@article {pmid41628637,
year = {2026},
author = {Hohmann, FA and Moerer, O and Schönhofer, B and , },
title = {[Weaning Classification Systems: WIND, ICC and Prolonged Weaning in light of the updated German S3-Guideline on invasive mechanical ventilation].},
journal = {Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany)},
volume = {80},
number = {7},
pages = {514-521},
doi = {10.1055/a-2765-9005},
pmid = {41628637},
issn = {1438-8790},
mesh = {*Ventilator Weaning/classification/methods/standards ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Germany ; *Critical Care/methods/standards ; Humans ; Time Factors ; Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy ; *Consensus Statements as Topic ; },
abstract = {Weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation represents a critical transition in intensive care, accounting for a substantial proportion of total ventilation time in successfully extubated patients. Inadequate assessment may lead either to prolonged ventilation with associated complications or to premature extubation attempts with an increased risk of reintubation. To systematically describe weaning processes, several classification models have been proposed. The established International Concensus Classification (ICC) weaning classification ("Budapest classification") categorized weaning courses into three groups (simple, difficult and prolonged) but showed major limitations, including restricted applicability, limited prognostic value, and an overly short observation period. The WIND (Weaning accordIng to a New Definition) classification, introduced in 2017, provides the first time-based and internationally applicable system that allows nearly complete categorization of ventilated patients and demonstrates consistent associations with patient-relevant outcomes. Validation studies across large international cohorts confirmed significantly improved classification rates and prognostic discrimination of WIND compared with the ICC system. In German-speaking countries, however, a more granular differentiation of prolonged weaning remains clinically important. The S2k guideline "Prolonged Weaning" addresses this heterogeneity through six specific subgroups, which are essential for prognosis, resource planning, and long-term care. The 2025 revised "Clinical Guideline for Treating Acute Respiratory Insufficiency with Invasive Ventilation and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation" therefore recommends a hybrid approach, combining the international standardization of the WIND classification with the detailed subgrouping of prolonged weaning from the German S2k guideline. This model enables both international comparability and the level of detail required in clinical practice within German-speaking countries, thus representing a pragmatic consensus.},
}

*Ventilator Weaning/classification/methods/standards
*Practice Guidelines as Topic
Germany
*Critical Care/methods/standards
Humans
Time Factors
Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy
*Consensus Statements as Topic

@article {pmid42216420,
year = {2026},
author = {de Leeuw, SM and Emrani, S and Putter, J and Nuriel, T},
title = {The physiological effects of APOE genotype in healthy young/middle-aged individuals.},
journal = {Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
volume = {101},
number = {6},
pages = {2501-2553},
doi = {10.1002/brv.70187},
pmid = {42216420},
issn = {1469-185X},
support = {K01 AG061264/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG070202/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; AG070202/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; AG061264/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; AG070202/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; AG061264/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Apolipoproteins E/genetics/metabolism ; Genotype ; Adult ; *Aging/genetics/physiology ; },
abstract = {The apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and for multiple neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, in healthy infants to adults, the encoded apolipoprotein E protein plays a role in many physiological functions, in both the periphery and in the brain, which can help us understand the biological contribution of this protein to disease. This review aims to describe the role of APOE genotype in a wide range of human physiological processes in healthy young/middle-aged individuals, including reproduction, cardiovascular health, inflammation, lipid metabolism, cognition, and brain structure/function, as well as how APOE genotype mediates the effects of external factors in these individuals, such as traumatic brain injury, pollution, lifestyle factors, and viral infections. The research covered in this review demonstrates that a person's APOE genotype affects a wide array of human physiological processes, from infancy to adulthood, with important differences observed in male and female study participants. We also discuss the evolutionary involvement and the 'antagonistic pleiotropy' hypothesis of APOE4. Understanding the biology and the mechanisms that are affected by APOE genotype in healthy young/middle-aged individuals is vital for understanding how this common allele contributes to the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and how these diseases can be prevented.},
}

Humans
*Apolipoproteins E/genetics/metabolism
Genotype
Adult
*Aging/genetics/physiology

@article {pmid42679796,
year = {2026},
author = {Rajpal, A and Jebaraj, I and Sehgal, IS and Rathi, K and Rajasekaran, S and Nahar, U and Prasad, KT and Rudramurthy, SM and Agarwal, R and Muthu, V},
title = {Invasive Aspergillosis Following Dengue: An Autopsy Case and Review of the Literature.},
journal = {The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene},
volume = {115},
number = {5},
pages = {963-967},
pmid = {42679796},
issn = {1476-1645},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Autopsy ; Fatal Outcome ; Multiple Organ Failure ; *Dengue/complications ; Male ; *Aspergillosis ; *Severe Dengue/complications ; },
abstract = {Invasive aspergillosis typically occurs in immunocompromised hosts but has been increasingly recognized following viral illnesses, including dengue and coronavirus disease 2019. Herein, a fatal case of disseminated aspergillosis following severe dengue is described, and the association is systematically reviewed. A previously healthy 25-year-old woman presented with fever and multiorgan dysfunction. Dengue IgM results were positive, and other tropical infections were excluded. Despite intensive care, the patient developed progressive respiratory failure, refractory shock, and acute kidney injury and died. An autopsy revealed diffuse alveolar damage and extensive invasive aspergillosis involving the bronchi, pulmonary vasculature, and myocardium. In the present systematic review, 21 additional cases of invasive aspergillosis following dengue (total n = 22; median age 36 years, 59% male) were identified, predominantly in Asia. Fifteen cases (68%) had pulmonary involvement. Most patients had severe dengue with multiorgan dysfunction. The overall mortality was 63.6%; 23% of cases were diagnosed postmortem. Invasive aspergillosis complicating severe dengue broadens the spectrum of viral-associated aspergillosis.},
}

Humans
Female
Adult
Autopsy
Fatal Outcome
Multiple Organ Failure
*Dengue/complications
Male
*Aspergillosis
*Severe Dengue/complications

@article {pmid42978836,
year = {2026},
author = {Pial, RH and Rahman, S and Tuly, IN and Rahaman, MZ and Sahastrabuddhe, S and Kim, HS and Saluja, T and Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM},
title = {Homologous and heterologous booster of COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {New microbes and new infections},
volume = {69},
number = {},
pages = {101692},
pmid = {42978836},
issn = {2052-2975},
abstract = {To address waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections caused by various variants of concern (VOC), experts have recommended heterologous booster vaccination as a strategy to enhance long-term immunity. Therefore, this study aimed to review available data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the relative efficacy and safety of heterologous booster vaccines versus homologous booster vaccines. We conducted a comprehensive search of relevant studies up to July 10, 2024 using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science (core collection), Cochrane, and Scopus. From 13,476 potential articles screened at the title abstract level and 191 full-text articles, we included four RCTs that assessed the safety and efficacy of heterologous booster vaccines compared to homologous booster vaccines. The meta-analysis indicated that a heterologous booster vaccine likely results in little to no difference compared to a homologous booster vaccine in preventing confirmed COVID-19 infections. The relative efficacy of the heterologous booster compared to the homologous booster was estimated at 31 % (OR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.40 to 1.18), 4 trials, 3943 participants, moderate certainty of evidence). None of the Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) reported in the RCTs were assessed as related to vaccination. Although the relative efficacy evidence suggests little to no difference between heterologous and homologous boosters, a directional trend favoring heterologous booster regimens was observed. The variation in follow-up periods across included studies suggests the need for more in-depth and long-term studies to further investigate this issue. Such research will help policymakers develop informed vaccination strategies, particularly in situations of vaccine shortages and high demand during future outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid42979016,
year = {2026},
author = {Ouyang, Z and He, W and He, X and Jiao, M and Feng, Y and Wen, Y},
title = {Evolving priorities in the WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List.},
journal = {Biosafety and health},
volume = {8},
number = {5},
pages = {333-338},
pmid = {42979016},
issn = {2590-0536},
abstract = {The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Bacterial Priority Pathogens List (BPPL) updates the 2017 framework by expanding to 24 pathogens across 15 bacterial families, addressing the growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis, which was estimated to have caused 1.27 million deaths in 2019. The revised list introduces four new pathogen-antibiotic combinations-rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, macrolide-resistant Group A Streptococci, macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and penicillin-resistant Group B Streptococci-while removing five, including clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori, reflecting evolving resistance patterns, regional disparities, and therapeutic advancements. Notably, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales is now a standalone critical-priority pathogen due to its high burden in low- and middle-income countries. This review examines these updates, driven by complex resistance mechanisms, surveillance gaps, and the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related antibiotic misuse. It highlights trends such as the dominance of Gram-negative bacteria, rising rates of community-acquired infections, and the urgent need for innovative therapies, including phage therapy, phenazine-based antimicrobials, and metal-based strategies. Enhanced global surveillance, equitable access to treatments, and collaborative efforts are critical to combating AMR effectively.},
}

@article {pmid42979219,
year = {2026},
author = {Yoo, J and Park, JS and Kim, J and Lee, SH and Choi, UY},
title = {Herpesvirus reactivation in COVID-19: clinical evidence, mechanistic insights, and research gaps.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1954424},
pmid = {42979219},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Virus Activation/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Virus Latency/immunology ; *Herpesviridae Infections/immunology/virology ; *Herpesviridae/physiology ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Herpesviruses establish lifelong latency and can reactivate when antiviral immune surveillance is compromised. Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, reactivation of multiple human herpesviruses has increasingly been documented, particularly in patients with severe or critical illness. Herpesvirus reactivation has been associated with prolonged intensive care unit stays, secondary infections, greater ventilatory support requirements, and increased mortality. This review summarizes the latency and reactivation characteristics of the major human herpesviruses and evaluates the clinical evidence linking their reactivation to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further propose a multifactorial mechanistic framework involving impaired T-cell and natural killer cell surveillance, defective interferon-mediated immunity, sustained inflammation and cytokine signaling, direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, and host transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming. However, despite accumulating clinical and experimental evidence supporting a biologically plausible association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and herpesvirus reactivation, the precise mechanisms underlying this interplay remain incompletely understood. Longitudinal viral monitoring, physiologically relevant latency models, and mechanistic intervention studies are therefore needed to establish causality and identify patients who may benefit from targeted surveillance or antiviral treatment.},
}

Humans
*Virus Activation/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology
Virus Latency/immunology
*Herpesviridae Infections/immunology/virology
*Herpesviridae/physiology
Pandemics

@article {pmid42981916,
year = {2026},
author = {Gil, A and Yan, C and Abrams, EM and Forbes, N and Spruin, S and Young, K and Zafack, J and Tunis, M and Doyon-Plourde, P},
title = {Timing of vaccine-associated anaphylaxis and implications for post-vaccination observation period: A systematic review and Canadian surveillance data analysis.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {96},
number = {},
pages = {129303},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129303},
pmid = {42981916},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The post-vaccination observation period ensures the rapid identification and clinical management of immediate adverse events following immunization, including anaphylaxis. Recommended observation periods vary internationally. In Canada, a 15 min observation period is standard. This systematic review assesses the empirical basis for these recommendations and the potential impact of varying observation period durations.

OBJECTIVE: To describe time to onset of anaphylaxis following immunization and provide an empirical basis to evaluate variable post-vaccination observation period durations.

METHODS: This study combined mixed methods to capture the available evidence base. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines searched Embase and MEDLINE from inception to March 6, 2023, for studies reporting time to onset of anaphylaxis within 30 min of vaccination. Anaphylaxis reports submitted to the Canadian Adverse Events Following Immunization Surveillance System (CAEFISS) were also analyzed.

RESULTS: Of 44 studies reporting 1365 cases of anaphylaxis, 1229 (90%) had recorded onset time, of which 802 (65%) occurred within 30 min. Among cases with sufficient temporal detail (n = 305), 236 (77%) had onset within 15 min; of 113 cases with 5-min interval data, 61% had onset within 5 min. Findings were broadly consistent across COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccines, age groups, and levels of diagnostic certainty. Among 2193 CAEFISS reports, the median onset time was 12 min; 78% (n = 1702) occurred within 30 min, 80% (n = 1363) of which occurred within 15 min, and 46% (n = 628) of those within 5 min. Results were similar across age groups and vaccine types.

CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine-associated anaphylaxis most commonly presents within 15 min of vaccination. A routine 15-min observation period would be expected to capture most (77-80%) events occurring within 30 min.},
}

@article {pmid42982067,
year = {2026},
author = {Lewthwaite, H and Doe, G and Jelinčić, V and Phillips, DB and Binks, AP and Brighton, LJ and Carel, H and Davenport, PW and Koppel, GAD and Farver-Vestergaard, I and Hamilton, A and Hull, JH and Janssen, DJA and Jensen, D and Jolley, CJ and Langer, D and Lareau, SC and Maddocks, M and Morris, NR and Neder, JA and Pattinson, KTS and Schwartzstein, RM and Spathis, A and Takemura, N and von Leupoldt, A and Williams, MT and Winwood, R and Ekström, M and Evans, RA},
title = {Breathlessness mechanisms, measurement, and management in adults: evidence update on behalf of The Dyspnoea Society.},
journal = {The Lancet. Respiratory medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2213-2600(26)00279-1},
pmid = {42982067},
issn = {2213-2619},
abstract = {Breathlessness affects an estimated 40% of adults living with chronic disease, with substantial consequences for individuals, carers, and health-care systems. This Dyspnoea Society Research Statement, developed for researchers, clinicians, and adults living with or caring for someone with breathlessness, provides a state-of-the-art synthesis of recent advances in chronic breathlessness mechanisms, measurement, and management, and outlines a research agenda for the next decade. Key advancements include establishment of neural respiratory drive as a mechanistic contributor to exertional breathlessness; neuroimaging evidence that breathlessness arises from integration of peripheral and central processes within a dynamic brain network involving sensorimotor and cognitive-affective regions, supporting behavioural and psychosocial interventions; and improved measurement through responsive multidimensional instruments and approaches to quantify symptom abnormality relative to physical activity. Evidence supports early use of low-risk, non-pharmacological interventions for management of breathlessness, whereas evidence for pharmacological therapies is limited in most situations. Health-care redesign, including symptom-focused diagnostic pathways, integrated care models, and disease-agnostic breathlessness services, might help to improve patient outcomes while reducing health-care costs.},
}

@article {pmid42983655,
year = {2026},
author = {An, X and Geng, J and Lei, K and Su, B},
title = {Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 as a diagnostic biomarker for persistent severe acute kidney injury: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC nephrology},
volume = {27},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42983655},
issn = {1471-2369},
support = {No. 2024YFFK0060//Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program/ ; 2024-YF09-00013-SN//Chengdu Municipal Science and Technology Program/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Acute Kidney Injury/urine/diagnosis ; Biomarkers/urine ; Bayes Theorem ; *Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1/analysis ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the vast amount of literature dedicated to biomarkers and acute kidney injury (AKI), the persistent state of AKI has been relatively neglected. The objective of this study was to systematically review relevant studies and evaluate the diagnostic value of urinary kidney injury molecule 1 (uKIM-1) for persistent severe AKI in adults.

METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials databases up to December 2025. Eligible studies included adult patients and assessed the diagnostic value of uKIM-1 for persistent severe AKI. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) was used for quality assessment. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) values were calculated via a Bayesian bivariate diagnostic meta-analysis model.

RESULTS: Eight studies with 2349 patients were selected for meta-analysis. 378 patients were diagnosed with persistent severe AKI. The included studies were published between 2011 and 2025 and involved heterogeneous clinical settings, including intensive care, emergency department, postoperative, sepsis, COVID-19, and liver transplantation populations. The estimated sensitivity of uKIM-1 was 0.67 (95% CrI, 0.59-0.75), and the specificity was 0.73 (95% CrI, 0.61-0.84). The pooled DOR was 5.91 (95% CrI, 2.91-11.20), and the AUC was 0.75 (95% CrI, 0.62-0.84). Sensitivity analyses using alternative cutoff selections and prior specifications showed generally stable estimates.

CONCLUSION: This Bayesian meta-analysis indicates that uKIM-1 has moderate diagnostic value for persistent severe AKI in adults. Current evidence does not support its use as a standalone biomarker, and future studies should evaluate its incremental value in combination with other biomarkers and clinical variables.},
}

Humans
*Acute Kidney Injury/urine/diagnosis
Biomarkers/urine
Bayes Theorem
*Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1/analysis
Sensitivity and Specificity

@article {pmid42985370,
year = {2026},
author = {Imantalab, V and Dodangeh Balakhani, M and Haghani, I and Rahmanian, N and Vakili, E and Einollahzadeh, R and Badali, H and Ahmadvand, N and Biazar, G},
title = {Management of Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis Infection: Anesthetic Challenges.},
journal = {Current medical mycology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1743},
pmid = {42985370},
issn = {2423-3439},
abstract = {Despite the application of surgery and antifungal therapy, rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis is a severe and life-threatening fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This review aimed to focus on the current evidence on perioperative anesthetic management of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM), emphasizing the unique challenges posed by its aggressive, angioinvasive nature. Key issues included difficult airway management due to fungal debris and supraglottic edema, hemodynamic instability, renal dysfunction from nephrotoxic antifungal therapy (e.g., amphotericin B), and the critical need for glycemic control in diabetic patients. Case studies have illustrated the complexities of managing comorbidities, such as post-COVID-19 sequelae, uncontrolled diabetes, and immunosuppression. Preoperative optimization, judicious management of fluids and electrolytes, and the use of video laryngoscopy for difficult intubation are highly recommended. By addressing these challenges, this article provided a practical framework for anesthesiologists to enhance perioperative care in patients with ROCM, ultimately improving survival and reducing complications. Awareness of these procedures may help clinicians choose the most effective treatment regimens. However, further studies are warranted to correlate these findings with clinical outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42985480,
year = {2026},
author = {Npochinto Moumeni, I},
title = {Rehabilitation professionals at the COVID-19 frontline: a testimony-informed narrative review of health-worker mortality, vaccine hesitancy, physiotherapy and telerehabilitation.},
journal = {Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1921614},
pmid = {42985480},
issn = {2673-6861},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 placed an unprecedented burden on health workers and disrupted rehabilitation services. Existing reviews have examined health-worker infection and mortality, vaccine hesitancy and telerehabilitation separately; few have considered these dimensions together from the perspective of rehabilitation professionals.

METHODS: Narrative review following SANRA recommendations. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched (initial search January 2019-December 2022; updated during revision to December 2025 to capture later publications reporting 2020-2021 data). Sources were selected purposively, prioritising systematic reviews, large multicentre studies and official agency reports. First-person clinical observations from the author's postgraduate training in two French university hospitals are presented separately, in labelled boxes, and are not used as evidence for quantitative claims.

RESULTS: WHO estimated 80,000-180,000 health and care worker deaths from COVID-19 between January 2020 and May 2021 (central estimate 115,500), versus 6,643 reported through surveillance. Front-line workers had a 3.4-fold higher adjusted risk of a positive test than the general community. Vaccine hesitancy among health workers was 37% in a 91-country survey and 22.5% in a review of 76,471 workers; a scoping review of nurses reported 20.7% refusal. In a French tertiary centre, 73.1% were in favour, 23.1% hesitant and 3.9% opposed. Physiotherapy guidance addressed acute respiratory care, early mobilisation and post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Telerehabilitation achieved outcomes similar to centre-based pulmonary rehabilitation, but accounted for only 6% of outpatient episodes in a large US database. Four heuristic constructs are proposed: Frontline Abandonment Syndrome (FAS), Vaccination Refusal Cascade (VRC), Telerehabilitation Emergency Pivot (TEP) and Post-COVID Functional Decoupling (PCFD). Each is positioned against existing terminology and presented as a testable hypothesis rather than a validated construct.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 exposed gaps in health-worker protection, communication around vaccination and the integration of rehabilitation into pandemic preparedness. Telerehabilitation deserves a defined place in hybrid care models, and the proposed constructs require formal concept analysis and empirical testing.},
}

@article {pmid42985494,
year = {2026},
author = {Al-Ansari, B and Narasimha, VL and Matanje, BL and Hanafi, E and Fonseca, F and Butner, JL and Long, J and Moussa, D and Orsolini, L and Farokhnia, M and Melby, K and Kathiresan, P and Huh, SY and Bhad, R and Kouimtsidis, C and Baldacchino, A},
title = {Global overview of short-term alcohol policies: need for global exchange of experience and impact measurement.},
journal = {BJPsych international},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {145-149},
pmid = {42985494},
issn = {2056-4740},
abstract = {Alcohol use disorder is a global public health concern and national policies are often implemented to help control alcohol consumption and related consequences. Increasingly, many countries are resorting to transient (short-term) alcohol policies which are implemented for a restricted period of time as an action plan for particular events or health-related issues. The COVID-19 pandemic emphasised the need for rapid decision-making and short-term fast-acting policies. This paper discusses contexts in which these transient policies are used and highlights the need for impact measurement and global exchange of experiences. This is particularly important to avoid gaps that the global alcohol industry could utilise to expand its influence and market.},
}

@article {pmid42985506,
year = {2026},
author = {Falasca, K and Ferri, R and Vecchiet, J},
title = {Complementary strategies to target residual immune activation and mucosal dysfunction in treated HIV: role of probiotics and pidotimod.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1985254},
pmid = {42985506},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use ; *HIV Infections/immunology/drug therapy ; *Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid/therapeutic use/analogs & derivatives ; *Thiazolidines/therapeutic use ; *Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects ; COVID-19/immunology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Intestinal Barrier Function ; },
abstract = {Alterations in the microbiota, loss of mucosal barrier integrity, and persistent immune activation are important determinants of susceptibility to infections and, in people with HIV receiving effective antiretroviral therapy, of non-AIDS comorbidities. This narrative mini-review examines two mechanistically distinct interventions within a shared translational hypothesis: strain-specific probiotics may act upstream by modifying the intestinal ecosystem and barrier function, whereas pidotimod may modulate downstream innate and mucosal immune responses. Evidence for probiotics in HIV remains heterogeneous across strains, formulations, doses, treatment duration, ART status, and endpoints. Pidotimod has shown immunological and clinical signals in small adult studies of community-acquired pneumonia and COVID-19, while HIV-specific evidence is currently limited to pilot study. These findings support further hypothesis-driven investigation but do not establish either a generalized probiotic class effect or pidotimod as a therapy for residual immune activation in treated HIV. Future randomized studies should separate validated clinical endpoints from exploratory biomarkers and evaluate safety, interactions, and patient subgroups prospectively.},
}

