles is also in operation and can potentially lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plant cells. Although multiple types of EVs have been identified and shown to play important roles in mediating intercellular communications in mammalian cells, there has been a long debate about the possible existence of EVs in plants because of the presence of the cell wall. However, increasing evidence suggests that plants also release EVs having various functions including unconventional protein secretion, RNA transport, and defense against pathogens. In this review, we present an update on the current knowledge about the nature, secretory mechanism, and function of various types of EVs in plants. The key regulators involved in EV secretion are also summarized and discussed. We pay special attention to the function of EVs in plant defense and symbiosis.},
}
@article {pmid31465455,
year = {2019},
author = {Tikhonenkov, DV and Jhin, SH and Eglit, Y and Miller, K and Plotnikov, A and Simpson, AGB and Park, JS},
title = {Ecological and evolutionary patterns in the enigmatic protist genus Percolomonas (Heterolobosea; Discoba) from diverse habitats.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {e0216188},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0216188},
pmid = {31465455},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {The heterotrophic flagellate Percolomonas cosmopolitus (Heterolobosea) is often observed in saline habitats worldwide, from coastal waters to saturated brines. However, only two cultures assigned to this morphospecies have been examined using molecular methods, and their 18S rRNA gene sequences are extremely different. Further the salinity tolerances of individual strains are unknown. Thus, our knowledge on the autecology and diversity in this morphospecies is deficient. Here, we report 18S rRNA gene data on seven strains similar to P. cosmopolitus from seven geographically remote locations (New Zealand, Kenya, Korea, Poland, Russia, Spain, and the USA) with sample salinities ranging from 4‰ to 280‰, and compare morphology and salinity tolerance of the nine available strains. Percolomonas cosmopolitus-like strains show few-to-no consistent morphological differences, and form six clades separated by often extremely large 18S rRNA gene divergences (up to 42.4%). Some strains grow best at salinities from 75 to 125‰ and represent halophiles. All but one of these belong to two geographically heterogeneous clusters that form a robust monophyletic group in phylogenetic trees; this likely represents an ecologically specialized subclade of halophiles. Our results suggest that P. cosmopolitus is a cluster of several cryptic species (at least), which are unlikely to be distinguished by geography. Interestingly, the 9 Percolomonas strains formed a clade in 18S rRNA gene phylogenies, unlike most previous analyses based on two sequences.},
}
@article {pmid31464214,
year = {2019},
author = {Shah, S and Darekar, B and Salvi, S and Kowale, A},
title = {Quadriceps strength in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.},
journal = {Lung India : official organ of Indian Chest Society},
volume = {36},
number = {5},
pages = {417-421},
doi = {10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_27_19},
pmid = {31464214},
issn = {0970-2113},
abstract = {Background: Skeletal muscle dysfunction is well known in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The muscle strength is altered in various muscles variedly. Lower-limb muscle strength is very important for walking distance. Reduced lower-limb strength can affect the physical quality of life.<br><br>Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the quadriceps strength in COPD patients and age-matched healthy controls and to study the correlation between lung function parameters and the quadriceps strength in patients with COPD.<br><br>Methodology: Thirty nonsmoker male patients; thirty nonsmoker female patients with COPD; and sixty age-, BMI-, and gender-matched healthy controls were studied. Quadriceps muscle strength was measured using a quadriceps dynamometer. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEF 25-75, and peak expiratory flow rate were measured using Helios 702 Spirometer. The quadriceps muscle strength between the two groups was compared using the unpaired Student's t-test. Correlations between FV