@article {pmid40914365,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, Y and Tong, G and Li, J and Jin, Y and Yin, M and Ren, X},
title = {Fabrication of ZIF/SiO2 hybrid particles to prepare cotton-based antibacterial and anti-biofilm composites with high durability.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {147460},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147460},
pmid = {40914365},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {As living standards continue to rise, the demand for advanced cotton textiles that fulfill enhanced functional requirements has grown significantly. Therefore, the development of multifunctional antibacterial/hydrophobic cotton fabrics holds considerable practical value. In this study, a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) based hybrid material, ZIF/SiO2-LDS (Long-chain derivative of silane), was synthesized via a co-precipitation method using silica, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550), 2-methylimidazole and hexadecyltrimethylsilane (HDTMS). The resulting hybrid particles were then applied to cotton fabric through a simple padding process, achieving a loading amount of 2.348 %. This was followed by chlorination treatment with sodium hypochlorite to introduce antibacterial functionality. Hydrophobicity was assessed through contact angle measurements, achieving a maximum contact angle exceeding 145°. Antibacterial efficacy testing revealed complete inactivation of bacteria strains, achieving 100 % effectiveness. Study on the adhesion behavior of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed that HZSi/cot-Cl exhibits outstanding antibacterial adhesion resistance, effectively inhibiting bacterial attachment at concentrations up to 10[6] CFU/mL within one hour. The combined antibacterial and anti-adhesive properties significantly mitigate biofilm formation on the HZSi/cot-Cl surface. Notably, the fabric retained its anti-biofilm functionality even after 50 wash cycles. This research provides valuable insights into the development of advanced antibacterial and anti-adhesive treatments for cotton fabrics.},
}

@article {pmid40914064,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, K and Gao, J and Zhang, J and Wang, Y and Wang, H and Guo, Y and Lu, T},
title = {Preservatives induced succession of microbial communities and proliferation of resistance genes within biofilm and plastisphere in sulfur autotrophic denitrification system.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {497},
number = {},
pages = {139750},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139750},
pmid = {40914064},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {Methylparaben (MeP), Benzethonium chloride (BZC) and microplastics (MPs) as emerging contaminants are frequently detected in the environment. Furthermore, MPs can be colonized by microorganisms to form a unique ecological niche known as the "plastisphere". In this study, three biofilm-based sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) reactors were established, which were exposed to 0.5-5 mg/L MeP and BZC individually and in combination, while polyamide 6 bags were added to cultivate plastisphere within the three SAD systems. The results found that BZC had a more serious inhibition effect than MeP. Besides, MeP mitigated the toxicity of BZC on SAD, and the observed inhibition gradually diminished over time. The incorporation of preservatives significantly changed the microbial community structures and induced the proliferation of resistance genes (RGs) in both biofilm and plastisphere. Enrichment of functional bacterium like Thiobacillus and the colonization of pathogenic bacterium like Desulfovibrio were found in plastisphere. The proliferation of intracellular RGs in biofilm might drive the recovery of SAD performance. In addition, mobile genetic elements were recognized as the key drivers of horizontal gene transfer responsible for the dissemination of RGs. This research guided the efforts to control the risks associated with preservatives and MPs in wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid40913539,
year = {2025},
author = {Bilal, Z and Tipping, W and Brown, JL and Faulds, K},
title = {Under the lens: using Raman spectroscopy as a unique system in biofilm analyses.},
journal = {Critical reviews in microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-19},
doi = {10.1080/1040841X.2025.2555937},
pmid = {40913539},
issn = {1549-7828},
abstract = {Biofilms are microbial communities that adhere to surfaces and each other, encapsulated in a protective extracellular matrix. These structures enhance resistance to antimicrobials, contributing to 65-80% of human infections. The transition from free-living cells to structured biofilms involves a myriad of molecular and structural adaptations. Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique that has recently been adapted for biofilm analysis. The ability to operate without interference from water makes Raman spectroscopy a valuable tool for in situ characterization of biofilms, including direct analysis from clinical samples. The technique also offers the advantage of imaging speed and the capacity to generate extensive chemical and molecular data from samples, whilst also being non-destructive. However, Raman spectroscopy is often limited by its low sensitivity, particularly when applied to microbial analysis. This limitation has been addressed with the advent of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. When used in combination with traditional methods, these Raman technologies can be incredibly useful for understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm development, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection and discrimination of microorganisms. In this critical review, the application of Raman spectroscopy and its derivatives as a tool for biofilm characterization is discussed along with its associated advantages and challenges.},
}

@article {pmid40913087,
year = {2025},
author = {Schmidt, WC and Lee, CK and Zheng, X and Chen, JW and Fetah, KL and Popoli, JR and Choi, YS and Young, TD and Weiss, PS and Kasko, AM and O'Toole, GA and Parsek, MR and Wong, GCL},
title = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa senses exopolysaccharide trails using type IV pili and adhesins during biofilm formation.},
journal = {Nature microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40913087},
issn = {2058-5276},
support = {W911NF-18-1-0254//United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)/ ; W911NF-18-1-0254//United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)/ ; W911NF-18-1-0254//United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO)/ ; R01 AI43730//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; T32 AI007323/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI43730//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01 AI077628/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM008185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI143916/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI077628/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI43730//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R37 AI83256//U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; DGE-1650604//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; DGE-2034835//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; NSF 1821721//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; NSF 1821721//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; },
abstract = {During early stages of biofilm formation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) PAO1 can sense exopolysaccharide (EPS) trails of Psl deposited on a surface by previous Pa cells to detect trajectories of other cells and to orchestrate motility. This sensory signal is transduced into cyclic diGMP second messengers, but no known Psl receptors and adhesins participate in signal transduction. Here, using bacteria-secreted Psl trails, glycopolymer-patterned surfaces, longitudinal cell tracking, second messenger dual reporters and genetic mutations targeting EPS binding and surface twitching, we find that Pa is capable of sensing EPS directly through mutually constitutive interactions between type IV pili (T4P)-powered twitching and specific adhesin-EPS bonds. This unanticipated mechanochemical surveillance of the Pa environment, where T4P pull against cell-body localized adhesins interacting with EPS trails, such as mannose-binding CdrA, generates a hybrid, transitional planktonic-to-biofilm population with elevated cyclic diGMP and elevated cyclic AMP, as well as increased motility capable of following EPS trails. These results show a generalizable mechanism of surface chemosensing through mechanosensitive appendages.},
}

@article {pmid40911723,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhuang, H and Li, J and Jiang, H and Liu, W and Ding, Q and Mushtaq, M and Yuan, X and Wei, Q and Wang, Q},
title = {Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic-Photodynamic Dual Antimicrobial Polyester Textile for Inhibiting Biofilm Formation in Medical Applications.},
journal = {ACS applied bio materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsabm.5c00886},
pmid = {40911723},
issn = {2576-6422},
abstract = {The problem of hospital-acquired infections arising from inadequate antimicrobial and antibiofilm performance in medical textiles is an increasingly urgent threat to public health. The dual strategy combining superhydrophobic surfaces with aPDT exhibits potent antibacterial efficacy and barely triggers the risk of antimicrobial resistance, but still encounters significant challenges, including intricate fabrication methods and narrow spectral absorption of single-photosensitizer (PS) systems. A superhydrophobic-photodynamic dual antimicrobial polyester fabric is developed herein for medical applications to address these challenges. A binary-PS system comprising curcumin (Cur) and methylene blue (MB) was loaded onto polyester fabrics via an integrated dyeing and finishing technology, while dodecyltrichlorosilane (DTCS)-modified silicon dioxide (abbreviated as DSiO2) was spray-coated to construct a robust superhydrophobic surface. The binary-PS (Cur/MB) achieves broad spectral coverage (400-700 nm) and significantly enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under visible light irradiation via a Type II photodynamic mechanism. Benefiting from its strong antiadhesion and dual-photosensitizer enhanced photodynamic bactericidal properties, the superhydrophobic-photodynamic polyester fabrics exhibit 99.99% (4 log units) antibacterial efficiency under visible light irradiation (60,000 lx, 30 min). Remarkable biofilm inhibition of the fabric is also evidenced by the reduction of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilm activity to 0.11 and 0.42, respectively. Moreover, the fabric displays excellent biocompatibility, maintaining the 85.51% viability of L929 cells after 24 h. Overall, this scalable and efficient fabrication strategy for superhydrophobic-photodynamic antibacterial textiles offers significant advantages in combating bacterial infections and suppressing biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40909929,
year = {2025},
author = {Ni, B and Chang, J and Zhou, Y and Li, W and Tian, Z and Lu, R and Zhang, Y},
title = {The coordinated regulatory impact of AcsS and TpdA on biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1652011},
pmid = {40909929},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a marine pathogen, employs biofilm formation to enhance environmental persistence and transmission. Biofilm development is intricately regulated by cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), whose levels are controlled by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). This study elucidates the coordinated regulatory roles of the LysR-type transcriptional regulator AcsS and the PDE TpdA in biofilm formation. Through genetic, transcriptomic, and biochemical analyses, we demonstrate that AcsS promotes biofilm formation by directly activating the exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene cpsA and indirectly repressing tpdA, a gene encoding a c-di-GMP-degrading enzyme. Conversely, TpdA inhibits acsS expression and antagonizes cpsA transcription. RNA-seq revealed that AcsS globally regulates 235 genes, including those linked to flagella, type IV pili, and capsular polysaccharides. Intracellular c-di-GMP quantification showed that AcsS elevates c-di-GMP levels, while TpdA reduces them, establishing a feedback loop. Phenotypic assays confirmed that AcsS-dependent biofilm enhancement operates independently of TpdA, though TpdA partially suppresses biofilm formation in the absence of AcsS. These findings unveil a regulatory circuit where AcsS and TpdA coordinately modulate c-di-GMP metabolism and biofilm-associated gene expression, highlighting them as promising targets for disrupting biofilm-mediated persistence and transmission of V. parahaemolyticus.},
}

@article {pmid40907234,
year = {2025},
author = {Shi, X and Zhang, J and Chen, X and Li, Q and Hui, Y and Han, J and Jin, X and Jin, P},
title = {Impact of bacteriophage MS2 adsorption on biofilm microbial communities, metabolic pathways, and protein expression in sewer systems.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {393},
number = {},
pages = {126998},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126998},
pmid = {40907234},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {The stability of microbial communities within sewer systems is essential for maintaining effluent quality and infrastructure longevity. However, the functional consequences of viral interactions with biofilms remain poorly characterised. This study examines the effects of bacteriophage MS2 adsorption on biofilm structure, metabolism, and pathogenic potential in a simulated 1 km sewer pipeline. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) revealed irreversible phage adsorption onto extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), inducing a biphasic viscoelastic response. During the first 24 h, the ΔD/Δf slope increased from 0.204 to 0.420, indicating initial loosening of the EPS matrix. This was followed by a compaction phase, with the slope decreasing to 0.102 by 96 h. Metagenomic profiling indicated a shift in community functionality, with sulphur-metabolising Chlorobium decreasing by 27.8 % and the pathogenic genus Novosphingobium increasing by 4.87 %. Corresponding trends were observed in enzymatic activity: sulphate reduction genes (e.g., EC 2.7.7.4) declined to 10 % of baseline levels at 24 h, before recovering to 14542 annotations at 96 h. Metaproteomic analysis revealed divergent regulatory responses, with acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) transcriptionally upregulated, while phosphate acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.8) increased independently of gene expression, indicating potential post-translational control. These findings demonstrate that phage adsorption perturbs biofilm integrity and reprogrammes microbial metabolism, underscoring the need for virus-informed strategies in sewer monitoring and pathogen management.},
}

@article {pmid40905934,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, J and Xiang, Q and Zhao, G and Lin, K and Huang, J and Gao, Z and Lu, H and Dong, H},
title = {Dual-Functional Microneedles for In Situ Diagnosis and Biofilm-Targeted Therapy of Diabetic Periodontitis via Biomarker-Responsive Probes and Photothermal NO Nanomotors.},
journal = {Analytical chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03316},
pmid = {40905934},
issn = {1520-6882},
abstract = {Chronic periodontitis, a frequent complication of diabetes, is exacerbated by bacterial biofilms that drive progressive periodontal tissue destruction and systemic inflammation. Conventional treatments, utilizing mechanical debridement and systemic antibiotics, often fail to eradicate bacterial biofilms, promote antibiotic resistance, and lack real-time monitoring, leading to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we report a separable bilayer microneedle (MN) patch that enables localized, antibiotic-free, biofilm-targeted therapy and in situ biomarker-based monitoring for the integrated management of chronic periodontitis. Specifically, the swellable backing layer of the patch incorporates interleukin-6 and miRNA-223 responsive fluorescence probes, enabling visual, real-time assessment of periodontal inflammation and aiding in the diagnosis of chronic periodontitis. Simultaneously, the patch features a soluble MN tip embedded with indocyanine-green-modified asymmetrically gold-decorated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which are loaded with glucose oxidase and l-arginine, forming near-infrared (NIR-) driven nanomotors (JSGAs). Upon NIR irradiation, JSGAs generate local hyperthermia that enhances biofilm penetration and initiates a cascade catalytic reaction to release nitric oxide (NO). In rat models, the system significantly reduced local inflammation and bacterial infiltration while enabling longitudinal monitoring, offering a smart, closed-loop strategy for precise diagnosis and therapy of chronic periodontitis.},
}

@article {pmid40905250,
year = {2025},
author = {Massons, G and Gilabert-Oriol, G and Gomez, V and Arrowood, T and Garcia Molina, V},
title = {Fortilife[™] Director[™] biofouling diagnostic tool developed for biofilm visualisation on reverse osmosis membranes.},
journal = {Biofouling},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1080/08927014.2025.2551860},
pmid = {40905250},
issn = {1029-2454},
abstract = {Imaging techniques are important for biofilm studies. Biofilm samples should ideally be visualised with minimal sample preparation so as not to alter their original structure. However, this can be challenging and resource-intensive in most cases. This study details the development of a novel tool (Fortilife[™] Director[™]) to visualise biofouling. The method utilises a microparticle suspension that effectively highlights biofilm boundaries without altering its structure, allowing for high-contrast, in-situ visualisation. Experimental applications across various membrane types, including reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, demonstrate the capability of the tool to quantify biofilm surface coverage accurately. Results from studies on different feed waters underline the effectiveness in evaluating biofouling severity and distribution patterns, correlating surface coverage with operational performance metrics such as pressure drop increase. The Fortilife[™] Director[™] represents a promising advancement in the management of biofouling in membrane filtration systems, offering a more reliable means of monitoring and optimising operational efficiency.},
}

@article {pmid40905052,
year = {2025},
author = {Verma, N and Agarwal, V},
title = {Organoid-Based Skin and Lung Biofilm Models, a Cutting-Edge Approach for Anti-Biofilm Research: A Mini Review.},
journal = {Biotechnology journal},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {e70109},
doi = {10.1002/biot.70109},
pmid = {40905052},
issn = {1860-7314},
support = {//Ministry of Education, India/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Organoids/microbiology ; Humans ; *Skin/microbiology ; *Lung/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Models, Biological ; },
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms contribute to 60%-80% of human infections, exhibiting resistance to traditional antibiotic treatment and contributing to chronic, relapsing diseases, particularly in healthcare settings. Traditional in-vitro and in-vivo models often fail to accurately replicate the human microenvironment. This mini review highlights the emerging use of organoid-based models that are three-dimensional, self-organizing structures derived from stem cells. These biomimetic systems closely resemble native organs, providing a physiologically appropriate platform for anti-biofilm efficacy assessment, especially skin and lung, offering a more accurate environment for assessing microbial colonization, persistence, and therapeutic response. This paper summarizes recent advances in the development of effective antimicrobial testing methods for biofilm organoid models, focusing on human-derived proteins and biopolymers. We have discussed how these organoid models, specifically skin and lung organoids, provide insights into host-pathogen dynamics and antimicrobial responses. By bridging the gap between the clinical phase and classical experimental modeling, the organoid model is a powerful tool for transforming and accelerating translational antimicrobial research.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Organoids/microbiology
Humans
*Skin/microbiology
*Lung/microbiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Animals
Models, Biological

@article {pmid40904684,
year = {2025},
author = {Yu, X and Li, Y and Yang, T and Li, W and Dong, X and Huang, A and Shi, Y},
title = {Identification of the malonylation modification in Staphylococcus aureus and insight into the regulators in biofilm formation.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1598098},
pmid = {40904684},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical regulators of bacterial biofilm formation, but the role of lysine malonylation (Kmal) in biofilm formation is still poorly understood.

METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the dynamic changes of protein malonylation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) DC15 during biofilm formation based on antibody affinity enrichment combined with quantitative proteomics.

RESULTS: Quantitative profiling identified 2,833 malonylated sites across 788 proteins, with significant enrichment in biofilm-associated proteins. Twelve conserved motifs, including Kmal******R and Kmal****R (* represents any amino acid residue), dominated the malonyl proteome landscape in S. aureus. The combined analysis of modified and quantitative proteomics revealed the quorum-sensing system as a key regulatory hub in S. aureus biofilm formation. In particular, the response regulator, AgrA, showed decreased expression but increased malonylation at the K2, K11, and K216 sites during S. aureus biofilm formation, suggesting functional compensation. Structural and phylogenetic analysis showed that the key malonylation sites (K216) of protein AgrA were evolutionarily conserved in Gram-positive pathogens including Bacillus cereus. Molecular docking analysis found that antimicrobial peptide BCp12 and natural compound chlorogenic acid could bind with the malonylation sites in AgrA (ΔG = -6.888 and -5.302 kcal/mol, respectively).

CONCLUSION: This study provides a new perspective for understanding the general rules of bacterial biofilm formation and developing broad-spectrum anti-biofilm drugs.},
}

@article {pmid40904223,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhu, C and Zuo, Y and Dong, H and Yuan, T and Yang, W and Cai, K},
title = {A Starch Gum with a Multi-Cascade Enzymatic Reaction Targeting Dental Caries Biofilm Eradication and Enamel Regeneration.},
journal = {Advanced healthcare materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e02346},
doi = {10.1002/adhm.202502346},
pmid = {40904223},
issn = {2192-2659},
support = {2022YFB3804400//State Key Project of Research and Development/ ; 32071334//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 52333011//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 62303079//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; cstc2021jcyj-cxttX0002//Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing/ ; CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0074//Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing/ ; },
abstract = {The progression of dental caries is exacerbated by the presence of bacterial biofilms on carious enamel surfaces, which inhibit remineralization and exacerbate caries. Existing caries treatment protocols are often complex and costly. To simultaneously eradicate caries-associated biofilms and repair demineralized enamel, this study develope a starch-based gum containing calcium carbonate nanoparticles loaded with L-arginine (CaCO3@L-Arg) and glucose oxidase (GOx). The gum can absorb water and swell into a gel. Due to the hydrogen bonding and adhesive properties of gelatinized starch, the starch gel can be freely shaped to fill and adhere to irregular carious cavities. In particular, under the weak acid microenvironment of caries biofilms and the enzymatic action of salivary amylase (Amy), the gel degrades within 3-5 hours, releasing GOx and L-Arg. These components trigger a dual enzyme (Amy and GOx) mediated multi-cascade reaction (starch → glucose → H2O2 → NO) that effectively disrupts biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and other cariogenic bacteria. At the same time, calcium and phosphate ions released from the gel use the starch as a template to form calcium phosphate in situ, promoting enamel remineralization. This dual-functional system effectively eradicates interdental biofilms and restores enamel, representing a promising strategy for the treatment of early caries.},
}

@article {pmid40902890,
year = {2025},
author = {Guan, YC and Liang, S and Wang, YD and Bai, SY and Huang, CB and Gong, JZ and Shi, WQ and Kang, YH and Shan, XF and Huang, SY},
title = {The Ferrous Iron Transporter FeoB Mediates Motility, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Aeromonas veronii.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108014},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.108014},
pmid = {40902890},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii) is a widespread pathogen that can affect human, animals, and aquatic. The ferrous iron (Fe[2+]) transport system (Feo system) is essential for bacterial survival and virulence. Within this system, FeoB, a transmembrane NTPase, plays a key role in maintaining iron homeostasis. However, the role of feoB in the A. veronii is still not clear. In this study, a stable A. veronii feoB genetic mutant strain (ΔfeoB) was constructed, and a strain complemented this mutation (C-feoB). Compared to the wild-type A. veronii strain (TH0426), ΔfeoB exhibited reduced gentamicin sensitivity and impaired growth under iron-limited conditions. Additionally, the ΔfeoB mutant exhibited significant reduction in motility, adhesion, and invasion capabilities. In term of virulence, the wild-type strain exhibited a 2.62-fold higher cytotoxicity toward EPC cells than ΔfeoB. And the LD50 of ΔfeoB was 178-fold lower than that of the wild-type strain, indicating a substantial attenuation of virulence. Consistently, Carassius infected with ΔfeoB displayed significantly lower bacterial loads in tissues. Moreover, the ΔfeoB exhibited diminished antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, this study initially revealed the role of feoB gene in A. veronii TH0426, and provided a new insight into reducing bacterial infectivity and virulence by targeting the regulation of Feo systems.},
}