Humans
*Probiotics/therapeutic use
*HIV Infections/immunology/drug therapy
*Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid/therapeutic use/analogs & derivatives
*Thiazolidines/therapeutic use
*Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
COVID-19/immunology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
Intestinal Barrier Function

@article {pmid42986055,
year = {2026},
author = {Mustafa, AM and Kareem, SI and Raouf, CG and Ahmed, SM},
title = {Synthetic mRNA engineering beyond prophylactic infectious disease vaccines: epigenomic and molecular reprogramming of diseased cells.},
journal = {Epigenomics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-30},
doi = {10.1080/17501911.2026.2759523},
pmid = {42986055},
issn = {1750-192X},
abstract = {The clinical validation of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in 2020-2021 accelerated the development of synthetic messenger RNA as a precision therapeutic platform beyond infectious disease prevention. Unlike gene therapy approaches that permanently modify genomic DNA, synthetic mRNA enables transient protein expression through programmable molecular engineering. This narrative review examines therapeutic applications of engineered mRNA, emphasizing its epigenomic potential. It discusses key engineering strategies, including nucleoside modifications, codon optimization, untranslated region engineering, cap chemistry, and advances in lipid nanoparticle and alternative delivery systems. Six therapeutic domains are explored: cancer immunotherapy, cardiac regeneration, monogenic diseases, genome and epigenome editing, autoimmune disease, and somatic cell reprogramming. Particular attention is given to mRNA-mediated replacement of chromatin regulators, dCas9-based epigenome editing, epigenetically derived tumor antigens, and transcription-factor-driven cellular reprogramming. The review distinguishes chemical nucleoside modifications from endogenous epitranscriptomic regulation and examines the differences between transient protein expression, heritable but reversible chromatin changes, and permanent genomic modifications. Clinical evidence, discontinued programs, and preclinical developments are critically evaluated. Despite promising advances, major challenges remain regarding delivery specificity, durability, safety, and clinical translation. Overall, synthetic mRNA represents an emerging platform for molecular and epigenetic therapeutic reprogramming beyond vaccination.},
}

@article {pmid42986603,
year = {2026},
author = {Kasoka, K},
title = {Data, AI and healthcare equity: why Africa is being left behind and how synthetic data can close the gap.},
journal = {Medicine, health care, and philosophy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42986603},
issn = {1572-8633},
abstract = {Only 2% of the world's Artificial Intelligence (AI) training data originates from Africa, while the continent bears more than 20% of the global disease burden - a historic disparity representing a form of epistemic injustice. Health AI is improving screening, diagnostics, data analysis, telemedicine, surgical support, administrative automation, drug development, and other applications globally. Yet Africa is falling behind due to data scarcity - a disparity mirroring the inequities seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. To rectify this epistemic injustice and alleviate the region's disproportionate disease burden, I argue that cautiously adopting synthetic data as an immediate, practical short-term solution to bridge the current data gap is not only pragmatic but also an ethical imperative. This should be paired with foundational and consolidated AI governance frameworks reflecting diverse African ontologies, ongoing investment in physical and digital infrastructure, and developing interoperable data systems. Synthetic data is no longer novel; it is already a standard practice in health, medical and life sciences fields. Studies show that synthetic data can closely mimic real-world data to the extent that even domain experts may struggle to distinguish between the two, and some forecasts predict it will overshadow real data in AI models by 2030. Thus, the technology offers a viable, immediately deployable resource that can accelerate equitable healthcare delivery across Africa if adopted with appropriate ethical safeguards. Moreover, its deployment can help ensure that AI development aligns with context-specific lived realities, reflects African ethical frameworks, and respects diverse knowledge systems - provided it is designed with local input.},
}

@article {pmid42986663,
year = {2026},
author = {Mondal, S and Das Sharma, A and Mandal, SK and Saha, I and Cuspoca, AF and Montaña, MP and Mendez, YR and Dhiman, AK and Nguyen, TL and Shaikh, AR and Aich, P},
title = {Beyond blood: a narrative review of advancements in saliva-based diagnostics.},
journal = {Expert review of molecular diagnostics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1080/14737159.2026.2760897},
pmid = {42986663},
issn = {1744-8352},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Human whole saliva is an accessible, noninvasive biofluid reflecting systemic and oral physiology, offering a viable alternative to invasive venipuncture and its associated pre-analytical vulnerabilities (e.g. ex vivo glycolysis).

AREAS COVERED: This narrative review synthesizes salivary biomarkers across major clinical domains, focusing on glycemic control (glucose, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, α2-macroglobulin), cardiovascular risk indices (cTnI, hs-CRP, sAA), critical care and sepsis surveillance (IL-10, acute-phase proteins), endocrinology (free steroid hormones), infectious diseases (HIV, HCV, SARS-CoV-2), oncological liquid biopsy (exosomal miRNAs, ctDNA), and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (Aβ42, p-tau181, lactoferrin). Analytical modalities - ranging from high-sensitivity immunoassays to wearable electrochemical biosensors and mass spectrometry - are critically evaluated. Furthermore, this review delineates regulatory-cleared diagnostic platforms (FDA PMA/510(k), EUA, CE-IVD, and SAMHSA-certified panels for viral antibodies, late-night salivary cortisol, and toxicology) from emerging discovery-phase panels.

EXPERT OPINION: Widespread clinical translation remains constrained by unstandardized collection protocols, oral matrix interference, and a lack of normative reference intervals. Transitioning salivary testing into mainstream diagnostics requires three priorities: (1) universal sampling standardization incorporating flow-rate normalization, (2) engineering matrix-matched biosensors tailored for sub-picomolar detection, and (3) rigorous multicenter prospective trials to validate definitive clinical cutoffs, dynamic blood-saliva correlation kinetics, and digital point-of-care integration.},
}

@article {pmid42986771,
year = {2026},
author = {Arribas, EM and Moseley, TW and Guirguis, MS and Kapoor, MM and Nia, ES and Rauch, GM and Patel, MM and Adrada, BE},
title = {Beyond Metastatic Lymphadenopathy in Breast Cancer: Approach to Axillary Masses.},
journal = {Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc},
volume = {46},
number = {12},
pages = {e250130},
doi = {10.1148/rg.250130},
pmid = {42986771},
issn = {1527-1323},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *Axilla/diagnostic imaging ; *Breast Neoplasms/pathology/diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Differential ; *Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnostic imaging ; *Lymphadenopathy/diagnostic imaging/pathology/etiology ; Mammography ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {The axilla is a pyramid-shaped space containing tissues of various origins including adipose, neural, vascular, cutaneous, myogenic, and lymphatic structures. Axillary masses are typically identified when patients present with palpable areas of concern or during imaging for breast cancer screening or staging. Breast imagers frequently encounter axillary masses while evaluating the axillary region at mammography and US. While reactive lymphadenopathy represents the most common cause of axillary lymph node enlargement, lymph node metastasis from breast cancer is a common cause of axillary masses requiring clinical evaluation. Recent immunization, particularly COVID-19 vaccination, is an important cause of unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. Additional causes beyond metastatic lymphadenopathy must be considered in the differential diagnosis, including benign and malignant entities arising from accessory breast tissue, adipocytic, neurogenic, vascular, infectious, traumatic, and cutaneous origins. Understanding axillary anatomy is essential for developing a comprehensive differential diagnosis and determining appropriate management strategies. Systematic assessment of characteristic imaging and clinical findings, combined with thorough correlation with patient history and symptoms, enables accurate diagnosis. US serves as the primary imaging modality for mass assessment and biopsy guidance. Depending on the differential diagnosis, mammography, CT, and MRI provide supplementary information to better define mass origin and extent. Definitive diagnosis often requires histopathologic analysis. A systematic approach ensures accurate diagnosis and optimal management of axillary masses. © The Author(s), 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license. Supplemental material is available for this article.},
}

Humans
Female
*Axilla/diagnostic imaging
*Breast Neoplasms/pathology/diagnostic imaging
Diagnosis, Differential
*Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnostic imaging
*Lymphadenopathy/diagnostic imaging/pathology/etiology
Mammography
COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects

@article {pmid42987006,
year = {2026},
author = {Jouvenet, N and Lhomme, S and Bessaud, M},
title = {RNA to RNA: Natural incorporation of exogenous sequences in mammalian positive-sense RNA virus genomes.},
journal = {Virologie (Montrouge, France)},
volume = {30},
number = {5},
pages = {6-21},
doi = {10.1684/vir.2026.1162},
pmid = {42987006},
issn = {1267-8694},
mesh = {*Genome, Viral ; Animals ; *RNA, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; *Positive-Strand RNA Viruses/genetics ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mammals/virology ; *RNA Viruses/genetics ; },
abstract = {The incorporation of exogenous sequences into viral genomes is well documented among many positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. This review provides an overview of exogenous inserts detected in mammalian viruses: accessory genes of coronavirus of cellular or other viral origin, cellular RNA insertions in the genomes of bovine viral diarrhoea virus and hepatitis E virus, the sequence of a viral enzyme within enterovirus genomes, etc. Such inserts have also been described in defective viral genomes, which may contribute to their persistence within viral populations. The mechanisms underlying these insertions remain unclear: are they driven by viral polymerase-mediated template switching, or do they arise from polymerase-independent events? The fact that genomes harbouring such inserts are rarely detected in nature does not prove that insertion events are uncommon; rather, most genomes containing inserts are likely subjected to counter-selection, for instance because their functions are disrupted or because they exceed the packaging constraints of the viral capsid. This likely explains why certain contexts (in vitro culture, replication in immunocompromised patients) favour their detection. Thus, genomes containing exogenous inserts may be more common than usually assumed. They could continuously contribute to the viral quasispecies, emerging at detectable frequencies only when an abrupt environmental shift reveals their selective advantage. For this reason, studies investigating the diversity of these atypical genomes, their frequency within the viral quasispecies, and the phenotypic traits they confer could deepen our understanding of the genetic plasticity of positive-sense RNA viruses and their capacity to adapt to new environments.},
}

*Genome, Viral
Animals
*RNA, Viral/genetics
Humans
*Positive-Strand RNA Viruses/genetics
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Mammals/virology
*RNA Viruses/genetics

@article {pmid42987008,
year = {2026},
author = {Jouvenet, N and Lhomme, S and Bessaud, M},
title = {[RNA to RNA: Natural incorporation of exogenous sequences in mammalian positive-sense RNA virus genomes].},
journal = {Virologie (Montrouge, France)},
volume = {30},
number = {5},
pages = {301-317},
doi = {10.1684/vir.2026.1152},
pmid = {42987008},
issn = {1267-8694},
mesh = {*Genome, Viral ; Animals ; *RNA, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; *Positive-Strand RNA Viruses/genetics ; Mammals/virology ; *RNA Viruses/genetics ; Virus Replication ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; },
abstract = {The incorporation of exogenous sequences into viral genomes is well documented among many positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. This review provides an overview of exogenous inserts detected in mammalian viruses: accessory genes of coronavirus of cellular or other viral origin, cellular RNA insertions in the genomes of bovine viral diarrhoea virus and hepatitis E virus, and the sequence of a viral enzyme within enterovirus genomes, etc. Such inserts have also been described in defective viral genomes, which may contribute to their persistence within viral populations. The mechanisms underlying these insertions remain unclear: are they driven by viral poly-merase-mediated template switching, or do they arise from polymerase-independent events? The fact that genomes harbouring such inserts are rarely detected in nature does not imply that insertion events are uncommon; rather, most genomes containing inserts are likely subjected to counter-selection, for instance because their functions are disrupted or because they exceed the packaging constraints of the viral capsid. This likely explains why certain contexts (in vitro culture, replication in immunocompromised patients) favour their detection. Thus, genomes containing exogenous inserts may be more common than usually assumed. They could continuously contribute to the viral quasispecies, emerging at detectable frequencies only when an abrupt environmental shift reveals their selective advantage. For this reason, studies investigating the diversity of these atypical genomes, their frequency within the viral quasispecies, and the phenotypic traits they confer could deepen our understanding of the genetic plasticity of positive-sense RNA viruses and their capacity to adapt to new environments.},
}

*Genome, Viral
Animals
*RNA, Viral/genetics
Humans
*Positive-Strand RNA Viruses/genetics
Mammals/virology
*RNA Viruses/genetics
Virus Replication
Mutagenesis, Insertional

@article {pmid42987059,
year = {2026},
author = {Siqueira, PC and Sales, CMM and Grassi, J and Banhos, ID and Sobreira, LB and Maciel, ELN},
title = {[COVID-19 in the indigenous population: scoping review].},
journal = {Ciencia & saude coletiva},
volume = {31},
number = {10},
pages = {e06652025},
doi = {10.1590/1413-812320263110.06652025},
pmid = {42987059},
issn = {1678-4561},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/ethnology/epidemiology ; Incidence ; *Indigenous Peoples/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Pandemics ; Female ; Comorbidity ; Mexico/epidemiology ; *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The objective of this article is to map the available evidence about COVID-19 in the indigenous population. Scoping review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension (PRISMA-ScR), guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data sources were MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, British Library, Google Scholar and Preprints, without date or language restrictions. Two independent researchers performed data selection, mapping and synthesis, with the help of EndNote and Rayyan. Initially, 2,224 studies were identified, resulting in a final sample of 47. The countries with the most publications were the USA, Brazil and Mexico, with a concentration in 2021 (42.6%). A higher number of deaths was observed among indigenous men over 60 years of age. The prevalent comorbidities were cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Incidence and mortality rates were higher among indigenous people compared to other races. COVID-19 continues to be a threat to indigenous health, and it is necessary to intensify vaccination and adopt other preventive measures to avoid outbreaks and mitigate the effects of the disease, given the greater vulnerability of this population.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/ethnology/epidemiology
Incidence
*Indigenous Peoples/statistics & numerical data
Male
Pandemics
Female
Comorbidity
Mexico/epidemiology
*Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology

@article {pmid42975794,
year = {2026},
author = {Rajaka, L and Goins, CM and Kim, DH and Lee, J and Kwon, K and Baek, S and Stauffer, SR and Han, SH},
title = {Non-covalent inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro: structural insights and developmental landscape.},
journal = {Archives of pharmacal research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42975794},
issn = {1976-3786},
support = {RS-2025-00557885//Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea/ ; RS-2026-25613028//Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency for SMEs/ ; },
abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (or Mpro) is a key antiviral target due to its essential role in viral replication and its high structural conservation across coronaviruses. While covalent inhibitors such as nirmatrelvir have demonstrated clinical success, non-covalent 3CLpro inhibitors offer a complementary strategy for achieving potent inhibition through reversible binding and structurally diverse chemical scaffolds. This review summarizes fifteen representative non-covalent 3CLpro inhibitor series selected based on the availability of structural, biochemical, and antiviral data. Comparative analysis reveals conserved binding features across diverse chemical scaffolds, including hydrogen bonding to His163 and Glu166, hydrophobic occupancy of the S2 pocket, and stabilizing interactions proximal to the catalytic Cys145. Several compounds exhibit potent enzymatic and cellular antiviral activity, with ensitrelvir standing out as a clinically approved example that demonstrates the clinical feasibility of non-covalent 3CLpro inhibition. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain in resistance management, oral bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic optimization. This review provides a comparative framework integrating structural features, medicinal chemistry principles, pharmacological properties, resistance profiles, and developmental considerations to inform future 3CLpro inhibitor design and pandemic preparedness.},
}

@article {pmid42976787,
year = {2025},
author = {Ramachandran, A and Gogia, S and Kulatunga, G and Kuziemsky, C and John, S and Moerenhout, T and Ito, M and Ranatunga, P and Iqbal, U and Arajuo, K and Kendall, H and Hunter, I and Iyengar, S and Basu, A},
title = {Telehealth for Addressing Climate Change: A Position Statement.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {77-85},
pmid = {42976787},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {*Climate Change ; *Telemedicine ; Humans ; COVID-19 ; Digital Health ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The health sector is a major contributor to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Telehealth, the delivery of healthcare services remotely through communication technologies is on the rise globally as evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we express our opinion through a position statement of how telehealth can be effectively adopted for addressing climate change mitigation using a systems thinking approach.

METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of the literature and an online modified Delphi method among the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Telehealth Working Group members to develop a set of themes for an evidenced based position statement on the adoption of telehealth for climate change.

RESULTS: Telehealth has demonstrated success in providing effective healthcare services through teleconsulting and remote monitoring. It has also shown to help reduce carbon dioxide equivalent gas emissions due to reduced travel since it required fewer in-person visits. At the same time, large energy consumption for complex devices and artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) based data processing applications, e-waste generation from device lifecycle, the potentially negative impact on the quality of care provided with resultant increase in health system encounters undermine the benefits of telehealth. Equity, privacy and security issues are other challenges that need to be considered.

CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to integrate telehealth as an integral component of climate change mitigation efforts through a systems thinking approach. The services should be resilient to climate change events, and support mitigation efforts through promotion, prevention, monitoring, management and governance activities. More research is needed to substantiate and investigate this model of healthcare.},
}

*Climate Change
*Telemedicine
Humans
COVID-19
Digital Health

@article {pmid42976809,
year = {2025},
author = {Martinez, D and Rozova, V and Murray, C and Han, W and Khanina, A and Cavedon, L and Verspoor, K},
title = {Recent Progress in the Application of Natural Language Processing for Infectious Disease Detection and Surveillance in Clinical Data.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {280-291},
pmid = {42976809},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {*Natural Language Processing ; Humans ; *Electronic Health Records ; *Communicable Diseases/diagnosis ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; Large Language Models ; Animals ; },
abstract = {SUMMARY: OBJECTIVES: : In this review, we examine the application of natural language processing (NLP) methods to clinical documents from electronic health records for the detection and tracking of infectious diseases.

SUMMARY: METHODS: : We searched academic databases using artificial intelligence-assisted tools to capture all relevant literature from 2022 onwards.

SUMMARY: RESULTS: : Our review covers the large body of research around COVID-19, other human infectious diseases, new and emerging diseases, veterinary medicine, general solutions for clinical NLP, and resources and datasets.

SUMMARY: CONCLUSION: : We observe that large language models are being successfully used in recent work for a variety of tasks, including named entity recognition, relation extraction, and text classification.},
}

*Natural Language Processing
Humans
*Electronic Health Records
*Communicable Diseases/diagnosis
COVID-19/diagnosis
Large Language Models
Animals

@article {pmid42976900,
year = {2026},
author = {Vijayan, VV and Nair, PG and Sheela, UB and Cullis, P and Howlett, SE and Rockwood, K and Gujar, S},
title = {Frailty as a determinant of mRNA vaccine efficacy.},
journal = {The lancet. Healthy longevity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100930},
doi = {10.1016/j.lanhl.2026.100930},
pmid = {42976900},
issn = {2666-7568},
abstract = {Frailty, an age-related state of increased vulnerability, is associated with greater susceptibility to infection and impaired vaccine response. In this Review, we examine how frailty-associated immunosenescence, including altered haematopoiesis, chronic inflammation, and dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune responses, can affect the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccines. Evidence from COVID-19 lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccines and other vaccines suggests that people living with frailty can mount weaker or less durable responses than non-frail peers, although findings remain heterogeneous and frailty-specific evidence is scarce. The high customisability of lipid nanoparticle mRNA platforms creates opportunities for frailty-tailored vaccination. We discuss optimisation of lipid nanoparticle composition, targeting and dosing, mRNA cargo and combination-vaccine approaches, alongside host-directed measures addressing comorbidities, nutrition, and immune dysfunction. Integrating frailty into vaccine design, evaluation, and deployment could support safer, more effective, and more individualised vaccination strategies for older adults.},
}

@article {pmid42977132,
year = {2026},
author = {Yu, C and Xu, Q and Xu, D and Zhang, Q and Li, M and Zhang, B},
title = {Bovine-Associated Viruses at the Human-Animal Interface: Zoonotic Risks, Spillover Dynamics, and One Health Implications.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108908},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108908},
pmid = {42977132},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Cattle serve as critical ecological reservoirs and amplifying hosts for numerous zoonotic viruses, thereby playing a central role in their maintenance, evolution, and interspecies transmission. Here, we briefly evaluate six viral pathogens of significant public health relevance linked to cattle, namely cowpox virus, bovine coronavirus, influenza A virus (H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b), bovine rotavirus, bovine leukemia virus, and SARS-CoV-2. This review focuses on advances in viral characterization, host tropism, and the mechanisms that may facilitate spillover through routes such as direct contact, environmental exposure, and foodborne transmission. It further highlights the bidirectional nature of pathogen exchange at the human-animal interface, where cattle may act as a source of viral variants with potential public health implications, though the risk varies considerably among the viruses discussed. Moreover, we discuss the imperative for integrated surveillance and One Health interventions to mitigate these transmission risks, highlighting cattle as valuable sentinel species within global health security frameworks.},
}

@article {pmid42627242,
year = {2026},
author = {Belarde, J and Granovetter, MC and Nelson, A},
title = {Neurologic complications of vaccine-preventable diseases in children.},
journal = {Current opinion in pediatrics},
volume = {38},
number = {6},
pages = {635-643},
pmid = {42627242},
issn = {1531-698X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/complications/prevention & control ; Child ; *Nervous System Diseases/etiology/diagnosis ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; Vaccination Hesitancy ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, shifting health policy and increasing vaccine hesitancy have all increased the likelihood healthcare practitioners will encounter vaccine-preventable diseases in children. Both front-line and consulting clinicians need to be able to identify these previously rare diseases and their neurologic complications, particularly in un- or under-vaccinated children.

RECENT FINDINGS: As diseases previously considered rare or eliminated reemerge, more is known about direct and indirect consequences of peripheral and central nervous system infection in children-both in general and specific to individual vaccine-preventable diseases. Primary and secondary neurologic complications can be acute, subacute, chronic, or arise years later. Advances in imaging and molecular identification along with better understanding of underlying disease pathophysiology can all aid earlier identification, treatment, prognostication, and recovery.

