@article {pmid30213145,
year = {2018},
author = {Gómez-Villegas, P and Vigara, J and León, R},
title = {Characterization of the Microbial Population Inhabiting a Solar Saltern Pond of the Odiel Marshlands (SW Spain).},
journal = {Marine drugs},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/md16090332},
pmid = {30213145},
issn = {1660-3397},
support = {0055_ALGARED_PLUS_5_E//INTERREG VA España-Portugal (POCTEP) 2014-2020 Cooperation Program/ ; },
abstract = {The solar salterns located in the Odiel marshlands, in southwest Spain, are an excellent example of a hypersaline environment inhabited by microbial populations specialized in thriving under conditions of high salinity, which remains poorly explored. Traditional culture-dependent taxonomic studies have usually under-estimated the biodiversity in saline environments due to the difficulties that many of these species have to grow at laboratory conditions. Here we compare two molecular methods to profile the microbial population present in the Odiel saltern hypersaline water ponds (33% salinity). On the one hand, the construction and characterization of two clone PCR amplified-16S rRNA libraries, and on the other, a high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing approach based on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The results reveal that both methods are comparable for the estimation of major genera, although massive sequencing provides more information about the less abundant ones. The obtained data indicate that Salinibacter ruber is the most abundant genus, followed by the archaea genera, Halorubrum and Haloquadratum. However, more than 100 additional species can be detected by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). In addition, a preliminary study to test the biotechnological applications of this microbial population, based on its ability to produce and excrete haloenzymes, is shown.},
}

@article {pmid29526926,
year = {2018},
author = {Do, TH and Le, NG and Dao, TK and Nguyen, TMP and Le, TL and Luu, HL and Nguyen, KHV and Nguyen, VL and Le, LA and Phung, TN and van Straalen, NM and Roelofs, D and Truong, NH},
title = {Metagenomic insights into lignocellulose-degrading genes through Illumina-based de novo sequencing of the microbiome in Vietnamese native goats' rumen.},
journal = {The Journal of general and applied microbiology},
volume = {64},
number = {3},
pages = {108-116},
doi = {10.2323/jgam.2017.08.004},
pmid = {29526926},
issn = {1349-8037},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacteria/classification/*enzymology/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Databases, Genetic ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Glycoside Hydrolases/*genetics/metabolism ; Goats/*microbiology ; Lignin/metabolism ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Metagenomics ; Open Reading Frames ; Rumen/*microbiology ; Vietnam ; },
abstract = {The scarcity of enzymes having an optimal activity in lignocellulose deconstruction is an obstacle for industrial-scale conversion of cellulosic biomass into biofuels. With the aim of mining novel lignocellulolytic enzymes, a ~9 Gb metagenome of bacteria in Vietnamese native goats' rumen was sequenced by Illumina platform. From the data, 821 ORFs encoding carbohydrate esterases (CEs) and polysaccharide lyases (PLs) serving for lignocellulose pre-treatment, 816 ORFs encoding 11 glycoside hydrolase families (GHs) of cellulases, and 2252 ORFs encoding 22 GHs of hemicellulases, were mined. The carbohydrate binding module (CBM) was also abundant with 763 ORFs, of which 480 ORFs are located with lignocellulolytic enzymes. The enzyme modularity analysis showed that CBMs are usually present in endoglucanase, endo 1,3-beta-D-glucosidase, and endoxylanase, whereas fibronectin 3-like module (FN3) mainly represents in GH3 and immunoglobulin-like domain (Ig) was located in GH9 only. Every domain located in each ORF was analyzed in detail to contribute enzymes' modularity which is valuable for modelling, to study the structure, and for recombinant production. With the aim of confirming the annotated results, a mined ORF encoding CBM63 was highly expressed in E. coli in soluble form. The purified recombinant CBM63 exhibited no cellulase activity, but enhanced a commercial cellulase activity in the destruction of a paper filter.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Bacteria/classification/*enzymology/*genetics
Base Sequence
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
Databases, Genetic
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
Genome, Bacterial/genetics
Glycoside Hydrolases/*genetics/metabolism
Goats/*microbiology
Lignin/metabolism
Metagenome/*genetics
Metagenomics
Open Reading Frames
Rumen/*microbiology
Vietnam

@article {pmid30209011,
year = {2018},
author = {Shade, A and Dunn, RR and Blowes, SA and Keil, P and Bohannan, BJM and Herrmann, M and Küsel, K and Lennon, JT and Sanders, NJ and Storch, D and Chase, J},
title = {Macroecology to Unite All Life, Large and Small.},
journal = {Trends in ecology & evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2018.08.005},
pmid = {30209011},
issn = {1872-8383},
abstract = {Macroecology is the study of the mechanisms underlying general patterns of ecology across scales. Research in microbial ecology and macroecology have long been detached. Here, we argue that it is time to bridge the gap, as they share a common currency of species and individuals, and a common goal of understanding the causes and consequences of changes in biodiversity. Microbial ecology and macroecology will mutually benefit from a unified research agenda and shared datasets that span the entirety of the biodiversity of life and the geographic expanse of the Earth.},
}

@article {pmid28686571,
year = {2017},
author = {Chistoserdova, L},
title = {Application of Omics Approaches to Studying Methylotrophs and Methylotroph Comunities.},
journal = {Current issues in molecular biology},
volume = {24},
number = {},
pages = {119-142},
doi = {10.21775/cimb.024.119},
pmid = {28686571},
issn = {1467-3045},
mesh = {Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; Metabolomics/methods ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Methane/chemistry/*metabolism ; Methanol/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Microbial Consortia ; Proteomics/methods ; },
abstract = {This review covers some recent advances in application of omics technologies to studying methylotrophs, with special reference to their activities in natural environments. Some of the developments highlighted in this review are the new outlook at the role of the XoxF-type, lanthanum-dependent methanol dehydrogenase in natural habitats, new mechanistic details of methane oxidation through the reverse methanogenesis pathway, propensity of 'aerobic' methanotrophs to thrive in hypoxic environments and potential connection of this process to denitrification, and a novel outlook at methane oxidation as a community function.},
}

Aerobiosis
Anaerobiosis
Bacteria/*metabolism
Metabolomics/methods
Metagenomics/*methods
Methane/chemistry/*metabolism
Methanol/chemistry/*metabolism
*Microbial Consortia
Proteomics/methods

@article {pmid28686567,
year = {2017},
author = {Sudarikov, K and Tyakht, A and Alexeev, D},
title = {Methods for The Metagenomic Data Visualization and Analysis.},
journal = {Current issues in molecular biology},
volume = {24},
number = {},
pages = {37-58},
doi = {10.21775/cimb.024.037},
pmid = {28686567},
issn = {1467-3045},
mesh = {Bacteria/*genetics ; *Computer Graphics ; Databases, Genetic ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics/*methods ; *Microbiota ; },
abstract = {Surveys of environmental microbial communities using metagenomic approach produce vast volumes of multidimensional data regarding the phylogenetic and functional composition of the microbiota. Faced with such complex data, a metagenomic researcher needs to select the means for data analysis properly. Data visualization became an indispensable part of the exploratory data analysis and serves a key to the discoveries. While the molecular-genetic analysis of even a single bacterium presents multiple layers of data to be properly displayed and perceived, the studies of microbiota are significantly more challenging. Here we present a review of the state-of-art methods for the visualization of metagenomic data in a multi-level manner: from the methods applicable to an in-depth analysis of a single metagenome to the techniques appropriate for large-scale studies containing hundreds of environmental samples.},
}

Bacteria/*genetics
*Computer Graphics
Databases, Genetic
*Metagenome
Metagenomics/*methods
*Microbiota

@article {pmid28686566,
year = {2017},
author = {Odintsova, V and Tyakht, A and Alexeev, D},
title = {Guidelines to Statistical Analysis of Microbial Composition Data Inferred from Metagenomic Sequencing.},
journal = {Current issues in molecular biology},
volume = {24},
number = {},
pages = {17-36},
doi = {10.21775/cimb.024.017},
pmid = {28686566},
issn = {1467-3045},
mesh = {Algorithms ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; *Guidelines as Topic ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; Humans ; Metagenomics/*methods ; *Microbiota ; *Software ; },
abstract = {Metagenomics, the application of high-throughput DNA sequencing for surveys of environmental samples, has revolutionized our view on the taxonomic and genetic composition of complex microbial communities. An enormous richness of microbiota keeps unfolding in the context of various fields ranging from biomedicine and food industry to geology. Primary analysis of metagenomic reads allows to infer semi-quantitative data describing the community structure. However, such compositional data possess statistical specific properties that are important to be considered during preprocessing, hypothesis testing and interpreting the results of statistical tests. Failure to account for these specifics may lead to essentially wrong conclusions as a result of the survey. Here we present a researcher introduced to the field of metagenomics with the basic properties of microbial compositional data including statistical power and proposed distribution models, perform a review of the publicly available software tools developed specifically for such data and outline the recommendations for the application of the methods.},
}

Algorithms
Computational Biology/*methods
Data Interpretation, Statistical
*Guidelines as Topic
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods
Humans
Metagenomics/*methods
*Microbiota
*Software

@article {pmid28686565,
year = {2017},
author = {Marco, D},
title = {Integration of Ecology and Environmental Metagenomics Conceptual and Methodological Frameworks.},
journal = {Current issues in molecular biology},
volume = {24},
number = {},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.21775/cimb.024.001},
pmid = {28686565},
issn = {1467-3045},
mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Ecology/*methods ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Humans ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Models, Theoretical ; },
abstract = {Although from its origin metagenomics was concerned with composition of communities of microbial OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) living in a given habitat and their diversity and functional heterogeneity (concepts already well rooted in ecology), the new field was more 'environmentally' than 'ecologically' oriented. Probably by circumstantial reasons, metagenomics and ecology followed rather independent trajectories and conceptual and methodological gaps appeared. Recently, calls for the need of integrating the theoretical basis and methodologies coming from metagenomics (and other meta-omics) and ecology have been made. Here I will address some of the principles and methods of field ecology that, although useful in the context of environmental metagenomic studies, have been rather disregarded. In particular, I will emphasize the contribution of some well established concepts and methods of field ecology to a an appropriate field sampling and experimental design of environmental metagenomic studies.},
}

*Biodiversity
Computational Biology/*methods
Ecology/*methods
Ecosystem
Environment
Humans
Metagenomics/*methods
Models, Theoretical

@article {pmid27572648,
year = {2016},
author = {Jansson, JK and Baker, ES},
title = {A multi-omic future for microbiome studies.},
journal = {Nature microbiology},
volume = {1},
number = {},
pages = {16049},
doi = {10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.49},
pmid = {27572648},
issn = {2058-5276},
mesh = {*Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; *Metabolomics ; *Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; *Proteomics ; },
}

*Gene Expression Profiling
Humans
*Metabolomics
*Metagenomics
*Microbiota
*Proteomics

@article {pmid29941576,
year = {2018},
author = {Borton, MA and Hoyt, DW and Roux, S and Daly, RA and Welch, SA and Nicora, CD and Purvine, S and Eder, EK and Hanson, AJ and Sheets, JM and Morgan, DM and Wolfe, RA and Sharma, S and Carr, TR and Cole, DR and Mouser, PJ and Lipton, MS and Wilkins, MJ and Wrighton, KC},
title = {Coupled laboratory and field investigations resolve microbial interactions that underpin persistence in hydraulically fractured shales.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {115},
number = {28},
pages = {E6585-E6594},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1800155115},
pmid = {29941576},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Bacteria/classification/*metabolism ; *Hydraulic Fracking ; Microbial Consortia/*physiology ; Natural Gas/*microbiology ; United States ; },
abstract = {Hydraulic fracturing is one of the industrial processes behind the surging natural gas output in the United States. This technology inadvertently creates an engineered microbial ecosystem thousands of meters below Earth's surface. Here, we used laboratory reactors to perform manipulations of persisting shale microbial communities that are currently not feasible in field scenarios. Metaproteomic and metabolite findings from the laboratory were then corroborated using regression-based modeling performed on metagenomic and metabolite data from more than 40 produced fluids from five hydraulically fractured shale wells. Collectively, our findings show that Halanaerobium, Geotoga, and Methanohalophilus strain abundances predict a significant fraction of nitrogen and carbon metabolites in the field. Our laboratory findings also exposed cryptic predatory, cooperative, and competitive interactions that impact microorganisms across fractured shales. Scaling these results from the laboratory to the field identified mechanisms underpinning biogeochemical reactions, yielding knowledge that can be harnessed to potentially increase energy yields and inform management practices in hydraulically fractured shales.},
}

Bacteria/classification/*metabolism
*Hydraulic Fracking
Microbial Consortia/*physiology
Natural Gas/*microbiology
United States

@article {pmid29500976,
year = {2018},
author = {Tang, X and Guo, Y and Jiang, B and Liu, S},
title = {Metagenomic approaches to understanding bacterial communication during the anammox reactor start-up.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {136},
number = {},
pages = {95-103},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.054},
pmid = {29500976},
issn = {1879-2448},
mesh = {Ammonium Compounds/*metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria/genetics/*isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Bioreactors/*microbiology ; Metagenomics ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; Waste Water/chemistry/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Increasing attention has been paid to the anammox community for its significant function in high-efficiency wastewater treatment. However, bacterial interaction in terms of bacterial communication is still elusive. This study firstly explored the intra- and interspecific communication of bacteria in the anammox community using metagenomic sequence data obtained during bioreactor operation. We verified the existence of multiple bacterial communication gene (BCG) subtypes by alignment with the constructed BCG database containing 11 identified gene subtypes. Bacterial communication was more active at the initial start-up than in the high loading-rate phase, and was correlated with the gradually decreasing bacterial diversity. Hdts, one of the key genes that produced the intraspecific signaling molecule AHL, and RpfF, the key gene that produced the intra- and interspecific signaling molecule DSF, were the primary communication engines in the anammox community because of their high abundance. Anammox bacteria mainly used Hdts genes to communicate with others, while RpfF gene played a core role characterized by their multiple correlations with other BCG subtypes. Interestingly, bacteria with abundant BCGs were more inclined to interact with the bacteria with the same functional traits, indicating the potential communication-related interaction among these bacteria in addition to the frequently reported substrate co-utilization. This highlights the primary importance of AHL and DSF for the anammox community, and thereby hints at a potential strategy for the target regulation of the signals to improve anammox viability and competitive capacity in wastewater treatment.},
}

Ammonium Compounds/*metabolism
Anaerobiosis
Bacteria/genetics/*isolation & purification/*metabolism
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Biodiversity
Bioreactors/*microbiology
Metagenomics
Nitrogen/chemistry
Waste Water/chemistry/*microbiology

@article {pmid29729565,
year = {2018},
author = {Chen, L and Hu, C and Lok-Shun Lai, N and Zhang, W and Hua, J and Lam, PKS and Lam, JCW and Zhou, B},
title = {Acute exposure to PBDEs at an environmentally realistic concentration causes abrupt changes in the gut microbiota and host health of zebrafish.},
journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
volume = {240},
number = {},
pages = {17-26},
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.062},
pmid = {29729565},
issn = {1873-6424},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/metabolism/*toxicity ; Intestines/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Metagenomics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity ; Zebrafish/microbiology/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Contamination from lower brominated PBDEs is ubiquitous in the environments. However, their effects on gut microbiota and intestinal health have not yet been investigated. This study exposed adult zebrafish to an environmentally realistic concentration of pentaBDE mixture (DE-71) at 5.0 ng/L for 7 days, after which metagenomic sequencing of the intestinal microbiome was conducted and host physiological activities in the intestine and liver were also examined. The results showed that acute exposure to DE-71 significantly shifted the gut microbial community in a sex-specific manner. Certain genera (e.g., Mycoplasma, Ruminiclostridium, unclassified Firmicutes sensu stricto, and Fusobacterium) disappeared from the DE-71-exposed intestines, resulting in decreased bacterial diversity. Bacterial metabolic functions in guts were also affected by DE-71, namely those covering energy metabolism, virulence, respiration, cell division, cell signaling, and stress response. In addition, measurement of diverse sensitive biomarkers showed that the health of male intestines was remarkably compromised by the DE-71 exposure, as indicated by the disruption to its neural signaling (serotonin), epithelial barrier integrity (tight junction protein 2), inflammatory response (interleukin 1β), oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity, as well as detoxifying potential (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity). However, female intestines maintained intact physiological activities. Compared to the direct impact on intestines, a latent effect of DE-71 was observed in livers. Co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that the gut bacteria vigorously interacted to establish the fittest community under DE-71 stress by promoting the reproduction of favorable genera, while diminishing the survival of unfavorable ones. Significant correlations between the zebrafish gut microbiota and physiological activities (e.g., oxidative stress, detoxification, neurotransmission, and epithelial integrity) were also observed. Overall, this study has demonstrated, for the first time, the high susceptibility of gut microbiota and intestinal health of zebrafish to DE-71, thus warranting more work to reveal its mode of toxicity.},
}

Animals
Bacteria
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/metabolism/*toxicity
Intestines/metabolism
Liver/metabolism
Male
Metagenomics
Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity
Zebrafish/microbiology/*physiology

@article {pmid27262209,
year = {2018},
author = {Tsai, CY and Tang, CY and Tan, TS and Chen, KH and Liao, KH and Liou, ML},
title = {Subgingival microbiota in individuals with severe chronic periodontitis.},
journal = {Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi},
volume = {51},
number = {2},
pages = {226-234},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2016.04.007},
pmid = {27262209},
issn = {1995-9133},
mesh = {Bacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Base Sequence ; Biodiversity ; Chronic Periodontitis/*microbiology ; Gingiva/*microbiology ; Humans ; Microbiota/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Taiwan ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Subgingival microorganisms are potentially associated with periodontal diseases. However, the correlation between the variance in the periodontal microbiome and the prevalence and severity of periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the subgingival microbiota in Taiwanese individuals with severe chronic periodontitis (SP).

METHODS: The composition of the subgingival microbiota in healthy and diseased individuals was compared using a 16S rRNA metagenomic approach and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A total of 20 samples, including 10 from healthy individuals and 10 from SP patients, were analyzed.

RESULTS: We found high microbial diversity, with an average of 774 classified phylotypes per sample and a total of six bacterial phyla across all samples. Cluster analysis by principal component analysis and heat map showed that the bacterial communities were different in the two groups. Streptococcus dominated across all the healthy samples, whereas Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Treponema were highly abundant across all diseased samples. At least 13 bacterial genera were conserved among all the samples. Only eight genera, including Lautropia, Parvimonas, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Paludibacter, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Corynebacterium, were significantly enriched in the healthy group, and six genera, including Porphyromonas, Treponema, Tannerella, Aggregatibacter, Peptostreptococcus, and Filifactor, were significantly enriched in the diseased group. Furthermore, a trend of abundance of bacteria at the species level measured by qPCR in all samples was consistent with the 16S rRNA metagenomics results.