@article {pmid40900405,
year = {2025},
author = {Haq, T and Jaswani, S and Roohi, R},
title = {Nanoflowers: Smart Molecules for Biofilm Management.},
journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40900405},
issn = {1559-0291},
abstract = {Biofilm formation poses challenges across various sectors, such as healthcare facilities, food safety, and in industrial processes, owing to the resilience of microbial communities encased in protective extracellular matrices. This paper delves into the strategies for biofilm control, highlighting recent/novel chemical, biological, and nanotechnological approaches. Chemical methods exploit the potential of natural compounds, such as phenolic antioxidants and nanoparticles, to disrupt biofilms, thereby boosting the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments. In parallel, biological strategies involve the use of predatory bacteria and biosurfactants and offer eco-friendly alternatives. In nanotechnology, particularly the nanoflowers, due to their unique morphology and high surface area, show greater promise in efficiently targeting biofilms by enabling enhanced bacterial interaction and precise drug delivery. The implications of these approaches are far-reaching, extending to the food industry, where biofilm formation can result in spoilage and foodborne illnesses, as well as in biomedical applications aimed at preventing infections related to medical devices. This paper underscores the potential of integrating these approaches to develop more effective and sustainable solutions for biofilm management, contributing to enhanced health and safety across multiple domains.},
}

@article {pmid40900343,
year = {2025},
author = {Temel, A and Aydın, E and Kocaağa, M},
title = {Associations between carbapenemase genes, biofilm formation, and virulence factors in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Türkiye.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {863},
pmid = {40900343},
issn = {1573-4978},
}

@article {pmid40900294,
year = {2025},
author = {Singh, S and Selvakumar, S and Swaminathan, P},
title = {The Role of Phytosterol Derivatives in Inhibiting LuxS-Mediated Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.},
journal = {Molecular biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40900294},
issn = {1559-0305},
abstract = {Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a halophilic bacterium of the Vibrionaceae family, is a notable opportunistic pathogen that affects aquatic organisms, such as shrimp and fish. The LuxS enzyme, a Zn[2]-dependent metalloenzyme, governs the synthesis of autoinducer-2 (AI-2), a conserved quorum-sensing molecule that modulates gene expression related to virulence in Vibrio species and Escherichia coli. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory potential of marine algae-derived bioactive compounds against the LuxS/AI-2 quorum-sensing system in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Structural and functional characterization of the LuxS protein was performed using various bioinformatics tools. Virtual screening and molecular docking of 20 selected compounds identified Brassicasterol as having the strongest binding affinity (- 8.1 kcal/mol), while Stigmasterol, with a slightly lower docking score (- 8.0 kcal/mol), showed greater stability in a 300 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Subsequent analyses, including Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), confirmed the sustained interaction of Stigmasterol with the LuxS protein. These findings highlight Stigmasterol as a promising inhibitor of LuxS-mediated quorum sensing and support its potential as a candidate for anti-virulence therapeutic intervention in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections.},
}

@article {pmid40900213,
year = {2025},
author = {Alarcon Rios, AC and Zwep, LB and Vriesendorp, B and Knibbe, CAJ and Ciofu, O and Liakopoulos, A and Aulin, LBS and Rozen, DE and van Hasselt, JGC},
title = {Colistin resistance dynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under biofilm and planktonic growth.},
journal = {Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0042125},
doi = {10.1128/aac.00421-25},
pmid = {40900213},
issn = {1098-6596},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major pathogen in chronic biofilm-associated lung infections, particularly in patients with cystic fibrosis. Colistin is commonly used to treat these infections, although there is little understanding of how resistance evolves when cells are grown within biofilms. The current study compared the phenotypic dynamics and genetic adaptations of colistin resistance between planktonic and biofilm-grown P. aeruginosa. Using an in vitro experimental evolution approach, we passaged planktonic and biofilm cultures over 10 days under static or progressively increasing colistin concentrations. Population analysis profiling was performed daily to track resistance dynamics and heterogeneity. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on evolved lineages. Biofilm-grown populations exhibited significantly slower resistance rates than planktonic cultures, particularly under treatments above 0.5 mg/L (1×MIC). Despite this initial delay, both biofilm- and planktonic cultures ultimately evolved similar frequencies of resistant subpopulations. Genetically, we observed shared mutations in canonical colistin resistance determinants such as phoQ and qseC. We also identified growth-mode-specific patterns: oprH mutations were primarily found in biofilm-evolved populations, while nfeD mutations were pervasive in planktonic cultures but rare in biofilms. Taken together, our results provide key insights into the role of biofilm in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of colistin resistance evolution in P. aeruginosa.},
}

@article {pmid40897560,
year = {2025},
author = {Sabedra, V and Poker, BC and Oliveira, VC and Macedo, AP and Zeuner, F and Sakly, A and Watanabe, E and Silva-Lovato, CH},
title = {Biofilm control in printed dentures: Effectiveness of hygiene protocols in base and tooth resins.},
journal = {The Journal of prosthetic dentistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.prosdent.2025.08.003},
pmid = {40897560},
issn = {1097-6841},
abstract = {STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Despite the importance of denture hygiene, little is known about how different hygiene protocols perform against multispecies biofilms, including Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans, on denture surfaces made from conventional versus 3-dimensionally (3D) printed acrylic resins.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of hygiene protocols on a multispecies biofilm (C albicans, S aureus, and S mutans) formed on resin used for denture bases and teeth.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Circular specimens (Ø6×2 mm) were made from 3D printed denture resin (n=77) and heat-polymerized resin (n=77). Specimens with multispecies biofilm were randomly assigned to 3 hygiene protocols combining manual brushing with a soft brush and neutral soap (20 seconds per surface) plus immersion in 3 mL distilled water (control, for 20 minutes), Corega Tabs solution (BCt, for 15 minutes), or Nitradine solution (BNt, for 3 minutes). After rinsing in phosphate-buffered saline, the specimens were transferred to Letheen broth, 0.025 mL of the suspension was seeded on selective media, and the plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37 °C. Microbial load was quantified by CFU/mL count, and data were analyzed by the generalized linear model with the Wald test (α=.05). Biofilm viability was assessed by epifluorescence microscopy.

RESULTS: The BNt protocol eliminated S mutans and C albicans (CFU=0). For S aureus, BNt resulted in no detectable growth on either resin (P<.001). BCt reduced microbial load compared with the control for all species (P<.001) but was less effective than BNt. The 3D printed resin showed lower microbial load than the heat-polymerized resin for both base and tooth materials (P<.001). With BCt, the S aureus load was significantly higher on the heat-polymerized resin than on the 3D printed resin (P<.001). Microscopy images confirmed substantial biofilm reductions after both chemical protocols.

CONCLUSIONS: Brushing followed by immersion in Nitradine was the most effective hygiene protocol for controlling multispecies biofilm. The 3D printed denture resin demonstrated better resistance to microbial colonization than conventional heat-polymerized resin.},
}

@article {pmid40897023,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, S and Gao, J and Yu, C and Song, F and Wu, J and Zhou, L and Wei, S and Wang, A and Zhu, Y},
title = {Effects of the lpfD gene on biofilm formation in Salmonella.},
journal = {Veterinary microbiology},
volume = {309},
number = {},
pages = {110699},
doi = {10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110699},
pmid = {40897023},
issn = {1873-2542},
abstract = {Salmonella biofilm (BF) formation is crucial for persistent infections, with fimbrial adhesion being key. The regulatory role of the lpfD gene, encoding the tip adhesin of long polar fimbriae (LPF), in BF development is not well understood. This study used whole-genome sequencing to identify the lpfD gene difference between high-BF-forming strain DSE06 and low-BF-forming strain DSK01. Molecular biology techniques created the lpfD knockout strain DSE06-ΔlpfD, complemented strain DSE06-CΔlpfD, and recombinant strain DSK01-lpfD(+). Growth curves and BF formation of these strains were analyzed using culturing, crystal violet staining, SEM, and TEM. Adhesion and invasion efficiencies on Caco-2 cells were compared, and mRNA expression of key BF genes csgD, csgA, and csgB was evaluated. Results showed genetic modifications did not influence bacterial growth. Among wild-type, knockout, complemented and recombinant strains, the BF-forming capacity of the DSE06-ΔlpfD was significantly reduced (P < 0.01), whereas the DSK01-lpfD(+) demonstrated a significant enhancement (P < 0.01), the DSE06-CΔlpfD exhibited a partial restoration. BF formed by the DSE06 and the DSK01-lpfD(+) strains displayed dense net structures, in contrast to the dispersed bacterial distribution in DSE06-ΔlpfD. The deletion of lpfD did not alter the ultrastructural morphology of LPF. Compared to the DSE06, DSE06-CΔlpfD, and DSK01-lpfD(+) strains, the DSE06-ΔlpfD strain generated showed significantly reduced adhesion and invasion rates. In the DSE06-ΔlpfD strain, the expression of csgD, csgA, and csgB was significantly reduced compared to the DSE06 strain (P < 0.01). These results highlight the lpfD gene's crucial role in Salmonella BF formation and its potential impact on controlling infections.},
}

@article {pmid40896945,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhai, Q and Liu, Y and Li, M and Li, J and Zhang, H and Wu, X},
title = {The quorum sensing regulator Kj-LuxS modulates biofilm formation for nicosulfuron degradation and rhizosphere colonization in Klebsiella.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {497},
number = {},
pages = {139701},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139701},
pmid = {40896945},
issn = {1873-3336},
abstract = {Soil nicosulfuron residues disrupt crop rotation with herbicide-sensitive plants. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that the Kj-LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing system in Klebsiella jilinsis 2N3 critically regulates biofilm-mediated nicosulfuron detoxification through multiple mechanisms: (1) Kj-LuxS deletion reduced biofilm biomass by 60.62 % and decreased herbicide biosorption by 72.89 %; (2) The mutant showed impaired motility and chemotaxis toward root exudate components including organic acids, sugars and amino acids, with corresponding downregulation of bsmA, cheY, and pilW genes; (3) The ΔKj-LuxS mutant demonstrated severely impaired rhizosphere colonization, exhibiting a 74.28 % population decline within 14 days and forming structurally compromised root-surface biofilms with significantly reduced integrity; (4) While wild-type 2N3 reduced nicosulfuron residues by 55.07 % and restored Nicotiana benthamiana growth, the mutant only achieved 31.88 % degradation. Complementation experiments confirmed these phenotypes were Kj-LuxS-dependent. Our findings establish a novel mechanistic link between QS-regulated biofilm formation and herbicide degradation, offering new strategies for engineering rhizoremediation consortia.},
}

@article {pmid40896894,
year = {2025},
author = {Sun, L and Shewa, WA and Razavi, SAS and Bossy, K and Dagnew, M},
title = {Nitrous oxide emissions and mitigation strategies in a nitrite-accumulating partial denitrification wastewater treatment process using rope type biofilm media.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {393},
number = {},
pages = {126996},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126996},
pmid = {40896894},
issn = {1095-8630},
}

@article {pmid40896802,
year = {2025},
author = {Hu, P and Chen, H and Qian, C and Fu, Q and Zhang, S and Huang, Z and Liu, H and Zhou, C and Shen, M and Zhou, T},
title = {Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Dichlorophen-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae.},
journal = {International journal of nanomedicine},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {10255-10277},
doi = {10.2147/IJN.S532807},
pmid = {40896802},
issn = {1178-2013},
abstract = {PURPOSE: The global emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent a major threat to effective clinical antimicrobial therapy, highlighting the urgent demand for alternative treatment strategies. This study aims to develop dichlorophen-functionalized gold nanoparticles (DDM_Au NPs) as a novel approach to combat CRE and their associated biofilms.

METHODS: Two structurally related antiparasitic compounds, bithionol and dichlorophen, were functionalized with Au NPs using a one-pot synthesis technique and thoroughly characterized. Their antibacterial activity was assessed through standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing and bacterial growth curve analysis. Antibiofilm properties were evaluated using crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The underlying mechanism of action was investigated by measuring reactive oxygen species production and assessing bacterial membrane permeability. Biocompatibility was evaluated via hemolysis assays, in vivo murine studies, and Galleria mellonella infection models. A urinary catheter model contaminated with biofilms, along with murine models of abdominal and pulmonary infection, was employed to assess device-associated applicability and therapeutic efficacy in vivo.

RESULTS: DDM_Au NPs demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against CRE, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4 to 16 μg/mL. These nanoparticles effectively inhibited biofilm formation and promoted the disruption of mature biofilms, resulting in bacterial load reductions of 2-6  log10 CFU/mL on infected urinary catheters. Mechanistic studies revealed that their antimicrobial activity was primarily driven by disruption of bacterial membrane integrity and induction of intracellular oxidative stress through elevated reactive oxygen species production. Notably, DDM_Au NPs exhibited favorable biocompatibility and significantly reduced bacterial burdens at infection sites by 4-5 log10 CFU/mL, while also alleviating inflammatory responses and limiting tissue damage across multiple animal infection models.

CONCLUSION: This study introduces a streamlined and effective strategy for achieving both antibacterial and antibiofilm effects using antiparasitic drug-functionalized Au NPs. DDM_Au NPs show strong promise as innovative antimicrobial agents for treating clinical CRE infections and reducing environmental contamination in healthcare environments.},
}

@article {pmid40896514,
year = {2025},
author = {Park, J and Baek, J and Choi, E and Kim, D and Lee, A and Kang, SS},
title = {Extracellular vesicles from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum inhibit the biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes and reduce bacterial contamination on romaine lettuce.},
journal = {Current research in food science},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {101175},
doi = {10.1016/j.crfs.2025.101175},
pmid = {40896514},
issn = {2665-9271},
abstract = {Biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes pose a serious risk to food safety. Probiotics and their derivatives have been widely explored as alternatives to conventional antimicrobial strategies for biofilm control. In this study, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LpEVs) and characterized, and their antibiofilm activity against L. monocytogenes was investigated. Their inhibitory effects on L. monocytogenes biofilm were evaluated using romaine lettuce as a food model. Results showed that LpEV treatment significantly reduced biofilm formation without affecting bacterial survival. LpEVs suppressed the expression of luxS and the production of autoinducer-2, thereby interfering with quorum sensing (QS) in L. monocytogenes. LpEVs downregulated QS-related genes associated with motility, adhesion, and virulence. They also impaired not only bacterial swimming motility but also adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. The surface application of LpEVs on romaine lettuce leaves markedly reduced L. monocytogenes biofilm formation and bacterial contamination without compromising visual sensory quality. Therefore, LpEVs could be used as natural antimicrobial agents that interfere with QS-mediated biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes and could also be effectively applied to enhance the microbial safety of fresh produce.},
}

@article {pmid40895588,
year = {2025},
author = {Márton, R and Hermann, H and Kiss, VT and Fenyvesi, É and Szente, L and Molnár, M},
title = {Cyclodextrins in action: Modulating candida albicans biofilm formation and morphology.},
journal = {Biotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {47},
number = {},
pages = {e00912},
doi = {10.1016/j.btre.2025.e00912},
pmid = {40895588},
issn = {2215-017X},
abstract = {The primary objective of this research was to explore the bioactive potential of cyclodextrins in attenuating biofilm formation in C. albicans. The concentration-dependent effects of both native cyclodextrins and specific derivatives were studied at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 12.5 mM, to determine the mechanisms by which the extent of biofilm formation can be reduced. Besides, the efficiency of various combinations of cyclodextrins and farnesol, as an antifungal substance, were examined. The present study revealed both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of cyclodextrins on biofilm formation, depending on the structure and concentration. The bioactive potential of randomly methylated α- and γ-CD showed significant antifungal properties, as evidenced by a reduction in the biofilm formation. In addition, randomly methylated cyclodextrins were found to significantly enhance the antifungal activity of farnesol against C. albicans. Consequently, their synergistic effect may provide an excellent opportunity to produce a lower dose but more effective anticandidal formulation.},
}

@article {pmid40893990,
year = {2025},
author = {Zare Jahromi, M and Baghersad, A and Shirani, AM and Tahmourespour, A and Alipour, E and Mokabberi, A},
title = {Antibacterial Efficiency of three Different Irrigation Methods in Infected Roots Infected with Enterococcus Faecalis Biofilm.},
journal = {Journal of dentistry (Shiraz, Iran)},
volume = {26},
number = {3},
pages = {257-265},
doi = {10.30476/dentjods.2025.102497.2365},
pmid = {40893990},
issn = {2345-6485},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The elimination of pathogenic microorganisms is crucial in endodontic treatments, as Enterococcus Faecalis is involved in the majority of endodontic failures. This bacterium is known for its resilience and ability to persist within the root canal system, often leading to treatment complications.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial efficiency of three different irrigation methods including passive ultrasonic, XP Endofinisher file, and Laser Diode 810 nm in infected roots with Enterococcus Faecalis (E.faecalis) biofilm.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this experimental study, 48 anterior single-canal teeth were enrolled. After cutting their crowns, the teeth were cultured with E.faecalis and then randomly divided into four groups. Following preparation through the rotary system up to F4 at the working length, passive ultrasonic irrigation (Ultra X) was used inside the root canal in the first group. In the second group of the study, the XP Endofinisher file was applied to activate the irrigation solution, while in the third group, the Laser Diode 810 nm was used. The fourth group served as the control group and did not utilize any irrigation. The irrigation solution employed across all groups consisted of 1ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), followed by a final irrigation with 5ml of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 5ml of 5.25% NaOCl, and 5ml of sterile saline. After canal irrigation and sampling, bacterial colony counting was conducted, and the data were recorded. If the data were normally distributed, a variance test analysis was used; otherwise, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. The tests were performed at a 5% significance level using SPSS software version 24.

RESULTS: The reduction in the number of bacterial colonies was significantly greater in all three methods compared to the control group. The obtained data revealed that the antibacterial effect of Laser 810 nm was considerably (p< 0.05) higher than the other two groups and reduction in the number of colonies in Ultra X group was remarkably (p< 0.05) greater than the XP Endofinisher file group.

CONCLUSION: All three mentioned methods were effective in reducing the number of bacteria in endodontic treatments. Notably, the antibacterial efficiency of the Laser Diode 810 nm was significantly greater than that of the other two methods.},
}

@article {pmid40893976,
year = {2025},
author = {Hong, Y and Qin, J and Totsika, M},
title = {Not too rigid nor too wobbly: Defining an optimal membrane fluidity range essential for biofilm formation in Escherichia coli.},
journal = {mLife},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {461-464},
doi = {10.1002/mlf2.70024},
pmid = {40893976},
issn = {2770-100X},
abstract = {Membrane fluidity plays a crucial role in bacterial fitness and adaptation to cope with rapid environmental changes. While high membrane fluidity promotes robust biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae, studies in several other species, including Salmonella enterica, suggest that biofilm formation is associated with reduced fluidity. This paradox may reflect the complex relationship between lipid composition and biofilm formation. Our findings demonstrated that both low and high extremes of lipid fluidity restrict biofilm formation. We propose that the required fluidity for biofilm growth, relative to that required for planktonic growth, may differ between species and is readily adjusted to fall within a "Goldilocks" range during lifestyle transitions.},
}

@article {pmid40893784,
year = {2025},
author = {Ko, YS and Gi, EJ and Lee, S and Kim, HC and Cho, HH},
title = {Dual red and near-infrared LED therapy inhibits MRSA biofilm in otitis media.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100314},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100314},
pmid = {40893784},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Otitis media (OM), particularly when caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), can become refractory due to biofilm formation, which contributes to resistance against conventional antimicrobial treatments. Photobiomodulation using light-emitting diode (LED) therapy has recently emerged as a promising non-antibiotic strategy for managing refractory infections by targeting biofilm-associated pathology. However, especially in the context of MRSA-induced OM, its therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. In this study, we established a rat model of OM by inoculating MRSA (5 × 10[8] CFUs) into the middle ear via the tympanic membrane. Red and near-infrared (NIR) LED irradiation (655/842 nm; 163.2 W/m[2]; 30 min/day for 5 days) was administered 1 week after infection. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a marked reduction in MRSA biofilm structures, and biofilm biomass was significantly decreased, as assessed by crystal violet staining. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated significant downregulation of fib, icaB, icaC, and icaD, key genes crucial for bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. Histological assessment further showed decreased mucosal thickening and macrophage infiltration, supported by reduced ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) expression. These findings suggest that dual red and NIR LED therapy effectively suppresses MRSA biofilm formation and inflammation in OM, indicating its potential as a novel non-antibiotic therapy for biofilm-associated OM that may help manage persistent or treatment-resistant cases in clinical settings.},
}

@article {pmid40893774,
year = {2025},
author = {Šmerdová, L and Füzik, T and Valentová, L and Bárdy, P and Procházková, M and Pařenicová, M and Plevka, P},
title = {Dynamics of bacterial biofilm development imaged using light sheet fluorescence microscopy.},
journal = {Biochemistry and biophysics reports},
volume = {43},
number = {},
pages = {102127},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbrep.2025.102127},
pmid = {40893774},
issn = {2405-5808},
abstract = {Biofilm formation exacerbates bacterial infections and interferes with industrial processes. However, the dynamics of biofilm development, especially if formed by a combination of more than one species, is not entirely understood. Here, we present a microfluidic cultivation system that enables continuous imaging of biofilm growth using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). We studied the development of biofilms of the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Multidirectional LSFM imaging enables the calculation of a three-dimensional reconstruction of the biofilm structure with isotropic resolution. Whereas S. aureus forms 50-70-μm-thick mushroom-like structures, a P. aeruginosa biofilm is 10-15 μm thick with cell clusters 25 μm in diameter. A combined biofilm resulted in the formation of large mushroom-like clusters of S. aureus cells that were subsequently dispersed by invading P. aeruginosa. A higher inoculation ratio favoring P. aeruginosa resulted in the formation of small and stable S. aureus clusters overgrown with P. aeruginosa cells. Applying conditioned media from S. aureus and P. aeruginosa coculture to a single-species S. aureus biofilm induced its dispersion. Integrating a microfluidic system into LSFM enables the visualization of biofilm formation dynamics and the effects of compounds on biofilm development.},
}