SUMMARY: While the benefits of childhood vaccination programs clearly outweigh the risks for the majority of children, in light of current realities the goal of this guide is to better prepare front-line and consulting clinicians to identify and manage vaccine-preventable diseases and their neurologic complications in un- or under-vaccinated children as they increasingly encounter them now and in the future.},
}

Humans
*Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/complications/prevention & control
Child
*Nervous System Diseases/etiology/diagnosis
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Vaccination/adverse effects
Vaccination Hesitancy

@article {pmid42967359,
year = {2025},
author = {Brusini, A and Papotti, B},
title = {Levels of Physical Activity Among Nurses After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Professioni infermieristiche},
volume = {78},
number = {3-4},
pages = {105-115},
pmid = {42967359},
issn = {0033-0205},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; *Exercise ; Pandemics ; *Nurses/psychology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Burnout, Professional/epidemiology ; Quality of Life ; *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Risk Factors ; *Betacoronavirus ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Nurses are healthcare professionals who provide care in an increasingly ageing society. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is therefore essential. This systematic review estimated the prevalence of physical activity levels among nurses during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL Plus. Primary studies that began during or after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported physical activity data for nurses were considered eligible.

RESULTS: Twelve cross-sectional studies were included. The prevalence of low physical activity levels among nurses ranged from 31.75% to 73.1%. Low physical activity was frequently associated with anxiety, depression, stress, burnout, and poorer perceived quality of life. Several studies also identified age, night-shift work, and chronic health conditions as possible associated factors.

CONCLUSIONS: Policies and organisational interventions are needed to promote physical activity among nurses. This is particularly important because the nursing workforce is exposed to several risk factors, including anxiety, depression, and occupational stress, that are associated with low levels of physical activity. Further comparative studies examining physical activity before and after the pandemic are required.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19
*Exercise
Pandemics
*Nurses/psychology
Depression/epidemiology
Anxiety/epidemiology
Burnout, Professional/epidemiology
Quality of Life
*Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
*Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Risk Factors
*Betacoronavirus

@article {pmid42968513,
year = {2026},
author = {Balıkçı, E and Grimes, JM},
title = {Crystallographic fragment screening in cancer and antiviral drug discovery: from electron density to translational outcomes.},
journal = {Expert opinion on drug discovery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-17},
doi = {10.1080/17460441.2026.2754037},
pmid = {42968513},
issn = {1746-045X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Crystallographic fragment screening (CFS) provides an experimental starting point for small-molecule discovery by defining a fragment's binding site, pose and routes for chemical elaboration. By establishing a structural hypothesis before major medicinal-chemistry investment, CFS reduces early uncertainty and the risk of pursuing a binding mode inferred from activity or modeling but not supported by experimental structural evidence.

AREAS COVERED: This review examines how CFS advances fragments into lead series, preclinical candidates and clinical molecules. Oncology examples include kinase inhibitors, the PHIP2 bromodomain, the transcription factor brachyury and the metabolic enzyme PYCR1. Antiviral examples include viral proteases, polymerases, the influenza PA endonuclease and the SARS-CoV-2 immune-evasion protein Mac1. It also considers the practical requirements and limitations of CFS, criteria for hit validation and prioritization, and how high-throughput crystallography, reusable structural datasets and computational or machine-learning methods can support chemical elaboration and translational decision-making. Relevant literature was identified through targeted PubMed searches conducted from March to September 2026, supplemented by reference-list screening of relevant primary studies and reviews.

EXPERT OPINION: CFS is most powerful when it provides an experimentally grounded binding hypothesis early in discovery. It converts weak binding into actionable geometry, reveals ligandable pockets and supplies credible design starting points. Computational and machine-learning methods can extend this information by exploring chemical space, ranking fragment elaborations and supporting multiparameter prioritization, but they do not replace experimental determination of binding modes or functional validation. Future progress will depend on reusable structure-affinity datasets and tighter structure-design-synthesis-test cycles that connect crystallographic evidence to biological decisions.},
}

@article {pmid42970764,
year = {2026},
author = {Opsteen, S and Erdmann, N},
title = {COVID-19 treatments: current options and therapies under investigation.},
journal = {Topics in antiviral medicine},
volume = {34},
number = {4},
pages = {575-584},
pmid = {42970764},
issn = {2161-5853},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to more than 7 million deaths globally and has triggered a variety of postacute sequelae, now commonly referred to as long COVID, in millions more. Early efforts during the pandemic resulted in several therapies to mitigate the severity and mortality of acute COVID-19. However, despite effective therapies and accumulated immunity through vaccination and natural infection reducing disease severity, COVID-19 continues to contribute to hospitalizations and mortality. Long COVID encompasses several distinct yet overlapping clinical syndromes, and evidence suggests that these manifestations are mediated by numerous underlying mechanisms. There are currently no approved therapies for the treatment of long COVID, driven in part by its heterogeneity in presentation and etiology. This review will outline the current guidelines for treating acute COVID-19 and summarize information on the mechanistic rationale behind various published and ongoing clinical trials investigating potential long COVID therapeutic agents.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/complications
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects

@article {pmid42970765,
year = {2026},
author = {Dunlevy, HA and Johnson, SC},
title = {2026 update on routine and special vaccinations in people with HIV.},
journal = {Topics in antiviral medicine},
volume = {34},
number = {4},
pages = {585-595},
pmid = {42970765},
issn = {2161-5853},
mesh = {Humans ; *HIV Infections/immunology/complications ; *Vaccination/standards ; Immunization Schedule ; },
abstract = {Vaccinations are an important part of primary care for people with HIV (PWH). They protect against some sexually transmitted infections, and respiratory bacterial and viral infections. PWH are recommended to obtain influenza, COVID-19, herpes zoster (shingles), hepatitis B, meningococcal disease, mpox, and human papillomavirus vaccinations. Additionally, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has released recommendations incorporating the newer formulations of pneumococcal pneumonia vaccines and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Considerations for the timing of vaccinations are described, including whether to delay vaccination until improvement of the immune status. Live vaccines (other than nonreplicating vaccines) are contraindicated for PWH with a CD4+ count below 200 cells/μL or uncontrolled HIV.},
}

Humans
*HIV Infections/immunology/complications
*Vaccination/standards
Immunization Schedule

@article {pmid42972250,
year = {2026},
author = {Eisner, JM and Rodriguez Diaz, L and Patel, A and Chang, R and Coloma, M and Parker, T and Sasser, A and Herman, J and Korn, HJ},
title = {When emergency medicine isn't there: a scoping review of global acute care substitutes and complements for disaster response and surge capacity.},
journal = {International journal of emergency medicine},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42972250},
issn = {1865-1372},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Disasters and everyday gaps in emergency care force acute illness and injury to be managed outside of formal emergency medicine (EM) and emergency medical services (EMS) systems. Because EM capacity varies substantially worldwide, this scoping review applies a substitutes-and-complements framework to the mechanisms that deliver acute care in and around formal EM or EMS, classifying their roles as substitutes, complements, or both across levels of EM system maturity and disaster conditions. The resulting typology serves as an inventory of latent disaster surge capacity.

MAIN TEXT: Following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL) were searched, yielding 11,161 records. After title and abstract screening, 758 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 115 studies were included. We charted study type, country, and EM system maturity, using a codebook derived from American College of Emergency Physicians' (ACEP) International Ambassador country reports, the primary acute-care mechanism, care-delivery context, and COVID-19 relevance. Mechanisms were then classified by whether they substituted for or complemented formal EM. Publications were concentrated in the COVID-19 era (82/115, 71% from 2020 or later) and in high-income, mature-EM settings (United States 30%; 64/115 mature-EM). The most common mechanisms were lay and community first-responder programs (n = 18), hospital-at-home and remote monitoring (n = 15), and telehealth-based emergency and behavioral-health services. Overall, substitutes predominated (75/115), whereas complements (18/115) clustered in mature-EM systems.

CONCLUSIONS: Our inventory of latent surge capacity reframes each mechanism as a potential candidate for transfer across the EM-maturity spectrum: routine substitutes used in low-maturity systems may offer pre-planned crisis capacity for mature systems, while lower-infrastructure telehealth models may provide decision support or partial substitution where formal EM is limited. The substitute-complement balance tracks maturity, but the opportunity lies in translating mechanisms to the settings where they are not currently used as such.},
}

@article {pmid42972331,
year = {2026},
author = {Sumsuzzman, DM and Shi, C and Röst, G and Wu, J and Moghadas, SM},
title = {Associations between individual-level factors and adherence to social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a global meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42972331},
issn = {1471-2458},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Physical Distancing ; Female ; Global Health ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social distancing was a cornerstone of the COVID-19 pandemic response, yet evidence on factors associated with adherence remains fragmented and context-specific. We conducted a global meta-analysis to quantify the associations between key individual-level determinants and adherence to social distancing measures.

METHODS: We systematically searched six electronic databases from inception to August 20, 2025 to identify studies reporting associations between individual-level determinants and adherence to social distancing measures. Effect estimates were transformed into Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) and pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were conducted to examine regional and temporal variation.

RESULTS: Of 10,804 records identified, 58 cross‑sectional studies comprising 545,640 participants were included, and fourteen determinants of adherence to social distancing were assessed. Higher educational attainment (r = 0.09), female sex (r = 0.08), being married (r = 0.08), older age (r = 0.06), higher income (r = 0.07), and greater perceived risk and severity of COVID-19 (r = 0.10) were positively associated with adherence, whereas more conservative political ideology was negatively associated (r = -0.12). No significant associations were observed for perceived government response, comorbidity, place of residence, knowledge and awareness, smoking, employment status, or essential worker status. The magnitude and statistical significance of several associations varied across World Health Organization regions, with the European region showing the highest number of determinants significantly associated with adherence, whereas the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions exhibited the fewest.

CONCLUSION: Adherence to social distancing during COVID-19 was associated with a set of demographic, socioeconomic, psychological, and political factors, with substantial regional heterogeneity. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for contextual and structural differences when interpreting behavioural evidence and designing public health responses to future disease outbreaks.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Physical Distancing
Female
Global Health
*Pandemics/prevention & control
Cross-Sectional Studies

@article {pmid42972343,
year = {2026},
author = {Bowyer, T and Phillips, R and Watson, R and Sivakumar, S},
title = {Promises and pitfalls of mRNA-based vaccines as cancer treatment.},
journal = {BMC biology},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42972343},
issn = {1741-7007},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use/immunology ; *Neoplasms/therapy/immunology ; *RNA, Messenger ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; mRNA Vaccines ; Animals ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; },
abstract = {The success of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has accelerated interest in applying mRNA technology to oncology. mRNA cancer vaccines offer the potential for precise, patient-specific treatment with reduced off-target effects and may become an important component of future cancer care. This review outlines the mechanisms underlying mRNA cancer vaccines, their current limitations, and recent advances in RNA engineering and delivery systems. Although early clinical trial results are encouraging, benefits over existing therapies remain modest, whilst current high costs and manufacturing challenges hinder widespread implementation. We argue that combining scalable off-the-shelf vaccine platforms with selected personalised features may provide the most practical pathway towards wider clinical use.},
}

Humans
*Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use/immunology
*Neoplasms/therapy/immunology
*RNA, Messenger
Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
mRNA Vaccines
Animals
COVID-19 Vaccines

@article {pmid42972511,
year = {2026},
author = {Muthu, V and Agarwal, R and Sehgal, IS and Rudramurthy, SM and Patel, A and Kathirvel, S and Abraham, OC and Bhattacharya, PK and Devaprasad, D and Garg, M and Guleria, R and Gupta, N and Mehta, R and Saxena, P and Shastri, P and Singhal, T and Soman, R and Talwar, D and Todi, S and Varghese, G and Chakrabarti, A},
title = {Fungal pneumonia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: a Delphi consensus from the Fungal Infection Study Forum, India, with implications for resource-limited settings.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42972511},
issn = {1471-2334},
mesh = {Humans ; India ; Critical Illness ; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Resource-Limited Settings ; Mucormycosis/diagnosis/drug therapy ; *Lung Diseases, Fungal/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Risk Factors ; *Pneumonia/diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Triazoles/therapeutic use ; Voriconazole/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To develop consensus-based, pragmatic recommendations for the diagnosis and management of fungal pneumonia in non-neutropenic critically ill adults in India and Asia, where the dual burden of mucormycosis and resource-limited healthcare settings creates distinct challenges.

METHODS: Using a modified Delphi process, 20 multidisciplinary experts participated in the first round, and 19 completed the second and third rounds of anonymous voting on risk factors, diagnostic strategies, and management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), pulmonary mucormycosis (PM), and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Consensus was defined as ≥ 70% agreement or disagreement; statements with 60-69% agreement were categorized as "suggest," while the remaining were classified as "no consensus."

RESULTS: Key risk factors included severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, influenza, COVID-19, diabetes mellitus, and chronic liver or kidney disease. A multimodal diagnostic strategy combining contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), early bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), microscopy, culture, and galactomannan (BAL threshold ≥ 1.0) was recommended, with molecular methods used where available. Liposomal amphotericin B was the preferred empiric agent in regions with high mucormycosis prevalence; voriconazole, posaconazole, or isavuconazole are first-line for proven IPA. Therapeutic drug monitoring is essential for azole antifungals, with a minimum treatment duration of 6-12 weeks. For PCP, empiric trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is recommended in immunosuppressed patients with diffuse ground-glass opacities on CT after exclusion of competing diagnoses. Adjunctive corticosteroids are recommended for PCP with severe hypoxemia (PaO₂ <70 mmHg) despite limited evidence in non-HIV patients.

CONCLUSION: We provide practical, resource-adapted guidance for managing fungal pneumonia in non-neutropenic ICU patients, while highlighting research priorities. The proposed diagnostic criteria for IPA and PM are provisional consensus-based frameworks intended to support clinical decision-making and require prospective multicentre validation.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.},
}

Humans
India
Critical Illness
Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
Resource-Limited Settings
Mucormycosis/diagnosis/drug therapy
*Lung Diseases, Fungal/diagnosis/drug therapy
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis/diagnosis/drug therapy
Risk Factors
*Pneumonia/diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology
Triazoles/therapeutic use
Voriconazole/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42972920,
year = {2026},
author = {Jia, G and Gan, Z and Feng, E and Zheng, Z and Song, E and Qian, M and Chen, M and Liu, G},
title = {Post-ARDS Pulmonary Fibrosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Management.},
journal = {Expert reviews in molecular medicine},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {e53},
doi = {10.1017/erm.2026.10077},
pmid = {42972920},
issn = {1462-3994},
support = {82160369//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology/therapy/pathology/diagnosis ; *Respiratory Distress Syndrome/complications/therapy/pathology ; *COVID-19/complications/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Animals ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory lung injury caused by various factors, including infection, trauma and shock. The predominant pathological alteration in its late stages is pulmonary fibrosis (PF), characterised by progressive extracellular matrix deposition, architectural destruction and functional impairment. Particularly in COVID-19-induced ARDS, PF incidence has markedly increased, making it a major sequela impacting patients' long-term quality of life.

METHODS: This review systematically examines post-acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS PF through three perspectives: pathogenesis, prediction and treatment.

RESULTS: Mechanistically, the fibrotic process involves epithelial injury and mesenchymal transition, fibroblast activation with aberrant extracellular matrix remodelling, dysregulated inflammation with immune cell involvement and clinical management-related factors. For prediction, various biomarkers (including growth factors, matrix proteins and inflammatory markers) and imaging features (particularly high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics) demonstrate clinical value. Integrated multiparameter models incorporating artificial intelligence show promise for early identification and risk stratification of high-risk patients. Therapeutic strategies encompass anti-inflammatory approaches (e.g., corticosteroids and antioxidants), antifibrotic agents (pirfenidone and nintedanib), cell-based therapies (mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes) and emerging genetic/RNA interventions. However, specific preventive and therapeutic approaches tailored to the post-ALI/ARDS PF population remain inadequate in clinical practice.

CONCLUSIONS: Future research should focus on elucidating underlying mechanisms, refining early-warning systems, exploring personalised treatments and facilitating clinical translation. The ultimate goal is to transition from traditional supportive care to proactive prevention through enhanced clinical surveillance, early prediction and rational intervention, thereby preventing fibrosis progression and improving outcomes in ARDS survivors.},
}

Humans
*Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology/therapy/pathology/diagnosis
*Respiratory Distress Syndrome/complications/therapy/pathology
*COVID-19/complications/virology
SARS-CoV-2
Biomarkers/metabolism
Animals

@article {pmid42973774,
year = {2026},
author = {van Rhijn-Brouwer, FCC and de Canson, C and VanDerNagel, JEL and Westerhuis, X and Young, SY and van Kuijk, SMJ and de Vries, LV and van Rhijn, JR and Hellemons, M},
title = {Outcome measures in long COVID clinical trials: a review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1972605},
pmid = {42973774},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Research Design ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long COVID is a multisystem disease that affects approximately 10% of people after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the absence of curative treatment, high-quality clinical treatment trials are urgently needed for long COVID. There is significant overlap between long COVID and other infection-associated chronic conditions, in particular myalgic encephalomyelitis. As such, trial design for long COVID can benefit from prior experience in this field. In this review we explore outcome measures in long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis clinical trials to survey current practices, and provide recommendations for future clinical trials. PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched for clinical trials on long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis that featured a biomedical intervention. 37 myalgic encephalomyelitis and 68 long COVID trials were identified that used 397 outcome measures in total. We then critically assessed the relevance of these outcome measures for patients.

CONCLUSION: Long COVID trial design could be improved by incorporating outcomes that address important symptom clusters such as post-exertional malaise, dysautonomia and mast cell activation. Clinical assessments, physical tests and biomarkers can supplement patient reported outcome measure data, if safety, feasibility and applicability are carefully considered. Lastly, safety of the intervention is rarely adequately evaluated. We recommend a concerted effort to include patient input at all steps of clinical trial design, execution and evaluation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/complications
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Clinical Trials as Topic
SARS-CoV-2
*Outcome Assessment, Health Care
Research Design
Pandemics

@article {pmid42973946,
year = {2026},
author = {Xiang, LQ and Chen, YJ and Zhou, SQ and Liu, F},
title = {Infection-related research in Parkinson's disease: an exploratory trends analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in aging neuroscience},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {1959926},
pmid = {42973946},
issn = {1663-4365},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infection and Parkinson's disease (PD) appear to interact through complex mechanisms. Infection may promote the occurrence and progression of pathological processes related to PD, while PD and its associated dysfunctions may increase the risk of infection. This study depicts the evolution, thematic structure, and emerging directions of infection-related research in PD.

METHODS: Publications related to infection and PD from 1999 to June 30, 2026 were retrieved from the WoSCC and Scopus databases. R software packages bibliometrix, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer were used for data analysis.

RESULTS: The number of published studies on PD and infection showed a gradual upward trend and increased significantly after 2020. The United States published the largest number of documents (n = 509) and received the most citations (n = 33,628); China and the UK published 218 and 164 papers, respectively. The University of Florida is the most productive institution (n = 23). Dr. Rajesh Pahwa and Dr. Michael S. Okun are among the most productive authors (n = 12). Parkinsonism & Related Disorders (n = 59) and Movement Disorders (n = 46) are the most active journals in this field. The keyword analysis identified five main themes: infection exposure and clinical outcomes; infection-induced neuroinflammation; shared mechanisms of neurodegeneration; virus-related neurological manifestations and PD; and gut microbiota-gut-brain interactions involved in PD pathogenesis and treatment response.

CONCLUSION: The research on infection and PD has developed rapidly, especially since the COVID-19 epidemic. This field is going beyond epidemiological association to explore how infection can trigger PD through neuroinflammation, α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology, the gut brain axis, and other factors. Infection management in patients with PD has also become an important clinical concern. This study reviews the development of this field, defines the emerging direction, and provides a reference for future mechanism research and clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid42974250,
year = {2026},
author = {Ferreira-Pinto, M and P Silva, N and Silva Marques, S and Cruz, N and Gouveia Anjo, E and S Pinto, C},
title = {Modernising public health surveillance in an EHDS-enabled Europe: building a coordinated European public health intelligence ecosystem.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1974886},
pmid = {42974250},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Europe ; Humans ; *Public Health Surveillance/methods ; Public Health Infrastructure ; Digital Health ; *Electronic Health Records ; *Public Health ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Public health surveillance in Europe is facing increasingly complex cross-border threats. Although digital health investments and EU-level initiatives have expanded the amount of health data available for surveillance purposes, the generation of timely and actionable public health intelligence remains constrained by disease-specific reporting systems and systemic technical and governance barriers. The European Health Data Space (EHDS) Regulation provides a new opportunity for the use and exchange of routinely electronic health data to improve public health surveillance and emergency preparedness, but its effective contribution remains insufficiently explored.

OBJECTIVE: Through a scoping literature review and regulatory analysis, this study examines the role of the EHDS in strengthening public health surveillance and emergency preparedness in Europe.

METHODS: This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Multiple bibliographic databases were searched for studies published between 2016 and 2026, complemented by an analysis of grey regulatory literature. Eligible studies included publications addressing the EHDS or secondary use of health data and public health surveillance or emergency preparedness.

RESULTS: The scoping review included 35 scientific studies and six grey literature documents. Our findings suggest that health system digitalisation, Electronic Health Records (EHR) implementation and the COVID-19 pandemic have reshaped surveillance and preparedness needs in Europe, which remain limited by fragmented infrastructures, distributed health data, limited interoperability, and unclear legal and governance mechanisms. Our regulatory analysis indicates that the EHDS could help address several of these challenges by establishing common governance rules, secure processing conditions, and federated access mechanisms. We further propose a conceptual European public health intelligence ecosystem, positioning the EHDS as an enabling layer for converting distributed health data into actionable intelligence. Three non-exclusive governance options illustrate how this model could be operationalised across national and European levels.

CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes the EHDS as an important enabling framework for modernising public health surveillance in Europe. The conceptual framework proposed in this study establishes a foundation for future research on the development of an EHDS-enabled European public health intelligence ecosystem to strengthen surveillance, preparedness, and coordinated emergency response. Future EU initiatives and implementation pilots will be essential to test, validate, and translate this vision into practice.},
}

Europe
Humans
*Public Health Surveillance/methods
Public Health Infrastructure
Digital Health
*Electronic Health Records
*Public Health

@article {pmid42975787,
year = {2026},
author = {Balasubramaniyam, T and Rampogu, S and Go, Y and Nathan, VK and Zdanowski, R and Kubiak, JZ},
title = {Therapeutic opportunities of marine-derived bioactive compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses.},
journal = {Pharmacological reports : PR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42975787},
issn = {2299-5684},
support = {SZPITALE-JEDNOIMIENNE/43/2020//Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju/ ; 613/2023//Polish Ministry of Education and Science/ ; },
abstract = {Marine ecosystems are a vast, underexplored reservoir of bioactive compounds with unique structural diversity and potent biological activities. Enveloped viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, continue to pose significant global health threats, exacerbated by emerging variants, limited therapeutic options beyond vaccines, and challenges such as drug resistance and immune dysregulation. Compounds derived from marine organisms, including lectins (e.g., griffithsin from red algae Griffithsia sp.), sulfated polysaccharides (e.g., iota-carrageenan from red algae Chondrus crispus), polyphenols (e.g., dieckol from brown algae Ecklonia cava), and depsipeptides (e.g., plitidepsin from tunicates), have shown promising antiviral effects in preclinical studies. These molecules primarily act by inhibiting viral entry (via the spike glycoprotein or glycan binding), replication (targeting proteases such as the main protease [Mpro] and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [RdRp]), or by modulating host immune responses (e.g., reducing cytokine storms or oxidative stress). In vitro, in vivo, and in silico evidence highlights their potential against SARS-CoV-2 and related enveloped viruses (e.g., HIV, HSV, influenza, HCMV), which share mechanistic similarities, including envelope-mediated fusion and RNA-based replication. This narrative review provides a cohesive overview of selected marine-derived bioactive compounds with reported activity against SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses. It examines their sources, structural features, mechanisms of action, key activity metrics (e.g., IC50/EC50 values), and translational prospects, and addresses challenges such as scalability, preclinical-to-clinical gaps, and sustainability aligned with the European Blue Economy. By integrating recent findings, this review aims to highlight promising leads and guide future research toward innovative, broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.},
}

@article {pmid42045066,
year = {2026},
author = {Walzl, G and Goletti, D and Zumla, A},
title = {The Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: Burden, Trends, and Determinants.},
journal = {Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {},
pmid = {42045066},
issn = {2157-1422},
mesh = {Humans ; *Tuberculosis/epidemiology ; *Global Health ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Incidence ; Risk Factors ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Coinfection/epidemiology ; Female ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology ; Cost of Illness ; Global Burden of Disease ; },
abstract = {Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide despite availability of effective treatment. In 2024, an estimated 10.7 million people developed TB disease, including 5.8 million men, 3.7 million women, and 1.2 million children. An estimated 1.23 million people died of TB, including 150,000 deaths among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). TB occurs in all regions of the world but is highly concentrated in a number of countries and populations, reflecting persistent social, economic, and health-system inequalities. Approximately one-fifth of the world's population has TB infection. TB burden varies markedly by age, sex, geography, and risk profile. TB/HIV coinfection remains a major driver of TB mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Children and adolescents account for a substantial and underrecognized share of the global burden. Drug-resistant TB remains a major threat, driven by ongoing transmission and gaps in access to timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Global TB incidence declined between 2000 and 2019 but stalled during the COVID-19 pandemic. Case detection and mortality have partially recovered since 2022. Currently, 131 cases per 100,000 population and funding cuts highlight the fragility of TB control efforts. Sustained reductions in TB burden and achieving WHO End TB goals will require strong political and funder commitments in early diagnosis, expanded prevention, universal access to effective treatment for all forms of TB, strengthened surveillance, and action on the social and structural determinants that drive transmission and disease.},
}

Humans
*Tuberculosis/epidemiology
*Global Health
HIV Infections/epidemiology
Incidence
Risk Factors
COVID-19/epidemiology
Coinfection/epidemiology
Female
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology
Cost of Illness
Global Burden of Disease

@article {pmid42565799,
year = {2026},
author = {Molimard, M and Costagliola, D and Maisonneuve, H},
title = {Accurate health information is the best strategy against misinformation and disinformation: respiratory specialists are on the front line.},
journal = {Expert review of respiratory medicine},
volume = {20},
number = {11},
pages = {1277-1282},
doi = {10.1080/17476348.2026.2716433},
pmid = {42565799},
issn = {1747-6356},
mesh = {Humans ; Health Literacy ; *Communication ; COVID-19 ; *Disinformation ; *Information Dissemination ; *Pulmonary Medicine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Disinformation refers to false information deliberately shared with the intent to cause harm. Disinformation is escalating because health is a global concern and tends to elicit strong emotional responses. Misinformation refers to false information shared without malicious intent.

AREAS COVERED: Health-related misinformation and disinformation undermine prevention efforts, distort health behaviors, and erode trust in institutions and professionals. A French mission identified three vulnerabilities: low health literacy, difficulty in assessing the reliability of sources, and algorithm-driven exposure to information. Current responses remain fragmented, scientists are frequently targeted, and those spreading disinformation are rarely sanctioned. The strategy we propose rests on six pillars (education, training, improved information systems, detection, sanctions, and strengthened research) coupled with coordinated action at national and European levels. Respiratory health stands at the crossroads of several highly contested domains: tobacco and nicotine products, air pollution, chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory infections, including COVID-19, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus infections.

EXPERT OPINION: Respiratory societies have called for defending independent science, countering online disinformation, and strengthening international collaboration. Learned societies, regulators and EU institutions must align their efforts across research, policy, and the oversight of social media platforms.},
}

Humans
Health Literacy
*Communication
COVID-19
*Disinformation
*Information Dissemination
*Pulmonary Medicine
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42678723,
year = {2026},
author = {De Jesús-González, LA and Lira-Hernández, FI and Santos-Mena, AO and Borrego-Moreno, JC},
title = {Respiratory viral co-detection in the multiplex era: a critical perspective on diagnostic stewardship and anti-infective decision-making.},
journal = {Expert review of molecular diagnostics},
volume = {26},
number = {11},
pages = {879-895},
doi = {10.1080/14737159.2026.2726945},
pmid = {42678723},
issn = {1744-8352},
mesh = {Humans ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis/virology/drug therapy ; *Coinfection/diagnosis/virology/drug therapy ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *Virus Diseases/diagnosis/virology/drug therapy ; Viruses/isolation & purification/genetics ; Antimicrobial Stewardship ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Respiratory viral co-detection has become increasingly frequent with the widespread use of multiplex molecular panels. However, detecting two or more respiratory viruses in a single sample does not necessarily indicate active coinfection, etiologic equivalence, or the need to escalate antiviral or antibacterial therapy.

AREAS COVERED: This critical perspective examines respiratory viral co-detection as a diagnostic stewardship and anti-infective decision-making challenge. It proposes an interpretive framework that distinguishes molecular co-detection from probable coinfection, sequential infection, prolonged nucleic acid shedding, and clinically actionable co-detection. The article discusses how symptom timing, syndromic compatibility, local viral circulation, host vulnerability, and therapeutic availability should guide interpretation. It also addresses the limitations of Ct values as surrogate markers of viral burden, the potential contribution of host-response biomarkers, the influence of vaccination and immunoprophylaxis, and the implications of viral interactions for clinical reasoning and antiviral trial design.

EXPERT OPINION: Multiplex panels provide the greatest value when interpreted as tools for therapeutic prioritization, antibacterial stewardship, infection control, and risk stratification rather than as flat lists of equivalent etiologies. Future antiviral studies should incorporate co-detection as a prespecified modifier of clinical and treatment outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis/virology/drug therapy
*Coinfection/diagnosis/virology/drug therapy
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
*Virus Diseases/diagnosis/virology/drug therapy
Viruses/isolation & purification/genetics
Antimicrobial Stewardship
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42713903,
year = {2026},
author = {van Genderen, PJJ and van Sprang, ENM},
title = {Artificial intelligence and complementary digital health technologies across the travel medicine continuum: a narrative review.},
journal = {Journal of travel medicine},
volume = {33},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jtm/taag082},
pmid = {42713903},
issn = {1708-8305},
mesh = {Humans ; Digital Health ; *Travel Medicine/methods ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Telemedicine ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/prevention & control ; Decision Support Systems, Clinical ; *Travel ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) and complementary digital health technologies are increasingly being applied to improve prevention, diagnosis and surveillance in travel medicine. This narrative review evaluates current applications of these technologies across the pre-travel, peri-travel and post-travel phases of the travel continuum.

METHODS: A narrative literature review was conducted using a clinically oriented three-phase framework encompassing pre-travel preparation, peri-travel monitoring and post-travel diagnosis and surveillance. Machine learning, clinical decision-support systems, large language models, wearable technologies, telemedicine, outbreak surveillance, precision diagnostics and interoperable digital health infrastructure were reviewed.

RESULTS: Machine learning improved individualized risk prediction before travel and supported diagnostic decision-making after travel, while clinical decision-support systems enabled more personalized preventive and therapeutic recommendations. During travel, AI-assisted border screening detected SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks up to nine days earlier than conventional surveillance, and wearable internet of things technologies enabled continuous physiological monitoring in travellers and mass gatherings. The MALrisk model predicted imported malaria with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.98, achieving 100% sensitivity and 72% specificity. In hospitalized returned travellers, ChatGPT-4o identified the correct diagnosis in 68% of patients and included the correct diagnosis among its three leading differential diagnoses in 78%, while metagenomic next-generation sequencing increased the diagnostic yield by 24.2% beyond routine investigations.

CONCLUSIONS: AI and complementary digital health technologies have the potential to improve travel healthcare throughout the travel continuum. The principal challenge is no longer the development of individual AI applications, but determining how complementary technologies can be effectively integrated into routine travel medicine. Current evidence remains largely retrospective, highlighting the need for prospective multicentre implementation studies evaluating clinically meaningful outcomes.},
}

Humans
Digital Health
*Travel Medicine/methods
*Artificial Intelligence
Telemedicine
*COVID-19/diagnosis/prevention & control
Decision Support Systems, Clinical
*Travel
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42965285,
year = {2026},
author = {Majdzadeh, R and Khan, W},
title = {Mapping emergency-related peer-reviewed publications of national public health institutes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.},
journal = {Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit},
volume = {32},
number = {9},
pages = {635-642},
doi = {10.26719/2026.32.9.635},
pmid = {42965285},
issn = {1687-1634},
mesh = {Humans ; Mediterranean Region ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Middle East ; Pandemics ; Public Health ; *Peer Review ; Public Health Infrastructure ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although national public health institutes play a vital role in emergency preparedness and response in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, limited evidence exists on their emergency-related work in peer-reviewed literature.

AIM: To examine peer-reviewed publications affiliated with 15 national public health institutes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region between 2015 and 2024 and characterise them across emergency type, emergency phase and functional role.

METHODS: We conducted a targeted descriptive review of 578 emergency-related, PubMed-indexed, English language, peer-reviewed publications affiliated with 15 national public health institutes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. We screened the records using predefined eligibility criteria, coded with a structured extraction framework and mapped by emergency type, emergency phase and function.

RESULTS: Of the publications, 69.9% were on COVID-19. Collaborative surveillance (65.2%) and medical countermeasure (30.8%) were the most frequently represented functional roles, whereas community protection (14.0%), safe and scalable care (6.2%), and emergency coordination (13.1%) were less frequently represented. Most publications were coded to the response phase (91.7%), compared with 19.6% for preparedness and 0.9% for recovery. Non-pandemic emergencies, including conflict- and climate-related events, were sparsely represented. Publication output increased from 77 in 2015-2019 to 333 in 2020-2022.

CONCLUSION: Emergency-related peer-reviewed publications by national public health institutes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region were mostly on pandemic response, particularly COVID-19, and were most visible in surveillanceand countermeasure-related domains. There is a need for increased documentation of the work of these institutes to enhance their visibility and strengthen the evidence base for public health policymaking in the region.},
}

Humans
Mediterranean Region
COVID-19/epidemiology
Middle East
Pandemics
Public Health
*Peer Review
Public Health Infrastructure

@article {pmid42965769,
year = {2026},
author = {de Castro, TB and Estevão, WR and de Carvalho, IMM and Peluzio, MDCG and Kravchychyn, ACP and Hermsdorff, HHM},
title = {Nanocurcumin supplementation modulates inflammatory markers: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.},
journal = {Inflammopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42965769},
issn = {1568-5608},
support = {001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES)/ ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Curcumin has considerable pharmacological potential, but its clinical application is limited by its low water solubility and metabolic instability. Nanoparticle formulations have emerged as a strategy to address these limitations, potentially improving the compound's bioavailability and enhancing its biological effects.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review evaluated the impact of nanocurcumin supplementation on systemic inflammatory markers across different clinical settings.

METHODS: We analyzed 32 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels following nanocurcumin supplementation.

RESULTS: Nanocurcumin doses ranged from 40 to 1000 mg/day (most frequently 80 mg/day), with intervention durations ranging from 4 days to 6 months. Supplementation reduced key pro-inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α). The magnitude and consistency of the observed changes varied according to clinical context: healthy individuals generally showed no significant changes, whereas studies involving cancer, endometriosis, NAFLD, autoimmune diseases, sepsis, COVID-19, and chronic kidney disease reported reductions more frequently.

CONCLUSION: Overall, the findings suggest that nanocurcumin may modulate circulating and gene expression of inflammatory markers, depending on clinical condition. At present, marked heterogeneity in nanoformulations, dosages, intervention durations, and participants' health conditions means further high-quality clinical trials are needed to better characterize the effects and clinical relevance of high-bioavailable curcumin supplementation on inflammation status.},
}

@article {pmid42965144,
year = {2026},
author = {Jadhav, AV and Ghadei, S and Sonawane, S and Patil, P and Birajdar, P and Deoshatwar, A and Pise, K and Nath, A and Pawar, S and Kumar, N},
title = {Post-Measles Complications and Mortality in Children under Five Years in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Annals of global health},
volume = {92},
number = {1},
pages = {105},
pmid = {42965144},
issn = {2214-9996},
mesh = {Humans ; *Measles/complications/mortality/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Developing Countries ; Child, Preschool ; Measles Vaccine/therapeutic use ; Infant ; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Diarrhea/epidemiology/etiology ; Immunization Programs ; Global Health ; Otitis Media/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Background: Global measles vaccination programs have achieved significant reductions in measles-related mortality, with World Health Organization (WHO)-led initiatives expanding vaccine coverage to over 85% of children worldwide. Despite this progress, measles elimination remains elusive, undermined by anti-vaccine sentiment, armed conflicts, migration, refugee crises, and post-COVID-19 disruptions. No WHO region has achieved or sustained measles elimination status since the COVID-19 pandemic, and elimination remains challenging in resource-limited and conflict-affected contexts. A critical yet underappreciated consequence of this ongoing burden is the rise of post-measles complications (PMCs). Vaccine-preventable diseases and malnutrition constitute two critical global health priorities; PMCs represent an important intersection of these agendas that warrant greater attention within the global health framework. Objectives: To review and synthesize current epidemiological evidence on PMCs, examine their pathogenesis, and understand the need for integrated post-measles care strategies in vulnerable populations. Methods: This narrative review included all papers that published primary data on any of the PMCs in the last 55 years, identified through PubMed and Google Scholar. Findings: Epidemiological data show that 30-40% of measles cases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) develop complications, including pneumonia, diarrhea, otitis media, and, less commonly, encephalitis and ocular disease. PMCs are frequently misattributed to independent illnesses because they often emerge after a delay following the acute infection. Compounding this, measles-induced immune amnesia renders affected individuals vulnerable to secondary infections for up to 2-3 years post-infection. In LMICs and conflict-affected settings, this prolonged immunological vulnerability intersects with pre-existing risk factors such as malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and poor healthcare access, which amplify the consequences substantially. Conclusions: As measles cases resurge globally, the associated burden of PMCs is expected to increase correspondingly. Where PMCs represent a pressing, underaddressed concern, integrated post-measles care strategies are urgently needed from a global health perspective, especially in resource-limited and conflict-affected settings.},
}

Humans
*Measles/complications/mortality/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Developing Countries
Child, Preschool
Measles Vaccine/therapeutic use
Infant
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/epidemiology
COVID-19/epidemiology
Diarrhea/epidemiology/etiology
Immunization Programs
Global Health
Otitis Media/epidemiology

@article {pmid42683684,
year = {2026},
author = {, },
title = {Recommendations for COVID-19 Vaccines in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 2026-2027: Policy Statement.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {158},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2026-079045},
pmid = {42683684},
issn = {1098-4275},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Child ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; United States ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination/standards ; Immunization Schedule ; },
abstract = {This policy statement updates the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for the use of COVID-19 vaccines in the prevention of severe COVID-19 in children. A review of evidence supporting these recommendations is in the accompanying technical report (). These COVID-19 vaccine recommendations may change in future seasons or as additional variants emerge. The AAP recommends all infants and children 6 through 23 months of age who do not have contraindications receive 2026-2027 COVID-19 vaccine. The AAP also recommends a single dose of age-appropriate 2026-2027 COVID-19 vaccine for all children and adolescents 2 through 18 years of age at increased risk of severe COVID-19, regardless of prior COVID-19 vaccination status. Children 2 through 18 years of age not considered at increased risk of severe COVID-19 whose parent or guardian desires their protection from COVID-19 should be offered a single dose of age-appropriate 2026-2027 COVID-19 vaccine. Any available COVID-19 vaccine appropriate by age and health status can be administered and the most updated version of the COVID-19 vaccine that is available should be used.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Child
Infant
Child, Preschool
Adolescent
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
United States
SARS-CoV-2
Vaccination/standards
Immunization Schedule

@article {pmid42683687,
year = {2026},
author = {, },
title = {Recommendations for COVID-19 Vaccines in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 2026-2027: Technical Report.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {158},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2026-079046},
pmid = {42683687},
issn = {1098-4275},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Child ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Vaccine Efficacy ; *Vaccination/standards ; United States/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; },
abstract = {This technical report accompanies the American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination during the 2026-2027 respiratory virus season. The rationale is presented for recommending vaccination in all infants and children 6 through 23 months of age, children 6 months through 18 years of age who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, and children 2 through 18 years of age in certain additional risk groups, including those at high risk of severe COVID-19, residents of long-term care facilities or other congregate settings, children who have never been vaccinated against COVID-19, and children whose household contacts are at high risk for severe COVID-19. The report synthesizes currently available evidence on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, disease burden, COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, vaccine safety, and vaccine cost-effectiveness in pediatric populations. Additionally, the report provides an overview of available COVID-19 vaccine products, formulations, storage and handling considerations, and coadministration with other immunizations.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Child
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Infant
Child, Preschool
Adolescent
Vaccine Efficacy
*Vaccination/standards
United States/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Cost-Benefit Analysis

@article {pmid42961523,
year = {2026},
author = {Schwartz, MF and Garay, AV and Souza, AA and Valadares, NF and de Freitas, SM},
title = {Comparative analysis of production and kinetic assay conditions and parameters for SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro): a systematic review.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42961523},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {Kinetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/enzymology ; Humans ; *Coronavirus 3C Proteases/metabolism/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Substrate Specificity ; COVID-19/virology ; },
abstract = {The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role in the viral replication cycle and is a key target for COVID-19 antiviral drugs. In this review, we conducted an extensive bibliographic search on the main challenges and experimental limitations reported in the production and biochemical characterization of the Mpro. A large variability in the kinetic parameters was revealed, which compromises comparisons across various studies and the evaluation of inhibitor efficacy. The studies indicate that these discrepancies are mainly associated with experimental limitations, such as low substrate solubility, optical irregularity due to the inner-filter effect, and variations in the oligomeric state of Mpro. This review summarizes and discusses the different strategies for Mpro expression in Escherichia coli and purification, with emphasis on obtaining an N-terminal tag-free enzyme, essential for homodimerization into a highly active form for structural and functional characterization. The main FRET-based substrates used in enzymatic assays were compiled and analyzed, as well as alternative methodologies for assessing Mpro enzymatic activity. Furthermore, the effects of assay conditions, such as buffer composition, pH, and the presence of reducing agents were addressed. The intrinsic structural features of Mpro that impact its catalytic function are discussed, including functional asymmetry in substrate binding and the positive allosteric cooperation between monomers. Overall, this review provides a critical and integrated perspective on the main experimental limitations in the production and characterization of Mpro, applicable to other proteases, contributing to the standardization of approaches and advances in the development of more effective inhibitors.},
}

Kinetics
*SARS-CoV-2/enzymology
Humans
*Coronavirus 3C Proteases/metabolism/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Escherichia coli/genetics
Substrate Specificity
COVID-19/virology

@article {pmid42961729,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghazali, N and Wan Ab Rahman, WS and Iberahim, S and Venkatesan, G and Hassan, MN and Zulkafli, Z and Abdullah, M},
title = {Clot waveform analysis in haemostatic and systemic disorders: current applications and clinical potential.},
journal = {Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42961729},
issn = {1573-742X},
support = {R504-LR-GAL007-0000000894-N12//National Kidney Foundation Malaysia/ ; },
abstract = {Clot waveform analysis (CWA), originate from conventional coagulation assays, particularly the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT), offers enhanced sensitivity and dynamic profiling of haemostatic processes. By capturing real-time changes in clot formation kinetics, CWA patterns provide disease specific changes beyond traditional clotting time. It has potential clinical utility in identifying bleeding risk in inherited and acquired bleeding disorders, as well as prothrombotic states in condition such as infections and myocardial infarction. A unique APTT second-derivative curves have been reported in COVID-19 infection. In malignancy, it may help clinicians to mitigate the risk of developing thrombotic complications due to cancer-associated hypercoagulability. This review covers the principles, analytical parameters, and clinical applications of CWA. As evidence continues to grow, integrating CWA into standard coagulation testing algorithms, particularly with the use of artificial intelligence, may potentially lead to improvements in patient stratification, monitoring and management in both acute and chronic haemostatic disorders.},
}

@article {pmid42962385,
year = {2026},
author = {Halder, P and Debnath, A and Achary, T and Singh, U and Mondal, A and Sil, A and Khokhar, A and Purkait, AT and Mag, SA and Sharma, P and Singh, MM and Maitra, D},
title = {Time to treatment initiation for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from 21 countries.},
journal = {Cancer epidemiology},
volume = {105},
number = {},
pages = {103259},
doi = {10.1016/j.canep.2026.103259},
pmid = {42962385},
issn = {1877-783X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally, accounting for one in four cancer cases and one in six cancer deaths. Timely initiation of treatment after diagnosis is critical to improving survival outcomes. However, delays in treatment initiation remain widespread, influenced by health system constraints, socio-demographic factors, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite growing recognition of this issue, no prior study has comprehensively quantified global evidence on diagnosis-to-treatment delays in breast cancer. Our objective was to systematically review and synthesize global evidence on time to treatment initiation (TTI) among patients with breast cancer, and to estimate pooled mean delays and the proportion of patients experiencing delays at predefined cutoffs (30, 60, and 90 days).