CONCLUSION: This study is the first in Taiwan to provide a picture of the microbiome in SP via 16S rRNA metagenomics.},
}

Bacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Base Sequence
Biodiversity
Chronic Periodontitis/*microbiology
Gingiva/*microbiology
Humans
Microbiota/*genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Taiwan

@article {pmid29568746,
year = {2018},
author = {Wu, H and Cai, L and Li, D and Wang, X and Zhao, S and Zou, F and Zhou, K},
title = {Metagenomics Biomarkers Selected for Prediction of Three Different Diseases in Chinese Population.},
journal = {BioMed research international},
volume = {2018},
number = {},
pages = {2936257},
doi = {10.1155/2018/2936257},
pmid = {29568746},
issn = {2314-6141},
mesh = {Algorithms ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*microbiology ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Biomarkers/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*microbiology ; Dysbiosis/genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*microbiology ; Male ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Metagenomics/methods ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Middle Aged ; ROC Curve ; },
abstract = {The dysbiosis of human microbiome has been proven to be associated with the development of many human diseases. Metagenome sequencing emerges as a powerful tool to investigate the effects of microbiome on diseases. Identification of human gut microbiome markers associated with abnormal phenotypes may facilitate feature selection for multiclass classification. Compared with binary classifiers, multiclass classification models deploy more complex discriminative patterns. Here, we developed a pipeline to address the challenging characterization of multilabel samples. In this study, a total of 300 biomarkers were selected from the microbiome of 806 Chinese individuals (383 controls, 170 with type 2 diabetes, 130 with rheumatoid arthritis, and 123 with liver cirrhosis), and then logistic regression prediction algorithm was applied to those markers as the model intrinsic features. The estimated model produced an F1 score of 0.9142, which was better than other popular classification methods, and an average receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of 0.9475 showed a significant correlation between these selected biomarkers from microbiome and corresponding phenotypes. The results from this study indicate that machine learning is a vital tool in data mining from microbiome in order to identify disease-related biomarkers, which may contribute to the application of microbiome-based precision medicine in the future.},
}

Algorithms
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*microbiology
Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics
Biomarkers/*metabolism
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*microbiology
Dysbiosis/genetics
Female
Humans
Liver Cirrhosis/*microbiology
Male
Metagenome/*genetics
Metagenomics/methods
Microbiota/*genetics
Middle Aged
ROC Curve

@article {pmid29576590,
year = {2018},
author = {Okamoto, H and Koizumi, S and Shimizu, H and Cho, O and Sugita, T},
title = {Characterization of the Axillary Microbiota of Japanese Male Subjects with Spicy and Milky Odor Types by Pyrosequencing.},
journal = {Biocontrol science},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {1-5},
doi = {10.4265/bio.23.1},
pmid = {29576590},
issn = {1884-0205},
mesh = {Adult ; Axilla/*microbiology ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Computational Biology/methods ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Japan ; Male ; *Metagenome ; *Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; Middle Aged ; *Odorants ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Malodorants in the human axilla are produced from human biogenic precursors by axillary bacterial enzymes. In the present study, we used pyrosequencing analysis to identify the axillary bacterial microbiota of 13 Japanese male subjects with cumin-like, spicy body odor (C type), and 9 with milky, skin-based body odor (M type). Anaerococcus, Corynebacterium, and Staphylococcus predominated in both C- and M-type subjects, followed by Moraxella and Peptoniphilus. These genera accounted for 96.2-99.9% of the total bacterial population, except in the microbiota of one C-type subject. However, the axillary bacteria in C-type subjects were more abundant than that in M-type subjects. These results suggest that the level of colonization by axillary bacteria is important for the production of malodorants.},
}

Adult
Axilla/*microbiology
Bacteria/classification/genetics
Biodiversity
Computational Biology/methods
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Humans
Japan
Male
*Metagenome
*Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiota
Middle Aged
*Odorants
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Young Adult

@article {pmid29432849,
year = {2018},
author = {Joshi, A and Lanjekar, V and Dhakephalkar, PK and Dagar, SS},
title = {Cultivation of multiple genera of hydrogenotrophic methanogens from different environmental niches.},
journal = {Anaerobe},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {64-68},
doi = {10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.02.001},
pmid = {29432849},
issn = {1095-8274},
mesh = {Animals ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Methane/*metabolism ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Rumen/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Six genera of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, namely Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanocorpusculum, Methanothermobacter, Methanoculleus, and Methanospirillum were cultivated from diverse environmental niches like rumen, feces, gut, and sediments using BY medium. We also report a putative novel genus and two novel species of methanogens isolated from termite, Indian star tortoise, and green iguana.},
}

Animals
*Environmental Microbiology
Feces/microbiology
Geologic Sediments/microbiology
Hydrogen/*metabolism
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Methane/*metabolism
*Microbiota
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Rumen/microbiology

@article {pmid29330119,
year = {2018},
author = {Jin, W and Wang, Y and Li, Y and Cheng, Y and Zhu, W},
title = {Temporal changes of the bacterial community colonizing wheat straw in the cow rumen.},
journal = {Anaerobe},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.01.004},
pmid = {29330119},
issn = {1095-8274},
mesh = {Animal Feed/*microbiology ; Animals ; *Bacteria/classification/ultrastructure ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Cattle ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Rumen/*microbiology ; Triticum/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {This study used Miseq pyrosequencing and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the temporal changes in the bacterial community tightly attached to wheat straw in the cow rumen. The wheat straw was incubated in the rumens and samples were recovered at various times. The wheat straw degradation exhibited three phases: the first degradation phase occurred within 0.5 h, and the second degradation phase occurred after 6 h, with a stalling phase occurring between 0.5 and 6 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the colonization of the microorganisms on the wheat straw over time. The bacterial communities at 0.5, 6, 24, and 72 h were determined, corresponding to the degradation phases. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the two most dominant phyla in the bacterial communities at the four time points. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the bacterial communities at the four time points were distinct from each other. The wheat straw-associated bacteria stabilized at the phylum level after 0.5 h of rumen incubation, and only modest phylum-level and family-level changes were observed for most taxa between 0.5 h and 72 h. The relative abundance of the dominant genera, Butyrivibrio, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, Succiniclasticum, Clostridium, Prevotella, YRC22, CF231, and Treponema, changed significantly over time (P < .05). However, at the genus level, unclassified taxa accounted for 70.3% ± 6.1% of the relative abundance, indicating their probable importance in the degradation of wheat straw as well as in the temporal changes of the bacterial community. Thus, understanding the function of these unclassified taxa is of great importance for targeted improvement of forage use efficiency in ruminants. Collectively, our results revealed distinct degradation phases of wheat straw and corresponding changes in the colonized bacterial community.},
}

Animal Feed/*microbiology
Animals
*Bacteria/classification/ultrastructure
Biodiversity
Biomass
Cattle
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Rumen/*microbiology
Triticum/*microbiology

@article {pmid29182421,
year = {2018},
author = {McKenney, EA and O'Connell, TM and Rodrigo, A and Yoder, AD},
title = {Feeding strategy shapes gut metagenomic enrichment and functional specialization in captive lemurs.},
journal = {Gut microbes},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {202-217},
doi = {10.1080/19490976.2017.1408762},
pmid = {29182421},
issn = {1949-0984},
support = {S10 OD018164/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; *Diet ; Feces/chemistry/microbiology ; Feeding Methods/veterinary ; Fermentation ; Fruit/chemistry/metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology/physiology ; Lemur/metabolism/*microbiology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; *Metagenome ; Microbiota/genetics/*physiology ; Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Strepsirhini/metabolism/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Many studies have demonstrated the effects of host diet on gut microbial membership, metagenomics, and fermentation individually; but few have attempted to interpret the relationship among these biological phenomena with respect to host features (e.g. gut morphology). We quantitatively compare the fecal microbial communities, metabolic pathways, and fermentation products associated with the nutritional intake of frugivorous (fruit-eating) and folivorous (leaf-eating) lemurs. Our results provide a uniquely multidimensional and comparative perspective on the adaptive dynamics between host and microbiome. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed significant differential taxonomic and metabolic pathway enrichment, tailored to digest and detoxify different diets. Frugivorous metagenomes feature pathways to degrade simple carbohydrates and host-derived glycosaminoglycans, while folivorous metagenomes are equipped to break down phytic acid and other phytochemical compounds in an anaerobic environment. We used nuclear magnetic resonance based metabolic profiling of fecal samples to link metabolic pathways to fermentation products, confirming that the dissimilar substrates provided in each diet select for specific microbial functions. Fecal samples from frugivorous lemurs contained significantly different profiles of short chain fatty acids, alcohol fermentation products, amino acids, glucose, and glycerol compared to folivorous lemurs. We present the relationships between these datasets as an integrated visual framework, which we refer to as microbial geometry. We use microbial geometry to compare empirical gut microbial profiles across different feeding strategies, and suggest additional utility as a tool for hypothesis-generation.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism
Biodiversity
*Diet
Feces/chemistry/microbiology
Feeding Methods/veterinary
Fermentation
Fruit/chemistry/metabolism
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology/physiology
Lemur/metabolism/*microbiology
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
*Metagenome
Microbiota/genetics/*physiology
Plant Leaves/chemistry/metabolism
Species Specificity
Strepsirhini/metabolism/microbiology

@article {pmid27739431,
year = {2016},
author = {Bagnoud, A and Chourey, K and Hettich, RL and de Bruijn, I and Andersson, AF and Leupin, OX and Schwyn, B and Bernier-Latmani, R},
title = {Reconstructing a hydrogen-driven microbial metabolic network in Opalinus Clay rock.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {12770},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms12770},
pmid = {27739431},
issn = {2041-1723},
mesh = {*Aluminum Silicates ; Autotrophic Processes ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism ; Carbon Cycle ; Ecosystem ; Geography ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Metagenomics/*methods ; *Microbial Consortia ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Radioactive Waste ; *Soil Microbiology ; Switzerland ; },
abstract = {The Opalinus Clay formation will host geological nuclear waste repositories in Switzerland. It is expected that gas pressure will build-up due to hydrogen production from steel corrosion, jeopardizing the integrity of the engineered barriers. In an in situ experiment located in the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory, we demonstrate that hydrogen is consumed by microorganisms, fuelling a microbial community. Metagenomic binning and metaproteomic analysis of this deep subsurface community reveals a carbon cycle driven by autotrophic hydrogen oxidizers belonging to novel genera. Necromass is then processed by fermenters, followed by complete oxidation to carbon dioxide by heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, which closes the cycle. This microbial metabolic web can be integrated in the design of geological repositories to reduce pressure build-up. This study shows that Opalinus Clay harbours the potential for chemolithoautotrophic-based system, and provides a model of microbial carbon cycle in deep subsurface environments where hydrogen and sulfate are present.},
}

*Aluminum Silicates
Autotrophic Processes
Bacteria/classification/genetics/metabolism
Carbon Cycle
Ecosystem
Geography
Heterotrophic Processes
Hydrogen/*metabolism
*Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Metagenomics/*methods
*Microbial Consortia
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Radioactive Waste
*Soil Microbiology
Switzerland

@article {pmid30177919,
year = {2018},
author = {Lin, JD and Lemay, MA and Parfrey, LW},
title = {Diverse Bacteria Utilize Alginate Within the Microbiome of the Giant Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {1914},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01914},
pmid = {30177919},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Bacteria are integral to marine carbon cycling. They transfer organic carbon to higher trophic levels and remineralise it into inorganic forms. Kelp forests are among the most productive ecosystems within the global oceans, yet the diversity and metabolic capacity of bacteria that transform kelp carbon is poorly understood. Here, we use 16S amplicon and metagenomic shotgun sequencing to survey bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and assess the capacity of these bacteria for carbohydrate metabolism. We find that Macrocystis-associated communities are distinct from the water column, and that they become more diverse and shift in composition with blade depth, which is a proxy for tissue age. These patterns are also observed in metagenomic functional profiles, though the broader functional groups-carbohydrate active enzyme families-are largely consistent across samples and depths. Additionally, we assayed more than 250 isolates cultured from Macrocystis blades and the surrounding water column for the ability to utilize alginate, the primary polysaccharide in Macrocystis tissue. The majority of cultured bacteria (66%) demonstrated this capacity; we find that alginate utilization is patchily distributed across diverse genera in the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, yet can also vary between isolates with identical 16S rRNA sequences. The genes encoding enzymes involved in alginate metabolism were detected in metagenomic data across taxonomically diverse bacterial communities, further indicating this capacity is likely widespread amongst bacteria in kelp forests. Overall, the M. pyrifera epibiota shifts across a depth gradient, demonstrating a connection between bacterial assemblage and host tissue state.},
}

@article {pmid30177915,
year = {2018},
author = {Wu, YT and Yang, CY and Chiang, PW and Tseng, CH and Chiu, HH and Saeed, I and Baatar, B and Rogozin, D and Halgamuge, S and Degermendzhi, A and Tang, SL},
title = {Comprehensive Insights Into Composition, Metabolic Potentials, and Interactions Among Archaeal, Bacterial, and Viral Assemblages in Meromictic Lake Shunet in Siberia.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {1763},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01763},
pmid = {30177915},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Microorganisms are critical to maintaining stratified biogeochemical characteristics in meromictic lakes; however, their community composition and potential roles in nutrient cycling are not thoroughly described. Both metagenomics and metaviromics were used to determine the composition and capacity of archaea, bacteria, and viruses along the water column in the landlocked meromictic Lake Shunet in Siberia. Deep sequencing of 265 Gb and high-quality assembly revealed a near-complete genome corresponding to Nonlabens sp. sh3vir. in a viral sample and 38 bacterial bins (0.2-5.3 Mb each). The mixolimnion (3.0 m) had the most diverse archaeal, bacterial, and viral communities, followed by the monimolimnion (5.5 m) and chemocline (5.0 m). The bacterial and archaeal communities were dominated by Thiocapsa and Methanococcoides, respectively, whereas the viral community was dominated by Siphoviridae. The archaeal and bacterial assemblages and the associated energy metabolism were significantly related to the various depths, in accordance with the stratification of physicochemical parameters. Reconstructed elemental nutrient cycles of the three layers were interconnected, including co-occurrence of denitrification and nitrogen fixation in each layer and involved unique processes due to specific biogeochemical properties at the respective depths. According to the gene annotation, several pre-dominant yet unknown and uncultured bacteria also play potentially important roles in nutrient cycling. Reciprocal BLAST analysis revealed that the viruses were specific to the host archaea and bacteria in the mixolimnion. This study provides insights into the bacterial, archaeal, and viral assemblages and the corresponding capacity potentials in Lake Shunet, one of the three meromictic lakes in central Asia. Lake Shunet was determined to harbor specific and diverse viral, bacterial, and archaeal communities that intimately interacted, revealing patterns shaped by indigenous physicochemical parameters.},
}

@article {pmid29760079,
year = {2018},
author = {Wang, GD and Zhang, BL and Zhou, WW and Li, YX and Jin, JQ and Shao, Y and Yang, HC and Liu, YH and Yan, F and Chen, HM and Jin, L and Gao, F and Zhang, Y and Li, H and Mao, B and Murphy, RW and Wake, DB and Zhang, YP and Che, J},
title = {Selection and environmental adaptation along a path to speciation in the Tibetan frog Nanorana parkeri.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {115},
number = {22},
pages = {E5056-E5065},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1716257115},
pmid = {29760079},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Animals ; Anura/*genetics/*physiology ; Gene Flow/*genetics ; *Genetic Speciation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Metagenomics ; Phylogeny ; Selection, Genetic ; Tibet ; },
abstract = {Tibetan frogs, Nanorana parkeri, are differentiated genetically but not morphologically along geographical and elevational gradients in a challenging environment, presenting a unique opportunity to investigate processes leading to speciation. Analyses of whole genomes of 63 frogs reveal population structuring and historical demography, characterized by highly restricted gene flow in a narrow geographic zone lying between matrilines West (W) and East (E). A population found only along a single tributary of the Yalu Zangbu River has the mitogenome only of E, whereas nuclear genes of W comprise 89-95% of the nuclear genome. Selection accounts for 579 broadly scattered, highly divergent regions (HDRs) of the genome, which involve 365 genes. These genes fall into 51 gene ontology (GO) functional classes, 14 of which are likely to be important in driving reproductive isolation. GO enrichment analyses of E reveal many overrepresented functional categories associated with adaptation to high elevations, including blood circulation, response to hypoxia, and UV radiation. Four genes, including DNAJC8 in the brain, TNNC1 and ADORA1 in the heart, and LAMB3 in the lung, differ in levels of expression between low- and high-elevation populations. High-altitude adaptation plays an important role in maintaining and driving continuing divergence and reproductive isolation. Use of total genomes enabled recognition of selection and adaptation in and between populations, as well as documentation of evolution along a stepped cline toward speciation.},
}

Animals
Anura/*genetics/*physiology
Gene Flow/*genetics
*Genetic Speciation
Hybridization, Genetic
Metagenomics
Phylogeny
Selection, Genetic
Tibet

@article {pmid29058768,
year = {2018},
author = {Hernandez-Rodriguez, J and Arandjelovic, M and Lester, J and de Filippo, C and Weihmann, A and Meyer, M and Angedakin, S and Casals, F and Navarro, A and Vigilant, L and Kühl, HS and Langergraber, K and Boesch, C and Hughes, D and Marques-Bonet, T},
title = {The impact of endogenous content, replicates and pooling on genome capture from faecal samples.},
journal = {Molecular ecology resources},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {319-333},
doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.12728},
pmid = {29058768},
issn = {1755-0998},
support = {U01 MH106874/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; Feces/*chemistry ; Gabon ; Genetics, Population/*methods ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Pan troglodytes ; Sampling Studies ; Uganda ; },
abstract = {Target-capture approach has improved over the past years, proving to be very efficient tool for selectively sequencing genetic regions of interest. These methods have also allowed the use of noninvasive samples such as faeces (characterized by their low quantity and quality of endogenous DNA) to be used in conservation genomic, evolution and population genetic studies. Here we aim to test different protocols and strategies for exome capture using the Roche SeqCap EZ Developer kit (57.5 Mb). First, we captured a complex pool of DNA libraries. Second, we assessed the influence of using more than one faecal sample, extract and/or library from the same individual, to evaluate its effect on the molecular complexity of the experiment. We validated our experiments with 18 chimpanzee faecal samples collected from two field sites as a part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. Those two field sites are in Kibale National Park, Uganda (N = 9) and Loango National Park, Gabon (N = 9). We demonstrate that at least 16 libraries can be pooled, target enriched through hybridization, and sequenced allowing for the genotyping of 951,949 exome markers for population genetic analyses. Further, we observe that molecule richness, and thus, data acquisition, increase when using multiple libraries from the same extract or multiple extracts from the same sample. Finally, repeated captures significantly decrease the proportion of off-target reads from 34.15% after one capture round to 7.83% after two capture rounds, supporting our conclusion that two rounds of target enrichment are advisable when using complex faecal samples.},
}

Animals
DNA/*genetics/*isolation & purification
Feces/*chemistry
Gabon
Genetics, Population/*methods
Metagenomics/*methods
Pan troglodytes
Sampling Studies
Uganda

@article {pmid28439121,
year = {2017},
author = {Mukherjee, A and Chettri, B and Langpoklakpam, JS and Basak, P and Prasad, A and Mukherjee, AK and Bhattacharyya, M and Singh, AK and Chattopadhyay, D},
title = {Bioinformatic Approaches Including Predictive Metagenomic Profiling Reveal Characteristics of Bacterial Response to Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in Diverse Environments.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {1108},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-01126-3},
pmid = {28439121},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Bacteria/classification/*drug effects ; Biota/*drug effects ; Cluster Analysis ; Computational Biology/*methods ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Environmental Pollutants/*metabolism ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Petroleum/*metabolism ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Microbial remediation of oil polluted habitats remains one of the foremost methods for restoration of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated environments. The development of effective bioremediation strategies however, require an extensive understanding of the resident microbiome of these habitats. Recent developments such as high-throughput sequencing has greatly facilitated the advancement of microbial ecological studies in oil polluted habitats. However, effective interpretation of biological characteristics from these large datasets remain a considerable challenge. In this study, we have implemented recently developed bioinformatic tools for analyzing 65 16S rRNA datasets from 12 diverse hydrocarbon polluted habitats to decipher metagenomic characteristics of the resident bacterial communities. Using metagenomes predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences through PICRUSt, we have comprehensively described phylogenetic and functional compositions of these habitats and additionally inferred a multitude of metagenomic features including 255 taxa and 414 functional modules which can be used as biomarkers for effective distinction between the 12 oil polluted sites. Additionally, we show that significantly over-represented taxa often contribute to either or both, hydrocarbon degradation and additional important functions. Our findings reveal significant differences between hydrocarbon contaminated sites and establishes the importance of endemic factors in addition to petroleum hydrocarbons as driving factors for sculpting hydrocarbon contaminated bacteriomes.},
}

Bacteria/classification/*drug effects
Biota/*drug effects
Cluster Analysis
Computational Biology/*methods
DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics
*Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Pollutants/*metabolism
Metagenomics/*methods
Petroleum/*metabolism
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid28285978,
year = {2017},
author = {Raoult, D},
title = {The study of microbiota needs both microbiologists and medical doctors.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
volume = {23},
number = {8},
pages = {500-501},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2017.03.002},
pmid = {28285978},
issn = {1469-0691},
mesh = {Bacteria, Aerobic/classification/growth & development ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/classification/growth & development ; Colon/microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Humans ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiology/education/trends ; *Microbiota ; *Physicians ; },
}

Bacteria, Aerobic/classification/growth & development
Bacteria, Anaerobic/classification/growth & development
Colon/microbiology
Feces/microbiology
Humans
Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiology/education/trends
*Microbiota
*Physicians

@article {pmid28787780,
year = {2017},
author = {Noronha, MF and Lacerda Júnior, GV and Gilbert, JA and de Oliveira, VM},
title = {Taxonomic and functional patterns across soil microbial communities of global biomes.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {609},
number = {},
pages = {1064-1074},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.159},
pmid = {28787780},
issn = {1879-1026},
mesh = {Biodiversity ; Classification ; *Ecosystem ; Metagenomics ; Soil ; *Soil Microbiology ; },
}

Biodiversity
Classification
*Ecosystem
Metagenomics
Soil
*Soil Microbiology

@article {pmid29567068,
year = {2018},
author = {Górska, A and Peter, S and Willmann, M and Autenrieth, I and Schlaberg, R and Huson, DH},
title = {Dynamics of the human gut phageome during antibiotic treatment.},
journal = {Computational biology and chemistry},
volume = {74},
number = {},
pages = {420-427},
doi = {10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.03.011},
pmid = {29567068},
issn = {1476-928X},
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*drug effects/microbiology ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; },
abstract = {Bacterial viruses contribute to the dynamics of the microbiome communities, as they are involved in the horizontal gene transfer. Previously we studied changes in the gut microbiome of the two healthy individuals over the course of a 6-days antibiotics treatment and subsequent 28 days recovery time (Willmann et al., 2015). Now, from the same samples, the virus-like particles were isolated and sequenced. As the phage sequences are currently poorly represented in reference databases, the reads had to be assembled, annotated and their abundance had to be evaluated via reads mapping. We analyzed and compared patterns of changes in abundance of the phage scaffolds and scaffolds with antibiotics resistant genes, in both phage and whole-genome metagenomic sets. We observed an increase in abundance of scaffolds carrying antibiotic-resistant genes in response to the treatment.},
}

Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology
Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage/*pharmacology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics
Gastrointestinal Tract/*drug effects/microbiology
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Metagenomics

@article {pmid29899109,
year = {2018},
author = {Russo, AG and Eden, JS and Enosi Tuipulotu, D and Shi, M and Selechnik, D and Shine, R and Rollins, LA and Holmes, EC and White, PA},
title = {Viral Discovery in the Invasive Australian Cane Toad (Rhinella marina) Using Metatranscriptomic and Genomic Approaches.},
journal = {Journal of virology},
volume = {92},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/JVI.00768-18},
pmid = {29899109},
issn = {1098-5514},
mesh = {Animals ; Bufo marinus/*virology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Metagenomics ; Proviruses/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Viruses/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Western Australia ; },
abstract = {Cane toads are a notorious invasive species, inhabiting over 1.2 million km2 of Australia and threatening native biodiversity. The release of pathogenic cane toad viruses is one possible biocontrol strategy yet is currently hindered by the poorly described cane toad virome. Metatranscriptomic analysis of 16 cane toad livers revealed the presence of a novel and full-length picornavirus, Rhimavirus A (RhiV-A), a member of a reptile- and amphibian-specific cluster of the Picornaviridae basal to the Kobuvirus-like group. In the combined liver transcriptome, we also identified a complete genome sequence of a distinct epsilonretrovirus, Rhinella marina endogenous retrovirus (RMERV). The recently sequenced cane toad genome contains 8 complete RMERV proviruses as well as 21 additional truncated insertions. The oldest full-length RMERV provirus was estimated to have inserted 1.9 million years ago (MYA). To screen for these viral sequences in additional toads, we analyzed publicly available transcriptomes from six diverse Australian locations. RhiV-A transcripts were identified in toads sampled from three locations across 1,000 km of Australia, stretching to the current Western Australia (WA) invasion front, while RMERV transcripts were observed at all six sites. Finally, we scanned the cane toad genome for nonretroviral endogenous viral elements, finding three sequences related to small DNA viruses in the family Circoviridae This shows ancestral circoviral infection with subsequent genomic integration. The identification of these current and past viral infections enriches our knowledge of the cane toad virome, an understanding of which will facilitate future work on infection and disease in this important invasive species.IMPORTANCE Cane toads are poisonous amphibians that were introduced to Australia in 1935 for insect control. Since then, their population has increased dramatically, and they now threaten many native Australian species. One potential method to control the population is to release a cane toad virus with high mortality rates, yet few cane toad viruses have been characterized. This study samples cane toads from different Australian locations and uses an RNA sequencing and computational approach to find new viruses. We report novel complete picornavirus and retrovirus sequences that were genetically similar to viruses infecting frogs, reptiles, and fish. Using data generated in other studies, we show that these viral sequences are present in cane toads from distinct Australian locations. Three sequences related to circoviruses were also found in the toad genome. The identification of new viral sequences will aid future studies that investigate their prevalence and potential as agents for biocontrol.},
}

Animals
Bufo marinus/*virology
Gene Expression Profiling
Metagenomics
Proviruses/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Viruses/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Western Australia

@article {pmid29495531,
year = {2018},
author = {Chen, H and Wu, H and Yan, B and Zhao, H and Liu, F and Zhang, H and Sheng, Q and Miao, F and Liang, Z},
title = {Core Microbiome of Medicinal Plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Seed: A Rich Reservoir of Beneficial Microbes for Secondary Metabolism?.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms19030672},
pmid = {29495531},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Biodiversity ; Genetic Variation ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; Plants, Medicinal/classification/genetics/metabolism/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Salvia miltiorrhiza/classification/genetics/metabolism/*microbiology ; Seeds/metabolism/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Seed microbiome includes special endophytic or epiphytic microbial taxa associated with seeds, which affects seed germination, plant growth, and health. Here, we analyzed the core microbiome of 21 Salvia miltiorrhiza seeds from seven different geographic origins using 16S rDNA and ITS amplicon sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis. The whole bacterial microbiome was classified into 17 microbial phyla and 39 classes. Gammaproteobacteria (67.6%), Alphaproteobacteria (15.6%), Betaproteobacteria (2.6%), Sphingobacteria (5.0%), Bacilli (4.6%), and Actinobacteria (2.9%) belonged to the core bacterial microbiome. Dothideomycetes comprised 94% of core fungal microbiome in S. miltiorrhiza seeds, and another two dominant classes were Leotiomycetes (3.0%) and Tremellomycetes (2.0%). We found that terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, degradation of limonene, pinene, and geraniol, and prenyltransferases, were overrepresented in the core bacterial microbiome using phylogenetic examination of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) software. We also found that the bacterial genera Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas were enriched core taxa and overlapped among S. miltiorrhiza, maize, bean, and rice, while a fungal genus, Alternaria, was shared within S. miltiorrhiza, bean, and Brassicaceae families. These findings highlight that seed-associated microbiomeis an important component of plant microbiomes, which may be a gene reservoir for secondary metabolism in medicinal plants.},
}

Biodiversity
Genetic Variation
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiota
Plants, Medicinal/classification/genetics/metabolism/*microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Salvia miltiorrhiza/classification/genetics/metabolism/*microbiology
Seeds/metabolism/*microbiology

@article {pmid28393285,
year = {2018},
author = {Rowland, I and Gibson, G and Heinken, A and Scott, K and Swann, J and Thiele, I and Tuohy, K},
title = {Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components.},
journal = {European journal of nutrition},
volume = {57},
number = {1},
pages = {1-24},
doi = {10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8},
pmid = {28393285},
issn = {1436-6215},
mesh = {Bacteria/enzymology/*metabolism ; Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism ; Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism ; Dietary Proteins/metabolism ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; *Food ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; *Health Promotion ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; Models, Theoretical ; Phytochemicals/metabolism ; Plants, Edible/chemistry/metabolism ; Polyphenols/metabolism ; Proteomics ; Vitamins/biosynthesis ; },
abstract = {The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, and enzyme assays.},
}

Bacteria/enzymology/*metabolism
Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
Diet
Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
Dietary Proteins/metabolism
Fatty Acids/metabolism
*Food
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology
*Health Promotion
Humans
Metagenomics
Models, Theoretical
Phytochemicals/metabolism
Plants, Edible/chemistry/metabolism
Polyphenols/metabolism
Proteomics
Vitamins/biosynthesis

@article {pmid29405134,
year = {2017},
author = {Desikan, P},
title = {Our microbial signatures.},
journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology},
volume = {35},
number = {4},
pages = {443-444},
doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_17_250},
pmid = {29405134},
issn = {1998-3646},
mesh = {Biological Variation, Individual ; *Dysbiosis ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; },
}

Biological Variation, Individual
*Dysbiosis
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Metagenomics
*Microbiota

@article {pmid29108974,
year = {2018},
author = {Yasir, M},
title = {Analysis of bacterial communities and characterization of antimicrobial strains from cave microbiota.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]},
volume = {49},
number = {2},
pages = {248-257},
doi = {10.1016/j.bjm.2017.08.005},
pmid = {29108974},
issn = {1678-4405},
mesh = {*Antibiosis ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/growth & development/*isolation & purification ; *Biota ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Archaeal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Euryarchaeota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification ; Metagenomics ; Pakistan ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {In this study for the first-time microbial communities in the caves located in the mountain range of Hindu Kush were evaluated. The samples were analyzed using culture-independent (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and culture-dependent methods. The amplicon sequencing results revealed a broad taxonomic diversity, including 21 phyla and 20 candidate phyla. Proteobacteria were dominant in both caves, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. Representative operational taxonomic units from Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Smasse-Rawo Ghaar were grouped into 235 and 445 different genera, respectively. Comparative analysis of the cultured bacterial isolates revealed distinct bacterial taxonomic profiles in the studied caves dominated by Proteobacteria in Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Firmicutes in Smasse-Rawo Ghaar. Majority of those isolates were associated with the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Thirty strains among the identified isolates from both caves showed antimicrobial activity. Overall, the present study gave insight into the great bacterial taxonomic diversity and antimicrobial potential of the isolates from the previously uncharacterized caves located in the world's highest mountains range in the Indian sub-continent.},
}

*Antibiosis
Bacteria/*classification/genetics/growth & development/*isolation & purification
*Biota
Cluster Analysis
DNA, Archaeal/chemistry/genetics
DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics
*Environmental Microbiology
Euryarchaeota/classification/genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification
Metagenomics
Pakistan
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid28336973,
year = {2017},
author = {Wang, R and Zhang, H and Sun, L and Qi, G and Chen, S and Zhao, X},
title = {Microbial community composition is related to soil biological and chemical properties and bacterial wilt outbreak.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {343},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-00472-6},
pmid = {28336973},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; *Biota ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Metagenomics ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Potassium/analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; },
abstract = {Soil microbes play important roles in plant growth and health. Little is known about the differences of soil microbes between healthy and bacterial wilt infected soils with Ralstonia solanacearum. By Illumina-MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene amplicons, we found the soil microbial composition and diversity were distinct between healthy and bacterial wilt infected soils. Soil microbial community varied at different plant growth stages due to changes of root exudates composition and soil pH. Healthy soils exhibited higher microbial diversity than the bacterial wilt infected soils. More abundant beneficial microbes including Bacillus, Agromyces, Micromonospora, Pseudonocardia, Acremonium, Lysobacter, Mesorhizobium, Microvirga, Bradyrhizobium, Acremonium and Chaetomium were found in the healthy soils rather than the bacterial wilt infected soils. Compared to bacterial wilt infected soils, the activities of catalase, invertase and urease, as well as soil pH, available phosphorous and potassium content, were all significantly increased in the healthy soils. In a conclusion, the higher abundance of beneficial microbes are positively related the higher soil quality, including better plant growth, lower disease incidence, and higher nutrient contents, soil enzyme activities and soil pH.},
}

Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
*Biota
Cluster Analysis
DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics
DNA, Fungal/chemistry/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics
Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Metagenomics
Phosphorus/analysis
Phylogeny
Plant Diseases/*microbiology
Potassium/analysis
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Soil/chemistry
*Soil Microbiology

@article {pmid29380873,
year = {2018},
author = {Bapatla, KG and Singh, A and Yeddula, S and Patil, RH},
title = {Annotation of gut bacterial taxonomic and functional diversity in Spodoptera litura and Spilosoma obliqua.},
journal = {Journal of basic microbiology},
volume = {58},
number = {3},
pages = {217-226},
doi = {10.1002/jobm.201700462},
pmid = {29380873},
issn = {1521-4028},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/*genetics ; *Biota ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Helianthus/parasitology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Lepidoptera/*microbiology ; Metagenomics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Soybeans/parasitology ; },
abstract = {The insect gut has been the house of many taxonomically and physiologically diverse groups of microbial colonizers as symbionts and commensals, which are evolving to support the physiological requirement of insects. Lepidoptera is one of the important family of class hexapoda, comprising agriculture insect pest Spodoptera litura and Spilosoma obliqua. Information on gut microbiota and their functional role in these insects was meager to elucidate the wide-ranging survivalist mechanisms. In this context, we analyzed the composition, diversity and functional role of gut bacteria in S. litura and S. obliqua collected from soybean and sunflower crops, respectively, using Next Generation Sequencing of 16S rRNA. A total of 3427 and 206 Operation Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in S. litura and S. obliqua gut metagenome, respectively. Highest number of sequences were annotated to unclassified bacteria (34%), followed by Proteobacteria (27%), and Chlorobi (14%) in S. litura, while S. obliqua has significant representation of Firmicutes (48%), followed by Bacteroidetes (20%), and unclassified bacteria (11%). Functionality of both metagenomes revealed, high abundance of ammonia oxidizers (20.1 58.0%) followed by relative abundance of detoxifying processes - dehalogenation (17.4-41.2%) and aromatic hydrocarbons degradation (1.1-3.1%). This study highlights the significance of the inherent microbiome of two defoliators in shaping the metagenome for nutrition and detoxifying the chemical molecules, and opens an avenue for exploring role of insect gut bacteria in host selection, metabolic endurance of insecticides and synergistic or agonistic mechanisms inside gut of insects feeding on insect-resistant biotech crops.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/*classification/*genetics
*Biota
Cluster Analysis
DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
Helianthus/parasitology
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Lepidoptera/*microbiology
Metagenomics
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Soybeans/parasitology

@article {pmid29129355,
year = {2018},
author = {Li, J and Fu, R and Yang, Y and Horz, HP and Guan, Y and Lu, Y and Lou, H and Tian, L and Zheng, S and Liu, H and Shi, M and Tang, K and Wang, S and Xu, S},
title = {A metagenomic approach to dissect the genetic composition of enterotypes in Han Chinese and two Muslim groups.},
journal = {Systematic and applied microbiology},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2017.09.006},
pmid = {29129355},
issn = {1618-0984},
mesh = {Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bacteria/*classification/*genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Ethnic Groups ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Genetic Association Studies ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Islam ; Lysophospholipase/genetics ; *Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Distinct enterotypes have been observed in the human gut but little is known about the genetic basis of the microbiome. Moreover, it is not clear how many genetic differences exist between enterotypes within or between populations. In this study, both the 16S rRNA gene and the metagenomes of the gut microbiota were sequenced from 48 Han Chinese, 48 Kazaks, and 96 Uyghurs, and taxonomies were assigned after de novo assembly. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were also identified by referring to data from the Human Microbiome Project. Systematic analysis of the gut communities in terms of their abundance and genetic composition was also performed, together with a genome-wide association study of the host genomes. The gut microbiota of 192 subjects was clearly classified into two enterotypes (Bacteroides and Prevotella). Interestingly, both enterotypes showed a clear genetic differentiation in terms of their functional catalogue of genes, especially for genes involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, several differentiated genera and genes were found among the three populations. Notably, one human variant (rs878394) was identified that showed significant association with the abundance of Prevotella, which is linked to LYPLAL1, a gene associated with body fat distribution, the waist-hip ratio and insulin sensitivity. Taken together, considerable differentiation was observed in gut microbes between enterotypes and among populations that was reflected in both the taxonomic composition and the genetic makeup of their functional genes, which could have been influenced by a variety of factors, such as diet and host genetic variation.},
}

Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Bacteria/*classification/*genetics
Cluster Analysis
DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics
Ethnic Groups
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Genetic Association Studies
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Islam
Lysophospholipase/genetics
*Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Phylogeny
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid29415902,
year = {2018},
author = {Kishida, S and Kato-Mori, Y and Hagiwara, K},
title = {Influence of changes in the intestinal microflora on the immune function in mice.},
journal = {The Journal of veterinary medical science},
volume = {80},
number = {3},
pages = {440-446},
doi = {10.1292/jvms.17-0485},
pmid = {29415902},
issn = {1347-7439},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Concanavalin A/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/*immunology ; Immunity/immunology/*physiology ; Mice/immunology/microbiology ; Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spleen/cytology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/physiology ; },
abstract = {The composition of the intestinal microbiota is related to the health and immune function of the host. Administration of antibiotics affects the composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, the effects of immune function on the composition of the intestinal microbiota are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the lymphocyte composition and determined the relationships between lymphocyte function and the intestinal microbiota following antibiotic treatment in mice. To change the composition of the intestinal microbiota, mice were treated with or without antibiotics. Analysis of intestinal microbiota was performed by metagenomic analysis targeting 16S rRNA. Lymphocyte subsets of splenocytes were measured by flow cytometry. For functional analysis of T cells, splenocytes were stimulated with concanavalin (Con A), and cytokine gene expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Firmicutes were predominant in the control group, whereas Bacteroidetes predominated in the antibiotic-treated group, as determined by metagenomic analysis. The diversity of the microbiota decreased in the antibiotic-treated group. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets showed that CD3+ cells decreased, whereas CD19+ cells increased in the antibiotic-treated group. All cytokine genes in splenocytes treated with Con A were downregulated in the antibiotic-treated group; in particular, genes encoding interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-13 significantly decreased. Taken together, these results revealed that changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota by antibiotic treatment influenced the population of lymphocytes in splenocytes and affected the immune response.},
}

Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Concanavalin A/metabolism
Cytokines/metabolism
Flow Cytometry
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/*immunology
Immunity/immunology/*physiology
Mice/immunology/microbiology
Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology/microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Spleen/cytology
T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/physiology

@article {pmid28640714,
year = {2017},
author = {Wen, SW and Wong, CHY},
title = {An unexplored brain-gut microbiota axis in stroke.},
journal = {Gut microbes},
volume = {8},
number = {6},
pages = {601-606},
doi = {10.1080/19490976.2017.1344809},
pmid = {28640714},
issn = {1949-0984},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/classification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacterial Translocation ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dysbiosis/etiology/*microbiology ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Lung/microbiology ; Mice ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Stroke/complications/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Microbiota research, in particular that of the gut, has recently gained much attention in medical research owing to technological advances in metagenomics and metabolomics. Despite this, much of the research direction has focused on long-term or chronic effects of microbiota manipulation on health and disease. In this addendum, we reflect on our recent publication that reported findings addressing a rather unconventional hypothesis. Bacterial pneumonia is highly prevalent and is one of the leading contributors to stroke morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, microbiological cultures of samples taken from stroke patient with a suspected case of pneumonia often return with a negative result. Therefore, we proposed that post-stroke infection may be due to the presence of anaerobic bacteria, possibly those originated from the host gut microbiota. Supporting this, we showed that stroke promotes intestinal barrier breakdown and robust microbiota changes, and the subsequent translocation of selective bacterial strain from the host gut microbiota to peripheral tissues (i.e. lung) induces post-stroke infections. Our findings were further supported by various elegant studies published in the past 12 months. Here, we discuss and provide an overview of our key findings, supporting studies, and the implications for future advances in stroke research.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/classification
*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Bacterial Translocation
*Disease Models, Animal
Dysbiosis/etiology/*microbiology
Escherichia coli/physiology
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
*Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Lung/microbiology
Mice
*Microbiota
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
Stroke/complications/*microbiology

@article {pmid27352007,
year = {2016},
author = {Jangi, S and Gandhi, R and Cox, LM and Li, N and von Glehn, F and Yan, R and Patel, B and Mazzola, MA and Liu, S and Glanz, BL and Cook, S and Tankou, S and Stuart, F and Melo, K and Nejad, P and Smith, K and Topçuolu, BD and Holden, J and Kivisäkk, P and Chitnis, T and De Jager, PL and Quintana, FJ and Gerber, GK and Bry, L and Weiner, HL},
title = {Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {12015},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms12015},
pmid = {27352007},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {P30 DK034854/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI126880/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 NS087226/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; R21 NS087867/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Breath Tests ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Genes, Bacterial ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Male ; Methane/analysis ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes/metabolism ; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology/*microbiology/therapy ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The gut microbiome plays an important role in immune function and has been implicated in several autoimmune disorders. Here we use 16S rRNA sequencing to investigate the gut microbiome in subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS, n=60) and healthy controls (n=43). Microbiome alterations in MS include increases in Methanobrevibacter and Akkermansia and decreases in Butyricimonas, and correlate with variations in the expression of genes involved in dendritic cell maturation, interferon signalling and NF-kB signalling pathways in circulating T cells and monocytes. Patients on disease-modifying treatment show increased abundances of Prevotella and Sutterella, and decreased Sarcina, compared with untreated patients. MS patients of a second cohort show elevated breath methane compared with controls, consistent with our observation of increased gut Methanobrevibacter in MS in the first cohort. Further study is required to assess whether the observed alterations in the gut microbiome play a role in, or are a consequence of, MS pathogenesis.},
}

Adult
Breath Tests
Case-Control Studies
Female
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Genes, Bacterial
Humans
Immunomodulation
Male
Methane/analysis
Middle Aged
Monocytes/metabolism
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology/*microbiology/therapy
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics
T-Lymphocytes/metabolism

@article {pmid30123190,
year = {2018},
author = {Roscini, L and Tristezza, M and Corte, L and Colabella, C and Perrotta, C and Rampino, P and Robert, V and Vu, D and Cardinali, G and Grieco, F},
title = {Early Ongoing Speciation of Ogataea uvarum Sp. Nov. Within the Grape Ecosystem Revealed by the Internal Variability Among the rDNA Operon Repeats.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {1687},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01687},
pmid = {30123190},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {A yeast strain was isolated during a study on vineyard-associated yeast strains from Apulia in Southern Italy. ITS and LSU D1/D2 rDNA sequences showed this strain not to belong to any known species and was described as the type strain of Ogataea uvarum sp. nov., a close relative of O. philodendri. Several secondary peaks appeared in the sequences, suggesting internal heterogeneity among the copies of the rDNA. This hypothesis was tested by sequencing single clones of the marker region. The analyses showed different levels of variability throughout the operon with differences between the rRNA encoding genes and the internally transcribed regions. O. uvarum and O. philodendri share high frequency variants, i.e., variants frequently found in many clones, whereas there is a large variability of the low frequency polymorphisms, suggesting that the mechanism of homogenization is more active with the former than with the latter type of variation. These findings indicate that low frequency variants are detected in Sanger sequencing as secondary peaks whereas in Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of metagenomics DNA would lead to an overestimate of the alpha diversity. For the first time in our knowledge, this investigation shed light on the variation of the copy number of the rDNA cistron during the yeast speciation process. These polymorphisms can be used to investigate on the processes occurring in these taxonomic markers during the separation of fungal species, it being a genetic process highly frequent in the complex microbial ecosystem existing in grape, must and wine.},
}

@article {pmid29169222,
year = {2018},
author = {Kim, D and Hong, S and Kim, YT and Ryu, S and Kim, HB and Lee, JH},
title = {Metagenomic Approach to Identifying Foodborne Pathogens on Chinese Cabbage.},
journal = {Journal of microbiology and biotechnology},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {227-235},
doi = {10.4014/jmb.1710.10021},
pmid = {29169222},
issn = {1738-8872},
mesh = {Bacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Biodiversity ; Brassica/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Foodborne Diseases/*microbiology ; *Metagenomics ; Microbial Consortia ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Foodborne illness represents a major threat to public health and is frequently attributed to pathogenic microorganisms on fresh produce. Recurrent outbreaks often come from vegetables that are grown close to or within the ground. Therefore, the first step to understanding the public health risk of microorganisms on fresh vegetables is to identify and describe microbial communities. We investigated the phyllospheres on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis, N = 54). 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing targeting the V5-V6 region of 16S rRNA genes was conducted by employing the Illumina MiSeq system. Sequence quality was assessed, and phylogenetic assessments were performed using the RDP classifier implemented in QIIME with a bootstrap cutoff of 80%. Principal coordinate analysis was performed using a weighted Fast UniFrac matrix. The average number of sequence reads generated per sample was 34,584. At the phylum level, bacterial communities were composed primarily of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The most abundant genera on Chinese cabbages were Chryseobacterium, Aurantimonadaceae_g, Sphingomonas, and Pseudomonas. Diverse potential pathogens, such as Pantoea, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Yersinia, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, and Clostridium were also detected from the samples. Although further epidemiological studies will be required to determine whether the detected potential pathogens are associated with foodborne illness, our results imply that a metagenomic approach can be used to detect pathogenic bacteria on fresh vegetables.},
}

Bacteria/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Biodiversity
Brassica/*microbiology
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
Foodborne Diseases/*microbiology
*Metagenomics
Microbial Consortia
Molecular Sequence Data
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Republic of Korea
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid28766918,
year = {2018},
author = {Sherwani, MA and Tufail, S and Muzaffar, AF and Yusuf, N},
title = {The skin microbiome and immune system: Potential target for chemoprevention?.},
journal = {Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {25-34},
doi = {10.1111/phpp.12334},
pmid = {28766918},
issn = {1600-0781},
mesh = {Animals ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; *Microbiota/radiation effects ; Prebiotics ; Probiotics/pharmacology ; Skin/*immunology/*microbiology ; Skin Neoplasms/immunology/*microbiology/*prevention & control ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Virus Diseases/complications ; Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; },
abstract = {There has been increasing interest in understanding the role of the human microbiome in skin diseases. Microbiome studies are being utilized in skin cancer research in numerous ways. Commensal bacteria are being studied as a potential tool to judge the biggest environmental risk of skin cancer, ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Owing to the recognized link of skin microbes in the process of inflammation, there have been theories linking commensal bacteria to skin cancer. Viral metagenomics has also provided insight into virus linked forms of skin cancers. Speculations can be drawn for skin microbiome that in a manner similar to gut microbiome, they can be involved in chemoprevention of skin cancer. Nonetheless, there are definitely huge gaps in our knowledge of the relationship of microbiome and skin cancers, especially in relation to chemoprevention. The utilization of microbiome in skin cancer research seems to be a promising field and may help yield novel skin cancer prevention and treatment options. This review focuses on recent utilization of the microbiome in skin cancer research, and it explores the potential of utilizing the microbiome in prevention, earlier diagnosis, and treatment of skin cancers.},
}

Animals
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
*Microbiota/radiation effects
Prebiotics
Probiotics/pharmacology
Skin/*immunology/*microbiology
Skin Neoplasms/immunology/*microbiology/*prevention & control
Ultraviolet Rays
Virus Diseases/complications
Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives/metabolism

@article {pmid30117250,
year = {2018},
author = {Cabello-Yeves, PJ and Picazo, A and Camacho, A and Callieri, C and Rosselli, R and Roda-Garcia, JJ and Coutinho, FH and Rodriguez-Valera, F},
title = {Ecological and genomic features of two widespread freshwater picocyanobacteria.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14377},
pmid = {30117250},
issn = {1462-2920},
}

@article {pmid27571981,
year = {2016},
author = {Schimel, J},
title = {Microbial ecology: Linking omics to biogeochemistry.},
journal = {Nature microbiology},
volume = {1},
number = {},
pages = {15028},
doi = {10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.28},
pmid = {27571981},
issn = {2058-5276},
mesh = {*Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Metagenomics ; Microbial Consortia ; Proteomics ; },
}

*Ecology
*Ecosystem
Metagenomics
Microbial Consortia
Proteomics

@article {pmid29878736,
year = {2016},
author = {Lin, Z and Zu, XP and Xie, HS and Jin, HZ and Yang, N and Liu, XR and Zhang, WD},
title = {[Research progress in mechanism of intestinal microorganisms in human diseases].},
journal = {Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica},
volume = {51},
number = {6},
pages = {843-852},
pmid = {29878736},
issn = {0513-4870},
mesh = {*Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Intestines/*microbiology ; *Metagenomics ; Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {The international cooperated research projects of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) and Metagenomics of The Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) were officially launched in 2007, which indicated the era of metagenomics research of microorganisms in human gastrointestinal tract had been coming. Each human body is a superorganism which is composed of 90% commensal microorganisms, especially the intestinal microorganisms. The intestinal microorganisms play an important role on health maintenance since they are involved in the absorption and metabolism of nutrients in the human bodies. Herein, we review the research progress in the mechanism of intestinal microorganisms in human diseases. Our purpose is to provide novel ideas on human health and therapeutic targets of diseases.},
}

*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
Intestines/*microbiology
*Metagenomics
Symbiosis

@article {pmid28390093,
year = {2018},
author = {Aw, W and Fukuda, S},
title = {Understanding the role of the gut ecosystem in diabetes mellitus.},
journal = {Journal of diabetes investigation},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {5-12},
doi = {10.1111/jdi.12673},
pmid = {28390093},
issn = {2040-1124},
mesh = {Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism/*microbiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism/*microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Metabolome ; Metabolomics ; Metagenome ; },
abstract = {Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic disorder whereby patients are unable to regulate glycemia. It is currently a worldwide public health issue, and is a burden to society because of its disabling and common complications. Diabetes is multifactorial, and also induces the onset of other diseases. In the present report, we review the labyrinth encompassing the gut microbiota and gut microbiota-derived metabolites in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. There have been exceptional improvements in deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies throughout these past years, and these have allowed the comprehensive collection of information on our unique gut ecosystem. We would like to advocate incorporating metagenome and metabolome information for a comprehensive perspective of the complex interrelationships between the gut environment, host metabolism and diabetes pathogenesis. We hope that with this improved understanding we would be able to provide exciting novel therapeutic approaches to engineer an ideal gut ecosystem for optimal health.},
}

Animals
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism/*microbiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism/*microbiology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
Metabolome
Metabolomics
Metagenome

@article {pmid29748902,
year = {2018},
author = {Escudero, L and Oetiker, N and Gallardo, K and Tebes-Cayo, C and Guajardo, M and Nuñez, C and Davis-Belmar, C and Pueyo, JJ and Chong Díaz, G and Demergasso, C},
title = {A thiotrophic microbial community in an acidic brine lake in Northern Chile.},
journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek},
volume = {111},
number = {8},
pages = {1403-1419},
doi = {10.1007/s10482-018-1087-8},
pmid = {29748902},
issn = {1572-9699},
support = {1100795//Fondecyt/ ; 32002137//BHP Minerals Americas/ ; },
mesh = {Bacteria/*classification/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Carbon Cycle ; Chile ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Energy Metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Lakes/*microbiology ; Metagenomics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Salts ; Sulfur/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {The endorheic basins of the Northern Chilean Altiplano contain saline lakes and salt flats. Two of the salt flats, Gorbea and Ignorado, have high acidic brines. The causes of the local acidity have been attributed to the occurrence of volcanic native sulfur, the release of sulfuric acid by oxidation, and the low buffering capacity of the rocks in the area. Understanding the microbial community composition and available energy in this pristine ecosystem is relevant in determining the origin of the acidity and in supporting the rationale of conservation policies. Besides, a comparison between similar systems in Australia highlights key microbial components and specific ones associated with geological settings and environmental conditions. Sediment and water samples from the Salar de Gorbea were collected, physicochemical parameters measured and geochemical and molecular biological analyses performed. A low diversity microbial community was observed in brines and sediments dominated by Actinobacteria, Algae, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Most of the constituent genera have been reported to be either sulfur oxidizing microorganisms or ones having the potential for sulfur oxidation given available genomic data and information drawn from the literature on cultured relatives. In addition, a link between sulfur oxidation and carbon fixation was observed. In contrast, to acid mine drainage communities, Gorbea microbial diversity is mainly supported by chemolithoheterotrophic, facultative chemolithoautotrophic and oligotrophic sulfur oxidizing populations indicating that microbial activity should also be considered as a causative agent of local acidity.},
}

Bacteria/*classification/metabolism
Biodiversity
Carbon Cycle
Chile
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
Energy Metabolism
Geologic Sediments/microbiology
Lakes/*microbiology
Metagenomics
*Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Salts
Sulfur/*metabolism

@article {pmid29721711,
year = {2018},
author = {Goodfellow, M and Nouioui, I and Sanderson, R and Xie, F and Bull, AT},
title = {Rare taxa and dark microbial matter: novel bioactive actinobacteria abound in Atacama Desert soils.},
journal = {Antonie van Leeuwenhoek},
volume = {111},
number = {8},
pages = {1315-1332},
doi = {10.1007/s10482-018-1088-7},
pmid = {29721711},
issn = {1572-9699},
mesh = {Actinobacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Altitude ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification ; *Biodiversity ; Chile ; *Desert Climate ; Ecosystem ; Metagenomics ; *Phylogeny ; *Soil Microbiology ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {An "in house" taxonomic approach to drug discovery led to the isolation of diverse actinobacteria from hyper-arid, extreme hyper-arid and very high altitude Atacama Desert soils. A high proportion of the isolates were assigned to novel taxa, with many showing activity in standard antimicrobial plug assays. The application of more advanced taxonomic and screening strategies showed that strains classified as novel species of Lentzea and Streptomyces synthesised new specialised metabolites thereby underpinning the premise that the extreme abiotic conditions in the Atacama Desert favour the development of a unique actinobacterial diversity which is the basis of novel chemistry. Complementary metagenomic analyses showed that the soils encompassed an astonishing degree of actinobacterial 'dark matter', while rank-abundance analyses showed them to be highly diverse habitats mainly composed of rare taxa that have not been recovered using culture-dependent methods. The implications of these pioneering studies on future bioprospecting campaigns are discussed.},
}

Actinobacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism
Altitude
Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
*Biodiversity
Chile
*Desert Climate
Ecosystem
Metagenomics
*Phylogeny
*Soil Microbiology
Species Specificity

@article {pmid29396587,
year = {2018},
author = {Mahony, J and Lugli, GA and van Sinderen, D and Ventura, M},
title = {Impact of gut-associated bifidobacteria and their phages on health: two sides of the same coin?.},
journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology},
volume = {102},
number = {5},
pages = {2091-2099},
doi = {10.1007/s00253-018-8795-x},
pmid = {29396587},
issn = {1432-0614},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriophages/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Bifidobacterium/classification/genetics/*physiology/virology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology/*virology ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Bifidobacteria are among the first microbial colonisers of the human infant gut post-partum. Their early appearance and dominance in the human infant gut and the reported health-promoting or probiotic status of several bifidobacterial strains has culminated in intensive research efforts that focus on their activities as part of the gut microbiota and the concomitant implications for human health. In this mini-review, we evaluate current knowledge on the genomics of this diverse bacterial genus, and on the genetic and functional adaptations that have underpinned the success of bifidobacteria in colonising the infant gut. The growing interest in functional genomics of bifidobacteria has also created interest in the interactions of bifidobacteria and their (bacterio)phages. While virulent phages of bifidobacteria have yet to be isolated, the incidence of integrated (pro)phages in bifidobacterial genomes are widely reported and this mini-review considers the role of these so-called bifidoprophages in modulating bifidobacterial populations in the human gastrointestinal tract and the implications for existing and future development of probiotic therapies.},
}

Animals
Bacteriophages/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology
Bifidobacterium/classification/genetics/*physiology/virology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology/*virology
Humans

@article {pmid29136413,
year = {2017},
author = {Degois, J and Clerc, F and Simon, X and Bontemps, C and Leblond, P and Duquenne, P},
title = {First Metagenomic Survey of the Microbial Diversity in Bioaerosols Emitted in Waste Sorting Plants.},
journal = {Annals of work exposures and health},
volume = {61},
number = {9},
pages = {1076-1086},
doi = {10.1093/annweh/wxx075},
pmid = {29136413},
issn = {2398-7316},
mesh = {Aerosols/*analysis ; *Air Microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Ribosomal/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; Feasibility Studies ; Fungi/genetics/isolation & purification ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Occupational Exposure/analysis ; Proteobacteria/isolation & purification ; Reproducibility of Results ; },
abstract = {Waste sorting activities are source of occupational bioaerosol exposures that are associated with several health disorders. New analytical tools, based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, provide powerful methods to assess the microbial composition of bioaerosols. The objectives of the study were (i) to assess the feasibility and the repeatability of NGS-based biodiversity measurements and (ii) to study the microbial biodiversity using NGS in bioaerosols emitted in a waste sorting plant (WSP). Three stationary parallel samples were collected in a sorting cabin using closed-face cassettes equipped with polycarbonate membranes. Bacterial and fungal diversity was assessed by sequencing 16S and 18S rDNA genes using either Illumina sequencing or 454 pyrosequencing methods. At sampling point, airborne bacteria were dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria with prevailing genera assigned to unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Leuconostoc, Pseudomonas, and Lactobacillus. Airborne fungi were dominated by Ascomycota with prevailing genera assigned to Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Wallemia, and Hemicarpenteles. The NGS biodiversity measurements revealed a higher biodiversity bioaerosols that previously reported for WSP in studies carried out using culture methods followed by identification of microorganisms. These results provide the first survey about taxonomic biodiversity in bioaerosols from WSPs using high-throughput sequencing.},
}

Aerosols/*analysis
*Air Microbiology
Bacteria/genetics/*isolation & purification
Biodiversity
DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
Environmental Monitoring/*methods
Feasibility Studies
Fungi/genetics/isolation & purification
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Humans
Metagenomics/*methods
Occupational Exposure/analysis
Proteobacteria/isolation & purification
Reproducibility of Results

@article {pmid28000755,
year = {2016},
author = {Barnard, E and Shi, B and Kang, D and Craft, N and Li, H},
title = {The balance of metagenomic elements shapes the skin microbiome in acne and health.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {39491},
doi = {10.1038/srep39491},
pmid = {28000755},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {R01 GM099530/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; UH2 AR057503/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Acne Vulgaris/*microbiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bacteriophages/*isolation & purification ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Middle Aged ; Propionibacterium acnes/*isolation & purification/virology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Skin/*microbiology ; Virulence ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Studies have emphasized the importance of disease-associated microorganisms in perturbed communities, however, the protective roles of commensals are largely under recognized and poorly understood. Using acne as a model disease, we investigated the determinants of the overall virulence property of the skin microbiota when disease- and health-associated organisms coexist in the community. By ultra-deep metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we revealed higher relative abundances of propionibacteria and Propionibacterium acnes phage in healthy skin. In acne patients, the microbiome composition at the species level and at P. acnes strain level was more diverse than in healthy individuals, with enriched virulence-associated factors and reduced abundance of metabolic synthesis genes. Based on the abundance profiles of the metagenomic elements, we constructed a quantitative prediction model, which classified the clinical states of the host skin with high accuracy in both our study cohort (85%) and an independent sample set (86%). Our results suggest that the balance between metagenomic elements, not the mere presence of disease-associated strains, shapes the overall virulence property of the skin microbiota. This study provides new insights into the microbial mechanism of acne pathogenesis and suggests probiotic and phage therapies as potential acne treatments to modulate the skin microbiota and to maintain skin health.},
}

Acne Vulgaris/*microbiology
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Bacteriophages/*isolation & purification
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Metagenome
Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Middle Aged
Propionibacterium acnes/*isolation & purification/virology
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Skin/*microbiology
Virulence
Young Adult

@article {pmid29689266,
year = {2018},
author = {Nakatsu, G and Zhou, H and Wu, WKK and Wong, SH and Coker, OO and Dai, Z and Li, X and Szeto, CH and Sugimura, N and Lam, TY and Yu, AC and Wang, X and Chen, Z and Wong, MC and Ng, SC and Chan, MTV and Chan, PKS and Chan, FKL and Sung, JJ and Yu, J},
title = {Alterations in Enteric Virome Are Associated With Colorectal Cancer and Survival Outcomes.},
journal = {Gastroenterology},
volume = {155},
number = {2},
pages = {529-541.e5},
doi = {10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.018},
pmid = {29689266},
issn = {1528-0012},
mesh = {Austria/epidemiology ; Biomarkers, Tumor/*analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/mortality/pathology/*virology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dysbiosis/diagnostic imaging/*virology ; Feces/virology ; Female ; France/epidemiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Germany/epidemiology ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Metagenomics ; Middle Aged ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Survival Analysis ; Viruses/*genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have a different gut microbiome signature than individuals without CRC. Little is known about the viral component of CRC-associated microbiome. We aimed to identify and validate viral taxonomic markers of CRC that might be used in detection of the disease or predicting outcome.

METHODS: We performed shotgun metagenomic analyses of viromes of fecal samples from 74 patients with CRC (cases) and 92 individuals without CRC (controls) in Hong Kong (discovery cohort). Viral sequences were classified by taxonomic alignment against an integrated microbial reference genome database. Viral markers associated with CRC were validated using fecal samples from 3 separate cohorts: 111 patients with CRC and 112 controls in Hong Kong, 46 patients with CRC and 63 controls in Austria, and 91 patients with CRC and 66 controls in France and Germany. Using abundance profiles of CRC-associated virome genera, we constructed random survival forest models to identify those associated with patient survival times.

RESULTS: The diversity of the gut bacteriophage community was significantly increased in patients with CRC compared with controls. Twenty-two viral taxa discriminated cases from controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.802 in the discovery cohort. The viral markers were validated in 3 cohorts, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.763, 0.736, and 0.715, respectively. Clinical subgroup analysis showed that dysbiosis of the gut virome was associated with early- and late-stage CRC. A combination of 4 taxonomic markers associated with reduced survival of patients with CRC (log-rank test, P = 8.1 × 10-6) independently of tumor stage, lymph node metastases, or clinical parameters. We found altered interactions between bacteriophages and oral bacterial commensals in fecal samples from patients with CRC compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS: In a metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from patients and controls, we identified virome signatures associated with CRC. These data might be used to develop tools to identify individuals with CRC or predict outcomes.},
}

Austria/epidemiology
Biomarkers, Tumor/*analysis
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Colonoscopy
Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/mortality/pathology/*virology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dysbiosis/diagnostic imaging/*virology
Feces/virology
Female
France/epidemiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
Germany/epidemiology
Hong Kong/epidemiology
Humans
Male
Metagenomics
Middle Aged
Sensitivity and Specificity
Survival Analysis
Viruses/*genetics

@article {pmid29438346,
year = {2018},
author = {Wang, C and Zaheer, M and Bian, F and Quach, D and Swennes, AG and Britton, RA and Pflugfelder, SC and de Paiva, CS},
title = {Sjögren-Like Lacrimal Keratoconjunctivitis in Germ-Free Mice.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {19},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms19020565},
pmid = {29438346},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {P30 CA125123/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI053831/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AI036211/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P30 EY002520/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States ; S10 RR024574/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; R01 EY026893/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Female ; Germ-Free Life/*immunology ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Keratoconjunctivitis/immunology/*microbiology/therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbiota ; },
abstract = {Commensal bacteria play an important role in the formation of the immune system but their role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis at the ocular surface and lacrimal gland remains poorly understood. This study investigated the eye and lacrimal gland phenotype in germ-free and conventional C57BL/6J mice. Our results showed that germ-free mice had significantly greater corneal barrier disruption, greater goblet cell loss, and greater total inflammatory cell and CD4⁺ T cell infiltration within the lacrimal gland compared to the conventionally housed group. A greater frequency of CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ cells was observed in germ-free lacrimal glands. Females exhibited a more severe phenotype compared to males. Adoptive transfer of CD4⁺ T cells isolated from female germ-free mice into RAG1KO mice transferred Sjögren-like lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis. Fecal microbiota transplant from conventional mice reverted dry eye phenotype in germ-free mice and decreased CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ cells to levels similar to conventional C57BL/6J mice. These findings indicate that germ-free mice have a spontaneous lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis similar to that observed in Sjögren syndrome patients and demonstrate that commensal bacteria function in maintaining immune homeostasis on the ocular surface. Thus, manipulation of intestinal commensal bacteria has the potential to become a novel therapeutic approach to treat Sjögren Syndrome.},
}

Animals
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Female
Germ-Free Life/*immunology
Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Immunity, Innate
Interferon-gamma/metabolism
Keratoconjunctivitis/immunology/*microbiology/therapy
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Microbiota

@article {pmid29191163,
year = {2017},
author = {Ignasiak, K and Maxwell, A},
title = {Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the guts of insects feeding on plants: prospects for discovering plant-derived antibiotics.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {223},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-017-1133-0},
pmid = {29191163},
issn = {1471-2180},
support = {BBS/E/J/00000201//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; BB/J004561/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; Bacteria/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*drug effects ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Insecta/*microbiology ; Metagenomics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microbiota ; Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Plants/chemistry ; Symbiosis ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although plants produce many secondary metabolites, currently none of these are commercial antibiotics. Insects feeding on specific plants can harbour bacterial strains resistant to known antibiotics suggesting that compounds in the plant have stimulated resistance development. We sought to determine whether the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in insect guts was a widespread phenomenon, and whether this could be used as a part of a strategy to identify antibacterial compounds from plants.

RESULTS: Six insect/plant pairs were selected and the insect gut bacteria were identified and assessed for antibiotic susceptibilities compared with type strains from culture collections. We found that the gut strains could be more or less susceptible to antibiotics than the type strains, or show no differences. Evidence of antibacterial activity was found in the plant extracts from five of the six plants, and, in one case Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle), compounds with antibacterial activity were identified.

CONCLUSION: Bacterial strains isolated from insect guts show a range of susceptibilities to antibiotics suggesting a complex interplay between species in the insect gut microbiome. Extracts from selected plants can show antibacterial activity but it is not easy to isolate and identify the active components. We found that vindoline, present in Madagascar Periwinkle extracts, possessed moderate antibacterial activity. We suggest that plant-derived antibiotics are a realistic possibility given the advances in genomic and metabolomic methodologies.},
}

Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/isolation & purification/*pharmacology
Bacteria/*drug effects/isolation & purification
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography, Liquid
Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*drug effects
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
Insecta/*microbiology
Metagenomics
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Microbiota
Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology
Plants/chemistry
Symbiosis
Tandem Mass Spectrometry

@article {pmid30086347,
year = {2018},
author = {Miró-Abella, E and Torrell, H and Herrero, P and Canela, N and Arola, L and Borrull, F and Ras, R and Fontanals, N},
title = {Monitoring and evaluation of the interaction between deoxynivalenol and gut microbiota in Wistar rats by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and next-generation sequencing.},
journal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.006},
pmid = {30086347},
issn = {1873-6351},
abstract = {Published evidence has demonstrated the several toxic characteristics of mycotoxins and their considerable risk to human and animal health. One of the most common uncertainties regards whether if very low concentrations of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), easily consumed within the Mediterranean Diet, can cause metabolic alterations; some of them produced by the interaction between DON and gut microbiota. Accordingly, faecal samples were collected from Wistar rats that had consumed the mycotoxin DON at low levels (60 and 120 μg kg-1 body weight of DON per day), and were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection, in order to monitor the mycotoxin DON and its metabolite de-epoxy deoxynivalenol (DOM-1). The obtained results showed an evolution in DON excretion and the metabolite DOM-1 which has less toxic properties, over the course of the days of the study. To elucidate whether intestinal microbiota had a role in the observed detoxification process, the changes in microbial gut biodiversity were explored through 16s rRNA high throughput sequencing. No main changes were detected but significant increase in Coprococcus genus relative abundance was found. Further studies are needed to confirm if intestinal microbiota composition and function are affected by low mycotoxin concentrations.},
}

@article {pmid29768437,
year = {2018},
author = {Willmann, C and Mata, X and Hanghoej, K and Tonasso, L and Tisseyre, L and Jeziorski, C and Cabot, E and Chevet, P and Crubézy, E and Orlando, L and Esclassan, R and Thèves, C},
title = {Oral health status in historic population: Macroscopic and metagenomic evidence.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {e0196482},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0196482},
pmid = {29768437},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {DNA, Ancient/isolation & purification ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics/history/isolation & purification ; Dental Caries/history/microbiology/pathology ; Female ; France ; Health Status ; History, 18th Century ; Humans ; Male ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/genetics ; Oral Health/*history ; Paleodontology ; Periodontitis/history/microbiology/pathology ; Rural Population/history ; },
abstract = {Recent developments in High-Throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) technologies and ancient DNA (aDNA) research have opened access to the characterization of the microbial communities within past populations. Most studies have, however, relied on the analysis of dental calculus as one particular material type particularly prone to the molecular preservation of ancient microbial biofilms and potential of entire teeth for microbial characterization, both of healthy communities and pathogens in ancient individuals, remains overlooked. In this study, we used shotgun sequencing to characterize the bacterial composition from historical subjects showing macroscopic evidence of oral pathologies. We first carried out a macroscopic analysis aimed at identifying carious or periodontal diseases in subjects belonging to a French rural population of the 18th century AD. We next examined radiographically six subjects showing specific, characteristic dental pathologies and applied HTS shotgun sequencing to characterize the microbial communities present in and on the dental material. The presence of Streptococcus mutans and also Rothia dentocariosa, Actinomyces viscosus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Olsenella uli and Parvimonas micra was confirmed through the presence of typical signatures of post-mortem DNA damage at an average depth-of-coverage ranging from 0.5 to 7X, with a minimum of 35% (from 35 to 93%) of the positions in the genome covered at least once. Each sampled tooth showed a specific bacterial signature associated with carious or periodontal pathologies. This work demonstrates that from a healthy independent tooth, without visible macroscopic pathology, we can identify a signature of specific pathogens and deduce the oral health status of an individual.},
}

DNA, Ancient/isolation & purification
DNA, Bacterial/genetics/history/isolation & purification
Dental Caries/history/microbiology/pathology
Female
France
Health Status
History, 18th Century
Humans
Male
Metagenomics
Microbiota/genetics
Oral Health/*history
Paleodontology
Periodontitis/history/microbiology/pathology
Rural Population/history

@article {pmid29680562,
year = {2018},
author = {Ribicic, D and Netzer, R and Hazen, TC and Techtmann, SM and Drabløs, F and Brakstad, OG},
title = {Microbial community and metagenome dynamics during biodegradation of dispersed oil reveals potential key-players in cold Norwegian seawater.},
journal = {Marine pollution bulletin},
volume = {129},
number = {1},
pages = {370-378},
doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.034},
pmid = {29680562},
issn = {1879-3363},
mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Environmental Monitoring/*methods ; *Metagenome ; Microbial Consortia/*genetics ; Norway ; Petroleum/*analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/chemistry/*microbiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; },
abstract = {Oil biodegradation as a weathering process has been extensively investigated over the years, especially after the Deepwater Horizon blowout. In this study, we performed microcosm experiments at 5 °C with chemically dispersed oil in non-amended seawater. We link biodegradation processes with microbial community and metagenome dynamics and explain the succession based on substrate specialization. Reconstructed genomes and 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that Bermanella and Zhongshania were the main contributors to initial n-alkane breakdown, while subsequent abundances of Colwellia and microorganisms closely related to Porticoccaceae were involved in secondary n‑alkane breakdown and beta‑oxidation. Cycloclasticus, Porticoccaceae and Spongiiabcteraceae were associated with degradation of mono- and poly-cyclic aromatics. Successional pattern of genes coding for hydrocarbon degrading enzymes at metagenome level, and reconstructed genomic content, revealed a high differentiation of bacteria involved in hydrocarbon biodegradation. A cooperation among oil degrading microorganisms is thus needed for the complete substrate transformation.},
}

Biodegradation, Environmental
Environmental Monitoring/*methods
*Metagenome
Microbial Consortia/*genetics
Norway
Petroleum/*analysis
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Seawater/chemistry/*microbiology
Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis

@article {pmid29440402,
year = {2018},
author = {Grébert, T and Doré, H and Partensky, F and Farrant, GK and Boss, ES and Picheral, M and Guidi, L and Pesant, S and Scanlan, DJ and Wincker, P and Acinas, SG and Kehoe, DM and Garczarek, L},
title = {Light color acclimation is a key process in the global ocean distribution of Synechococcus cyanobacteria.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {115},
number = {9},
pages = {E2010-E2019},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1717069115},
pmid = {29440402},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {*Acclimatization ; Chlorophyll/chemistry ; Color ; Computer Simulation ; Cyanobacteria/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Ecotype ; Light ; Likelihood Functions ; Metagenome ; *Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Phycobilisomes/*physiology ; Phylogeny ; Pigmentation ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Synechococcus/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Marine Synechococcus cyanobacteria are major contributors to global oceanic primary production and exhibit a unique diversity of photosynthetic pigments, allowing them to exploit a wide range of light niches. However, the relationship between pigment content and niche partitioning has remained largely undetermined due to the lack of a single-genetic marker resolving all pigment types (PTs). Here, we developed and employed a robust method based on three distinct marker genes (cpcBA, mpeBA, and mpeW) to estimate the relative abundance of all known Synechococcus PTs from metagenomes. Analysis of the Tara Oceans dataset allowed us to reveal the global distribution of Synechococcus PTs and to define their environmental niches. Green-light specialists (PT 3a) dominated in warm, green equatorial waters, whereas blue-light specialists (PT 3c) were particularly abundant in oligotrophic areas. Type IV chromatic acclimaters (CA4-A/B), which are able to dynamically modify their light absorption properties to maximally absorb green or blue light, were unexpectedly the most abundant PT in our dataset and predominated at depth and high latitudes. We also identified populations in which CA4 might be nonfunctional due to the lack of specific CA4 genes, notably in warm high-nutrient low-chlorophyll areas. Major ecotypes within clades I-IV and CRD1 were preferentially associated with a particular PT, while others exhibited a wide range of PTs. Altogether, this study provides important insights into the ecology of Synechococcus and highlights the complex interactions between vertical phylogeny, pigmentation, and environmental parameters that shape Synechococcus community structure and evolution.},
}

*Acclimatization
Chlorophyll/chemistry
Color
Computer Simulation
Cyanobacteria/*genetics
Ecosystem
Ecotype
Light
Likelihood Functions
Metagenome
*Oceans and Seas
Photosynthesis/physiology
Phycobilisomes/*physiology
Phylogeny
Pigmentation
Seawater/*microbiology
Synechococcus/*genetics

@article {pmid29103940,
year = {2017},
author = {Nater, A and Mattle-Greminger, MP and Nurcahyo, A and Nowak, MG and de Manuel, M and Desai, T and Groves, C and Pybus, M and Sonay, TB and Roos, C and Lameira, AR and Wich, SA and Askew, J and Davila-Ross, M and Fredriksson, G and de Valles, G and Casals, F and Prado-Martinez, J and Goossens, B and Verschoor, EJ and Warren, KS and Singleton, I and Marques, DA and Pamungkas, J and Perwitasari-Farajallah, D and Rianti, P and Tuuga, A and Gut, IG and Gut, M and Orozco-terWengel, P and van Schaik, CP and Bertranpetit, J and Anisimova, M and Scally, A and Marques-Bonet, T and Meijaard, E and Krützen, M},
title = {Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {27},
number = {22},
pages = {3487-3498.e10},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047},
pmid = {29103940},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Endangered Species ; Gene Flow/genetics ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Genomics ; Hominidae/genetics ; Metagenomics/methods ; Phylogeny ; Pongo/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Pongo abelii/genetics ; Pongo pygmaeus/genetics ; },
abstract = {Six extant species of non-human great apes are currently recognized: Sumatran and Bornean orangutans, eastern and western gorillas, and chimpanzees and bonobos [1]. However, large gaps remain in our knowledge of fine-scale variation in hominoid morphology, behavior, and genetics, and aspects of great ape taxonomy remain in flux. This is particularly true for orangutans (genus: Pongo), the only Asian great apes and phylogenetically our most distant relatives among extant hominids [1]. Designation of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans, P. pygmaeus (Linnaeus 1760) and P. abelii (Lesson 1827), as distinct species occurred in 2001 [1, 2]. Here, we show that an isolated population from Batang Toru, at the southernmost range limit of extant Sumatran orangutans south of Lake Toba, is distinct from other northern Sumatran and Bornean populations. By comparing cranio-mandibular and dental characters of an orangutan killed in a human-animal conflict to those of 33 adult male orangutans of a similar developmental stage, we found consistent differences between the Batang Toru individual and other extant Ponginae. Our analyses of 37 orangutan genomes provided a second line of evidence. Model-based approaches revealed that the deepest split in the evolutionary history of extant orangutans occurred ∼3.38 mya between the Batang Toru population and those to the north of Lake Toba, whereas both currently recognized species separated much later, about 674 kya. Our combined analyses support a new classification of orangutans into three extant species. The new species, Pongo tapanuliensis, encompasses the Batang Toru population, of which fewer than 800 individuals survive. VIDEO ABSTRACT.},
}

Animals
Behavior, Animal/physiology
Biological Evolution
Endangered Species
Gene Flow/genetics
*Genetic Speciation
Genetic Variation
Genome
Genomics
Hominidae/genetics
Metagenomics/methods
Phylogeny
Pongo/classification/*genetics/physiology
Pongo abelii/genetics
Pongo pygmaeus/genetics

@article {pmid28844808,
year = {2017},
author = {Torres-Fuentes, C and Schellekens, H and Dinan, TG and Cryan, JF},
title = {The microbiota-gut-brain axis in obesity.},
journal = {The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology},
volume = {2},
number = {10},
pages = {747-756},
doi = {10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30147-4},
pmid = {28844808},
issn = {2468-1253},
mesh = {Affect ; Appetite Regulation ; Brain/*metabolism ; Diet, Reducing ; Energy Metabolism ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; Obesity/*metabolism/psychology/therapy ; Prebiotics ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; Reward ; },
abstract = {Changes in microbial diversity and composition are increasingly associated with several disease states including obesity and behavioural disorders. Obesity-associated microbiota alter host energy harvesting, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fat deposition. Additionally, intestinal microbiota can regulate metabolism, adiposity, homoeostasis, and energy balance as well as central appetite and food reward signalling, which together have crucial roles in obesity. Moreover, some strains of bacteria and their metabolites might target the brain directly via vagal stimulation or indirectly through immune-neuroendocrine mechanisms. Therefore, the gut microbiota is becoming a target for new anti-obesity therapies. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the intricate gut-microbiota-host relationship and the potential of gut-microbiota-targeted strategies, such as dietary interventions and faecal microbiota transplantation, as promising metabolic therapies that help patients to maintain a healthy weight throughout life.},
}

Affect
Appetite Regulation
Brain/*metabolism
Diet, Reducing
Energy Metabolism
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Feeding Behavior/psychology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
Metagenomics
Obesity/*metabolism/psychology/therapy
Prebiotics
Probiotics/therapeutic use
Reward

@article {pmid26807926,
year = {2016},
author = {Groah, SL and Pérez-Losada, M and Caldovic, L and Ljungberg, IH and Sprague, BM and Castro-Nallar, E and Chandel, NJ and Hsieh, MH and Pohl, HG},
title = {Redefining Healthy Urine: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Metagenomic Study of People With and Without Bladder Dysfunction.},
journal = {The Journal of urology},
volume = {196},
number = {2},
pages = {579-587},
doi = {10.1016/j.juro.2016.01.088},
pmid = {26807926},
issn = {1527-3792},
mesh = {Adult ; Biomarkers/urine ; Case-Control Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Middle Aged ; Phenotype ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/diagnosis/*microbiology/physiopathology/urine ; Urine/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: We used the PathoScope platform to perform species level analyses of publicly available, 16S rRNA pyrosequenced, asymptomatic urine data to determine relationships between microbiomes, and clinical and functional phenotypes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reanalyzed previously reported, cross-sectionally acquired urine samples from 47 asymptomatic subjects, including 23 controls and 24 subjects with neuropathic bladder. Urine was originally collected by the usual method of bladder drainage and analyzed by urinalysis, culture and pyrosequencing. Urinalysis and culture values were stratified as leukocyte esterase (0, or 1 or greater), nitrite (positive or negative), pyuria (fewer than 5, or 5 or greater white blood cells per high power field), cloudy urine (positive or negative) and urine culture bacterial growth (less than 50,000, or 50,000 or greater cfu/ml). PathoScope was used for next generation sequencing alignment, bacterial classification and microbial diversity characterization.

RESULTS: Subjects with neuropathic bladder were significantly more likely to have positive leukocyte esterase and pyuria, cloudy urine and bacterial growth. Of 47 samples 23 showed bacterial growth on culture and in all samples bacteria were identified by pyrosequencing. Nonneuropathic bladder urine microbiomes included greater proportions of Lactobacillus crispatus in females and Staphylococcus haemolyticus in males. The Lactobacillus community differed significantly among females depending on bladder function. Irrespective of gender the subjects with neuropathic bladder had greater proportions of Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia. In 4 subjects with neuropathic bladder Actinobaculum sp. was detected by sequencing and by PathoScope but not by cultivation and in all cases it was associated with pyuria.

CONCLUSIONS: Using PathoScope plus 16S pyrosequencing we were able to identify unique, phenotype dependent, species level microbes. Novel findings included absent L. crispatus in the urine of females with neuropathic bladder and the presence of Actinobaculum only in subjects with neuropathic bladder.},
}

Adult
Biomarkers/urine
Case-Control Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Male
Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Middle Aged
Phenotype
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/diagnosis/*microbiology/physiopathology/urine
Urine/*microbiology

@article {pmid30072968,
year = {2018},
author = {Dittberner, H and Ohlmann, N and Acquisti, C},
title = {Stoichio-Metagenomics of Ocean Waters: A Molecular Evolution Approach to Trace the Dynamics of Nitrogen Conservation in Natural Communities.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {1590},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01590},
pmid = {30072968},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Nitrogen is crucially limiting in ocean surface waters, and its availability varies substantially with coastal regions typically richer in nutrients than open oceans. In a biological stoichiometry framework, a parsimonious strategy of nitrogen allocation predicts nitrogen content of proteins to be lower in communities adapted to open ocean than to coastal regions. To test this hypothesis we have directly interrogated marine microbial communities, using a series of metagenomics datasets with a broad geographical distribution from the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition. Analyzing over 20 million proteins, we document a ubiquitous signal of nitrogen conservation in open ocean communities, both in membrane and non-membrane proteins. Efficient nitrogen allocation is expected to specifically target proteins that are expressed at high rate in response to nitrogen starvation. Furthermore, in order to preserve protein functional efficiency, economic nitrogen allocation is predicted to target primarily the least functionally constrained regions of proteins. Contrasting the NtcA-induced pathway, typically up-regulated in response to nitrogen starvation, with the arginine anabolic pathway, which is instead up-regulated in response to nitrogen abundance, we show how both these predictions are fulfilled. Using evolutionary rates as an informative proxy of functional constraints, we show that variation in nitrogen allocation between open ocean and coastal communities is primarily localized in the least functionally constrained regions of the genes triggered by NtcA. As expected, such a pattern is not detectable in the genes involved in the arginine anabolic pathway. These results directly link environmental nitrogen availability to different adaptive strategies of genome evolution, and emphasize the relevance of the material costs of evolutionary change in natural ecosystems.},
}

@article {pmid29439665,
year = {2018},
author = {Feng, G and Xie, T and Wang, X and Bai, J and Tang, L and Zhao, H and Wei, W and Wang, M and Zhao, Y},
title = {Metagenomic analysis of microbial community and function involved in cd-contaminated soil.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {11},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-018-1152-5},
pmid = {29439665},
issn = {1471-2180},
mesh = {Amino Acids/metabolism ; Bacteria/classification/*drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Cadmium/metabolism/*toxicity ; China ; DNA, Bacterial ; Environmental Pollution ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; *Metagenomics ; Metals, Heavy/metabolism ; Microbial Consortia/*drug effects ; Nucleotides/metabolism ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Soil Pollutants/metabolism/*toxicity ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Soil contaminated with the heavy metal Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread problem in many parts of the world. Based on metagenomic analysis, we investigated the functional potential and structural diversity of the microbial community in Cd-contaminated and non-contaminated soil samples and we explored the associated metabolic pathway network in cluster of orthologous groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG).

RESULTS: The results showed that microorganisms in these soils were quite abundant, and many of them possessed numerous physiological functions. However, Cd-contamination has the potential to reduce the microbial diversity and further alter the community structure in the soil. Notably, function analysis of the crucial microorganisms (e. g. Proteobacteria, Sulfuricella and Thiobacillus) indicated that these bacteria and their corresponding physiological functions were important for the community to cope with Cd pollution. The COG annotation demonstrated that the predominant category was the microbial metabolism cluster in both soil samples, while the relative abundance of metabolic genes was increased in the Cd-contaminated soil. The KEGG annotation results exhibited that the non-contaminated soil had more genes, pathways, modules, orthologies and enzymes involved in metabolic pathways of microbial communities than the Cd-contaminated soil. The relative abundance of some dominant KEGG pathways increased in the Cd contaminated soil, and they were mostly enriched to the metabolism, biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides, which was related to Cd tolerance of the microorganisms.

CONCLUSIONS: Cd-contamination can decrease the taxonomic species of microbes in soil and change the soil microbial composition. The functional pathways involved in the soil change with microbial structure variation, many of which are related to the heavy metal tolerance of soil microbes. The Cd-contaminated soil microbes is a potential resource for exploring cadmium resistant or tolerant bacteria.},
}

Amino Acids/metabolism
Bacteria/classification/*drug effects/genetics/metabolism
Biodiversity
Cadmium/metabolism/*toxicity
China
DNA, Bacterial
Environmental Pollution
Fatty Acids/metabolism
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
*Metagenomics
Metals, Heavy/metabolism
Microbial Consortia/*drug effects
Nucleotides/metabolism
Open Reading Frames
Phylogeny
Soil/chemistry
*Soil Microbiology
Soil Pollutants/metabolism/*toxicity

@article {pmid29153320,
year = {2017},
author = {Dudek, NK and Sun, CL and Burstein, D and Kantor, RS and Aliaga Goltsman, DS and Bik, EM and Thomas, BC and Banfield, JF and Relman, DA},
title = {Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {27},
number = {24},
pages = {3752-3762.e6},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040},
pmid = {29153320},
issn = {1879-0445},
mesh = {Animals ; Archaea/*classification ; Bacteria/*classification ; Bottle-Nosed Dolphin/*microbiology ; Female ; *Genome, Archaeal ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Male ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Mouth/microbiology ; },
abstract = {The vast majority of bacterial diversity lies within phylum-level lineages called "candidate phyla," which lack isolated representatives and are poorly understood. These bacteria are surprisingly abundant in the oral cavity of marine mammals. We employed a genome-resolved metagenomic approach to recover and characterize genomes and functional potential from microbes in the oral gingival sulcus of two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). We detected organisms from 24 known bacterial phyla and one archaeal phylum. We also recovered genomes from two deep-branching, previously uncharacterized phylum-level lineages (here named "Candidatus Delphibacteria" and "Candidatus Fertabacteria"). The Delphibacteria lineage is found in both managed and wild dolphins; its metabolic profile suggests a capacity for denitrification and a possible role in dolphin health. We uncovered a rich diversity of predicted Cas9 proteins, including the two longest predicted Cas9 proteins to date. Notably, we identified the first type II CRISPR-Cas systems encoded by members of the Candidate Phyla Radiation. Using their spacer sequences, we subsequently identified and assembled a complete Saccharibacteria phage genome. These findings underscore the immense microbial diversity and functional potential that await discovery in previously unexplored environments.},
}

Animals
Archaea/*classification
Bacteria/*classification
Bottle-Nosed Dolphin/*microbiology
Female
*Genome, Archaeal
*Genome, Bacterial
Male
*Metagenome
Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Mouth/microbiology

@article {pmid30069051,
year = {2018},
author = {Bahram, M and Hildebrand, F and Forslund, SK and Anderson, JL and Soudzilovskaia, NA and Bodegom, PM and Bengtsson-Palme, J and Anslan, S and Coelho, LP and Harend, H and Huerta-Cepas, J and Medema, MH and Maltz, MR and Mundra, S and Olsson, PA and Pent, M and Põlme, S and Sunagawa, S and Ryberg, M and Tedersoo, L and Bork, P},
title = {Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0386-6},
pmid = {30069051},
issn = {1476-4687},
abstract = {Soils harbour some of the most diverse microbiomes on Earth and are essential for both nutrient cycling and carbon storage. To understand soil functioning, it is necessary to model the global distribution patterns and functional gene repertoires of soil microorganisms, as well as the biotic and environmental associations between the diversity and structure of both bacterial and fungal soil communities1-4. Here we show, by leveraging metagenomics and metabarcoding of global topsoil samples (189 sites, 7,560 subsamples), that bacterial, but not fungal, genetic diversity is highest in temperate habitats and that microbial gene composition varies more strongly with environmental variables than with geographic distance. We demonstrate that fungi and bacteria show global niche differentiation that is associated with contrasting diversity responses to precipitation and soil pH. Furthermore, we provide evidence for strong bacterial-fungal antagonism, inferred from antibiotic-resistance genes, in topsoil and ocean habitats, indicating the substantial role of biotic interactions in shaping microbial communities. Our results suggest that both competition and environmental filtering affect the abundance, composition and encoded gene functions of bacterial and fungal communities, indicating that the relative contributions of these microorganisms to global nutrient cycling varies spatially.},
}

@article {pmid29382070,
year = {2018},
author = {D'Argenio, V},
title = {Human Microbiome Acquisition and Bioinformatic Challenges in Metagenomic Studies.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {19},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms19020383},
pmid = {29382070},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Genomics/*methods/standards ; Humans ; *Metagenome ; Transcriptome ; },
abstract = {The study of the human microbiome has become a very popular topic. Our microbial counterpart, in fact, appears to play an important role in human physiology and health maintenance. Accordingly, microbiome alterations have been reported in an increasing number of human diseases. Despite the huge amount of data produced to date, less is known on how a microbial dysbiosis effectively contributes to a specific pathology. To fill in this gap, other approaches for microbiome study, more comprehensive than 16S rRNA gene sequencing, i.e., shotgun metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, are becoming more widely used. Methods standardization and the development of specific pipelines for data analysis are required to contribute to and increase our understanding of the human microbiome relationship with health and disease status.},
}

*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Genomics/*methods/standards
Humans
*Metagenome
Transcriptome

@article {pmid29179769,
year = {2017},
author = {Ma, L and Li, B and Jiang, XT and Wang, YL and Xia, Y and Li, AD and Zhang, T},
title = {Catalogue of antibiotic resistome and host-tracking in drinking water deciphered by a large scale survey.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {154},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-017-0369-0},
pmid = {29179769},
issn = {2049-2618},
support = {172057/15E//Hong Kong General Research Fund/ ; JCYJ20150831192847649//Shenzhen Knowledge Innovation Program-Basic Research Project/ ; },
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/classification/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification ; China ; Drinking Water/*analysis/*microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Metagenomics/methods ; Microbial Consortia/drug effects/genetics ; Public Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States ; Water Purification ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Excesses of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are regarded as emerging environmental pollutants, have been observed in various environments. The incidence of ARGs in drinking water causes potential risks to human health and receives more attention from the public. However, ARGs harbored in drinking water remain largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed at establishing an antibiotic resistome catalogue in drinking water samples from a wide range of regions and to explore the potential hosts of ARGs.

RESULTS: A catalogue of antibiotic resistome in drinking water was established, and the host-tracking of ARGs was conducted through a large-scale survey using metagenomic approach. The drinking water samples were collected at the point of use in 25 cities in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, South Africa, Singapore and the USA. In total, 181 ARG subtypes belonging to 16 ARG types were detected with an abundance range of 2.8 × 10-2 to 4.2 × 10-1 copies of ARG per cell. The highest abundance was found in northern China (Henan Province). Bacitracin, multidrug, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, and beta-lactam resistance genes were dominant in drinking water. Of the drinking water samples tested, 84% had a higher ARG abundance than typical environmental ecosystems of sediment and soil. Metagenomic assembly-based host-tracking analysis identified Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Methylobacterium, Methyloversatilis, Mycobacterium, Polaromonas, and Pseudomonas as the hosts of ARGs. Moreover, potential horizontal transfer of ARGs in drinking water systems was proposed by network and Procrustes analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: The antibiotic resistome catalogue compiled using a large-scale survey provides a useful reference for future studies on the global surveillance and risk management of ARGs in drinking water. .},
}

Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Bacteria/classification/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification
China
Drinking Water/*analysis/*microbiology
Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics
Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
*Genes, Bacterial
Hong Kong
Humans
Metagenomics/methods
Microbial Consortia/drug effects/genetics
Public Health
Surveys and Questionnaires
United States
Water Purification

@article {pmid29179741,
year = {2017},
author = {Anderson, CL and Sullivan, MB and Fernando, SC},
title = {Dietary energy drives the dynamic response of bovine rumen viral communities.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {155},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-017-0374-3},
pmid = {29179741},
issn = {2049-2618},
support = {2016-67011-24783//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 2012-68002-19823//National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ ; 3790.01//Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteriophages/genetics ; Cattle ; Cross-Over Studies ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; *Diet ; Food ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Microbiota/drug effects/*genetics ; Rumen/microbiology/*virology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viruses/classification/drug effects/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Zinc/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rumen microbes play a greater role in host energy acquisition than that of gut-associated microbes in monogastric animals. Although genome-enabled advancements are providing access to the vast diversity of uncultivated microbes, our understanding of variables shaping rumen microbial communities is in its infancy. Viruses have been shown to impact microbial populations through a myriad of processes, including cell lysis and reprogramming of host metabolism. However, little is known about the processes shaping the distribution of rumen viruses or how viruses may modulate microbial-driven processes in the rumen. To this end, we investigated how rumen bacterial and viral community structure and function responded in five steers fed four randomized dietary treatments in a crossover design.

RESULTS: Total digestible nutrients (TDN), a measure of dietary energy, best explained the variation in bacterial and viral communities. Additional ecological drivers of viral communities included dietary zinc content and microbial functional diversity. Using partial least squares regression, we demonstrate significant associations between the abundances of 267 viral populations and variables driving the variation in rumen viral communities. While rumen viruses were dynamic, 14 near ubiquitous viral populations were identified, suggesting the presence of a core rumen virome largely comprised of novel viruses. Moreover, analysis of virally encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) indicates rumen viruses have glycosidic hydrolases to potentially augment the breakdown of complex carbohydrates to increase energy production. Other AMGs identified have a role in redirecting carbon to the pentose phosphate pathway and one carbon pools by folate to boost viral replication.

CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that rumen bacteria and viruses have differing responses and ecological drivers to dietary perturbation. Our results show that rumen viruses have implications for understanding the structuring of the previously identified core rumen microbiota and impacting microbial metabolism through a vast array of AMGs. AMGs in the rumen appear to have consequences for microbial metabolism that are largely in congruence with the current paradigm established in marine systems. This study provides a foundation for future hypotheses regarding the dynamics of viral-mediated processes in the rumen.},
}

Animals
Bacteriophages/genetics
Cattle
Cross-Over Studies
DNA, Viral/genetics
*Diet
Food
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Microbiota/drug effects/*genetics
Rumen/microbiology/*virology
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Viruses/classification/drug effects/*genetics/isolation & purification
Zinc/pharmacology

@article {pmid29178920,
year = {2017},
author = {Nash, AK and Auchtung, TA and Wong, MC and Smith, DP and Gesell, JR and Ross, MC and Stewart, CJ and Metcalf, GA and Muzny, DM and Gibbs, RA and Ajami, NJ and Petrosino, JF},
title = {The gut mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project healthy cohort.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {153},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-017-0373-4},
pmid = {29178920},
issn = {2049-2618},
support = {U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States ; 2 U54 HG003273//National Human Genome Research Institute/ ; },
mesh = {Candida/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Cohort Studies ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Feces/microbiology ; Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Healthy Volunteers ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Humans ; Malassezia/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; *Mycobiome ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Saccharomyces/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Most studies describing the human gut microbiome in healthy and diseased states have emphasized the bacterial component, but the fungal microbiome (i.e., the mycobiome) is beginning to gain recognition as a fundamental part of our microbiome. To date, human gut mycobiome studies have primarily been disease centric or in small cohorts of healthy individuals. To contribute to existing knowledge of the human mycobiome, we investigated the gut mycobiome of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) cohort by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region as well as the 18S rRNA gene.

RESULTS: Three hundred seventeen HMP stool samples were analyzed by ITS2 sequencing. Fecal fungal diversity was significantly lower in comparison to bacterial diversity. Yeast dominated the samples, comprising eight of the top 15 most abundant genera. Specifically, fungal communities were characterized by a high prevalence of Saccharomyces, Malassezia, and Candida, with S. cerevisiae, M. restricta, and C. albicans operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in 96.8, 88.3, and 80.8% of samples, respectively. There was a high degree of inter- and intra-volunteer variability in fungal communities. However, S. cerevisiae, M. restricta, and C. albicans OTUs were found in 92.2, 78.3, and 63.6% of volunteers, respectively, in all samples donated over an approximately 1-year period. Metagenomic and 18S rRNA gene sequencing data agreed with ITS2 results; however, ITS2 sequencing provided greater resolution of the relatively low abundance mycobiome constituents.

CONCLUSIONS: Compared to bacterial communities, the human gut mycobiome is low in diversity and dominated by yeast including Saccharomyces, Malassezia, and Candida. Both inter- and intra-volunteer variability in the HMP cohort were high, revealing that unlike bacterial communities, an individual's mycobiome is no more similar to itself over time than to another person's. Nonetheless, several fungal species persisted across a majority of samples, evidence that a core gut mycobiome may exist. ITS2 sequencing data provided greater resolution of the mycobiome membership compared to metagenomic and 18S rRNA gene sequencing data, suggesting that it is a more sensitive method for studying the mycobiome of stool samples.},
}

Candida/classification/genetics/isolation & purification
Cohort Studies
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
Feces/microbiology
Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
Genetic Variation
*Healthy Volunteers
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods
Humans
Malassezia/classification/genetics/isolation & purification
Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiota
*Mycobiome
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
Saccharomyces/classification/genetics/isolation & purification
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid29083035,
year = {2018},
author = {Laskar, F and Das Purkayastha, S and Sen, A and Bhattacharya, MK and Misra, BB},
title = {Diversity of methanogenic archaea in freshwater sediments of lacustrine ecosystems.},
journal = {Journal of basic microbiology},
volume = {58},
number = {2},
pages = {101-119},
doi = {10.1002/jobm.201700341},
pmid = {29083035},
issn = {1521-4028},
mesh = {Archaea/*classification/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Biodiversity ; DNA, Archaeal/chemistry/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics ; Fresh Water/*microbiology ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Lakes/microbiology ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Methane/*metabolism ; Microbiological Techniques/*methods ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {About half of the global methane (CH4) emission is contributed by the methanogenic archaeal communities leading to a significant increase in global warming. This unprecedented situation has increased the ever growing necessity of evaluating the control measures for limiting CH4 emission to the atmosphere. Unfortunately, research endeavors on the diversity and functional interactions of methanogens are not extensive till date. We anticipate that the study of the diversity of methanogenic community is paramount for understanding the metabolic processes in freshwater lake ecosystems. Although there are several disadvantages of conventional culture-based methods for determining the diversity of methanogenic archaeal communities, in order to understand their ecological roles in natural environments it is required to culture the microbes. Recently different molecular techniques have been developed for determining the structure of methanogenic archaeal communities thriving in freshwater lake ecosystem. The two gene based cloning techniques required for this purpose are 16S rRNA and methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) in addition to the recently developed metagenomics approaches and high throughput next generation sequencing efforts. This review discusses the various methods of culture-dependent and -independent measures of determining the diversity of methanogen communities in lake sediments in lieu of the different molecular approaches and inter-relationships of diversity of methanogenic archaea.},
}

Archaea/*classification/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism
*Biodiversity
DNA, Archaeal/chemistry/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics
Fresh Water/*microbiology
Geologic Sediments/microbiology
Lakes/microbiology
Metagenomics/*methods
Methane/*metabolism
Microbiological Techniques/*methods
Oxidoreductases/genetics
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid28929212,
year = {2018},
author = {Parmar, K and Dafale, N and Pal, R and Tikariha, H and Purohit, H},
title = {An Insight into Phage Diversity at Environmental Habitats using Comparative Metagenomics Approach.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {75},
number = {2},
pages = {132-141},
doi = {10.1007/s00284-017-1357-0},
pmid = {28929212},
issn = {1432-0991},
mesh = {Bacteriophages/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Metagenomics ; *Water Microbiology ; },
abstract = {Bacteriophages play significant role in driving microbial diversity; however, little is known about the diversity of phages in different ecosystems. A dynamic predator-prey mechanism called "kill the winner" suggests the elimination of most active bacterial populations through phages. Thus, interaction between phage and host has an effect on the composition of microbial communities in ecosystems. In this study, secondary phage metagenome data from aquatic habitats: wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), fresh, marine, and hot water spring habitat were analyzed using MG-RAST and STAMP tools to explore the diversity of the viruses. Differential relative abundance of phage families-Siphoviridae (34%) and Myoviridae (26%) in WWTP, Myoviridae (30%) and Podoviridae (23%) in fresh water, and Myoviridae (41%) and Podoviridae (8%) in marine-was found to be a discriminating factor among four habitats while Rudiviridae (9%), Globuloviridae (8%), and Lipothrixviridae (1%) were exclusively observed in hot water spring. Subsequently, at genera level, Bpp-1-like virus, Chlorovirus, and T4-like virus were found abundant in WWTP, fresh, and marine habitat, respectively. PCA analysis revealed completely disparate composition of phage in hot water spring from other three ecosystems. Similar analysis of relative abundance of functional features corroborated observations from taxa analysis. Functional features corresponding to phage packaging machinery, replication, integration and excision, and gene transfer discriminated among four habitats. The comparative metagenomics approach exhibited genetically distinct phage communities among four habitats. Results revealed that selective distribution of phage communities would help in understanding the role of phages in food chains, nutrient cycling, and microbial ecology. Study of specific phages would also help in controlling environmental pathogens including MDR bacterial populations using phage therapy approach by selective mining and isolation of phages against specific pathogens persisting in a given environment.},
}

Bacteriophages/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
*Biodiversity
*Ecosystem
Metagenomics
*Water Microbiology

@article {pmid28910638,
year = {2017},
author = {Verster, AJ and Ross, BD and Radey, MC and Bao, Y and Goodman, AL and Mougous, JD and Borenstein, E},
title = {The Landscape of Type VI Secretion across Human Gut Microbiomes Reveals Its Role in Community Composition.},
journal = {Cell host & microbe},
volume = {22},
number = {3},
pages = {411-419.e4},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2017.08.010},
pmid = {28910638},
issn = {1934-6069},
support = {DP2 AT007802/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM118159/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; UL1 TR001863/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; //Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; R01 AI080609/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Bacteroides/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Biodiversity ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phylogeny ; Type VI Secretion Systems/genetics/*metabolism ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Although gut microbiome composition is well defined, the mechanisms underlying community assembly remain poorly understood. Bacteroidales possess three genetic architectures (GA1-3) of the type VI secretion system (T6SS), an effector delivery pathway that mediates interbacterial competition. Here we define the distribution and role of GA1-3 in the human gut using metagenomic analysis. We find that adult microbiomes harbor limited effector and cognate immunity genes, suggesting selection for compatibility at the species (GA1 and GA2) and strain (GA3) levels. Bacteroides fragilis GA3 is known to mediate potent inter-strain competition, and we observe GA3 enrichment among strains colonizing infant microbiomes, suggesting competition early in life. Additionally, GA3 is associated with increased Bacteroides abundance, indicating that this system confers an advantage in Bacteroides-rich ecosystems. Collectively, these analyses uncover the prevalence of T6SS-dependent competition and reveal its potential role in shaping human gut microbial composition.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism
Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
Bacteroides/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism
Biodiversity
Female
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Phylogeny
Type VI Secretion Systems/genetics/*metabolism
Young Adult

@article {pmid30055354,
year = {2018},
author = {Linard, B and Crampton-Platt, A and Moriniere, J and Timmermans, MJTN and Andujar, C and Arribas, P and Miller, KE and Lipecki, J and Favreau, E and Hunter, A and Gómez-Rodríguez, C and Barton, C and Nie, R and Gillett, CPDT and Breeschoten, T and Bocak, L and Vogler, AP},
title = {The contribution of mitochondrial metagenomics to large-scale data mining and phylogenetic analysis of Coleoptera.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2018.07.008},
pmid = {30055354},
issn = {1095-9513},
abstract = {A phylogenetic tree at the species level is still far off for highly diverse insect orders, including the Coleoptera, but the taxonomic breadth of public sequence databases is growing. In addition, new types of data may contribute to increasing taxon coverage, such as metagenomic shotgun sequencing for assembly of mitogenomes from bulk specimen samples. The current study explores the application of these techniques for large-scale efforts to build the tree of Coleoptera. We used shotgun data from 17 different ecological and taxonomic datasets (5 unpublished) to assemble a total of 1942 mitogenome contigs of >3000 bp. These sequences were combined into a single dataset together with all mitochondrial data available at GenBank, in addition to nuclear markers widely used in molecular phylogenetics. The resulting matrix of nearly 16000 species with two or more loci produced trees (RAxML) showing overall congruence with the Linnaean taxonomy at hierarchical levels from suborders to genera. We tested the role of full-length mitogenomes in stabilizing the tree from GenBank data, as mitogenomes might link terminals with non-overlapping gene representation. However, the mitogenome data were only partly useful in this respect, presumably because of the purely automated approach to assembly and gene delimitation, but improvements in future may be possible by using multiple assemblers and manual curation. In conclusion, the combination of data mining and metagenomic sequencing of bulk samples provided the largest phylogenetic tree of Coleoptera to date, which represents a summary of existing phylogenetic knowledge and a defensible tree of great utility, in particular for studies at the intra-familial level, despite some shortcomings for resolving basal nodes.},
}

@article {pmid29664968,
year = {2018},
author = {Betiku, OC and Yeoman, CJ and Gaylord, TG and Americus, B and Olivo, S and Duff, GC and Sealey, WM},
title = {Water system is a controlling variable modulating bacterial diversity of gastrointestinal tract and performance in rainbow trout.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {e0195967},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0195967},
pmid = {29664968},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; *Biodiversity ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*microbiology ; Vegetable Proteins ; *Water Microbiology ; },
abstract = {A two-phase feeding study evaluating performance of rainbow trout and comparing luminal and mucosal gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacterial community compositions when fed two alternative protein diets in two rearing systems was conducted. Alternative protein diets (animal protein and plant protein diets) balanced with crystalline amino acids: lysine, methionine and threonine or unbalanced, were fed to rainbow trout in two separate water systems (recirculating (RR) and flow-through (FF)) for a period of 16 weeks. The four diets, each contained 38% digestible protein and 20% fats, were fed to rainbow trout with an average weight of 12.02 ± 0.61 g, and sorted at 30 fish/tank and 12 tanks per dietary treatment. Phase 1 lasted for 8 weeks after which fish from each tank were randomly divided, with one-half moved to new tanks of the opposing system (i.e. from RR to FF and vice versa). The remaining halves were retained in their initial tank and system, and fed their original diets for another 8 weeks (phase 2). After the 16th week, 3 fish/tank were sampled for each of proximate analysis, body indexes and 16S rRNA analysis of GIT microbiota. Fish weight (P = 0.0008, P = 0.0030, P<0.0010) and body fat (P = 0.0008, P = 0.0041, P = 0.0177) were significantly affected by diet, diet quality (balanced or unbalanced) and system, respectively. Feed intake (P = 0.0008) and body energy (P<0.0010) were altered by system. Body indexes were not affected by dietary treatment and water systems. Compositional dissimilarities existed between samples from the rearing water and GIT locations (ANOSIM: (R = 0.29, P = 0.0010), PERMANOVA: R = 0.39, P = 0.0010), but not in dietary samples (ANOSIM: R = 0.004, P = 0.3140, PERMANOVA: R = 0.008, P = 0.4540). Bacteria were predominantly from the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Their abundance differed with more dissimilarity in the luminal samples (ANOSIM: R = 0.40, P = 0.0010, PERMANOVA: R = 0.56, P = 0.0010) than those from the mucosal intestine (ANOSIM: R = 0.37, P = 0.0010, PERMANOVA: R = 0.41, P = 0.0010). Bacteria generally associated with carbohydrate and certain amino acids metabolism were observed in the mucosal intestine while rearing water appeared to serve as the main route of colonization of Aeromonas and Acinetobacter in the rainbow trout.},
}

Animal Feed
Animals
Bacteria/*classification/genetics
*Biodiversity
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Oncorhynchus mykiss/*microbiology
Vegetable Proteins
*Water Microbiology

@article {pmid29659617,
year = {2018},
author = {Mohamed Ramli, N and Giatsis, C and Md Yusoff, F and Verreth, J and Verdegem, M},
title = {Resistance and resilience of small-scale recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with or without algae to pH perturbation.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {e0195862},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0195862},
pmid = {29659617},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Ammonia/chemistry ; *Aquaculture ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Biodiversity ; *Chlorophyta ; *Fresh Water ; *Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Nitrogen/chemistry ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Water Microbiology ; Water Quality ; },
abstract = {The experimental set-up of this study mimicked recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) where water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and turbidity were controlled and wastes produced by fish and feeding were converted to inorganic forms. A key process in the RAS was the conversion of ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate through nitrification. It was hypothesized that algae inclusion in RAS would improve the ammonia removal from the water; thereby improving RAS water quality and stability. To test this hypothesis, the stability of the microbiota community composition in a freshwater RAS with (RAS+A) or without algae (RAS-A) was challenged by introducing an acute pH drop (from pH 7 to 4 during three hours) to the system. Stigeoclonium nanum, a periphytic freshwater microalga was used in this study. No significant effect of the algae presence was found on the resistance to the acute pH drop on ammonia conversion to nitrite and nitrite conversion to nitrate. Also the resilience of the ammonia conversion to the pH drop disruption was not affected by the addition of algae. This could be due to the low biomass of algae achieved in the RAS. However, with regard to the conversion step of nitrite to nitrate, RAS+A was significantly more resilient than RAS-A. In terms of overall bacterial communities, the composition and predictive function of the bacterial communities was significantly different between RAS+A and RAS-A.},
}

Ammonia/chemistry
*Aquaculture
Bacteria/classification/genetics
Biodiversity
*Chlorophyta
*Fresh Water
*Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Nitrogen/chemistry
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Water Microbiology
Water Quality

@article {pmid29187708,
year = {2017},
author = {Hirai, M and Nishi, S and Tsuda, M and Sunamura, M and Takaki, Y and Nunoura, T},
title = {Library Construction from Subnanogram DNA for Pelagic Sea Water and Deep-Sea Sediments.},
journal = {Microbes and environments},
volume = {32},
number = {4},
pages = {336-343},
doi = {10.1264/jsme2.ME17132},
pmid = {29187708},
issn = {1347-4405},
mesh = {Base Composition/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Biodiversity ; DNA, Archaeal/analysis/*genetics ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/*genetics ; DNA, Protozoan/analysis/*genetics ; Gene Library ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology/*parasitology ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Seawater/microbiology/parasitology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Shotgun metagenomics is a low biased technology for assessing environmental microbial diversity and function. However, the requirement for a sufficient amount of DNA and the contamination of inhibitors in environmental DNA leads to difficulties in constructing a shotgun metagenomic library. We herein examined metagenomic library construction from subnanogram amounts of input environmental DNA from subarctic surface water and deep-sea sediments using two library construction kits: the KAPA Hyper Prep Kit and Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit, with several modifications. The influence of chemical contaminants associated with these environmental DNA samples on library construction was also investigated. Overall, shotgun metagenomic libraries were constructed from 1 pg to 1 ng of input DNA using both kits without harsh library microbial contamination. However, the libraries constructed from 1 pg of input DNA exhibited larger biases in GC contents, k-mers, or small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene compositions than those constructed from 10 pg to 1 ng DNA. The lower limit of input DNA for low biased library construction in this study was 10 pg. Moreover, we revealed that technology-dependent biases (physical fragmentation and linker ligation vs. tagmentation) were larger than those due to the amount of input DNA.},
}

Base Composition/genetics
Base Sequence
Biodiversity
DNA, Archaeal/analysis/*genetics
DNA, Bacterial/analysis/*genetics
DNA, Protozoan/analysis/*genetics
Gene Library
Geologic Sediments/*microbiology/*parasitology
Metagenome/*genetics
Metagenomics/*methods
Seawater/microbiology/parasitology
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid29490093,
year = {2018},
author = {Mulukutla, SN and Hsu, JW and Gaba, R and Bohren, KM and Guthikonda, A and Iyer, D and Ajami, NJ and Petrosino, JF and Hampe, CS and Ram, N and Jahoor, F and Balasubramanyam, A},
title = {Arginine Metabolism Is Altered in Adults with A-β + Ketosis-Prone Diabetes.},
journal = {The Journal of nutrition},
volume = {148},
number = {2},
pages = {185-193},
doi = {10.1093/jn/nxx032},
pmid = {29490093},
issn = {1541-6100},
support = {R01 DK101411/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Arginine/administration & dosage/blood/*metabolism ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Body Mass Index ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*metabolism/physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Glucose/administration & dosage ; Glucose Clamp Technique ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin/blood/secretion ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/*physiology ; Kinetics ; Male ; Metabolomics/methods ; Middle Aged ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Ornithine/blood ; },
abstract = {Background: A-β + ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) is a subset of type 2 diabetes in which patients have severe but reversible β cell dysfunction of unknown etiology. Plasma metabolomic analysis indicates that abnormal arginine metabolism may be involved.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the relation between gut microbiome and arginine metabolism and the relation between arginine availability and β cell function in KPD patients compared with control participants.

Methods: Kinetics of arginine and related metabolites were measured with stable isotope tracers, and insulin secretory responses to arginine and glucose were determined under euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions in 6 KPD patients and 6 age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched control participants. Glucose potentiation of arginine-induced insulin secretion was performed in a different set of 6 KPD and 3 control participants.

Results: Arginine availability was higher in KPD patients during euglycemia [53.5 ± 4.3 (mean ± SEM) compared with 40.3 ± 2.4 μmol · kg lean body mass (LBM)-1 · h-1, P = 0.03] but declined more in response to hyperglycemia (Δ 10.15 ± 2.6 compared with Δ 3.20 ± 1.3 μmol · kg LBM-1 · h-1, P = 0.041). During hyperglycemia, ornithine flux was not different between groups but after an arginine bolus, plasma ornithine AUC trended higher in KPD patients (3360 ± 294 compared with 2584 ± 259 min · μmol · L-1, P = 0.08). In both euglycemia and hyperglycemia, the first-phase insulin responses to glucose stimulation were lower in KPD patients (euglycemic insulin AUC 282 ± 108 compared with 926 ± 257 min · μU · mL-1, P = 0.02; hyperglycemic insulin AUC 358 ± 79 compared with 866 ± 292 min · μU · mL-1, P = 0.05), but exogenous arginine restored first-phase insulin secretion in KPD patients to the level of control participants.

Conclusion: Compared with control participants, KPD patients have increased arginine availability in the euglycemic state, indicating a higher requirement. This is compromised during hyperglycemia, with an inadequate supply of arginine to sustain metabolic functions such as insulin secretion. Exogenous arginine administration restores a normal insulin secretory response.},
}

Adult
Arginine/administration & dosage/blood/*metabolism
Blood Glucose/analysis
Body Mass Index
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*metabolism/physiopathology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
Glucose/administration & dosage
Glucose Clamp Technique
Humans
Hyperglycemia
Insulin/blood/secretion
Insulin-Secreting Cells/*physiology
Kinetics
Male
Metabolomics/methods
Middle Aged
Nitric Oxide/metabolism
Ornithine/blood

@article {pmid29189738,
year = {2017},
author = {Ticinesi, A and Lauretani, F and Milani, C and Nouvenne, A and Tana, C and Del Rio, D and Maggio, M and Ventura, M and Meschi, T},
title = {Aging Gut Microbiota at the Cross-Road between Nutrition, Physical Frailty, and Sarcopenia: Is There a Gut-Muscle Axis?.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nu9121303},
pmid = {29189738},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Aging/*physiology ; *Frailty ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology ; *Nutritional Status ; *Sarcopenia ; },
abstract = {Inadequate nutrition and physical inactivity are the mainstays of primary sarcopenia-physiopathology in older individuals. Gut microbiota composition is strongly dependent on both of these elements, and conversely, can also influence the host physiology by modulating systemic inflammation, anabolism, insulin sensitivity, and energy production. The bacterial metabolism of nutrients theoretically influences skeletal muscle cell functionality through producing mediators that drive all of these systemic effects. In this study, we review the scientific literature supporting the concept of the involvement of gut microbiota in primary sarcopenia physiopathology. First, we examine studies associating fecal microbiota alterations with physical frailty, i.e., the loss of muscle performance and normal muscle mass. Then, we consider studies exploring the effects of exercise on gut microbiota composition. Finally, we examine studies demonstrating the possible effects of mediators produced by gut microbiota on skeletal muscle, and intervention studies considering the effects of prebiotic or probiotic administration on muscle function. Even if there is no evidence of a distinct gut microbiota composition in older sarcopenic patients, we conclude that the literature supports the possible presence of a "gut-muscle axis", whereby gut microbiota may act as the mediator of the effects of nutrition on muscle cells.},
}

Aging/*physiology
*Frailty
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology
*Nutritional Status
*Sarcopenia

@article {pmid28973555,
year = {2017},
author = {Chi, L and Bian, X and Gao, B and Tu, P and Ru, H and Lu, K},
title = {The Effects of an Environmentally Relevant Level of Arsenic on the Gut Microbiome and Its Functional Metagenome.},
journal = {Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology},
volume = {160},
number = {2},
pages = {193-204},
doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfx174},
pmid = {28973555},
issn = {1096-0929},
support = {P30 ES010126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 ES024950/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Arsenites/*toxicity ; Bacteria/classification/*drug effects/genetics ; Dysbiosis ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Intestines/*drug effects/microbiology ; Metagenome/*drug effects/genetics ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Ribotyping ; Sodium Compounds/*toxicity ; Time Factors ; },
abstract = {Multiple environmental factors induce dysbiosis in the gut microbiome and cause a variety of human diseases. Previously, we have first demonstrated that arsenic alters the composition of the gut microbiome. However, the functional impact of arsenic on the gut microbiome has not been adequately assessed, particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomics sequencing to investigate how exposure to 100 ppb arsenic for 13 weeks alters the composition and functional capacity of the gut microbiome in mice. Arsenic exposure altered the alpha and beta diversities as well as the composition profile of the gut microbiota. Metagenomics data revealed that the abundances of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, especially pyruvate fermentation, short-chain fatty acid synthesis, and starch utilization, and were significantly changed. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes, multiple stress response genes, and DNA repair genes were significantly increased in the gut microbiome of arsenic-exposed mice. The genes involved in the production or processing of multiple vitamins, including folic acid and vitamins B6, B12, and K2, were also enriched in arsenic-treated mice. In, addition, genes involved in multidrug resistance and conjugative transposon proteins were highly increased after treatment with arsenic. In conclusion, we demonstrate that arsenic exposure, at an environmentally relevant dose, not only perturbed the communal composition of the gut microbiome but also profoundly altered a variety of important bacterial functional pathways.},
}

Animals
Arsenites/*toxicity
Bacteria/classification/*drug effects/genetics
Dysbiosis
Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Intestines/*drug effects/microbiology
Metagenome/*drug effects/genetics
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Ribotyping
Sodium Compounds/*toxicity
Time Factors

@article {pmid29232848,
year = {2017},
author = {Vernocchi, P and Del Chierico, F and Quagliariello, A and Ercolini, D and Lucidi, V and Putignani, L},
title = {A Metagenomic and in Silico Functional Prediction of Gut Microbiota Profiles May Concur in Discovering New Cystic Fibrosis Patient-Targeted Probiotics.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nu9121342},
pmid = {29232848},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Bacteria/*genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Cystic Fibrosis/*microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Male ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Phylogeny ; *Probiotics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis ; },
abstract = {Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting hereditary disorder that results in aberrant mucosa in the lungs and digestive tract, chronic respiratory infections, chronic inflammation, and the need for repeated antibiotic treatments. Probiotics have been demonstrated to improve the quality of life of CF patients. We investigated the distribution of gut microbiota (GM) bacteria to identify new potential probiotics for CF patients on the basis of GM patterns. Fecal samples of 28 CF patients and 31 healthy controls (HC) were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA-based pyrosequencing analysis of GM, to produce CF-HC paired maps of the distribution of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biomarker prediction. The maps were scanned to highlight the distribution of bacteria commonly claimed as probiotics, such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and of butyrate-producing colon bacteria, such as Eubacterium spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. The analyses highlighted 24 OTUs eligible as putative probiotics. Eleven and nine species were prevalently associated with the GM of CF and HC subjects, respectively. Their KEGG prediction provided differential CF and HC pathways, indeed associated with health-promoting biochemical activities in the latter case. GM profiling and KEGG biomarkers concurred in the evaluation of nine bacterial species as novel putative probiotics that could be investigated for the nutritional management of CF patients.},
}

Bacteria/*genetics
Case-Control Studies
Child, Preschool
Cystic Fibrosis/*microbiology
Feces/microbiology
Female
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
Male
Metagenomics/*methods
Phylogeny
*Probiotics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis

@article {pmid29196353,
year = {2017},
author = {Moffatt, MF and Cookson, WO},
title = {The lung microbiome in health and disease.},
journal = {Clinical medicine (London, England)},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {525-529},
doi = {10.7861/clinmedicine.17-6-525},
pmid = {29196353},
issn = {1473-4893},
mesh = {Asthma/microbiology ; Bronchiectasis/microbiology ; Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology ; Humans ; Lung/*microbiology ; Lung Diseases/*microbiology ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; },
abstract = {The Human Microbiome Project began 10 years ago, leading to a significant growth in understanding of the role the human microbiome plays in health and disease. In this article, we explain with an emphasis on the lung, the origins of microbiome research. We discuss how 16S rRNA gene sequencing became the first major molecular tool to examine the bacterial communities present within the human body. We highlight the pitfalls of molecular-based studies, such as false findings resulting from contamination, and the limitations of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Knowledge about the lung microbiome has evolved from initial scepticism to the realisation that it might have a significant influence on many illnesses. We also discuss the lung microbiome in the context of disease by giving examples of important respiratory conditions. In addition, we draw attention to the challenges for metagenomic studies of respiratory samples and the importance of systematic bacterial isolation to enable host-microbiome interactions to be understood. We conclude by discussing how knowledge of the lung microbiome impacts current clinical diagnostics.},
}

Asthma/microbiology
Bronchiectasis/microbiology
Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology
Humans
Lung/*microbiology
Lung Diseases/*microbiology
Metagenomics
*Microbiota/genetics
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

@article {pmid29301588,
year = {2018},
author = {Greay, TL and Gofton, AW and Paparini, A and Ryan, UM and Oskam, CL and Irwin, PJ},
title = {Recent insights into the tick microbiome gained through next-generation sequencing.},
journal = {Parasites & vectors},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {12},
doi = {10.1186/s13071-017-2550-5},
pmid = {29301588},
issn = {1756-3305},
support = {130100050//Australian Research Council/International ; 130100050//Bayer Australia Ltd/International ; 130100050//Bayer AG (Germany)/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*utilization ; Metagenomics/*methods ; *Microbiota ; Ticks/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {The tick microbiome comprises communities of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria and eukaryotes, and is being elucidated through modern molecular techniques. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has enabled the genes and genomes within these microbial communities to be explored in a rapid and cost-effective manner. The advantages of using NGS to investigate microbiomes surpass the traditional non-molecular methods that are limited in their sensitivity, and conventional molecular approaches that are limited in their scalability. In recent years the number of studies using NGS to investigate the microbial diversity and composition of ticks has expanded. Here, we provide a review of NGS strategies for tick microbiome studies and discuss the recent findings from tick NGS investigations, including the bacterial diversity and composition, influential factors, and implications of the tick microbiome.},
}

Animals
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*utilization
Metagenomics/*methods
*Microbiota
Ticks/*microbiology

@article {pmid29284535,
year = {2017},
author = {Pires, ACAM and Villegas, LEM and Campolina, TB and Orfanó, AS and Pimenta, PFP and Secundino, NFC},
title = {Bacterial diversity of wild-caught Lutzomyia longipalpis (a vector of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil) under distinct physiological conditions by metagenomics analysis.},
journal = {Parasites & vectors},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {627},
doi = {10.1186/s13071-017-2593-7},
pmid = {29284535},
issn = {1756-3305},
support = {305512/2014-5//Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development- CNPq- Research fellowship/International ; 308849/2015-9//Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development- CNPq (Research fellowship)/International ; 00242-12//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (BR) FAPEMIG/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*classification/*genetics ; Brazil ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Insect Vectors/*microbiology ; Metagenomics ; Psychodidae/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. In the New World, Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of visceral leishmaniasis and is a proven vector for Leishmania infantum chagasi in Brazil. During development within the vector, Leishmania can interact with a variety of microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. The presence of bacteria in the midgut of sand flies can influence the development and survival of the parasite.

RESULTS: The bacteria-targeted metagenomic analysis revealed different community compositions between the distinct physiological stages of those tested. The amplicon-oriented metagenomic profiling revealed 64 bacterial genera and 46 families. By crossing the taxa indices from each experimental condition a core composed of 6 genera was identified (Enterobacter, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Enhydrobacter, Pseudomonas and Chryseobacterium).

CONCLUSIONS: The observed dynamic nature of the bacterial community expands the knowledge pertaining to the tripartite host-microbiota-pathogen interactions. Further studies addressing how laboratory and field collected communities differ are critical to successfully develop control strategies based on bacterial symbionts and paratransgenesis, as already tested in other arthropod vectors.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/*classification/*genetics
Brazil
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Insect Vectors/*microbiology
Metagenomics
Psychodidae/*microbiology

@article {pmid29187243,
year = {2017},
author = {Boynton, FDD and Ericsson, AC and Uchihashi, M and Dunbar, ML and Wilkinson, JE},
title = {Doxycycline induces dysbiosis in female C57BL/6NCrl mice.},
journal = {BMC research notes},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {644},
doi = {10.1186/s13104-017-2960-7},
pmid = {29187243},
issn = {1756-0500},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Doxycycline/*pharmacology ; Dysbiosis/*chemically induced ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aims to demonstrate the effect of oral doxycycline on fecal microbiota of mice. Doxycycline is a common effector for control of gene expression using the tet-inducible system in transgenic mice. The effect of oral doxycycline on murine gut microbiota has not been reported. We evaluated the effect of doxycycline treatment by sequencing the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene from fecal samples collected during a 4 week course of treatment at a dose of 2 mg/ml in the drinking water.

RESULTS: The fecal microbiota of treated animals were distinct from control animals; the decreased richness and diversity were characterized primarily by Bacteroides sp. enrichment. These effects persisted when the treatment was temporarily discontinued for 1 week. These data suggest that doxycycline treatment can induce significant dysbiosis, and its effects should be considered when used in animal models that are or maybe sensitive to perturbation of the gut microbiota.},
}

Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology
Disease Models, Animal
Doxycycline/*pharmacology
Dysbiosis/*chemically induced
Feces/microbiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

@article {pmid28562180,
year = {2018},
author = {Gutleben, J and Chaib De Mares, M and van Elsas, JD and Smidt, H and Overmann, J and Sipkema, D},
title = {The multi-omics promise in context: from sequence to microbial isolate.},
journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology},
volume = {44},
number = {2},
pages = {212-229},
doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2017.1332003},
pmid = {28562180},
issn = {1549-7828},
mesh = {Metabolomics/*methods ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Microbiological Techniques/*methods ; *Microbiota ; Proteomics/*methods ; },
abstract = {The numbers and diversity of microbes in ecosystems within and around us is unmatched, yet most of these microorganisms remain recalcitrant to in vitro cultivation. Various high-throughput molecular techniques, collectively termed multi-omics, provide insights into the genomic structure and metabolic potential as well as activity of complex microbial communities. Nonetheless, pure or defined cultures are needed to (1) decipher microbial physiology and thus test multi-omics-based ecological hypotheses, (2) curate and improve database annotations and (3) realize novel applications in biotechnology. Cultivation thus provides context. In turn, we here argue that multi-omics information awaits integration into the development of novel cultivation strategies. This can build the foundation for a new era of omics information-guided microbial cultivation technology and reduce the inherent trial-and-error search space. This review discusses how information that can be extracted from multi-omics data can be applied for the cultivation of hitherto uncultured microorganisms. Furthermore, we summarize groundbreaking studies that successfully translated information derived from multi-omics into specific media formulations, screening techniques and selective enrichments in order to obtain novel targeted microbial isolates. By integrating these examples, we conclude with a proposed workflow to facilitate future omics-aided cultivation strategies that are inspired by the microbial complexity of the environment.},
}

Metabolomics/*methods
Metagenomics/*methods
Microbiological Techniques/*methods
*Microbiota
Proteomics/*methods

@article {pmid30018874,
year = {2018},
author = {Colabella, C and Corte, L and Roscini, L and Bassetti, M and Tascini, C and Mellor, JC and Meyer, W and Robert, V and Vu, D and Cardinali, G},
title = {NGS barcode sequencing in taxonomy and diagnostics, an application in "Candida" pathogenic yeasts with a metagenomic perspective.},
journal = {IMA fungus},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {91-105},
doi = {10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.07},
pmid = {30018874},
issn = {2210-6340},
abstract = {Species identification of yeasts and other Fungi is currently carried out with Sanger sequences of selected molecular markers, mainly from the ribosomal DNA operon, characterized by hundreds of tandem repeats of the 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and LSU loci. The ITS region has been recently proposed as a primary barcode marker making this region the most used one in taxonomy, phylogeny and diagnostics. The introduction of NGS is providing tools of high efficacy and relatively low cost to amplify two or more markers simultaneously with great sequencing depth. However, the presence of intra-genomic variability between the repeats requires specific analytical procedures and pipelines. In this study, 286 strains belonging to 11 pathogenic yeasts species were analysed with NGS of the region spanning from ITS1 to the D1/D2 domain of the LSU encoding ribosomal DNA. Results showed that relatively high heterogeneity can hamper the use of these sequences for the identification of single strains and even more of complex microbial mixtures. These observations point out that the metagenomics studies could be affected by species inflection at levels higher than currently expected.},
}

@article {pmid30003485,
year = {2018},
author = {Li, M and Zhang, X and Yang, H and Li, X and Cui, Z},
title = {Soil sustainable utilization technology: mechanism of flavonols in resistance process of heavy metal.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-018-2485-1},
pmid = {30003485},
issn = {1614-7499},
abstract = {The soil ecosystem is critical for agricultural production, affecting many aspects of human health. Soil has more unknown biodiversity and edaphic parameters than any other ecosystem especially when polluted. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics were applied to research on toxicological characteristics of Pb and resistance mechanism of flavonols. Rhizosphere microorganisms-plants system, a unified system closely related to soil environment was taken as research object. Results emphasize gene expression changes in different test groups. Gene ontology enrichment and eggNOG showed that Pb has a toxic effect on gene and protein function which concentrated on ATPase and ATP-dependent activity. Differentially expressed genes in the flavonols group indicated that flavonols regulate amino acid transport and other transportation process related to Pb stress. Kegg analysis represents that Pb interferences energy production process via not only the upstream like glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) circle but also oxidative phosphorylation process, which can also produce reactive oxygen species and impact the eliminating process. Flavonols have shown the ability in alleviating toxic effect of Pb and improving the resistance of plants. Flavonols can recover the electronic transmission and other process in TCA and oxidative phosphorylation via ascorbic acid-glutathione metabolism. Flavonols activated antioxidative process and non-specific immunity via vitamins B2-B6 metabolism.},
}

@article {pmid29976249,
year = {2018},
author = {Kayani, MUR and Doyle, SM and Sangwan, N and Wang, G and Gilbert, JA and Christner, BC and Zhu, TF},
title = {Metagenomic analysis of basal ice from an Alaskan glacier.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {123},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-018-0505-5},
pmid = {29976249},
issn = {2049-2618},
support = {2016YFC0206300//Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Glaciers cover ~ 10% of land but are among the least explored environments on Earth. The basal portion of glaciers often harbors unique aquatic microbial ecosystems in the absence of sunlight, and knowledge on the microbial community structures and their metabolic potential is very limited. Here, we provide insights into the microbial lifestyle present at the base of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska.

RESULTS: DNA and RNA were extracted from samples of the Matanuska Glacier basal ice. Using Illumina MiSeq and HiSeq sequencing, we investigated the microbial diversity with the metagenomic shotgun reads and 16S ribosomal RNA data. We further assembled 9 partial and draft bacterial genomes from the metagenomic assembly, and identified key metabolic pathways such as sulfur oxidation and nitrification. Collectively, our analyses suggest a prevalence of lithotrophic and heterotrophic metabolisms in the subglacial microbiome.

CONCLUSION: Our results present the first metagenomic assembly and bacterial draft genomes for a subglacial environment. These results extend our understanding of the chemical and biological processes in subglacial environments critically influenced by global climate change.},
}

@article {pmid29964641,
year = {2017},
author = {Wang, BQ and Li, CY and Lu, W and Fan, H and Zhang, DZ and Wang, Z and Lü, C and Shen, FD},
title = {[Shift of Microbial Communities During the CO2-Brine-Sandstone Interaction Process].},
journal = {Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue},
volume = {38},
number = {7},
pages = {2978-2987},
doi = {10.13227/j.hjkx.201612067},
pmid = {29964641},
issn = {0250-3301},
abstract = {In this study, the dynamic variation of the structure, functionality and biodiversity of indigenous microorganism during the CO2-brine-sandstone interaction process was investigated using MiSeq sequencing techniques. The results indicated that some kinds of indigenous microorganisms could grow well under the extreme condition induced by CO2-injection. After injection of CO2, the species of indigenous microorganisms tended to be single and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria reached up to 99.77% after 6 months. The dominant species varied as follows:Pseudomonas sp., Citrobacter sp. and Brevundimonas sp.. Meanwhile, some special genera such as Bacillus sp., Hydrogenophaga sp. and Rhizobium sp. with functionality of iron-reducing and denitrification were found in this study, which may have a potential effect on the capture and storage of CO2. In addition, the Shannon index decreased from 5.3302 to 1.9465 after injection of CO2, suggesting that the biodiversity reduced significantly. Function and main metabolites analysis of bacteria in the CO2-brine-sandstone interaction process showed that bacteria like Bacillus sp., Citrobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. could enhance CO2 solubility-trapping process. Bacteria metabolisms could accelerate the dissolution of feldspar and chlorites, and facilitate the formation of transition-state calcite and siderite. Otherwise, the great variation was mainly attributed to the change of condition driven by CO2-brine-sandstone interactions, such as pH and the chemical composition of brine water(anion and cation), etc.},
}

@article {pmid29915700,
year = {2018},
author = {Carew, ME and Coleman, RA and Hoffmann, AA},
title = {Can non-destructive DNA extraction of bulk invertebrate samples be used for metabarcoding?.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {e4980},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.4980},
pmid = {29915700},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Background: High throughput DNA sequencing of bulk invertebrate samples or metabarcoding is becoming increasingly used to provide profiles of biological communities for environmental monitoring. As metabarcoding becomes more widely applied, new reference DNA barcodes linked to individual specimens identified by taxonomists are needed. This can be achieved through using DNA extraction methods that are not only suitable for metabarcoding but also for building reference DNA barcode libraries.

Methods: In this study, we test the suitability of a rapid non-destructive DNA extraction method for metabarcoding of freshwater invertebrate samples.

Results: This method resulted in detection of taxa from many taxonomic groups, comparable to results obtained with two other tissue-based extraction methods. Most taxa could also be successfully used for subsequent individual-based DNA barcoding and taxonomic identification. The method was successfully applied to field-collected invertebrate samples stored for taxonomic studies in 70% ethanol at room temperature, a commonly used storage method for freshwater samples.

Discussion: With further refinement and testing, non-destructive extraction has the potential to rapidly characterise species biodiversity in invertebrate samples, while preserving specimens for taxonomic investigation.},
}

@article {pmid29908593,
year = {2018},
author = {Rastrojo, A and Alcamí, A},
title = {Viruses in Polar Lake and Soil Ecosystems.},
journal = {Advances in virus research},
volume = {101},
number = {},
pages = {39-54},
doi = {10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.002},
pmid = {29908593},
issn = {1557-8399},
abstract = {Viruses play an important role in the control of microbial communities, and it has been suggested that the influence of viruses in polar ecosystems, with low nutrients and under extreme environmental conditions, may be greater. Viral metagenomics allows the genetic characterization of complex viral communities without the need to isolate and grow viruses. Recent investigations in Antarctica and the Arctic are uncovering a great diversity of DNA viruses, including bacteriophages, circular single-stranded DNA viruses, algal-infecting phycodnaviruses, and virophages, adapted to these extreme environments. The limited sequence similarity between viruses in Antarctica and the Arctic suggests that viral communities in the two polar regions have evolved independently since the formation of the Antarctic continent, estimated to occur 25 million years ago. The community of RNA viruses in Antarctica is dominated by the order Picornavirales and their quasispecies composition suggests that higher genetic variability may correlate with viral adaptation to new environmental conditions.},
}

@article {pmid29874232,
year = {2018},
author = {Higashi, K and Suzuki, S and Kurosawa, S and Mori, H and Kurokawa, K},
title = {Latent environment allocation of microbial community data.},
journal = {PLoS computational biology},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {e1006143},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006143},
pmid = {29874232},
issn = {1553-7358},
mesh = {Computational Biology/*methods ; Databases, Genetic ; Environmental Microbiology ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota/genetics/physiology ; Models, Statistical ; Rivers/microbiology ; },
abstract = {As data for microbial community structures found in various environments has increased, studies have examined the relationship between environmental labels given to retrieved microbial samples and their community structures. However, because environments continuously change over time and space, mixed states of some environments and its effects on community formation should be considered, instead of evaluating effects of discrete environmental categories. Here we applied a hierarchical Bayesian model to paired datasets containing more than 30,000 samples of microbial community structures and sample description documents. From the training results, we extracted latent environmental topics that associate co-occurring microbes with co-occurring word sets among samples. Topics are the core elements of environmental mixtures and the visualization of topic-based samples clarifies the connections of various environments. Based on the model training results, we developed a web application, LEA (Latent Environment Allocation), which provides the way to evaluate typicality and heterogeneity of microbial communities in newly obtained samples without confining environmental categories to be compared. Because topics link words and microbes, LEA also enables to search samples semantically related to the query out of 30,000 microbiome samples.},
}

Computational Biology/*methods
Databases, Genetic
Environmental Microbiology
Humans
Metagenomics
*Microbiota/genetics/physiology
Models, Statistical
Rivers/microbiology

@article {pmid29800679,
year = {2018},
author = {Feranchuk, S and Belkova, N and Potapova, U and Kuzmin, D and Belikov, S},
title = {Evaluating the use of diversity indices to distinguish between microbial communities with different traits.},
journal = {Research in microbiology},
volume = {169},
number = {4-5},
pages = {254-261},
doi = {10.1016/j.resmic.2018.03.004},
pmid = {29800679},
issn = {1769-7123},
abstract = {Several measures of biodiversity are commonly used to describe microbial communities, analyzed using 16S gene sequencing. A wide range of available experiments on 16S gene sequencing allows us to present a framework for a comparison of various diversity indices. The criterion for the comparison is the statistical significance of the difference in index values for microbial communities with different traits, within the same experiment. The results of the evaluation indicate that Shannon diversity is the most effective measure among the commonly used diversity indices. The results also indicate that, within the present framework, the Gini coefficient as a diversity index is comparable to Shannon diversity, despite the fact that the Gini coefficient, as a diversity estimator, is far less popular in microbiology than several other measures.},
}

@article {pmid29758429,
year = {2018},
author = {Najar, IN and Sherpa, MT and Das, S and Das, S and Thakur, N},
title = {Microbial ecology of two hot springs of Sikkim: Predominate population and geochemistry.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {637-638},
number = {},
pages = {730-745},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.037},
pmid = {29758429},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Northeastern regions of India are known for their floral and faunal biodiversity. Especially the state of Sikkim lies in the eastern Himalayan ecological hotspot region. The state harbors many sulfur rich hot springs which have therapeutic and spiritual values. However, these hot springs are yet to be explored for their microbial ecology. The development of neo generation techniques such as metagenomics has provided an opportunity for inclusive study of microbial community of different environment. The present study describes the microbial diversity in two hot springs of Sikkim that is Polok and Borong with the assist of culture dependent and culture independent approaches. The culture independent techniques used in this study were next generation sequencing (NGS) and Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis (PLFA). Having relatively distinct geochemistry both the hot springs are thermophilic environments with the temperature range of 50-77 °C and pH range of 5-8. Metagenomic data revealed the dominance of bacteria over archaea. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes although other phyla were also present such as Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Parcubacteria and Spirochaetes. The PLFA studies have shown the abundance of Gram Positive bacteria followed by Gram negative bacteria. The culture dependent technique was correlative with PLFA studies. Most abundant bacteria as isolated and identified were Gram-positive genus Geobacillus and Anoxybacillus. The genus Geobacillus has been reported for the first time in North-Eastern states of India. The Geobacillus species obtained from the concerned hot springs were Geobacillus toebii, Geobacillus lituanicus, Geobacillus Kaustophillus and the Anoxybacillus species includes Anoxybacillus gonensis and Anoxybacillus Caldiproteolyticus. The distribution of major genera and their statistical correlation analyses with the geochemistry of the springs predicted that the temperature, pH, alkalinity, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl2+, and sulfur were main environmental variables influencing the microbial community composition and diversity. Also the piper diagram suggested that the water of both the hot springs are Ca-HCO3- type and can be predicted as shallow fresh ground waters. This study has provided an insight into the ecological interaction of the diverse microbial communities and associated physicochemical parameters, which will help in determining the future studies on different biogeochemical pathways in these hot springs.},
}