@article {pmid40893319,
year = {2025},
author = {Abouhagger, A and Andriukonis, E and Grigorianaite, G and da Silva, RR and Kasperaviciute, K and Stirke, A and Ma Melo, WC},
title = {Fabrication and Application of a Microfluidic Chip for Biofilm Cultivation and Analysis under Controlled Flow.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {10},
number = {33},
pages = {37994-38001},
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.5c04643},
pmid = {40893319},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {Microbial biofilms present significant challenges in healthcare due to their persistence and resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Microfluidic technologies offer a promising alternative to traditional static systems for studying biofilm dynamics under physiologically relevant conditions. In this study, we present a poly-(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-free microfluidic platform fabricated using off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE) resin and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) substrates. The device features five independent growth chambers and is designed for compatibility with standard laboratory setups. It enables controlled flow conditions, optical transparency for real-time imaging, and integration with antimicrobial testing protocols. Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were cultivated under dynamic flow and compared to static cultures in tissue culture wells. Confocal microscopy was used to assess structural features, viability, and thickness over time. The dynamic environment supported more uniform and spatially organized biofilm growth, while static conditions led to denser but structurally heterogeneous formations. Treatment with different tetracycline concentrations demonstrated effective biofilm disruption, particularly under flow, confirming the platform's utility for evaluating antimicrobial efficacy. With a fabrication cost below five dollars per chip and potential for cleaning and reuse, the platform offers a cost-effective and scalable solution for biofilm research. This study highlights the advantages of OSTE-COC microfluidics in modeling biofilm-associated infections and provides a practical tool for real-time biofilm analysis and therapeutic screening.},
}

@article {pmid40890180,
year = {2025},
author = {Satala, D and Satala, G and Kulig, K and Karkowska-Kuleta, J and Kozik, A and Rapala-Kozik, M},
title = {Functional roles of purified yapsins from Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabratus) in immune modulation and cross-species biofilm formation.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {32115},
pmid = {40890180},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {2020/39/D/NZ6/00854//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Candida glabrata/enzymology/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology ; Animals ; *Fungal Proteins/metabolism/isolation & purification/immunology ; *Aspartic Acid Proteases/metabolism/isolation & purification ; Virulence ; Moths/microbiology ; Candida albicans ; Candidiasis/microbiology/immunology ; },
abstract = {Candida glabrata (currently classified as Nakaseomyces glabratus) is an opportunistic yeast-like fungus that causes infections in humans, with limited treatment options due to resistance to antifungal drugs. In contrast to C. albicans, which produces secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) involved in pathogenicity, C. glabrata expresses a distinct group of cell surface-associated aspartic proteases known as yapsins (Yps). While YPS gene deletion mutants have proposed roles in cellular homeostasis, their precise contribution to fungal virulence and host interactions remains unclear. Herein, we present the first detailed biochemical and functional characterization of two native Yps proteins, Yps3 and Yps9, purified from C. glabrata cultures. Both proteases displayed robust activity in a mildly acidic to neutral pH range (5.5-7.0), resistance to the classical aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin A, and selectively degraded key host antimicrobial peptides, including LL-37 cathelicidin, histatin 5 (Hst5), and kininogen-derived peptide NAT26, by hydrolyzing lysine residues. Additionally, Yps9 promoted C. albicans biofilm dispersal. In a Galleria mellonella infection model, a pre-treatment with each protease enhanced larval survival and increased phenol oxidase activity, implying a role of yapsins in immune priming. Collectively, these findings reveal multifunctional roles for Yps3 and Yps9 in fungal virulence, biofilm modulation, and host immune interactions.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Candida glabrata/enzymology/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology
Animals
*Fungal Proteins/metabolism/isolation & purification/immunology
*Aspartic Acid Proteases/metabolism/isolation & purification
Virulence
Moths/microbiology
Candida albicans
Candidiasis/microbiology/immunology

@article {pmid40889051,
year = {2025},
author = {Tran, MD and Rajan, SM and Ngo, HC and Fawzy, A},
title = {High-intensity focused ultrasound for biofilm debridement, an in vitro proof-of-concept using Ti-attached Streptococcus mutans.},
journal = {International journal of implant dentistry},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {57},
pmid = {40889051},
issn = {2198-4034},
support = {NMHRC, 1188401//Australian National Health and Medical Research Council/ ; },
mesh = {*Streptococcus mutans/physiology/radiation effects ; *Biofilms ; *Titanium ; In Vitro Techniques ; Surface Properties ; *Debridement/methods ; *Dental Implants/microbiology ; Proof of Concept Study ; Peri-Implantitis/therapy/microbiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Peri-implantitis (PI) is a biofilm-related condition driven by bacterial colonization on dental implant surfaces, leading to inflammation of the peri-implant connective tissue and progressive bone loss. Despite advancements, effective strategies for eradicating these biofilms remain elusive. While high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been popularized in medicine, its effects on dental implant-attached biofilms remain unclear. This study presents in vitro findings on the effects of HIFU treatment on titanium (Ti)-attached Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms and evaluates its impacts on the surface roughness and chemical composition of the Ti disc substrates.

METHODS: To optimise the HIFU parameters, four quadrants of a pair of Ti discs [machined (M) and alumina grit blasted (AB)] were marked using laser etching (MD Waterlase, US). HIFU beams, generated by a 254 kHz transducer and operated at intensities of 0 W, 10 W, 20 W, and 30 W, were applied to each quadrant for 2 min (min) in a water medium. The roughness of the treated surfaces was measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and the surface composition was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). To investigate the biofilm debridement, 10-day-old S. mutans cultures were grown on 20 pairs of similar Ti discs, and then the optimized HIFU intensity of 20W was applied to five test pairs. Qualitative analyses were performed using a Dual Fluorescence/Reflection Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (FRCLSM) and SEM imaging. Quantitative data on cell viability were collected using crystal violet (CV), (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT), and flow cytometry (FCM) assays. Data from these test conditions were analyzed alongside cultures on biofilms that were untreated (control). Statistical data were calculated using ANOVA and appropriate t-tests for repeated measures.

RESULTS: The surface roughness of AB Ti discs showed a highest and significant increase (p < 0.05) following HIFU exposure at 20 W through three roughness parameters (Sa, Sq, and Sdr), compared to the controls (1207 nm, 1455 nm, 62% compared to 842 nm, 1042 nm and 30% respectively). This optimized HIFU treatment not only significantly reduced the bacterial counts of the biofilms (76% of total bacteria from M discs, 59% on AB discs in FCM assays) but also created areas of complete biofilm removal in SEM images.

CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary in vitro evidence that HIFU can remove bacterial biofilms. Further research is required to determine its feasibility as a potential non-surgical approach for the prevention and management of peri-implantitis.},
}

*Streptococcus mutans/physiology/radiation effects
*Biofilms
*Titanium
In Vitro Techniques
Surface Properties
*Debridement/methods
*Dental Implants/microbiology
Proof of Concept Study
Peri-Implantitis/therapy/microbiology

@article {pmid40886794,
year = {2025},
author = {Tan, L and Wang, Z and Wang, H and Zhang, S and Sang, W and Zhang, Q and Tang, X and Dong, Q},
title = {Gradual succession of dominant pathway from autotrophic to heterotrophic metabolism with the increment of C/N in pyrite-based biofilm-electrode reactor (PBER).},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {122651},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.122651},
pmid = {40886794},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {This study evaluated a pyrite-based biofilm-electrode reactor (PBER) for nitrate removal under varying C/N ratios. Optimal performance occurred at a C/N ratio of 3.0, achieving a NO3[-]-N removal efficiency (NRE) of 94.20% (corresponding effluent NO3[-]-N concentration < 0.5 mg/L) with a minimal NH4[+]-N accumulation or effluent COD concentration below discharge standard (< 50 mg/L, GB18918-2002, China). Moreover, EPS production peaked at a C/N ratio of 3, enhancing microbial stability and nitrogen removal. Excessive C/N ratio (> 4.5) reduced EPS secretion and microbial resilience. Microbial analysis revealed that the C/N ratio significantly influenced iron metabolism gene expression, sulfate reduction, and microbial interactions. Functional genes such as korBC and napA were key in nitrogen-sulfur-iron cycling. Increasing C/N enriched more bacteria for heterotrophic denitrification (Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota), sulfate reduction (Desulfobacterota), or iron autotrophic denitrification (Acidobacteriota), and resulted in insignificant NH4[+]-N accumulation. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of optimal nitrate removal in PBER affected by varying C/N.},
}

@article {pmid40886610,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, JT and Wu, T and Wang, JX and Liu, Y and Wang, JH and Chi, ZY and Ren, JG},
title = {Semi-continuously operated single strain microalgal-bacterial biofilm for nutrients removal: microbial succession and performance improvement over extended non-axenic operation.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {287},
number = {Pt B},
pages = {124509},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124509},
pmid = {40886610},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Microalgal-bacterial biofilm could realize synergistic pollutants removal, CO2 sequestration, and resource transformation from wastewater. Pre-designed biofilm with clear microbial composition would benefit resource transformation, yet little is known about its nutrients removal performance under axenic conditions, not to mention the comparison with non-axenic conditions over extended operation. To fill in this knowledge gap, this study first investigated the growth characteristics and nutrients removal performances of a pre-designed microalgae dominant biofilm. The biofilm was composed of Chlorella sorokiniana and Staphylococcus sp. and was operated under hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 1∼4 days. Optimum HRT of 2 d was selected considering the trade-off between stable biomass composition and efficient nutrients removal. Afterwards, the pre-designed single strain microalgal-bacterial biofilm was operated under axenic and non-axenic conditions for 52 days. Mixed-species community was developed under non-axenic condition, and the microbial succession was tracked. Due to enhanced "cross-feeding" of soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under increased biodiversity, residual nitrogen, phosphorus, and total organic carbon concentrations under non-axenic conditions were respectively 70.1 %, 50.3 %, and 32.3 % lower than under axenic conditions. Respectively 2.0∼7.2 and 2.5∼5.5 times of nitrogen and phosphorus turnover from loosely-bound EPS to tightly-bound EPS were observed under non-axenic operation. Staphylococcus sp. was soon substituted during non-axenic operation by cyanobacteria (54 %∼80 % relative abundance) and other biofilm-promoting and EPS-utilizing prokaryotes. Chlorella just maintained its dominance as the eukaryotes, and gradually formed a dual eukaryotic microalgae system with halotolerant Halochlorella. Prokaryotic metabolism and biofilm maintenance functions remained stable under non-axenic conditions, and the enrichment of genes associated with N/P/C metabolism favored pollutants removal over axenic operation. The pre-designed biofilm under non-axenic operation realized the trade-off between overall controllable microalgae dominance and easy maintenance, improving pollutants removal via gradually enhanced prokaryotic biodiversity.},
}

@article {pmid40886441,
year = {2025},
author = {Yu, L and Wang, H and Zhang, X and Xue, T},
title = {The cross-regulation between two-component system BasS/BasR and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase YfgF in biofilm formation and H2O2 stress response in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {104},
number = {11},
pages = {105726},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2025.105726},
pmid = {40886441},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a widespread bacterial pathogen that poses a significant threat to the poultry industry globally. It is of great significance to control APEC infections by investigating the molecular mechanisms that regulate APEC's adaptation to new environments and its survival. APEC possesses a series of regulation systems to sense and quickly and appropriately respond to extracellular environmental changes, and causes the host infection. Two-component system (TCS) and second messenger (SM) are important regulation systems ubiquitous in APEC and play vital roles in regulating a variety of bacterial functions, such as biofilm formation, H2O2 stress response, and virulence. Among them, BasS/BasR is a typical TCS, and c-di-GMP is a widely utilized intracellular SM. The metabolism of c-di-GMP is inversely controlled by diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE). However, the connection between BasS/BasR and c-di-GMP in regulating the biological functions of APEC has not yet been clarified. This study aims to investigate the cross-regulation between BasS/BasR and YfgF in biofilm formation, H2O2 stress response, and APEC virulence, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we first demonstrated that BasS/BasR inhibits the transcription of yfgF (encoding a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase YfgF) by directly binding to its promoter and resulted in increased intracellular c-di-GMP levels in response to extracellular signals. This, in turn, results in increased biofilm formation, promotes APEC adhesion, and reduces resistance to H2O2. Furthermore, BasS/BasR also directly facilitates biofilm formation, enhances APEC virulence, and increases sensitivity to H2O2 by specifically binding to the promoters of csgD, ais, fepA, and yciFE, respectively. Taken together, this study suggests that the cross-regulation between BasS/BasR and c-di-GMP plays important roles in controlling biofilm formation, H2O2 stress response, and APEC virulence, thereby providing valuable insights into bacterial pathogenicity.},
}

@article {pmid40886052,
year = {2025},
author = {Chaturvedi, S and Singh, T and Fatima, H and Maurya, AC and Dutta, T and Khare, SK},
title = {Lactones as promising biofilm inhibitors: disrupting bacterial communication for Next-Gen therapies.},
journal = {Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1080/10826068.2025.2551375},
pmid = {40886052},
issn = {1532-2297},
abstract = {The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and biofilm-related infections presents a significant challenge in modern medicine, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Lactones, compounds that can mimic N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), have the potential to disrupt quorum sensing (QS) in pathogenic biofilm-forming bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of five different lactones-γ-caprolactone, γ-decalactone, δ-decalactone, γ-octalactone, and γ-methyl decalactone-along with a lab-produced lactone from newly isolated strains, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial growth was measured at 590 nm, and biofilm formation was quantified using the crystal violet staining method. The results showed that all lactones, except γ-methyl decalactone, significantly inhibited bacterial growth and reduced biofilm formation. δ-decalactone exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with a 74.3% followed by γ-Caprolactone 66.8% inhibition, followed by lab produced mixture of lactone (Lx) with (64%) and γ-octalactone (61.7%) at 600 µg/mL. In terms of antibiofilm activity, lab produced mixture of lactone (Lx) achieved highest inhibition 58% eradication, outpacing γ-decalactone (53.1%) and γ-octalactone (50.8%) at 600 µg/mL. These findings underscore the potential of lactones, particularly δ-decalactone and laboratory produced mixture of lactones Lx, as effective quorum sensing disruptors and biofilm inhibitors. This strategy, utilizing naturally occurring lactones, provides a promising alternative for combating biofilm-related infections, which present a growing threat to public health. These compounds offer a novel approach for the development of therapies targeting bacterial communication pathways and biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40885406,
year = {2025},
author = {Santos, BPD and Gnoatto, A and Heiden, SM and Heimbecker, V and de Carvalho, NS and Marconi, C},
title = {Systematic review of co-culture methods for studying vaginal biofilm formation in bacterial vaginosis.},
journal = {Journal of microbiological methods},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107243},
doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107243},
pmid = {40885406},
issn = {1872-8359},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by depletion of Lactobacillus spp. and increased abundance of facultative and strict anaerobic species. Gardnerella spp. initiates biofilm formation associated with BV pathogenesis. Vaginal biofilms act as virulence factors and reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for BV.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the most commonly used methodologies for studying bacterial biofilms in bacterial vaginosis (BV), and to discuss how standardization can improve future studies.

METHODS: A search was conducted in PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Embase databases for articles addressing BV biofilms in vaginal dysbiosis, resulting in 66 included studies. Non-original studies, those involving bacteria unrelated to the vaginal environment, fungal species, and studies whose methods did not include bacterial biofilm models were excluded. The risk of bias in the selected articles was assessed using the RobDEMAT tool for in vitro studies and the RoB2 tool for in vivo studies.

RESULTS: The most commonly used method for biofilm experiments was the co-culture of Gardnerella vaginalis and Lactobacillus spp. Molecular-based studies consistently demonstrate the polymicrobial nature of vaginal biofilms, reinforcing the importance of utilizing co-culture assays with multiple bacterial species related to BV.

CONCLUSIONS: Standardizing bacterial co-culture models will allow that data from future studies to be reproducible and comparable. This will optimize time and resources in the search for novel treatments for BV, including testing for prebiotic and probiotic candidates.},
}

@article {pmid40885272,
year = {2025},
author = {Dong, X and Lan, J and Gao, Y and Chen, D and Pan, K and Wang, F and Zhou, X and Shi, X and Cheng, L and Bi, X},
title = {Thermal resilience in pilot-scale anoxic/oxic moving-bed biofilm reactor enables robust removal of pharmaceuticals and antibiotic resistance genes.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133241},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133241},
pmid = {40885272},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {The prevalence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) threatens ecological and public health. This study evaluated a pilot-scale three-stage anoxic/oxic moving-bed biofilm reactor (A/O-MBBR) for municipal wastewater treatment to mitigate this threat. Performance of the reactor was assessed based on the PPCP distribution, removal efficiency, ARG variation, and microbial community dynamics. The results showed that aqueous concentrations of 10 PPCPs ranged from 10[2] to 10[5] ng/L. PPCP and ARG removal remained robust and stable during thermal shifts, and removal of caffeine and acetaminophen was > 85 % even at low temperatures. Microbial abundance was the dominant factor influencing ARGs, with Bacteroidota and Firmicutes serving as key hosts for resistant pathogens. Temperature fluctuations prompted bacterial community restructuring, affecting 41 genera. The A/O-MBBR achieved synchronous control of PPCPs and ARGs via microbial abundance, providing a strategy for concurrent contaminant removal and resistance mitigation under variable temperature conditions.},
}

@article {pmid40885271,
year = {2025},
author = {Xue, Z and Xu, Q and Liu, X and Liu, D and Li, Z and Zhang, C and Liu, P},
title = {Various electron transports involved in nitrate reduction within electrochemically active biofilm with periodic polarity reversal.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133244},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133244},
pmid = {40885271},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Periodic polarity reversal (PPR) presents an efficient strategy to improve nitrate (NO3[-]-N) reduction in electrochemically active biofilm (EAB), but the involved extracellular electron transfer (EET) processes are still unclear. Here, the contributions of unidirectional/bidirectional EET and electron storage for NO3[-]-N reduction in EABs were quantified with different polarity reversal operations. The NO3[-]-N reduction efficiencies reach 6.5 % for single polarity reversal, 14.7 % for non-polarity reversal, and 28.8 % for PPR, respectively. The percentages were 50.2 % and 21.6 % for NO3[-]-N reduction driven by electron storage and unidirectional EET, which is mediated by outer membrane cytochromes and redox substances. Bidirectional EET contributed 28.2 % to NO3[-]-N reduction, with the ammonia selectivity of 77.3 % under PPR operation. The genus Petrimonas dominated in the EAB, and genes related to nitrogen metabolism were overexpressed under PPR operation. These findings advance our understanding of EET driven NO3[-]-N reduction in EAB and inspire the optimization of the bioelectrochemical systems.},
}

@article {pmid40885184,
year = {2025},
author = {Fisher, OJ and Wang, Y and Ahmed, A},
title = {Making waves: Transforming biofilm-based wastewater treatment using machine learning-driven real-time monitoring.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {287},
number = {Pt B},
pages = {124491},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.124491},
pmid = {40885184},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Biofilm-mediated processes hold significant promise for sustainable and effective wastewater treatment. However, their widespread adoption remains constrained by the complexity of biofilm dynamics and the lack of effective real-time monitoring tools. Existing approaches often rely on indirect measurements or disruptive sampling, offering limited insight into the dynamic nature of these systems. This "Making Waves" article explores a pivotal question: Can real-time monitoring solutions unlock the full potential of biofilm-mediated wastewater treatment? We propose that integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with non-invasive sensors offers a transformative solution. By training ML models on continuous sensor data, key biofilm properties like thickness, density, and structural dynamics can be inferred in real time, enabling more interpretable and biologically informed process control. This approach moves beyond static measurements and opaque "black-box" models, offering transparent, predictive insights into biofilm behaviour. Ultimately, AI-enabled monitoring systems can support adaptive control, enhance operational stability, and improve treatment efficiency. By making biofilm dynamics visible and actionable, this strategy lays the foundation for more intelligent, responsive, and resilient wastewater treatment systems.},
}

@article {pmid40885126,
year = {2025},
author = {Shen, J and Weng, C and Zhu, S and Chen, W and Xiong, X and Wei, X},
title = {Protein Phosphatases 2A Affects Drug Resistance of Candida albicans Biofilm Via ATG Protein Phosphorylation Induction.},
journal = {International dental journal},
volume = {75},
number = {6},
pages = {103873},
doi = {10.1016/j.identj.2025.103873},
pmid = {40885126},
issn = {1875-595X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilms are well-known to be resistantto various antifungal agents. Autophagy is crucial for adapting to changes in nutrition conditions. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is prominent in regulating physiological processes, possibly related to autophagy-related (ATG) protein phosphorylation. This study hypothesizes that PP2A affects biofilm formation and drug resistance of C. albicans via autophagy induction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expressions of PP2A catalytic subunit coding gene PPH21 were compared. The mutant strain (pph21Δ/Δ) was constructed and the biofilm was treated with autophagy activator (rapamycin, Rap). The biofilm formation, drug susceptibility and oxidative stress levels were examined. The autophagic activity was detected, along with the autophagosomes observed. The therapeutic efficacy of the antifungal agents was estimated on the mice model of C. albicans oral infection.