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) were searched from inception to October 15, 2025. Eligible observational studies reported TTI as mean/median days or as proportions of patients with delayed initiation. Data were pooled using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed by publication period, WHO region, study setting, and World Bank income group. A sensitivity analysis excluded United States datasets. Risk of delay was compared by stage at diagnosis. Risk of bias was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist.

RESULTS: Sixty studies (analyzed as 62 datasets) involving 3644,548 breast cancer patients from 21 countries were included. The pooled mean TTI was 51.7 days (95% CI: 46.5-56.9; I² = 99.9%). At the 30-day cutoff, 37% (95% CI: 25-49%) of patients experienced delays; at 60 days, 17% (95% CI: 11-22%); and at 90 days, 4% (95% CI: 3-5%). The United States contributed 32 datasets and 70.1% of participants. Excluding these datasets raised the pooled mean TTI to 75.0 days (95% CI: 44.5-105.5). Mean TTI was 39.8 days in high-income countries and 79.7 days in low- and middle-income countries (p = 0.07). Delays beyond 90 days affected 2.6% and 26.5% of patients, respectively (p < 0.001). Stage at diagnosis was not associated with delay.

CONCLUSION: Delays between diagnosis and treatment initiation are common, with more than one-third of patients waiting over 30 days. The pooled estimate reflects mainly high-income settings. Delays are longer, and very long delays more frequent, in low- and middle-income countries, where evidence remains sparse. Agreed TTI benchmarks, stronger oncology services, and more primary studies from low- and middle-income countries are priorities to close the cancer care gap.},
}

@article {pmid42964027,
year = {2026},
author = {Liang, Z and Long, F and Zheng, F and Tan, ZJ},
title = {Respiratory viral triggers and pediatric acute necrotizing encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk, clinical phenotype, and outcomes.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1839145},
pmid = {42964027},
issn = {1664-2295},
mesh = {Humans ; *Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/etiology/diagnostic imaging/virology/therapy ; Child ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/complications ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Influenza, Human/complications ; Phenotype ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Child, Preschool ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a rare but severe pediatric neurological disorder characterized by rapid neurological deterioration and characteristic bilateral thalamic lesions on neuroimaging. Increasing evidence suggests that respiratory viral infections, particularly influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, play a major role in triggering ANE. However, clinical evidence remains fragmented due to the rarity of the disease. This study aimed to systematically synthesize current evidence on respiratory viral triggers, clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, treatment strategies, and outcomes of pediatric ANE.

METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for studies published between January 1, 2015, and March 31, 2026 involving pediatric patients (<18 years) diagnosed with ANE associated with respiratory viral infections. Observational studies, case series, and case reports with extractable clinical data were included. Pooled descriptive analyses were performed to summarize demographic characteristics, viral triggers, clinical features, neuroimaging findings, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes.

RESULTS: Fifteen studies comprising 138 pediatric ANE cases were included. Most patients were previously healthy children, predominantly in early childhood. The most common viral triggers were influenza viruses (46.0%) and SARS-CoV-2 (42.3%), accounting for nearly 90% of cases. Clinically, fever (93.4%), altered consciousness (94.9%), and seizures (68.6%) were the most frequent manifestations. Neuroimaging consistently showed bilateral thalamic lesions (94.2%), often accompanied by brainstem (33.6%) or basal ganglia involvement (28.5%). Treatment commonly involved corticosteroids (75.9%) and intravenous immunoglobulin (51.8%), with some patients receiving targeted immunomodulatory therapies such as tocilizumab. Despite aggressive treatment, mortality remained substantial, with 54 deaths among 138 reported cases (39.1%). The random-effects pooled mortality estimate was 39.1% (95% CI: 29.8-49.8%).

CONCLUSION: Respiratory viral infections-particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are major triggers of pediatric ANE. The disorder is characterized by rapid neurological decline and characteristic bilateral thalamic lesions, with substantial mortality and long-term neurological morbidity. Further multicenter prospective studies are needed to clarify immunopathogenesis and establish standardized therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/etiology/diagnostic imaging/virology/therapy
Child
*Respiratory Tract Infections/complications
*COVID-19/complications
*Influenza, Human/complications
Phenotype
SARS-CoV-2
Child, Preschool

@article {pmid42964334,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, J and Liu, G and Yang, J and Ma, H and Wang, X and Jiang, Z and Liang, Y and He, X},
title = {Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1969341},
pmid = {42964334},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Incidence ; Global Burden of Disease ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the risk of incident diabetes. We also aimed to estimate the global burden of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies identified through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and CENTRAL from inception to 29 January 2026. Adjusted relative risks (RRs) for incident T2D and type 1 diabetes (T1D) following SARS-CoV-2 infection were pooled using random-effects models. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) and attributable T2D cases were estimated by integrating pooled risk estimates with Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 data on COVID-19 prevalence and T2D incidence.

RESULTS: Fifteen cohort studies involving approximately 48.9 million participants were included. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D (13 studies; pooled RR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.16-1.34]), although substantial heterogeneity was observed and the 95% prediction interval (PI) included the null (0.94-1.66). In subgroup analysis, the association was confined to mixed-variant studies (RR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.23-1.36]; 95% PI, 1.09-1.54), whereas studies evaluating a single variant (Delta or Omicron) showed no excess risk (RR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.97-1.03]). The association with incident T1D did not reach conventional statistical significance (10 studies; pooled RR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.99-1.30]). Globally, 24.53 million incident T2D cases occurred in 2023. The PAF attributable to COVID-19 of 1.12% (95% CI 0.90, 1.35), corresponding to 274,889 (95% CI 220,360, 331,698) incident T2D cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The largest attributable burdens were observed in India, the USA, and China.

CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a modest increase in pooled T2D risk. This association was primarily observed in mixed-variant studies, for which the 95% PI excluded the null. However, the overall pooled estimated was accompanied by substantial between-study heterogeneity, and its 95% PI crossing the null, indicating uncertainty in the association across populations and settings. At the population level, this excess risk translated into an estimated 275,000 incident T2D cases attributable to COVID-19 worldwide in 2023, highlighting the need for ongoing metabolic surveillance following infection.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261307969, identifier CRD420261307969.},
}

Humans
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology
*COVID-19/epidemiology/complications
*SARS-CoV-2
Incidence
Global Burden of Disease
Prevalence
Risk Factors

@article {pmid42964488,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, C and Xi, C and Zhang, Y and Ma, R and Shi, M and Gao, Y and Liu, L and Ning, C and Chen, A},
title = {Pathogen-associated heterogeneity in pulmonary sepsis: from inflammatory phenotypes and transcriptomic endotypes to precision medicine.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1973456},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2026.1973456},
pmid = {42964488},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; Precision Medicine ; *Sepsis/immunology/therapy/genetics ; Phenotype ; Biomarkers ; Transcriptome ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome, and pulmonary infection is its commonest source. Pulmonary sepsis carries a particularly high mortality, especially in patients who develop refractory septic shock, yet it is still managed as a single disease. Conventional diagnostic criteria, based on organ dysfunction, describe the consequences of the host response rather than its biological diversity, and this mismatch helps to explain why immunomodulatory trials have repeatedly failed in unselected patients. In this review we summarise how pathogen characteristics interact with the alveolar immune microenvironment to produce distinct host-response phenotypes, and how those phenotypes are captured by clinical classifiers, plasma protein biomarkers and blood transcriptomic endotypes - among them SRS1/2, Mars1-4, SENECA and USE-1/2. Three problems currently limit translation. The classification systems overlap only in part, and should not be used interchangeably. Endotypes change over time, so a single measurement at baseline can misclassify a patient. And most of the evidence linking particular pathogens to particular phenotypes is associative, and comes from ARDS, general sepsis, severe pneumonia or COVID-19 cohorts rather than from pulmonary sepsis itself. We then review the phenotype-dependent responses to fluid strategy, corticosteroids, statins, endotoxin removal, cytokine-directed therapy and checkpoint inhibition, and consider why several biomarker-guided trials produced pharmacodynamic signals without clinical benefit. Pathogen-informed, repeatedly measured host-response phenotypes, tested in adaptive trials with enrichment, offer the most realistic route to precision immunotherapy in pulmonary sepsis.},
}

Humans
Precision Medicine
*Sepsis/immunology/therapy/genetics
Phenotype
Biomarkers
Transcriptome
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Animals

@article {pmid42964521,
year = {2026},
author = {Boufleuer, E and Vieira, TW and Sakamoto, VTM and Anschau, F and Tavares, JP and Pai, DD},
title = {Persistent COVID-19 Symptoms in General Population and Healthcare Workers: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Health science reports},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {e73456},
doi = {10.1002/hsr2.73456},
pmid = {42964521},
issn = {2398-8835},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 can cause persistent symptoms that continue after the infection, condition known as long COVID. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of persistent signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and among healthcare workers.

METHODS: This is a systematic review with meta-analysis guided by PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023460632). Cohort studies with a minimum follow-up of 12 weeks after COVID-19 infection were included. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Scielo, and LILACS/BVS databases and gray literature, in November 2023. Rayyan was used for article selection, and pooled prevalence meta-analysis for each symptom was conducted in R. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

RESULTS: A total of 2,456 studies were identified, with 59 articles included in the systematic review and 58 in the meta-analysis, comprising 196,863 participants. The symptoms with the highest pooled prevalence (95% CI) were fatigue (0.29[0.24-0.36], 95% PI: 0.05-0.78) and dyspnea (0.16[0.12-0.22], 95% PI: 0.01-0.71).

CONCLUSION: Healthcare workers showed lower prevalence rates for some persistent symptoms (fatigue, dyspnea, cough, taste changes, and gastrointestinal symptoms) than the general population. Most studies were of fair quality. Despite the findings of a high prevalence of persistent symptoms, high heterogeneity remained a key limitation.},
}

@article {pmid42447879,
year = {2026},
author = {Almeida, CH and Freitas, R and Afonso, J and Vargas, P and Pompeo, A and Cirillo, ELR and Ramirez-Campillo, R and Casanova, F},
title = {The impact of COVID-19 on soccer players' health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {International journal of sports medicine},
volume = {47},
number = {12},
pages = {875-888},
doi = {10.1055/a-2896-9130},
pmid = {42447879},
issn = {1439-3964},
mesh = {Humans ; *Soccer/physiology ; *COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Male ; *Health Status ; },
abstract = {Despite growing research, the health effects of COVID-19 on soccer players remain poorly integrated. This meta-analytic review synthesized evidence across competitive levels and pandemic phases to characterize the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pandemic-related restrictions. The study adhered to PRISMA 2020 and Cochrane standards, with searches conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria followed the P.E.C.O.S. framework. From 6,048 records screened, nine studies (>1,525 players from Tiers 1-5) met the inclusion criteria. These observational investigations included predominantly male samples (94.2%) and assessed cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, metabolic/biochemical, hematologic, anthropometric, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal outcomes. Comparisons between pre- and during-pandemic periods suggested preserved cardiac integrity with infrequent post-infection sequelae, alongside mild pulmonary effects in infected players that tended to resolve with training resumption. Amid inconsistent endocrine findings, testosterone-to-cortisol ratios declined in non-infected players. Metabolic, hematologic, and anthropometric parameters were mostly stable, whereas hemoglobin exhibited a significant pooled increase. Musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal data were insufficient for broad conclusions. Moreover, meta-analytic estimates require cautious interpretation owing to few studies and very low certainty. Altogether, COVID-19 was associated with modest and mostly reversible effects, with structured home-based training potentially offsetting detraining. Rare cardiac abnormalities still warrant careful medical supervision.},
}

Humans
*Soccer/physiology
*COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Male
*Health Status

@article {pmid42954276,
year = {2026},
author = {Royuk, VV and Reshetnikov, VA and Korshever, NG and Bashkov, VA and Bayramov, AA},
title = {[The health care system and its sub-systems - medical organizations: interaction with external actors (the review)].},
journal = {Problemy sotsial'noi gigieny, zdravookhraneniia i istorii meditsiny},
volume = {34},
number = {5},
pages = {1181-1187},
doi = {10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-5-1181-1187},
pmid = {42954276},
issn = {0869-866X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; Russia/epidemiology ; *Intersectoral Collaboration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {The review was carried out by keywords "health care", "medical organizations" and "intersectoral cooperation" on the grounds of the databases of Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka and RSCI. The analysis was applied to 343 publications.The purpose of the study is to analyze experience of studying the participation of the health care system and medical organizations as its subsystems in intersectoral cooperation in protection of population health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at the regional level.The priority role of health care sector in intersectoral cooperation in protection of population health in the Subject of the Russian Federation (by significance, activities specific weight, interaction with other actors, possible impact on determinants of population health and informative assessment vectors, impact of determinant "medical service - work of health administrations and institutions" on population health) that is significantly increasing in conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. In most cases, medical organizations focus on collaboration of their structural units rather than external collaboration, including periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The modes of evaluation of this process are not developed that complicate implementation of targeted improvement measures.It is advisable to use the specific characteristics of health care system participation in intersectoral cooperation on protection of population health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at the regional level in the practice of health preservation. The characteristics of cooperation between medical organizations and external actors require further research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration
Russia/epidemiology
*Intersectoral Collaboration
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid42956193,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, Y and Yue, Z},
title = {Online COVID-19 Misinformation and Infodemic Governance During the Peak Pandemic Period: Scoping Review of Social Media Research From 2020 to 2022.},
journal = {JMIR infodemiology},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {e79434},
pmid = {42956193},
issn = {2564-1891},
mesh = {Humans ; *Communication ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Digital Media ; *Infodemic ; Pandemics ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Social Media/standards/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media platforms became major channels for public health communication and public sensemaking, but they also enabled the rapid circulation of rumors, false claims, conspiracy narratives, and misleading health information. Research on online COVID-19 misinformation expanded rapidly during the peak pandemic period, yet the evidence base was fragmented across public health, computing, communication, and information science.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review synthesizes empirical research on online COVID-19 misinformation on social media during the peak pandemic period from February 2020 to October 2022. It examines how misinformation was conceptualized, which platforms and public health contexts were emphasized, and how computational methods shaped the evidence base for infodemic management. Its distinct contribution is an integrated comparison of conceptual definitions, thematic and platform concentration, the computational research pipeline, and the gap between detection and actionable infodemic governance.

METHODS: We conducted a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-informed scoping review of empirical studies indexed in PubMed and IEEE Xplore in November 2022 using COVID-19, social media platforms, and misinformation-related terms. Eligible reports were English-language, peer-reviewed empirical studies published between February 2020 and October 2022 that analyzed social media data using computational, quantitative, or social media analytic methods; the language restriction applied to the publication, not to the underlying dataset. The final synthesis included 100 studies selected from 1688 records.

RESULTS: Within the included corpus, the literature was concentrated around vaccine-related discourse, public health and social measures-related misinformation, and text-based data from X (X Corp), formerly known as Twitter. Studies commonly used misinformation detection, classification, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, and network analysis. Fewer studies examined diffusion pathways, source tracing, cross-platform movement, intervention effectiveness, or platform governance. The evidence base remains more developed for detecting and describing misinformation than for evaluating actionable responses to it.

CONCLUSIONS: Peak-pandemic COVID-19 misinformation research produced important computational and empirical knowledge, but it remains detection-centered and unevenly connected to public health action. Future infodemiology research should link computational outputs to intervention design, risk communication, fact-checking workflows, platform moderation, multilingual and multimodal analysis, and the evaluation of infodemic governance strategies.},
}

Humans
*Communication
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Digital Media
*Infodemic
Pandemics
Public Health
SARS-CoV-2
*Social Media/standards/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid42956774,
year = {2026},
author = {Catto, JWF and Thomson, RM and Griffith, DM and Mavhu, W and Gu, J and Misha, F and Rashid, SF and Fazel, S and Egid, BR and Barreto, ML and Ngwa, W and Oliffe, JL and Prabhakaran, D and Flor, LS and Hawkes, SJ and Tolhurst, R and Theobald, S and Katikireddi, SV},
title = {A global men's health epidemiology within an intersectional framework.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {408},
number = {10566},
pages = {1881-1898},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01490-X},
pmid = {42956774},
issn = {1474-547X},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; *Global Health ; *Men's Health/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Disparities in Health ; Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology ; Sex Factors ; },
abstract = {Males have lower life expectancies and greater disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) than females, and particularly poor outcomes are seen among males in marginalised contexts. In this paper, we provide an epidemiological overview and highlight the intersectional nature of men's health. We analyse mortality and DALYs data from the 1990-2023 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Studies to illustrate our intersectional framework and draw attention to how health varies in men and to show key themes. Conditions that contribute most to the poor health of males include non-communicable diseases (eg, cardiovascular diseases and cancers), substance use, suicide, injuries (eg, road traffic incidents and interpersonal violence), and respiratory infections (eg, tuberculosis and COVID-19). Although cardiovascular disease and cancer make the largest contributions to men's higher mortality rates, determinants of health such as violence and war, migration, economic stagnation, and labour market changes due to automation and new technologies will disproportionally affect their health in the future. Injuries, violence, and other external morbidity causes often occur at a young age and in unequal distributions across the sexes, making a large contribution to DALYs. Although biology plays a role, the pattern of many diseases contributing to health differences reflects the intersection of health behaviours, shaped by patriarchy, ideas of masculinity, and structural drivers (including commercial determinants of health); many of these are preventable. Although improvements in some health behaviours are seen, exceptions occur in marginalising social conditions (eg, incarcerated men, men experiencing homelessness, men with mental illnesses, men with substance use disorders, men with low income, men who have sex with men, and those who are gender non-conforming). Multiple data sources detail men's shorter life expectancies and the drivers compared with women, but going beyond sex disaggregation remains challenging and is an urgent priority for research and health monitoring.},
}

Humans
Male
Disability-Adjusted Life Years
*Global Health
*Men's Health/statistics & numerical data
Risk Factors
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health
Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology
Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
Sex Factors

@article {pmid42959398,
year = {2026},
author = {Tsai, TH},
title = {Medico-legal integration of molnupiravir rapid deployment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Emergency use authorization, clinical evidence, and risk of viral mutagenesis.},
journal = {One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {23},
number = {},
pages = {101621},
pmid = {42959398},
issn = {2352-7714},
abstract = {As one of the first oral antivirals authorized for outpatient treatment of COVID-19, molnupiravir (Lagevrio) illustrates the complex interplay among emergency regulatory frameworks, clinical trial evidence, and real-world outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from pivotal trials (MOVe-OUT, PANORAMIC), global genomic surveillance datasets, regulatory filings, and pharmacokinetic barrier studies to examine how eight interlocking U.S. statutory and administrative instruments compressed development timelines while sustaining product availability. Molnupiravir induces lethal mutagenesis in SARS-CoV-2; the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in December 2021 based on interim data showing approximately a 50% reduction in hospitalization or death. Final trial analyses lowered this estimate to roughly 30%, and the large-scale PANORAMIC trial found no reduction in hospitalization or mortality among highly vaccinated populations. Emerging safety concerns-including teratogenicity, juvenile skeletal toxicity, and a molnupiravir-associated mutational signature detected across global viral genomic databases-further eroded its benefit-risk profile, contributing to the European Medicines Agency's 2023 refusal of marketing authorization and to the drug's lack of full FDA approval. Existing statutory frameworks nonetheless preserve molnupiravir's EUA status as a second-line option for high-risk patients. Its trajectory highlights the tension between emergency speed and long-term pharmacovigilance and offers actionable, One Health-informed lessons for pandemic-preparedness legislation.},
}

@article {pmid42959510,
year = {2026},
author = {Saheb, F},
title = {Post-COVID Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction: A Focus on Persistent Diarrhea.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {9},
pages = {e117111},
pmid = {42959510},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Persistent gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection include diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, constipation, nausea, and other disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs), but these entities should not be treated as interchangeable. In a meta-analysis of long-COVID studies, any GI symptom was reported in approximately 22% of patients and diarrhea in 10%, although heterogeneity was very high. In a large US Veterans Affairs cohort, post-acute COVID-19 was associated with incident diarrhea (hazard ratio {HR}:
1.58, 95% CI: 1.52-1.65; excess burden 7.99 per 1,000 persons at one year) and irritable bowel syndrome (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.28-1.86). Prospective Rome IV cohorts report lower absolute rates of formally diagnosed DGBIs; one study found persistent DGBI symptoms in 6.6% at six months, with functional diarrhea in 2.2% and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in 2.5% at three months. Mechanistic evidence supports intestinal involvement during acute infection and demonstrates associations with epithelial/angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) perturbation, immune activation, barrier dysfunction, altered microbial taxa, and impaired microbial metabolite production. However, persistent viral RNA or antigen, dysbiosis, and gut-lung signaling remain proposed or associative mechanisms rather than established causes of chronic diarrhea. Treatment evidence specific to post-COVID functional diarrhea is sparse. A large synbiotic trial improved a broad "gastrointestinal upset" domain in post-acute COVID syndrome, but did not enroll a defined chronic diarrhea or Rome-positive population; probiotic and fecal microbiota transplantation trials showing GI effects were largely conducted during acute COVID-19. Therefore, current care should first exclude organic and medication-related causes, then apply phenotype-based management extrapolated from established diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and functional-diarrhea practice while clearly acknowledging the limited post-COVID-specific evidence. Standardized definitions, pre-infection GI data, appropriate controls, functional microbiome measures, and dedicated randomized trials are priorities for future research.},
}

@article {pmid42961406,
year = {2026},
author = {Boerenkamp, LS and Scheffers, N and Brandts, L and van Gorkom, GNY and Pothast, CR and Heemskerk, MHM and Wieten, L and Van Elssen, CHMJ},
title = {T-Cell Response After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients With Hematological Malignancy.},
journal = {European journal of haematology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ejh.70345},
pmid = {42961406},
issn = {1600-0609},
abstract = {Patients with hematologic malignancies (HM) often mount poor humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination due to their immunocompromised status. Protection against severe COVID-19 is strongly related to cellular immunity, yet vaccine-induced T-cell responses remain incompletely characterized. We conducted a systematic review of 87 studies assessing vaccine-induced T-cell response rates in HM. Across HM subtypes, 75%-87% of studies reported T-cell response rates of at least 50%. Active disease was associated with reduced T-cell responses. These findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can elicit cellular immunity in HM patients, including those receiving immunosuppressive therapy, supporting continued vaccination strategies even when humoral responses are suboptimal.},
}

