@article {pmid30884421,
year = {2019},
author = {Liu-Helmersson, J and Rocklöv, J and Sewe, M and Brännström, Å},
title = {Climate change may enable Aedes aegypti infestation in major European cities by 2100.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {172},
number = {},
pages = {693-699},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.026},
pmid = {30884421},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Climate change allows Aedes aegypti to infest new areas. Consequently, it enables the arboviruses the mosquito transmits -- e.g., dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever - to emerge in previously uninfected areas. An example is the Portuguese island of Madeira during 2012-13.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to understand how climate change will affect the future spread of this potent vector, as an aid in assessing the risk of disease outbreaks and effectively allocating resources for vector control.

METHODS: We used an empirically-informed, process-based mathematical model to study the feasibility of Aedes aegypti infestation into continental Europe. Based on established global climate-change scenario data, we assess the potential of Aedes aegypti to establish in Europe over the 21st century by estimating the vector population growth rate for five climate models (GCM5).

RESULTS: In a low carbon emission future (RCP2.6), we find minimal change to the current situation throughout the whole of the 21st century. In a high carbon future (RCP8.5), a large parts of southern Europe risks being invaded by Aedes aegypti.

CONCLUSION: Our results show that successfully enforcing the Paris Agreement by limiting global warming to below 2 °C significantly lowers the risk for infestation of Aedes aegypti and consequently of potential large-scale arboviral disease outbreaks in Europe within the 21st century.},
}

@article {pmid30884039,
year = {2019},
author = {Piao, S and Liu, Q and Chen, A and Janssens, IA and Fu, Y and Dai, J and Liu, L and Lian, X and Shen, M and Zhu, X},
title = {Plant phenology and global climate change: current progresses and challenges.},
journal = {Global change biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.14619},
pmid = {30884039},
issn = {1365-2486},
abstract = {Plant phenology, the annually recurring sequence of plant developmental stages, is important for plant functioning and ecosystem services and their biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks to the climate system. Plant phenology depends on temperature, and the current rapid climate change has revived interest in understanding and modelling the responses of plant phenology to the warming trend and the consequences thereof for ecosystems. Here, we review recent progresses in plant phenology and its interactions with climate change. Focusing on the start (leaf unfolding) and end (leaf coloring) of plant growing seasons, we show that the recent rapid expansion in ground- and remote sensing- based phenology data acquisition has been highly beneficial and has supported major advances in plant phenology research. Studies using multiple data sources and methods generally agree on the trends of advanced leaf unfolding and delayed leaf coloring due to climate change, yet these trends appear to have decelerated or even reversed in recent years. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the plant phenology responses to climate warming is still limited. The interactions between multiple drivers complicates the modelling and prediction of plant phenology changes. Furthermore, changes in plant phenology have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycles and ecosystem feedbacks to climate, yet the quantification of such impacts remains challenging. We suggest that future studies should primarily focus on using new observation tools to improve the understanding of tropical plant phenology, on improving process-based phenology modelling, and on the scaling of phenology from species to landscape-level. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid30878946,
year = {2019},
author = {Bhutta, ZA and Aimone, A and Akhtar, S},
title = {Climate change and global child health: what can paediatricians do?.},
journal = {Archives of disease in childhood},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/archdischild-2018-316694},
pmid = {30878946},
issn = {1468-2044},
}

@article {pmid30878100,
year = {2019},
author = {Sisodiya, SM and Scheffer, IE and Lowenstein, DH and Free, SL},
title = {Why should a neurologist worry about climate change?.},
journal = {The Lancet. Neurology},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {335-336},
doi = {10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30081-X},
pmid = {30878100},
issn = {1474-4465},
}

@article {pmid30877291,
year = {2019},
author = {Anderson, GB and Barnes, EA and Bell, ML and Dominici, F},
title = {The future of climate epidemiology: Opportunities for advancing health research in the context of climate change.},
journal = {American journal of epidemiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/aje/kwz034},
pmid = {30877291},
issn = {1476-6256},
abstract = {In the coming decades, climate change is expected to dramatically affect communities worldwide, altering the patterns of many ambient exposures and disasters, including extreme temperatures, heat waves, wildfires, droughts, and floods. These exposures in turn can affect risks for a variety of human diseases and health outcomes. Climate epidemiology plays an important role in informing policy related to climate change and its threats to public health. Climate epidemiology leverages deep, integrated collaborations between epidemiologists and climate scientists to understand the current and potential future impacts of climate-related exposures on human health. A variety of recent and ongoing developments in climate science are creating new avenues for epidemiological contributions. Here, we discuss the contributions of climate epidemiology and describe some key current research directions, including research to better characterize uncertainty in climate health projections. We end by outlining three developing areas of climate science that are creating opportunities for high-impact epidemiological advances in the near future: (1) climate attribution studies, (2) subseasonal to seasonal forecasts, and (3) decadal predictions.},
}

@article {pmid30875123,
year = {2019},
author = {Foster, S and Leichenko, R and Nguyen, KH and Blake, R and Kunreuther, H and Madajewicz, M and Petkova, EP and Zimmerman, R and Corbin-Mark, C and Yeampierre, E and Tovar, A and Herrera, C and Ravenborg, D},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 6: Community-Based Assessments of Adaptation and Equity.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {126-173},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14009},
pmid = {30875123},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; //New York City Emergency Management/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875122,
year = {2019},
author = {Solecki, W and Rosenzweig, C},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 9: Perspectives on a City in a Changing Climate 2008-2018.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {280-305},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14017},
pmid = {30875122},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//New York City Emergency Management/ ; //FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; //New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875120,
year = {2019},
author = {Gornitz, V and Oppenheimer, M and Kopp, R and Orton, P and Buchanan, M and Lin, N and Horton, R and Bader, D},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 3: Sea Level Rise.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {71-94},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14006},
pmid = {30875120},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; //New York City Office of Emergency Management/ ; //New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875118,
year = {2019},
author = {González, JE and Ortiz, L and Smith, BK and Devineni, N and Colle, B and Booth, JF and Ravindranath, A and Rivera, L and Horton, R and Towey, K and Kushnir, Y and Manley, D and Bader, D and Rosenzweig, C},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 2: New Methods for Assessing Extreme Temperatures, Heavy Downpours, and Drought.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {30-70},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14007},
pmid = {30875118},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; //New York City Office of Emergency Management/ ; //FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875117,
year = {2019},
author = {Blake, R and Jacob, K and Yohe, G and Zimmerman, R and Manley, D and Solecki, W and Rosenzweig, C},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 8: Indicators and Monitoring.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {230-279},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14014},
pmid = {30875117},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; //New York City Office of Emergency Management/ ; //New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875116,
year = {2019},
author = {},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report: Conclusions and Recommendations.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {306-311},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14032},
pmid = {30875116},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; //New York City Emergency Management/ ; //New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875114,
year = {2019},
author = {Zimmerman, R and Foster, S and González, JE and Jacob, K and Kunreuther, H and Petkova, EP and Tollerson, E},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 7: Resilience Strategies for Critical Infrastructures and Their Interdependencies.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {174-229},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14010},
pmid = {30875114},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//New York City Emergency Management/ ; //New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; //FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875112,
year = {2019},
author = {},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Executive Summary.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {11-21},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14008},
pmid = {30875112},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; //New York City Emergency Management/ ; //FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875111,
year = {2019},
author = {Patrick, L and Solecki, W and Gornitz, V and Orton, P and Blumberg, A},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 5: Mapping Climate Risk.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {115-125},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14015},
pmid = {30875111},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; //New York City Office of Emergency Management/ ; //New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30875110,
year = {2019},
author = {Rosenzweig, C and Solecki, W},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 1: Introduction.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {22-29},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14004},
pmid = {30875110},
issn = {1749-6632},
}

@article {pmid30875109,
year = {2019},
author = {Orton, P and Lin, N and Gornitz, V and Colle, B and Booth, J and Feng, K and Buchanan, M and Oppenheimer, M and Patrick, L},
title = {New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 4: Coastal Flooding.},
journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
volume = {1439},
number = {1},
pages = {95-114},
doi = {10.1111/nyas.14011},
pmid = {30875109},
issn = {1749-6632},
support = {//FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners Program/ ; //New York City Department of Environmental Protection/ ; //New York City Office of Emergency Management/ ; },
}

@article {pmid30873791,
year = {2018},
author = {Riojas-Rodríguez, H and Quezada-Jiménez, ML and Zúñiga-Bello, P and Hurtado-Díaz, M},
title = {Climate Change and Potential Health Effects in Mexican Children.},
journal = {Annals of global health},
volume = {84},
number = {2},
pages = {281-284},
doi = {10.29024/aogh.915},
pmid = {30873791},
issn = {2214-9996},
abstract = {Climate change (CC) is the most important challenge of our time, a long-term global problem and one of the most serious global threats to human health in the future. CC is the expression of changes in temperature and water cycle, floods and drought events, extreme heat waves and sea level rise. Children are particularly vulnerable because they are highly sensitive to climate changes. The main environmental hazards affecting children's health are poor household drinking water quality and availability, lack access to adequate sanitary facilities, poor hygiene practices, outdoor and indoor air pollution, vector-borne diseases, chemical hazards, and unintentional injuries. Except for some unintentional injuries, these environmental hazards are associated to CC.},
}

@article {pmid30873334,
year = {2019},
author = {Germond, B and Ha, FW},
title = {Climate change and maritime security narrative: the case of the international maritime organisation.},
journal = {Journal of environmental studies and sciences},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1007/s13412-018-0509-2},
pmid = {30873334},
issn = {2190-6483},
abstract = {Both climate change and maritime security are currently ranking high on states' and international organisations' political and governance agendas. However, academics and practitioners alike have hardly tackled the actual interlinkages and dependencies between the two issues. Taking the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a case study, this article pioneers the use of corpus linguistic method to unravel the nonexistence of a narrative linking climate change impacts and the occurrence of maritime criminality despite some connections in practice. However, direct narrative links between climate change and migration as well as migration and maritime security were found, which can point at an indirect link between climate change and maritime security. The article concludes on the implications of these findings for academics and practitioners alike. The latter are encouraged to reflect on their current narrative in a bid to contribute to a better acknowledgement of the existing links between the impacts of climate change on natural and human systems and aspects of maritime security.},
}

@article {pmid30872720,
year = {2019},
author = {Takemura, T and Suzuki, K},
title = {Weak global warming mitigation by reducing black carbon emissions.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {4419},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-41181-6},
pmid = {30872720},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {JP15H01728//MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/ ; TOUGOU program//Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)/ ; },
abstract = {Reducing black carbon (BC), i.e. soot, in the atmosphere is a potential mitigation measure for climate change before revealing the effect of reducing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) because BC with shorter lifetime than CO2 absorbs solar and infrared radiation. BC has a strong positive radiative forcing in the atmosphere, as indicated in many previous studies. Here, we show that the decline in surface air temperatures with reduced BC emissions is weaker than would be expected from the magnitude of its instantaneous radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Climate simulations show that the global mean change in surface air temperature per unit of instantaneous radiative forcing of BC at the TOA is about one-eighth that of sulphate aerosols, which cool the climate through scattering solar radiation, without absorption. This is attributed to the positive radiation budget of BC being largely compensated for by rapid atmospheric adjustment, whereas the radiative imbalance due to sulphate aerosols drives a slow response of climate over a long timescale. Regional climate responses to short-lived species are shown to exhibit even more complex characteristics due to their heterogeneous spatial distributions, requiring further analysis in future studies.},
}

@article {pmid30872300,
year = {2019},
author = {Whitehorn, J and Yacoub, S},
title = {Global warming and arboviral infections.},
journal = {Clinical medicine (London, England)},
volume = {19},
number = {2},
pages = {149-152},
doi = {10.7861/clinmedicine.19-2-149},
pmid = {30872300},
issn = {1473-4893},
abstract = {Climate change is already expanding the geographic footprint of arboviral infections. In this article we consider the impact of climate change on three arboviruses with particular consideration of the effect on Europe.},
}

@article {pmid30870674,
year = {2019},
author = {Baskent, EZ},
title = {Exploring the effects of climate change mitigation scenarios on timber, water, biodiversity and carbon values: A case study in Pozantı planning unit, Turkey.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {238},
number = {},
pages = {420-433},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.024},
pmid = {30870674},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {This study evaluated the performance of three climate change mitigation management scenarios; business as usual (BAU), low intensity management (LIM) and high intensity management (HIM) to provide ecosystem services. ETCAP simulation model was used to forecast forest development for Pozantı area with 17,603 ha forests in Turkey. Wood production, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration and water provision were the primary ecosystem services. The species composition, natural composition, key habitats and understory vegetation are maintained and small forest openings were left intact for wildlife. Some forest areas were allowed to develop older to provide better opportunities of biodiversity conservation. The increase of carbon stock was related to age class shifts to older stages due mainly to increasing afforestation areas and productivity. The marginal differences in total carbon balance were related to a smaller increase in volume increment in BAU scenario and a higher allocation of harvest to energy production for the LIM and HIM scenarios. The planning scenarios allowed better production of water runoffs with slight differences among the output of management scenarios. The prevailing variable was the areas of afforestation. The impacts of a forest management scenario on ecosystem services highly depend on the development rate and intensity of management interventions.},
}

@article {pmid30868238,
year = {2019},
author = {Mabhaudhi, T and Chimonyo, VGP and Hlahla, S and Massawe, F and Mayes, S and Nhamo, L and Modi, AT},
title = {Prospects of orphan crops in climate change.},
journal = {Planta},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00425-019-03129-y},
pmid = {30868238},
issn = {1432-2048},
support = {WRC K5/2717//Water Research Commission (WRC)/ ; K5/2493//Water Research Commission (WRC)/ ; Grant number - 205200/Z/16/Z//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {MAIN CONCLUSION: Orphan crops can contribute to building resilience of marginal cropping systems as a climate chnage adaptation strategy. Orphan crops play an important role in global food and nutrition security, and may have potential to contribute to sustainable food systems under climate change. Owing to reports of their potential under water scarcity, there is an argument to promote them to sustainably address challenges such as increasing drought and water scarcity, food and nutrition insecurity, environmental degradation, and employment creation under climate change. We conducted a scoping review using online databases to identify the prospects of orphan crops to contribute to (1) sustainable and healthy food systems, (2) genetic resources for future crop improvement, and (3) improving agricultural sustainability under climate change. The review found that, as a product of generations of landrace agriculture, several orphan crops are nutritious, resilient, and adapted to niche marginal agricultural environments. Including such orphan crops in the existing monocultural cropping systems could support more sustainable, nutritious, and diverse food systems in marginalised agricultural environments. Orphan crops also represent a broad gene pool for future crop improvement. The reduction in arable land due to climate change offers opportunities to expand the area under their production. Their suitability to marginal niche and low-input environments offers opportunities for low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from an agro-ecosystems, production, and processing perspective. This, together with their status as a sub-set of agro-biodiversity, offers opportunities to address socio-economic and environmental challenges under climate change. With research and development, and policy to support them, orphan crops could play an important role in climate-change adaptation, especially in the global south.},
}

@article {pmid30867993,
year = {2019},
author = {Sosa, V and Loera, I and Angulo, DF and Vásquez-Cruz, M and Gándara, E},
title = {Climate change and conservation in a warm North American desert: effect in shrubby plants.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e6572},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.6572},
pmid = {30867993},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Background: Deserts are biologically rich habitats with a vast array of animals and plants adapted to xeric conditions, and most deserts are among the planet's last remaining areas of total wilderness. Among North American deserts, the Chihuahuan Desert has the highest levels of diversity and endemism. To understand the effect of future climate change on plants distributed in this arid land and propose effective conservation planning, we focused on five endemic shrubby species that characterize the Chihuahuan Desert and used an integrative approach.

Methods: Ecological niche-based modeling, spatial genetics and ecological resistance analyses were carried out to identify the effect of global warming on the studied five shrubby species. Key areas that need to be preserved were identified taking into account the existing protected areas within the Chihuahuan Desert.

Results: The extent of future distribution will vary among these species, and on average expansion will occur in the western part of the Chihuahuan Desert. For most species low environmental resistance to gene flow was predicted, while higher future resistance was predicted for one species that would lead to increased population isolation. The highest haplotype diversity was identified in three hotspots. Based on future suitability of habitat and in the haplotype diversity we suggest preserving two hotspots of genetic diversity in the Sierra Madre Oriental, located in areas without protection. The third hotspot was detected in the well preserved Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Man and Biosphere Reserve.

Conclusion: Global climate change will have an effect in arid adapted plants, favoring expansion in the western of the Chihuahuan Desert however negatively affecting others with high ecological resistance disrupting gene flow. Two hotspots of genetic diversity in the Sierra Madre Oriental should be protected.},
}

@article {pmid30867474,
year = {2019},
author = {Barnard, PL and Erikson, LH and Foxgrover, AC and Hart, JAF and Limber, P and O'Neill, AC and van Ormondt, M and Vitousek, S and Wood, N and Hayden, MK and Jones, JM},
title = {Dynamic flood modeling essential to assess the coastal impacts of climate change.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {4309},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-40742-z},
pmid = {30867474},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Coastal inundation due to sea level rise (SLR) is projected to displace hundreds of millions of people worldwide over the next century, creating significant economic, humanitarian, and national-security challenges. However, the majority of previous efforts to characterize potential coastal impacts of climate change have focused primarily on long-term SLR with a static tide level, and have not comprehensively accounted for dynamic physical drivers such as tidal non-linearity, storms, short-term climate variability, erosion response and consequent flooding responses. Here we present a dynamic modeling approach that estimates climate-driven changes in flood-hazard exposure by integrating the effects of SLR, tides, waves, storms, and coastal change (i.e. beach erosion and cliff retreat). We show that for California, USA, the world's 5th largest economy, over $150 billion of property equating to more than 6% of the state's GDP and 600,000 people could be impacted by dynamic flooding by 2100; a three-fold increase in exposed population than if only SLR and a static coastline are considered. The potential for underestimating societal exposure to coastal flooding is greater for smaller SLR scenarios, up to a seven-fold increase in exposed population and economic interests when considering storm conditions in addition to SLR. These results highlight the importance of including climate-change driven dynamic coastal processes and impacts in both short-term hazard mitigation and long-term adaptation planning.},
}

@article {pmid30867437,
year = {2019},
author = {Pino, M and Abarzúa, AM and Astorga, G and Martel-Cea, A and Cossio-Montecinos, N and Navarro, RX and Lira, MP and Labarca, R and LeCompte, MA and Adedeji, V and Moore, CR and Bunch, TE and Mooney, C and Wolbach, WS and West, A and Kennett, JP},
title = {Sedimentary record from Patagonia, southern Chile supports cosmic-impact triggering of biomass burning, climate change, and megafaunal extinctions at 12.8 ka.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {4413},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-38089-y},
pmid = {30867437},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {1150738//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development)/ ; 1100555//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development)/ ; 3170958//Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development)/ ; },
abstract = {The Younger Dryas (YD) impact hypothesis posits that fragments of a large, disintegrating asteroid/comet struck North America, South America, Europe, and western Asia ~12,800 years ago. Multiple airbursts/impacts produced the YD boundary layer (YDB), depositing peak concentrations of platinum, high-temperature spherules, meltglass, and nanodiamonds, forming an isochronous datum at >50 sites across ~50 million km² of Earth's surface. This proposed event triggered extensive biomass burning, brief impact winter, YD climate change, and contributed to extinctions of late Pleistocene megafauna. In the most extensive investigation south of the equator, we report on a ~12,800-year-old sequence at Pilauco, Chile (~40°S), that exhibits peak YD boundary concentrations of platinum, gold, high-temperature iron- and chromium-rich spherules, and native iron particles rarely found in nature. A major peak in charcoal abundance marks an intense biomass-burning episode, synchronous with dramatic changes in vegetation, including a high-disturbance regime, seasonality in precipitation, and warmer conditions. This is anti-phased with northern-hemispheric cooling at the YD onset, whose rapidity suggests atmospheric linkage. The sudden disappearance of megafaunal remains and dung fungi in the YDB layer at Pilauco correlates with megafaunal extinctions across the Americas. The Pilauco record appears consistent with YDB impact evidence found at sites on four continents.},
}

@article {pmid30866725,
year = {2019},
author = {Peek, B},
title = {groundWork Environmental Justice Action Climate Change Letter to South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, December 2018.},
journal = {New solutions : a journal of environmental and occupational health policy : NS},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1048291119835446},
doi = {10.1177/1048291119835446},
pmid = {30866725},
issn = {1541-3772},
abstract = {groundWork is one of South Africa's leading environmental justice organizations and the local affiliate of Friend of the Earth. It was formed in 1999 to support people's struggles for environmental justice. In the most unequal of countries, groundWork is part of the struggle for an egalitarian society in which people can live well with each other and with the earth. The following letter was sent to South African President Cyril Ramaphosa in December 2018 urging him to take a Just Transition approach to climate change policies so that the economic and social transition eliminates poverty, improves public health, and strengthens the nation's democracy.},
}

@article {pmid30865494,
year = {2019},
author = {Greenberg, MR},
title = {A Persuasive Presentation Connecting the Dots Between Climate Change and Public Health.},
journal = {American journal of public health},
volume = {109},
number = {4},
pages = {527-529},
doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2019.304989},
pmid = {30865494},
issn = {1541-0048},
}

@article {pmid30864071,
year = {2019},
author = {Veldsman, LM and Kylin, H and Bronkhorst, P and Engelbrecht, I and Bouwman, H},
title = {A method to determine the combined effects of climate change (temperature and humidity) and eggshell thickness on water loss from bird eggs.},
journal = {Environmental geochemistry and health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10653-019-00274-x},
pmid = {30864071},
issn = {1573-2983},
support = {General funds//North-West University/ ; },
abstract = {Differences in bird eggshell thicknesses occur due to numerous factors, including thinning due to persistent organic pollutants. Not only does thinning weaken the shell; weaker shells combined with elevated ambient temperature and changes in humidities may result in changes in water loss rates from the egg contents. Therefore, thinner eggshells raise concern of water being lost faster than normal at lower relative humidities, which may affect hatching. To investigate the combined effects, we developed and tested an effective method that measures water loss through different thickness eggshells at controlled temperatures and relative humidities to assist in ascertaining the combined effects of climate change (temperature and humidity) and changes in eggshell thickness on bird reproduction. The fastest rate of loss was at 40% RH at 40 °C (0.1 mL/cm2/day), and the slowest was at 22 °C at 80% RH (0.02 mL/cm2/day). Eggshell thickness had a significant effect on water loss at all humidity treatments, except at the highest temperature and humidity treatment (80% RH and 40 °C). Temperature explained 40% of the variance, RH explained 20%, and interactions between temperature and humidity explained 15% of the variance (repeated-measures, two-way ANOVA). Generalized linear analyses revealed that both factors temperature and humidity contributed significantly in any two-way combinations. We have laid the ground for a system to test the combined effects of temperature and humidity changes associated with climate change and eggshell thinning associated with pollutants, on water loss across eggshells.},
}

@article {pmid30863672,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, CJ and Li, QF and Wan, JZ},
title = {Potential invasive plant expansion in global ecoregions under climate change.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e6479},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.6479},
pmid = {30863672},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Climate change is increasing the risk of invasive plant expansion worldwide. However, few studies have specified the relationship between invasive plant expansion and ecoregions at the global scale under climate change. To address this gap, we provide risk maps highlighting the response of invasive plant species (IPS), with a focus on terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions to climate change, and further explore the climatic features of ecosystems with a high potential for invasive plant expansion under climate change. We use species distribution modelling to predict the suitable habitats of IPS with records at the global scale. Hotspots with a potential risk of IPS (such as aquatic plants, trees, and herbs) expanding in global ecoregions were distributed in Northern Europe, the UK, South America, North America, southwest China, and New Zealand. Temperature changes were related to the potential of IPS expansion in global ecoregions under climate change. Coastal and high latitude ecoregions, such as temperate forests, alpine vegetation, and coastal rivers, were severely infiltrated by IPS under climate change. Monitoring strategies should be defined for climate change for IPS, particularly for aquatic plants, trees, and herbs in the biomes of regions with coastal or high latitudes. The role of climate change on the potential for IPS expansion should be taken into consideration for biological conservation and risk evaluation of IPS at ecoregional scales.},
}

@article {pmid30863509,
year = {2019},
author = {Nyahunda, L and Tirivangasi, HM},
title = {Challenges faced by rural people in mitigating the effects of climate change in the Mazungunye communal lands, Zimbabwe.},
journal = {Jamba (Potchefstroom, South Africa)},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {596},
doi = {10.4102/jamba.v11i1.596},
pmid = {30863509},
issn = {1996-1421},
abstract = {The phenomenon of climate change is one of the most contested and debated concepts globally. Some governments still deny the existence of climate change and its impact on rural-urban areas around the world. However, the effects of climate change have been visible in rural Zimbabwe, with some communities facing food insecurity, water scarcity and loss of livestock. Climate change has impacted negatively on agriculture, which is the main source of livelihood in Zimbabwe's rural communities. This study aims at exploring challenges faced by rural people in mitigating the effects of climate change in the Mazungunye community, Masvingo Province, in Zimbabwe. The objectives of the study were to identify the challenges that impede effective adaptation of rural people to climate change hazards and to examine their perceptions on how to foster effective adaptation. The researchers conducted a qualitative research study guided by descriptive and exploratory research designs. Purposive sampling was employed to draw the population of the study. The population sample consisted of 26 research participants drawn from members of the community. Data was collected through in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data. The findings of the study revealed the following challenges: unpredictability of indigenous knowledge systems, lack of resources and technoscience adaptive methods, lack of support to implement viable mitigation strategies, lack of information about resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change. This study has significance to policymakers and other stakeholders concerned with devising and implementing policies and programmes that are responsive to rural people's needs in the climate change terrain, tapping into their presenting challenges as a departure point for intervention. The study recommended that the most important way to help rural poor people adapt to climate change is through the provision of information; immediate response to needs and climate-smart agricultural policies.},
}

@article {pmid30863507,
year = {2019},
author = {Mondal, MSH},
title = {The implications of population growth and climate change on sustainable development in Bangladesh.},
journal = {Jamba (Potchefstroom, South Africa)},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {535},
doi = {10.4102/jamba.v11i1.535},
pmid = {30863507},
issn = {1996-1421},
abstract = {Bangladesh is characterised by its large population on a small land, rapid and unplanned urbanisation, rising urban inequalities, food and nutritional insecurity and lower level of resilience to climate change. These combined effects are major threats to food security of the country in the near future. This paper examined the implications of population growth and climate change on sustainable development of Bangladesh. This research was based on the analysis of chronological data and synthesis of literature on population growth, greenhouse gases emission, climate change, food security and sustainable development, mainly contextualised on Bangladesh. The analysis found that the population of Bangladesh has almost doubled between 1980 and 2015. The country shared around 2.2% (in 2013) of global population and contributed only 0.19% of global carbon dioxide emission. On the contrary, climate change is the biggest challenge for the country. An increase in temperature could decline rice and wheat production. Moreover, average monsoon rainfall would be increased as a result of increased temperature. The increase in temperature and rainfall may lead to early arrival and late departure of the monsoon season or an increase in mean daily rainfall intensity. Population growth and climate change have multiple implications on development. Therefore, sustainable development may be difficult to attain if climate change continues to jeopardise economic growth, environmental stability as well as the social progress of Bangladesh.},
}

@article {pmid30862928,
year = {2019},
author = {Mega, ER},
title = {Cuba acknowledges climate change threats in its constitution.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {567},
number = {7747},
pages = {155},
doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-00760-3},
pmid = {30862928},
issn = {1476-4687},
}

@article {pmid30862793,
year = {2019},
author = {Valenzuela, N and Literman, R and Neuwald, JL and Mizoguchi, B and Iverson, JB and Riley, JL and Litzgus, JD},
title = {Extreme thermal fluctuations from climate change unexpectedly accelerate demographic collapse of vertebrates with temperature-dependent sex determination.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {4254},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-40597-4},
pmid = {30862793},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {IOS-0743284//NSF | BIO | Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (IOS)/ ; IOS-1555999//NSF | BIO | Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (IOS)/ ; MCB-0815354//NSF | BIO | Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (MCB)/ ; MCB-1244355//NSF | BIO | Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (MCB)/ ; },
abstract = {Global climate is warming rapidly, threatening vertebrates with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) by disrupting sex ratios and other traits. Less understood are the effects of increased thermal fluctuations predicted to accompany climate change. Greater fluctuations could accelerate feminization of species that produce females under warmer conditions (further endangering TSD animals), or counter it (reducing extinction risk). Here we use novel experiments exposing eggs of Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta) to replicated profiles recorded in field nests plus mathematically-modified profiles of similar shape but wider oscillations, and develop a new mathematical model for analysis. We show that broadening fluctuations around naturally male-producing (cooler) profiles feminizes developing embryos, whereas embryos from warmer profiles remain female or die. This occurs presumably because wider oscillations around cooler profiles expose embryos to very low temperatures that inhibit development, and to feminizing temperatures where most embryogenesis accrues. Likewise, embryos incubated under broader fluctuations around warmer profiles experience mostly feminizing temperatures, some dangerously high (which increase mortality), and fewer colder values that are insufficient to induce male development. Therefore, as thermal fluctuations escalate with global warming, the feminization of TSD turtle populations could accelerate, facilitating extinction by demographic collapse. Aggressive global CO2 mitigation scenarios (RCP2.6) could prevent these risks, while intermediate actions (RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 scenarios) yield moderate feminization, highlighting the peril that insufficient reductions of greenhouse gas emissions pose for TSD taxa. If our findings are generalizable, TSD squamates, tuatara, and crocodilians that produce males at warmer temperatures could suffer accelerated masculinization, underscoring the broad taxonomic threats of climate change.},
}

@article {pmid30861112,
year = {2019},
author = {Hu, J and Huang, Y and Jiang, J and Guisan, A},
title = {Genetic diversity in frogs linked to past and future climate change on the roof of the world.},
journal = {The Journal of animal ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.12974},
pmid = {30861112},
issn = {1365-2656},
abstract = {Mountains, representing storehouses of biodiversity, endemism, and threatened species, are biodiversity hotspots of great conservation importance. However, increasing evidence indicates that mountain species throughout the world are responding to climate change, past or contemporary, by shifting their geographic distributions and patterns of genetic diversity, potentially affecting their adaptive capacity and increasing risk of extinction. Using the iconic high-elevation frog Nanorana parkeri as indicator, we showed how spatial analyses of climatic stability combined with genetic data allow unravelling amphibian responses to past and future climate changes on 'the roof of the world'-the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We found that areas along the Yarlung Tsangpo Valley were climatically more stable relative to other regions, apparently serving as a large climatic refugium during Quaternary glaciations, but that these areas will likely be affected by future climate change. As populations closer to Quaternary refugia usually had higher genetic diversity, current genetic diversity can be explained in the largest part by distance to historically stable areas, outweighing other historical and contemporary factors. Along with the dynamics of suitable range, a fluctuating habitat fragmentation supported the pattern of historical changes in genetic diversity (Ne) over time. Our results emphasize strong relationships between amphibian genetic diversity, past range dynamics, and where to preserve suitable habitats in the face of future climate changes. More generally, our findings highlighted a central role of refugia during Quaternary climatic fluctuations, and how isolation from refugia may have modulated amphibian genetic diversity across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid30858310,
year = {2019},
author = {Davis, KT and Dobrowski, SZ and Higuera, PE and Holden, ZA and Veblen, TT and Rother, MT and Parks, SA and Sala, A and Maneta, MP},
title = {Wildfires and climate change push low-elevation forests across a critical climate threshold for tree regeneration.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1815107116},
pmid = {30858310},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Climate change is increasing fire activity in the western United States, which has the potential to accelerate climate-induced shifts in vegetation communities. Wildfire can catalyze vegetation change by killing adult trees that could otherwise persist in climate conditions no longer suitable for seedling establishment and survival. Recently documented declines in postfire conifer recruitment in the western United States may be an example of this phenomenon. However, the role of annual climate variation and its interaction with long-term climate trends in driving these changes is poorly resolved. Here we examine the relationship between annual climate and postfire tree regeneration of two dominant, low-elevation conifers (ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir) using annually resolved establishment dates from 2,935 destructively sampled trees from 33 wildfires across four regions in the western United States. We show that regeneration had a nonlinear response to annual climate conditions, with distinct thresholds for recruitment based on vapor pressure deficit, soil moisture, and maximum surface temperature. At dry sites across our study region, seasonal to annual climate conditions over the past 20 years have crossed these thresholds, such that conditions have become increasingly unsuitable for regeneration. High fire severity and low seed availability further reduced the probability of postfire regeneration. Together, our results demonstrate that climate change combined with high severity fire is leading to increasingly fewer opportunities for seedlings to establish after wildfires and may lead to ecosystem transitions in low-elevation ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests across the western United States.},
}

@article {pmid30858188,
year = {2019},
author = {Mercer, C},
title = {Medical students call for more education on climate change.},
journal = {CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne},
volume = {191},
number = {10},
pages = {E291-E292},
doi = {10.1503/cmaj.109-5717},
pmid = {30858188},
issn = {1488-2329},
}

@article {pmid30856572,
year = {2019},
author = {Fang, X and Guo, X and Zhang, C and Shao, H and Zhu, S and Li, Z and Feng, X and He, B},
title = {Contributions of climate change to the terrestrial carbon stock of the arid region of China: A multi-dataset analysis.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {668},
number = {},
pages = {631-644},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.408},
pmid = {30856572},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Dryland ecosystems have been threatened in recent decades by rapid climate change. However, the effects of climate change and rising CO2 levels on the terrestrial carbon stock of the arid region of China remain unclear. In this study, we used three climate reanalysis datasets to drive an arid ecosystem model (AEM), which we used to assess uncertainties in spatial climate datasets. All simulations suggest that the arid region of China acted as a carbon sink (0.20-0.34 Pg C) from 1980 to 2014. However, we found large uncertainties in the spatial pattern of carbon stocks during this period, especially in northern Xinjiang and western Inner Mongolia. These uncertainties are related to changes in precipitation. To reduce the uncertainty of carbon stock assessment results in the arid region of China, efforts should be implemented to improve the reliability of climate data in northern Xinjiang and western Inner Mongolia. Specifically, China's policy makers should pay close attention to climate change and ecosystem health in southwestern Xinjiang. According to our study, this area experienced significant decreases in precipitation and increases in temperature from 1980 to 2014. The severe ecosystem degradation that occurred will very likely continue into the future. In addition, the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) dataset may overestimate ecosystem carbon sinks as this dataset overestimates the increase in precipitation in the arid region of China. Therefore, it is advisable to be cautious when using the CFSR dataset in ecological studies in northern Eurasian dryland areas.},
}

@article {pmid30853924,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, S and Hurlstone, MJ and Leviston, Z and Walker, I and Lawrence, C},
title = {Climate Change From a Distance: An Analysis of Construal Level and Psychological Distance From Climate Change.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {230},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00230},
pmid = {30853924},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {The public perception of climate change as abstract and distant may undermine climate action. According to construal level theory, whether a phenomenon is perceived as psychologically distant or close is associated with whether it is construed as abstract or concrete, respectively. Previous work has established a link between psychological distance and climate action, but the associated role of construal level has yet to be explored in depth. In two representative surveys of Australians (N = 217 and N = 216), and one experiment (N = 319), we tested whether construal level and psychological distance from climate change predicted pro-environmental intentions and policy support, and whether manipulating distance and construal increased pro-environmental behaviors such as donations. Results showed that psychological closeness to climate change predicted more engagement in pro-environmental behaviors, while construal level produced inconsistent results, and manipulations of both variables failed to produce increases in pro-environmental behaviors. In contrast with the central tenet of construal level theory, construal level was unrelated to psychological distance in all three studies. Our findings suggest that the hypothesized relationship between construal level and psychological distance may not hold in the context of climate change, and that it may be difficult to change pro-environmental behavior by manipulating these variables.},
}

@article {pmid30852437,
year = {2019},
author = {Adhikari, K and Owens, PR and Libohova, Z and Miller, DM and Wills, SA and Nemecek, J},
title = {Assessing soil organic carbon stock of Wisconsin, USA and its fate under future land use and climate change.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {667},
number = {},
pages = {833-845},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.420},
pmid = {30852437},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Carbon stored in soils contributes to a variety of soil functions, including biomass production, water storage and filtering, biodiversity maintenance, and many other ecosystem services. Understanding soil organic carbon (SOC) spatial distribution and projection of its future condition is essential for future CO2 emission estimates and management options for storing carbon. However, modeling SOC spatiotemporal dynamics is challenging due to the inherent spatial heterogeneity and data limitation. The present study developed a spatially explicit prediction model in which the spatial relationship between SOC observation and seventeen environmental variables was established using the Cubist regression tree algorithm. The model was used to compile a baseline SOC stock map for the top 30 cm soil depth in the State of Wisconsin (WI) at a 90 m × 90 m grid resolution. Temporal SOC trend was assessed by comparing baseline and future SOC stock maps based on the space-for-time substitution model. SOC prediction for future considers land use, precipitation and temperature for the year 2050 at medium (A1B) CO2 emissions scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Field soil observations were related to factors that are known to influence SOC distribution using the digital soil mapping framework. The model was validated on 25% test profiles (R2: 0.38; RMSE: 0.64; ME: -0.03) that were not used during model training that used the remaining 75% of the data (R2: 0.76; RMSE: 0.40; ME: -0.006). In addition, maps of the model error, and areal extent of Cubist prediction rules were reported. The model identified soil parent material and land use as key drivers of SOC distribution including temperature and precipitation. Among the terrain attributes, elevation, mass-balance index, mid-slope position, slope-length factor and wind effect were important. Results showed that Wisconsin soils had an average baseline SOC stock of 90 Mg ha-1 and the distribution was highly variable (CV: 64%). It was estimated that WI soils would have an additional 20 Mg ha-1 SOC by the year 2050 under changing land use and climate. Histosols and Spodosols were expected to lose 19 Mg ha-1 and 4 Mg ha-1, respectively, while Mollisols were expected to accumulate the largest SOC stock (62 Mg ha-1). All land-use types would be accumulating SOC by 2050 except for wetlands (-34 Mg C ha-1). This study found that Wisconsin soils will continue to sequester more carbon in the coming decades and most of the Driftless Area will be sequestering the greatest SOC (+63 Mg C ha-1). Most of the SOC would be lost from the Northern Lakes and Forests ecological zone (-12 Mg C ha-1). The study highlighted areas of potential C sequestration and areas under threat of C loss. The maps generated in this study would be highly useful in farm management and environmental policy decisions at different spatial levels in Wisconsin.},
}

@article {pmid30852195,
year = {2019},
author = {Novak, T and Godrijan, J and Pfannkuchen, DM and Djakovac, T and Medić, N and Ivančić, I and Mlakar, M and Gašparović, B},
title = {Global warming and oligotrophication lead to increased lipid production in marine phytoplankton.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {668},
number = {},
pages = {171-183},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.372},
pmid = {30852195},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Earth temperature is rising and oligotrophication is becoming apparent even in coastal seas. In this changing environment, phytoplankton use carbon and nutrients to form important biomolecules, including lipids. However, the link between lipid production and changing environment is still unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the phytoplankton lipid production in the diatom Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus cultures under controlled temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C and nutrient regimes mimicking oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions. Results were compared to plankton community's lipid production in the northern Adriatic at two stations considered as oligotrophic and mesotrophic during an annual monthly sampling. In order to gain detailed information on the investigated system, we supplemented lipid data with chlorophyll a concentrations, phytoplankton taxonomy, cell abundances and nutrient concentration along with hydrographic parameters. We found enhanced particulate lipid production at higher temperatures, and substantially higher lipid production in oligotrophic conditions. Enhanced lipid production has two opposing roles in carbon sequestration; it can act as a retainer or a sinker. Lipid remodeling, including change in ratio of phospholipids and glycolipids, is more affected by the nutrient status, than the temperature increase. Triacylglycerol accumulation was observed under the nitrogen starvation.},
}

@article {pmid30850880,
year = {2019},
author = {Rahman, HMT and Hickey, GM},
title = {Assessing Institutional Responses to Climate Change Impacts in the North-Eastern Floodplains of Bangladesh.},
journal = {Environmental management},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00267-019-01155-w},
pmid = {30850880},
issn = {1432-1009},
abstract = {Bangladesh encounters diverse climate change impacts at different scales, which can severely affect rural communities and livelihoods. In response, the government of Bangladesh has initiated a number of institutional interventions through development plans to better support sustainable adaptation. There have, however, been relatively few assessments of how these interventions have impacted sustainable local adaptation. Focusing on the highly climate-affected north-eastern floodplain region of Bangladesh, this paper presents the results of a literature synthesis supported by primary field data to identify how existing policy barriers can threaten institutional responses to climate change impacts, while institutional rigidity and the non-inclusiveness of bureaucratic polity work to undermine efficiency, effectiveness, and equitability-some important considerations for sustainable adaptation. Our results point toward the need for public policy to better enable broader public participation in the design, implementation, and evaluation of adaptation plans.},
}

@article {pmid30848903,
year = {2019},
author = {Henry, CL and Pratson, LF},
title = {Differentiating the Effects of Climate Change-Induced Temperature and Streamflow Changes on the Vulnerability of Once-through Thermoelectric Power Plants.},
journal = {Environmental science & technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.est.8b05718},
pmid = {30848903},
issn = {1520-5851},
abstract = {Thermoelectric power plants with once-through cooling systems generated 35% (~300 GW) of U.S. electricity in 2016. Factors that reduce once-through cooling capacity and thus power output are environmental regulations, warming surface waters, and drought. The latter two may become more frequent as global climate changes. Previous research indicates that reduction in power plant capacity caused by environmental regulations can be significant, while that by surface water warming minor. Here, we address the effect of droughts on power output, which until now has remained conflated with temperature impacts. We do this using a widely-used electricity generation model alongside hourly operational and meteorological data for 52 once-through plants located across the U.S. The effect of drought on plant output is examined for different water-availability and temperature scenarios, with and without regulations on plant water discharge. We find that if surface waters warm 3 °C and river discharges drop 20%, droughts would account for ≤20% of total capacity reduction depending on the plant, warming surface waters ≤2.3%, and environmental regulations up to 80%. This suggests that maintaining environmental regulations will require the continued conversion of plant cooling systems from once-through to recirculating, and mitigating climate impacts will require more stringent drought-specific watershed management.},
}

@article {pmid30847111,
year = {2019},
author = {Walsh, ES and Vierling, KT and Strand, E and Bartowitz, K and Hudiburg, TW},
title = {Climate change, woodpeckers, and forests: Current trends and future modeling needs.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {2305-2319},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.4876},
pmid = {30847111},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {The structure and composition of forest ecosystems are expected to shift with climate-induced changes in precipitation, temperature, fire, carbon mitigation strategies, and biological disturbance. These factors are likely to have biodiversity implications. However, climate-driven forest ecosystem models used to predict changes to forest structure and composition are not coupled to models used to predict changes to biodiversity. We proposed integrating woodpecker response (biodiversity indicator) with forest ecosystem models. Woodpeckers are a good indicator species of forest ecosystem dynamics, because they are ecologically constrained by landscape-scale forest components, such as composition, structure, disturbance regimes, and management activities. In addition, they are correlated with forest avifauna community diversity. In this study, we explore integrating woodpecker and forest ecosystem climate models. We review climate-woodpecker models and compare the predicted responses to observed climate-induced changes. We identify inconsistencies between observed and predicted responses, explore the modeling causes, and identify the models pertinent to integration that address the inconsistencies. We found that predictions in the short term are not in agreement with observed trends for 7 of 15 evaluated species. Because niche constraints associated with woodpeckers are a result of complex interactions between climate, vegetation, and disturbance, we hypothesize that the lack of adequate representation of these processes in the current broad-scale climate-woodpecker models results in model-data mismatch. As a first step toward improvement, we suggest a conceptual model of climate-woodpecker-forest modeling for integration. The integration model provides climate-driven forest ecosystem modeling with a measure of biodiversity while retaining the feedback between climate and vegetation in woodpecker climate change modeling.},
}

@article {pmid30847100,
year = {2019},
author = {Yi, F and Wang, Z and Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM and Ye, R and Sun, H and Zhang, Y and Ye, X and Liu, G and Yang, X and Huang, Z},
title = {Seed germination responses to seasonal temperature and drought stress are species-specific but not related to seed size in a desert steppe: Implications for effect of climate change on community structure.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {2149-2159},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.4909},
pmid = {30847100},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Investigating how seed germination of multiple species in an ecosystem responds to environmental conditions is crucial for understanding the mechanisms for community structure and biodiversity maintenance. However, knowledge of seed germination response of species to environmental conditions is still scarce at the community level. We hypothesized that responses of seed germination to environmental conditions differ among species at the community level, and that germination response is not correlated with seed size. To test this hypothesis, we determined the response of seed germination of 20 common species in the Siziwang Desert Steppe, China, to seasonal temperature regimes (representing April, May, June, and July) and drought stress (0, -0.003, -0.027, -0.155, and -0.87 MPa). Seed germination percentage increased with increasing temperature regime, but Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum, Artemisia annua, Artemisia mongolica,Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia sieversiana, Bassia dasyphylla, Kochia prastrata, and Neopallasia pectinata germinated to >60% in the lowest temperature regime (April). Germination decreased with increasing water stress, but Allium ramosum, Artemisia annua, Artemisia scoparia, Bassia dasyphylla, Heteropappus altaicus, Kochia prastrata, Neopallasia pectinata, and Potentilla tanacetifolia germinated to near 60% at -0.87 MPa. Among these eight species, germination of six was tolerant to both temperature and water stress. Mean germination percentage in the four temperature regimes and the five water potentials was not significantly correlated with seed mass or seed area, which were highly correlated. Our results suggest that the species-specific germination responses to environmental conditions are important in structuring the desert steppe community and have implications for predicting community structure under climate change. Thus, the predicted warmer and dryer climate will favor germination of drought-tolerant species, resulting in altered proportions of germinants of different species and subsequently change in community composition of the desert steppe.},
}

@article {pmid30847064,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, Y and Clauzel, C and Li, J and Xue, Y and Zhang, Y and Wu, G and Giraudoux, P and Li, L and Li, D},
title = {Identifying refugia and corridors under climate change conditions for the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Hubei Province, China.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {1680-1690},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.4815},
pmid = {30847064},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Using a case study of an isolated management unit of Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), we assess the extent that climate change will impact the species' habitat distribution in the current period and projected into the 2050s. We identify refugia that could maintain the population under climate change and determine dispersal paths for movement of the population to future suitable habitats. Hubei Province, China. We identified climate refugia and potential movements by integrating bioclimatic models with circuit theory and least-cost model for the current period (1960-1990) and the 2050s (2041-2060). We coupled a maximum entropy algorithm to predict suitable habitat for the current and projected future periods. Suitable habitat areas that were identified during both time periods and that also satisfied home range and dispersal distance conditions were delineated as refugia. We mapped potential movements measured as current flow and linked current and future habitats using least-cost corridors. Our results indicate up to 1,119 km2 of currently suitable habitat within the study range. Based on our projections, a habitat loss of 67.2% due to climate change may occur by the 2050s, resulting in a reduced suitable habitat area of 406 km2 and very little new habitat. The refugia areas amounted to 286 km2 and were located in Shennongjia National Park and Badong Natural Reserve. Several connecting corridors between the current and future habitats, which are important for potential movements, were identified. Our assessment of the species predicted a trajectory of habitat loss following anticipated future climate change. We believe conservation efforts should focus on refugia and corridors when planning for future species management. This study will assist conservationists in determining high-priority regions for effective maintenance of the endangered population under climate change and will encourage increased habitat connectivity.},
}

@article {pmid30847059,
year = {2019},
author = {Liles, MJ and Peterson, TR and Seminoff, JA and Gaos, AR and Altamirano, E and Henríquez, AV and Gadea, V and Chavarría, S and Urteaga, J and Wallace, BP and Peterson, MJ},
title = {Potential limitations of behavioral plasticity and the role of egg relocation in climate change mitigation for a thermally sensitive endangered species.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {1603-1622},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.4774},
pmid = {30847059},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change is widely considered a major threat to global biodiversity, such that the ability of a species to adapt will determine its likelihood of survival. Egg-burying reptiles that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, such as critically endangered hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), are particularly vulnerable to changes in thermal regimes because nest temperatures affect offspring sex, fitness, and survival. It is unclear whether hawksbills possess sufficient behavioral plasticity of nesting traits (i.e., redistribution of nesting range, shift in nesting phenology, changes in nest-site selection, and adjustment of nest depth) to persist within their climatic niche or whether accelerated changes in thermal conditions of nesting beaches will outpace phenotypic adaption and require human intervention. For these reasons, we estimated sex ratios and physical condition of hatchling hawksbills under natural and manipulated conditions and generated and analyzed thermal profiles of hawksbill nest environments within highly threatened mangrove ecosystems at Bahía de Jiquilisco, El Salvador, and Estero Padre Ramos, Nicaragua. Hawksbill clutches protected in situ at both sites incubated at higher temperatures, yielded lower hatching success, produced a higher percentage of female hatchlings, and produced less fit offspring than clutches relocated to hatcheries. We detected cooler sand temperatures in woody vegetation (i.e., coastal forest and small-scale plantations of fruit trees) and hatcheries than in other monitored nest environments, with higher temperatures at the deeper depth. Our findings indicate that mangrove ecosystems present a number of biophysical (e.g., insular nesting beaches and shallow water table) and human-induced (e.g., physical barriers and deforestation) constraints that, when coupled with the unique life history of hawksbills in this region, may limit behavioral compensatory responses by the species to projected temperature increases at nesting beaches. We contend that egg relocation can contribute significantly to recovery efforts in a changing climate under appropriate circumstances.},
}

@article {pmid30846753,
year = {2019},
author = {Haszpra, T and Herein, M},
title = {Ensemble-based analysis of the pollutant spreading intensity induced by climate change.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {3896},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-40451-7},
pmid = {30846753},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The intensity of the atmospheric large-scale spreading can be characterized by a measure of chaotic systems, called topological entropy. A pollutant cloud stretches in an exponential manner in time, and in the atmospheric context the topological entropy corresponds to the stretching rate of its length. To explore the plethora of possible climate evolutions, we investigate here pollutant spreading in climate realizations of two climate models to learn what the typical spreading behavior is over a climate change. An overall decrease in the areal mean of the stretching rate is found to be typical in the ensembles of both climate models. This results in larger pollutant concentrations for several geographical regions implying higher environmental risk. A strong correlation is found between the time series of the ensemble mean values of the stretching rate and of the absolute value of the relative vorticity. Here we show that, based on the obtained relationship, the typical intensity of the spreading in an arbitrary climate realization can be estimated by using only the ensemble means of the relative vorticity data of a climate model.},
}

@article {pmid30843528,
year = {2019},
author = {Saracci, R},
title = {[Reflections on time. From the clinic to climate change.].},
journal = {Recenti progressi in medicina},
volume = {110},
number = {2},
pages = {61-62},
doi = {10.1701/3112.30998},
pmid = {30843528},
issn = {2038-1840},
abstract = {The often heard 'time is money' formula is today generally applied to all human activities: it implies that a gain in time is a gain in money, with the consequence of introducing a generalized pressure to minimize the execution time of all and every human operation. There are however processes that are just destroyed when their execution speed becomes faster and faster: any music piece, whose time structure is essential, is a prototype of these phenomena. Two apparently remote phenomena as the doctor-patient interaction and the control of global climatic change belong for different reasons to the same category of phenomena the priority of which cannot be derived using the 'time is money' formula but requires - before any accounting calculation - considering their intrinsic value for health and medicine.},
}

@article {pmid30843297,
year = {2019},
author = {Wiens, JJ and Camacho, A and Goldberg, A and Jezkova, T and Kaplan, ME and Lambert, SM and Miller, EC and Streicher, JW and Walls, RL},
title = {Climate-change, extinction, and Sky Island biogeography in a montane lizard.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15073},
pmid = {30843297},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {Around the world, many species are confined to "Sky Islands," with different populations in isolated patches of montane habitat. How does this pattern arise? One scenario is that montane species were widespread in lowlands when climates were cooler, and were isolated by local extinction caused by warming conditions. This scenario implies that many montane species may be highly susceptible to anthropogenic warming. Here, we test this scenario in a montane lizard (Sceloporus jarrovii) from the Madrean Sky Islands of southeastern Arizona. We combined data from field surveys, climate, population genomics, and physiology. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that this species' current distribution is explained by local extinction caused by past climate change. However, our results for this species differ from simple expectations in several ways: (1) their absence at lower elevations is related to warm winter temperatures, not hot summer temperatures; (2) they appear to exclude a low-elevation congener from higher elevations, not the converse; (3) they are apparently absent from many climatically suitable but low mountain ranges, seemingly "pushed off the top" by climates even warmer than those today; (4) despite the potential for dispersal among ranges during recent glacial periods (~18,000 years ago), populations in different ranges diverged ~4.5-0.5 million years ago and remained largely distinct; and (5) body temperatures are inversely related to climatic temperatures among sites. These results may have implications for many other Sky Island systems. More broadly, we suggest that Sky Island species may be relevant for predicting responses to future warming. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid30842886,
year = {2019},
author = {Davis, BE and Cocherell, DE and Sommer, T and Baxter, RD and Hung, TC and Todgham, AE and Fangue, NA},
title = {Sensitivities of an endemic, endangered California smelt and two non-native fishes to serial increases in temperature and salinity: implications for shifting community structure with climate change.},
journal = {Conservation physiology},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {coy076},
doi = {10.1093/conphys/coy076},
pmid = {30842886},
issn = {2051-1434},
abstract = {In many aquatic systems, native fishes are in decline and the factors responsible are often elusive. In the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) in California, interactions among native and non-native species are key factors contributing to the decline in abundance of endemic, endangered Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). Climate change and drought-related stressors are further exacerbating declines. To assess how multiple environmental changes affect the physiology of native Delta Smelt and non-native Mississippi Silverside (Menidia beryllina) and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), fishes were exposed to serial exposures of a single stressor (elevated temperature or salinity) followed by two stressors (elevated temperature and salinity) to determine how a single stressor affects the capacity to cope with the addition of a second stressor. Critical thermal maximum (CTMax; a measure of upper temperature tolerance) was determined after 0, 2, 4 and 7 days following single and multiple stressors of elevated temperature (16°C vs. 20°C) and salinity (2.4 vs. 8-12 ppt, depending on species). Under control conditions, non-native fishes had significantly higher CTMax than the native Delta Smelt. An initial temperature or salinity stressor did not negatively affect the ability of any species to tolerate a subsequent multiple stressor. While elevated salinity had little effect on CTMax, a 4°C increase in temperature increased CTMax. Bass experienced an additive effect of increased temperature and salinity on CTMax, such that CTMax further increased under multiple stressors. In addition, Bass demonstrated physiological sensitivity to multiple stressors demonstrated by changes in hematocrit and plasma osmolality, whereas the physiology of Silversides remained unaffected. Non-native Bass and Mississippi Silversides showed consistently higher thermal tolerance limits than the native Delta Smelt, supporting their abundance in warmer SFE habitats. Continued increases in SFE water temperatures predicted with climate change may further impact endangered Delta Smelt populations directly if habitat temperatures exceed thermal limits.},
}

@article {pmid30842480,
year = {2019},
author = {Kubicek, A and Breckling, B and Hoegh-Guldberg, O and Reuter, H},
title = {Climate change drives trait-shifts in coral reef communities.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {3721},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-38962-4},
pmid = {30842480},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {FL120100066//Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC)/ ; },
abstract = {Climate change is expected to have profound, partly unforeseeable effects on the composition of functional traits of complex ecosystems, such as coral reefs, and some ecosystem properties are at risk of disappearing. This study applies a novel spatially explicit, individual-based model to explore three critical life history traits of corals: heat tolerance, competitiveness and growth performance under various environmental settings. Building upon these findings, we test the adaptation potential required by a coral community in order to not only survive but also retain its diversity by the end of this century under different IPCC climate scenarios. Even under the most favourable IPCC scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP 2.6), model results indicate that shifts in the trait space are likely and coral communities will mainly consist of small numbers of temperature-tolerant and fast-growing species. Species composition of coral communities is likely to be determined by heat tolerance, with competitiveness most likely playing a subordinate role. To sustain ~15% of current coral cover under a 2 °C temperature increase by the end of the century (RCP 4.5), coral systems would have to accommodate temperature increases of 0.1-0.15 °C per decade, assuming that periodic extreme thermal events occurred every 8 years. These required adaptation rates are unprecedented and unlikely, given corals' life-history characteristics.},
}

@article {pmid30842430,
year = {2019},
author = {Beetge, L and Krüger, K},
title = {Drought and heat waves associated with climate change affect performance of the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {3645},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-37493-8},
pmid = {30842430},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {N/A//University of Pretoria (Universiteit van Pretoria)/ ; },
abstract = {The combined effect of drought and heat waves on insect-plant interactions is complex and not fully understood. Insects may indirectly benefit from water-deficit stress through increased plant nitrogen levels. Heat stress may have a direct negative effect, yet insect performance may be improved when day-time heat is followed by cooler night temperatures. We show that moderate water-deficit stress (25-30% pot capacity) and high day-night temperatures (30/20 °C) affected Macrosiphum euphorbiae on potato (Solanum tuberosum) differently than their interactions. Water stress lowered stomatal conductance, and both water and heat stress reduced leaf area. The effect of water stress on nymphal and adult survival depended on temperature. Water stress added to reduced nymphal survival at high but not current (25/15 °C) day-night temperatures. Adult survival at high temperatures was reduced only when combined with water stress. Water stress and high temperatures independently but not interactively reduced the number of daily offspring. Moderate water stress when combined with high temperatures had a negative bottom-up effect on aphid survival even though lower night temperatures aided in the recovery from direct heat stress. Our study illustrates the importance of combining multiple stressors to better understand their impact on insect-plant interactions in the context of climate change.},
}

@article {pmid30839015,
year = {2019},
author = {},
title = {Environmental effects and interactions of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change: 2018 assessment.},
journal = {Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/c8pp90066c},
pmid = {30839015},
issn = {1474-9092},
}

@article {pmid30836888,
year = {2019},
author = {Hamilton, CD and Vacquié-Garcia, J and Kovacs, KM and Ims, RA and Kohler, J and Lydersen, C},
title = {Contrasting changes in space use induced by climate change in two Arctic marine mammal species.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {20180834},
doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2018.0834},
pmid = {30836888},
issn = {1744-957X},
abstract = {Global warming is inducing major environmental changes in the Arctic. These changes will differentially affect species owing to differences in climate sensitivity and behavioural plasticity. Arctic endemic marine mammals are expected to be impacted significantly by ongoing changes in their key habitats owing to their long life cycles and dependence on ice. Herein, unique biotelemetry datasets for ringed seals (RS; Pusa hispida) and white whales (WW; Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway, spanning two decades (1995-2016) are used to investigate how these species have responded to reduced sea-ice cover and increased Atlantic water influxes. Tidal glacier fronts were traditionally important foraging areas for both species. Following a period with dramatic environmental change, RS now spend significantly more time near tidal glaciers, where Arctic prey presumably still concentrate. Conversely, WW spend significantly less time near tidal glacier fronts and display spatial patterns that suggest that they are foraging on Atlantic fishes that are new to the region. Differences in levels of dietary specialization and overall behavioural plasticity are likely reasons for similar environmental pressures affecting these species differently. Climate change adjustments through behavioural plasticity will be vital for species survival in the Arctic, given the rapidity of change and limited dispersal options.},
}

@article {pmid30835141,
year = {2019},
author = {Heaney, AK and Carrión, D and Burkart, K and Lesk, C and Jack, D},
title = {Climate Change and Physical Activity: Estimated Impacts of Ambient Temperatures on Bikeshare Usage in New York City.},
journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
volume = {127},
number = {3},
pages = {37002},
doi = {10.1289/EHP4039},
pmid = {30835141},
issn = {1552-9924},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Physical activity is one of the best disease prevention strategies, and it is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to illuminate the relation between ambient temperature and bikeshare usage and to project how climate change-induced increasing ambient temperatures may influence active transportation in New York City.

METHODS: The analysis leverages Citi Bike® bikeshare data to estimate participation in outdoor bicycling in New York City. Exposure-response functions are estimated for the relation between daily temperature and bike usage from 2013 to 2017. The estimated exposure-response relation is combined with temperature outputs from 21 climate models (run with emissions scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) to explore how climate change may influence future bike utilization.

RESULTS: Estimated daily hours and distance ridden significantly increased as temperatures increased, but then declined at temperatures above 26-28°C. Bike usage may increase by up to 3.1% by 2070 due to climate change. Future ridership increases during the winter, spring, and fall may more than offset future declines in summer ridership.

DISCUSSION: Evidence suggesting nonlinear impacts of rising temperatures on health-promoting bicycle ridership demonstrates how challenging it is to anticipate the health consequences of climate change. We project increases in bicycling by mid-century in NYC, but this trend may reverse as temperatures continue to rise further into the future. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4039.},
}

@article {pmid30833952,
year = {2019},
author = {Whipple, AV and Cobb, NS and Gehring, CA and Mopper, S and Flores-Rentería, L and Whitham, TG},
title = {Long-Term Studies Reveal Differential Responses to Climate Change for Trees Under Soil- or Herbivore-Related Stress.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {132},
doi = {10.3389/fpls.2019.00132},
pmid = {30833952},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Worldwide, trees are confronting increased temperature and aridity, exacerbating susceptibility to herbivory. Long-term studies comparing patterns of plant performance through drought can help identify variation among and within populations in vulnerability to climate change and herbivory. We use long-term monitoring data to examine our overarching hypothesis that the negative impacts of poor soil and herbivore susceptibility would be compounded by severe drought. We studied pinyon pine, Pinus edulis, a widespread southwestern tree species that has suffered extensive climate-change related mortality. We analyzed data on mortality, growth, male reproduction, and herbivory collected for 14-32 years in three areas with distinct soil-types. We used standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) as a climate proxy that summarizes the impacts of drought due to precipitation and temperature variation on semi-arid forests. Several key findings emerged: (1) Plant performance measurements did not support our hypothesis that trees growing in stressful, coarse-textured soils would suffer more than trees growing in finer-textured soils. Stem growth at the area with coarse, young cinder soils (area one) responded only weakly to drought, while stem growth on more developed soils with sedimentary (area two) and volcanic (area three) substrates, was strongly negatively affected by drought. Male reproduction declined less with drought at area one and more at areas two and three. Overall mortality was 30% on coarse cinder soils (area one) and averaged 55% on finer soil types (areas two and three). (2) Although moth herbivore susceptible trees were hypothesized to suffer more with drought than moth resistant trees, the opposite occurred. Annual stem growth was negatively affected by drought for moth resistant trees, but much less strongly for moth susceptible trees. (3) In contrast to our hypothesis, moths declined with drought. Overall, chronically water-stressed and herbivore-susceptible trees had smaller declines in performance relative to less-stressed trees during drought years. These long-term findings support the idea that stressed trees might be more resistant to drought since they may have adapted or acclimated to resist drought-related mortality.},
}

@article {pmid30833238,
year = {2019},
author = {Lunt, PH and Fyfe, RM and Tappin, AD},
title = {Role of recent climate change on carbon sequestration in peatland systems.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {667},
number = {},
pages = {348-358},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.239},
pmid = {30833238},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {This paper provides information on the impact of recent climate change on carbon sequestration in peatland systems in South West England. This is important because peatlands have the potential to sequester and hold large quantities of anthropogenically released CO2. This paper investigates whether there has been a reduction in the strength of carbon sinks in a valley mire and blanket bog, which occur on the limits of the biogeographical envelop for peatlands in Britain. Past rates of carbon accumulation were calculated from peat depth and the sequential analysis of peat age, bulk density and carbon content from cores taken from valley mire and blanket bog. At the valley mire site contemporary net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was calculated by measuring inputs to the peat body, via net primary productivity (NPP), of Sphagna. Losses of C from the peat body were calculated by measuring CH4, and aquatic carbon, calculated from catchment export of particulate and dissolved organic carbon. The study found similar mean rates of carbon accumulation since 1850 of 11.26 t ± 0.68 t CO2e ha-1 yr-1 (307 g C m-2 yr-1) in valley mire and 11.77 t ± 0.88 t CO2e ha-1 yr-1 (321 g C m-2 yr-1) in blanket bog. The mean present-day CO2 sequestration rate for Sphagna on valley mire was calculated to be 9.13 t ± 0.98 t CO2e ha-1 yr-1 (249 g C m-2 yr-1). Both past and contemporary rates of CO2 sequestration were found to be at the maxima of those reported for temperate peatlands. NPP was found to vary according to microform with higher rates of carbon sequestration found in lawn and hummock microforms compared with pools. Our work suggests that recent changes in the climate appear to have had limited impact on the strength of peatland carbon sinks in South West England.},
}

@article {pmid30829832,
year = {2019},
author = {Vicedo-Cabrera, AM and Sera, F and Gasparrini, A},
title = {A hands-on tutorial on a modeling framework for projections of climate change impacts on health.},
journal = {Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000000982},
pmid = {30829832},
issn = {1531-5487},
abstract = {Reliable estimates of future health impacts due to climate change are needed to inform and contribute to the design of efficient adaptation and mitigation strategies. However, projecting health burdens associated to specific environmental stressors is a challenging task, due to the complex risk patterns and inherent uncertainty of future climate scenarios. These assessments involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, requiring expertise in epidemiology, statistics, and climate science, among other subjects. Here, we present a methodologic framework to estimate future health impacts under climate change scenarios based on a defined set of assumptions and advanced statistical techniques developed in time-series analysis in environmental epidemiology. The proposed methodology is illustrated through a step-by-step hands-on tutorial structured in well-defined sections that cover the main methodological steps and essential elements. Each section provides a thorough description of each step, along with a discussion on available analytical options and the rationale on the choices made in the proposed framework. The illustration is complemented with a practical example of study using real-world data and a series of R scripts included as Supplementary Digital Content, which facilitates its replication and extension on other environmental stressors, outcomes, study settings, and projection scenarios. Users should critically assess the potential modeling alternatives and modify the framework and R code to adapt them to their research on health impact projections.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal.},
}

@article {pmid30826366,
year = {2019},
author = {Poole, JA and Barnes, CS and Demain, JG and Bernstein, JA and Padukudru, MA and Sheehan, W and Guidos, G and Wedner, J and Codina, R and Levetin, E and Cohn, JR and Kagen, S and Portnoy, J and Nel, AE},
title = {Impact of weather and climate change with indoor and outdoor air quality in asthma.},
journal = {The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaci.2019.02.018},
pmid = {30826366},
issn = {1097-6825},
abstract = {Weather and climate change are constant and ever-changing processes that impact allergy and asthma. The purpose of this report is to provide information since the last climate change review with focus on asthmatic disease. PubMed and internet searches for topics included climate and weather change, air pollution, particulate, greenhouse gasses, traffic, insect habitat, and mitigation, in addition to references contributed by the individual authors. Changes in patterns of outdoor aeroallergens due to increasing temperatures and amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are major factors linked to increased duration of pollen seasons, pollen production, and possibly increased allergenicity of pollen. Indoor air pollution threats anticipated from climate changes include microbial and mold growth secondary to flooding resulting in displacement of persons and need for respiratory protection of exposed workers. Air pollution from indoor burning of mosquito repellants is a potential anticipatory result of an increase in habitat regions. Air pollution from fossil fuel burning and traffic-related emissions can alter respiratory defense mechanisms and work synergistically with specific allergens to enhance immunogenicity to worsen asthma in susceptible individuals. Community efforts can significantly reduce air pollution, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emission and improving air quality. The allergist's approach to weather pattern changes should be integrated and anticipatory to protect at-risk patients.},
}

@article {pmid30825817,
year = {2019},
author = {Moraitis, ML and Valavanis, VD and Karakassis, I},
title = {Modelling the effects of climate change on the distribution of benthic indicator species in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {667},
number = {},
pages = {16-24},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.338},
pmid = {30825817},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {The potential effects of climate change on the distribution of benthic species commonly used in marine ecological quality assessment were investigated using a spatial modelling approach. In this work, the relevance of the ecological groups that macrofaunal molluscs are assigned according to their sensitivity or tolerance to environmental disturbance was examined under the scope of the RCP 8.5 severe emissions scenario. The effects of climate change were more profound on species that are indicative of a specific suite of climatic conditions regarding temperature and salinity. Significant loss of habitat suitability was observed for the tolerant species Corbula gibba and Abra prismatica whereas the sensitive species Moerella donacina was least affected. In contrast, an overall expansion of the distributional potential was observed for the sensitive species Flexopecten hyalinus as newly suitable habitats are formed. As hypothesised, the current ecological grouping that depicts the sensitivity of a benthic species to an environmental stressor is irrelevant when assessing the effects of climate change. We propose a new standpoint of using benthic species as biotic tools based on their ecological niche requirements.},
}

@article {pmid30825413,
year = {2019},
author = {Coates, SJ and McCalmont, TH and Williams, ML},
title = {Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change in the Practice of Dermatology-A Call to Action.},
journal = {JAMA dermatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.5863},
pmid = {30825413},
issn = {2168-6084},
}

@article {pmid30824774,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, C and Wang, Z and Kong, Y and Zhang, F and Yang, K and Zhang, T},
title = {Most of the Northern Hemisphere Permafrost Remains under Climate Change.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {3295},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-39942-4},
pmid = {30824774},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {91437217//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 41661144017//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 91437217//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 41471034//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 41661144017//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 91437217//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 41471034//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 41661144017//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 91437217//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 41471034//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 41661144017//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
abstract = {Degradation of cryospheric components such as arctic sea ice and permafrost may pose a threat to the Earth's climate system. A rise of 2 °C above pre-industrial global surface temperature is considered to be a risk-level threshold. This study investigates the impacts of global temperature rises of 1.5 °C and 2 °C on the extent of the permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), based on the 17 models of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Results show that, when global surface temperature rises by 1.5 °C, the average permafrost extent projected under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios would decrease by 23.58% for RCP2.6 (2027-2036), 24.1% for RCP4.5 (2026-2035) and 25.55% for RCP8.5 (2023-2032). However, uncertainty in the results persists because of distinct discrepancies among the models. When the global surface temperature rises by 2 °C, about one-third of the permafrost would disappear; in other words, most of the NH permafrost would still remain even in the RCP8.5 (2037-2046) scenario. The results of the study highlight that the NH permafrost might be able to stably exist owing to its relatively slow degradation. This outlook gives reason for hope for future maintenance and balance of the cryosphere and climate systems.},
}

@article {pmid30823558,
year = {2019},
author = {Kais, SM and Islam, MS},
title = {Perception of Climate Change in Shrimp-Farming Communities in Bangladesh: A Critical Assessment.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph16040672},
pmid = {30823558},
issn = {1660-4601},
abstract = {Local contexts as well as levels of exposure play a substantial role in defining a community's perception of climate and environmental vulnerabilities. In order to assess a community's adaptation strategies, understanding of how different groups in that community comprehend climate change is crucial. Public risk perception is important as it can induce or confine political, economic, and social actions dealing with particular hazards. Climate change adaptation is a well-established policy discourse in Bangladesh that has made its people more or less aware of it. Similarly, shrimp-farming communities in southwestern Bangladesh understand environmental and climate change in their own ways. In order to understand how the shrimp-farming communities in coastal Bangladesh perceive current climate instabilities, we conducted a qualitative study in shrimp-farming villages in coastal Bangladesh where about 80% of commercial shrimp of the country is cultivated. We compared farmers' perceptions of local climate change with existing scientific knowledge and found remarkable similarities. Our assessment shows that at least two factors are critical for this outcome: coastal people's exposure to and experience of frequent climate extremes; and a radical approach to defining climate regimes in Bangladesh by various stakeholders and the media, depicting anthropogenic global warming as a certainty for the country. Thus, a convergence of scientific construct and sociocultural construct construes the level of awareness of the general public about climate change.},
}

@article {pmid30821446,
year = {2019},
author = {Ren, J and Wang, XP and Gong, P and Wang, C},
title = {Characterization of Tibetan soil as a source or sink of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants: Seasonal shift and impact of global warming.},
journal = {Environmental science & technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.est.9b00698},
pmid = {30821446},
issn = {1520-5851},
abstract = {Background soils are reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). After decades of reduced primary emissions, it is now possible that the POPs contained in these reservoirs are being remobilized because of climate warming. However, a comprehensive investigation into the remobilization of POPs from background soil on the largest and highest plateau on Earth, the Tibetan Plateau (TP), is lacking. In this study, a sampling campaign was carried out on the TP at three background sites with different land cover types (forest, meadow and desert). Field measurements of the air-soil exchange of POPs showed that previous prediction using empirical models overestimated the values of the soil-air partitioning coefficient (KSA), especially for chemicals with KOA > 9. The direction of exchange for γ-HCH, HCB and PCB-28 overlapped with the air-soil equilibrium range, but with a tendency for volatilization. Their emission fluxes were 720, 2935 and 538 pg m-2 day-1, respectively, and were similar in extent to those observed for background Arctic soil in Norway. Nam Co and Ngari are also permafrost regions, and most chemicals at these two sites exhibited volatilization. This is the first result showing that permafrost can also emit POPs. Seasonally, we found that chemicals tended to be re-emitted from soils to the atmosphere in winter and deposited from the air to the soil in summer. This finding is opposite to most previous results, possibly because of the higher air-soil concentration gradient caused by the prevailing transport of POPs in summer. Climate warming exerts a strong influence on air-soil exchange, with an increase of 1°C in ambient temperature likely leading to an increase of Tibetan atmospheric inventories of POPs by 60%-400%.},
}

@article {pmid30821414,
year = {2019},
author = {Rosa, WE and Schenk, E and Travers, JL and Nicholas, PK},
title = {Climate change and health consequences: Engaging public health nursing within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.},
journal = {Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.)},
volume = {36},
number = {2},
pages = {107-108},
doi = {10.1111/phn.12598},
pmid = {30821414},
issn = {1525-1446},
}

@article {pmid30819951,
year = {2019},
author = {Plagányi, É},
title = {Climate change impacts on fisheries.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {363},
number = {6430},
pages = {930-931},
doi = {10.1126/science.aaw5824},
pmid = {30819951},
issn = {1095-9203},
}

@article {pmid30816191,
year = {2019},
author = {Brivio, F and Zurmühl, M and Grignolio, S and von Hardenberg, J and Apollonio, M and Ciuti, S},
title = {Forecasting the response to global warming in a heat-sensitive species.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {3048},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-39450-5},
pmid = {30816191},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Avoiding hyperthermia entails considerable metabolic costs for endotherms. Such costs increase in warm conditions, when endotherms may trade food intake for cooler areas to avoid heat stress and maximize their energy balance. The need to reduce heat stress may involve the adoption of tactics affecting space use and foraging behaviour, which are important to understand and predict the effects of climate change and inform conservation. We used resource selection models to examine the behavioural response to heat stress in the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), a cold-adapted endotherm particularly prone to overheating. Ibex avoided heat stress by selecting the space based on the maximum daily temperature rather than moving hourly to 'surf the heat wave', which minimised movement costs but prevented optimal foraging. By integrating these findings with new climate forecasts, we predict that rising temperatures will force mountain ungulates to move upward and overcrowd thermal refugia with reduced carrying capacity. Our approach helps in identifying priority areas for the conservation of mountain species.},
}

@article {pmid30813647,
year = {2019},
author = {Mironova, V and Shartova, N and Beljaev, A and Varentsov, M and Grishchenko, M},
title = {Effects of Climate Change and Heterogeneity of Local Climates оn the Development of Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium vivax) in Moscow Megacity Region.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph16050694},
pmid = {30813647},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {17-77-20070//Russian Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {The article presents the results of a spatio-temporal analysis of the changes of the favorability of climatic conditions for the transmission of vivax malaria in the Moscow megacity and its surroundings during the period from 1977 to 2016. Using the historical temperature records at urban and rural weather stations, we calculated the key indicators of climate favorability for malaria transmission, viz. the sum of effective temperatures, the duration of the season of effective infectiveness, and a new integral index of climate favorability. We demonstrated a dramatic increase of all three indicators, which accelerated after 1984, and a high spatial heterogeneity among them. Due to the urban heat island effect, the degree of climatic favorability is especially high in the densely urbanized areas of Moscow megacity compared with the suburban and rural areas. Climatic conditions for vivax malaria in Moscow are better now than before. The season of effective infectiveness continues in the central part of the city for 25 days longer, and the integral index of climate favorability is 85% higher in comparison to mean values over the rural surroundings. The study contains an alert regarding the risk of malaria resurgence in the Moscow region in the case of the sufficient importation of cases from abroad.},
}

@article {pmid30813633,
year = {2019},
author = {Nie, T and Zhang, Z and Qi, Z and Chen, P and Sun, Z and Liu, X},
title = {Characterizing Spatiotemporal Dynamics of CH₄ Fluxes from Rice Paddies of Cold Region in Heilongjiang Province under Climate Change.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {16},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph16050692},
pmid = {30813633},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {51779046//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2016YFC0400108//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; },
abstract = {Paddy fields have become a major global anthropogenic CH₄ emission source, and climate change affects CH₄ emissions from paddy ecosystems by changing crop growth and the soil environment. It has been recognized that Heilongjiang Province has become an important source of CH₄ emission due to its dramatically increased rice planting area, while less attention has been paid to characterize the effects of climate change on the spatiotemporal dynamics of CH₄ fluxes. In this study, we used the calibrated and validated Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model and DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model to simulate historical and future CH₄ fluxes under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 of four global climate models (GCMs) in Heilongjiang Province. During 1960⁻2015, the average CH₄ fluxes and climatic tendencies were 145.56 kg C/ha and 11.88 kg C/ha/(10a), respectively. Spatially, the CH₄ fluxes showed a decreasing trend from west to east, and the climatic tendencies in the northern and western parts were higher. During 2021⁻2080, the annual average CH₄ fluxes under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 were predicted to be 213.46 kg C/ha and 252.19 kg C/ha, respectively, and their spatial distributions were similar to the historical distribution. The average climatic tendencies were 13.40 kg C/ha/(10a) and 29.86 kg C/ha/(10a), respectively, which decreased from west to east. The simulation scenario analysis showed that atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature affected CH₄ fluxes by changing soil organic carbon (SOC) content and plant biomass. This study indicated that a paddy ecosystem in a cold region is an important part of China's greenhouse gas emission inventory in future scenarios.},
}

@article {pmid30811858,
year = {2019},
author = {Ylönen, H and Haapakoski, M and Sievert, T and Sundell, J},
title = {Voles and weasels in the boreal Fennoscandian small mammal community: What happens if the least weasel disappears due to climate change?.},
journal = {Integrative zoology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1749-4877.12388},
pmid = {30811858},
issn = {1749-4877},
abstract = {Climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats for populations and challenge for individual behavior, interactions, and survival. Predator-prey interactions are modified by climate processes. In the northern latitudes strong seasonality is changing and the main predicted feature is shortening and instability of winter. Vole populations in the boreal Fennoscandia exhibit multiannual cycles. High amplitude peak numbers of voles and dramatic population lows alternate in 3-5 years cycles shortening from North to South. One key factor, or driver, promoting the population crash and causing extreme extended lows, is suggested to be predation by the least weasel. We review the arms race between prey voles and weasels along the multiannual density fluctuation, affected by the climate change, and especially the change in duration and stability of snow cover. Snow provides for ground-dwelling small mammals thermoregulation, shelter for nest sites, and hide from most predators. Predicted increase in instability of winter forms a major challenge for species with coat color change between brown summer camouflage and white winter coat. One of these is the least weasel, Mustela nivalis nivalis. Increased vulnerability of wrong-colored weasels to predation affect vole populations and may have dramatic effects on vole dynamics. It may have cascading effects to other small rodent - predator interactions and even to plant - animal interactions and forest dynamics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid30810563,
year = {2019},
author = {Andrady, AL and Pandey, KK and Heikkilä, AM},
title = {Interactive effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on material damage.},
journal = {Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/c8pp90065e},
pmid = {30810563},
issn = {1474-9092},
abstract = {Solar UV radiation adversely affects the properties of organic materials used in construction, such as plastics and wood. The outdoor service lifetimes of these materials are influenced by their rates of degradation under solar UV radiation as well as by other climate factors such as temperature, moisture, and atmospheric pollutants. While recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer is expected, local increases in UV radiation are still likely to occur, especially in the tropics, but also elsewhere because of climate change effects. Such increases, when taken together with an increased ambient temperature due to climate change, can significantly shorten the service lifetimes of organic building materials. Several proven technologies, including the use of UV stabilisers, surface treatments or coatings have been developed over the years to mitigate these adverse effects. While these technologies should be able to compensate for any realistic future UV radiation and climate change scenarios, they will also add significantly to the lifetime cost of material in relevant products. Shorter outdoor lifetime of the plastic components in photovoltaic (PV) modules is a serious concern in the solar energy industry. To ensure module durability over the full service-lifetime (of about ∼20 years) of the light-harvesting PV components, better stabilisation technologies are being investigated. The present trend towards more environmentally sustainable materials in building, and environmental impact of additives such as stabilisers, need to be considered in addition to their engineering performance. This may require the phasing out of some conventional additives used in plastics as well as substituting wood or other materials in place of plastics in buildings. Depending on the relative costs of mitigation, substituting more UV-stable materials for conventional ones in outdoor products may also be a viable option with some categories of products. Neither the global cost of mitigation of the effects of climate change on materials nor the long-term sustainability of the technologies available for the purpose, have been estimated. Plastic waste and litter exposed outdoors to solar UV radiation over extended periods undergo cracking and fragmentation into small pieces (of micro- and nano-scale size). Release of these fragments into the environment, particularly in the aquatic environment, poses a potential threat to marine biota. Already several hundred of species are known to ingest these fragments that can potentially accumulate additives and pollutants from water. This is a potential threat to humans because 25% of fish marketed for human consumption have been reported to contain microplastics in their digestive systems. The focus of this assessment is on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of UV-radiation-induced degradation in materials and in assessing emerging technologies for their stabilisation against outdoor UV-degradation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of degradation will allow for innovative stabilisation approaches to be developed. Also assessed is information on the sustainability of the available and emerging UV stabilisation technologies.},
}

@article {pmid30810561,
year = {2019},
author = {Williamson, CE and Neale, PJ and Hylander, S and Rose, KC and Figueroa, FL and Robinson, SA and Häder, DP and Wängberg, SÅ and Worrest, RC},
title = {The interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change on aquatic ecosystems.},
journal = {Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/c8pp90062k},
pmid = {30810561},
issn = {1474-9092},
abstract = {This assessment summarises the current state of knowledge on the interactive effects of ozone depletion and climate change on aquatic ecosystems, focusing on how these affect exposures to UV radiation in both inland and oceanic waters. The ways in which stratospheric ozone depletion is directly altering climate in the southern hemisphere and the consequent extensive effects on aquatic ecosystems are also addressed. The primary objective is to synthesise novel findings over the past four years in the context of the existing understanding of ecosystem response to UV radiation and the interactive effects of climate change. If it were not for the Montreal Protocol, stratospheric ozone depletion would have led to high levels of exposure to solar UV radiation with much stronger negative effects on all trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems than currently experienced in both inland and oceanic waters. This "world avoided" scenario that has curtailed ozone depletion, means that climate change and other environmental variables will play the primary role in regulating the exposure of aquatic organisms to solar UV radiation. Reductions in the thickness and duration of snow and ice cover are increasing the levels of exposure of aquatic organisms to UV radiation. Climate change was also expected to increase exposure by causing shallow mixed layers, but new data show deepening in some regions and shoaling in others. In contrast, climate-change related increases in heavy precipitation and melting of glaciers and permafrost are increasing the concentration and colour of UV-absorbing dissolved organic matter (DOM) and particulates. This is leading to the "browning" of many inland and coastal waters, with consequent loss of the valuable ecosystem service in which solar UV radiation disinfects surface waters of parasites and pathogens. Many organisms can reduce damage due to exposure to UV radiation through behavioural avoidance, photoprotection, and photoenzymatic repair, but meta-analyses continue to confirm negative effects of UV radiation across all trophic levels. Modeling studies estimating photoinhibition of primary production in parts of the Pacific Ocean have demonstrated that the UV radiation component of sunlight leads to a 20% decrease in estimates of primary productivity. Exposure to UV radiation can also lead to positive effects on some organisms by damaging less UV-tolerant predators, competitors, and pathogens. UV radiation also contributes to the formation of microplastic pollutants and interacts with artificial sunscreens and other pollutants with adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Exposure to UV-B radiation can decrease the toxicity of some pollutants such as methyl mercury (due to its role in demethylation) but increase the toxicity of other pollutants such as some pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Feeding on microplastics by zooplankton can lead to bioaccumulation in fish. Microplastics are found in up to 20% of fish marketed for human consumption, potentially threatening food security. Depletion of stratospheric ozone has altered climate in the southern hemisphere in ways that have increased oceanic productivity and consequently the growth, survival and reproduction of many sea birds and mammals. In contrast, warmer sea surface temperatures related to these climate shifts are also correlated with declines in both kelp beds in Tasmania and corals in Brazil. This assessment demonstrates that knowledge of the interactive effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change factors on aquatic ecosystems has advanced considerably over the past four years and confirms the importance of considering synergies between environmental factors.},
}

@article {pmid30810560,
year = {2019},
author = {Bornman, JF and Barnes, PW and Robson, TM and Robinson, SA and Jansen, MAK and Ballaré, CL and Flint, SD},
title = {Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems.},
journal = {Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/c8pp90061b},
pmid = {30810560},
issn = {1474-9092},
abstract = {Exposure of plants and animals to ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm) is modified by stratospheric ozone dynamics and climate change. Even though stabilisation and projected recovery of stratospheric ozone is expected to curtail future increases in UV-B radiation at the Earth's surface, on-going changes in climate are increasingly exposing plants and animals to novel combinations of UV-B radiation and other climate change factors (e.g., ultraviolet-A and visible radiation, water availability, temperature and elevated carbon dioxide). Climate change is also shifting vegetation cover, geographic ranges of species, and seasonal timing of development, which further modifies exposure to UV-B radiation. Since our last assessment, there has been increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which plants perceive UV-B radiation, eliciting changes in growth, development and tolerances of abiotic and biotic factors. However, major questions remain on how UV-B radiation is interacting with other climate change factors to modify the production and quality of crops, as well as important ecosystem processes such as plant and animal competition, pest-pathogen interactions, and the decomposition of dead plant matter (litter). In addition, stratospheric ozone depletion is directly contributing to climate change in the southern hemisphere, such that terrestrial ecosystems in this region are being exposed to altered patterns of precipitation, temperature and fire regimes as well as UV-B radiation. These ozone-driven changes in climate have been implicated in both increases and reductions in the growth, survival and reproduction of plants and animals in Antarctica, South America and New Zealand. In this assessment, we summarise advances in our knowledge of these and other linkages and effects, and identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps that limit our ability to fully evaluate the ecological consequences of these environmental changes on terrestrial ecosystems.},
}

@article {pmid30810472,
year = {2019},
author = {Meza-Palacios, R and Aguilar-Lasserre, AA and Morales-Mendoza, LF and Pérez-Gallardo, JR and Rico-Contreras, JO and Avarado-Lassman, A},
title = {Life cycle assessment of cane sugar production: The environmental contribution to human health, climate change, ecosystem quality and resources in México.},
journal = {Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1080/10934529.2019.1579537},
pmid = {30810472},
issn = {1532-4117},
abstract = {The cane sugar industry in Mexico depends heavily on the supply of energy, fossil fuels and material resources for its proper operation. The overuse of these resources plus the technical and technological deficiency causes severe environmental consequences. This scientific work aims to analyze the environmental damage attributable to cane sugar production following the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. System boundaries include sugarcane growing and harvesting, sugarcane transportation, sugar milling and electricity cogeneration from bagasse. The associated emissions were acquired from the SimaPro-Ecoinvent database, the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) and the Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station (ART). The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was carried out by SimaPro 8.3.0 software and the characterization method used was IMPACT 2002+. The results show that sugarcane growing and harvesting stage provides the most harmful environmental impacts (52%) followed by electricity cogeneration (25.7%), sugarcane transportation (12.1%) and finally, sugar milling (10.2%). Regarding the environmental contributions at the endpoint categories, the highest percentage of impacts is found in the Human health category (53%), followed by Climate change (21%), Ecosystem quality (16%) and Resources (10%). The LCA in cane sugar production can support the decision-making process to deal with this environmental problem.},
}

@article {pmid30809708,
year = {2019},
author = {Prokosch, J and Bernitz, Z and Bernitz, H and Erni, B and Altwegg, R},
title = {Are animals shrinking due to climate change? Temperature-mediated selection on body mass in mountain wagtails.},
journal = {Oecologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00442-019-04368-2},
pmid = {30809708},
issn = {1432-1939},
support = {85802//National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF)/ ; 114696//National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF)/ ; },
abstract = {Climate change appears to affect body size of animals whose optimal size in part depends on temperature. However, attribution of observed body size changes to climate change requires an understanding of the selective pressures acting on body size under different temperatures. We examined the link between temperature and body mass in a population of mountain wagtails (Motacilla clara) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, between 1976 and 1999, where temperature increased by 0.18 [Formula: see text]C. The wagtails became lighter by 0.035 g per year. Partitioning this trend, we found that only a small part of the effect (0.009 g/year) was due to individuals losing weight and a large part (0.027 g/year) was due to lighter individuals replacing heavier ones. Only the latter component was statistically significant. Apparently, the wagtails were reacting to selection for reduced weight. Examining survival, we found that selection was temperature-mediated, i.e., lighter individuals survived better under high temperatures, whereas heavier individuals survived better under low temperatures. Our results thus support the hypothesis that temperature drove the decline in body mass in this wagtail population and provides one of the first demonstrations of the selective forces underlying such trends.},
}

@article {pmid30809384,
year = {2019},
author = {Kim, Y and Newman, G},
title = {Climate Change Preparedness: Comparing Future Urban Growth and Flood Risk in Amsterdam and Houston.},
journal = {Sustainability},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/su11041048},
pmid = {30809384},
issn = {2071-1050},
abstract = {Rising sea levels and coastal population growth will increase flood risk of more people and assets if land use changes are not planned adequately. This research examines the efficacy of flood protection systems and land use planning by comparing Amsterdam in the Netherlands (renown for resilience planning methods), with the city of Houston, Texas in the US (seeking ways of increasing resilience due to extreme recent flooding). It assesses flood risk of future urban growth in lieu of sea level rise using the Land Transformation Model, a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) land use prediction tool. Findings show that Houston has currently developed much more urban area within high-risk flood-prone zones compared to Amsterdam. When comparing predicted urban areas under risk, flood-prone future urban areas in Amsterdam are also relatively smaller than Houston. Finally, the increased floodplain when accounting for sea level rise will impact existing and future urban areas in Houston, but do not increase risk significantly in Amsterdam. The results suggest that the protective infrastructure used in the Netherlands has protected its future urban growth from sea level rise more adequately than has Houston.},
}

@article {pmid30809166,
year = {2019},
author = {Xiang, P and Zhang, H and Geng, L and Zhou, K and Wu, Y},
title = {Individualist-Collectivist Differences in Climate Change Inaction: The Role of Perceived Intractability.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {187},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00187},
pmid = {30809166},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {The willingness to take action against climate change may be shaped by cultural orientations. The present study investigated individualist-collectivist differences in climate change inaction as well as the mediating role of perceived intractability. In Study 1, a survey of 182 undergraduates showed that greater perceived intractability of climate change was significantly related to a lower frequency of climate-friendly actions in the preceding 6 months. In Study 2, participants who were exposed to information concerning the intractability of climate change (experimental group, n = 98) reported a significantly greater perceived intractability of climate change and lower intention to assume a low-carbon lifestyle than those presented with neutral information (control group, n = 83). Based on Studies 1 and 2, participants with collectivist or individualist orientations were recruited from a pool of Chinese undergraduate students in Study 3. We found that participants with a more individualist orientation (n = 62) are more subject to perceived intractability, and less likely to take climate-friendly action than those with a more collectivist orientation (n = 94), and individualist/collectivist status affects climate change inaction through perceived intractability as mediator. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the promotion of public engagement with climate change by mitigating perceived intractability.},
}

@article {pmid30808990,
year = {2019},
author = {Hurteau, MD and Liang, S and Westerling, AL and Wiedinmyer, C},
title = {Vegetation-fire feedback reduces projected area burned under climate change.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {2838},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-39284-1},
pmid = {30808990},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {1102670//United States Department of Agriculture | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/ ; 1102670//United States Department of Agriculture | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/ ; 1102670//United States Department of Agriculture | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/ ; 1102670//United States Department of Agriculture | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)/ ; },
abstract = {Climate influences vegetation directly and through climate-mediated disturbance processes, such as wildfire. Temperature and area burned are positively associated, conditional on availability of vegetation to burn. Fire is a self-limiting process that is influenced by productivity. Yet, many fire projections assume sufficient vegetation to support fire, with substantial implications for carbon (C) dynamics and emissions. We simulated forest dynamics under projected climate and wildfire for the Sierra Nevada, accounting for climate effects on fuel flammability (static) and climate and prior fire effects on fuel availability and flammability (dynamic). We show that compared to climate effects on flammability alone, accounting for the interaction of prior fires and climate on fuel availability and flammability moderates the projected increase in area burned by 14.3%. This reduces predicted increases in area-weighted median cumulative emissions by 38.3 Tg carbon dioxide (CO2) and 0.6 Tg particulate matter (PM1), or 12.9% and 11.5%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that after correcting for potential over-estimates of the effects of climate-driven increases in area burned, California is likely to continue facing significant wildfire and air quality challenges with on-going climate change.},
}

@article {pmid30807685,
year = {2019},
author = {Tulloch, VJD and Plagányi, ÉE and Brown, C and Richardson, AJ and Matear, R},
title = {Future recovery of baleen whales is imperiled by climate change.},
journal = {Global change biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/gcb.14573},
pmid = {30807685},
issn = {1365-2486},
support = {//Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation/ ; DE160101207//Australian Research Council/ ; //Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Australian Research Council/ ; },
abstract = {Historical harvesting pushed many whale species to the brink of extinction. Although most Southern Hemisphere populations are slowly recovering, the influence of future climate change on their recovery remains unknown. We investigate the impacts of two anthropogenic pressures-historical commercial whaling and future climate change-on populations of baleen whales (blue, fin, humpback, Antarctic minke, southern right) and their prey (krill and copepods) in the Southern Ocean. We use a climate-biological coupled "Model of Intermediate Complexity for Ecosystem Assessments" (MICE) that links krill and whale population dynamics with climate change drivers, including changes in ocean temperature, primary productivity and sea ice. Models predict negative future impacts of climate change on krill and all whale species, although the magnitude of impacts on whales differs among populations. Despite initial recovery from historical whaling, models predict concerning declines under climate change, even local extinctions by 2100, for Pacific populations of blue, fin and southern right whales, and Atlantic/Indian fin and humpback whales. Predicted declines were a consequence of reduced prey (copepods/krill) from warming and increasing interspecific competition between whale species. We model whale population recovery under an alternative scenario whereby whales adapt their migratory patterns to accommodate changing sea ice in the Antarctic and a shifting prey base. Plasticity in range size and migration was predicted to improve recovery for ice-associated blue and minke whales. Our study highlights the need for ongoing protection to help depleted whale populations recover, as well as local management to ensure the krill prey base remains viable, but this may have limited success without immediate action to reduce emissions.},
}

@article {pmid30805153,
year = {2019},
author = {Furness, EN and Robinson, RA},
title = {Long-term declines in winter body mass of tits throughout Britain and Ireland correlate with climate change.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {1202-1210},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.4812},
pmid = {30805153},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {The optimum body mass of passerine birds typically represents a trade-off between starvation risk, which promotes fat gain, and predation pressure, which promotes fat loss to maintain maneuvrability. Changes in ecological factors that affect either of these variables will therefore change the optimum body masses of populations of passerine birds. This study sought to identify and quantify the effects of changing temperatures and predation pressures on the body masses and wing lengths of populations of passerine birds throughout Britain and Ireland over the last 50 years. We analyzed over 900,000 individual measurements of body mass and wing length of blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus, coal tits Periparus ater, and great tits Parus major collected by licenced bird ringers throughout Britain and Ireland from 1965 to 2017 and correlated these with publicly available temperature data and published, UK-wide data on the abundance of a key predator, the sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus. We found highly significant, long-term, UK-wide decreases in winter body masses of adults and juveniles of all three species. We also found highly significant negative correlations between winter body mass and winter temperature, and between winter body mass and sparrowhawk abundance. Independent of these effects, body mass further correlated negatively with calendar year, suggesting that less well understood dynamic factors, such as supplementary feeding levels, may play a major role in determining population optimum body masses. Wing lengths of these birds also decreased, suggesting a hitherto unobserved large-scale evolutionary adjustment of wing loading to the lower body mass. These findings provide crucial evidence of the ways in which species are adapting to climate change and other anthropogenic factors throughout Britain and Ireland. Such processes are likely to have widespread implications as the equilibria controlling evolutionary optima in species worldwide are upset by rapid, anthropogenic ecological changes.},
}

@article {pmid30805145,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, DB and Wang, XY and Wu, Y and Lin, HL},
title = {Grazing buffers the effect of climate change on the species diversity of seedlings in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {1119-1126},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.4799},
pmid = {30805145},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Climate change predominated by warming over the past decades has affected plant biodiversity, distribution, and ecosystem functioning in alpine grasslands. Yet, little is known about the interactive effect of climate change and grazing on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Here, we conducted a vegetation translocation experiment (ten soil-vegetation blocks were translocated from high-altitudinal site 3,245 m to low-altitudinal site 3,045 m) combined with grazing treatment in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that (a) translocation induced effect of climate change from harsh, high-altitudinal site to benign, low-altitudinal site significantly promoted species richness, and density of asexual and sexual seedling, with an increase in the proportion of asexual recruitment to sexual recruitment; (b) grazing decreased the proportion of asexual seedling to sexual recruitment within community, led to a shift in the dominant plant functional groups from graminoids and legumes to forbs; and (c) grazing partly offset the increased species richness of seedling, but not seedling density, induced by climate change. These findings suggest that moderate grazing may buffer the effect of climate change on the plant community composition, and thus, functional role in alpine meadows. Further understanding the influence of climate change on grassland ecosystems needs to consider the non-additive effect of grazing and climate change to sustainability of grassland services.},
}

@article {pmid30804855,
year = {2019},
author = {Bergquist, M and Nilsson, A and Schultz, PW},
title = {Experiencing a Severe Weather Event Increases Concern About Climate Change.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {220},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00220},
pmid = {30804855},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {Climate change is primarily driven by human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and may therefore be mitigated by changes to human behavior (Clayton et al., 2015; IPCC, 2018). Despite efforts to raise awareness and concern about climate change, GHG emissions continue to rise (IPCC, 2018). Climate change seems to be at odds with the immediate, present threats to which humans are adapted to cope (Gifford et al., 2009; Schultz, 2014; van Vugt et al., 2014). In contrast to immediate dangers, climate change is typically abstract, large scale, slow and often unrelated to the welfare of our daily lives (e.g., Ornstein and Ehrlich, 1989; Gifford, 2011). But there are moments when the consequences of climate change are readily apparent, such as extreme weather events. In the current paper, we examine the impact of personal experience with an extreme weather event, and the impact of this experience on beliefs about climate change, and intentions to take actions that can help prepare for and mitigate the consequences of climate change.},
}

@article {pmid30804179,
year = {2019},
author = {Moore, FC and Obradovich, N and Lehner, F and Baylis, P},
title = {Rapidly declining remarkability of temperature anomalies may obscure public perception of climate change.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1816541116},
pmid = {30804179},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {The changing global climate is producing increasingly unusual weather relative to preindustrial conditions. In an absolute sense, these changing conditions constitute direct evidence of anthropogenic climate change. However, human evaluation of weather as either normal or abnormal will also be influenced by a range of factors including expectations, memory limitations, and cognitive biases. Here we show that experience of weather in recent years-rather than longer historical periods-determines the climatic baseline against which current weather is evaluated, potentially obscuring public recognition of anthropogenic climate change. We employ variation in decadal trends in temperature at weekly and county resolution over the continental United States, combined with discussion of the weather drawn from over 2 billion social media posts. These data indicate that the remarkability of particular temperatures changes rapidly with repeated exposure. Using sentiment analysis tools, we provide evidence for a "boiling frog" effect: The declining noteworthiness of historically extreme temperatures is not accompanied by a decline in the negative sentiment that they induce, indicating that social normalization of extreme conditions rather than adaptation is driving these results. Using climate model projections we show that, despite large increases in absolute temperature, anomalies relative to our empirically estimated shifting baseline are small and not clearly distinguishable from zero throughout the 21st century.},
}

@article {pmid30798364,
year = {2019},
author = {Takakura, J and Fujimori, S and Takahashi, K and Hijioka, Y and Honda, Y},
title = {Site-specific hourly resolution wet bulb globe temperature reconstruction from gridded daily resolution climate variables for planning climate change adaptation measures.},
journal = {International journal of biometeorology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00484-019-01692-3},
pmid = {30798364},
issn = {1432-1254},
support = {Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-14)//Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency, Japan/ ; },
abstract = {Changes in the environmental heat stress need to be properly evaluated to manage the risk of heat-related illnesses, particularly in the context of climate change. The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a useful index for evaluating heat stress and anticipating conditions related to heat-related illness in the present climate, but projecting the WBGT with a sufficiently high temporal and spatial resolution remains challenging for future climate conditions. In this study, we developed a methodological framework for estimating the site-specific hourly resolution WBGT based on the output of general circulation models using only simple calculations. The method was applied to six sites in Japan and its performance was evaluated. The proposed method could reproduce the site-specific hourly resolution WBGT with a high accuracy. Based on the developed framework, we constructed future (2090s) projections under two different greenhouse gas emission pathways. These projections showed a consistent rise in the WBGT and thus the capacity to perform physically demanding activities is expected to decrease. To demonstrate the usefulness of the projected WBGT in planning adaptation measures, we identified the optimal working schedules which would minimize outdoor workers' exposure to heat at a specific site. The results show that a substantial shift in the working time is required in the future if outdoor workers are to compensate the effect of increased heat exposure only by changing their working hours. This methodological framework and the projections will provide local practitioners with useful information to manage the increased risk of heat stress under climate change.},
}

@article {pmid30797982,
year = {2019},
author = {De Marchi, L and Neto, V and Pretti, C and Chiellini, F and Morelli, A and Soares, AMVM and Figueira, E and Freitas, R},
title = {The influence of Climate Change on the fate and behavior of different carbon nanotubes materials and implication to estuarine invertebrates.},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.02.008},
pmid = {30797982},
issn = {1532-0456},
abstract = {The widespread use of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been increasing exponentially, leading to a significant potential release into the environment. Nevertheless, the toxic effects of CNTs in natural aquatic systems are related to their ability to interact with abiotic compounds. Considering that salinity variations are one of the main challenges in the environment and thus may influence the behavior and toxicity of CNTs, a laboratory experiment was performed exposing the tube-building polychaete Diopatra neapolitana (Delle Chiaje 1841) for 28 days to pristine multi-walled carbon nanotube MWCNTs and carboxylated MWCNTs, maintained at control salinity 28 and low salinity 21. An innovative approach based on thermogravimetric analysis was adopted for the first time to assess the presence of MWCNTs aggregates in the organisms Both CNTs generated toxic impacts in terms of regenerative capacity, energy reserves and metabolic capacity as well as oxidative and neuro status, however greater toxic impacts were observed in polychaetes exposed to carboxylated MWCNTs. Moreover, both CNTs maintained under control salinity (28) generated higher toxic impacts in the polychaetes compared to individuals maintained under low salinity (21), indicating that exposed polychaetes tend to be more sensitive to the alteration induced by salinity variations on the chemical behavior of both MWCNTs in comparison to salt stress.},
}

@article {pmid30796848,
year = {2019},
author = {Hales, S},
title = {Climate change, extreme rainfall events, drinking water and enteric disease.},
journal = {Reviews on environmental health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1515/reveh-2019-2001},
pmid = {30796848},
issn = {2191-0308},
}

@article {pmid30796465,
year = {2019},
author = {Rahmasary, AN and Robert, S and Chang, IS and Jing, W and Park, J and Bluemling, B and Koop, S and van Leeuwen, K},
title = {Overcoming the Challenges of Water, Waste and Climate Change in Asian Cities.},
journal = {Environmental management},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00267-019-01137-y},
pmid = {30796465},
issn = {1432-1009},
support = {687809//Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ ; },
abstract = {Unprecedented challenges in urban management of water, waste and climate change-amplified by urbanisation and economic growth-are growing in Asia. In this circumstance, cities need to be aware of threats and opportunities to improve their capacity in addressing these challenges. This paper identifies priorities, barriers and enablers of these capacities. Through the City Blueprint® Approach-an integrated baseline assessment of the urban water cycle-11 Asian cities are assessed. Three cities are selected for an in-depth governance capacity analysis of their challenges with a focus on floods. Solid waste collection and treatment and access to improved drinking water and sanitation can be considered priorities, especially in cities with considerable slum populations. These people are also disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate-related hazards. The high variation of water management performance among Asian cities shows high potential for city-to-city learning by sharing best practices in water technology and governance. Combining interventions, i.e., by exploring co-benefits with other sectors (e.g., transport and energy) will increase efficiency, improve resilience, and lower the cost. Although governance capacities varied among cities, management of available information, monitoring and evaluation showed to be reoccurring points for improvement. Cities are also expected to increase implementation capacities using better policy, stricter compliance and preparedness next to promoting community involvement. Consequently, the city transformation process can be more concrete, efficient and inclusive.},
}

@article {pmid30796067,
year = {2019},
author = {Jacobs, JR},
title = {Pluralistic ignorance and social action on climate change.},
journal = {EMBO reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.15252/embr.201847426},
pmid = {30796067},
issn = {1469-3178},
}

@article {pmid30795849,
year = {2019},
author = {Ontoria, Y and Gonzalez-Guedes, E and Sanmartí, N and Bernardeau-Esteller, J and Ruiz, JM and Romero, J and Pérez, M},
title = {Interactive effects of global warming and eutrophication on a fast-growing Mediterranean seagrass.},
journal = {Marine environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.002},
pmid = {30795849},
issn = {1879-0291},
abstract = {Coastal ecosystems, such as seagrasses, are subjected to local (e.g. eutrophication) and global (e.g. warming) stressors. While the separate effects of warming and eutrophication on seagrasses are relatively well known, their joint effects remain largely unstudied. In order to fill this gap, and using Cymodocea nodosa as a model species, we assessed the joint effects of warming (three temperatures, 20 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C) with two potential outcomes of eutrophication: (i) increase in nutrients concentration in the water column (30 and 300 μM), and (ii) organic enrichment in the sediment). Our results confirm that temperature in isolation clearly affects plant performance; while plants exposed to 30 °C performed better than control plants, plants exposed to 35 °C showed clear symptoms of deterioration (e.g. decline of photosynthetic capacity, increase of incidence of necrotic tissue). Plants were unaffected by high ammonium concentrations; however, organic enrichment of sediment had deleterious effects on plant function (photosynthesis, growth, demographic balance). Interestingly, these negative effects were exacerbated by increased temperature. Our findings indicate that in addition to the possibility of the persistence of C. nodosa being directly jeopardized by temperature increase, the joint effects of warming and eutrophication may further curtail its survival. This should be taken into consideration in both predictions of climate change consequences and in local planning.},
}

@article {pmid30787701,
year = {2016},
author = {Taha, TE},
title = {Climate Change and Potential Impact on Disease: What are the Public Health Agenda?.},
journal = {Saudi journal of medicine & medical sciences},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {71-73},
doi = {10.4103/1658-631X.178285},
pmid = {30787701},
issn = {2321-4856},
abstract = {Globally, the impact of climate change on human health is widely discussed. There are several mechanisms how environmental variability can influence the occurrence of diseases that are communicable or noncommunicable. The biophysical underlying causes of climate changes are not proportionately distributed between developed and developing countries. Developed countries contribute more greenhouse emissions, but the population health effects of climate change are estimated to be higher in developing countries compared to developed countries. Therefore, examination of challenges associated with climate change should be a priority. In the countries of North Africa and the Middle East, a clear public health agenda needs to be developed, even if local/regional factors contributing to unpredictable climatic changes are not well-known. Targeting risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases, and adopting lifestyle changes are interventions to consider.},
}

@article {pmid30787700,
year = {2016},
author = {Bella, H},
title = {Global Warming and Health: Still Not Too Late.},
journal = {Saudi journal of medicine & medical sciences},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {69-70},
doi = {10.4103/1658-631X.178273},
pmid = {30787700},
issn = {2321-4856},
}

@article {pmid30792357,
year = {2019},
author = {Jaffe, Y and Bar-Oz, G and Ellenblum, R},
title = {Improving integration in societal consequences to climate change.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1901538116},
pmid = {30792357},
issn = {1091-6490},
}

@article {pmid30790756,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhang, X and Dong, Q and Costa, V and Wang, X},
title = {A hierarchical Bayesian model for decomposing the impacts of human activities and climate change on water resources in China.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {665},
number = {},
pages = {836-847},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.189},
pmid = {30790756},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Human activities and climate change are two key factors influencing the variation of the total amount of available surface and groundwater, hereafter termed water resources. Quantitatively separating their impacts remains a challenge. To this end, we used time-varying Budyko-type equations and a hierarchical Bayesian model in this paper to separate their impacts in 31 provincial-level divisions of China. The time-varying Budyko-type equations treat the Budyko equation parameter w as a variable, which depends on human activities (represented by per capita gross regional production) and climate change (represented by temperature and precipitation). The hierarchical model quantifies the uncertainty of parameters and the interrelation between covariates across regions in China. The results show that the time-varying Budyko-type equation can improve the fitting capability for water resources in China. The hierarchical Bayesian model, which considered spatial dependence, reduced the uncertainty of the parameters compared to spatially independent counterparts. For most regions of China, human activities reduce water resources while climate change increases them. Southeastern China is the most influenced area, and its water resources decreased approximately 50 mm because of human activities. This study can provide a basis for water resource management under climate change and human activity constraints in China.},
}

@article {pmid30788142,
year = {2019},
author = {Bontrager, M and Angert, AL},
title = {Gene flow improves fitness at a range edge under climate change.},
journal = {Evolution letters},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {55-68},
doi = {10.1002/evl3.91},
pmid = {30788142},
issn = {2056-3744},
abstract = {Populations at the margins of a species' geographic range are often thought to be poorly adapted to their environment. According to theoretical predictions, gene flow can inhibit these range edge populations if it disrupts adaptation to local conditions. Alternatively, if range edge populations are small or isolated, gene flow can provide beneficial genetic variation and may facilitate adaptation to environmental change. We tested these competing predictions in the annual wildflower Clarkia pulchella using greenhouse crosses to simulate gene flow from sources across the geographic range into two populations at the northern range margin. We planted these between-population hybrids in common gardens at the range edge and evaluated how genetic differentiation and climatic differences between edge populations and gene flow sources affected lifetime fitness. During an anomalously warm study year, gene flow from populations occupying historically warm sites improved fitness at the range edge and plants with one or both parents from warm populations performed best. The effects of the temperature provenance of gene flow sources were most apparent at early life history stages, but precipitation provenance also affected reproduction. We also found benefits of gene flow that were independent of climate: after climate was controlled for, plants with parents from different populations performed better at later lifestages than those with parents from the same population, indicating that gene flow may improve fitness via relieving homozygosity. Further supporting this result, we found that increasing genetic differentiation of parental populations had positive effects on fitness of hybrid seeds. Gene flow from warmer populations, when it occurs, is likely to contribute adaptive genetic variation to populations at the northern range edge as the climate warms. On heterogeneous landscapes, climate of origin may be a better predictor of gene flow effects than geographic proximity.},
}

@article {pmid30786781,
year = {2019},
author = {Crews, DE and Kawa, NC and Cohen, JH and Ulmer, GL and Edes, AN},
title = {Climate Change, Uncertainty, and Allostatic Load.},
journal = {Annals of human biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-46},
doi = {10.1080/03014460.2019.1584243},
pmid = {30786781},
issn = {1464-5033},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Humans constantly respond to environmental stressors challenging their somatic stability. Allostasis, an evolved neuroendocrine/physiological stressor response system, is our main pathway for doing so. Effective allostasis returns somatic systems to their current optima; over a lifetime of stressor responses, related systems fail, effectiveness declines, and physiological dysregulation (i.e.: allostatic load) increases. Global Climate Change (GCC) multiplies environmental stressors on human populations and is likely to increase allostatic load.

OBJECTIVES: As a population-level stressor, GCC increases risks for multiple stressors, including sociocultural instability and food and water insecurity, while also motivating migration. We predict GCC increases risk for elevated allostatic load. Here, we review pathways by which GCC increases climatic and social stressors contributing to greater stress and allostatic load.

METHODS: Based upon published sources and primary ethnographic case studies, we examine how GCC, by multiplying climate-related stressors, likely increases social instability, food and water insecurity, and migration. Thereby, we propose GCC contributes to allostatic load.

RESULTS: GCC multiplies stressors on local populations. Those experiencing social insecurity related to GCC during growth and development are expected to show the largest influences on their lifetime allostatic load. Similarly, as GCC increases food and water insecurity, it likely will increase allostatic load in those affected and is likely to propel migrants to seek improved living circumstances. These stressors may be continued among their descendants via historical trauma or epigenetic responses.

CONCLUSION: GCC accentuates effects of environmental and sociocultural stressors on human populations. Those exposed to GCC are likely to show lifelong elevated allostatic load.},
}

@article {pmid30783293,
year = {2019},
author = {Muller, M},
title = {Hydropower dams can help mitigate the global warming impact of wetlands.},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {566},
number = {7744},
pages = {315-317},
doi = {10.1038/d41586-019-00616-w},
pmid = {30783293},
issn = {1476-4687},
}

@article {pmid30780055,
year = {2019},
author = {Hasan, MK and Kumar, L},
title = {Comparison between meteorological data and farmer perceptions of climate change and vulnerability in relation to adaptation.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {237},
number = {},
pages = {54-62},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.028},
pmid = {30780055},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {How farmers perceive climate change has an influence on how they adapt to climate change. Climate change perception and vulnerability were assessed based on the household survey information collected from randomly selected 118 farmers of Kalapara subdistrict in Bangladesh. This paper identified the socio-economic covariates of climate change perception and vulnerability in relation to agricultural adaptation. It was also determined whether their perception was consistent with meteorological information. Findings revealed that the farmers had a moderate level of perception of and vulnerability to climate change. An overwhelming majority (98%) of the respondents perceived a warmer summer and 96% of them observed a colder winter compared to the past. Among the farmers, 91% believed that rainfall had increased and 97% thought that the timing of rainfall had changed. The belief of increase in soil salinity and associated loss was prevailing among 98 and 99% of them, respectively. Observed climate data were mostly aligned with the farmers' perception with respect to temperature, rainfall, floods, droughts and salinity. Positive correlations were found among the perception of climate change, the perception of vulnerability and the number of adopted adaptation practices. Farmers' level of understanding of climate change, vulnerability and adaptation practices could be improved by involving them in different organizations, such as climate field school and farmer associations. It could accelerate the dissemination of agricultural adaptation practices among them to cope with adverse agricultural impacts of climate change.},
}

@article {pmid30779747,
year = {2019},
author = {Ross, LC and Speed, JDM and Øien, DI and Grygoruk, M and Hassel, K and Lyngstad, A and Moen, A},
title = {Can mowing restore boreal rich-fen vegetation in the face of climate change?.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {e0211272},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0211272},
pmid = {30779747},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Low-frequency mowing has been proposed to be an effective strategy for the restoration and management of boreal fens after abandonment of traditional haymaking. This study investigates how mowing affects long-term vegetation change in both oceanic and continental boreal rich-fen vegetation. This will allow evaluation of the effectiveness of mowing as a management and restoration tool in this ecosystem in the face of climate change. At two nature reserves in Central Norway (Tågdalen, 63° 03' N, 9° 05 E, oceanic climate and Sølendet, 62° 40' N, 11° 50' E, continental climate), we used permanent plot data from the two sites to compare plant species composition from the late 1960s to the early 1980s with that recorded in 2012-2015 in abandoned and mown fens. Changes in species composition and frequency were analysed by multivariate and univariate methods in relation to environmental variables and modelled climate and groundwater data. Mowing resulted in a decline in shrub and Molinia caerulea cover at the continental and oceanic sites respectively, and the total cover of specialist fen species had increased to a significantly greater extent in the mown plots than the unmown at the continental site. However, mowing did not have an effect on the cover of specialist bryophyte species, and some specialist species declined regardless of mowing treatment. Temperature sums had increased at both sites, but precipitation had not changed significantly. Mowing was shown to be the most important determinant of plant community composition at both sites, with local environmental conditions being of secondary importance. In conclusion, the abandonment of traditional management practices results in the loss of characteristic fen species. In order to encourage the restoration of typical rich-fen vegetation, particularly in oceanic areas, additional management measures, such as more intensive mowing, may be required.},
}

@article {pmid30779307,
year = {2019},
author = {Santana Junior, PA and Kumar, L and Da Silva, RS and Pereira, JL and Picanço, MC},
title = {Assessing the impact of climate change on the worldwide distribution of Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) using MaxEnt.},
journal = {Pest management science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ps.5379},
pmid = {30779307},
issn = {1526-4998},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: For the first time, a model was applied at the global scale in order to investigate the effects of climate change on Dalbulus maidis. D. maidis is the main vector of three plant pathogens of maize crops and has been reported as one of the most important maize pests in Latin America. We modeled the effects of climate change on this pest using three Global Climate Models under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) using the MaxEnt software.

RESULTS: Overall, climate change will lead to a decrease in the suitable areas for D. maidis. In South America, climate change will decrease the areas that are suitable for the pest, especially in Brazil. However, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela will have small areas that are highly suitable for the corn leafhopper. Outside of the pest's range, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa also should be concerned about the risk of corn leafhopper invasions in the future since they are projected to have highly suitable conditions for this insect in some areas.

CONCLUSION: This study will allow the relevant countries to increase their quarantine measures and guide researchers to develop new Z. mays varieties that are resistant or tolerant to D. maidis. In addition, the maize-stunting pathogens for the areas are highlighted in this modeling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid30778124,
year = {2019},
author = {Kosanic, A and Kavcic, I and van Kleunen, M and Harrison, S},
title = {Climate change and climate change velocity analysis across Germany.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {2196},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-38720-6},
pmid = {30778124},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Although there are great concerns to what extent current and future climate change impacts biodiversity across different spatial and temporal scales, we still lack a clear information on different climate change metrics across fine spatial scales. Here we present an analysis of climate change and climate change velocity at a local scale (1 × 1 km) across Germany. We focus on seasonal climate variability and velocity and investigate changes in three time periods (1901-2015, 1901-1950 and 1951-2015) using a novel statistical approach. Our results on climate variability showed the highest trends for the 1951-2015 time period. The strongest (positive/negative) and spatially the most dispersed trends were found for Summer maximum temperature and Summer minimum temperatures. For precipitation the strongest positive trends were most pronounced in the summer (1951-2015) and winter (1901-2015). Results for climate change velocity showed that almost 90% of temperature velocities were in the range of 0.5 to 3 km/year, whereas all climate velocities for precipitation were within the range of -3.5 to 4.5 km/year. The key results amplify the need for more local and regional scale studies to better understand species individualistic responses to recent climate change and allow for more accurate future projections and conservation strategies.},
}