RESULTS: PPH21 was associated with C. albicans biofilm formation and drug resistance. Autophagy activation by rapamycin can induce increased autophagy levels, while it was hindered in pph21Δ/Δ. Besides, the protein levels of Atg13 and Atg1 were significantly down-regulated in pph21Δ/Δ+Rap (P < .01), along with its decreased regulatory capacity to oxidative stress. Autophagy activation can promote biofilm formation and improve drug resistance, while the absence of PPH21 may prevent the enhancement of drug resistance. Autophagy activation reduced the efficacy of antifungal agents in treating oral C. albicans infection in mice, among which pph21Δ/Δ presented better therapeutic effects.

CONCLUSION: PP2A is important in the autophagy induction of C. albicans by participating in Atg13 phosphorylation, followed by Atg1 activation, further affecting its biofilm formation and drug resistance.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PP2A-induced autophagy may be a potential regulatory mechanism of C. albicans drug resistance. This appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing C. albicans-related infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40884979,
year = {2025},
author = {Sedenho, GC and Iost, RM and Romano, RL and Souza, ML and de Lima, FHB and Crespilho, FN},
title = {Aerobic mild bioelectrocatalysis: Disentangling dual redox pathways for H2 evolution amidst competing oxygen reduction in S. cerevisiae biofilm.},
journal = {Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {109093},
doi = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2025.109093},
pmid = {40884979},
issn = {1878-562X},
abstract = {Microbial H2 production is traditionally restricted by the oxygen sensitivity of hydrogenase enzymes, limiting their effective use to anaerobic environments. In this study, we demonstrate that S. cerevisiae, lacking conventional hydrogenases, exhibits an exceptional ability for H2 evolution in oxygen-rich conditions. At pH 7.2 and 25 °C, S. cerevisiae biofilms catalyze hydrogen production with a near-zero overpotential (40 mV), made possible by a redox-active extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix enriched with flavoproteins. We highlight the potential of S. cerevisiae as an oxygen-resistant biocatalyst for sustainable biohydrogen production and discuss its application in ambient-condition bioelectrochemical systems.},
}

@article {pmid40883727,
year = {2025},
author = {Mustafa, AA and Abo-Kamer, AM and Al-Madboly, LA},
title = {Bacillus cereus-derived α-amylase disrupts biofilm formation and quorum sensing in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {563},
pmid = {40883727},
issn = {1471-2180},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a multidrug-resistant pathogen implicated in severe community- and hospital-acquired infections such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, and pneumonia. Biofilm formation, driven by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), enhances its persistence and resistance to antibiotics. This study evaluated the anti-biofilm, antibacterial, and quorum-quenching activities of a novel α-amylase B. cereus-derived α-amylase against clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae.

METHODS: The anti-biofilm activity of the enzyme was assessed via minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays. Biofilm architecture and viability were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with live/dead staining. Antibacterial efficacy was determined through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Quorum-quenching effects were evaluated using qRT-PCR to assess the expression of biofilm-associated genes (fimH and mrkD), normalized to rpoB.

RESULTS: B. cereus-derived α-amylase exhibited MBIC and MBEC values of 64 µg/ml and 128 µg/ml, respectively; MIC and MBC ranged from 32 to 128 µg/ml. The B. cereus-derived α-amylase enzyme inhibited biofilm formation by approximately 79% ± 0.69, compared to 58% ± 2.06 by commercial α-amylase. Biofilm thickness was reduced from 179 μm to ~ 39 μm and ~ 73 μm following treatment with B. cereus-derived and commercial α-amylase, respectively. Live/dead ratios shifted significantly from 97/3% (untreated) to ~ 54/46% and 73/27% after treatment with B. cereus-derived and commercial α-amylase enzymes, respectively. Quorum-sensing gene expression was markedly downregulated following treatment with ½ MIC of B. cereus-derived α-amylase: fimH to 0.247 ± 0.045 (75.3% reduction) and mrkD to 0.187 ± 0.035 (81.3% reduction).

CONCLUSION: B. cereus-derived α-amylase exhibited potent anti-biofilm, antibacterial, and quorum-quenching activities against K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. These findings highlight its potential as a novel therapeutic agent for managing biofilm-associated infections, either alone or as an adjunct to conventional treatments.},
}

@article {pmid40882710,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, M and Duan, Y and Yang, W and Chen, J and Wang, Q and Xu, Y and Li, X and Ran, X and Li, Y},
title = {Role of LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation, intestinal damage and pathogenesis in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus).},
journal = {Fish & shellfish immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {110691},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110691},
pmid = {40882710},
issn = {1095-9947},
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus, a prevalent opportunistic pathogen, produces virulence factors that significantly threaten the health of aquatic animals and humans. The quorum sensing (QS) system is crucial for regulating virulence factor expression in pathogenic bacteria. However, the function by which QS regulates S. aureus intestinal colonization in aquatic animals and its subsequent adverse effects on the host have not been fully characterized. Here, we investigated the role of the LuxS/autoinducer-2 (AI-2) QS system in S. aureus strain SA, focusing on its impact on virulence factor expression, intestinal colonization, and host pathology. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we successfully constructed the luxS gene deletion mutant strain SAΔluxS and its corresponding gene complementation strain SAΔluxS (luxS). Strain SAΔluxS exhibited impaired AI-2 synthesis but showed no significant changes in virulence factors such as enterotoxins, bacteriocins, and motility. However, its biofilm formation capacity was enhanced, primarily due to increased extracellular polysaccharide content within the biofilms. Exogenous addition of c-di-AMP led to enhanced biofilm formation in wild-type strain SA, and the elevated c-di-AMP levels in strain SAΔluxS were primarily attributed to reduced gdpP expression. Furthermore, LuxS/AI-2-mediated QS negatively regulated intestinal colonization of S. aureus and mitigated S. aureus-induced intestinal permeability, tissue disruption, and inflammatory response in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of S. aureus pathogenesis and contribute to developing novel strategies to prevent and control S. aureus infections in aquatic animals.},
}

@article {pmid40882594,
year = {2025},
author = {Kim, U and Oh, SW},
title = {Freeze-thaw resilience of Shigella flexneri NCCP 10852 in co-culture with Listeria monocytogenes: Implications for biofilm-mediated survival in cold environment.},
journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
volume = {443},
number = {},
pages = {111402},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111402},
pmid = {40882594},
issn = {1879-3460},
abstract = {Shigella flexneri is an enteric pathogen traditionally associated with poor survival under freezing conditions. However, recent studies have reported its persistence even in frozen foods, raising concerns about its environmental resilience. In real-world food processing environments, multiple microbial species frequently coexist, yet the survival dynamics of S. flexneri in dual-species biofilms, particularly with psychrotolerant Listeria monocytogenes, remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate how co-cultivation with L. monocytogenes influences the freeze-thaw (FT) resilience and biofilm formation of S. flexneri under food-relevant conditions. A series of experiments were conducted, including injured rate analysis, membrane permeability assays, extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) quantification, field emission-scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) imaging, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymeric chain reaction(RT-qPCR). Results showed that dual-species biofilms significantly reduced S. flexneri injured rate under FT conditions and enhanced its biofilm formation at 4 °C. Increased membrane damage, higher EPS production, and upregulation of stress-related genes were observed in co-cultures, suggesting a synergistic survival mechanism. These findings demonstrate that S. flexneri can survive under FT and form biofilms when coexisting with L. monocytogenes, likely through biofilm-mediated protection and interspecies interactions. These findings highlight the importance of understanding multi-species biofilms in frozen food environments.},
}

@article {pmid40882244,
year = {2025},
author = {Tsai, YM and Liu, CM and Chen, HC and Yang, TH and Huang, PS and Hsu, YL and Baranwal, M and Chiang, MH},
title = {Imipenem-induced outer membrane vesicles from Elizabethkingia anophelis inhibit biofilm formation and shift nosocomial pathogen dynamics.},
journal = {International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM},
volume = {320},
number = {},
pages = {151670},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijmm.2025.151670},
pmid = {40882244},
issn = {1618-0607},
abstract = {Elizabethkingia anophelis is an emerging multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogen that can cause severe nosocomial infections. Although multidrug resistance complicates the clinical management of E. anophelis, the ecological impact of stress responses, including antibiotic pressure, is unclear. We demonstrated that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of imipenem promoted the secretion of antibiotic-induced outer membrane vesicles (iOMVs) by E. anophelis. This study analyzed the physical and functional characteristics of iOMVs produced by a drug-resistant clinical isolate of E. anophelis treated with imipenem and assessed the potential of E. anophelis iOMVs to modulate biofilm formation in other clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria. High-resolution imaging and biofilm assays showed that iOMVs inhibited biofilm formation and reduced biofilm density. The inhibitory effect did not affect other nosocomial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, or Klebsiella pneumoniae. Imipenem-induced vesiculation may inadvertently impair E. anophelis' biofilm resilience while altering microbial competition, reshaping survival dynamics in polymicrobial environments. These results demonstrate the paradoxical effect of antibiotic stress and suggest that vesicle-mediated interactions strongly affect nosocomial pathogen ecology.},
}

@article {pmid40881927,
year = {2025},
author = {Milinkovic Sreckovic, M and Petrovic, J and Ivanov, M and Gasic, U and Milivojevic, M and Stanisavljevic Ninkovic, D and Stojkovic, D},
title = {Unveiling the antimicrobial, biofilm inhibition, and photoprotective potential of Bupleurum falcatum L. for dermatological applications.},
journal = {EXCLI journal},
volume = {24},
number = {},
pages = {779-796},
doi = {10.17179/excli2025-8344},
pmid = {40881927},
issn = {1611-2156},
abstract = {Bupleurum falcatum L. is known for its therapeutic properties, especially in treating fever, inflammation, and infectious diseases. However, its potential for dermatological applications remains mainly unexplored. Thus, the present study explores antimicrobial potential of B. falcatum against biofilm-associated infections, antibiotic-resistant strains, and UV-induced skin damage. This aligns with the growing interest in natural products as sources of bioactive compounds with skin-protecting features. Herein, we employed maceration (M) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USA) at 50 Hz and 100 Hz (USA 50 and USA 100) to obtain extracts from aerial parts of the plant. Chemical profiling was performed using UHPLC. Antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition, EPS and eDNA production were assessed using microdilution test, crystal violet, Congo red, and eDNA assays, respectively. Cytotoxicity and photoprotective effects were evaluated on human keratinocytes using the MTT assay. Chemical analysis identified 64 compounds, including benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, and saikosaponins. Extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC as low as 0.5 mg/mL). The M extract displayed moderate biofilm inhibition and reduced eDNA production. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed safety on keratinocytes, while M and USA 100 extracts demonstrated photoprotective effects. B. falcatum extracts showed promising potential in addressing biofilm-associated infections, antibiotic resistance, and UV-induced skin damage. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).},
}

@article {pmid40879668,
year = {2025},
author = {Mendonça, MB and Cabral, AKLF and Arantes, BBA and Dos Santos, RC and Medina-Alarcón, KP and Dos Santos, KS and Gualque, MWDL and Fernandes, LdS and Belizario, JA and Fuzinaga, TYT and Kawakami, CM and Gluzezak, AJP and Martinez, LR and Cordeiro, LRG and Moroz, A and Fusco Almeida, AM and Mendes-Giannini, MJS},
title = {Biofilm development in three-dimensional models infected with Trichophyton rubrum.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0108725},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.01087-25},
pmid = {40879668},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Dermatophytes are keratinophilic filamentous fungi that cause dermatophytosis, and the main etiological agents can be anthropophilic and zoophilic. Several virulence factors are involved in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis, including the formation of fungal biofilms. In this context, three-dimensional (3D) models, such as spheroids and reconstructed human skin (RHS), have gained prominence, as they more accurately emulate fungus-host interactions, closely resembling physiological conditions. Therefore, the present study investigated the biofilm formation of Trichophyton rubrum in these 3D models using confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and relative gene expression analysis via real-time PCR. Microscopic analyses revealed the colonization of the spheroid and 3D skin model surface by T. rubrum, with characteristics indicative of biofilm formation. The gene expression analysis of the infected 3D skin model revealed an exacerbated expression of Mep5, which encodes a metalloprotease in T. rubrum, known for its keratinolytic activity. This study demonstrates biofilm formation and protease gene expression during dermatophyte infections using 3D models that contribute to understanding the mechanisms of T. rubrum infection and support the ongoing search for the development of new drugs to treat dermatophytosis.IMPORTANCEFungal skin infections, particularly those caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton rubrum, are widespread and often neglected, resulting in significant health burdens and the development of antifungal resistance due to their virulence factors, such as biofilm formation. Traditional in vitro and ex vivo infection models fail to mimic the human skin environment accurately, lacking key features, such as keratinization and three-dimensional (3D) configuration, which are critical for emulating in vivo infection conditions. The development of alternative 3D models, such as reconstructed human skin and spheroids, presents a transformative opportunity to enhance our understanding of host-parasite interactions. These models more closely replicate the structural and physiological properties of human skin, enabling the observation of fungal invasion and biofilm behavior under more realistic conditions. By supporting complex cellular communication and maintaining tissue architecture, 3D models provide a more accurate platform for studying fungal pathogenesis, ultimately paving the way for identifying new therapeutic targets and improving strategies to combat persistent and drug-resistant infections.},
}

@article {pmid40879342,
year = {2025},
author = {Mokgope, HD and Klink, MJ and Walmsley, TA},
title = {Understanding the dynamics of a microbial consortium prior to and post the introduction of specific antiretroviral compounds in a moving bed biofilm reactor system.},
journal = {Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research},
volume = {92},
number = {4},
pages = {563-576},
pmid = {40879342},
issn = {0273-1223},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Microbial Consortia/drug effects ; Bacteria/genetics/drug effects/classification ; *Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sewage/microbiology ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; },
abstract = {The use of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater has been shown to gain more attention, in contrast to activated sludge systems. However, little is known about the effects of pharmaceuticals on constituent microbial communities. This study investigated the shift in microbial community compositions of biofilms in an MBBR due to exposure to specific antiretroviral (ARV) compounds. Microbial diversity (alpha-diversity) of seeded sludge from a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant and biofilm samples from a laboratory-scale MBBR system during pre- and post-introduction of ARV compounds was investigated by Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Microbial diversity results demonstrated that the introduction of ARV drugs affects the bacterial community composition and diversity considerably. For instance, the genus Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, and Alicycliphilus was found to be higher in post-introduction of ARV compounds biofilm samples than in biofilm samples before the introduction of ARV compounds.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Bioreactors/microbiology
*Microbial Consortia/drug effects
Bacteria/genetics/drug effects/classification
*Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sewage/microbiology
Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods

@article {pmid40877707,
year = {2025},
author = {Sajankila, N and Dumbauld, Z and Wang, Y and Wala, SJ and Ragan, MV and Al-Hadidi, A and Volpe, SG and Wickham, J and Mashburn-Warren, L and Wayne, C and Jacobs, T and Narayanan, S and Bailey, MT and Goodman, SD and Besner, GE and Mihi, B},
title = {Biofilm state Limosilactobacillus reuteri modulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity and suppresses experimental necrotizing enterocolitis.},
journal = {Pediatric research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40877707},
issn = {1530-0447},
support = {NIH T32 AI106704//Advanced Research Training in Immunology for Surgery Trainees/ ; Association for Academic Surgery (AAS)/Association//Trainee Research Fellowship Award for Basic Science/Translational Research/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Decreased Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) signaling pathway activation is implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) pathogenesis. Limosilactobacillus reuteri (Lr) is a probiotic that catabolizes tryptophan into AHR ligands. We have previously shown that Lr in its biofilm state has improved efficacy against NEC. However, the importance of the physiologic state of Lr (planktonic vs. biofilm) on AHR activation remains unknown.

METHODS: In vitro experiments using intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and in vivo experiments in premature rodents were carried out to assess the impact of planktonic- vs. biofilm-state Lr on AHR ligand production, AHR activation, and protection against NEC.

RESULTS: Biofilm-state Lr was found to have increased persistence in the intestine of premature rodent pups compared to planktonic-state Lr. IECs exposed to conditioned media from Lr grown with tryptophan demonstrated increased AHR activation compared to IECs exposed to tryptophan alone. Finally, biofilm-state Lr was associated with increased intestinal AHR ligand production, AHR activation, and protection against NEC in rodent pups.

CONCLUSION: Biofilm-state Lr has increased persistence in the gut and protects against NEC. This protection is associated with increased AHR activation in the intestine. Through improved understanding of the interactions of Lr and AHR signaling, we may be able to further enhance Lr efficacy against NEC.

IMPACT: Limosilactobacillus reuteri in its biofilm state increases AHR activation and reduces intestinal injury during NEC. This is the first study to look at the role of the AHR signaling pathway in Limosilactobacillus reuteri-mediated protection against NEC. Development of an effective therapy to prevent NEC would reduce the morbidity and mortality of this lethal disease.},
}

@article {pmid40876622,
year = {2025},
author = {Pollo, LHD and Ferrari, CR and Francese, MM and Conquista, CM and Braga, AS and Magalhães, AC},
title = {Anti-Caries Potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. Extract Combined or not with Fluoride on Bovine Teeth under Microcosm Biofilm model.},
journal = {Journal of dentistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106063},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106063},
pmid = {40876622},
issn = {1879-176X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and anticariogenic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria chamomilla L., associated or not with fluoride, under a microcosm biofilm model.

METHODS: Bovine enamel were divided into five groups (n=12): (1) Fluoride, (2) M. chamomilla extract, (3) M. chamomilla + fluoride, (4) Periogard, and (5) PBS. Biofilm was produced using human saliva/ McBain artificial saliva, for 5 days, applying the treatments 1x/60s, from the 2[nd] to the 5[th] day. CFU analyses for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. and TMR to quantify demineralization were performed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn (p<0.05).

RESULTS: M. chamomilla + fluoride significantly reduced Lactobacillus spp. and S. mutans (Periogard either) load compared to the other groups (p<0.0001, p=0.03, respectively). Fluoride reduced the integrated (p=0.002) and mean (p=0.0001) mineral loss compared to the M. chamomilla and PBS groups. M. chamomilla + fluoride (median 24.8, I.I 2.5 % vol) significantly reduced the mean mineral loss compared to PBS (median 42.2, I.I 9.8 % vol). None of the treatments reduced lesion depth (p>0.05). The superficial layer was observed only in the groups treated with fluoride, M. chamomilla + fluoride, and Periogard, with the thickest layer found in M. chamomilla + fluoride group (p=0.0166).

CONCLUSIONS: The association of M. chamomilla with fluoride reduced cariogenic microorganisms and protected the enamel against demineralization, suggesting its potential as a complementary strategy in caries prevention.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The association of Matricaria chamomilla with fluoride may be more effective than fluoride alone, generating a synergistic effect that could be applicable in clinical practice to control dental caries lesions.},
}

@article {pmid40875659,
year = {2025},
author = {Fahim, RA and Rodriguez, ZED and Oestreicher, Z and Schwab, NR and Young, NE and Shrestha, K and Balish, MF},
title = {Eradication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae biofilm towers by treatment with hydrogen peroxide or antibiotic combinations acting synergistically.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {8},
pages = {e0329571},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0329571},
pmid = {40875659},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Mycoplasma pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology ; Drug Synergism ; Moxifloxacin ; Doxycycline/pharmacology ; Erythromycin/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Humans ; Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important chronic, asthma-associated pathogen that is increasingly antibiotic-resistant. These bacteria have highly reduced genomes and lack a cell wall and numerous other antibiotic targets. They form biofilm towers after prolonged growth both axenically and on tissue culture cells. The biofilm towers have features associated with chronic infection: they are highly resistant to erythromycin and have substantially increased resistance to complement, although they are sensitive to a combination of the two. This work sought to characterize the profile of agents that could eradicate M. pneumoniae biofilm towers. Biofilm towers were found to provide no defense against H2O2, an M. pneumoniae virulence factor whose production is severely attenuated during biofilm tower growth. Checkerboard assays revealed that dual combinations of erythromycin, moxifloxacin, and doxycycline acted synergistically against two strains of M. pneumoniae. Crystal violet assays suggested that pairs of these agents, when used at clinically relevant concentrations, had substantial efficacy against pre-formed biofilm towers, but scanning electron microscopy revealed that the eradication of biofilm towers was even more complete than crystal violet assays indicated. Although the use of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in children, who are the most frequently infected population, is not preferred over macrolides due to potential side effects, this work shows that synergistic interactions among therapeutic agents provide potential clinical paths to substantially reducing or eradicating M. pneumoniae biofilms, thereby decreasing morbidity. Furthermore, the sensitivity to H2O2 suggests that small-molecule therapeutics may also be suitable for biofilm clearance.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Mycoplasma pneumoniae/drug effects/physiology
Drug Synergism
Moxifloxacin
Doxycycline/pharmacology
Erythromycin/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Humans
Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology

@article {pmid40875047,
year = {2025},
author = {Perić, M and Petrović, S and Čairović, A and Vlajić Tovilović, T and Racić, A and Panajotović, R and Živković, R and Miličić, B and Radunović, M},
title = {Influence of ageing on surface properties and biofilm adhesion on denture base resin material fabricated by different manufacturing techniques.},
journal = {Clinical oral investigations},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {423},
pmid = {40875047},
issn = {1436-3771},
mesh = {*Biofilms ; Surface Properties ; *Denture Bases/microbiology ; Candida albicans ; Materials Testing ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Computer-Aided Design ; Acrylic Resins/chemistry ; *Dental Materials/chemistry ; Bacterial Adhesion ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of hydrothermal ageing on biofilm adhesion and surface properties of denture base resins fabricated via different techniques.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Denture base resin samples were produced using the following manufacturing techniques: conventional cold polymerization (CP), heat polymerization (HP), CAD-CAM milling (CADm) and CAD-CAM printing (3D). The samples were tested before and after hydrothermal ageing (5000 cycles, 5 °C/55°C). The surface roughness was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the hydrophobicity was observed by measuring the water contact angle (WCA). Monomicrobial biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were formed and quantified before and after ageing using colony-forming units (CFUs/ml) and the MTT test. Statistical differences were evaluated using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA showed that ageing significantly influenced the roughness (p = 0.002). The highest roughness values before and after ageing were measured for 3D resin samples. The WCA values of 3D resin samples changed after ageing (p = 0.018). Amount and metabolic activity of monomicrobial biofilms were increased during ageing on all four tested denture base resins.

CONCLUSIONS: Ageing influenced the roughness and microbial adhesion on all tested denture base materials, regardless of the manufacturing method.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Finding support replacing dentures every five years due to increased biofilm adhesion post ageing.},
}

*Biofilms
Surface Properties
*Denture Bases/microbiology
Candida albicans
Materials Testing
Microscopy, Atomic Force
Staphylococcus aureus
Computer-Aided Design
Acrylic Resins/chemistry
*Dental Materials/chemistry
Bacterial Adhesion

@article {pmid40874693,
year = {2025},
author = {Şahin, N and Üstün, E and Tutar, U and Çelik, C},
title = {Analysis of antimicrobial activity and biofilm inhibition of Ag-NHC complexes by in-vitro and molecular docking method.},
journal = {Future medicinal chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1080/17568919.2025.2552635},
pmid = {40874693},
issn = {1756-8927},
abstract = {AIMS: Metal-N-heterocyclic carben (NHC) complexes have garnered significant attention from synthesis chemistry. Silver is well known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and it exhibits their activities with different mechanisms. In this study, we combined these two important scaffolds, analyzed for possible antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, and evaluated the interactions against DNA Gyrase, SarA, Human Serum Albumin, and DNA for getting insight into the antimicrobial and antibiofilm details.

MATERIALS & METHODS: Four new Ag-NHC complexes (2a-d) were prepared from corresponding benzimidazolium salts (1a-d) and revealed by elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR, LC-MS, and HRMS. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of both ligands and complexes were evaluated with in-vitro and molecular docking methods which were performed against DNA Gyrase, SarA, Human Serum Albumin, and DNA.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1d showed superior activity while 2a and 2d were effective against C. albicans, with activity comparable to fluconazole in the range of 8.6-8.7 µM. The highest binding affinity was recorded for 2a as -7.93 kcal/mol against DNA Gyrase, while 2b has the best interactions with -5.49 kcal/mol against SarA. and -7.74 kcal/mol binding affinity was determined for 2a with molecular docking. All the molecules interacted with the same grove of DNA.},
}

@article {pmid40874562,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, Y and Yan, S and Yang, C and Chen, S and Zhang, M and Jiang, L and Song, H and Wu, C and Bi, Y and Yu, J and Li, Y and Gao, X and Li, P and Gu, Q},
title = {Lactobacillus brevis ZFM820 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation via Biofilm Formation and Metabolic Reprogramming.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c09513},
pmid = {40874562},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {Emerging evidence implicates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) embedded in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as a key mediator of intestinal inflammation. A preliminary study found that a potent Lactobacillus brevis strain named ZFM820 showed remarkable antibacterial activity against LPS-producing Escherichia coli compared to other lactic acid bacteria through an unexplored mechanism. This study systematically investigated the anti-LPS phenotypes, responsive factors, and mechanism of ZFM820. The alleviation activity on LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress was confirmed both in RAW264.7 cells and C. elegans models. The alleviation efficiencies of live bacteria, dead bacteria, and their cell-free fermentation supernatant were compared, and they present 2.68, 1.04, and 1.12-fold reduction of NO levels and 1.79, 1.07, and 1.15-fold reduction of O2[-], respectively, suggesting that the protective effect was achieved via live bacteria. Further mechanical studies revealed that ZFM820 formed a biofilm barrier to physiochemically impede LPS permeation and triggered metabolic reprogramming by suppressing histone synthesis and activating glutathione biosynthesis to biologically enhance epithelial resistance. These findings provide evidence for the anti-LPS activity of ZFM820, offering an innovative horizon to understand the beneficial mechanism of L. brevis.},
}

@article {pmid40873312,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, T and Shu, H and Li, Q and Cui, Z and Li, G and Li, T and Wang, Y and Sun, J},
title = {[Shewanella biofilm formation regulated by acyl-homoserine lactones and its application in UO2[2+] electrosorption].},
journal = {Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology},
volume = {41},
number = {8},
pages = {3081-3097},
doi = {10.13345/j.cjb.250173},
pmid = {40873312},
issn = {1872-2075},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects ; *Acyl-Butyrolactones/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; *Uranium/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Shewanella/physiology/drug effects/metabolism ; Adsorption ; *Uranium Compounds/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Wastewater/chemistry ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, a Gram-negative bacterium with a significant role in the adsorption and reduction of uranium in wastewater and a quorum-sensing effect, can be used to remove uranium from wastewater. Exogenous signaling molecules (acyl-homoserine lactones, AHLs) can be added to induce the quorum sensing behavior for rapid biofilm formation, thereby improving the removal efficiency of this bacterium for uranium. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), as the significant components of biofilm, play a key role in biofilm formation. To investigate the quorum sensing behavior induced by AHLs, we systematically investigated the effects of AHLs on the EPS secretion and biofilm properties of S. oneidensis MR-1 by regulating parameters such as AHL species, concentration, addition time point, and contact time. The results showed that the addition of 10 μmol/L N-butyryl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) after 6 h of culture and continued incubation to reach the time point of 72 h significantly promoted the secretion of EPSs, in which the content of extracellular proteins and extracellular polysaccharides was increased by 15.2% and 28.2%, respectively, compared with that of the control group. The biofilm electrodes induced by signaling molecules showed superior properties, which were evidenced by an increase of exceeding 20 μm in biofilm thickness, an increase of 33.9% in the proportion of living cells, enhanced electroactivity, and an increase of 10.7% in the uranium removal rate. The biofilm electrode was confirmed to immobilize uranium in wastewater mainly by electrosorption, physicochemical adsorption, and electro-reduction through characterization means such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This study provides a new technical idea for the efficient recovery of uranium in wastewater and enriches the theoretical system of quorum sensing regulation of electroactive biofilms.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development/drug effects
*Acyl-Butyrolactones/pharmacology
Quorum Sensing/drug effects
*Uranium/isolation & purification/metabolism
*Shewanella/physiology/drug effects/metabolism
Adsorption
*Uranium Compounds/isolation & purification/metabolism
Wastewater/chemistry
Biodegradation, Environmental
Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/metabolism

@article {pmid40871450,
year = {2025},
author = {Rodrigues, IC and Ribeiro-Almeida, M and Campos, J and Silveira, L and Leite-Martins, L and Ribeiro, J and Martins da Costa, P and Prata, JC and Pista, Â and Martins da Costa, P},
title = {Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in a Diabetic Dog with Recurrent UTIs: Genomic Insights and the Impact of Glucose and Antibiotics on Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081946},
pmid = {40871450},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a significant clinical challenge in both human and veterinary medicine, due to antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria. We hypothesized that high glucose levels in diabetic animals enhance biofilm formation and reduce antibiotic efficacy, promoting infection persistence. This study analyzed Escherichia coli from a diabetic female Labrador Retriever with recurrent UTIs over 18 months, focusing on antimicrobial resistance, biofilm-forming capacity, and genomic characterization. Most isolates (9/11) were resistant to ampicillin and fluoroquinolones. Whole genome sequencing of six selected isolates revealed that they belonged to the multidrug-resistant ST1193 lineage, a globally emerging clone associated with persistent infections. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clonal continuity across six UTI episodes, with two distinct clones identified: one during a coinfection in the second episode and another in the last episode. High-glucose conditions significantly enhanced biofilm production and dramatically reduced antibiotic susceptibility, as evidenced by a marked increase in minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs), which were at least 256-fold higher than the corresponding minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim demonstrated the strongest antibiofilm activity, though this was attenuated in glucose-supplemented environments. This research highlights the clinical relevance of glucosuria in diabetic patients and emphasizes the need for therapeutic strategies targeting biofilm-mediated antibiotic tolerance to improve the management of recurrent UTIs.},
}

@article {pmid40871378,
year = {2025},
author = {Díaz-Navarro, M and Benjumea, A and Visedo, A and Muñoz, P and Vaquero, J and Chana, F and Guembe, M},
title = {Quantification and Comparison of Different Biofilm Components from Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Treated with Tranexamic Acid Using an In Vitro Model.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081874},
pmid = {40871378},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {FI22/00022//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PI21/00344//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PEJD-2021-TL/BMD-21113//Comunidad de Madrid/ ; 2022-PI-II-COOPTR-01//IiSGM/ ; FS24/01//the SEROD/ ; FMM24/01//Fundación Mutua Madrileña/ ; MSII18/00008//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; },
abstract = {As we previously demonstrated that tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic, showed an antibacterial effect alone and in combination with vancomycin and gentamicin, we now wanted to analyze its own efficacy using new, different fluorescent staining reagents that target different components of the biofilm matrix and compare which one quantifies biofilm reduction better. A 10[8] cfu/mL suspension of the Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213) strain was placed into the wells of a 24-multiwell plate covered with glass slides coated with 10% poly-L-lysine under agitation for 24 h at 37 °C. After 3 washes with PBS, wells were treated with either TXA 10 mg/mL or sterile water and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. After three washes with PBS, the density area of the following biofilm components was calculated using confocal laser scanning microscopy: extracellular proteins (Sypro Ruby), α-extracellular polysaccharides (ConA-Alexa fluor 633), α or β-extracellular polysaccharides (GS-II-Alexa fluor 488), bacterial DNA (PI), and eDNA (TOTO[®]-1). We observed a statistically significant reduction in the occupied area by all components of the S. aureus biofilm (p < 0.001) after TXA 10 mg/mL treatment, compared to the positive control. All biofilm components' reduction percentages reached ≥90.0%. We demonstrated that TXA reduced both bacteria and extracellular matrix components of S. aureus biofilm by using five different stain reagents, with all being equally valid for quantification.},
}

@article {pmid40871320,
year = {2025},
author = {Sorenson, TR and Zack, KM and Joshi, SG},
title = {Biofilm Formation and the Role of Efflux Pumps in ESKAPE Pathogens.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081816},
pmid = {40871320},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Nosocomial infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens represent a significant burden to global health. These pathogens may exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms, of which mechanisms such as efflux pumps and biofilm formation are gaining significant importance. Multidrug resistance mechanisms in ESKAPE pathogens have led to an increase in the effective costs in health care and a higher risk of mortality in hospitalized patients. These pathogens utilize antimicrobial efflux pump mechanisms and bacterial biofilm-forming capabilities to escape the bactericidal action of antimicrobials. ESKAPE bacteria forming colonies demonstrate increased expression of efflux pump-encoding genes. Efflux pumps not only expel antimicrobial agents but also contribute to biofilm formation by bacteria through (1) transport of molecules and transcription factors involved in biofilm quorum sensing, (2) bacterial fimbriae structure transport for biofilm adhesion to surfaces, and (3) regulation of a transmembrane gradient to survive the difficult conditions of biofilm microenvironments. The synergistic role of these mechanisms complicates treatment outcomes. Given the mechanistic link between biofilms and efflux pumps, therapeutic strategies should focus on targeting anti-biofilm mechanisms alongside efflux pump inactivation with efflux pump inhibitors. This review explores the molecular interplay between efflux pumps and biofilm formation, emphasizing potential therapeutic strategies such as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) and biofilm-targeting agents.},
}

@article {pmid40871316,
year = {2025},
author = {Krüger, GI and Urbina, F and Pardo-Esté, C and Salinas, V and Álvarez, J and Avilés, N and Oviedo, A and Kusch, C and Pavez, V and Vernal, R and Tello, M and Alvarez-Thon, L and Castro-Severyn, J and Remonsellez, F and Hidalgo, A and Saavedra, CP},
title = {Resilient by Design: Environmental Stress Promotes Biofilm Formation and Multi-Resistance in Poultry-Associated Salmonella.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081812},
pmid = {40871316},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {1210633//ANID FONDECYT REGULAR/ ; 1250419//ANID FONDECYT REGULAR/ ; 220007/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 240012//ANID-Anillo ATE/ ; 3230189//ANID 2023 FONDECYT Postdoctoral/ ; },
abstract = {Salmonella is one of the main causes of food-borne illness worldwide. In most cases, Salmonella contamination can be traced back to food processing plants and/or to cross-contamination during food preparation. To avoid food-borne diseases, food processing plants use sanitizers and biocidal to reduce bacterial contaminants below acceptable levels. Despite these preventive actions, Salmonella can survive and consequently affect human health. This study investigates the adaptive capacity of the main Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from the poultry production line, focusing on their replication, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation under stressors such as acidic conditions, oxidative environment, and high osmolarity. Using growth curve analysis, crystal violet staining, and microscopy, we assessed replication, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance under acidic, oxidative, and osmotic stress conditions. Disinfectant tolerance was evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of sodium hypochlorite. The antibiotic resistance was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method. The results indicate that, in general, acidic and osmotic stress reduce the growth of Salmonella. However, no significant differences were observed specifically for serotypes Infantis, Heidelberg, and Corvallis. The S. Infantis isolates were the strongest biofilm producers and showed the highest prevalence of multidrug resistance (71%). Interestingly, S. Infantis forming biofilms required up to 8-fold higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for eradication. Furthermore, osmotic and oxidative stress significantly induced biofilm production in industrial S. Infantis isolates compared to a reference strain. Understanding how Salmonella responds to industrial stressors is vital for designing strategies to control the proliferation of these highly adapted, multi-resistant pathogens.},
}

@article {pmid40871309,
year = {2025},
author = {Ban-Cucerzan, A and Imre, K and Morar, A and Marcu, A and Hotea, I and Popa, SA and Pătrînjan, RT and Bucur, IM and Gașpar, C and Plotuna, AM and Ban, SC},
title = {Persistent Threats: A Comprehensive Review of Biofilm Formation, Control, and Economic Implications in Food Processing Environments.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081805},
pmid = {40871309},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Biofilms are structured microbial communities that pose significant challenges to food safety and quality within the food-processing industry. Their formation on equipment and surfaces enables persistent contamination, microbial resistance, and recurring outbreaks of foodborne illness. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on biofilm formation mechanisms, genetic regulation, and the unique behavior of multi-species biofilms. The review evaluates modern detection and monitoring technologies, including PCR, biosensors, and advanced microscopy, and compares their effectiveness in industrial contexts. Real-world outbreak data and a global economic impact analysis underscore the urgency for more effective regulatory frameworks and sanitation innovations. The findings highlight the critical need for integrated, proactive biofilm management approaches to safeguard food safety, reduce public health risks, and minimize economic losses across global food sectors.},
}

@article {pmid40871283,
year = {2025},
author = {Hirai, N and Miwa, Y and Hattori, S and Kanematsu, H and Ogawa, A and Iwata, F},
title = {Three-Dimensional Structure of Biofilm Formed on Glass Surfaces Revealed Using Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Combined with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms13081779},
pmid = {40871283},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {23K04465, 20K05185 and 16K06819//Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI)/ ; 2028//the Cooperative Research Project of Research Center for Biomedical Engineering./ ; },
abstract = {Biofilms cause a variety of problems, such as food spoilage, food poisoning, infection, tooth decay, periodontal disease, and metal corrosion, so knowledge on biofilm prevention and removal is important. A detailed observation of the three-dimensional structure of biofilms on the nanoscale is expected to provide insight into this. In this study, we report on the successful in situ nanoscale observations of a marine bacterial biofilm on glass in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) using both scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) over the same area. By observing the same area by SICM and CLSM, we were able to clarify the three-dimensional morphology of the biofilm, the arrangement of bacteria within the biofilm, and the difference in local ion conductivity within the biofilm simultaneously, which could not be achieved by observation using a microscope alone.},
}

@article {pmid40869385,
year = {2025},
author = {Ibrahim, S and Hussein, RK and Abdulla, H and Omar, G and Abu Alrub, S and Grenni, P and Atwa, DM},
title = {Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser Treatment of Nocardia sp. Black Biofilm: Complete Biodeterioration Reversal in Limestone Heritage Conservation.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {16},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms26168064},
pmid = {40869385},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {(Grant Number IMSIU-DDRSP2502)//This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU),/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth & development ; *Nocardia/radiation effects/physiology ; *Calcium Carbonate/chemistry ; *Lasers, Solid-State ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; X-Ray Diffraction ; },
abstract = {Stone cleaning for cultural heritage monuments is a critical conservation intervention that must effectively eliminate harmful surface contaminants while preserving the material's physical, chemical, and historical integrity. This study investigated the removal of tenacious black biofilms formed by Nocardia species previously isolated from deteriorated limestone from the Bastet tomb in Tell Basta, Zagazig City, Egypt, using a Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Experimental limestone specimens were systematically inoculated with Nocardia sp. under controlled laboratory conditions to simulate biodeterioration processes. Comprehensive testing revealed that a laser fluence of 0.03 J/cm[2] with a 5 ns pulse duration, applied under wet conditions with 500 pulses, achieved the complete elimination of the biological black film without damaging the underlying stone substrate. The cleaning efficacy was evaluated through an integrated analytical framework combining stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS). These analyses demonstrated a remarkable transformation from a compromised mineralogical composition dominated by gypsum (62%) and anhydrite (13%) to a restored state of 98% calcite, confirming the laser treatment's effectiveness in reversing biodeterioration processes. SEM micrographs revealed the complete elimination of mycelial networks that had penetrated to depths between 984 μm and 1.66 mm, while LIPS analysis confirmed the restoration of elemental signatures to near-control levels. The successful application of LIPS for real-time monitoring during cleaning provides a valuable tool for preventing overcleaning, addressing a significant concern in laser conservation interventions. This research establishes evidence-based protocols for the non-invasive removal of Nocardia-induced black biofilms from limestone artifacts, offering conservation professionals a precise, effective, and environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional chemical treatments for preserving irreplaceable cultural heritage.},
}

*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth & development
*Nocardia/radiation effects/physiology
*Calcium Carbonate/chemistry
*Lasers, Solid-State
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
X-Ray Diffraction

@article {pmid40868698,
year = {2025},
author = {Monrreal-Ortega, L and Iturriaga-Gallardo, R and Vilicic-Rubio, A and Torres, P and Leyton, P and Morales, JO and Bahamondez-Canas, TF and Moraga-Espinoza, D},
title = {Gelatin-Based Microspheres of Ciprofloxacin for Enhanced Lung Delivery and Biofilm Eradication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pulmonary Infections.},
journal = {Gels (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/gels11080567},
pmid = {40868698},
issn = {2310-2861},
support = {1252689//Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo/ ; },
abstract = {Chronic lung infection is the main predictor of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF), and current pharmacological alternatives are ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. We developed ciprofloxacin (CIP) for inhalation, aiming at improving its solubility through the formation of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) using gelatin (GA). CIP and GA were dissolved in varying ratios and then spray-dried, obtaining CIP-GA microspheres in a single step. The dissolution rate, size distribution, morphology, and aerodynamic properties of CIP-GA microspheres were studied, as well as their antimicrobial activity on P. aeruginosa biofilms. Microspheres formulated with a higher GA ratio increased the dissolution of CIP ten-fold at 6 h compared to gelatin-free CIP. Formulations with 75% GA or more could form ASDs and improve CIP's dissolution rate. CIP-GA microspheres outperformed CIP in eradicating P. aeruginosa biofilm at 24 h. The spray-drying process produced CIP-GA microspheres with good aerodynamic properties, as indicated by a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 67%, a D50 of 3.52 μm, and encapsulation efficiencies above 70%. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of gelatin to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs by forming ASDs. As an FDA-approved excipient for lung delivery, these findings are valuable for particle engineering and facilitating the rapid translation of technologies to the market.},
}

@article {pmid40868204,
year = {2025},
author = {Wagner, L and Stolte, P and Heller, S and Schippers, D and Pförringer, D and Tübel, J and Schmid, RM and Burgkart, R and Schneider, J and Obermeier, AK},
title = {Novel Coating Approaches for Polyethylene Biliary Stents to Reduce Microbial Adhesion, Prevent Biofilm Formation, and Prolong Stent Patency.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines13081950},
pmid = {40868204},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Background: Occlusion of plastic biliary stents is a common complication in biliary drainage, often requiring exchange procedures every 2-4 months due to microbial colonization and sludge formation. This study aimed to evaluate diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings, with and without silver nanoparticle additives, for preventing stent occlusion. Methods: Polyethylene (PE) stents were coated with DLC using PlasmaImpax for DLC-1 and pulsed laser deposition for DLC-2. Silver ions (Ag) were incorporated into the DLC-2 coatings. To simulate in vivo conditions, a co-culture of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) was used for microbial colonization. Standardized human bile simulated physiological conditions. Adhesion tests, weight measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) quantified bacterial adherence to stents. Results: DLC-1 coatings demonstrated higher bacterial growth than uncoated PE stents with E. faecalis (adhesion assay difference: 0.6 log [p = 0.19] and 0.1 log [p = 0.75] in rounds 1 and 2, respectively). In the bile incubation model, DLC-1 did not significantly reduce bacterial counts at 5 days (0.4 log [p = 0.06]) or 14 days (0.2 log [p = 0.44]). DLC-2 showed no significant reduction either. DLC-2-Ag significantly reduced bacterial adhesion (5 days: -0.3 log [p = 0.00]; 14 days: -0.4 log [p = 0.16]) and exhibited inhibition zones against E. faecalis (2.3 mm), E. coli (2.1 mm), and C. albicans (0.6 mm). SEM revealed cracks and flaking in the coating. Conclusions: DLC coatings alone did not prevent microbial adhesion. Tendencies of anti-adhesive properties were seen with Ag-doped DLC coatings, which were attributed to the antibacterial effects of Ag. Optimization of the DLC-coating process is needed to improve stent performance. Future studies with larger samples sizes are needed to confirm the observed trends.},
}

@article {pmid40868035,
year = {2025},
author = {Anik, TA and Uzzaman, R and Rahman, KT and Hossain, A and Islam, F and Tasnim, MN and Begum, SA and Akhter, H and Begum, A},
title = {Comparative Analysis of Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Five ESKAPE Pathogen Species from a Tertiary Hospital in Bangladesh.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14080842},
pmid = {40868035},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Background: Four of the six ESKAPE pathogens are responsible for a majority of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-related deaths worldwide. Identifying the pathogens that evade antibiotic treatments more efficiently than others can help diagnose pathogens requiring more attention. The study was thus designed to evaluate the biofilm and resistance properties of five ESKAPE pathogens comparatively. A total of 165 clinical isolates of 5 ESKAPE pathogen species (E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aerurginosa) were collected from a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Methodology: Following secondary identification, antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. The biofilm formation was determined by the microtiter plate biofilm formation assay. The biofilm-forming genes were screened by PCR. Detection of carbapenemase and Metallo-β-lactamase was performed by the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) and the EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM) test, respectively. Results: Among Gram-positive isolates, E. faecium exhibited higher multi-drug resistance (MDR) rates (90%) compared to S. aureus (10%). In Gram-negative isolates, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae showed elevated resistance to carbapenems (74.29% and 45.71%, respectively), cephalosporins, and β-lactam inhibitors, while P. aeruginosa demonstrated relatively lower resistance. Colistin resistance was highest in K. pneumoniae (42.86%). Biofilm formation was prevalent, with 88.5% of isolates forming biofilms, including 15.8% strong biofilm producers. Notably, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii exhibited higher biofilm-forming capabilities compared to P. aeruginosa. A significant correlation was observed between biofilm formation and resistance to carbapenems, cephalosporins, and piperacillin/tazobactam (p < 0.05), suggesting a potential role of biofilms in disseminating resistance to these antibiotics. Carbapenemase production was detected in 23.8% of Gram-negative isolates, with K. pneumoniae showing the highest prevalence (34.3%). Additionally, 45.8% of carbapenemase producers expressed Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Among S. aureus isolates, 46.7% carried the mecA gene, confirming methicillin resistance (MRSA), while 20% of E. faecium isolates exhibited vancomycin resistance, primarily mediated by the vanB gene. Conclusions: These findings can help pinpoint the pathogens of significant threat.},
}

@article {pmid40868010,
year = {2025},
author = {Salinas, JH and Gordesli-Duatepe, FP and Diaz-Sanchez, A and Abu-Lail, NI},
title = {Phenotypic Characterization of pilA, pilB, and pilD Mutants of Acinetobacter baumannii 5075: Impacts on Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Tazobactam Response.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14080816},
pmid = {40868010},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The Type IV pilus assembly system in Acinetobacter baumannii is a major determinant of its pathogenicity, playing a role in surface-associated functions via the biogenesis of Type IV pili (T4P). Tazobactam (TAZ) is a well-characterized β-lactamase inhibitor, primarily used in combination with β-lactam antibiotics such as piperacillin (PIP) to counteract bacterial resistance mechanisms. While A. baumannii resistance to β-lactam antibiotics has been well studied, the influence of T4P on its susceptibility to TAZ remains largely unexplored. For this reason, we investigated how multidrug-resistant A. baumannii 5075 (AB5075) responds to TAZ by assessing the roles of pilA, pilB, and pilD in bacterial growth and biofilm formation under direct TAZ exposure, with a focus on phenotypic characterization rather than molecular mechanisms.

METHODS: Bacterial growth kinetics were quantified by measuring the optical densities of cell suspensions and the colony forming units per volume (CFUs/mL) at different time intervals. Time-kill assays and microtiter dish biofilm formation assays were used to evaluate how effectively TAZ can inhibit growth and biofilm formation, respectively.

RESULTS: Time-kill assays confirmed that 32 µg/mL of TAZ inhibited growth in both wild-type (WT) and mutant strains, with the pilD mutant showing initial resistance before eventual inhibition. Biofilm assays showed that the pilA mutant had the highest biofilm formation at 8 h, surpassing the WT strain. A prolonged 32 µg/mL of TAZ exposure (24-36 h) significantly reduced biofilm production across all strains, with inhibition rates reaching 89% for the WT, 82% for the pilA mutant, 91% for the pilB mutant, and 86% for the pilD mutant.

CONCLUSION: These findings deepen our understanding of the strain-specific roles of T4P components in growth and biofilm regulation in AB5075, and highlight the potential of TAZ as a therapeutic strategy against biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid40868002,
year = {2025},
author = {Magalhães, R and Mil-Homens, D and Cruz, S and Oliveira, M},
title = {Marine Antimicrobial Peptides: Emerging Strategies Against Multidrug-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Bacteria.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14080808},
pmid = {40868002},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {2024.05947.BD//Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/ ; UID/50006 + LA/P/0094/2020//CESAM/ ; },
abstract = {The global rise in antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to public health, with multidrug-resistant bacterial infections expected to surpass cancer in mortality by 2050. As traditional antibiotic pipelines stagnate, novel therapeutic alternatives are critically needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), particularly those derived from marine organisms, have emerged as promising antimicrobial candidates due to their broad-spectrum activity, structural diversity, and distinctive mechanisms of action. Unlike conventional antibiotics, AMPs can disrupt microbial membranes, inhibit biofilm formation, and even modulate immune responses, making them highly effective against resistant bacteria. This review highlights the potential of marine AMPs as next-generation therapeutics, emphasizing their efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens and biofilm-associated infections. Furthermore, marine AMPs show promise in combating persister cells and disrupting quorum sensing pathways, offering new strategies for tackling chronic infections. Despite their potential, challenges such as production scalability and limited clinical validation remain; nevertheless, the use of new technologies and bioinformatic tools is accelerating the discovery and optimization of these peptides, paving the way for bypassing these challenges. This review consolidates current findings on marine AMPs, advocating for their continued exploration as viable tools in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.},
}

@article {pmid40867939,
year = {2025},
author = {Torres-Boncompte, J and Sanz-Zapata, M and Garcia-Llorens, J and Soriano, JM and Catalá-Gregori, P and Sevilla-Navarro, S},
title = {In Vitro Insights into the Anti-Biofilm Potential of Salmonella Infantis Phages.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14080744},
pmid = {40867939},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {PLEC2023- 010275//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innocación y Universidades/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: As bacteriophage-based strategies to control bacterial pathogens continue to gain momentum, phage therapy is increasingly being explored across various fields. In the poultry industry, efforts to minimize the public health impact of Salmonella have spurred growing interest in phage applications, particularly as prophylactic and disinfecting agents. Although the disinfecting potential of bacteriophages has been recognized, in-depth studies examining their efficacy under varying environmental conditions remain limited. This study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of bacteriophages as disinfecting agents against biofilm-forming Salmonella Infantis under different environments. Methods: A comprehensive screening of biofilm-producing strains was conducted using Congo Red Agar and 96-well plate assays. Two strains with distinct biofilm-forming capacities were selected for further analysis under different environmental conditions: aerobic and microaerobic atmospheres at both 25 °C and 37 °C. The resulting biofilms were then treated with four phage preparations: three individual phages and one phage cocktail. Biofilm reduction was assessed by measuring optical density and CFU/well. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize both untreated and phage-treated biofilms. Results: The results demonstrated that all S. Infantis strains were capable of forming biofilms (21/21). All three phage candidates exhibited biofilm-disrupting activity and were able to lyse biofilm-embedded Salmonella cells. Notably, the lytic efficacy of the phages varied depending on environmental conditions, highlighting the importance of thorough phage characterization prior to application. Conclusions: These findings underscore that the effectiveness of bacteriophages as surface disinfectants can be significantly compromised if inappropriate phages are used, especially in the presence of biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid40867934,
year = {2025},
author = {Ribeiro, GA and Oliveira, VC and Faria, ACL and Macedo, AP and Maciel, CRO and Silva, CHLD and Ribeiro, RF and Rodrigues, RCS},
title = {Influence of Polishing and Glazing on Surface Characteristics and Biofilm Formation on Zirconia: An In Vitro Study.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14080739},
pmid = {40867934},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {88887912857//CAPES/ ; },
abstract = {Background: Monolithic zirconia has attracted considerable interest in dentistry due to its favorable physical and mechanical properties, making it a promising alternative for crown fabrication. Nonetheless, a standardized finishing protocol for this material has yet to be established. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the surface characteristics and in vitro biofilm formation of zirconia finished by either polishing or glazing. Methods: A total of 72 zirconia specimens were fabricated and divided into control, glazing, and polishing groups. Surface analysis included roughness, wettability, and surface free energy. Microbiological analysis included CFU (colony-forming units per mL) counts, microbial adhesion at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, biofilm biovolume, and qualitative biofilm assessment via scanning electron microscopy (sEm). Results: The glazing group showed significantly greater roughness than the polishing (p = 0.006) and control (p = 0.016) groups, along with a lower contact angle (polishing-p = 0.002; control-p < 0.001) and higher surface energy (polishing-p = 0.005; control-p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in CFU counts for the tested microorganisms (C. albicans, p = 0.158; L. casei, p = 0.610; S. mutans, p = 0.904). Regarding microbial adhesion, the polishing group showed a smaller biofilm-covered area compared to the control group for both total biofilm (p = 0.008) and viable biofilm (p = 0.005). no statistically significant difference was observed in biofilm biovolume (p = 0.082). Conclusions: These findings suggest that, despite the surface differences among the groups, biofilm formation was not significantly affected.},
}

@article {pmid40867933,
year = {2025},
author = {Díaz-Navarro, M and Cercenado, E and Visedo, A and Marín, M and Machado, M and Irigoyen-von-Sierakowski, Á and Loeches, B and Cacho-Calvo, J and García-Rodríguez, J and Di Domenico, EG and Muñoz, P and Guembe, M},
title = {Assessment of the Anti-Biofilm Effect of Cefiderocol Against 28 Clinical Strains of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14080738},
pmid = {40867933},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {MSII/00008//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; FI22/00022//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PI21/00344//Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ ; PEJD-2021-TL/BMD-21113//Comunidad de Madrid/ ; FMM24/01//Fundación Mutua Madrileña/ ; 2022-PI-II-COOPTR-01//IiSGM/ ; },
abstract = {Objectives: Cefideroccol (FDC) is a siderophore cephalosporin with potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. We investigated the anti-biofilm capacity of FDC against clinical strains. Methods: This multicenter study was conducted on 28 selected strains of MDR Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 5), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 11), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 12). We first determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each strain using the microdilution method. We also defined the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) as a ≥50% reduction in tetrazolium salt (XTT) (as recommended in the 2017 Spanish Microbiology Protocols [SEIMC] for the microbiological diagnosis of infections related to the formation of biofilms). We also analyzed the reduction in the following biofilm variables after an 8 mg/mL FDC treatment: the CFU count, the cell viability, the biomass, the metabolic activity, and extracellular α or β polysaccharides. Results: The MIC50 and MBIC50 of FDC were 0.5 mg/L and 64 mg/L, respectively. We observed a mean (SD) fold increase in the susceptibility to FDC between planktonic and sessile cells for P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae of 9.60 (0.55), 6.27 (2.28), and 6.25 (2.80), respectively. When 8 mg/mL of FDC was tested, we observed that the best median (IQR) percentage reductions were obtained for cell viability and the extracellular matrix (73.1 [12.4-86.5] and 79.5 [37.3-95.5], respectively), particularly for P. aeruginosa. The lowest percentage reduction rates were those obtained for biomass. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the susceptibility to FDC was significantly reduced when strains were in a biofilm state. The best percentage reduction rates for all biofilm-defining variables were observed for P. aeruginosa. Our results need to be validated using a larger collection of clinical samples.},
}

@article {pmid40866486,
year = {2025},
author = {Fathy, HM and Ahmed, MN and Goda, HA and Moselhy, MA},
title = {Thyme essential oil potentials as a bactericidal and biofilm-preventive agent against prevalent bacterial pathogens.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {31644},
pmid = {40866486},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance represents a significant global issue that requires the investigation of innovative approaches for infection management. In pursuit of alternative natural antimicrobials, nine plant essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial properties against nine common bacterial pathogens. Among the tested essential oils, thyme essential oil demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial species, Thyme essential oil exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 17.3 to 51 mm with relative minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 99.2 to 450 µg/ml, implying the bactericidal effect. The ultrastructural changes in bacterial cells treated with thyme essential oil were visualized using transmission electron microscope. Thyme essential oil exhibited a potent inhibitory effect toward the biofilm formations for all the tested pathogenic strains. GC/MS analysis was used to determine the thyme essential oil composition. The major components of thyme essential oil were thymol (28.29%), o-cymene (18.31%), ç-terpinene (8.51%), eucalyptol (5%), linalool (2.86%), borneol (2.17%), á-myrcene (1.55%), à-pinene (1.52%) and camphene (1%). Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that the constituents present in the thyme essential oil had high binding affinity for ECF, FimH, LasR, PrfA and RhlA proteins, which were found to be associated with improved anti-biofilm efficacy. Furthermore, treatment with thyme essential oil led to the downregulation of essential genes associated with virulence and biofilm formation in the tested pathogens. These findings suggest that thyme essential oil has promising potential as an antibacterial and a biofilm inhibitory agent to combat bacterial infections in food and pharmaceutical industries.},
}

@article {pmid40866395,
year = {2025},
author = {Admase, AT and Gesese, TN and Fenta, SW and Eshete, BG},
title = {Synthesis and characterization of bio-based eco-friendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshell powder.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {31617},
pmid = {40866395},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of biomass base ecofriendly biofilm composites reinforced with waste eggshells, utilizing biowaste materials as sources of starch and plasticizer, with eggshells serving as a filler to enhance overall material properties. Reusing biowaste is important in reducing environmental waste and promoting sustainable practices. Findings reveal that increasing eggshell content from 15 to 60% significantly reduces moisture absorption from 18.75 ± 0.02% to 5.31 ± 0.04%, while tensile strength declines from 8.18 ± 0.02 to 5.17 ± 0.02 MPa at constant glycerol levels. In contrast, glycerol enhances moisture retention, increasing absorbance from 18.75 ± 0.02% to 20.15 ± 0.02% as glycerol concentration rises from 5 to 20% in a 15% eggshell composite. The optimal biodegradability was achieved with a plasticizer concentration of 10% and a filler (clay) content of 30%, resulting in a degradation rate of 78.25 ± 0.01%. The eggshell at 30% and glycerol at 5% achieve a degradation rate of 87.31 ± 0.03%. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveal that the composites exhibit superior thermal stability, making them suitable for diverse applications. This research highlights the environmental benefits of biowaste materials, trade-offs in material performance, the need for moisture management in packaging, and enhancements from waste starch and plasticizer. These results underscore the potential for creating sustainable and functional composites through utilizing and reusing biowaste materials.},
}

@article {pmid40863534,
year = {2025},
author = {Czucz Varga, J and Bujdák, J and Bujdáková, H},
title = {Mixed Candida albicans-Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Is Reduced by Light-Activated Nanocomposite with Phloxine B.},
journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {40863534},
issn = {2309-608X},
support = {APVV-21-0302, APVV-22-0150//Slovak Research and Development Agency/ ; VEGA 1/0240/23, VEGA 1/0484/24//Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic/ ; 09I01-03-V04-00022, 09I03-03-V06-00077//EU NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia/ ; },
abstract = {Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens that cause life-threatening infections. This study focused on using photodynamic inactivation (PDI) to eliminate mixed biofilms of C. albicans-S. aureus formed on poly (urethane) (PU) discs functionalized with a nanocomposite layer containing phloxine B (PhB). Additionally, the effect of PDI on the ALS3 and HWP1 genes of C. albicans was examined in mixed biofilms. Spectral analysis showed a continuous release of PhB from the nanocomposite in Mueller-Hinton broth within 48 h, with a released amount of PhB < 5% of the total amount. The anti-biofilm effectiveness of the light-activated nanocomposite with PhB showed a reduction in the survival rate of biofilm cells to 0.35% and 31.79% for S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively, compared to the control biofilm on PU alone. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the nanocomposite effectively reduced the colonization and growth of the mixed biofilm. While PDI reduced the regulation of the ALS3 gene, the HWP1 gene was upregulated. Nevertheless, the cell survival of the C. albicans-S. aureus biofilm was significantly reduced, showing great potential for the elimination of mixed biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid40863259,
year = {2025},
author = {Passos Lima, Y and de Paiva Macedo, J and Barbosa Ferreira Machado, A and Galuppo Diniz, C and da Silva, VL and Cordeiro Dias, V},
title = {Biocide Tolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Efflux Pump Activity in Clinical Isolates of Trichosporon asahii.},
journal = {Infectious disease reports},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {40863259},
issn = {2036-7430},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Trichosporon spp. are opportunistic fungi, capable of causing infection, especially in critically ill individuals who often use broad-spectrum antibiotics, invasive devices, and have comorbidities. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze individuals' clinical characteristics, evaluate tolerance to biocides, as well as biofilm formation and efflux pump activity in isolates of Trichosporon asahii.

METHODS: Clinical isolates of T. asahii collected between 2020 and 2023 from both hospitalized and non-hospitalized individuals, of both sexes, regardless of age, were tested for tolerance to sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, benzalkonium chloride, and ethyl alcohol. Efflux pump activity was also assessed using ethidium bromide, and biofilm formation was measured with the Safranin test. Clinical parameters such as outcomes, source, and length of hospitalization were analyzed through electronic medical records.

RESULTS: A total of 37 clinical isolates of T. asahii were identified. Thirty-three (83.8%) isolates were from hospitalized individuals, with 81.82% collected in ICUs, an average hospital stay of 35 days, and a mortality rate of 51.6%. The tested strains displayed the largest mean inhibition zone for 2% sodium hypochlorite, indicating lower tolerance. A high level of efflux pump expression was detected among clinical isolates. Biofilm formation was detected in 25/67.5% of the isolates.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the clinical relevance of T. asahii, particularly in critically ill individuals, and underscore the pathogen's ability to tolerate biocides, express efflux pumps, and form biofilms, all of which may contribute to its persistence and pathogenicity in hospital environments. Enhanced surveillance and effective microbial control measures are essential to mitigate the risks associated with T. asahii infections.},
}

@article {pmid40863075,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, ZZ and Shan, W and Sun, X and Cheng, T and Zhang, J and Chu, CH},
title = {Quorum-Quenching AHL-Lactonase Est816 Inhibits Polymicrobial Subgingival-Plaque-Derived Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {40863075},
issn = {2304-6767},
support = {2022zhyx-C58//the Research Fund of Anhui Institute of translational medicine/ ; AHWJ2023A20161//Scientific Research Funding of Anhui Province Health Commission/ ; },
abstract = {Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the quorum-quenching enzyme N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-lactonase Est816 on biofilm formation in subgingival plaque microbiota from participants with advanced periodontitis. Methods: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 30 adults with untreated Stage III or higher periodontitis and cultured anaerobically. Est816 was applied in vitro, with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) serving as the control. Biofilm composition was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, and alpha diversity metrics were assessed. Differential taxa abundance was assessed with the multivariate statistical software MaAsLin3. Biofilm morphology, biomass, and thickness were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), crystal violet staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Est816 significantly reduced microbial richness (Chao1 Index, p = 0.031), biofilm biomass (64% reduction, p < 0.001), and thickness (76% reduction, p < 0.001) compared to controls. SEM revealed fragmented biofilm architecture in Est816-treated samples. Conclusions: AHL-lactonase Est816 inhibited polymicrobial subgingival-plaque-derived biofilm formation while reducing species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and community evenness. These findings demonstrate Est816's potential as an adjunctive therapy for disrupting pathogenic biofilms in periodontitis.},
}

@article {pmid40862141,
year = {2025},
author = {Al Atya, AK and Belguesmia, Y and Chataigne, G and Ravallec, R and Vachée, A and Szunerits, S and Boukherroub, R and Drider, D},
title = {Correction: Anti-MRSA activities of enterocins DD28 and DD93 and evidences on their role in the inhibition of biofilm formation.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1646639},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1646639},
pmid = {40862141},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00817.].},
}

@article {pmid40861780,
year = {2025},
author = {Wäge-Recchioni, J and Perduns, R and Vach, K and Beckedorf, A and Volk, J and Schlueter, N and Staufenbiel, I},
title = {Comparative pilot study of three commercial kits for bacterial DNA extraction from human subgingival biofilm samples collected with a single paper point.},
journal = {Journal of oral microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {2549035},
pmid = {40861780},
issn = {2000-2297},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In periodontal research, subgingival biofilm samples are typically collected using sterile paper points and pooled for molecular analyses. Streamlining this process by using a single paper point for molecular analysis could simplify sample collection and allow additional paper points to be used for other investigations. This pilot study evaluated the performance of three commercial DNA extraction kits for analysing small sample volumes (<10 µL).

METHODS: Samples were collected from six participants, each contributing 18 paper points from both healthy and periodontitis-affected sites. Bacterial and human DNA yields were quantified using fluorometric measurements combined with qPCR, employing universal 16S primers for bacterial DNA and human-specific GAPDH primers.

RESULTS: Among the tested kits, the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit demonstrated the highest efficiency, yielding significantly more total dsDNA in samples from healthy sites compared to both other kits and in samples from periodontitis-affected sites compared to one kit. Bacterial DNA yields were also significantly higher with the DNeasy Kit compared to one of the other kits in both health conditions.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that one paper point is sufficient to extract DNA for subsequent bacterial analyses and that the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit appears to be the most efficient among the three tested kits.},
}

@article {pmid40861490,
year = {2025},
author = {Huang, L and Ge, S and Yang, K and Duan, L and Gao, L and Li, YZ and Yi, YS},
title = {Effects of oral gavage with periodontal pathogens and plaque biofilm on gut microbiota ecology and intestinal tissue architecture in mice: a mechanistic study.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1589055},
pmid = {40861490},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Mice ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; *Dental Plaque/microbiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology ; Porphyromonas gingivalis/physiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Colon/pathology/microbiology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish an in vitro model simulating periodontal biofilm architecture with three representative periodontal pathogens and evaluate its systemic impact through oral gavage administration in C57BL/6 mice. The findings provide mechanistic insights into the oral-gut axis dysbiosis, elucidating potential pathways linking periodontal inflammation to gastrointestinal pathophysiology.

METHODS: Fifty 7-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into five groups(n=10/group): control (H), F. nucleatum (F), P.gingivalis (P), S.sanguinis (S) and biofilm (BF, F.n + P.g + S.s) groups. Mice were gavaged twice weekly for 6 weeks with 1×10[9] CFU (F, P, BF groups) and 1×10[8] CFU (S group) of bacterial suspensions or PBS (H group). Post-intervention, fecal and colon tissues were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing, H&E staining, immunohistochemistry (Occludin expression), and qRT-PCR analysis of inflammatory markers(IL18, TNF-α, IL-1β, B220, F4/80, NOS2, ARG1).

RESULTS: A stable in vitro three-species biofilm model was successfully established to mimic the ecology of periodontal plaque. Gavage with F.n, P.g or the biofilm consortium (BF group) induced intestinal barrier disruption and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. PCR indicated a significant increase in the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, B220, F4/80, and NOS2 in the P group (P < 0.001), while Arg-1 expression exhibited a significant decrease (P < 0.01). In the BF group, only TNF-α expression demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.01). The expression of occludin is significantly reduced in the F/P/BF group, with the most pronounced decrease observed in the P group (P < 0.01). Gut microbiota alterations occurred in all groups. At the phylum level, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio increased in all three groups (F/P/BF group). Proteobacteria abundance rose substantially in the P group, while Desulfovibrio increased and Verrucomicrobia decreased in the F/P/BF and F/S groups, respectively. Genus-level analysis showed reduced Muribaculaceae in the F/P/BF group, alongside elevated pro-inflammatory bacteria (e.g., Enterococcus, Acinetobacter) and diminished beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Parabacteroides).

CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that periodontal pathogens induce gut barrier compromise through microbiome-driven immunomodulation, with P. gingivalis exhibiting predominant pro-inflammatory effects.},
}

Animals
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Male
Mice
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Dysbiosis/microbiology
*Dental Plaque/microbiology
Disease Models, Animal
Bacteria/classification/genetics
Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology
Porphyromonas gingivalis/physiology
Feces/microbiology
Cytokines/metabolism
Colon/pathology/microbiology

@article {pmid40861451,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, D and Mao, C and Chen, S and Wang, Z and Zhang, W and Li, Z and Li, L and He, C and Guo, W and Wei, J and Wei, Q},
title = {Effect of daphnetin combined with tobramycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in vitro and in vivo.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1648096},
pmid = {40861451},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Animals ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology ; *Tobramycin/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Rabbits ; *Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Umbelliferones/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Disease Models, Animal ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of daphnetin in combination with tobramycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in vitro and in vivo.

METHOD: The study was divided into four groups: control, tobramycin, daphnetin, and tobramycin combined with daphnetin groups. First, a 72-h Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm model was established in vitro. The antibacterial effects of daphnetin and tobramycin alone and in combination were evaluated using various methods, including microdilution, crystal violet staining, colony counting, and electron microscopy. Then, a model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in rabbit joints was established in vivo. After 7 days of continuous treatment, the rabbits were sacrificed on day 14 post infection. The therapeutic effect of daphnetin and/or tobramycin was further evaluated by observing the gross anatomy of the knee joint, biofilm PNA-FISH, synovial bacterial load, and pathology.

RESULTS: The results showed that daphnetin had a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 890 µg/mL against the PAO1 strain, while tobramycin had an MIC of 2.75 µg/mL against the same strain. Crystal violet staining and colony counting showed that the biofilm in the group treated with both daphnetin and tobramycin was significantly less than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy further confirmed that the combination of daphnetin and tobramycin had the strongest bactericidal effect. In vivo, the knee joint of rabbits in the daphnetin combined with tobramycin group had the least gross anatomical inflammatory response, amount of PNA-FISH biofilm, synovial colony count, synovial pathological examination of inflammatory cell infiltration, and synovial thickening.

CONCLUSION: The study indicated that daphnetin may be a promising synergist that enhances the activity of tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection in vitro and in vivo.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Animals
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/physiology
*Tobramycin/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Rabbits
*Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Umbelliferones/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Drug Therapy, Combination
Disease Models, Animal

@article {pmid40860045,
year = {2025},
author = {Balasubramanian, HK and Osmani, SA},
title = {During Aspergillus nidulans nitrogen-limited biofilm formation, mitophagy is independent of mitochondrial fission.},
journal = {Autophagy reports},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {2547194},
pmid = {40860045},
issn = {2769-4127},
abstract = {During chronic infections, biofilms are resistant to both antimicrobial agents as well as the host immune system, often giving rise to recalcitrant persister cells with reduced mitochondrial function rendering biofilm infections difficult to cure. How mitochondrial dynamics and fate are regulated during fungal biofilm formation is poorly understood. In this study, we used live cell microscopy to track mitochondrial morphology during Aspergillus nidulans in vitro biofilm formation. We show that mitochondria undergo fragmentation during early biofilm development, and that externally induced oxidative stress similarly induces mitochondrial fragmentation, indicating a role for redox regulation in this process. Deletion of core components of the mitochondrial fission machinery resulted in a swollen mitochondrial phenotype. Mitochondria in the fission-mutant strains are known not to complete fragmentation in response to externally induced oxidative stress, and we show that this results in a "beads on a string" phenotype. We further show that mitochondria remain unfragmented during biofilm formation in the fission-mutant strains, although other biofilm cellular modifications, like disassembly of microtubules, are unaffected. We report that mitophagy is triggered during biofilm development in nitrogen-limiting conditions independently of mitochondrial fission. This indicates mitochondrial fission is dispensable for mitophagy during biofilm development with limiting nitrogen. We further note that general autophagy, but notably not mitophagy, is triggered during biofilm development in carbon-limiting conditions, demonstrating differential regulation of mitochondrial fate in response to specific nutritional limitations during fungal biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid40859682,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, X and Cao, Y and Hu, J and Yue, Z and Liu, X and Deng, D},
title = {Hybrid Spike-Facilitated Capture and Biofilm Destruction Co-Enhances Ultrasound-Mediated Bactericidal Therapy.},
journal = {ACS nano},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5c09843},
pmid = {40859682},
issn = {1936-086X},
abstract = {Bacterial pneumonia, a leading global cause of infectious disease-related mortality, faces critical challenges from antibiotic resistance and microbiome disruption associated with conventional therapies. Herein, inspired by the antibacterial microstructure of gecko skin, the study developed a tannic acid-modified Mn-ZnO hybrid microparticle (denoted as MZT) with a biomimetic cocklebur-inspired spine-like architecture, achieving synergistic modulation of surface morphology and chemical composition. The material demonstrates dual antimicrobial mechanisms: (i) the microspikes significantly enhance bacterial capture efficiency by leveraging polyphenol-mediated bacterial membrane interactions, enabling synergistic bacterial trapping and physical penetration for targeted antimicrobial action; (ii) a piezoelectricity-driven, acid-responsive reactive oxygen species catalytic system achieves pathogen-selective eradication under ultrasound activation without harming healthy tissues. Theoretical analyses revealed that surface piezoelectric fields enhance catalytic kinetics through charge redistribution. In vivo studies demonstrated precise pulmonary delivery via a nebulized system in Klebsiella pneumoniae-infected mice, exhibiting superior therapeutic efficacy. Cell viability assays and histopathological evaluations confirmed excellent biosafety at both cellular and organismal levels. This work establishes a bioinspired material design paradigm for targeted antimicrobial strategies with minimized resistance risks and microbiome preservation.},
}

@article {pmid40858659,
year = {2025},
author = {Assumpção, YM and Andre, LSP and Teixeira, IM and da Fonseca, CO and Machado, FP and Ribeiro, TAN and Pereira, RFA and Sachs, D and Rocha, LM and Penna, B},
title = {Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of Hypericum brasiliense extract and its fractions on Staphylococcus of canine origin.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {31345},
pmid = {40858659},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {443764/2018-2//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; E-26/201.328/2021//Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/ ; },
abstract = {The growing resistance to antimicrobials, partly due to the ability to form biofilms, poses a challenge for developing new antimicrobial agents. This study assessed the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of Hypericum brasiliense extract, Japonicin, and Uliginosin-B against clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius and S. coagulans from dogs. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. In vitro antibiofilm activity was evaluated and showed promising results in young (6 h) and mature (24 h) biofilms. S. pseudintermedius and S. coagulans were highly sensitive to all tested substances. All tested isolates exhibited low MIC and MBC values, particularly for Uliginosin-B. Japonicin demonstrated higher MIC and MBC values. The analysis of antibiofilm activity revealed inhibition of biofilm formation and even disruption of pre-formed biofilms at various concentrations, including sub-inhibitory ones. H. brasiliense and its fractions exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, offering promising prospects for treating infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria.},
}

@article {pmid40857654,
year = {2025},
author = {Mooney, E and Cooke, G and Caraher, E and Kelleher, F and Creaven, BS},
title = {Biofilm Eradication Using Water-Soluble Silver(I) Coumarin Complexes.},
journal = {Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e202500328},
doi = {10.1002/cbic.202500328},
pmid = {40857654},
issn = {1439-7633},
support = {PHEA-1705//HEA/ ; },
abstract = {Water-soluble photostable coumarin acetate complexes of silver(I) are successfully synthesized and characterized and found to have the ability to eradicate preformed MRSA biofilms. Substitution with short PEG chains at the 4-position of the coumarin ring allows the subsequent synthesis of water-soluble coumarin oxyacetate ligands which successfully allowed silver(I) complex formation. The new complexes are characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, microanalysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry where possible. Previous unPEGylated analogs has shown excellent antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria MRSA, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that activity is maintained in the PEGylated complexes. However, the solubility of the un-PEGylated analogs is limited to DMSO, and those silver(I) complexes are unstable in ambient light conditions. Both issues are resolved with the new PEGylated complexes reported here and importantly the ability to eradicate preformed biofilms of MRSA is demonstrated. In addition, a triphenylphosphine adduct complex is also synthesized, but this complex has reduced activity compared to the simple PEGylated complex.},
}

@article {pmid40857430,
year = {2025},
author = {Chung, JY and An, Y and Lee, JH and Yang, S and Lee, SC and Kong, H and Chung, HJ},
title = {Microbubble-Controlled Delivery of Biofilm-Targeting Nanoparticles to Treat MRSA Infection.},
journal = {Advanced functional materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/adfm.202508291},
pmid = {40857430},
issn = {1616-301X},
abstract = {Drug-resistant microorganisms cause serious problems in human healthcare, leading to the persistence in infections and poor treatment outcome from conventional therapy. In this study, we introduce a gene targeting strategy using microbubble-controlled nanoparticles that can effectively eliminate biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vivo. We developed biofilm-targeting nanoparticles (BTN) capable of delivering oligonucleotides that effectively remove biofilm-associated bacteria upon controlled delivery with diatom-based microbubblers (MB). We validated the activity of BTN in silencing key bacterial genes related to MRSA biofilm formation (icaA), bacterial growth (ftsZ), and antimicrobial resistance (mecA), as well as their multi-targeting ability in vitro. We next examined the integration of BTN with MB, resulting in synergistic effects in biofilm removal and antimicrobial activity in an ex vivo porcine skin model. We further investigated the therapeutic efficacy in vivo in a mouse wound model infected with MRSA biofilm, which showed that MB-controlled BTN delivery substantially reduced bacterial load and led to the effective elimination of the biofilm. This study underscores the potential of the gene silencing platform with physical enhancement as a promising strategy to combat problems related to biofilms and antibiotic resistance.},
}

@article {pmid40855185,
year = {2025},
author = {Nouraei, H and Amirzadeh, N and Khodadadi, H and Ghahartars, M and Zareshahrabadi, Z and Nasr, R and Hashemi, SJ and Diba, K and Zomorodian, K and Pakshir, K},
title = {Overexpression of efflux pump and biofilm associated genes in itraconazole resistant Candida albicans isolates causing onychomycosis.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {31292},
pmid = {40855185},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {28806//Vice-Chancellor for Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences/ ; },
abstract = {Candida onychomycosis is a common fungal nail infection where treatment efficacy can be compromised by antifungal resistance. This study investigates the role of efflux pump genes (CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1) and biofilm-associated genes (ALS1, ALS3) in Candida albicans isolates classified as resistant to itraconazole from patients with onychomycosis. Ten itraconazole-resistant and 10 sensitive isolates were collected for efflux pump and biofilm-associated gene expression analysis by Real-Time PCR methods. Itraconazole resistance was induced in sensitive isolates through pulse exposure. Biofilm formation was quantified both with and without itraconazole. Biofilm structures were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Our findings indicate a statistically significant upregulation of CDR1 (P-value = 0.049), CDR2 (P-value = 0.023), and ALS3 (P-value = 0.010) in resistant isolates when compared to sensitive isolates. While MDR1 and ALS1 showed some variation, the differences were not statistically significant. Rhodamine 6G efflux assays demonstrated significantly higher efflux activity in resistant isolates (P-value = 0.001 at 60 min). Biofilm formation assays showed itraconazole's impact: pre-treatment reduced biofilm formation, while it had a limited effect on pre-formed biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy indicated less dense biofilms when the formation began in the presence of itraconazole. A pulse exposure to itraconazole also further upregulated CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 in resistant isolates. Our results implicated CDR1, CDR2, and ALS3 in itraconazole resistance, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets for future investigation. These findings emphasize the primary role of efflux pumps and biofilm-associated genes in the resistance of clinical C. albicans onychomycosis isolates, although specific mutations (e.g., ERG11, TAC1) were not examined.},
}

@article {pmid40854640,
year = {2025},
author = {Noumi, E and Zmantar, T and Bouali, N and Bazaid, AS and Alabbosh, KF and Chaieb, K and Altayb, HN and Feo, V and Snoussi, M},
title = {Whole-genome sequencing and biofilm gene characterization in multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains.},
journal = {Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {100521},
doi = {10.1016/j.jgeb.2025.100521},
pmid = {40854640},
issn = {2090-5920},
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is known as a significant contributor to a variety of severe, life-threatening illnesses. Infectious diseases associated with biofilm-producing S. aureus can lead to a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to characterize the whole genomes of eight clinically multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains isolated from several types of human infections sites from Hail Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Biofilm production was evaluated using Congo-red agar plates (CRA), polystyrene microtiter plate technique (MtP), and adherence to human epithelial cells (Hep 2). Additionally, adhesion to abiotic surface (Polyethylene, glass, stainless steel) was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then whole genome sequencing was conducted for all strains to analyze the virulome, resistome and phylogenome using different bioinformatic tools. Our results revealed that all S. aureus strains were slime producer on CRA plates with pigmented colonies (black and nearly black morphotypes) and were also able to form biofilm on the surface of several materials with different degrees. All tested strains adhere to Hep2 cell lines with a percentage of infected cells ranging from 45.0 % ± 0.078 to 92.0 % ± 0.022, and a total number of S. aureus/100 cells varying from 5.11 ± 2.14 (Strain S22) to 20.25 ± 5.15 (Strain S14). These results were correlated with those obtained from genome annotation highlighting that all multidrug resistant and biofilm-producing S. aureus strains harbored four ica genes (icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD) and their regulator icaR), clumping factor A and B (clfA and clfB genes), fibronectin binding proteins (fnbA in all strains and fnbB in 87.5 % of tested strains), elastin binding protein (ebps gene), extracellular adherence protein (Eap), staphylococcal protein A (spa gene), and Ser-Asp rich fibrinogen-binding proteins (sdrC). Most of the studied strains contained six to ten genomic islands associated with virulence factors, phage proteins, transcriptional regulators, insertion sequences and antimicrobial resistance genes. The study reported the presence of key adhesion-related genes underscores the colonization potential and pathogenicity in our strains. Additionally, the identification of multiple genomic islands associated with virulence and antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for vigilant monitoring in clinical settings.},
}

@article {pmid40854459,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, B and Yin, R and Quan, X and Gao, Z and Zhou, K and Wang, X},
title = {Synergistic sulfur-iron redox in novel composite biofilm carriers drives efficient mixotrophic denitrification and phosphate removal: Metagenomic insights into nitrogen/sulfur metabolic networks and microbial interactions.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133194},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133194},
pmid = {40854459},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Multifunctional biofilm carriers were developed through encapsulating acetate starch or FeCl3 using paraffin and sulfur (Paraffin-Sulfur-Acetate Starch and Paraffin-Sulfur-FeCl3), aimed at enhancing nitrate removal via mixotrophic denitrification and phosphate removal via controlling Fe[3+] release. A sequencing batch biofilm reactor with these composite carriers attained efficient nitrogen removal (99.9 % for NO3[-]-N, 98.7 ± 2.2 % for total nitrogen, 24 h cycle) and phosphate removal (98.5 %) over 60 days. The composite carriers provided multiple electron donors (S[0], acetate starch, and paraffin) to sustain mixotrophic denitrification, with sulfur autotrophic denitrification contributing 65.5 %-83.7 % of total nitrogen removal. Metagenomic analysis revealed diverse nitrogen metabolism pathways, including sulfur (S[0]/S[2-]/Sn[2-]) and Fe[2+]-based autotrophic denitrification, acetate starch/paraffin-based heterotrophic denitrification, and ammonium oxidation via Fe[3+] (Feammox). Synergistic sulfur-iron redox cycling was established through coupled biotic-abiotic reactions. This study presents a novel and sustainable strategy for nitrogen and phosphate removal from low carbon/nitrogen ratio wastewater.},
}

@article {pmid40854124,
year = {2025},
author = {Sun, D and Liu, X and Zhang, Y and Shi, R and Ru, Y and Zhou, X and Chen, Y and Yang, J and Liu, J and Zhu, J and Liu, C and Liu, W},
title = {Local c-di-GMP signaling, triggered by cross-regulation of cAMP-CRP and c-di-GMP, controls biofilm formation under nutrient limitation.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {122},
number = {35},
pages = {e2516964122},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2516964122},
pmid = {40854124},
issn = {1091-6490},
support = {32370583//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 31900401//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; BK20231350//JST | Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation | Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; 32370023//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; 31970036//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; KC23301//| Natural Science Foundation of Xuzhou Municipality (Xuzhou Natural Science Foundation)/ ; 32401044//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; BK20210920//JST | Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation | Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; 32270119//MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)/ ; BK20241961//JST | Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation | Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province/ ; KJZ-YY-NSM0518//Scientific Experiment Project of China Space Station/ ; },
abstract = {Bacteria have several nucleotide second messengers, most of which act as global regulators to control a wide range of bacterial physiological processes. Studies usually focus on a single second messenger, and the mechanisms and physiological significance of the cross-regulation between different nucleotide second messengers are often unclear. Here, we show that Shewanella putrefaciens can form biofilms in both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor media. While both are controlled by c-di-GMP, the regulatory models differ. Under low nutrient conditions, cross-regulation of cAMP-CRP and c-di-GMP occurs at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels, thereby controlling biofilm development. During the early stages of biofilm development, cAMP-CRP directly promotes the transcription of a PDE gene, lrbR, by LrbA. Additionally, cAMP-CRP recruits LrbR to BpfD to suppress early biofilm formation via LrbR-dependent local degradation of c-di-GMP. Finally, as intracellular LrbR levels decrease, cAMP-CRP-BpfD enables a rapid shift to biofilm development and supports biofilm maintenance. Under high nutrient conditions, this cross-regulation does not occur, resulting in a positive correlation between global c-di-GMP levels and biofilm biomass. The identification of distinct modes of biofilm regulation in different nutrients will provide a theoretical basis for future targeted control of biofilm formation in different nutrient environments.},
}