@article {pmid42948609,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, Q and Tan, Y and Peng, M and Wu, S and Zheng, XL},
title = {The role of VWF/ADAMTS13 axis in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1981718},
pmid = {42948609},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019, which broke out in 2019, is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although this infection mainly affects the respiratory system, a high incidence of thrombotic events has been observed in severe or critically ill cases and in a considerable number of non-survivors of COVID-19. Although the coagulation dysfunction and hypercoagulability of COVID-19 have been reported in the literature, the specific situation of its coagulation function has not been fully studied. The observation of microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 patients has attracted our attention to investigate the potential inflammatory endothelial injury or damage. Von Willebrand factor (VWF) and its proteolytic protease, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 motifs, 13 (ADAMTS13), play an important role in maintaining the vascular health and organ perfusion. Therapeutic and prophylactic anticoagulation are important measures to prevent these kinds of thrombotic events, but new treatments such as recombinant ADAMTS13 and anti-VWF nanobody Caplacizumab are being studied in vitro for thrombosis with high efficacy. This review focuses on the discussion of the current research progress of the treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy by correcting the imbalance of VWF-ADAMTS13 axis, the existing problems, and the prospects.},
}

@article {pmid42949665,
year = {2026},
author = {Xiao, Y and Tong, X and Wang, Z and Zhang, Y and Liu, S and Tian, M and Chen, Y and Gan, L and Yang, X and Yong, T},
title = {Engineered extracellular vesicles as next-generation platforms for mRNA therapeutics delivery.},
journal = {Biomaterials science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d6bm00986g},
pmid = {42949665},
issn = {2047-4849},
abstract = {mRNA has emerged as a star molecule in pharmaceutical development, demonstrating immense potential for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, neurological disorders, genetic diseases, and infectious diseases. It has played a particularly pivotal role in COVID-19 prevention. However, the clinical translation of mRNA therapeutics is significantly hampered by its inherent instability, low cellular permeability, and poor targeting specificity. Consequently, the development of efficient mRNA delivery systems represents a paramount challenge for its biomedical application. Conventional delivery platforms, as exemplified by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), offer advantages including mature manufacturing processes and broad clinical adoption. Nevertheless, they still face limitations such as suboptimal delivery efficiency and biosafety concerns requiring further improvement. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, have emerged as highly promising mRNA delivery vectors. This is attributed to their low immunogenicity, favorable biosafety profile, intrinsic homing effect-based targeting capability, and amenability to engineering modifications. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in EV-mediated mRNA delivery, detailing strategies for mRNA loading into EVs, approaches for achieving targeted mRNA delivery using EVs, and the therapeutic applications of EV-encapsulated mRNA. The synthesis of this knowledge aims to provide insights to advance the clinical implementation of mRNA-based therapeutics.},
}

@article {pmid42952500,
year = {2026},
author = {Muñoz-Carrillo, JL and Gutiérrez-Coronado, O and Lopez-Hernandez, E and Rodríguez López, SE and Olivares Mendoza, MA and Ramírez Águila, DO and Villalobos-Gutiérrez, PT and Soria-Fregozo, C and Rosas-Sánchez, GU and Soriano-Hernández, AD},
title = {Glycemic dysregulation and insulin resistance across acute and post-acute COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of etiologic and prognostic evidence.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1975728},
pmid = {42952500},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/metabolism ; *Insulin Resistance/physiology ; Prognosis ; *Hyperglycemia/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can disrupt glucose regulation through inflammation, adipose-tissue dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, and variable β-cell compensation. These evidence domains remain incompletely integrated.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence on glycemic dysregulation and insulin resistance or insulin sensitivity across acute and post-acute COVID-19, including metabolic trajectories and associations with adverse clinical outcomes.

METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were searched. Eligible studies evaluated glucose regulation and at least one insulin-resistance or insulin-sensitivity measure during or after COVID-19. Etiological and prognostic evidence was analyzed as related but distinct domains. Prognostic meta-analysis evaluated study-defined acute hyperglycemic phenotypes; insulin-resistance or insulin-sensitivity assessment was a study-level eligibility criterion rather than part of a participant-level composite exposure. Unadjusted risk ratios (RRs) from event counts were pooled using restricted maximum-likelihood random-effects models with Hartung-Knapp adjustment. Non-combinable evidence was synthesized according to Synthesis Without Meta-analysis principles. Risk of bias was assessed using design-appropriate tools, and certainty was evaluated with GRADE. The protocol and analytical plan were retrospectively registered in OSF on August 21, 2026 (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/K5FWU).

RESULTS: Twenty independent studies represented by 23 reports. Acute hyperglycemic phenotypes were associated with increased short-term all-cause mortality (four studies; 1,079 participants; RR 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-3.64; I[2]=31.3%; 95% prediction interval 0.96-4.56) and invasive mechanical ventilation (three studies; 679 participants; RR 3.64, 95% CI 1.74-7.61; I[2]=0%). Mortality estimates remained directionally stable in sensitivity analysis. Adding a large study using peak in-hospital glucose preserved the mortality association but produced substantial heterogeneity for ventilation. Etiological evidence showed no uniform post-COVID trajectory: insulin resistance or glycemic abnormalities resolved in some populations, persisted in others, and progressed toward newly diagnosed diabetes in a subset. Mechanistic evidence implicated inflammatory stress, adipose-tissue dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, and variable β-cell responses.

CONCLUSIONS: Study-defined acute hyperglycemic phenotypes were associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in studies that also assessed insulin resistance or insulin sensitivity. These unadjusted estimates should not be interpreted as effects of a combined phenotype or as causal associations. Persistent metabolic abnormalities occurred heterogeneously, supporting standardized participant-level definitions and controlled longitudinal studies.

https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/K5FWU, identifier 10.17605/OSF.IO/K5FWU.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/metabolism
*Insulin Resistance/physiology
Prognosis
*Hyperglycemia/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Blood Glucose/metabolism
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid42953828,
year = {2026},
author = {Chauhan, R and Singh, M},
title = {Do we have different transfusion practices in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients?.},
journal = {Asian journal of transfusion science},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {418-425},
pmid = {42953828},
issn = {0973-6247},
abstract = {Hemoglobin (Hb)-based transfusion triggers are the most commonly used transfusion triggers in clinical practice at present, despite of having many drawbacks. In daily clinical practice, the traditional 10/30 rule (Hb 10 g/dL - hematocrit 30%) has been the most commonly used trigger for blood transfusions. The physiological rationale for this approach is that both Hb and hematocrit are key determinants of arterial oxygen delivery (DO2) and thus the lower limit of oxygen transport and adequate tissue oxygenation. Transfusions with allogeneic red blood cells (RBCs) can be avoided in most patients with Hb thresholds above 7 g/dL with stable hemodynamics. Although physiological transfusion triggers appear to be the most suitable for blood transfusion yet due to the lack of sufficient clinical trials their significance has not been proved. Venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), central venous oxygen saturation, arterial lactate, and near-infrared spectroscopy, when combined together seem to be most useful in avoiding premature blood transfusion. However, large clinical trials are needed to prove their suitability. Blood centers faced a huge challenge in devising a preparedness strategy to withstand COVID-19 outbreak globally. A drastic fall in the red cell inventory was observed as compared to pre-COVID-19 time period due to disproportionate decrease in blood collection and demand. A restrictive transfusion strategy was also applied in hospitals using a threshold for transfusion based on a drop in the Hb level below 7 g/dl in patients with stable hemodynamics. In patients having anemia with acute coronary syndromes, the RBCs transfusion threshold is when Hb levels fall below 8 g/dl and hematocrit below 24%. There was an increase in the demand of convalescent plasma in the initial phase of the pandemic as its benefits were overestimated. The efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma are questionable. Implementation of the most recent evidence-supported transfusion guidelines and eliminating unnecessary transfusions are considered the main goals of patient blood management programs during COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid42954205,
year = {2026},
author = {Kalininskaya, AA and Vasilieva, TP},
title = {[The determinants of health and analysis of risk factors influencing upon it: the publications review].},
journal = {Problemy sotsial'noi gigieny, zdravookhraneniia i istorii meditsiny},
volume = {34},
number = {5},
pages = {1236-1240},
doi = {10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-5-1236-1240},
pmid = {42954205},
issn = {0869-866X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Social Determinants of Health ; Risk Factors ; *Public Health ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Russia/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {In scientific literature, the concepts of health determinants and public health determinants often overlap, but have nuances. The universal definition of "public health determinant" in modern scientific literature is absent. The polysemy of the term is conditioned by differences in methodological approaches and research context. The accurate differentiation is found in the works of Russian scholars. So, health determinants are mainly regarded as social factors (as reflected in statistical data). Whereas public health determinants are considered in the light of organizational mechanisms that include health care policy and statistical monitoring. No consideration of the differences between these terms is present in scientific publications of the last decade. The WHO played key role in attracting attention to the concept of social determinants of health. The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people live, study, work, and communicate. They significantly impact on differences in population health. The article demonstrates that public health determinants represent a complex system of interrelated factors determining health risks, including socioeconomic, environmental, behavioral and biological aspects. The COVID-19 pandemic as global challenge revealed additional risks of development and complications of chronic pathology that highlights necessity of comprehensive approach to monitoring and counteracting health risks. This research results can serve as a basis for scientific studies and practical initiatives in health care field targeted to minimization of risks and to health preservation of population on National scale. The development of strategies counteracting public health threats is to be based on modern methods of monitoring and enhancement of preventive activities.},
}

Humans
*Social Determinants of Health
Risk Factors
*Public Health
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Russia/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42224418,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, C and Okoli, GN and Chen, R and Sullivan, SG and Cowling, BJ},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Attenuation of Breakthrough Infection Severity: A Systematic Global Review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America},
volume = {83},
number = {4},
pages = {535-545},
doi = {10.1093/cid/ciag346},
pmid = {42224418},
issn = {1537-6591},
support = {HKU SRFS2021-7S03//University Grants Committee/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; *Vaccine Efficacy ; Breakthrough Infections ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Severity of Illness Index ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines provide strong protection against severe outcomes but do not fully prevent infection, and the extent to which they attenuate disease severity among breakthrough infections remains unclear. Existing evidence is limited by small sample sizes, potential selection bias, and inconsistent findings.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic selection and meta-analysis of studies identified from a living systematic review of global observational studies reporting vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic infection and hospitalization. We computed the relative VE (rVE) against hospitalization versus symptomatic infection for matched VE pairs, representing vaccine-induced attenuation of severity. Multilevel meta-analysis and metaregression were used to pool estimates and assess effect modifiers.

RESULTS: A total of 184 VE pairs from 37 studies were included. The pooled rVE was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 39%, 60%) for broadly defined symptomatic infection and 19% (95% CI: 12%, 25%) for medically attended symptomatic infection, indicating significant attenuation of disease severity among vaccinated cases. Given substantial heterogeneity, interpretation focused on stratified and adjusted analyses. Attenuation was lower in older adults aged ≥60 years and showed no significant waning over time. Variant patterns differed by endpoint definition: attenuation was weaker for Omicron subvariants when broadly defined symptomatic infection was the comparator. No significant differences were observed between vaccine platforms.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination markedly reduces the risk of progression from symptomatic infection to hospitalization. Attenuation of severity was sustained over time and did not differ significantly by vaccine platform but was lower in older adults and varied by symptomatic-infection definition and variant period.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/immunology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
*Vaccine Efficacy
Breakthrough Infections
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Severity of Illness Index
Vaccination

@article {pmid42554662,
year = {2026},
author = {Munblit, D and Buonsenso, D and Olliaro, PL and Semple, MG and Greenhawt, MJ and Genuneit, J and Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L and Wilder-Smith, A and Warner, JO and Chang, AY and Sultan, F and Putri, ND and Poland, GA and Bush, A and Boaventura, V and Apfelbacher, C and Ulloa-Gutierrez, R and Watson, HR and Oliveira, CR and Reyes, LF},
title = {Vaccines, Bias, and the Perils of Non-peer-reviewed Studies: Fueling Misinformation and Vaccine Hesitancy.},
journal = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America},
volume = {83},
number = {4},
pages = {e892-e899},
doi = {10.1093/cid/ciag403},
pmid = {42554662},
issn = {1537-6591},
support = {//Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation/ ; //Scottish Government/ ; //Integrum Scientific/ ; //MedEx Solutions/ ; //Chiesi Farmaceutici/ ; //Pfizer/ ; /WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; /AMS_/Academy of Medical Sciences/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology ; *Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; *Communication ; Bias ; *Vaccination/psychology ; },
abstract = {Unvetted scientific claims about vaccines can spread rapidly and undermine decades of progress in immunization and public trust. A recent non-peer-reviewed analysis, promoted at political hearings, in the documentary "An Inconvenient Study," and on social media, has been used to suggest that vaccinated children experience higher rates of chronic illness than unvaccinated peers. Despite standard regression models, critical flaws - uncontrolled confounding, exposure misclassification, unequal follow-up, and outcome multiplicity, invalidate causal inference. An independent group of international experts critically appraises this analysis and contrast its claims with the consistent evidence confirming vaccine safety and effectiveness. We also show how poorly designed studies can distort public discourse, amplify misinformation, and fuel vaccine hesitancy. We outline actions to strengthen research integrity, such as transparent data sharing, labeling of non-peer-reviewed content, and evidence-based communication. Safeguarding public health demands that vaccine evidence be methodologically sound, reviewed, and interpreted by qualified experts.},
}

Humans
*Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology
*Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage
*Communication
Bias
*Vaccination/psychology

@article {pmid42777291,
year = {2026},
author = {de Sousa Praxedes, CE and Alves de Sousa Santinha, G and de Araújo Soares Nuto, S and Junior Freire, RW and Gomes Ribeiro, K and Monteiro de Andrade, LO},
title = {[Social determinants and COVID-19 mortality: Systematic review of the role of primary care].},
journal = {Atencion primaria},
volume = {58},
number = {11},
pages = {103617},
pmid = {42777291},
issn = {1578-1275},
mesh = {*Primary Health Care ; *COVID-19/mortality ; Humans ; *Social Determinants of Health ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Pneumonia, Viral/mortality ; *Coronavirus Infections/mortality ; Socioeconomic Disparities in Health ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To synthesize associations between social determinants and COVID-19 mortality and examine the role of primary care.

DESIGN: Systematic review registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024502678) and reported according to PRISMA 2020.

DATA SOURCES: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish.

STUDY SELECTION: Observational studies addressing social determinants, COVID-19 mortality, and primary care.

DATA EXTRACTION: Country, design, determinants, role of primary care, outcome, and association measures.

RESULTS: Of 259 records, 24 studies were included; 14 were conducted in the US and 13 had an ecological design. In a Spanish cohort, income<€18,000 was associated with higher mortality (aOR 3.29; 95% CI 2.16-5.03), consistent with other studies of deprivation. Across 3141 US counties, the highest social-vulnerability quintile had higher mortality (RR 2.42; 95% CI 2.22-2.64), with a similar direction in other territorial analyses. In Georgia, primary care professional shortage was associated with higher mortality (RR 1.74; 95% CI 1.00-3.00), whereas in Texas greater primary care physician density was associated with lower odds of recording a death (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.89-0.99). Race/ethnicity-related effects varied by context. Methodological heterogeneity, predominance of ecological designs, and concentration of US studies limit generalizability.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 mortality was socially stratified and territorially modulated. Primary care showed associations compatible with a partial mitigating effect but does not replace redistributive and intersectoral policies.},
}

*Primary Health Care
*COVID-19/mortality
Humans
*Social Determinants of Health
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
*Pneumonia, Viral/mortality
*Coronavirus Infections/mortality
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health

@article {pmid42865313,
year = {2026},
author = {Taher, L and Arellano, J and Al-Harthi, L},
title = {Revisiting What HIV in the Brain Can Teach Us About SARS-CoV-2 Neurological Complications.},
journal = {AIDS research and human retroviruses},
volume = {42},
number = {12},
pages = {335-342},
doi = {10.1177/08892229261491499},
pmid = {42865313},
issn = {1931-8405},
support = {R56 NS136172/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Brain/virology/pathology/immunology ; *Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology ; *HIV Infections/complications/immunology/virology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {In 2021, a Perspective article suggested that principles of HIV neuropathogenesis could provide a conceptual framework for understanding the neurological complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection when mechanistic evidence was limited. Five years later, extensive clinical, neuropathological, and experimental studies allow reassessment of that framework. Current evidence has shifted emphasis away from direct viral infection of the central nervous system toward host-mediated mechanisms involving persistent immune activation, endothelial dysfunction, glial activation, thromboinflammation, and disruption of the neuroimmune axis. At the same time, persistent viral antigens and adaptive immune responses, including autoantibodies in subsets of patients, have expanded our understanding of the biological heterogeneity underlying post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection with neurological manifestations. This Perspective revisits the original framework in light of these advances and examines how concepts derived from HIV neuropathogenesis continue to inform our understanding of persistent neurological dysfunction following SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/immunology
SARS-CoV-2
*Brain/virology/pathology/immunology
*Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology
*HIV Infections/complications/immunology/virology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid42946966,
year = {2026},
author = {McCartney, G and Walsh, D},
title = {A global overview of mortality inequalities between countries and by ranked socio-economic circumstances within countries.},
journal = {Journal of internal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/joim.70179},
pmid = {42946966},
issn = {1365-2796},
abstract = {Health inequalities are seen between populations, social groups in the same population and across populations ranked by social position. This paper focuses on trends in inequalities between countries and socio-economic inequalities in mortality within them. Mortality in most countries has improved since 1950 with some exceptions, notably: Younger adults in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa were associated with civil war, structural adjustment programmes and human immunodeficiency virus during the 1980s/1990s; the former USSR after the rapid adoption of neoliberal economic policies; European countries which implemented austerity in the 2010s; and globally in the shadow of COVID-19. Mortality differences between countries have narrowed, with the gap between the best and worst thirds of countries declining from 20.5 years for males and 22.6 years for females in 2000 to 15.6 years and 16.0 years, respectively, by 2021. Data for within-country inequalities are sparse and subject to measurement issues. Where trend data are available, they vary according to location and political context. For example, across many high-income countries, mortality inequalities improved in absolute terms between the 1990s and the early 2010s; however, relative inequalities widened. Inequalities in parts of Europe widened after 2012, reflecting austerity policies impacting the social and economic determinants of health, particularly for the poorest. Comparisons of between-country levels of inequality are problematic due to uncertainties of data recording and comparability; nonetheless, existing evidence demonstrates wider inequalities within particular 'neoliberal' political contexts. Future challenges include addressing such political determinants alongside the overlapping threats of climate change, social polarization, misinformation and erosion of democratic structures.},
}

@article {pmid42947928,
year = {2026},
author = {Penner, J and Fanella, S},
title = {La prise en charge des infections bactériennes de la peau et des tissus mous d'origine communautaire et la prévention des récurrences chez les enfants.},
journal = {Paediatrics & child health},
volume = {31},
number = {7},
pages = {828-838},
pmid = {42947928},
issn = {1205-7088},
abstract = {Les infections de la peau et des tissus mous comptent parmi les maladies infectieuses les plus fréquentes chez les enfants. Leur gravité varie entre des infections simples spontanément résolutives et de graves syndromes nécrosants qui exigent la prise d'antibiotiques par voie intraveineuse, une intervention chirurgicale et des soins intensifs. Une barrière cutanée incomplète, découlant d'affections pédiatriques courantes comme l'eczéma et les abrasions cutanées, prédispose à l'infection. Lorsqu'il faut administrer des antibiotiques, le choix et la durée du traitement devraient dépendre des organismes les plus probables en cause, des profils de sensibilité possibles et des différences épidémiologiques selon les régions. Des traitements inappropriés au moyen d'antibiotiques à trop large spectre ou d'une durée trop prolongée sont nuisibles au microbiome, accroissent les effets secondaires des antimicrobiens, perpétuent la colonisation des organismes résistants et précipitent ainsi la résistance aux antimicrobiens. Le présent document de principes fournit aux prestataires de soins une boîte à outils pour la prise en charge optimale des infections bactériennes de la peau et des tissus mous, y compris les épisodes récurrents. Il n'aborde pas les principes thérapeutiques de ce type d'infections chez les patients immunodéprimés ou brûlés, en raison de la prise en charge complexe nécessaire dans ces deux contextes.},
}

@article {pmid42947933,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, Y and Cao, R and Su, Y},
title = {Review research progress, critical reflections and future prospects of digital care for chronic diseases.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1968554},
pmid = {42947933},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; Chronic Disease/therapy ; Digital Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Telemedicine ; *Digital Technology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The global prevalence of chronic diseases is becoming increasingly severe, and traditional care models are confronted with multiple challenges, including uneven distribution of medical resources, insufficient continuity of care, and inadequate patient self-management capacity. The rapid iteration of digital technologies and the catalyst of the COVID-19 pandemic have driven chronic disease care into a new phase of digital transformation. Based on relevant studies published from 2021 to 2026, this paper structures its analysis around a core logical framework: evidence-based evidence, care models, population adaptability and practical implementation. It systematically reviews the core technical systems and innovative characteristics of care models in digital chronic disease care, deeply analyzes the adaptive differences across diverse populations and disease types, and conducts critical reflections from the perspectives of evidence quality, health equity, clinical applicability, and homogeneity in intervention design. Finally, it puts forward future development directions centered on precision, localization, equity, and integration. The study reveals that digital chronic disease care has formed four core technological systems in application: intelligent sensing, digital behavioral intervention, immersive technology, and artificial intelligence (AI) and big data. Care models demonstrate innovative trends of nurse leadership, multi-dimensional collaboration, and caregiver empowerment. Nevertheless, prominent issues persist, such as insufficient high-quality evidence, a striking digital divide, difficulties in clinical integration, and a lack of personalized design. In the future, deep integration of technological innovation with clinical demands, enhanced targeted interventions for vulnerable populations, implementation of localized long-term studies, and improvement of policy and ethical guarantee systems are required. These efforts will promote the shift of digital chronic disease care from technology-driven to evidence-driven and demand-driven models, ultimately improving the overall efficiency of chronic disease management and health equity.},
}

Humans
Chronic Disease/therapy
Digital Health
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Telemedicine
*Digital Technology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42948244,
year = {2026},
author = {He, C and Xue, Y and Liu, Y and Xu, ZC and Zhao, RQ and Sun, JY and Meng, JF and Song, MR and Zhang, ZJ and Gui, QF},
title = {From past to present and toward the future: a mechanism-informed clinical framework for COVID-19-associated headache and post-viral pain.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1937278},
pmid = {42948244},
issn = {1664-2295},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Headache/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology/virology ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Pain/etiology ; },
abstract = {Headache is a prominent acute and persistent neurological manifestation of COVID-19, representing both as a significant clinical challenge and a valuable model for understanding the neurotropic effects of SARS-CoV-2. This review synthesizes evidence showing that the epidemiology of COVID-19 headache is distinctly shaped by younger age, female sex, and a prior history of headache disorders; its clinical phenotypes are diverse, strongly associating with chemosensory dysfunctions such as anosmia; and its core pathophysiology involves neuroinflammation (e.g., cytokine-mediated pathways), trigeminovascular activation, and sex-specific neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Although acute headache often responds to conventional analgesics, persistent cases-a major component of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)-necessitate a multidisciplinary management approach. This contrasts with the typically self-limiting headache following vaccination. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to define chronicity, mechanistic investigations into sex-specific pathways, and the development of phenotype-specific, personalized therapeutic strategies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Headache/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology/virology
Female
SARS-CoV-2
*Pain/etiology

@article {pmid42948253,
year = {2026},
author = {Hasoon, J and Yazdi, C and Robinson, CL},
title = {Telemedicine for chronic pain management in rural populations: a narrative review.},
journal = {Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1907994},
pmid = {42948253},
issn = {2673-561X},
abstract = {Chronic pain is among the most prevalent and burdensome health conditions in the United States, disproportionately affecting rural populations who face compounding barriers to specialty care, including geographic distance, transportation burden, specialist shortages, and limited access to multidisciplinary services. These structural inequities contribute to persistent disparities in pain prevalence, pain-related disability, and opioid utilization. Telemedicine is a promising strategy for reducing this access gap, with adoption accelerating markedly following the COVID-19 pandemic. This narrative review examines telemedicine for chronic pain management in rural populations across synchronous video visits, telephone-based encounters, asynchronous electronic consultations, telerehabilitation, tele-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy, and mobile health applications. The evidence base is strongest for remotely delivered cognitive behavioral therapy and selected telerehabilitation interventions, whereas evidence for specialty video programs, electronic consultations, Veterans Health Administration programs, and mobile health remains more heterogeneous and frequently observational. Telemedicine can improve access, psychological outcomes, functional status, and patient convenience while reducing travel burden, but it does not consistently improve pain intensity and may worsen inequities when broadband, device access, digital literacy, or privacy are inadequate. Important implementation challenges include limitations of the remote physical examination, variable patient preferences, technology anxiety, and regulatory uncertainty governing telemedicine prescribing of controlled substances. A hybrid model that uses structured triage, low-bandwidth alternatives, technology-navigation support, standardized opioid monitoring, and clearly defined triggers for in-person evaluation represents the most pragmatic framework for rural chronic pain care in the U.S. context.},
}

@article {pmid42933996,
year = {2026},
author = {Soiza, RL and Veronese, N},
title = {Recent research on vaccines for older adults.},
journal = {Age and ageing},
volume = {55},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/ageing/afag313},
pmid = {42933996},
issn = {1468-2834},
mesh = {Humans ; Aged ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Vaccination ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination Hesitancy ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Vaccine Efficacy ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Aging ; *Vaccines ; },
abstract = {Vaccination is increasingly recognised as a cornerstone of healthy ageing and geriatric care, extending beyond the prevention of infectious disease to potentially influence broader health outcomes. This Commentary article commemorates the launch of Age and Ageing's vaccines collection by highlighting key vaccine-related research published in the journal. It focuses on vaccine uptake, effectiveness and emerging research priorities for older adults. Uptake of recommended vaccines, including influenza, COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus and pneumococcal vaccines, remains variable internationally and is challenged by vaccine hesitancy. Successful vaccination programmes combine healthcare professional education, centralised reminder systems and easy access to vaccination services. Studies involving care-home residents demonstrated that COVID-19 vaccines provided substantial protection against infection and, particularly, mortality, although effectiveness declines over time and is influenced by immunosenescence. Immunological studies reveal weaker vaccine responses among infection-naïve older adults, supporting the importance of booster programmes and strategies to enhance immunity. Emerging evidence also suggests that interventions such as probiotics may improve vaccine immunogenicity, although further high-quality trials are required. Beyond infection prevention, observational data indicate that several vaccines, may be associated with a reduced risk of dementia, particularly vascular dementia, though causal relationships remain unproven. Looking forward, greater inclusion of frail older adults and care home residents in vaccine trials is essential to strengthen the evidence base. Future research should support the development of novel vaccines, improve preparedness for future pandemics and optimise vaccination strategies to maximise healthy ageing and preserve function in later life.},
}

Humans
Aged
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Vaccination
COVID-19 Vaccines
SARS-CoV-2
Vaccination Hesitancy
Pandemics/prevention & control
Vaccine Efficacy
Aged, 80 and over
*Aging
*Vaccines

@article {pmid42934861,
year = {2026},
author = {Al-Mansour, M and Alhejazi, A and Alsaggaf, MA and Malhan, HM and El Fakih, R and Dada, R and Alotaibi, GS and Almaghrabi, RS and Alshamrani, M},
title = {Prophylaxis Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adults With Hematological Malignancies in Saudi Arabia: Consensus Statements From the Working Group on COVID-19 Management in Hematological Malignancies.},
journal = {Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {9},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42934861},
issn = {2573-8348},
support = {//AstraZeneca/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology/complications/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/virology/immunology ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/isolation & purification ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Adult ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the end of the pandemic phase, patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) remain vulnerable to severe COVID-19 infection and mortality. Prophylaxis strategies, including vaccination and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) like AZD7442, are crucial for protection. In Saudi Arabia, the incidence of HMs has risen, emphasizing the need for locally adapted prophylaxis strategies.

AIMS: This consensus provides recommendations for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection prophylaxis in adults with HMs in Saudi Arabia.

METHODS: We employed a modified Delphi approach to develop recommendations for minimizing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with HMs. A multidisciplinary expert panel of hematologists, oncologists, and infectious disease specialists was formed. The Delphi process involved three voting rounds. Consensus was achieved if there was ≥ 80% agreement.

RESULTS: The present consensus consists of 24 statements. The panel agreed that the currently recommended COVID-19 vaccination is the frontline prophylactic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis or severe COVID-19 in patients with HMs. They also agreed that patients with HMs should receive at least one booster dose of an updated COVID-19 vaccine, and that vaccination should not delay scheduled treatment. With regard to patients in the high-risk group, pre-exposure long-acting mAbs may be considered when activity against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants has been demonstrated, and the agent is locally available and approved by the relevant regulatory authorities. The mAbs should be started, even if the patient is under treatment. In the case of vaccinated patients, the long-acting mAbs should be administered at least 2 weeks after vaccination.

CONCLUSION: There is a need for tailored prophylactic strategies to protect high-risk immunocompromised patients from COVID-19. Key recommendations include the need for booster doses of the updated vaccines, according to national availability, and the use of long-acting mAbs for pre-exposure prophylaxis, only when activity against circulating variants has been demonstrated, and the product is locally available and approved by the relevant regulatory authority.},
}

Humans
*Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology/complications/epidemiology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/virology/immunology
Saudi Arabia/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/isolation & purification
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
Adult
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Vaccination

@article {pmid42936273,
year = {2026},
author = {Gorrie, N and Montgomery, E and McCaughan, G and Carroll, AS and Bart, NK},
title = {Cardiac amyloidosis: recognition, diagnosis and management.},
journal = {Australian prescriber},
volume = {49},
number = {5},
pages = {174-181},
pmid = {42936273},
issn = {0312-8008},
abstract = {Cardiac amyloidosis is an under-recognised but treatable condition characterised by insoluble protein deposition in the heart and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is most commonly caused by transthyretin (known as transthyretin [ATTR] amyloidosis) but may also be caused by a plasma cell dyscrasia (known as light chain [AL] amyloidosis). Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients with heart failure and other suggestive features (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral and/or autonomic neuropathy), particularly in those aged over 65 years. Findings from a standard work-up for heart failure may raise the possibility of cardiac amyloidosis, such as unexplained cardiac biomarker elevation or left ventricular wall thickening on an echocardiogram. Early investigation can begin in primary care. Monoclonal protein testing is essential to exclude AL amyloidosis, which requires urgent haematology review and treatment. Standard heart failure assessment should also be undertaken if not already performed. Patients with suspected cardiac amyloidosis should be promptly referred to a cardiologist or amyloidosis centre for confirmatory testing, which, in most cases, can be done noninvasively. Treatment of ATTR includes disease-modifying therapies (tafamidis, vutrisiran) and heart failure management, predominantly with diuretics and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. All patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter should be anticoagulated regardless of CHA2DS2-VA score. Early recognition, timely referral and multidisciplinary care are essential to improve outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42936831,
year = {2026},
author = {Yasin, A and Ibrahim, N},
title = {Mapping Global Research on Depression Among Medical Students: A Bibliometric and Conceptual Analysis (2001-2025).},
journal = {The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS},
volume = {33},
number = {4},
pages = {37-50},
pmid = {42936831},
issn = {1394-195X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The importance of mental health among medical students has gained worldwide recognition, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. High rates of depression among medical students have drawn the attention of researchers, who have sought to identify and explore the factors related to the onset of depression. This study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on depression among medical students and developed a conceptual framework highlighting the interaction of various factors contributing to the onset and maintenance of depression.

METHODS: This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 467 papers retrieved from the Scopus database between 2001 and 2025. The eligibility criterion was articles that contained the terms "depression" and "medical students" in their titles. This systematic approach ensured a manageable dataset for analysis. Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer were used for an in-depth analysis of publication trends, affiliations, countries, prolific authors, and major journals and sources regarding depression among medical students.

RESULTS: The highest number of papers published was in 2022, while the United States was identified as the most productive country. Co-occurrence analysis identified eight core themes: psychosocial factors, affective-cognitive factors, psychological stressors, coping mechanisms, burnout, mental health and well-being, academic performance, and lifestyle factors of depression among medical students.

CONCLUSION: This study significantly contributes to the field by constructing a comprehensive conceptual framework that logically organises thematic factors into predictors, moderators, and outcome variables, and is expected to guide future research and align with emerging trends in this domain. Additionally, this study highlights the need for global collaboration on many topics in this field and urges the development of suitable psychological preventive strategies to reduce the rate of depression among medical students.},
}

@article {pmid42937268,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, WH and Lin, CK and Hong, SA and Waits, A},
title = {Mental Health Outcomes Among Migrant Caregivers: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Supportive Interventions.},
journal = {The International journal of social psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {207640261496539},
doi = {10.1177/00207640261496539},
pmid = {42937268},
issn = {1741-2854},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Migrant caregivers play an essential role in addressing global shortages in long-term and domestic care. However, demanding working conditions, social isolation, and migration-related stressors may adversely affect their mental health, while evidence on prevalence, determinants, and effective interventions remains fragmented. This systematic review aimed to synthesize global evidence on the prevalence of mental health outcomes among migrant caregivers, identify associated risk factors, and summarize supportive interventions targeting their mental health.

METHODS: Eight databases were searched for studies published between January 2015 and October 2025. Eligible studies quantitatively assessed mental health outcomes among migrant caregivers or evaluated supportive mental health interventions using validated measurement tools. Due to substantial heterogeneity in study design, populations, and outcome measures, results were synthesized qualitatively.

RESULTS: A total of 48 studies were included (42 cross-sectional, 6 interventions). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, sleep problems, and caregiver burden varied widely across settings and measurement tools. Mental health outcomes were consistently associated with sociodemographic, occupational, environmental, physical health, psychosocial, migration-related, and COVID-19-related factors. Evidence on interventions was limited to six small trials, showing modest and inconsistent effects, with more consistent improvements in coping and mental health literacy than in depressive symptoms, varying by design and caregiver characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS: Migrant caregivers experience a substantial mental health burden associated with employment conditions, workplace social environments, and migration-related factors. Addressing their mental health requires both improved research designs and policy responses that extend beyond individual-level interventions to structural and social conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42939008,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, L and Tang, Y and Chen, X and Wu, Z and Xiao, J and Xiang, Q and Tian, H},
title = {Advances and Challenges in mRNA Cancer Vaccines: Individualized Design and Delivery.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42939008},
issn = {2306-5354},
abstract = {Since the widespread use of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, significant progress has also been made in mRNA cancer vaccines. Currently, mRNA cancer vaccines represent one of the most promising treatments for advanced tumors, with several candidates in clinical trials. Compared with traditional treatment methods, mRNA cancer vaccines have several advantages. However, several challenges of mRNA cancer vaccines remain, including the accurate and rapid identification of neoantigens and hotspot mutations that match different HLA types. To address these challenges, we review four key aspects of mRNA cancer vaccine development. These include neoantigen identification technologies, machine learning and AI prediction, mRNA sequence and structure design, and the development of LNP delivery systems. Additionally, we analyze the pipelines of leading companies in this field, providing insights into personalized mRNA cancer vaccines. This review also discusses future challenges and prospects, aiming to help guide this promising field toward the full realization of its potential.},
}

@article {pmid42939028,
year = {2026},
author = {Di Grezia, G and Clemente, A and Dugheri, S and Mattei, V and Gili, A and Mari, E and Urraro, F and Mucci, N and Baldassarre, A},
title = {Blockchain and Internet of Medical Things for Resilient Healthcare.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42939028},
issn = {2306-5354},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic exposed persistent weaknesses in health-data interoperability, cybersecurity, provenance, cross-organizational governance, and continuity of digital care. This short communication presents an updated focused narrative synthesis and a five-layer governance framework for integrating blockchain and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in patient-centered digital health. The literature was updated through 10 August 2026, with recent peer-reviewed evidence complemented by authoritative standards and European regulatory sources. The synthesis positions blockchain primarily as a distributed governance, provenance, and audit layer rather than a clinical database or stand-alone security solution, while IoMT provides heterogeneous sensing infrastructure for continuous and distributed care. The framework separates: (1) device and data acquisition; (2) network and edge orchestration, including 5G/SDN where clinically justified; (3) blockchain-based governance; (4) privacy-enhancing data, analytics, and AI; and (5) application and service delivery. Homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, secure aggregation, differential privacy, and federated learning are treated as complementary controls with distinct threat models and computational trade-offs. The revised framework also incorporates the European Health Data Space, the EU AI Act and its medical-device interplay, and NIS2 as a regulatory overlay. Across six use-case domains, evidence is strongest for technical feasibility, provenance, and programmable access control; evidence for clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, equity, sustainability, and large-scale deployment remains limited. The proposed model therefore emphasizes standards-based interoperability, minimization of on-chain personal data, endpoint trust, auditable human oversight, and prospective real-world validation.},
}

@article {pmid42939663,
year = {2026},
author = {Khan, MA and Khan, MH and Allemailem, KS},
title = {Thymoquinone and Its Nanoformulation for Dual Antiviral Therapy: Targeting Intracellular Viral Replication and Host Complications.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {16},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42939663},
issn = {2218-273X},
mesh = {*Benzoquinones/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage ; Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage ; *Virus Replication/drug effects ; Animals ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {Viral therapy requires effective control of intracellular viral replication while limiting harmful host responses that may contribute to disease progression and complications. Thymoquinone (TQ), a major bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa, has potential antiviral and host-protective properties, but its therapeutic implications are limited by poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and variable tissue exposure. This review critically explores TQ nanoformulations (Nano-TQ) as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations and enable dual antiviral therapy through improved intracellular delivery and modulation of virus-associated host injury. Research published between 2000 and 2026 is evaluated, with emphasis on TQ-specific antiviral activity, nanoformulation platforms, intracellular trafficking, virus-informed delivery, host complications, and translational development. Current evidence indicates that nanoformulation can improve the pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties of TQ and may facilitate delivery to disease-relevant tissues. However, direct evidence that Nano-TQ can achieve functionally relevant intracellular delivery, selectively engage virus-related targets, or provide superior antiviral efficacy over free TQ remains limited. We therefore propose that the key translational benchmark should be a reproducible therapeutic advantage coupled to intracellular TQ exposure, target engagement, and reduced infectious viral output rather than improved bioavailability alone. Future studies should integrate virus-specific infection models, PK-PD relationships, and safety assessments to progress Nano-TQ toward a clinically relevant dual-action antiviral nanomedicine.},
}

*Benzoquinones/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage
Humans
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage
*Virus Replication/drug effects
Animals
*Nanoparticles/chemistry
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid42939941,
year = {2026},
author = {Rusch, S and Mester, P and Möller, F and Müller, M and Gülow, K},
title = {Oxidative Stress and Alveolar-Capillary Barrier Failure in Sepsis- and Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated ARDS.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42939941},
issn = {2076-3921},
abstract = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the final common phenotype of diverse insults, but the route to alveolar-capillary barrier failure matters. Sepsis and severe acute pancreatitis provide an informative contrast: sepsis begins with infection and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, whereas pancreatitis is initially driven by sterile acinar-cell injury, necrosis and damage-associated molecular patterns, before infected necrosis can superimpose sepsis biology. These differences are clinically relevant since they determine whether redox-related signals must be interpreted in the context of pathogen burden and antimicrobial host defense or of initially sterile necrosis with subsequent risk of infected necrosis. In this review, we discuss how these distinct pathophysiological contexts engage NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived oxidants, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), lipid peroxidation, regulated cell death and impaired antioxidant defenses. We focus on the pulmonary endothelium and epithelium as compartments in which inflammatory and redox signals converge to disrupt barrier integrity, impair alveolar fluid clearance and promote immunothrombosis. We also discuss coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated ARDS as a viral comparator, the analytical limitations of redox biomarkers, and the value of serial, compartment-aware measurements. The central message is that oxidative stress is not a single systemic deficiency that can be corrected by generic antioxidants. Its biological and therapeutic significance depends on oxidant source, cellular compartment, microbial burden and disease phase. However, evidence for many specific redox pathways remains predominantly preclinical, and their clinical relevance requires further validation. At present, no validated redox-directed treatment-selection strategy exists; future approaches will therefore require validated target-engagement markers and phenotype- and time-specific trial designs.},
}

@article {pmid42940043,
year = {2026},
author = {Duffy, A and Schweikert, A and Tan, SY and Murphy, C and Dowling, CM and Hurley, K and Ozaki, M},
title = {Gene-Editing in Respiratory Disease: From Pre-Clinical Human Models to Future Therapeutics.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42940043},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Chronic lung diseases arise from complex interactions between environmental exposures and host genetic factors. However, these interactions are not fully understood, and despite decades of study, effective curative therapies remain unavailable for many patients. Recent breakthroughs in therapeutic gene-editing have become a reality for some inherited blood diseases and are a promising approach for monogenic lung diseases. Early-phase clinical studies are now ongoing for AATD, primarily through liver-directed editing of hepatocytes to restore circulating functional AAT and for COVID-19 using gene-edited immune cell approaches. However, direct in vivo gene-editing of pulmonary epithelial cells remains largely at the preclinical stage. Expanding this therapeutic pipeline requires overcoming the unique biological barriers of the lung and developing human-specific models that faithfully recapitulate human disease mechanisms. Advances in gene-editing technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9 systems, base and prime editors, and emerging compact nucleases, have increased the feasibility of precise genomic correction. However, safe and efficient delivery directly to the lung remains a major unmet challenge due to mucus, surfactant, epithelial tight junctions, and innate immune surveillance. Delivery systems such as engineered AAVs, lentiviral vectors, selective organ targeting lipid nanoparticles and aerosolizable formulations like nebulised or dry powder nanoparticles are beginning to address these obstacles. In parallel, human preclinical models have evolved from traditional cell lines to more sophisticated platforms such as iPSC-derived airway and alveolar cells, organoids, precision-cut lung slices, air-liquid interface cultures, organ-on-a-chip devices, and patient-derived primary cells. These models enable mechanistic interrogation, variant-specific functional assessment, and preclinical evaluation of gene-editing strategies with increased physiological relevance. In this review, we detail current and emerging gene-editing tools, delivery strategies, and human-relevant disease models. We highlight key translational barriers and discuss how advanced human models combined with improved delivery technologies can accelerate the development of safe and effective gene-editing therapeutics for chronic respiratory disease.},
}

@article {pmid42940620,
year = {2026},
author = {Vampertzi, O and Iosifidis, E and Zelilidou, A and Farmaki, E and Vargiami, E},
title = {Infections and Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review of Evidence Since the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42940620},
issn = {2227-9067},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a common autoimmune encephalitis affecting children and adolescents. Its development has been associated with preceding or concomitant infections, particularly herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This scoping review characterized the association between infections and pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis, focusing on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis from January 2020 to August 2025. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework. PubMed was systematically searched using the terms NMDAR encephalitis AND infections AND children. Of 110 identified records, 13 studies met the predefined eligibility criteria. Results: HSV-1 was the most consistently reported infectious association, particularly in younger children. Clinical phenotype varied with age, with neurological manifestations predominating in younger children and psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms becoming more prominent in adolescents. HSV-associated cases, particularly following extensive HSV-related brain injury, were associated with greater residual neurological morbidity and less favorable long-term outcomes. Other infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza B, and norovirus, were reported less frequently, with limited evidence regarding their impact on disease course. Immunotherapeutic strategies were generally similar irrespective of preceding infection, although active or treatment-associated infections could influence treatment timing, sequencing, and infectious-risk considerations. Earlier immunotherapy was associated with more favorable neurological recovery. Conclusions: Infectious exposures, particularly HSV-1, appear to be associated with pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis, although causality cannot be established from the predominantly retrospective and case-based literature. Prospective, multicenter studies using standardized diagnostic and outcome measures are needed to clarify the infection-autoimmunity relationship and optimize early recognition and management.},
}

@article {pmid42941308,
year = {2026},
author = {Ohshiro, Y},
title = {Recovery-Phase Viral Pancreatitis (RVP): Proposal of a New Clinical Framework Arising During the Natural Course of Viral Infection.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42941308},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {We propose recovery-phase viral pancreatitis (RVP) as a new clinical framework for acute pancreatitis arising during natural recovery from viral infection. Although pancreatic injury during acute viral illness has been widely reported, pancreatitis arising after improvement of systemic viral symptoms remains poorly characterized. We conducted a focused narrative review with descriptive case-level analysis of published reports of virus-associated acute pancreatitis. We identified 19 cases of recovery-phase pancreatitis involving multiple unrelated viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, dengue virus, hepatitis A virus, and Epstein-Barr virus, although most cases (13/19, 68%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2. We propose a hypothetical two-hit model in which possible pancreatic viral involvement or antigen persistence during acute infection (Hit 1) is followed by recovery-associated immune recognition and pancreatic inflammation (Hit 2). Though RVP may share pathophysiological features with classical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), we believe it should be distinguished from IRIS because it arises during the natural course of viral infection. RVP has been described after hospital discharge and may therefore represent an underrecognized temporal association, in which its relationship to the preceding viral infection may be overlooked. Recognition of RVP may facilitate appropriate diagnosis of pancreatitis arising during recovery from viral infection and provide a framework for future mechanistic investigations.},
}