@article {pmid40853106,
year = {2025},
author = {Amador, CI and Fatima, N and Jakobsen, ASS and Macario, L and Pichon, P and Aldred, N and Burmølle, M},
title = {Directed assembly of biofilm communities for marine biofouling prevention.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0139225},
doi = {10.1128/aem.01392-25},
pmid = {40853106},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {Bio-based solutions depend on the application of living organisms to combat current challenges, including marine biofouling, which is characterized by the adhesion and growth of organisms on surfaces at sea. Such solutions traditionally involve single bacterial strains with specific, desirable activities or properties, thereby omitting the advantages conferred by the community context. We propose a novel approach, whereby desirable emergent properties of multispecies communities can be selected, such as those producing a thick and robust biofilm that is impenetrable to settling larvae. Here, bacterial biofilms from natural and artificial marine surfaces were studied, focusing on their adhesion, cohesion, stability, and antifouling properties both as single isolates and in multispecies communities. Using bottom-up assembly, we identified multispecies biofilm communities that exhibited greater tolerance to temperature variations compared to the component species. Additionally, some isolates, alone or as multispecies biofilms, prevented the settlement of barnacle larvae in short-term laboratory biofouling experiments. Broadly, our findings highlight the complexity of bacterial interactions within biofilms, revealing competition with occasional cooperation. More specifically, we present the possibility of a novel approach to biofouling control, whereby communities of marine isolates produce biofilms with the physical properties of a protective coating and, thus, move the industry a step toward environmentally friendly, regenerative antifouling coatings.IMPORTANCEMarine biofouling poses a significant challenge to maritime industries, resulting in lower efficiency, higher maintenance costs, environmental impact and structural damage. Marine antifouling coatings are the first line of defense against biofouling and their biocidal mechanism of action has remained largely unchanged for decades. Although the concept of "living coatings" has been mooted previously, we take a novel approach. By exploiting useful emergent properties from multispecies communities, we propose that the resulting biofilms will be more environmentally stable than single-species biofilms, allow departure from a focus on active protection via toxic metabolites, and will eventually enable the development of biological coatings with desirable physical properties. By highlighting the competitive and cooperative dynamics within biofilms, the research identifies microbial communities that reduce barnacle larval settlement while tolerating environmental stressors like temperature variation. These findings are a first step towards eco-friendly, biofilm-based antifouling strategies that are both self-regenerating and environmentally compatible.},
}

@article {pmid40853032,
year = {2025},
author = {Nuevo, P and Virto, L and Ribeiro-Vidal, H and Gil, J and Sanz, M},
title = {In Vitro Assessment of a Novel Piranha-Passivated Dental Implant Surface Against Oral Biofilm Formation.},
journal = {Clinical oral implants research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/clr.70031},
pmid = {40853032},
issn = {1600-0501},
support = {//Cátedra Extraordinaria Klockner de investigación básica y aplicada en implantes dentales/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peri-implantitis, a significant complication resulting from bacterial colonization on dental implants, presents a challenge in oral healthcare. Developing surfaces that inhibit bacterial adhesion while promoting tissue integration is crucial for improving implant outcomes. This study aims to evaluate bacterial colonization on a novel passivated surface for dental implants using an in vitro multispecies biofilm model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of titanium implants (standard, citric acid-passivated, and piranha-passivated) were characterized by analyzing roughness, contact angle values, and surface energy after the passivation treatments. The capacity for biofilm formation on these implants was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bacterial colonization and viability were assessed at 6, 12, and 24 h. In addition, the protein adsorption capacity of these surfaces was determined.

RESULTS: Treatments increased hydrophilicity and polar surface energy, with no change in roughness. Although no statistically significant differences were found, a slightly lower concentration of primary and intermediate colonizers was observed on piranha-treated surfaces compared to citric acid implants, particularly during the 24-h incubation period. CLSM analyses revealed a higher percentage of dead bacteria on piranha-passivated implants over time. Piranha passivation also resulted in the lowest fibrinogen adsorption.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that piranha passivation may be a promising treatment for dental implant surfaces, potentially reducing the risk of peri-implantitis. However, the inherent limitations of the in vitro approach necessitate further clinical trials to validate the efficacy of this surface modification in real-world clinical settings.},
}

@article {pmid40852304,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, JE and Lee, JH and Boya, BR and Kim, YG and Byun, Y and Lee, J},
title = {Novel Pyrone-Based Biofilm Inhibitors against Azole-Resistant.},
journal = {ACS omega},
volume = {10},
number = {32},
pages = {36441-36454},
pmid = {40852304},
issn = {2470-1343},
abstract = {is an opportunistic fungus that is pathogenic in immunocompromised patients with life-threatening diseases such as HIV and cancer. is the most common fungal species isolated from biofilms formed on implanted medical devices or on human tissue. Biofilm development of is mainly driven by a transition from yeast to hyphal form involving core proteins such as HWP and ALS. We designed and synthesized novel α-pyrone-based analogues to investigate their potential in inhibiting biofilm formation and hyphal development of . Among the synthesized compounds, three compounds (6f, 6j, and 6n) significantly inhibited biofilm formation and reduced cell aggregation and hyphal formation in a dose-dependent manner. These compounds had minimal effects on planktonic cell growth while significantly reducing biofilm formation at 20-50 μg/mL, suggesting novel candidate compounds for managing drug-resistant strains of . The three compounds may represent promising therapeutic options with potential synergistic effects when combined with existing antifungal agents.},
}

@article {pmid40850399,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, YH and Hsu, LH and Yu, ZH and Leong, KQ and Chiang, HS and Chen, YL},
title = {Rad6 and Bre1 ubiquitin ligase negatively regulate biofilm formation and virulence in Candida glabrata.},
journal = {The Journal of infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106595},
doi = {10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106595},
pmid = {40850399},
issn = {1532-2742},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen causing infections due to its innate antifungal drug resistance and ability to adhere to mucocutaneous surfaces. Epigenetic pathways may be important factors in the development of drug resistance. Our previous studies showed that deubiquitination of H2B, regulated by a module comprised of Ubp8, Sgf11, Sgf73, and Sus1, plays important roles in oxidative stress tolerance and biofilm formation of C. glabrata. However, the roles of the Rad6 and Bre1 ligase in regulating the ubiquitination of H2B in C. glabrata remain unclear.

METHODS: We characterized the functions of Rad6 and Bre1 in C. glabrata by generating deletion mutants (rad6, bre1, and rad6 bre1). We analyzed biofilm formation, gene expression of key adhesins (EPA1, EPA6, EPA20) and proteases (YPS4), antifungal drug susceptibility, stress responses, and virulence in a murine model of systemic candidiasis.

RESULTS: Deletion of RAD6 and BRE1 resulted in enhanced biofilm formation, correlating with upregulation of key adhesin genes and the protease gene YPS4. The mutants showed distinct patterns of antifungal drug susceptibility: rad6 and rad6 bre1 mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to azoles, while bre1 mutant showed enhanced resistance to azoles in solid YPD agar plates but no significant difference in liquid RPMI medium. All mutants demonstrated decreased resistance to echinocandins and amphotericin B, associated with altered expression of ergosterol biosynthesis genes (ERG11) and glucan synthase genes (FKS1, FKS2). The mutants also displayed decreased resistance to oxidative and cell wall stresses despite elevated basal expression of antioxidant genes (SOD1, GPX2, CTA1). In a murine model of systemic candidiasis, both rad6 and bre1 mutants exhibited enhanced virulence compared to the wild type.

CONCLUSION: Rad6 and Bre1 in C. glabrata function as negative regulators of biofilm formation and adhesion, and their related-genes expression, while RAD6 deletion also suppresses macrophage ROS production and enhances fungal survival. The enhanced virulence observed in the rad6 and bre1 mutants is primarily attributed to these combined effects of increased biofilm formation, enhanced adhesion capability, and macrophage immune evasion.},
}

@article {pmid40850333,
year = {2025},
author = {Sakthivel, I and Rangaswamy, B and Rajagopal, B and Shanmugam, L},
title = {Integrating kinetic models, gene circuits, and biofilm dynamics for enhanced exopolysaccharide production in nitrifying bacterial consortia.},
journal = {Journal of microbiological methods},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107237},
doi = {10.1016/j.mimet.2025.107237},
pmid = {40850333},
issn = {1872-8359},
abstract = {Bacterial consortia enriched from domestic wastewater were studied through kinetic and genetic circuit modelling to optimize extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production and nitrogen removal. This study integrates kinetic modelling and synthetic biology to optimize consortia performance. Growth kinetics were simulated using extended Monod and Verhulst models, under controlled nitrogen flux (10 ppm NH4Cl), yielding a maximum biomass concentration (OD590 = 5.39) and an EPS production of 2.63 g/L by day 45. The Monod model described the specific growth rate (μ) as a function of nitrogen concentration (Sn), while the Verhulst model estimated biomass accumulation over time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the gradual development of biofilms, starting from scattered clusters, and progressing to dense structures. Nitrogen flux analysis revealed that 80 % of ammonia was oxidized by autotrophic bacteria (AOB/NOB). PCR amplification confirmed the presence of the exoY gene, which was used to build a BUFFER-gate logic gene circuit for controlling succinoglycan production. Through focused genetic and kinetic optimization, this study demonstrates effective nitrification, providing a strong framework for wastewater treatment and biofilm engineering.},
}

@article {pmid40850154,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, L and Wang, S and Zhang, W and Zheng, Y and Liu, J and Ma, W and Yu, H and Sun, Y and Zhan, P and Sun, Y},
title = {ROS-induced allosteric regulation of NikR coordinates HP0910-mediated OMP2 methylation to modulate H. pylori biofilm dynamics and therapeutic targeting.},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {301},
number = {},
pages = {128319},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128319},
pmid = {40850154},
issn = {1618-0623},
abstract = {Biofilm formation represents a critical survival strategy for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), facilitating antibiotic resistance and chronic colonization. In this study, we demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by macrophages enhance H. pylori biofilm formation through a novel epigenetic pathway. Transcriptomic and genetic analyses revealed that the nickel-responsive regulator NikR is allosterically activated by ROS, transitioning from its apo to holo conformation. This conformational shift markedly represses the expression of the DNA methyltransferase HP0910, resulting in hypomethylation of the omp2 gene, which encodes an outer membrane protein (OMP), and subsequent OMP2 overexpression, as validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and reporter assays. Elevated OMP2 levels enhance extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, leading to a significant increase in biofilm biomass and thickness, as quantified by crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). ROS scavenging reverses this phenotype, promoting biofilm dispersal. Furthermore, molecular docking and functional assays identified flopropione, a small-molecule compound targeting OMP2, led to an approximately 80 % reduction in biofilm biomass in vitro. When combined with standard triple therapy (omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), flopropione significantly improved bacterial clearance (>2-log10 reduction) in a murine infection model. Collectively, our findings elucidate the ROS-NikR-HP0910-OMP2 signaling axis that regulates H. pylori biofilm dynamics and identify flopropione as a promising anti-biofilm therapeutic candidate against multidrug-resistant infections.},
}

@article {pmid40850050,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, D and Liang, J and Yang, Q and Huang, C and Gu, C and Sun, S and Zhao, H and Gan, M and Zhang, K and Zhu, J and Qiu, G},
title = {Pyrite facet-dependent microbial oxidation and interfacial interaction mechanisms: An example of crystal facets variability with different modes of biofilm attachment.},
journal = {Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces},
volume = {256},
number = {Pt 2},
pages = {115063},
doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115063},
pmid = {40850050},
issn = {1873-4367},
abstract = {Different crystal facets of pyrite are anisotropic, which affects the biogeochemical cycling of iron. However, the potential mechanisms of interfacial interactions between pyrite and microorganisms on different exposed crystal surfaces are unclear. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of the interaction of pyrite {100}
and {210}
facets with Sulfobacillus thermophilidoxidans YN22 on the dissolution of pyrite. The results showed that the {210}
facets formed larger pearl-string corrosion pits and the biological oxidation rate was about 20 % higher than that of the {100}
facets. This was attributed to the higher reactivity of the {210}
facets with 4-coordinated iron atoms and electron transfer capacity, which promoted a wider and denser distribution of biofilms on their surfaces, thus accelerating the oxidative dissolution of the {210}
facets and the formation of larger corrosion pits. In addition, the {100}
facets showed a more dispersed biofilm distribution and their surfaces were prone to form more K-jarosite, which hindered the oxidation of the {100}
facets. This study revealed that the surface properties of different crystal facets {100}
and {210}
of pyrite affect biocorrosion, providing a new perspective on the oxidation process of pyrite with microorganisms at different crystal facets.},
}

@article {pmid40849717,
year = {2025},
author = {Motavaf, F and Abbasi, M and Asadalizadeh, H and Zandi, S and Charmduzi, F and Asadi, M and Jafarlou, M and Ghanbarikondori, P and Ebrahimifar, M},
title = {Enhanced Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Anticancer Activities of Liposome-Encapsulated Selenium Nanoparticles: A Novel Therapeutic Approach.},
journal = {Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP},
volume = {26},
number = {8},
pages = {3005-3017},
doi = {10.31557/APJCP.2025.26.8.3005},
pmid = {40849717},
issn = {2476-762X},
mesh = {*Liposomes/chemistry ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Selenium/chemistry/pharmacology/administration & dosage ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; *Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study investigates the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their encapsulation in liposomes as a novel drug delivery system to enhance the antibacterial and anticancer properties of SeNPs. Liposomes are well-known for their ability to improve the biological activity of encapsulated drugs, making them a promising candidate for targeted therapies, particularly in oral cancer treatment.

METHODS: Biosynthesised SeNPs were incorporated into liposomes via the thin-film hydration technique. Particle size and zeta potential were quantified by dynamic light scattering (DLS), whereas encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined spectrophotometrically (UV-Vis).

RESULTS: The physicochemical properties of the liposome-loaded SeNPs were characterized, revealing an average size of 270 nm, spherical morphology, and an encapsulation efficiency of 50.5%. The release profile of SeNPs from the liposomes demonstrated a controlled release of 61% over 64 hours, while free SeNPs released 100% of their content during the same period. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of both free and liposome-loaded SeNPs were tested against standard pathogenic bacterial strains, with the liposome formulation showing enhanced efficacy. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that liposome-loaded SeNPs exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic effects on oral cells compared to free SeNPs, indicating improved therapeutic potential.

CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that liposome-loaded SeNPs are an effective and biocompatible drug delivery system with notable antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer properties, making them a promising candidate for targeted drug delivery in oral cancer therapy.},
}

*Liposomes/chemistry
Humans
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Selenium/chemistry/pharmacology/administration & dosage
*Biofilms/drug effects
*Nanoparticles/chemistry
*Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
Drug Delivery Systems
*Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy

@article {pmid40849560,
year = {2025},
author = {Bai, S and Wan, S and Chen, Y and Li, M and Wu, R and Tang, S and Chen, L and Chen, Y and Lv, X},
title = {Design and synthesis of anti-biofilm derivatives from phospholipid amides.},
journal = {Molecular diversity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40849560},
issn = {1573-501X},
abstract = {Bacterial biofilms serve as a natural barrier, enabling bacteria residing within them to exist and potentially amplify bacterial resistance by shielding themselves from bactericide exposure. Despite considerable efforts directed toward inhibiting bacterial growth, research has overlooked bacterial biofilms to a significant extent, leading to the frequent deficiency of traditional antimicrobials in inhibiting such biofilms. This necessitates the development of antimicrobials capable of inhibiting biofilms for effective antibacterial intervention. Herein, we have developed a new bacteriostatic agent, A6, which has demonstrated the capability of inhibiting biofilm formation. It achieved a biofilm inhibition rate of 72.76% at a concentration of 47.94 μg/mL (2.0 EC50). Mechanistic studies revealed that A6 inhibits extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and bacterial motility, both critical for bacterial virulence, biofilm formation, maturation, or plant cell wall degradation. Additionally, the conductivity and protein leakage experiments demonstrated that compound A6 significantly affected various physiological processes of Xoc. In summary, A6 presents a promising antimicrobial solution by simultaneously inhibiting biofilms, addressing a crucial aspect of bacterial plant diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40849505,
year = {2025},
author = {Mullin, TJ and MacIsaac, SA and Stoddart, AK and Gagnon, GA},
title = {Impact of material properties for improved Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm inactivation with 280 nm UV LEDs.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {31016},
pmid = {40849505},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth & development ; *Pseudomonas aeruginosa/radiation effects/physiology ; *Ultraviolet Rays ; *Disinfection/methods ; Stainless Steel/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Biofilm microbial communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances are a concern in drinking water premise plumbing and fixtures, and are challenging to remove and disinfect. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), a commonly used surrogate organism, is employed in this study due to its widely documented occurrence in biofilms within drinking water systems. This study investigates 280 nm UV light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) for inactivating P. aeruginosa biofilms grown on common plumbing materials extruded Polytetrafluoroethylene, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Viton®, Silicone, High Density Poly Ethylene, Stainless Steel, Porex (expanded PTFE), and Polycarbonate. Biofilms were cultivated in CDC biofilm reactors on 12.8 mm diameter coupons and then exposed to UV LED light at fluences ranging from 5 to 40 mJ/cm[2] with log reduction values between 0.851 and 2.05 CFU/cm[2] for Viton® (k = 0.133 ± 0.0625 cm[2]/mJ) and Silicone (k = 0.344 ± 0.145 cm[2]/mJ), respectively. This research demonstrates that material properties influence biofilm formation and the subsequent effectiveness of UV LED inactivation while illustrating that characteristics such as surface roughness and reflectivity significantly impact inactivation. This work advances the understanding of biofilm inactivation under UV LED exposure, thereby aiding in the development of more effective biofilm inactivation strategies.},
}

*Biofilms/radiation effects/growth & development
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa/radiation effects/physiology
*Ultraviolet Rays
*Disinfection/methods
Stainless Steel/chemistry

@article {pmid40849094,
year = {2025},
author = {Ventura, PVB and Chaves, AC and Pereira, MS and de Carvalho, FJN and da Silva, BF and Costa, RA and Teixeira, RSC and Maciel, WC and Carneiro, VA},
title = {Exploring Plant Compounds as Enhancers of Ciprofloxacin Activity Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Poultry-Related Enterobacteriaceae.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107995},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107995},
pmid = {40849094},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of ciprofloxacin (Cip) in combination with trans-cinnamaldehyde (Tc), geraniol (Ger), and eugenol (Eug) against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from broiler feces. Disk diffusion and microdilution assays showed that Tc displayed the highest antibacterial activity in disk diffusion (IZD: 30 mm) and microdilution assays (MIC: 312.5 μg/mL), while Ger and Eug revealed smaller inhibition zones (∼9-12 mm) and higher MIC values (2,500 μg/mL). Checkerboard assays indicated that Ger and Eug synergized with Cip (FICi ≤ 0.5), decreasing Cip MIC by up to 130-fold. The combinations of Cip with Eug and Ger led to a 100% and 90% reduction in biofilms, respectively. These findings suggest that plant compounds, particularly Ger and Eug, enhance the efficacy of Cip against both planktonic and biofilm cells, presenting a promising strategy to combat antibiotic resistance in poultry farming.},
}

@article {pmid40846820,
year = {2025},
author = {Rafi, MO and Hasan, MAE and Fahim, NAI and Antor, MTH and Salam, S and Masud, RI and Jany, DA and Bakhtiyar, Z and Khan, MFR and Rahman, MT},
title = {Environmental distribution of biofilm-forming antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli associated with plastic surface materials.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40846820},
issn = {1614-7499},
support = {2024/141/BAU//Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System/ ; },
abstract = {Plastic pollution is now an emerging issue worldwide, and the amount of plastic debris is rapidly increasing day by day in this decade. The surface of plastic contains a wide variety of biofilm-forming microorganisms that can pose a risk to human health. Studies showed that Escherichia coli is resistant to numerous classes of antibiotics; however, the prevalence of the bacterium on the environmental plastic surface is still unknown. The current study aimed at identifying biofilm-forming E. coli from the plastic surface collected from various environmental origins and determining the antibiotic-resistant pattern. A total of 90 plastic samples were collected from wastewater and open surface environments of Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh Agricultural University, and BCIC industrial areas of Mymensingh. Among these, 65 samples were found to be positive for the presence of E. coli. The plastic samples collected from drainage sources displayed the highest E. coli prevalence. By targeting the malB gene of the cultured samples, 36 E. coli isolates were positive out of 65, and the prevalence rate was 55.4%. There was a considerable variation in terms of the antibiotic-resistant pattern of the isolates. Randomly, 29 isolates were subjected to an antibiogram study. All of the isolates were resistant to imipenam (100%) and ceftazidime (100%), 79.40% were resistant to ampicillin, and 44.82% resistant to gentamicin. The beta-lactamase-producing genes blaTEM were detected in 51% (14/29) isolates that showed resistance to ampicillin. The biofilm-forming study revealed that 91.16% strong biofilm-forming E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Additionally, 18.18% non-biofilm-forming tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates have been found in this study. In summary, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to isolate and identify biofilm-forming antibiotic-resistant E. coli collected from environmental plastic surfaces, but further pathogenicity tests and resistome analysis are required to know the exact genetic resistance pattern.},
}