@article {pmid42941771,
year = {2026},
author = {Tata, FY and Nxumalo, MB and Ntanzi, N and Mushebenge, AG and Khan, RB and Kumalo, HM},
title = {Metabolic Milieu and Susceptibility: The Combined Benefits of Targeting AMPK and ACE2 for Metabolic Disorders and COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42941771},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; COVID-19/metabolism ; *AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Metabolic Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy ; Animals ; *Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; Metformin/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/metabolism ; Pandemics ; *Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The convergence of metabolic dysfunction and infectious diseases has become increasingly evident, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) emerge as pivotal molecular regulators linking metabolic homeostasis, endothelial integrity, immune modulation, and viral pathogenesis. Metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are marked by insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, collectively increasing susceptibility to severe viral infections and outcomes. This review examines experimental, computational, and translational evidence exploring the interplay between AMPK and ACE2, focusing on metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory pathways relevant to viral infections. Recent findings show a bidirectional functional relationship between AMPK and ACE2, where AMPK phosphorylation supports ACE2 expression and function, and ACE2 signaling reciprocally enhances AMPK activity, forming a protective metabolic-vascular loop. Disruption of this axis, particularly through SARS-CoV-2-induced ACE2 degradation, exacerbates metabolic deterioration, vascular damage, and exaggerated inflammatory responses. Preclinical and in silico studies show that pharmacological AMPK activators, including metformin and bioactive flavonoids, demonstrate pleiotropic metabolic, anti-inflammatory, endothelial protective, and potential antiviral activities, hinting at the therapeutic potential of modulating the AMPK-ACE2 axis, despite the limited clinical application of flavonoids. The AMPK-ACE2 axis represents an important molecular link between metabolic regulation, renovascular health, and immune defense mechanisms. This evaluation connects AMPK and ACE2 from isolated signaling nodes into a coordinated pharmacological axis with implications for interventions in cardiometabolic and viral diseases. Future research should prioritize mechanistic validation and conduct integrated experimental and clinical investigations to establish AMPK-ACE2 co-targeting as a viable therapeutic strategy for mitigating cardiometabolic disease burden and enhancing resilience against viral infections.},
}

Humans
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
COVID-19/metabolism
*AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
*Metabolic Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy
Animals
*Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
Metformin/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Signal Transduction/drug effects
*Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/metabolism
Pandemics
*Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/metabolism

@article {pmid42942106,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, J and Chen, Y and Zhang, Y and Xie, Q and Yin, G},
title = {Interferon-Induced Protein 6 (IFI6): Biological Functions, Molecular Mechanisms and Pathological Roles in Human Diseases.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942106},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {82572070//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology ; *Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Virus Diseases/metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Animals ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Interferon (IFN)-induced protein 6 (IFI6) is an important member of the IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) family. It plays significant roles in anti-apoptosis, immune regulation, maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, antiviral defense, and tumor progression. At the molecular mechanism level, IFI6 inhibits mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. It also regulates the balance between B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), activates the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) pathways, and upregulates the ferroptosis-related proteins solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), thereby enhancing cell survival and proliferation through multiple pathways. In terms of immune regulation, IFI6 is associated with immune cells (such as T/B cells, etc.) and the tumor microenvironment. IFI6 regulates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, influencing respiratory chain assembly and metabolism. In terms of viral infection, IFI6 may inhibit the replication of multiple viruses (such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), SARS-CoV-2, etc.) by inhibiting flavivirus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) invagination, interfering with retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor signaling pathways, and inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase activity. In addition, IFI6 is highly expressed in autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors and is associated with proliferation, metastasis, and poor prognosis. In this review, we aim to highlight IFI6 as a potential key target in disease diagnosis and treatment.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology
*Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Signal Transduction
Virus Diseases/metabolism
Mitochondria/metabolism
Animals
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism

@article {pmid42942118,
year = {2026},
author = {Nemat-Gorgani, M and Jensen, MA and Davis, RW},
title = {The Glymphatic-Meningeal Lymphatic System and Autophagy in ME/CFS and Long COVID: A Mechanistic Perspective.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942118},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Autophagy ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Glymphatic System/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/pathology/metabolism/physiopathology ; *Meninges/metabolism/pathology ; *Lymphatic System/metabolism ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) are complex multisystem disorders affecting 60-400 million individuals globally. They are considered post-infectious illnesses and share similar biological mechanisms, including immune dysregulation, orthostatic intolerance and cognitive dysfunction, highlighting a substantial overlap between the two conditions. Persistent fatigue, sleep dysfunction, post-exertional malaise and brain fog are among some of their most common and debilitating symptoms. Despite extensive research, they remain incurable, with no effective treatments, or simple diagnostic tests. They are increasingly understood as heterogeneous, multisystem diseases, involving neurological symptoms, with varying severities and diverse underlying biological abnormalities. More recently, the possibility of glymphatic dysfunction and autophagy impairment have been proposed as parts of the mechanistic features of the pathophysiology of these conditions, which are discussed more fully in the present perspective. With the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems being operationally integrated, we will try to delineate how the metabolic waste removal mechanism afforded by this system may work together with autophagy to maintain brain homeostasis. We will provide some of the established mechanistic features of toxicity of misfolded proteins, explore their role in causing glymphatic dysfunction and impairing autophagy, and discuss the potential for therapeutic interventions.},
}

Humans
*Autophagy
*COVID-19/complications
*Glymphatic System/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/pathology/metabolism/physiopathology
*Meninges/metabolism/pathology
*Lymphatic System/metabolism
Animals

@article {pmid42942120,
year = {2026},
author = {Rathored, J and Shende, S},
title = {Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D Receptors and Serum Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Patients After Immunization: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942120},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Receptors, Calcitriol/immunology/metabolism ; *Vitamin D/blood/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Signal Transduction ; Immunomodulation ; Vaccination ; Cytokines/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive strategy. However, variation in immune response after immunization has been observed among individuals. vitamin D plays a crucial role in immune regulation through activation of the VDR, which is expressed on various immune cells. The role of vitamin D status in post-vaccination immune responses among COVID-19 patients has gained increasing scientific interest. This narrative review evaluates the immunomodulatory roles of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and serum vitamin D status in COVID-19 patients following vaccination, with particular emphasis on immune mechanisms, inflammatory regulation, and vaccine-induced immune responses. The relevant literature concerning vitamin D, VDR signaling, COVID-19 infection, vaccination, and immune responses was comprehensively reviewed. Emphasis was placed on studies discussing immune modulation, cytokine regulation, and antibody responses. Current evidence suggests that adequate serum vitamin D status may support both innate and adaptive immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination. Activation of the VDR regulates T-cell differentiation, modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and supports humoral immune responses. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with impaired vaccine responsiveness and persistent systemic inflammation. Vitamin D and VDR-mediated signaling pathways appear to play important roles in regulating immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination. Maintaining optimal vitamin D levels may help improve vaccine-induced immunity and reduce excessive inflammatory responses.},
}

Humans
*Receptors, Calcitriol/immunology/metabolism
*Vitamin D/blood/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Signal Transduction
Immunomodulation
Vaccination
Cytokines/metabolism

@article {pmid42942431,
year = {2026},
author = {Trif, P and Galiș, R and Mudura, D and Kramer, BW and Ștefan, L and Zaha, DC and Murvai, RV and Ștefăroi, I and Mazela, J and Jurca, CM},
title = {Impacts of COVID-19 on Maternal and Newborn Healthcare Delivery in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: A Scoping Review and Proposal for a Resilience Framework.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {62},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942431},
issn = {1648-9144},
support = {//University of Oradea/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Maternal Health Services/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted maternal and newborn healthcare worldwide, necessitating rapid reorganization of healthcare services while maintaining essential care. Evidence from Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CESEE) remains fragmented despite the region's heterogeneous healthcare systems and variable pandemic responses. This scoping review synthesized the available evidence on maternal and newborn healthcare delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes a Maternal and Newborn Healthcare Resilience Framework (MNRF) to integrate the findings across key domains of healthcare resilience. Materials and Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched, with Google Scholar used as a supplementary search source. Eligible publications were published between 1 January 2020 and 31 May 2026. Evidence was synthesized across four predefined MNRF domains: access and continuity of care, healthcare organization and system capacity, quality and family-centered care, and maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes. Results: Twelve publications met the inclusion criteria; several represented analyses derived from shared or partially overlapping datasets, particularly the multinational IMAgiNE EURO project. Across CESEE countries with available evidence, the pandemic disrupted access to antenatal services, accelerated the implementation of telemedicine, and prompted extensive reorganization of maternity and neonatal care. Family-centered practices, including birth companionship, skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding support, and shared decision-making, were consistently affected. Maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes showed no consistent regional pattern of deterioration in the included evidence; however, data were limited and heterogeneous, and localized increases in stillbirths and changes in neonatal healthcare utilization were reported. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed important vulnerabilities and prompted substantial adaptations in maternal and newborn healthcare delivery in the represented CESEE settings. The MNRF provides a structured, hypothesis-generating conceptual model for organizing these experiences and identifying priorities for preparedness and future research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Infant, Newborn
Female
Pregnancy
Europe/epidemiology
*Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration
SARS-CoV-2
*Maternal Health Services/organization & administration

@article {pmid42942991,
year = {2026},
author = {Velázquez De Castro-Bono, A and Castro-Luna, G and Guil-Guerrero, JL},
title = {Beyond Neuroinflammation: Targeting the Microbe-Barrier-Brain Axis Through Precision Nutrition in Neurological Long COVID (Neuro-PASC).},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {18},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942991},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Biomarkers/blood ; *Precision Medicine/methods ; *Nervous System Diseases ; Dysbiosis ; *Brain/metabolism ; Intestinal Barrier Function ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; Haptoglobins ; Protein Precursors ; },
abstract = {Post-acute Neurological Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Neuro-PASC) contribute substantially to Long COVID-related disability, with cognitive impairment, chronic fatigue, dysautonomia, and neuropsychiatric symptoms among its most debilitating manifestations. Although its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, evidence implicates persistent immune activation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbiota dysbiosis, microbiome-derived metabolic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroimmune interactions in sustaining neuroinflammation and neurological impairment. This narrative review examines precision nutrition as a potential pathway-oriented strategy for Neuro-PASC. We synthesise evidence linking the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, immunometabolic pathways, mitochondrial function, and neurological outcomes, while evaluating nutritional interventions targeting these mechanisms. We focus on candidate biomarkers, including serum zonulin, fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, which may support patient stratification and personalised nutritional strategies. We also propose a stepwise framework involving dietary stabilisation, functional foods, targeted supplementation, and microbiome-based interventions, alongside practical considerations for post-exertional symptom exacerbation, dysautonomia, and mast cell-related symptoms. Finally, we identify priorities for future research, including multi-omics integration, artificial intelligence, digital health, and biomarker-stratified randomised controlled trials. Because current evidence remains predominantly observational and mechanistic, precision nutrition should be considered a complementary strategy requiring rigorous clinical validation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Neuroinflammatory Diseases/virology
SARS-CoV-2
Biomarkers/blood
*Precision Medicine/methods
*Nervous System Diseases
Dysbiosis
*Brain/metabolism
Intestinal Barrier Function
Fatty Acids, Volatile
Haptoglobins
Protein Precursors

@article {pmid42943591,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, S and Yu, W},
title = {Host Protein Palmitoylation: A Two-Edged Sword in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42943591},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Protein palmitoylation is a two-edged sword in regulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. On the one hand, SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the host's palmitoyl transferases (ZDHHC5/9/20) to modify its spike protein (S protein), enhancing its stability, membrane anchoring, and fusion, consequently facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication, and release. On the other hand, the host utilises this modification to activate antiviral defences: palmitoylation of the mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS) leads to its accumulation in the mitochondria and initiates interferon signalling; palmitoylation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is essential for its activation and transport; and palmitoylation of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) increases its ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 membrane fusion. This defensive-offensive interplay within the same regulatory system offers fresh opportunities for targeted therapy, including the development of specific ZDHHC inhibitors, palmitoylated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-based decoy vesicles, and metabolic intervention approaches. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct in-depth analyses of the functions of key modification sites and develop precise regulatory strategies to address the ongoing threat posed by coronaviruses.},
}

@article {pmid42943816,
year = {2026},
author = {Martinez-Fierro, ML and Gonzalez-Delgado, S and Solis-Hernandez, IA and Rocha-Pizaña, MDR and Mendez-Gonzalez, AJ and Garza-Veloz, I},
title = {Resveratrol for Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Dysfunction: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Translation.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {31},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42943816},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {Humans ; *Resveratrol/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy/etiology ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 condition can include persistent cognitive symptoms, commonly described as impaired attention, memory difficulties, slowed processing, and "brain fog." Clinical and translational evidence implicates systemic inflammation, neurovascular dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, glial inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and altered synaptic or network function; their relative contributions remain uncertain and may differ across patient subgroups. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that modifies inflammatory, redox, metabolic, endothelial, and antiviral pathways in experimental systems. This focused narrative review examines whether those actions provide a mechanistic basis for the use of resveratrol in post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction. Evidence was considered according to biological proximity to the intended indication, distinguishing human post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) studies from acute-COVID-19, non-COVID-19 clinical, animal, organoid, and cell-based evidence. The review identifies candidate neurovascular, immune, and metabolic processes, evaluates where resveratrol evidence intersects with those processes, and distinguishes molecular observations from clinical questions that remain to be tested for to define the therapeutic potential of using resveratrol to treat post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment.},
}

Humans
*Resveratrol/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*COVID-19/complications
*Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy/etiology
Animals
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Oxidative Stress/drug effects

@article {pmid42943975,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, X and Zhang, Z and Cheng, H and Qi, S and Wang, P},
title = {Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV): From Emerging Swine Enteric Coronavirus to a Potential Coronavirus to Infect Humans.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42943975},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {2025YFE0205700//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Deltacoronavirus/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/classification ; *Coronavirus Infections/veterinary/virology/epidemiology/transmission ; Humans ; Swine ; *Swine Diseases/virology/epidemiology ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology/veterinary/epidemiology ; *Coronavirus/genetics ; },
abstract = {The global dissemination of coronaviruses continues to pose formidable threats to public health and socioeconomic development, making these viruses a major research priority. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging porcine enteric virus identified over the past two decades, has resulted in substantial economic losses to the swine industry owing to its high mortality and persistent circulation across the globe. Beyond swine, PDCoV possesses a broad host spectrum and is capable of infecting avian species, mice, calves, and other animals. Most alarmingly, its zoonotic potential was highlighted in 2021 through the discovery of PDCoV genomic RNA in pediatric samples from Haiti, highlighting its potential to become the eighth coronavirus species known to infect humans. Despite these dual veterinary and public health threats, licensed vaccines and specific human therapeutics remain unavailable. These facts highlight an urgent demand for comprehensive and in-depth studies on PDCoV to mitigate its potential risks and forestall future outbreaks. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest research advances in PDCoV in four aspects: biological characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, and antibody development. It is expected that this review can provide a robust theoretical basis for understanding PDCoV infection dynamics and accelerating the development of next-generation, broad-spectrum antiviral strategies to mitigate future interspecies spillover events.},
}

Animals
*Deltacoronavirus/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/classification
*Coronavirus Infections/veterinary/virology/epidemiology/transmission
Humans
Swine
*Swine Diseases/virology/epidemiology
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology/veterinary/epidemiology
*Coronavirus/genetics

@article {pmid42943988,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, P and Zhao, Y and Yang, Y and Zhang, J and Wu, J and Wang, J},
title = {Coronavirus Exploitation of Ubiquitination and Selective Autophagy to Control Innate Immunity: Mechanisms, Systems Logic, and Therapeutic Opportunities.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42943988},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Autophagy/immunology ; *Ubiquitination ; Animals ; *Coronavirus/immunology/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology ; Mitophagy ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses replicate in membrane-rich cytoplasmic niches while confronting innate immune systems whose activation, signal propagation, and termination are extensively controlled by ubiquitin and autophagy. These two regulatory systems are often discussed separately. Yet they form a coupled information-and-disposal network: ubiquitin chains encode the identity and fate of immune proteins or viral cargo, whereas selective autophagy receptors read these signals and route substrates to lysosomes. Coronaviruses exploit this coupling at several levels. Papain-like proteases remove ubiquitin and ISG15 from antiviral factors; structural, nonstructural, and accessory proteins redirect host ubiquitin ligases or destabilize immune adaptors; and viral proteins remodel autophagosome biogenesis, mitophagy, lysosome function, and selective virophagy. These activities do more than globally suppress immunity. They delay early interferon production, reshape inflammatory signaling, preserve replication organelles, adjust mitochondrial quality control, and protect viral proteins from cargo-selective degradation. Importantly, the outcome is context dependent. Autophagy initiation can support membrane supply or suppress mitochondrial antiviral signaling, whereas completion of autophagic flux can eliminate viral material and restrain damaging inflammation. Likewise, K48-linked ubiquitination may remove antiviral proteins, but nondegradative K63- or M1-linked chains can either assemble antiviral signalosomes or promote pathological NF-κB activity. Here, we synthesize evidence from human and animal coronaviruses to propose that viral immune evasion is governed by spatially and temporally selective rewiring rather than indiscriminate inhibition. We distinguish mechanisms demonstrated during infection from those inferred from ectopic expression, identify points of convergence among RIG-I-like receptor, cGAS-STING, NF-κB, inflammasome, and autophagy pathways, and discuss why apparently contradictory observations often reflect differences in flux, cell type, infection stage, and viral lineage. This integrated view highlights viral proteases, host E3 ligase-substrate interfaces, autophagy receptors, and organelle contact sites as therapeutic nodes, while emphasizing that interventions must preserve the homeostatic functions of ubiquitin and autophagy.},
}

Humans
*Immunity, Innate
*Autophagy/immunology
*Ubiquitination
Animals
*Coronavirus/immunology/physiology
Signal Transduction
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
*Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology
Mitophagy
Ubiquitin/metabolism
Viral Proteins/metabolism

@article {pmid42944060,
year = {2026},
author = {Peng, M and Luo, F and Li, N},
title = {Mechanisms and Research Progress of LncRNA-Mediated Regulation of Viral Infections.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42944060},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {No. 2024JB01//Open Project of Key Laboratory of Police Dog Breeding and Behavioral Science of Jiangxi Province (No. 2024JB01)./ ; },
mesh = {*RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics ; Humans ; *Virus Diseases/genetics/immunology/virology ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics/immunology ; Animals ; Interferons/immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Signal Transduction ; Viruses/genetics/immunology ; Innate Immunity Recognition ; },
abstract = {Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of RNA molecules whose transcripts exceed 200 nucleotides in length and typically lack protein-coding capacity, were once widely regarded as "transcriptional noise." However, recent studies have shown that lncRNAs can encode small peptides and play critical roles in biological processes, including gene expression regulation, cell differentiation, and immune response. Viral infections, as a common disease, can reshape the transcriptome of host cells, in which the differential expression of lncRNAs is a core link in host-virus interactions. This review aims to deeply analyze the multidimensional regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in the host antiviral innate immune response. It elaborates in detail on how lncRNAs construct the host antiviral defense by regulating pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways, the production and signal transduction of interferons (IFNs), as well as the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Additionally, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the complex functions of lncRNAs in regulating programmed cell death (PCD), including key processes such as pyroptosis, autophagy, and apoptosis, and integrated specific research cases in infections caused by multiple significant viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We aim to provide novel strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases.},
}

*RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
Humans
*Virus Diseases/genetics/immunology/virology
Immunity, Innate/genetics
*Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics/immunology
Animals
Interferons/immunology
Gene Expression Regulation
Signal Transduction
Viruses/genetics/immunology
Innate Immunity Recognition

@article {pmid42944074,
year = {2026},
author = {Szuster-Ciesielska, A},
title = {Immune Imprinting Across Respiratory Virus Infection, Vaccination, and Passive Immunization: Rethinking 'Original Antigenic Sin' in Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42944074},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; *Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology/prevention & control ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Cross Reactions/immunology ; *Influenza, Human/immunology/prevention & control ; Vaccination ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; Immunization, Passive ; Animals ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology ; },
abstract = {Immune imprinting shapes every subsequent response to antigenically related pathogens and is now central to designing updated vaccines for influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The label "Original Antigenic Sin" has framed imprinting as a fixed liability, but recent germinal-center, B-cell repertoire, and epidemiological data show that the effect is neither uniformly harmful nor irreversible. This review distinguishes cross-reactive immune memory from immune imprinting, defined here as a preferential bias toward the first-encountered antigen. Prior exposure can provide useful cross-reactive memory, but available evidence generally does not show that first-antigen bias itself improves protection relative to an equivalent unbiased memory response. We therefore use a hypothesis-generating conceptual framework to examine how antigenic distance, conserved-epitope accessibility, and exposure interval may influence both the usefulness of recalled memory and the extent to which imprinting restricts recruitment of responses to later antigens. The framework organizes existing observations and is not intended to predict imprinting outcomes ex ante. We discuss recent quantitative models that explicitly formalize competition between memory and de novo responses as complementary, pathogen-specific approaches. Across influenza and SARS-CoV-2, early exposure can establish cross-reactive memory associated with subsequent heterologous protection, while preferential recall of the priming antigen may limit responses to novel epitopes. For RSV, the effects of maternal vaccination and passive antibodies on subsequent active immune memory remain uncertain. Immunogen engineering, schedule adjustment, adjuvant selection, and cohort-tailored strategies may broaden pre-existing memory toward conserved protective epitopes and reduce restrictive first-antigen bias.},
}

Humans
Immunologic Memory
*Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology/prevention & control
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Cross Reactions/immunology
*Influenza, Human/immunology/prevention & control
Vaccination
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control
Immunization, Passive
Animals
Influenza Vaccines/immunology
Antigens, Viral/immunology
Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology