@article {pmid42965144,
year = {2026},
author = {Jadhav, AV and Ghadei, S and Sonawane, S and Patil, P and Birajdar, P and Deoshatwar, A and Pise, K and Nath, A and Pawar, S and Kumar, N},
title = {Post-Measles Complications and Mortality in Children under Five Years in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Annals of global health},
volume = {92},
number = {1},
pages = {105},
pmid = {42965144},
issn = {2214-9996},
mesh = {Humans ; *Measles/complications/mortality/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Developing Countries ; Child, Preschool ; Measles Vaccine/therapeutic use ; Infant ; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Diarrhea/epidemiology/etiology ; Immunization Programs ; Global Health ; Otitis Media/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Background: Global measles vaccination programs have achieved significant reductions in measles-related mortality, with World Health Organization (WHO)-led initiatives expanding vaccine coverage to over 85% of children worldwide. Despite this progress, measles elimination remains elusive, undermined by anti-vaccine sentiment, armed conflicts, migration, refugee crises, and post-COVID-19 disruptions. No WHO region has achieved or sustained measles elimination status since the COVID-19 pandemic, and elimination remains challenging in resource-limited and conflict-affected contexts. A critical yet underappreciated consequence of this ongoing burden is the rise of post-measles complications (PMCs). Vaccine-preventable diseases and malnutrition constitute two critical global health priorities; PMCs represent an important intersection of these agendas that warrant greater attention within the global health framework. Objectives: To review and synthesize current epidemiological evidence on PMCs, examine their pathogenesis, and understand the need for integrated post-measles care strategies in vulnerable populations. Methods: This narrative review included all papers that published primary data on any of the PMCs in the last 55 years, identified through PubMed and Google Scholar. Findings: Epidemiological data show that 30-40% of measles cases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) develop complications, including pneumonia, diarrhea, otitis media, and, less commonly, encephalitis and ocular disease. PMCs are frequently misattributed to independent illnesses because they often emerge after a delay following the acute infection. Compounding this, measles-induced immune amnesia renders affected individuals vulnerable to secondary infections for up to 2-3 years post-infection. In LMICs and conflict-affected settings, this prolonged immunological vulnerability intersects with pre-existing risk factors such as malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and poor healthcare access, which amplify the consequences substantially. Conclusions: As measles cases resurge globally, the associated burden of PMCs is expected to increase correspondingly. Where PMCs represent a pressing, underaddressed concern, integrated post-measles care strategies are urgently needed from a global health perspective, especially in resource-limited and conflict-affected settings.},
}

Humans
*Measles/complications/mortality/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Developing Countries
Child, Preschool
Measles Vaccine/therapeutic use
Infant
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/epidemiology
COVID-19/epidemiology
Diarrhea/epidemiology/etiology
Immunization Programs
Global Health
Otitis Media/epidemiology

@article {pmid42683684,
year = {2026},
author = {, },
title = {Recommendations for COVID-19 Vaccines in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 2026-2027: Policy Statement.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {158},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2026-079045},
pmid = {42683684},
issn = {1098-4275},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Child ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; United States ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination/standards ; Immunization Schedule ; },
abstract = {This policy statement updates the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for the use of COVID-19 vaccines in the prevention of severe COVID-19 in children. A review of evidence supporting these recommendations is in the accompanying technical report (). These COVID-19 vaccine recommendations may change in future seasons or as additional variants emerge. The AAP recommends all infants and children 6 through 23 months of age who do not have contraindications receive 2026-2027 COVID-19 vaccine. The AAP also recommends a single dose of age-appropriate 2026-2027 COVID-19 vaccine for all children and adolescents 2 through 18 years of age at increased risk of severe COVID-19, regardless of prior COVID-19 vaccination status. Children 2 through 18 years of age not considered at increased risk of severe COVID-19 whose parent or guardian desires their protection from COVID-19 should be offered a single dose of age-appropriate 2026-2027 COVID-19 vaccine. Any available COVID-19 vaccine appropriate by age and health status can be administered and the most updated version of the COVID-19 vaccine that is available should be used.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Child
Infant
Child, Preschool
Adolescent
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
United States
SARS-CoV-2
Vaccination/standards
Immunization Schedule

@article {pmid42683687,
year = {2026},
author = {, },
title = {Recommendations for COVID-19 Vaccines in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 2026-2027: Technical Report.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {158},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2026-079046},
pmid = {42683687},
issn = {1098-4275},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Child ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Vaccine Efficacy ; *Vaccination/standards ; United States/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; },
abstract = {This technical report accompanies the American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination during the 2026-2027 respiratory virus season. The rationale is presented for recommending vaccination in all infants and children 6 through 23 months of age, children 6 months through 18 years of age who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, and children 2 through 18 years of age in certain additional risk groups, including those at high risk of severe COVID-19, residents of long-term care facilities or other congregate settings, children who have never been vaccinated against COVID-19, and children whose household contacts are at high risk for severe COVID-19. The report synthesizes currently available evidence on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, disease burden, COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, vaccine safety, and vaccine cost-effectiveness in pediatric populations. Additionally, the report provides an overview of available COVID-19 vaccine products, formulations, storage and handling considerations, and coadministration with other immunizations.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Child
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Infant
Child, Preschool
Adolescent
Vaccine Efficacy
*Vaccination/standards
United States/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Cost-Benefit Analysis

@article {pmid42961523,
year = {2026},
author = {Schwartz, MF and Garay, AV and Souza, AA and Valadares, NF and de Freitas, SM},
title = {Comparative analysis of production and kinetic assay conditions and parameters for SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro): a systematic review.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42961523},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {Kinetics ; *SARS-CoV-2/enzymology ; Humans ; *Coronavirus 3C Proteases/metabolism/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Substrate Specificity ; COVID-19/virology ; },
abstract = {The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role in the viral replication cycle and is a key target for COVID-19 antiviral drugs. In this review, we conducted an extensive bibliographic search on the main challenges and experimental limitations reported in the production and biochemical characterization of the Mpro. A large variability in the kinetic parameters was revealed, which compromises comparisons across various studies and the evaluation of inhibitor efficacy. The studies indicate that these discrepancies are mainly associated with experimental limitations, such as low substrate solubility, optical irregularity due to the inner-filter effect, and variations in the oligomeric state of Mpro. This review summarizes and discusses the different strategies for Mpro expression in Escherichia coli and purification, with emphasis on obtaining an N-terminal tag-free enzyme, essential for homodimerization into a highly active form for structural and functional characterization. The main FRET-based substrates used in enzymatic assays were compiled and analyzed, as well as alternative methodologies for assessing Mpro enzymatic activity. Furthermore, the effects of assay conditions, such as buffer composition, pH, and the presence of reducing agents were addressed. The intrinsic structural features of Mpro that impact its catalytic function are discussed, including functional asymmetry in substrate binding and the positive allosteric cooperation between monomers. Overall, this review provides a critical and integrated perspective on the main experimental limitations in the production and characterization of Mpro, applicable to other proteases, contributing to the standardization of approaches and advances in the development of more effective inhibitors.},
}

Kinetics
*SARS-CoV-2/enzymology
Humans
*Coronavirus 3C Proteases/metabolism/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Escherichia coli/genetics
Substrate Specificity
COVID-19/virology

@article {pmid42961729,
year = {2026},
author = {Ghazali, N and Wan Ab Rahman, WS and Iberahim, S and Venkatesan, G and Hassan, MN and Zulkafli, Z and Abdullah, M},
title = {Clot waveform analysis in haemostatic and systemic disorders: current applications and clinical potential.},
journal = {Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42961729},
issn = {1573-742X},
support = {R504-LR-GAL007-0000000894-N12//National Kidney Foundation Malaysia/ ; },
abstract = {Clot waveform analysis (CWA), originate from conventional coagulation assays, particularly the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT), offers enhanced sensitivity and dynamic profiling of haemostatic processes. By capturing real-time changes in clot formation kinetics, CWA patterns provide disease specific changes beyond traditional clotting time. It has potential clinical utility in identifying bleeding risk in inherited and acquired bleeding disorders, as well as prothrombotic states in condition such as infections and myocardial infarction. A unique APTT second-derivative curves have been reported in COVID-19 infection. In malignancy, it may help clinicians to mitigate the risk of developing thrombotic complications due to cancer-associated hypercoagulability. This review covers the principles, analytical parameters, and clinical applications of CWA. As evidence continues to grow, integrating CWA into standard coagulation testing algorithms, particularly with the use of artificial intelligence, may potentially lead to improvements in patient stratification, monitoring and management in both acute and chronic haemostatic disorders.},
}

@article {pmid42962385,
year = {2026},
author = {Halder, P and Debnath, A and Achary, T and Singh, U and Mondal, A and Sil, A and Khokhar, A and Purkait, AT and Mag, SA and Sharma, P and Singh, MM and Maitra, D},
title = {Time to treatment initiation for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from 21 countries.},
journal = {Cancer epidemiology},
volume = {105},
number = {},
pages = {103259},
doi = {10.1016/j.canep.2026.103259},
pmid = {42962385},
issn = {1877-783X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally, accounting for one in four cancer cases and one in six cancer deaths. Timely initiation of treatment after diagnosis is critical to improving survival outcomes. However, delays in treatment initiation remain widespread, influenced by health system constraints, socio-demographic factors, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite growing recognition of this issue, no prior study has comprehensively quantified global evidence on diagnosis-to-treatment delays in breast cancer. Our objective was to systematically review and synthesize global evidence on time to treatment initiation (TTI) among patients with breast cancer, and to estimate pooled mean delays and the proportion of patients experiencing delays at predefined cutoffs (30, 60, and 90 days).

METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) were searched from inception to October 15, 2025. Eligible observational studies reported TTI as mean/median days or as proportions of patients with delayed initiation. Data were pooled using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed by publication period, WHO region, study setting, and World Bank income group. A sensitivity analysis excluded United States datasets. Risk of delay was compared by stage at diagnosis. Risk of bias was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist.

RESULTS: Sixty studies (analyzed as 62 datasets) involving 3644,548 breast cancer patients from 21 countries were included. The pooled mean TTI was 51.7 days (95% CI: 46.5-56.9; I² = 99.9%). At the 30-day cutoff, 37% (95% CI: 25-49%) of patients experienced delays; at 60 days, 17% (95% CI: 11-22%); and at 90 days, 4% (95% CI: 3-5%). The United States contributed 32 datasets and 70.1% of participants. Excluding these datasets raised the pooled mean TTI to 75.0 days (95% CI: 44.5-105.5). Mean TTI was 39.8 days in high-income countries and 79.7 days in low- and middle-income countries (p = 0.07). Delays beyond 90 days affected 2.6% and 26.5% of patients, respectively (p < 0.001). Stage at diagnosis was not associated with delay.

CONCLUSION: Delays between diagnosis and treatment initiation are common, with more than one-third of patients waiting over 30 days. The pooled estimate reflects mainly high-income settings. Delays are longer, and very long delays more frequent, in low- and middle-income countries, where evidence remains sparse. Agreed TTI benchmarks, stronger oncology services, and more primary studies from low- and middle-income countries are priorities to close the cancer care gap.},
}

@article {pmid42964027,
year = {2026},
author = {Liang, Z and Long, F and Zheng, F and Tan, ZJ},
title = {Respiratory viral triggers and pediatric acute necrotizing encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk, clinical phenotype, and outcomes.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1839145},
pmid = {42964027},
issn = {1664-2295},
mesh = {Humans ; *Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/etiology/diagnostic imaging/virology/therapy ; Child ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/complications ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Influenza, Human/complications ; Phenotype ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Child, Preschool ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a rare but severe pediatric neurological disorder characterized by rapid neurological deterioration and characteristic bilateral thalamic lesions on neuroimaging. Increasing evidence suggests that respiratory viral infections, particularly influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, play a major role in triggering ANE. However, clinical evidence remains fragmented due to the rarity of the disease. This study aimed to systematically synthesize current evidence on respiratory viral triggers, clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, treatment strategies, and outcomes of pediatric ANE.

METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for studies published between January 1, 2015, and March 31, 2026 involving pediatric patients (<18 years) diagnosed with ANE associated with respiratory viral infections. Observational studies, case series, and case reports with extractable clinical data were included. Pooled descriptive analyses were performed to summarize demographic characteristics, viral triggers, clinical features, neuroimaging findings, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes.

RESULTS: Fifteen studies comprising 138 pediatric ANE cases were included. Most patients were previously healthy children, predominantly in early childhood. The most common viral triggers were influenza viruses (46.0%) and SARS-CoV-2 (42.3%), accounting for nearly 90% of cases. Clinically, fever (93.4%), altered consciousness (94.9%), and seizures (68.6%) were the most frequent manifestations. Neuroimaging consistently showed bilateral thalamic lesions (94.2%), often accompanied by brainstem (33.6%) or basal ganglia involvement (28.5%). Treatment commonly involved corticosteroids (75.9%) and intravenous immunoglobulin (51.8%), with some patients receiving targeted immunomodulatory therapies such as tocilizumab. Despite aggressive treatment, mortality remained substantial, with 54 deaths among 138 reported cases (39.1%). The random-effects pooled mortality estimate was 39.1% (95% CI: 29.8-49.8%).

CONCLUSION: Respiratory viral infections-particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2 are major triggers of pediatric ANE. The disorder is characterized by rapid neurological decline and characteristic bilateral thalamic lesions, with substantial mortality and long-term neurological morbidity. Further multicenter prospective studies are needed to clarify immunopathogenesis and establish standardized therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic/etiology/diagnostic imaging/virology/therapy
Child
*Respiratory Tract Infections/complications
*COVID-19/complications
*Influenza, Human/complications
Phenotype
SARS-CoV-2
Child, Preschool

@article {pmid42964334,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, J and Liu, G and Yang, J and Ma, H and Wang, X and Jiang, Z and Liang, Y and He, X},
title = {Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1969341},
pmid = {42964334},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Incidence ; Global Burden of Disease ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the risk of incident diabetes. We also aimed to estimate the global burden of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies identified through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and CENTRAL from inception to 29 January 2026. Adjusted relative risks (RRs) for incident T2D and type 1 diabetes (T1D) following SARS-CoV-2 infection were pooled using random-effects models. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) and attributable T2D cases were estimated by integrating pooled risk estimates with Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 data on COVID-19 prevalence and T2D incidence.

RESULTS: Fifteen cohort studies involving approximately 48.9 million participants were included. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D (13 studies; pooled RR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.16-1.34]), although substantial heterogeneity was observed and the 95% prediction interval (PI) included the null (0.94-1.66). In subgroup analysis, the association was confined to mixed-variant studies (RR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.23-1.36]; 95% PI, 1.09-1.54), whereas studies evaluating a single variant (Delta or Omicron) showed no excess risk (RR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.97-1.03]). The association with incident T1D did not reach conventional statistical significance (10 studies; pooled RR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.99-1.30]). Globally, 24.53 million incident T2D cases occurred in 2023. The PAF attributable to COVID-19 of 1.12% (95% CI 0.90, 1.35), corresponding to 274,889 (95% CI 220,360, 331,698) incident T2D cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The largest attributable burdens were observed in India, the USA, and China.

CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a modest increase in pooled T2D risk. This association was primarily observed in mixed-variant studies, for which the 95% PI excluded the null. However, the overall pooled estimated was accompanied by substantial between-study heterogeneity, and its 95% PI crossing the null, indicating uncertainty in the association across populations and settings. At the population level, this excess risk translated into an estimated 275,000 incident T2D cases attributable to COVID-19 worldwide in 2023, highlighting the need for ongoing metabolic surveillance following infection.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261307969, identifier CRD420261307969.},
}

Humans
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology
*COVID-19/epidemiology/complications
*SARS-CoV-2
Incidence
Global Burden of Disease
Prevalence
Risk Factors

@article {pmid42964488,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, C and Xi, C and Zhang, Y and Ma, R and Shi, M and Gao, Y and Liu, L and Ning, C and Chen, A},
title = {Pathogen-associated heterogeneity in pulmonary sepsis: from inflammatory phenotypes and transcriptomic endotypes to precision medicine.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1973456},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2026.1973456},
pmid = {42964488},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; Precision Medicine ; *Sepsis/immunology/therapy/genetics ; Phenotype ; Biomarkers ; Transcriptome ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome, and pulmonary infection is its commonest source. Pulmonary sepsis carries a particularly high mortality, especially in patients who develop refractory septic shock, yet it is still managed as a single disease. Conventional diagnostic criteria, based on organ dysfunction, describe the consequences of the host response rather than its biological diversity, and this mismatch helps to explain why immunomodulatory trials have repeatedly failed in unselected patients. In this review we summarise how pathogen characteristics interact with the alveolar immune microenvironment to produce distinct host-response phenotypes, and how those phenotypes are captured by clinical classifiers, plasma protein biomarkers and blood transcriptomic endotypes - among them SRS1/2, Mars1-4, SENECA and USE-1/2. Three problems currently limit translation. The classification systems overlap only in part, and should not be used interchangeably. Endotypes change over time, so a single measurement at baseline can misclassify a patient. And most of the evidence linking particular pathogens to particular phenotypes is associative, and comes from ARDS, general sepsis, severe pneumonia or COVID-19 cohorts rather than from pulmonary sepsis itself. We then review the phenotype-dependent responses to fluid strategy, corticosteroids, statins, endotoxin removal, cytokine-directed therapy and checkpoint inhibition, and consider why several biomarker-guided trials produced pharmacodynamic signals without clinical benefit. Pathogen-informed, repeatedly measured host-response phenotypes, tested in adaptive trials with enrichment, offer the most realistic route to precision immunotherapy in pulmonary sepsis.},
}

Humans
Precision Medicine
*Sepsis/immunology/therapy/genetics
Phenotype
Biomarkers
Transcriptome
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Animals

@article {pmid42964521,
year = {2026},
author = {Boufleuer, E and Vieira, TW and Sakamoto, VTM and Anschau, F and Tavares, JP and Pai, DD},
title = {Persistent COVID-19 Symptoms in General Population and Healthcare Workers: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Health science reports},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {e73456},
doi = {10.1002/hsr2.73456},
pmid = {42964521},
issn = {2398-8835},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 can cause persistent symptoms that continue after the infection, condition known as long COVID. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of persistent signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and among healthcare workers.

METHODS: This is a systematic review with meta-analysis guided by PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023460632). Cohort studies with a minimum follow-up of 12 weeks after COVID-19 infection were included. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Scielo, and LILACS/BVS databases and gray literature, in November 2023. Rayyan was used for article selection, and pooled prevalence meta-analysis for each symptom was conducted in R. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

RESULTS: A total of 2,456 studies were identified, with 59 articles included in the systematic review and 58 in the meta-analysis, comprising 196,863 participants. The symptoms with the highest pooled prevalence (95% CI) were fatigue (0.29[0.24-0.36], 95% PI: 0.05-0.78) and dyspnea (0.16[0.12-0.22], 95% PI: 0.01-0.71).

CONCLUSION: Healthcare workers showed lower prevalence rates for some persistent symptoms (fatigue, dyspnea, cough, taste changes, and gastrointestinal symptoms) than the general population. Most studies were of fair quality. Despite the findings of a high prevalence of persistent symptoms, high heterogeneity remained a key limitation.},
}

@article {pmid42447879,
year = {2026},
author = {Almeida, CH and Freitas, R and Afonso, J and Vargas, P and Pompeo, A and Cirillo, ELR and Ramirez-Campillo, R and Casanova, F},
title = {The impact of COVID-19 on soccer players' health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {International journal of sports medicine},
volume = {47},
number = {12},
pages = {875-888},
doi = {10.1055/a-2896-9130},
pmid = {42447879},
issn = {1439-3964},
mesh = {Humans ; *Soccer/physiology ; *COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Male ; *Health Status ; },
abstract = {Despite growing research, the health effects of COVID-19 on soccer players remain poorly integrated. This meta-analytic review synthesized evidence across competitive levels and pandemic phases to characterize the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pandemic-related restrictions. The study adhered to PRISMA 2020 and Cochrane standards, with searches conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria followed the P.E.C.O.S. framework. From 6,048 records screened, nine studies (>1,525 players from Tiers 1-5) met the inclusion criteria. These observational investigations included predominantly male samples (94.2%) and assessed cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, metabolic/biochemical, hematologic, anthropometric, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal outcomes. Comparisons between pre- and during-pandemic periods suggested preserved cardiac integrity with infrequent post-infection sequelae, alongside mild pulmonary effects in infected players that tended to resolve with training resumption. Amid inconsistent endocrine findings, testosterone-to-cortisol ratios declined in non-infected players. Metabolic, hematologic, and anthropometric parameters were mostly stable, whereas hemoglobin exhibited a significant pooled increase. Musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal data were insufficient for broad conclusions. Moreover, meta-analytic estimates require cautious interpretation owing to few studies and very low certainty. Altogether, COVID-19 was associated with modest and mostly reversible effects, with structured home-based training potentially offsetting detraining. Rare cardiac abnormalities still warrant careful medical supervision.},
}

Humans
*Soccer/physiology
*COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Male
*Health Status

@article {pmid42954276,
year = {2026},
author = {Royuk, VV and Reshetnikov, VA and Korshever, NG and Bashkov, VA and Bayramov, AA},
title = {[The health care system and its sub-systems - medical organizations: interaction with external actors (the review)].},
journal = {Problemy sotsial'noi gigieny, zdravookhraneniia i istorii meditsiny},
volume = {34},
number = {5},
pages = {1181-1187},
doi = {10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-5-1181-1187},
pmid = {42954276},
issn = {0869-866X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; Russia/epidemiology ; *Intersectoral Collaboration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {The review was carried out by keywords "health care", "medical organizations" and "intersectoral cooperation" on the grounds of the databases of Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka and RSCI. The analysis was applied to 343 publications.The purpose of the study is to analyze experience of studying the participation of the health care system and medical organizations as its subsystems in intersectoral cooperation in protection of population health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at the regional level.The priority role of health care sector in intersectoral cooperation in protection of population health in the Subject of the Russian Federation (by significance, activities specific weight, interaction with other actors, possible impact on determinants of population health and informative assessment vectors, impact of determinant "medical service - work of health administrations and institutions" on population health) that is significantly increasing in conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. In most cases, medical organizations focus on collaboration of their structural units rather than external collaboration, including periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The modes of evaluation of this process are not developed that complicate implementation of targeted improvement measures.It is advisable to use the specific characteristics of health care system participation in intersectoral cooperation on protection of population health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at the regional level in the practice of health preservation. The characteristics of cooperation between medical organizations and external actors require further research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration
Russia/epidemiology
*Intersectoral Collaboration
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid42956193,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, Y and Yue, Z},
title = {Online COVID-19 Misinformation and Infodemic Governance During the Peak Pandemic Period: Scoping Review of Social Media Research From 2020 to 2022.},
journal = {JMIR infodemiology},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {e79434},
pmid = {42956193},
issn = {2564-1891},
mesh = {Humans ; *Communication ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Digital Media ; *Infodemic ; Pandemics ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Social Media/standards/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media platforms became major channels for public health communication and public sensemaking, but they also enabled the rapid circulation of rumors, false claims, conspiracy narratives, and misleading health information. Research on online COVID-19 misinformation expanded rapidly during the peak pandemic period, yet the evidence base was fragmented across public health, computing, communication, and information science.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review synthesizes empirical research on online COVID-19 misinformation on social media during the peak pandemic period from February 2020 to October 2022. It examines how misinformation was conceptualized, which platforms and public health contexts were emphasized, and how computational methods shaped the evidence base for infodemic management. Its distinct contribution is an integrated comparison of conceptual definitions, thematic and platform concentration, the computational research pipeline, and the gap between detection and actionable infodemic governance.

METHODS: We conducted a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-informed scoping review of empirical studies indexed in PubMed and IEEE Xplore in November 2022 using COVID-19, social media platforms, and misinformation-related terms. Eligible reports were English-language, peer-reviewed empirical studies published between February 2020 and October 2022 that analyzed social media data using computational, quantitative, or social media analytic methods; the language restriction applied to the publication, not to the underlying dataset. The final synthesis included 100 studies selected from 1688 records.

RESULTS: Within the included corpus, the literature was concentrated around vaccine-related discourse, public health and social measures-related misinformation, and text-based data from X (X Corp), formerly known as Twitter. Studies commonly used misinformation detection, classification, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, and network analysis. Fewer studies examined diffusion pathways, source tracing, cross-platform movement, intervention effectiveness, or platform governance. The evidence base remains more developed for detecting and describing misinformation than for evaluating actionable responses to it.

CONCLUSIONS: Peak-pandemic COVID-19 misinformation research produced important computational and empirical knowledge, but it remains detection-centered and unevenly connected to public health action. Future infodemiology research should link computational outputs to intervention design, risk communication, fact-checking workflows, platform moderation, multilingual and multimodal analysis, and the evaluation of infodemic governance strategies.},
}

Humans
*Communication
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Digital Media
*Infodemic
Pandemics
Public Health
SARS-CoV-2
*Social Media/standards/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid42956774,
year = {2026},
author = {Catto, JWF and Thomson, RM and Griffith, DM and Mavhu, W and Gu, J and Misha, F and Rashid, SF and Fazel, S and Egid, BR and Barreto, ML and Ngwa, W and Oliffe, JL and Prabhakaran, D and Flor, LS and Hawkes, SJ and Tolhurst, R and Theobald, S and Katikireddi, SV},
title = {A global men's health epidemiology within an intersectional framework.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {408},
number = {10566},
pages = {1881-1898},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01490-X},
pmid = {42956774},
issn = {1474-547X},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; *Global Health ; *Men's Health/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Disparities in Health ; Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology ; Sex Factors ; },
abstract = {Males have lower life expectancies and greater disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) than females, and particularly poor outcomes are seen among males in marginalised contexts. In this paper, we provide an epidemiological overview and highlight the intersectional nature of men's health. We analyse mortality and DALYs data from the 1990-2023 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Studies to illustrate our intersectional framework and draw attention to how health varies in men and to show key themes. Conditions that contribute most to the poor health of males include non-communicable diseases (eg, cardiovascular diseases and cancers), substance use, suicide, injuries (eg, road traffic incidents and interpersonal violence), and respiratory infections (eg, tuberculosis and COVID-19). Although cardiovascular disease and cancer make the largest contributions to men's higher mortality rates, determinants of health such as violence and war, migration, economic stagnation, and labour market changes due to automation and new technologies will disproportionally affect their health in the future. Injuries, violence, and other external morbidity causes often occur at a young age and in unequal distributions across the sexes, making a large contribution to DALYs. Although biology plays a role, the pattern of many diseases contributing to health differences reflects the intersection of health behaviours, shaped by patriarchy, ideas of masculinity, and structural drivers (including commercial determinants of health); many of these are preventable. Although improvements in some health behaviours are seen, exceptions occur in marginalising social conditions (eg, incarcerated men, men experiencing homelessness, men with mental illnesses, men with substance use disorders, men with low income, men who have sex with men, and those who are gender non-conforming). Multiple data sources detail men's shorter life expectancies and the drivers compared with women, but going beyond sex disaggregation remains challenging and is an urgent priority for research and health monitoring.},
}

Humans
Male
Disability-Adjusted Life Years
*Global Health
*Men's Health/statistics & numerical data
Risk Factors
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health
Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology
Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
Sex Factors

@article {pmid42959398,
year = {2026},
author = {Tsai, TH},
title = {Medico-legal integration of molnupiravir rapid deployment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Emergency use authorization, clinical evidence, and risk of viral mutagenesis.},
journal = {One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {23},
number = {},
pages = {101621},
pmid = {42959398},
issn = {2352-7714},
abstract = {As one of the first oral antivirals authorized for outpatient treatment of COVID-19, molnupiravir (Lagevrio) illustrates the complex interplay among emergency regulatory frameworks, clinical trial evidence, and real-world outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from pivotal trials (MOVe-OUT, PANORAMIC), global genomic surveillance datasets, regulatory filings, and pharmacokinetic barrier studies to examine how eight interlocking U.S. statutory and administrative instruments compressed development timelines while sustaining product availability. Molnupiravir induces lethal mutagenesis in SARS-CoV-2; the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in December 2021 based on interim data showing approximately a 50% reduction in hospitalization or death. Final trial analyses lowered this estimate to roughly 30%, and the large-scale PANORAMIC trial found no reduction in hospitalization or mortality among highly vaccinated populations. Emerging safety concerns-including teratogenicity, juvenile skeletal toxicity, and a molnupiravir-associated mutational signature detected across global viral genomic databases-further eroded its benefit-risk profile, contributing to the European Medicines Agency's 2023 refusal of marketing authorization and to the drug's lack of full FDA approval. Existing statutory frameworks nonetheless preserve molnupiravir's EUA status as a second-line option for high-risk patients. Its trajectory highlights the tension between emergency speed and long-term pharmacovigilance and offers actionable, One Health-informed lessons for pandemic-preparedness legislation.},
}

@article {pmid42959510,
year = {2026},
author = {Saheb, F},
title = {Post-COVID Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction: A Focus on Persistent Diarrhea.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {9},
pages = {e117111},
pmid = {42959510},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Persistent gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection include diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, constipation, nausea, and other disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs), but these entities should not be treated as interchangeable. In a meta-analysis of long-COVID studies, any GI symptom was reported in approximately 22% of patients and diarrhea in 10%, although heterogeneity was very high. In a large US Veterans Affairs cohort, post-acute COVID-19 was associated with incident diarrhea (hazard ratio {HR}:
1.58, 95% CI: 1.52-1.65; excess burden 7.99 per 1,000 persons at one year) and irritable bowel syndrome (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.28-1.86). Prospective Rome IV cohorts report lower absolute rates of formally diagnosed DGBIs; one study found persistent DGBI symptoms in 6.6% at six months, with functional diarrhea in 2.2% and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in 2.5% at three months. Mechanistic evidence supports intestinal involvement during acute infection and demonstrates associations with epithelial/angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) perturbation, immune activation, barrier dysfunction, altered microbial taxa, and impaired microbial metabolite production. However, persistent viral RNA or antigen, dysbiosis, and gut-lung signaling remain proposed or associative mechanisms rather than established causes of chronic diarrhea. Treatment evidence specific to post-COVID functional diarrhea is sparse. A large synbiotic trial improved a broad "gastrointestinal upset" domain in post-acute COVID syndrome, but did not enroll a defined chronic diarrhea or Rome-positive population; probiotic and fecal microbiota transplantation trials showing GI effects were largely conducted during acute COVID-19. Therefore, current care should first exclude organic and medication-related causes, then apply phenotype-based management extrapolated from established diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and functional-diarrhea practice while clearly acknowledging the limited post-COVID-specific evidence. Standardized definitions, pre-infection GI data, appropriate controls, functional microbiome measures, and dedicated randomized trials are priorities for future research.},
}

@article {pmid42961406,
year = {2026},
author = {Boerenkamp, LS and Scheffers, N and Brandts, L and van Gorkom, GNY and Pothast, CR and Heemskerk, MHM and Wieten, L and Van Elssen, CHMJ},
title = {T-Cell Response After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients With Hematological Malignancy.},
journal = {European journal of haematology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ejh.70345},
pmid = {42961406},
issn = {1600-0609},
abstract = {Patients with hematologic malignancies (HM) often mount poor humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination due to their immunocompromised status. Protection against severe COVID-19 is strongly related to cellular immunity, yet vaccine-induced T-cell responses remain incompletely characterized. We conducted a systematic review of 87 studies assessing vaccine-induced T-cell response rates in HM. Across HM subtypes, 75%-87% of studies reported T-cell response rates of at least 50%. Active disease was associated with reduced T-cell responses. These findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can elicit cellular immunity in HM patients, including those receiving immunosuppressive therapy, supporting continued vaccination strategies even when humoral responses are suboptimal.},
}

@article {pmid42948609,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, Q and Tan, Y and Peng, M and Wu, S and Zheng, XL},
title = {The role of VWF/ADAMTS13 axis in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1981718},
pmid = {42948609},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019, which broke out in 2019, is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although this infection mainly affects the respiratory system, a high incidence of thrombotic events has been observed in severe or critically ill cases and in a considerable number of non-survivors of COVID-19. Although the coagulation dysfunction and hypercoagulability of COVID-19 have been reported in the literature, the specific situation of its coagulation function has not been fully studied. The observation of microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 patients has attracted our attention to investigate the potential inflammatory endothelial injury or damage. Von Willebrand factor (VWF) and its proteolytic protease, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 motifs, 13 (ADAMTS13), play an important role in maintaining the vascular health and organ perfusion. Therapeutic and prophylactic anticoagulation are important measures to prevent these kinds of thrombotic events, but new treatments such as recombinant ADAMTS13 and anti-VWF nanobody Caplacizumab are being studied in vitro for thrombosis with high efficacy. This review focuses on the discussion of the current research progress of the treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy by correcting the imbalance of VWF-ADAMTS13 axis, the existing problems, and the prospects.},
}

@article {pmid42949665,
year = {2026},
author = {Xiao, Y and Tong, X and Wang, Z and Zhang, Y and Liu, S and Tian, M and Chen, Y and Gan, L and Yang, X and Yong, T},
title = {Engineered extracellular vesicles as next-generation platforms for mRNA therapeutics delivery.},
journal = {Biomaterials science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d6bm00986g},
pmid = {42949665},
issn = {2047-4849},
abstract = {mRNA has emerged as a star molecule in pharmaceutical development, demonstrating immense potential for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, neurological disorders, genetic diseases, and infectious diseases. It has played a particularly pivotal role in COVID-19 prevention. However, the clinical translation of mRNA therapeutics is significantly hampered by its inherent instability, low cellular permeability, and poor targeting specificity. Consequently, the development of efficient mRNA delivery systems represents a paramount challenge for its biomedical application. Conventional delivery platforms, as exemplified by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), offer advantages including mature manufacturing processes and broad clinical adoption. Nevertheless, they still face limitations such as suboptimal delivery efficiency and biosafety concerns requiring further improvement. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, have emerged as highly promising mRNA delivery vectors. This is attributed to their low immunogenicity, favorable biosafety profile, intrinsic homing effect-based targeting capability, and amenability to engineering modifications. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in EV-mediated mRNA delivery, detailing strategies for mRNA loading into EVs, approaches for achieving targeted mRNA delivery using EVs, and the therapeutic applications of EV-encapsulated mRNA. The synthesis of this knowledge aims to provide insights to advance the clinical implementation of mRNA-based therapeutics.},
}

@article {pmid42952500,
year = {2026},
author = {Muñoz-Carrillo, JL and Gutiérrez-Coronado, O and Lopez-Hernandez, E and Rodríguez López, SE and Olivares Mendoza, MA and Ramírez Águila, DO and Villalobos-Gutiérrez, PT and Soria-Fregozo, C and Rosas-Sánchez, GU and Soriano-Hernández, AD},
title = {Glycemic dysregulation and insulin resistance across acute and post-acute COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of etiologic and prognostic evidence.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1975728},
pmid = {42952500},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/metabolism ; *Insulin Resistance/physiology ; Prognosis ; *Hyperglycemia/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can disrupt glucose regulation through inflammation, adipose-tissue dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, and variable β-cell compensation. These evidence domains remain incompletely integrated.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence on glycemic dysregulation and insulin resistance or insulin sensitivity across acute and post-acute COVID-19, including metabolic trajectories and associations with adverse clinical outcomes.

METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were searched. Eligible studies evaluated glucose regulation and at least one insulin-resistance or insulin-sensitivity measure during or after COVID-19. Etiological and prognostic evidence was analyzed as related but distinct domains. Prognostic meta-analysis evaluated study-defined acute hyperglycemic phenotypes; insulin-resistance or insulin-sensitivity assessment was a study-level eligibility criterion rather than part of a participant-level composite exposure. Unadjusted risk ratios (RRs) from event counts were pooled using restricted maximum-likelihood random-effects models with Hartung-Knapp adjustment. Non-combinable evidence was synthesized according to Synthesis Without Meta-analysis principles. Risk of bias was assessed using design-appropriate tools, and certainty was evaluated with GRADE. The protocol and analytical plan were retrospectively registered in OSF on August 21, 2026 (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/K5FWU).

RESULTS: Twenty independent studies represented by 23 reports. Acute hyperglycemic phenotypes were associated with increased short-term all-cause mortality (four studies; 1,079 participants; RR 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-3.64; I[2]=31.3%; 95% prediction interval 0.96-4.56) and invasive mechanical ventilation (three studies; 679 participants; RR 3.64, 95% CI 1.74-7.61; I[2]=0%). Mortality estimates remained directionally stable in sensitivity analysis. Adding a large study using peak in-hospital glucose preserved the mortality association but produced substantial heterogeneity for ventilation. Etiological evidence showed no uniform post-COVID trajectory: insulin resistance or glycemic abnormalities resolved in some populations, persisted in others, and progressed toward newly diagnosed diabetes in a subset. Mechanistic evidence implicated inflammatory stress, adipose-tissue dysfunction, impaired insulin signaling, and variable β-cell responses.

CONCLUSIONS: Study-defined acute hyperglycemic phenotypes were associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in studies that also assessed insulin resistance or insulin sensitivity. These unadjusted estimates should not be interpreted as effects of a combined phenotype or as causal associations. Persistent metabolic abnormalities occurred heterogeneously, supporting standardized participant-level definitions and controlled longitudinal studies.

https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/K5FWU, identifier 10.17605/OSF.IO/K5FWU.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/metabolism
*Insulin Resistance/physiology
Prognosis
*Hyperglycemia/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Blood Glucose/metabolism
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid42953828,
year = {2026},
author = {Chauhan, R and Singh, M},
title = {Do we have different transfusion practices in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients?.},
journal = {Asian journal of transfusion science},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {418-425},
pmid = {42953828},
issn = {0973-6247},
abstract = {Hemoglobin (Hb)-based transfusion triggers are the most commonly used transfusion triggers in clinical practice at present, despite of having many drawbacks. In daily clinical practice, the traditional 10/30 rule (Hb 10 g/dL - hematocrit 30%) has been the most commonly used trigger for blood transfusions. The physiological rationale for this approach is that both Hb and hematocrit are key determinants of arterial oxygen delivery (DO2) and thus the lower limit of oxygen transport and adequate tissue oxygenation. Transfusions with allogeneic red blood cells (RBCs) can be avoided in most patients with Hb thresholds above 7 g/dL with stable hemodynamics. Although physiological transfusion triggers appear to be the most suitable for blood transfusion yet due to the lack of sufficient clinical trials their significance has not been proved. Venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), central venous oxygen saturation, arterial lactate, and near-infrared spectroscopy, when combined together seem to be most useful in avoiding premature blood transfusion. However, large clinical trials are needed to prove their suitability. Blood centers faced a huge challenge in devising a preparedness strategy to withstand COVID-19 outbreak globally. A drastic fall in the red cell inventory was observed as compared to pre-COVID-19 time period due to disproportionate decrease in blood collection and demand. A restrictive transfusion strategy was also applied in hospitals using a threshold for transfusion based on a drop in the Hb level below 7 g/dl in patients with stable hemodynamics. In patients having anemia with acute coronary syndromes, the RBCs transfusion threshold is when Hb levels fall below 8 g/dl and hematocrit below 24%. There was an increase in the demand of convalescent plasma in the initial phase of the pandemic as its benefits were overestimated. The efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma are questionable. Implementation of the most recent evidence-supported transfusion guidelines and eliminating unnecessary transfusions are considered the main goals of patient blood management programs during COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid42954205,
year = {2026},
author = {Kalininskaya, AA and Vasilieva, TP},
title = {[The determinants of health and analysis of risk factors influencing upon it: the publications review].},
journal = {Problemy sotsial'noi gigieny, zdravookhraneniia i istorii meditsiny},
volume = {34},
number = {5},
pages = {1236-1240},
doi = {10.32687/0869-866X-2026-34-5-1236-1240},
pmid = {42954205},
issn = {0869-866X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Social Determinants of Health ; Risk Factors ; *Public Health ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Russia/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {In scientific literature, the concepts of health determinants and public health determinants often overlap, but have nuances. The universal definition of "public health determinant" in modern scientific literature is absent. The polysemy of the term is conditioned by differences in methodological approaches and research context. The accurate differentiation is found in the works of Russian scholars. So, health determinants are mainly regarded as social factors (as reflected in statistical data). Whereas public health determinants are considered in the light of organizational mechanisms that include health care policy and statistical monitoring. No consideration of the differences between these terms is present in scientific publications of the last decade. The WHO played key role in attracting attention to the concept of social determinants of health. The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people live, study, work, and communicate. They significantly impact on differences in population health. The article demonstrates that public health determinants represent a complex system of interrelated factors determining health risks, including socioeconomic, environmental, behavioral and biological aspects. The COVID-19 pandemic as global challenge revealed additional risks of development and complications of chronic pathology that highlights necessity of comprehensive approach to monitoring and counteracting health risks. This research results can serve as a basis for scientific studies and practical initiatives in health care field targeted to minimization of risks and to health preservation of population on National scale. The development of strategies counteracting public health threats is to be based on modern methods of monitoring and enhancement of preventive activities.},
}

Humans
*Social Determinants of Health
Risk Factors
*Public Health
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Russia/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42224418,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, C and Okoli, GN and Chen, R and Sullivan, SG and Cowling, BJ},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Attenuation of Breakthrough Infection Severity: A Systematic Global Review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America},
volume = {83},
number = {4},
pages = {535-545},
doi = {10.1093/cid/ciag346},
pmid = {42224418},
issn = {1537-6591},
support = {HKU SRFS2021-7S03//University Grants Committee/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; *Vaccine Efficacy ; Breakthrough Infections ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Severity of Illness Index ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines provide strong protection against severe outcomes but do not fully prevent infection, and the extent to which they attenuate disease severity among breakthrough infections remains unclear. Existing evidence is limited by small sample sizes, potential selection bias, and inconsistent findings.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic selection and meta-analysis of studies identified from a living systematic review of global observational studies reporting vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic infection and hospitalization. We computed the relative VE (rVE) against hospitalization versus symptomatic infection for matched VE pairs, representing vaccine-induced attenuation of severity. Multilevel meta-analysis and metaregression were used to pool estimates and assess effect modifiers.

RESULTS: A total of 184 VE pairs from 37 studies were included. The pooled rVE was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 39%, 60%) for broadly defined symptomatic infection and 19% (95% CI: 12%, 25%) for medically attended symptomatic infection, indicating significant attenuation of disease severity among vaccinated cases. Given substantial heterogeneity, interpretation focused on stratified and adjusted analyses. Attenuation was lower in older adults aged ≥60 years and showed no significant waning over time. Variant patterns differed by endpoint definition: attenuation was weaker for Omicron subvariants when broadly defined symptomatic infection was the comparator. No significant differences were observed between vaccine platforms.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination markedly reduces the risk of progression from symptomatic infection to hospitalization. Attenuation of severity was sustained over time and did not differ significantly by vaccine platform but was lower in older adults and varied by symptomatic-infection definition and variant period.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/immunology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
*Vaccine Efficacy
Breakthrough Infections
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Severity of Illness Index
Vaccination

@article {pmid42554662,
year = {2026},
author = {Munblit, D and Buonsenso, D and Olliaro, PL and Semple, MG and Greenhawt, MJ and Genuneit, J and Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, L and Wilder-Smith, A and Warner, JO and Chang, AY and Sultan, F and Putri, ND and Poland, GA and Bush, A and Boaventura, V and Apfelbacher, C and Ulloa-Gutierrez, R and Watson, HR and Oliveira, CR and Reyes, LF},
title = {Vaccines, Bias, and the Perils of Non-peer-reviewed Studies: Fueling Misinformation and Vaccine Hesitancy.},
journal = {Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America},
volume = {83},
number = {4},
pages = {e892-e899},
doi = {10.1093/cid/ciag403},
pmid = {42554662},
issn = {1537-6591},
support = {//Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation/ ; //Scottish Government/ ; //Integrum Scientific/ ; //MedEx Solutions/ ; //Chiesi Farmaceutici/ ; //Pfizer/ ; /WHO_/World Health Organization/International ; /AMS_/Academy of Medical Sciences/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology ; *Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; *Communication ; Bias ; *Vaccination/psychology ; },
abstract = {Unvetted scientific claims about vaccines can spread rapidly and undermine decades of progress in immunization and public trust. A recent non-peer-reviewed analysis, promoted at political hearings, in the documentary "An Inconvenient Study," and on social media, has been used to suggest that vaccinated children experience higher rates of chronic illness than unvaccinated peers. Despite standard regression models, critical flaws - uncontrolled confounding, exposure misclassification, unequal follow-up, and outcome multiplicity, invalidate causal inference. An independent group of international experts critically appraises this analysis and contrast its claims with the consistent evidence confirming vaccine safety and effectiveness. We also show how poorly designed studies can distort public discourse, amplify misinformation, and fuel vaccine hesitancy. We outline actions to strengthen research integrity, such as transparent data sharing, labeling of non-peer-reviewed content, and evidence-based communication. Safeguarding public health demands that vaccine evidence be methodologically sound, reviewed, and interpreted by qualified experts.},
}

Humans
*Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology
*Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage
*Communication
Bias
*Vaccination/psychology

@article {pmid42777291,
year = {2026},
author = {de Sousa Praxedes, CE and Alves de Sousa Santinha, G and de Araújo Soares Nuto, S and Junior Freire, RW and Gomes Ribeiro, K and Monteiro de Andrade, LO},
title = {[Social determinants and COVID-19 mortality: Systematic review of the role of primary care].},
journal = {Atencion primaria},
volume = {58},
number = {11},
pages = {103617},
pmid = {42777291},
issn = {1578-1275},
mesh = {*Primary Health Care ; *COVID-19/mortality ; Humans ; *Social Determinants of Health ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Pneumonia, Viral/mortality ; *Coronavirus Infections/mortality ; Socioeconomic Disparities in Health ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To synthesize associations between social determinants and COVID-19 mortality and examine the role of primary care.

DESIGN: Systematic review registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024502678) and reported according to PRISMA 2020.

DATA SOURCES: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish.

STUDY SELECTION: Observational studies addressing social determinants, COVID-19 mortality, and primary care.

DATA EXTRACTION: Country, design, determinants, role of primary care, outcome, and association measures.

RESULTS: Of 259 records, 24 studies were included; 14 were conducted in the US and 13 had an ecological design. In a Spanish cohort, income<€18,000 was associated with higher mortality (aOR 3.29; 95% CI 2.16-5.03), consistent with other studies of deprivation. Across 3141 US counties, the highest social-vulnerability quintile had higher mortality (RR 2.42; 95% CI 2.22-2.64), with a similar direction in other territorial analyses. In Georgia, primary care professional shortage was associated with higher mortality (RR 1.74; 95% CI 1.00-3.00), whereas in Texas greater primary care physician density was associated with lower odds of recording a death (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.89-0.99). Race/ethnicity-related effects varied by context. Methodological heterogeneity, predominance of ecological designs, and concentration of US studies limit generalizability.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 mortality was socially stratified and territorially modulated. Primary care showed associations compatible with a partial mitigating effect but does not replace redistributive and intersectoral policies.},
}

*Primary Health Care
*COVID-19/mortality
Humans
*Social Determinants of Health
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
*Pneumonia, Viral/mortality
*Coronavirus Infections/mortality
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health

@article {pmid42865313,
year = {2026},
author = {Taher, L and Arellano, J and Al-Harthi, L},
title = {Revisiting What HIV in the Brain Can Teach Us About SARS-CoV-2 Neurological Complications.},
journal = {AIDS research and human retroviruses},
volume = {42},
number = {12},
pages = {335-342},
doi = {10.1177/08892229261491499},
pmid = {42865313},
issn = {1931-8405},
support = {R56 NS136172/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Brain/virology/pathology/immunology ; *Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology ; *HIV Infections/complications/immunology/virology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {In 2021, a Perspective article suggested that principles of HIV neuropathogenesis could provide a conceptual framework for understanding the neurological complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection when mechanistic evidence was limited. Five years later, extensive clinical, neuropathological, and experimental studies allow reassessment of that framework. Current evidence has shifted emphasis away from direct viral infection of the central nervous system toward host-mediated mechanisms involving persistent immune activation, endothelial dysfunction, glial activation, thromboinflammation, and disruption of the neuroimmune axis. At the same time, persistent viral antigens and adaptive immune responses, including autoantibodies in subsets of patients, have expanded our understanding of the biological heterogeneity underlying post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection with neurological manifestations. This Perspective revisits the original framework in light of these advances and examines how concepts derived from HIV neuropathogenesis continue to inform our understanding of persistent neurological dysfunction following SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/immunology
SARS-CoV-2
*Brain/virology/pathology/immunology
*Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology
*HIV Infections/complications/immunology/virology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid42946966,
year = {2026},
author = {McCartney, G and Walsh, D},
title = {A global overview of mortality inequalities between countries and by ranked socio-economic circumstances within countries.},
journal = {Journal of internal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/joim.70179},
pmid = {42946966},
issn = {1365-2796},
abstract = {Health inequalities are seen between populations, social groups in the same population and across populations ranked by social position. This paper focuses on trends in inequalities between countries and socio-economic inequalities in mortality within them. Mortality in most countries has improved since 1950 with some exceptions, notably: Younger adults in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa were associated with civil war, structural adjustment programmes and human immunodeficiency virus during the 1980s/1990s; the former USSR after the rapid adoption of neoliberal economic policies; European countries which implemented austerity in the 2010s; and globally in the shadow of COVID-19. Mortality differences between countries have narrowed, with the gap between the best and worst thirds of countries declining from 20.5 years for males and 22.6 years for females in 2000 to 15.6 years and 16.0 years, respectively, by 2021. Data for within-country inequalities are sparse and subject to measurement issues. Where trend data are available, they vary according to location and political context. For example, across many high-income countries, mortality inequalities improved in absolute terms between the 1990s and the early 2010s; however, relative inequalities widened. Inequalities in parts of Europe widened after 2012, reflecting austerity policies impacting the social and economic determinants of health, particularly for the poorest. Comparisons of between-country levels of inequality are problematic due to uncertainties of data recording and comparability; nonetheless, existing evidence demonstrates wider inequalities within particular 'neoliberal' political contexts. Future challenges include addressing such political determinants alongside the overlapping threats of climate change, social polarization, misinformation and erosion of democratic structures.},
}

@article {pmid42947928,
year = {2026},
author = {Penner, J and Fanella, S},
title = {La prise en charge des infections bactériennes de la peau et des tissus mous d'origine communautaire et la prévention des récurrences chez les enfants.},
journal = {Paediatrics & child health},
volume = {31},
number = {7},
pages = {828-838},
pmid = {42947928},
issn = {1205-7088},
abstract = {Les infections de la peau et des tissus mous comptent parmi les maladies infectieuses les plus fréquentes chez les enfants. Leur gravité varie entre des infections simples spontanément résolutives et de graves syndromes nécrosants qui exigent la prise d'antibiotiques par voie intraveineuse, une intervention chirurgicale et des soins intensifs. Une barrière cutanée incomplète, découlant d'affections pédiatriques courantes comme l'eczéma et les abrasions cutanées, prédispose à l'infection. Lorsqu'il faut administrer des antibiotiques, le choix et la durée du traitement devraient dépendre des organismes les plus probables en cause, des profils de sensibilité possibles et des différences épidémiologiques selon les régions. Des traitements inappropriés au moyen d'antibiotiques à trop large spectre ou d'une durée trop prolongée sont nuisibles au microbiome, accroissent les effets secondaires des antimicrobiens, perpétuent la colonisation des organismes résistants et précipitent ainsi la résistance aux antimicrobiens. Le présent document de principes fournit aux prestataires de soins une boîte à outils pour la prise en charge optimale des infections bactériennes de la peau et des tissus mous, y compris les épisodes récurrents. Il n'aborde pas les principes thérapeutiques de ce type d'infections chez les patients immunodéprimés ou brûlés, en raison de la prise en charge complexe nécessaire dans ces deux contextes.},
}

@article {pmid42947933,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, Y and Cao, R and Su, Y},
title = {Review research progress, critical reflections and future prospects of digital care for chronic diseases.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1968554},
pmid = {42947933},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; Chronic Disease/therapy ; Digital Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Telemedicine ; *Digital Technology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The global prevalence of chronic diseases is becoming increasingly severe, and traditional care models are confronted with multiple challenges, including uneven distribution of medical resources, insufficient continuity of care, and inadequate patient self-management capacity. The rapid iteration of digital technologies and the catalyst of the COVID-19 pandemic have driven chronic disease care into a new phase of digital transformation. Based on relevant studies published from 2021 to 2026, this paper structures its analysis around a core logical framework: evidence-based evidence, care models, population adaptability and practical implementation. It systematically reviews the core technical systems and innovative characteristics of care models in digital chronic disease care, deeply analyzes the adaptive differences across diverse populations and disease types, and conducts critical reflections from the perspectives of evidence quality, health equity, clinical applicability, and homogeneity in intervention design. Finally, it puts forward future development directions centered on precision, localization, equity, and integration. The study reveals that digital chronic disease care has formed four core technological systems in application: intelligent sensing, digital behavioral intervention, immersive technology, and artificial intelligence (AI) and big data. Care models demonstrate innovative trends of nurse leadership, multi-dimensional collaboration, and caregiver empowerment. Nevertheless, prominent issues persist, such as insufficient high-quality evidence, a striking digital divide, difficulties in clinical integration, and a lack of personalized design. In the future, deep integration of technological innovation with clinical demands, enhanced targeted interventions for vulnerable populations, implementation of localized long-term studies, and improvement of policy and ethical guarantee systems are required. These efforts will promote the shift of digital chronic disease care from technology-driven to evidence-driven and demand-driven models, ultimately improving the overall efficiency of chronic disease management and health equity.},
}

Humans
Chronic Disease/therapy
Digital Health
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Telemedicine
*Digital Technology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42948244,
year = {2026},
author = {He, C and Xue, Y and Liu, Y and Xu, ZC and Zhao, RQ and Sun, JY and Meng, JF and Song, MR and Zhang, ZJ and Gui, QF},
title = {From past to present and toward the future: a mechanism-informed clinical framework for COVID-19-associated headache and post-viral pain.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1937278},
pmid = {42948244},
issn = {1664-2295},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Headache/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology/virology ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Pain/etiology ; },
abstract = {Headache is a prominent acute and persistent neurological manifestation of COVID-19, representing both as a significant clinical challenge and a valuable model for understanding the neurotropic effects of SARS-CoV-2. This review synthesizes evidence showing that the epidemiology of COVID-19 headache is distinctly shaped by younger age, female sex, and a prior history of headache disorders; its clinical phenotypes are diverse, strongly associating with chemosensory dysfunctions such as anosmia; and its core pathophysiology involves neuroinflammation (e.g., cytokine-mediated pathways), trigeminovascular activation, and sex-specific neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Although acute headache often responds to conventional analgesics, persistent cases-a major component of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)-necessitate a multidisciplinary management approach. This contrasts with the typically self-limiting headache following vaccination. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to define chronicity, mechanistic investigations into sex-specific pathways, and the development of phenotype-specific, personalized therapeutic strategies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Headache/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology/virology
Female
SARS-CoV-2
*Pain/etiology

@article {pmid42948253,
year = {2026},
author = {Hasoon, J and Yazdi, C and Robinson, CL},
title = {Telemedicine for chronic pain management in rural populations: a narrative review.},
journal = {Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland)},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1907994},
pmid = {42948253},
issn = {2673-561X},
abstract = {Chronic pain is among the most prevalent and burdensome health conditions in the United States, disproportionately affecting rural populations who face compounding barriers to specialty care, including geographic distance, transportation burden, specialist shortages, and limited access to multidisciplinary services. These structural inequities contribute to persistent disparities in pain prevalence, pain-related disability, and opioid utilization. Telemedicine is a promising strategy for reducing this access gap, with adoption accelerating markedly following the COVID-19 pandemic. This narrative review examines telemedicine for chronic pain management in rural populations across synchronous video visits, telephone-based encounters, asynchronous electronic consultations, telerehabilitation, tele-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy, and mobile health applications. The evidence base is strongest for remotely delivered cognitive behavioral therapy and selected telerehabilitation interventions, whereas evidence for specialty video programs, electronic consultations, Veterans Health Administration programs, and mobile health remains more heterogeneous and frequently observational. Telemedicine can improve access, psychological outcomes, functional status, and patient convenience while reducing travel burden, but it does not consistently improve pain intensity and may worsen inequities when broadband, device access, digital literacy, or privacy are inadequate. Important implementation challenges include limitations of the remote physical examination, variable patient preferences, technology anxiety, and regulatory uncertainty governing telemedicine prescribing of controlled substances. A hybrid model that uses structured triage, low-bandwidth alternatives, technology-navigation support, standardized opioid monitoring, and clearly defined triggers for in-person evaluation represents the most pragmatic framework for rural chronic pain care in the U.S. context.},
}

@article {pmid42933996,
year = {2026},
author = {Soiza, RL and Veronese, N},
title = {Recent research on vaccines for older adults.},
journal = {Age and ageing},
volume = {55},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/ageing/afag313},
pmid = {42933996},
issn = {1468-2834},
mesh = {Humans ; Aged ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Vaccination ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination Hesitancy ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Vaccine Efficacy ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Aging ; *Vaccines ; },
abstract = {Vaccination is increasingly recognised as a cornerstone of healthy ageing and geriatric care, extending beyond the prevention of infectious disease to potentially influence broader health outcomes. This Commentary article commemorates the launch of Age and Ageing's vaccines collection by highlighting key vaccine-related research published in the journal. It focuses on vaccine uptake, effectiveness and emerging research priorities for older adults. Uptake of recommended vaccines, including influenza, COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus and pneumococcal vaccines, remains variable internationally and is challenged by vaccine hesitancy. Successful vaccination programmes combine healthcare professional education, centralised reminder systems and easy access to vaccination services. Studies involving care-home residents demonstrated that COVID-19 vaccines provided substantial protection against infection and, particularly, mortality, although effectiveness declines over time and is influenced by immunosenescence. Immunological studies reveal weaker vaccine responses among infection-naïve older adults, supporting the importance of booster programmes and strategies to enhance immunity. Emerging evidence also suggests that interventions such as probiotics may improve vaccine immunogenicity, although further high-quality trials are required. Beyond infection prevention, observational data indicate that several vaccines, may be associated with a reduced risk of dementia, particularly vascular dementia, though causal relationships remain unproven. Looking forward, greater inclusion of frail older adults and care home residents in vaccine trials is essential to strengthen the evidence base. Future research should support the development of novel vaccines, improve preparedness for future pandemics and optimise vaccination strategies to maximise healthy ageing and preserve function in later life.},
}

Humans
Aged
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Vaccination
COVID-19 Vaccines
SARS-CoV-2
Vaccination Hesitancy
Pandemics/prevention & control
Vaccine Efficacy
Aged, 80 and over
*Aging
*Vaccines

@article {pmid42934861,
year = {2026},
author = {Al-Mansour, M and Alhejazi, A and Alsaggaf, MA and Malhan, HM and El Fakih, R and Dada, R and Alotaibi, GS and Almaghrabi, RS and Alshamrani, M},
title = {Prophylaxis Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adults With Hematological Malignancies in Saudi Arabia: Consensus Statements From the Working Group on COVID-19 Management in Hematological Malignancies.},
journal = {Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)},
volume = {9},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42934861},
issn = {2573-8348},
support = {//AstraZeneca/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology/complications/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/virology/immunology ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/isolation & purification ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Adult ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the end of the pandemic phase, patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) remain vulnerable to severe COVID-19 infection and mortality. Prophylaxis strategies, including vaccination and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) like AZD7442, are crucial for protection. In Saudi Arabia, the incidence of HMs has risen, emphasizing the need for locally adapted prophylaxis strategies.

AIMS: This consensus provides recommendations for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection prophylaxis in adults with HMs in Saudi Arabia.

METHODS: We employed a modified Delphi approach to develop recommendations for minimizing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with HMs. A multidisciplinary expert panel of hematologists, oncologists, and infectious disease specialists was formed. The Delphi process involved three voting rounds. Consensus was achieved if there was ≥ 80% agreement.

RESULTS: The present consensus consists of 24 statements. The panel agreed that the currently recommended COVID-19 vaccination is the frontline prophylactic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis or severe COVID-19 in patients with HMs. They also agreed that patients with HMs should receive at least one booster dose of an updated COVID-19 vaccine, and that vaccination should not delay scheduled treatment. With regard to patients in the high-risk group, pre-exposure long-acting mAbs may be considered when activity against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants has been demonstrated, and the agent is locally available and approved by the relevant regulatory authorities. The mAbs should be started, even if the patient is under treatment. In the case of vaccinated patients, the long-acting mAbs should be administered at least 2 weeks after vaccination.

CONCLUSION: There is a need for tailored prophylactic strategies to protect high-risk immunocompromised patients from COVID-19. Key recommendations include the need for booster doses of the updated vaccines, according to national availability, and the use of long-acting mAbs for pre-exposure prophylaxis, only when activity against circulating variants has been demonstrated, and the product is locally available and approved by the relevant regulatory authority.},
}

Humans
*Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology/complications/epidemiology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/virology/immunology
Saudi Arabia/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/isolation & purification
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
Adult
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Vaccination

@article {pmid42936273,
year = {2026},
author = {Gorrie, N and Montgomery, E and McCaughan, G and Carroll, AS and Bart, NK},
title = {Cardiac amyloidosis: recognition, diagnosis and management.},
journal = {Australian prescriber},
volume = {49},
number = {5},
pages = {174-181},
pmid = {42936273},
issn = {0312-8008},
abstract = {Cardiac amyloidosis is an under-recognised but treatable condition characterised by insoluble protein deposition in the heart and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is most commonly caused by transthyretin (known as transthyretin [ATTR] amyloidosis) but may also be caused by a plasma cell dyscrasia (known as light chain [AL] amyloidosis). Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients with heart failure and other suggestive features (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral and/or autonomic neuropathy), particularly in those aged over 65 years. Findings from a standard work-up for heart failure may raise the possibility of cardiac amyloidosis, such as unexplained cardiac biomarker elevation or left ventricular wall thickening on an echocardiogram. Early investigation can begin in primary care. Monoclonal protein testing is essential to exclude AL amyloidosis, which requires urgent haematology review and treatment. Standard heart failure assessment should also be undertaken if not already performed. Patients with suspected cardiac amyloidosis should be promptly referred to a cardiologist or amyloidosis centre for confirmatory testing, which, in most cases, can be done noninvasively. Treatment of ATTR includes disease-modifying therapies (tafamidis, vutrisiran) and heart failure management, predominantly with diuretics and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. All patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter should be anticoagulated regardless of CHA2DS2-VA score. Early recognition, timely referral and multidisciplinary care are essential to improve outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42936831,
year = {2026},
author = {Yasin, A and Ibrahim, N},
title = {Mapping Global Research on Depression Among Medical Students: A Bibliometric and Conceptual Analysis (2001-2025).},
journal = {The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS},
volume = {33},
number = {4},
pages = {37-50},
pmid = {42936831},
issn = {1394-195X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The importance of mental health among medical students has gained worldwide recognition, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. High rates of depression among medical students have drawn the attention of researchers, who have sought to identify and explore the factors related to the onset of depression. This study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on depression among medical students and developed a conceptual framework highlighting the interaction of various factors contributing to the onset and maintenance of depression.

METHODS: This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 467 papers retrieved from the Scopus database between 2001 and 2025. The eligibility criterion was articles that contained the terms "depression" and "medical students" in their titles. This systematic approach ensured a manageable dataset for analysis. Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer were used for an in-depth analysis of publication trends, affiliations, countries, prolific authors, and major journals and sources regarding depression among medical students.

RESULTS: The highest number of papers published was in 2022, while the United States was identified as the most productive country. Co-occurrence analysis identified eight core themes: psychosocial factors, affective-cognitive factors, psychological stressors, coping mechanisms, burnout, mental health and well-being, academic performance, and lifestyle factors of depression among medical students.

CONCLUSION: This study significantly contributes to the field by constructing a comprehensive conceptual framework that logically organises thematic factors into predictors, moderators, and outcome variables, and is expected to guide future research and align with emerging trends in this domain. Additionally, this study highlights the need for global collaboration on many topics in this field and urges the development of suitable psychological preventive strategies to reduce the rate of depression among medical students.},
}

@article {pmid42937268,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, WH and Lin, CK and Hong, SA and Waits, A},
title = {Mental Health Outcomes Among Migrant Caregivers: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Supportive Interventions.},
journal = {The International journal of social psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {207640261496539},
doi = {10.1177/00207640261496539},
pmid = {42937268},
issn = {1741-2854},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Migrant caregivers play an essential role in addressing global shortages in long-term and domestic care. However, demanding working conditions, social isolation, and migration-related stressors may adversely affect their mental health, while evidence on prevalence, determinants, and effective interventions remains fragmented. This systematic review aimed to synthesize global evidence on the prevalence of mental health outcomes among migrant caregivers, identify associated risk factors, and summarize supportive interventions targeting their mental health.

METHODS: Eight databases were searched for studies published between January 2015 and October 2025. Eligible studies quantitatively assessed mental health outcomes among migrant caregivers or evaluated supportive mental health interventions using validated measurement tools. Due to substantial heterogeneity in study design, populations, and outcome measures, results were synthesized qualitatively.

RESULTS: A total of 48 studies were included (42 cross-sectional, 6 interventions). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, sleep problems, and caregiver burden varied widely across settings and measurement tools. Mental health outcomes were consistently associated with sociodemographic, occupational, environmental, physical health, psychosocial, migration-related, and COVID-19-related factors. Evidence on interventions was limited to six small trials, showing modest and inconsistent effects, with more consistent improvements in coping and mental health literacy than in depressive symptoms, varying by design and caregiver characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS: Migrant caregivers experience a substantial mental health burden associated with employment conditions, workplace social environments, and migration-related factors. Addressing their mental health requires both improved research designs and policy responses that extend beyond individual-level interventions to structural and social conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42939008,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, L and Tang, Y and Chen, X and Wu, Z and Xiao, J and Xiang, Q and Tian, H},
title = {Advances and Challenges in mRNA Cancer Vaccines: Individualized Design and Delivery.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42939008},
issn = {2306-5354},
abstract = {Since the widespread use of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, significant progress has also been made in mRNA cancer vaccines. Currently, mRNA cancer vaccines represent one of the most promising treatments for advanced tumors, with several candidates in clinical trials. Compared with traditional treatment methods, mRNA cancer vaccines have several advantages. However, several challenges of mRNA cancer vaccines remain, including the accurate and rapid identification of neoantigens and hotspot mutations that match different HLA types. To address these challenges, we review four key aspects of mRNA cancer vaccine development. These include neoantigen identification technologies, machine learning and AI prediction, mRNA sequence and structure design, and the development of LNP delivery systems. Additionally, we analyze the pipelines of leading companies in this field, providing insights into personalized mRNA cancer vaccines. This review also discusses future challenges and prospects, aiming to help guide this promising field toward the full realization of its potential.},
}

@article {pmid42939028,
year = {2026},
author = {Di Grezia, G and Clemente, A and Dugheri, S and Mattei, V and Gili, A and Mari, E and Urraro, F and Mucci, N and Baldassarre, A},
title = {Blockchain and Internet of Medical Things for Resilient Healthcare.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42939028},
issn = {2306-5354},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic exposed persistent weaknesses in health-data interoperability, cybersecurity, provenance, cross-organizational governance, and continuity of digital care. This short communication presents an updated focused narrative synthesis and a five-layer governance framework for integrating blockchain and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in patient-centered digital health. The literature was updated through 10 August 2026, with recent peer-reviewed evidence complemented by authoritative standards and European regulatory sources. The synthesis positions blockchain primarily as a distributed governance, provenance, and audit layer rather than a clinical database or stand-alone security solution, while IoMT provides heterogeneous sensing infrastructure for continuous and distributed care. The framework separates: (1) device and data acquisition; (2) network and edge orchestration, including 5G/SDN where clinically justified; (3) blockchain-based governance; (4) privacy-enhancing data, analytics, and AI; and (5) application and service delivery. Homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, secure aggregation, differential privacy, and federated learning are treated as complementary controls with distinct threat models and computational trade-offs. The revised framework also incorporates the European Health Data Space, the EU AI Act and its medical-device interplay, and NIS2 as a regulatory overlay. Across six use-case domains, evidence is strongest for technical feasibility, provenance, and programmable access control; evidence for clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, equity, sustainability, and large-scale deployment remains limited. The proposed model therefore emphasizes standards-based interoperability, minimization of on-chain personal data, endpoint trust, auditable human oversight, and prospective real-world validation.},
}

@article {pmid42939663,
year = {2026},
author = {Khan, MA and Khan, MH and Allemailem, KS},
title = {Thymoquinone and Its Nanoformulation for Dual Antiviral Therapy: Targeting Intracellular Viral Replication and Host Complications.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {16},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42939663},
issn = {2218-273X},
mesh = {*Benzoquinones/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage ; Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage ; *Virus Replication/drug effects ; Animals ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {Viral therapy requires effective control of intracellular viral replication while limiting harmful host responses that may contribute to disease progression and complications. Thymoquinone (TQ), a major bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa, has potential antiviral and host-protective properties, but its therapeutic implications are limited by poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and variable tissue exposure. This review critically explores TQ nanoformulations (Nano-TQ) as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations and enable dual antiviral therapy through improved intracellular delivery and modulation of virus-associated host injury. Research published between 2000 and 2026 is evaluated, with emphasis on TQ-specific antiviral activity, nanoformulation platforms, intracellular trafficking, virus-informed delivery, host complications, and translational development. Current evidence indicates that nanoformulation can improve the pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties of TQ and may facilitate delivery to disease-relevant tissues. However, direct evidence that Nano-TQ can achieve functionally relevant intracellular delivery, selectively engage virus-related targets, or provide superior antiviral efficacy over free TQ remains limited. We therefore propose that the key translational benchmark should be a reproducible therapeutic advantage coupled to intracellular TQ exposure, target engagement, and reduced infectious viral output rather than improved bioavailability alone. Future studies should integrate virus-specific infection models, PK-PD relationships, and safety assessments to progress Nano-TQ toward a clinically relevant dual-action antiviral nanomedicine.},
}

*Benzoquinones/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage
Humans
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use/pharmacokinetics/administration & dosage
*Virus Replication/drug effects
Animals
*Nanoparticles/chemistry
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid42939941,
year = {2026},
author = {Rusch, S and Mester, P and Möller, F and Müller, M and Gülow, K},
title = {Oxidative Stress and Alveolar-Capillary Barrier Failure in Sepsis- and Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated ARDS.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42939941},
issn = {2076-3921},
abstract = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the final common phenotype of diverse insults, but the route to alveolar-capillary barrier failure matters. Sepsis and severe acute pancreatitis provide an informative contrast: sepsis begins with infection and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, whereas pancreatitis is initially driven by sterile acinar-cell injury, necrosis and damage-associated molecular patterns, before infected necrosis can superimpose sepsis biology. These differences are clinically relevant since they determine whether redox-related signals must be interpreted in the context of pathogen burden and antimicrobial host defense or of initially sterile necrosis with subsequent risk of infected necrosis. In this review, we discuss how these distinct pathophysiological contexts engage NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived oxidants, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), lipid peroxidation, regulated cell death and impaired antioxidant defenses. We focus on the pulmonary endothelium and epithelium as compartments in which inflammatory and redox signals converge to disrupt barrier integrity, impair alveolar fluid clearance and promote immunothrombosis. We also discuss coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated ARDS as a viral comparator, the analytical limitations of redox biomarkers, and the value of serial, compartment-aware measurements. The central message is that oxidative stress is not a single systemic deficiency that can be corrected by generic antioxidants. Its biological and therapeutic significance depends on oxidant source, cellular compartment, microbial burden and disease phase. However, evidence for many specific redox pathways remains predominantly preclinical, and their clinical relevance requires further validation. At present, no validated redox-directed treatment-selection strategy exists; future approaches will therefore require validated target-engagement markers and phenotype- and time-specific trial designs.},
}

@article {pmid42940043,
year = {2026},
author = {Duffy, A and Schweikert, A and Tan, SY and Murphy, C and Dowling, CM and Hurley, K and Ozaki, M},
title = {Gene-Editing in Respiratory Disease: From Pre-Clinical Human Models to Future Therapeutics.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42940043},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Chronic lung diseases arise from complex interactions between environmental exposures and host genetic factors. However, these interactions are not fully understood, and despite decades of study, effective curative therapies remain unavailable for many patients. Recent breakthroughs in therapeutic gene-editing have become a reality for some inherited blood diseases and are a promising approach for monogenic lung diseases. Early-phase clinical studies are now ongoing for AATD, primarily through liver-directed editing of hepatocytes to restore circulating functional AAT and for COVID-19 using gene-edited immune cell approaches. However, direct in vivo gene-editing of pulmonary epithelial cells remains largely at the preclinical stage. Expanding this therapeutic pipeline requires overcoming the unique biological barriers of the lung and developing human-specific models that faithfully recapitulate human disease mechanisms. Advances in gene-editing technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9 systems, base and prime editors, and emerging compact nucleases, have increased the feasibility of precise genomic correction. However, safe and efficient delivery directly to the lung remains a major unmet challenge due to mucus, surfactant, epithelial tight junctions, and innate immune surveillance. Delivery systems such as engineered AAVs, lentiviral vectors, selective organ targeting lipid nanoparticles and aerosolizable formulations like nebulised or dry powder nanoparticles are beginning to address these obstacles. In parallel, human preclinical models have evolved from traditional cell lines to more sophisticated platforms such as iPSC-derived airway and alveolar cells, organoids, precision-cut lung slices, air-liquid interface cultures, organ-on-a-chip devices, and patient-derived primary cells. These models enable mechanistic interrogation, variant-specific functional assessment, and preclinical evaluation of gene-editing strategies with increased physiological relevance. In this review, we detail current and emerging gene-editing tools, delivery strategies, and human-relevant disease models. We highlight key translational barriers and discuss how advanced human models combined with improved delivery technologies can accelerate the development of safe and effective gene-editing therapeutics for chronic respiratory disease.},
}

@article {pmid42940620,
year = {2026},
author = {Vampertzi, O and Iosifidis, E and Zelilidou, A and Farmaki, E and Vargiami, E},
title = {Infections and Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review of Evidence Since the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42940620},
issn = {2227-9067},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a common autoimmune encephalitis affecting children and adolescents. Its development has been associated with preceding or concomitant infections, particularly herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This scoping review characterized the association between infections and pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis, focusing on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis from January 2020 to August 2025. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework. PubMed was systematically searched using the terms NMDAR encephalitis AND infections AND children. Of 110 identified records, 13 studies met the predefined eligibility criteria. Results: HSV-1 was the most consistently reported infectious association, particularly in younger children. Clinical phenotype varied with age, with neurological manifestations predominating in younger children and psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms becoming more prominent in adolescents. HSV-associated cases, particularly following extensive HSV-related brain injury, were associated with greater residual neurological morbidity and less favorable long-term outcomes. Other infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza B, and norovirus, were reported less frequently, with limited evidence regarding their impact on disease course. Immunotherapeutic strategies were generally similar irrespective of preceding infection, although active or treatment-associated infections could influence treatment timing, sequencing, and infectious-risk considerations. Earlier immunotherapy was associated with more favorable neurological recovery. Conclusions: Infectious exposures, particularly HSV-1, appear to be associated with pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis, although causality cannot be established from the predominantly retrospective and case-based literature. Prospective, multicenter studies using standardized diagnostic and outcome measures are needed to clarify the infection-autoimmunity relationship and optimize early recognition and management.},
}

@article {pmid42941308,
year = {2026},
author = {Ohshiro, Y},
title = {Recovery-Phase Viral Pancreatitis (RVP): Proposal of a New Clinical Framework Arising During the Natural Course of Viral Infection.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42941308},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {We propose recovery-phase viral pancreatitis (RVP) as a new clinical framework for acute pancreatitis arising during natural recovery from viral infection. Although pancreatic injury during acute viral illness has been widely reported, pancreatitis arising after improvement of systemic viral symptoms remains poorly characterized. We conducted a focused narrative review with descriptive case-level analysis of published reports of virus-associated acute pancreatitis. We identified 19 cases of recovery-phase pancreatitis involving multiple unrelated viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, dengue virus, hepatitis A virus, and Epstein-Barr virus, although most cases (13/19, 68%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2. We propose a hypothetical two-hit model in which possible pancreatic viral involvement or antigen persistence during acute infection (Hit 1) is followed by recovery-associated immune recognition and pancreatic inflammation (Hit 2). Though RVP may share pathophysiological features with classical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), we believe it should be distinguished from IRIS because it arises during the natural course of viral infection. RVP has been described after hospital discharge and may therefore represent an underrecognized temporal association, in which its relationship to the preceding viral infection may be overlooked. Recognition of RVP may facilitate appropriate diagnosis of pancreatitis arising during recovery from viral infection and provide a framework for future mechanistic investigations.},
}

@article {pmid42941771,
year = {2026},
author = {Tata, FY and Nxumalo, MB and Ntanzi, N and Mushebenge, AG and Khan, RB and Kumalo, HM},
title = {Metabolic Milieu and Susceptibility: The Combined Benefits of Targeting AMPK and ACE2 for Metabolic Disorders and COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42941771},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; COVID-19/metabolism ; *AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Metabolic Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy ; Animals ; *Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; Metformin/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/metabolism ; Pandemics ; *Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The convergence of metabolic dysfunction and infectious diseases has become increasingly evident, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) emerge as pivotal molecular regulators linking metabolic homeostasis, endothelial integrity, immune modulation, and viral pathogenesis. Metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are marked by insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, collectively increasing susceptibility to severe viral infections and outcomes. This review examines experimental, computational, and translational evidence exploring the interplay between AMPK and ACE2, focusing on metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory pathways relevant to viral infections. Recent findings show a bidirectional functional relationship between AMPK and ACE2, where AMPK phosphorylation supports ACE2 expression and function, and ACE2 signaling reciprocally enhances AMPK activity, forming a protective metabolic-vascular loop. Disruption of this axis, particularly through SARS-CoV-2-induced ACE2 degradation, exacerbates metabolic deterioration, vascular damage, and exaggerated inflammatory responses. Preclinical and in silico studies show that pharmacological AMPK activators, including metformin and bioactive flavonoids, demonstrate pleiotropic metabolic, anti-inflammatory, endothelial protective, and potential antiviral activities, hinting at the therapeutic potential of modulating the AMPK-ACE2 axis, despite the limited clinical application of flavonoids. The AMPK-ACE2 axis represents an important molecular link between metabolic regulation, renovascular health, and immune defense mechanisms. This evaluation connects AMPK and ACE2 from isolated signaling nodes into a coordinated pharmacological axis with implications for interventions in cardiometabolic and viral diseases. Future research should prioritize mechanistic validation and conduct integrated experimental and clinical investigations to establish AMPK-ACE2 co-targeting as a viable therapeutic strategy for mitigating cardiometabolic disease burden and enhancing resilience against viral infections.},
}

Humans
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
COVID-19/metabolism
*AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
*Metabolic Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy
Animals
*Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
Metformin/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Signal Transduction/drug effects
*Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/metabolism
Pandemics
*Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/metabolism

@article {pmid42942106,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, J and Chen, Y and Zhang, Y and Xie, Q and Yin, G},
title = {Interferon-Induced Protein 6 (IFI6): Biological Functions, Molecular Mechanisms and Pathological Roles in Human Diseases.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942106},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {82572070//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology ; *Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Virus Diseases/metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Animals ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Interferon (IFN)-induced protein 6 (IFI6) is an important member of the IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) family. It plays significant roles in anti-apoptosis, immune regulation, maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, antiviral defense, and tumor progression. At the molecular mechanism level, IFI6 inhibits mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. It also regulates the balance between B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), activates the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) pathways, and upregulates the ferroptosis-related proteins solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), thereby enhancing cell survival and proliferation through multiple pathways. In terms of immune regulation, IFI6 is associated with immune cells (such as T/B cells, etc.) and the tumor microenvironment. IFI6 regulates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, influencing respiratory chain assembly and metabolism. In terms of viral infection, IFI6 may inhibit the replication of multiple viruses (such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), SARS-CoV-2, etc.) by inhibiting flavivirus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) invagination, interfering with retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor signaling pathways, and inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase activity. In addition, IFI6 is highly expressed in autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors and is associated with proliferation, metastasis, and poor prognosis. In this review, we aim to highlight IFI6 as a potential key target in disease diagnosis and treatment.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology
*Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism/genetics
Signal Transduction
Virus Diseases/metabolism
Mitochondria/metabolism
Animals
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism

@article {pmid42942118,
year = {2026},
author = {Nemat-Gorgani, M and Jensen, MA and Davis, RW},
title = {The Glymphatic-Meningeal Lymphatic System and Autophagy in ME/CFS and Long COVID: A Mechanistic Perspective.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942118},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Autophagy ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Glymphatic System/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/pathology/metabolism/physiopathology ; *Meninges/metabolism/pathology ; *Lymphatic System/metabolism ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID) are complex multisystem disorders affecting 60-400 million individuals globally. They are considered post-infectious illnesses and share similar biological mechanisms, including immune dysregulation, orthostatic intolerance and cognitive dysfunction, highlighting a substantial overlap between the two conditions. Persistent fatigue, sleep dysfunction, post-exertional malaise and brain fog are among some of their most common and debilitating symptoms. Despite extensive research, they remain incurable, with no effective treatments, or simple diagnostic tests. They are increasingly understood as heterogeneous, multisystem diseases, involving neurological symptoms, with varying severities and diverse underlying biological abnormalities. More recently, the possibility of glymphatic dysfunction and autophagy impairment have been proposed as parts of the mechanistic features of the pathophysiology of these conditions, which are discussed more fully in the present perspective. With the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems being operationally integrated, we will try to delineate how the metabolic waste removal mechanism afforded by this system may work together with autophagy to maintain brain homeostasis. We will provide some of the established mechanistic features of toxicity of misfolded proteins, explore their role in causing glymphatic dysfunction and impairing autophagy, and discuss the potential for therapeutic interventions.},
}

Humans
*Autophagy
*COVID-19/complications
*Glymphatic System/metabolism/pathology/physiopathology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/pathology/metabolism/physiopathology
*Meninges/metabolism/pathology
*Lymphatic System/metabolism
Animals

@article {pmid42942120,
year = {2026},
author = {Rathored, J and Shende, S},
title = {Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D Receptors and Serum Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Patients After Immunization: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942120},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Receptors, Calcitriol/immunology/metabolism ; *Vitamin D/blood/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Signal Transduction ; Immunomodulation ; Vaccination ; Cytokines/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive strategy. However, variation in immune response after immunization has been observed among individuals. vitamin D plays a crucial role in immune regulation through activation of the VDR, which is expressed on various immune cells. The role of vitamin D status in post-vaccination immune responses among COVID-19 patients has gained increasing scientific interest. This narrative review evaluates the immunomodulatory roles of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and serum vitamin D status in COVID-19 patients following vaccination, with particular emphasis on immune mechanisms, inflammatory regulation, and vaccine-induced immune responses. The relevant literature concerning vitamin D, VDR signaling, COVID-19 infection, vaccination, and immune responses was comprehensively reviewed. Emphasis was placed on studies discussing immune modulation, cytokine regulation, and antibody responses. Current evidence suggests that adequate serum vitamin D status may support both innate and adaptive immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination. Activation of the VDR regulates T-cell differentiation, modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and supports humoral immune responses. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with impaired vaccine responsiveness and persistent systemic inflammation. Vitamin D and VDR-mediated signaling pathways appear to play important roles in regulating immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination. Maintaining optimal vitamin D levels may help improve vaccine-induced immunity and reduce excessive inflammatory responses.},
}

Humans
*Receptors, Calcitriol/immunology/metabolism
*Vitamin D/blood/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Signal Transduction
Immunomodulation
Vaccination
Cytokines/metabolism

@article {pmid42942431,
year = {2026},
author = {Trif, P and Galiș, R and Mudura, D and Kramer, BW and Ștefan, L and Zaha, DC and Murvai, RV and Ștefăroi, I and Mazela, J and Jurca, CM},
title = {Impacts of COVID-19 on Maternal and Newborn Healthcare Delivery in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: A Scoping Review and Proposal for a Resilience Framework.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {62},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942431},
issn = {1648-9144},
support = {//University of Oradea/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Maternal Health Services/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted maternal and newborn healthcare worldwide, necessitating rapid reorganization of healthcare services while maintaining essential care. Evidence from Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CESEE) remains fragmented despite the region's heterogeneous healthcare systems and variable pandemic responses. This scoping review synthesized the available evidence on maternal and newborn healthcare delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes a Maternal and Newborn Healthcare Resilience Framework (MNRF) to integrate the findings across key domains of healthcare resilience. Materials and Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched, with Google Scholar used as a supplementary search source. Eligible publications were published between 1 January 2020 and 31 May 2026. Evidence was synthesized across four predefined MNRF domains: access and continuity of care, healthcare organization and system capacity, quality and family-centered care, and maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes. Results: Twelve publications met the inclusion criteria; several represented analyses derived from shared or partially overlapping datasets, particularly the multinational IMAgiNE EURO project. Across CESEE countries with available evidence, the pandemic disrupted access to antenatal services, accelerated the implementation of telemedicine, and prompted extensive reorganization of maternity and neonatal care. Family-centered practices, including birth companionship, skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding support, and shared decision-making, were consistently affected. Maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes showed no consistent regional pattern of deterioration in the included evidence; however, data were limited and heterogeneous, and localized increases in stillbirths and changes in neonatal healthcare utilization were reported. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed important vulnerabilities and prompted substantial adaptations in maternal and newborn healthcare delivery in the represented CESEE settings. The MNRF provides a structured, hypothesis-generating conceptual model for organizing these experiences and identifying priorities for preparedness and future research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Infant, Newborn
Female
Pregnancy
Europe/epidemiology
*Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration
SARS-CoV-2
*Maternal Health Services/organization & administration

@article {pmid42942991,
year = {2026},
author = {Velázquez De Castro-Bono, A and Castro-Luna, G and Guil-Guerrero, JL},
title = {Beyond Neuroinflammation: Targeting the Microbe-Barrier-Brain Axis Through Precision Nutrition in Neurological Long COVID (Neuro-PASC).},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {18},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42942991},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Biomarkers/blood ; *Precision Medicine/methods ; *Nervous System Diseases ; Dysbiosis ; *Brain/metabolism ; Intestinal Barrier Function ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; Haptoglobins ; Protein Precursors ; },
abstract = {Post-acute Neurological Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Neuro-PASC) contribute substantially to Long COVID-related disability, with cognitive impairment, chronic fatigue, dysautonomia, and neuropsychiatric symptoms among its most debilitating manifestations. Although its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, evidence implicates persistent immune activation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbiota dysbiosis, microbiome-derived metabolic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroimmune interactions in sustaining neuroinflammation and neurological impairment. This narrative review examines precision nutrition as a potential pathway-oriented strategy for Neuro-PASC. We synthesise evidence linking the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, immunometabolic pathways, mitochondrial function, and neurological outcomes, while evaluating nutritional interventions targeting these mechanisms. We focus on candidate biomarkers, including serum zonulin, fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, which may support patient stratification and personalised nutritional strategies. We also propose a stepwise framework involving dietary stabilisation, functional foods, targeted supplementation, and microbiome-based interventions, alongside practical considerations for post-exertional symptom exacerbation, dysautonomia, and mast cell-related symptoms. Finally, we identify priorities for future research, including multi-omics integration, artificial intelligence, digital health, and biomarker-stratified randomised controlled trials. Because current evidence remains predominantly observational and mechanistic, precision nutrition should be considered a complementary strategy requiring rigorous clinical validation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Neuroinflammatory Diseases/virology
SARS-CoV-2
Biomarkers/blood
*Precision Medicine/methods
*Nervous System Diseases
Dysbiosis
*Brain/metabolism
Intestinal Barrier Function
Fatty Acids, Volatile
Haptoglobins
Protein Precursors

@article {pmid42943591,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, S and Yu, W},
title = {Host Protein Palmitoylation: A Two-Edged Sword in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42943591},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Protein palmitoylation is a two-edged sword in regulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. On the one hand, SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the host's palmitoyl transferases (ZDHHC5/9/20) to modify its spike protein (S protein), enhancing its stability, membrane anchoring, and fusion, consequently facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication, and release. On the other hand, the host utilises this modification to activate antiviral defences: palmitoylation of the mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS) leads to its accumulation in the mitochondria and initiates interferon signalling; palmitoylation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is essential for its activation and transport; and palmitoylation of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) increases its ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 membrane fusion. This defensive-offensive interplay within the same regulatory system offers fresh opportunities for targeted therapy, including the development of specific ZDHHC inhibitors, palmitoylated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-based decoy vesicles, and metabolic intervention approaches. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct in-depth analyses of the functions of key modification sites and develop precise regulatory strategies to address the ongoing threat posed by coronaviruses.},
}

@article {pmid42943816,
year = {2026},
author = {Martinez-Fierro, ML and Gonzalez-Delgado, S and Solis-Hernandez, IA and Rocha-Pizaña, MDR and Mendez-Gonzalez, AJ and Garza-Veloz, I},
title = {Resveratrol for Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Dysfunction: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Translation.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {31},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {42943816},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {Humans ; *Resveratrol/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy/etiology ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 condition can include persistent cognitive symptoms, commonly described as impaired attention, memory difficulties, slowed processing, and "brain fog." Clinical and translational evidence implicates systemic inflammation, neurovascular dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, glial inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and altered synaptic or network function; their relative contributions remain uncertain and may differ across patient subgroups. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that modifies inflammatory, redox, metabolic, endothelial, and antiviral pathways in experimental systems. This focused narrative review examines whether those actions provide a mechanistic basis for the use of resveratrol in post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction. Evidence was considered according to biological proximity to the intended indication, distinguishing human post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) studies from acute-COVID-19, non-COVID-19 clinical, animal, organoid, and cell-based evidence. The review identifies candidate neurovascular, immune, and metabolic processes, evaluates where resveratrol evidence intersects with those processes, and distinguishes molecular observations from clinical questions that remain to be tested for to define the therapeutic potential of using resveratrol to treat post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment.},
}

Humans
*Resveratrol/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*COVID-19/complications
*Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy/etiology
Animals
SARS-CoV-2
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Oxidative Stress/drug effects

@article {pmid42943975,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, X and Zhang, Z and Cheng, H and Qi, S and Wang, P},
title = {Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV): From Emerging Swine Enteric Coronavirus to a Potential Coronavirus to Infect Humans.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42943975},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {2025YFE0205700//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Deltacoronavirus/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/classification ; *Coronavirus Infections/veterinary/virology/epidemiology/transmission ; Humans ; Swine ; *Swine Diseases/virology/epidemiology ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology/veterinary/epidemiology ; *Coronavirus/genetics ; },
abstract = {The global dissemination of coronaviruses continues to pose formidable threats to public health and socioeconomic development, making these viruses a major research priority. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging porcine enteric virus identified over the past two decades, has resulted in substantial economic losses to the swine industry owing to its high mortality and persistent circulation across the globe. Beyond swine, PDCoV possesses a broad host spectrum and is capable of infecting avian species, mice, calves, and other animals. Most alarmingly, its zoonotic potential was highlighted in 2021 through the discovery of PDCoV genomic RNA in pediatric samples from Haiti, highlighting its potential to become the eighth coronavirus species known to infect humans. Despite these dual veterinary and public health threats, licensed vaccines and specific human therapeutics remain unavailable. These facts highlight an urgent demand for comprehensive and in-depth studies on PDCoV to mitigate its potential risks and forestall future outbreaks. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest research advances in PDCoV in four aspects: biological characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, and antibody development. It is expected that this review can provide a robust theoretical basis for understanding PDCoV infection dynamics and accelerating the development of next-generation, broad-spectrum antiviral strategies to mitigate future interspecies spillover events.},
}

Animals
*Deltacoronavirus/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology/classification
*Coronavirus Infections/veterinary/virology/epidemiology/transmission
Humans
Swine
*Swine Diseases/virology/epidemiology
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology/veterinary/epidemiology
*Coronavirus/genetics

@article {pmid42943988,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, P and Zhao, Y and Yang, Y and Zhang, J and Wu, J and Wang, J},
title = {Coronavirus Exploitation of Ubiquitination and Selective Autophagy to Control Innate Immunity: Mechanisms, Systems Logic, and Therapeutic Opportunities.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42943988},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Autophagy/immunology ; *Ubiquitination ; Animals ; *Coronavirus/immunology/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology ; Mitophagy ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses replicate in membrane-rich cytoplasmic niches while confronting innate immune systems whose activation, signal propagation, and termination are extensively controlled by ubiquitin and autophagy. These two regulatory systems are often discussed separately. Yet they form a coupled information-and-disposal network: ubiquitin chains encode the identity and fate of immune proteins or viral cargo, whereas selective autophagy receptors read these signals and route substrates to lysosomes. Coronaviruses exploit this coupling at several levels. Papain-like proteases remove ubiquitin and ISG15 from antiviral factors; structural, nonstructural, and accessory proteins redirect host ubiquitin ligases or destabilize immune adaptors; and viral proteins remodel autophagosome biogenesis, mitophagy, lysosome function, and selective virophagy. These activities do more than globally suppress immunity. They delay early interferon production, reshape inflammatory signaling, preserve replication organelles, adjust mitochondrial quality control, and protect viral proteins from cargo-selective degradation. Importantly, the outcome is context dependent. Autophagy initiation can support membrane supply or suppress mitochondrial antiviral signaling, whereas completion of autophagic flux can eliminate viral material and restrain damaging inflammation. Likewise, K48-linked ubiquitination may remove antiviral proteins, but nondegradative K63- or M1-linked chains can either assemble antiviral signalosomes or promote pathological NF-κB activity. Here, we synthesize evidence from human and animal coronaviruses to propose that viral immune evasion is governed by spatially and temporally selective rewiring rather than indiscriminate inhibition. We distinguish mechanisms demonstrated during infection from those inferred from ectopic expression, identify points of convergence among RIG-I-like receptor, cGAS-STING, NF-κB, inflammasome, and autophagy pathways, and discuss why apparently contradictory observations often reflect differences in flux, cell type, infection stage, and viral lineage. This integrated view highlights viral proteases, host E3 ligase-substrate interfaces, autophagy receptors, and organelle contact sites as therapeutic nodes, while emphasizing that interventions must preserve the homeostatic functions of ubiquitin and autophagy.},
}

Humans
*Immunity, Innate
*Autophagy/immunology
*Ubiquitination
Animals
*Coronavirus/immunology/physiology
Signal Transduction
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
*Coronavirus Infections/immunology/virology
Mitophagy
Ubiquitin/metabolism
Viral Proteins/metabolism

@article {pmid42944060,
year = {2026},
author = {Peng, M and Luo, F and Li, N},
title = {Mechanisms and Research Progress of LncRNA-Mediated Regulation of Viral Infections.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42944060},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {No. 2024JB01//Open Project of Key Laboratory of Police Dog Breeding and Behavioral Science of Jiangxi Province (No. 2024JB01)./ ; },
mesh = {*RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics ; Humans ; *Virus Diseases/genetics/immunology/virology ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics/immunology ; Animals ; Interferons/immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Signal Transduction ; Viruses/genetics/immunology ; Innate Immunity Recognition ; },
abstract = {Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of RNA molecules whose transcripts exceed 200 nucleotides in length and typically lack protein-coding capacity, were once widely regarded as "transcriptional noise." However, recent studies have shown that lncRNAs can encode small peptides and play critical roles in biological processes, including gene expression regulation, cell differentiation, and immune response. Viral infections, as a common disease, can reshape the transcriptome of host cells, in which the differential expression of lncRNAs is a core link in host-virus interactions. This review aims to deeply analyze the multidimensional regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in the host antiviral innate immune response. It elaborates in detail on how lncRNAs construct the host antiviral defense by regulating pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways, the production and signal transduction of interferons (IFNs), as well as the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Additionally, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the complex functions of lncRNAs in regulating programmed cell death (PCD), including key processes such as pyroptosis, autophagy, and apoptosis, and integrated specific research cases in infections caused by multiple significant viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We aim to provide novel strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases.},
}

*RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
Humans
*Virus Diseases/genetics/immunology/virology
Immunity, Innate/genetics
*Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics/immunology
Animals
Interferons/immunology
Gene Expression Regulation
Signal Transduction
Viruses/genetics/immunology
Innate Immunity Recognition

@article {pmid42944074,
year = {2026},
author = {Szuster-Ciesielska, A},
title = {Immune Imprinting Across Respiratory Virus Infection, Vaccination, and Passive Immunization: Rethinking 'Original Antigenic Sin' in Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42944074},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; *Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology/prevention & control ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Cross Reactions/immunology ; *Influenza, Human/immunology/prevention & control ; Vaccination ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; Immunization, Passive ; Animals ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology ; },
abstract = {Immune imprinting shapes every subsequent response to antigenically related pathogens and is now central to designing updated vaccines for influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The label "Original Antigenic Sin" has framed imprinting as a fixed liability, but recent germinal-center, B-cell repertoire, and epidemiological data show that the effect is neither uniformly harmful nor irreversible. This review distinguishes cross-reactive immune memory from immune imprinting, defined here as a preferential bias toward the first-encountered antigen. Prior exposure can provide useful cross-reactive memory, but available evidence generally does not show that first-antigen bias itself improves protection relative to an equivalent unbiased memory response. We therefore use a hypothesis-generating conceptual framework to examine how antigenic distance, conserved-epitope accessibility, and exposure interval may influence both the usefulness of recalled memory and the extent to which imprinting restricts recruitment of responses to later antigens. The framework organizes existing observations and is not intended to predict imprinting outcomes ex ante. We discuss recent quantitative models that explicitly formalize competition between memory and de novo responses as complementary, pathogen-specific approaches. Across influenza and SARS-CoV-2, early exposure can establish cross-reactive memory associated with subsequent heterologous protection, while preferential recall of the priming antigen may limit responses to novel epitopes. For RSV, the effects of maternal vaccination and passive antibodies on subsequent active immune memory remain uncertain. Immunogen engineering, schedule adjustment, adjuvant selection, and cohort-tailored strategies may broaden pre-existing memory toward conserved protective epitopes and reduce restrictive first-antigen bias.},
}

Humans
Immunologic Memory
*Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology/prevention & control
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Cross Reactions/immunology
*Influenza, Human/immunology/prevention & control
Vaccination
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control
Immunization, Passive
Animals
Influenza Vaccines/immunology
Antigens, Viral/immunology
Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology

@article {pmid42944079,
year = {2026},
author = {Beltrami, S and Strazzabosco, G and Schiuma, G and Rizzo, S and Baroni, M and Bortolotti, D},
title = {Vascular Programs in Emerging and Re-Emerging RNA Virus Infections: Comparative Lessons from SARS-CoV-2, Flaviviruses, and Hantaviruses.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42944079},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/virology/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Flavivirus/physiology/pathogenicity ; Orthohantavirus/physiology/pathogenicity ; *RNA Virus Infections/virology/physiopathology ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology ; Animals ; Endothelium, Vascular/virology ; Flavivirus Infections/virology/physiopathology ; Hantavirus Infections/virology/physiopathology ; Blood Platelets ; },
abstract = {Emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses frequently present with clinical phenotypes that extend beyond classical organ tropism and include vascular leakage, platelet dysregulation, coagulation imbalance, microvascular injury, and thromboinflammation. SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and hantaviruses provide three complementary models of virus-induced vascular disease. This narrative review compares these viruses through a shared endothelial-coagulative framework and proposes four partially overlapping vascular programs: endothelial activation, endothelial barrier failure, coagulation activation, and platelet quantitative or qualitative dysfunction. These programs are intended as a conceptual synthesis of convergent clinical, pathological, and experimental evidence rather than as a quantitative classification system. The framework is used not only to organize known mechanisms, but also to generate testable predictions for cross-virus biomarker panels, organ-specific endothelial models, and phenotype-guided clinical studies. Severe COVID-19 illustrates inflammation-driven endothelial activation, platelet-leukocyte interactions, complement amplification, NETosis, and immunothrombosis. Within the flavivirus group, DENV is used as the principal model for systemic vascular leakage, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhagic risk; selected non-dengue flaviviruses illustrate how shared endothelial, platelet, and coagulation modules are redirected toward placental dysfunction (ZIKV), neuroinvasion (WNV and JEV), or hepatic failure and coagulopathy (YFV). Hantavirus infections provide a distinctive model of capillary leak syndrome in which non-lytic endothelial infection, immune-mediated injury, and permeability signaling converge on renal and pulmonary microvascular beds. A comparative view suggests that thrombotic, hemorrhagic, and leaky phenotypes are not mutually exclusive categories, but different outcomes of overlapping vascular programs shaped by viral tropism, vascular-bed specialization, immune activation, and host susceptibility.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/virology/physiopathology
SARS-CoV-2/physiology
Flavivirus/physiology/pathogenicity
Orthohantavirus/physiology/pathogenicity
*RNA Virus Infections/virology/physiopathology
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
Animals
Endothelium, Vascular/virology
Flavivirus Infections/virology/physiopathology
Hantavirus Infections/virology/physiopathology
Blood Platelets

@article {pmid42944088,
year = {2026},
author = {Vaidya, SR and Pandey, PG and Giri, S and Pati, S},
title = {Aircraft and Airport Wastewater Surveillance for Public Health Preparedness Demands an Integrated and Sustainable Approach.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {42944088},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {*Airports ; *Aircraft ; *Wastewater/virology ; Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; *Public Health ; Betacoronavirus/genetics ; },
abstract = {As domestic and international travel has expanded, the risk of the cross-border dissemination of infectious pathogens has increased, as clearly evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aircraft- and airport-based wastewater surveillance can provide timely, aggregate evidence of pathogen circulation among mobile populations and may complement clinical, genomic, and syndromic surveillance at points of entry. The strongest evidence for this approach comes from SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and variant monitoring in aircraft lavatory wastewater, airport terminal wastewater, and airport-associated wastewater systems. However, aviation wastewater signals require cautious interpretation because detectability depends on pathogen shedding dynamics, passenger lavatory use, flight duration, sampling matrix, sample volume, assay sensitivity, sequencing depth, and the availability of epidemiological metadata. This structured narrative review synthesizes current evidence on aircraft and airport wastewater surveillance and examines the scientific determinants that influence surveillance validity and interpretation. Key methodological considerations include sampling design, sample preservation, nucleic acid extraction, molecular detection, sequencing, bioinformatics, inhibition assessment, recovery controls, assay sensitivity, and quality assurance. The review emphasizes that wastewater signals are aggregate and matrix-dependent and should not be interpreted as individual-level diagnosis, direct evidence of transmission, or definitive attribution to a specific flight, route, country, or population. Although SARS-CoV-2 surveillance is comparatively well-documented, multi-pathogen surveillance for enteric viruses, respiratory viruses, vaccine-preventable infections, emerging pathogens, and antimicrobial resistance markers requires pathogen-specific validation and clearer interpretation criteria. Aircraft and airport wastewater surveillance is therefore best viewed as an early-warning and situational-awareness approach whose value depends on converting technical signals into scientifically interpretable evidence.},
}

*Airports
*Aircraft
*Wastewater/virology
Humans
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification
Pandemics/prevention & control
*Public Health
Betacoronavirus/genetics

@article {pmid42944723,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, X and Tang, Y and Liu, D and Burns, RD and Byun, W},
title = {Effects of Telerehabilitation on Quality of Life, Physical Capacity, and Symptom Burden Within the Post-COVID-19 Condition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.},
journal = {JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {e95368},
doi = {10.2196/95368},
pmid = {42944723},
issn = {2369-2529},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) is characterized by persistent symptoms and functional limitations that impair quality of life, and rehabilitation is an important component of its management. Because access to conventional face-to-face rehabilitation may be limited, telerehabilitation has emerged as an accessible alternative. However, the effectiveness of telerehabilitation across clinical outcomes remains uncertain, and the influence of different delivery modes is not well understood.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of telerehabilitation on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical capacity, and symptom burden in adults with PCC, and to determine whether delivery mode (synchronous, asynchronous, or hybrid) modified these effects.

METHODS: Seven databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, EBSCO, and PEDro) were searched for randomized controlled trials published from January 2020 through December 2025. Eligible trials enrolled adults with PCC and compared telerehabilitation with usual care or another control condition. The primary outcome was HRQoL; secondary outcomes included functional capacity assessed by the 6-minute walk test and sit-to-stand test, dyspnea, fatigue, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Mean differences or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs were pooled using random-effects models with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman adjustment. Heterogeneity was quantified using I² and τ², with 95% prediction intervals reported where estimable. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach.

RESULTS: A total of 22 randomized controlled trials involving 2294 participants were included. Telerehabilitation was associated with significant improvements in HRQoL (SMD 1.26, 95% CI 0.07-2.45; P=.04), dyspnea (SMD 1.95, 95% CI 0.60-3.31; P=.005), and functional aerobic capacity (6-minute walk test : mean difference 77.79 meters, 95% CI 30.44-125.14; P=.001). Fatigue was also significantly reduced (SMD 0.89, 95% CI 0.16-1.62; P=.02), but no significant effects were observed for lower-limb strength (sit-to-stand test: SMD 0.55, 95% CI -0.15 to 1.25; P=.12) or symptoms of anxiety and depression (SMD 0.12, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.38; P=.36). No significant differences between delivery modes were observed for HRQoL (P=.93), functional aerobic capacity (P=.29), or dyspnea (P=.16). A significant subgroup difference was observed for lower-limb strength (P=.02).

CONCLUSIONS: Telerehabilitation may improve quality of life, aerobic capacity, and symptom burden in PCC and offer an accessible option for post-COVID rehabilitation, although the certainty of evidence was generally limited. Asynchronous delivery appears feasible for general reconditioning, whereas its benefit for lower-limb strength and the value of synchronous supervision remain uncertain.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023490863; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023490863.},
}

@article {pmid42944961,
year = {2026},
author = {Alsehli, AH and A Eskander, TN and Alahmadi, SM and Khashoqji, MM and Al-Farraj, ES and Fathalla, M and Abd El-Lateef, HM and Elhady, O and Abu-Dief, AM},
title = {Innovations in engineered nanomaterials for enhanced CO2 adsorption and climate change mitigation.},
journal = {Discover nano},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42944961},
issn = {2731-9229},
support = {KFU263289//King Faisal University/ ; },
abstract = {Climate change, characterized by persistent alterations in weather patterns from tropical to polar regions, poses a multifaceted challenge that affects numerous sectors globally. Moreover, climate change is also endangering the existence and integrity of many species by disrupting their optimal temperature ranges, thus exacerbating the loss of biodiversity by reshaping ecosystems. The emergence and spread of diseases, exemplified by the recent coronavirus pandemic, are also influenced by climate variability, which enhances the likelihood of foodborne, waterborne, and vector-borne illnesses. The accelerating rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is a major driver of global climate change, necessitating the development of effective mitigation technologies. Among the emerging solutions, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have demonstrated exceptional potential for CO2 capture owing to their tunable surface chemistry, high porosity, and superior adsorption capacity. This review systematically examines recent innovations in nanostructured materials-such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon-based nanomaterials, zeolitic materials, and hybrid composites-designed to enhance CO2 adsorption performance. The underlying adsorption mechanisms, including physisorption, chemisorption, and surface functionalization strategies, are discussed in detail to elucidate structure-property relationships. Special attention is given to the synergistic effects of nanoparticle modification, doping, and heterostructure engineering in optimizing adsorption kinetics and selectivity. Furthermore, the review evaluates experimental and computational advancements that bridge the gap between laboratory-scale findings and industrial implementation. The study highlights how the rational design of ENMs contributes not only to CO2 capture efficiency but also to the broader goal of sustainable carbon management and climate change mitigation. Finally, future perspectives on scalable synthesis, environmental safety, and integration with renewable energy systems are outlined to guide forthcoming research directions.},
}

@article {pmid42945219,
year = {2026},
author = {Fihman, V and Jacquier, H and Razazi, K and de Prost, N and Woerther, PL},
title = {Beyond the panel: molecular detection is not diagnosis.},
journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy},
volume = {81},
number = {11},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jac/dkag340},
pmid = {42945219},
issn = {1460-2091},
mesh = {Humans ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; *Bacterial Infections/diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antimicrobial Stewardship ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; },
abstract = {Over the past decade, molecular diagnostics have become widespread in clinical microbiology, a trend accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Syndromic multiplex PCR panels are increasingly incorporated into routine practice and clinical guidelines, owing to their speed and ease of use. However, their expanding success may overshadow some fundamental principles in bacteriology. In this viewpoint, we argue that the decision to start, continue or stop antibiotics must remain basically clinical; that the detection of nucleic acids is not equivalent to the diagnosis of an infection; and that sample quality, colonization, contamination, off-panel pathogens and prior antibiotic exposure may mitigate the interpretation of molecular results. Available trials show that rapid molecular diagnostics can improve antimicrobial prescribing but their impact on clinical outcomes appears conditional on integration with stewardship programmes. Molecular diagnostics should accelerate and refine clinical reasoning, rather than stand for the key element in the decision to treat bacterial infections.},
}

Humans
*Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
*Bacterial Infections/diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
COVID-19/diagnosis
SARS-CoV-2
Antimicrobial Stewardship
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

@article {pmid42945415,
year = {2026},
author = {Rakic, A and Fleet, JL and Bateman, EA},
title = {Try this at home: A systematic review of patient satisfaction with stroke telerehabilitation.},
journal = {Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1},
doi = {10.1159/ced/accag041},
pmid = {42945415},
issn = {1421-9786},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Stroke rehabilitation improves patient outcomes, but requires timely delivery, sufficient intensity, and adequate participation in appropriate therapies for maximal effectiveness. Unfortunately, many patients experience barriers to accessing conventional in-person rehabilitation. Telerehabilitation may increase access to care and is increasingly used in clinical settings, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about patient satisfaction with telerehabilitation. The objective of this systematic review was to examine patient satisfaction with post-stroke motor telerehabilitation.

METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched from database inception to July 2025 inclusive. Two independent reviewers screened articles using the following inclusion criteria: English-language, full-text articles, reporting patient satisfaction outcomes with telerehabilitation for persons with stroke receiving upper or lower limb motor rehabilitation. Studies reporting only caregiver, but not patient satisfaction, were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro rating scale where appropriate.

RESULTS: After removing duplicates, 225 unique articles were reviewed. Nineteen studies published between 2007-2025 met inclusion criteria, assessing 811 individuals (n= 4-188, median 24) across 13 countries. Most studies were conducted in the outpatient setting; three were in both outpatient and inpatient settings. Fourteen studies (74%) examined telerehabilitation in the chronic phase post-stroke, two in the acute phase, two in the subacute phase, and one in both acute and subacute. Ten studies used telerehabilitation for upper limb motor impairment, two for lower limb, and seven for both. Eight controlled trials (seven randomized control trials and one non-randomized control trial) were assessed for quality with PEDro scores ranging from 4-8 (median 6). Assessment tools for patient satisfaction varied significantly between studies. Eight unique validated satisfaction tools were used across studies. All studies reported high patient satisfaction ratings with virtual motor telerehabilitation.

CONCLUSION: Although this review found that patient satisfaction ratings were high among studies of telerehabilitation for post-stroke motor impairment, there are few high-quality motor telerehabilitation studies, and none focused on satisfaction as their main outcome. Given the importance of telerehabilitation for removing barriers to care, future research should use standardized tools to explore patients' and providers' satisfaction in addition to evaluating efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid42945640,
year = {2026},
author = {Vaishya, R and Ram, S and Gupta, BM and Vaish, A and Nabeesab Mamdapur, GM and Jerome, TJ and Misra, A},
title = {Bibliometric analysis of highly cited papers in Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews (2007-2026): Trends, impact, and emerging themes.},
journal = {Diabetes & metabolic syndrome},
volume = {20},
number = {9},
pages = {103496},
doi = {10.1016/j.dsx.2026.103496},
pmid = {42945640},
issn = {1878-0334},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of highly cited papers (HCPs) published in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews (DMSCRR) to understand the journal's research evolution, influential contributions, thematic priorities, and to compare the numbers and percentages of HCPs of the leading competing Indian biomedical journals.

METHODS: Data on 2908 publications (2007-2026) and for other Indian biomedical journals were retrieved from Scopus on June 25, 2026. The 105 HCPs (≥100 citations) were analysed using OpenRefine for data harmonization and VOSviewer for collaboration and keyword co-occurrence networks. Metrics included publication trends, citation impact, document types, collaboration patterns, funding, and leading contributors.

RESULTS: HCPs for DMSCRR showed a marked surge during the COVID-19 pandemic, with 2020 contributing 55 papers (52.38%). The 105 HCPs received 26,415 citations (average 251.57 CPP). Research articles (53.33%) and reviews (42.86%) dominated. India led with 59 papers, followed by strong performances from Iran, the UK, and the USA. Key institutions and authors were primarily Indian. Keyword analysis revealed five themes centered on diabetes, pathophysiology, COVID-19, comorbidities, and immunology. Top HCPs focused on psychosocial impacts and AI applications in COVID-19. DMSCRR had the highest proportions of HCPs (3.61% of its total publications) with highest cite score among Indian biomedical journals compared.

CONCLUSION: DMSCRR has emerged as a high-impact Q1 journal (CiteScore 8.6 and IF=4.3 (JCR 2025)) with strong national leadership and global relevance in research on diabetes, metabolic diseases. Its HCPs reflect timely responsiveness to health crises while highlighting opportunities for broader international and thematic diversification.},
}

@article {pmid42929014,
year = {2026},
author = {Haratian, K and Borjian Boroujeni, P and Zarei Moradi, S and Mohseni Meybodi, A},
title = {Viral Infections and Ovarian Reserve: Mechanistic Insights into Ovarian Aging- A Review.},
journal = {International journal of fertility & sterility},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {320-331},
doi = {10.22074/ijfs.2026.2070357.1944},
pmid = {42929014},
issn = {2008-076X},
abstract = {Ovarian aging, marked by the progressive loss of follicular reserve and decline in oocyte quality, is a principal determinant of female reproductive lifespan. While genetic and environmental factors are well-established contributors, viral infections, including both DNA and RNA viruses, are increasingly recognized as significant extrinsic modulators of ovarian function. This review synthesizes current evidence on the mechanisms and clinical outcomes by which key viral pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human papillomavirus (HPV), mumps virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and rubella virus, affect ovarian aging and reserve. The discussion highlights those viral infections can impact ovarian function through inflammation, cytopathic effects, oxidative stress, and immune-mediated mechanisms, although the magnitude and clinical relevance vary. Current evidence for viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and HBV is limited and inconsistent, highlighting the need for individualized assessment when considering fertility interventions. Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are essential to clarify long-term reproductive outcomes and to guide evidence-based fertility counseling.},
}

@article {pmid42929346,
year = {2026},
author = {Mufarika, M and Hargono, A and Furqoni, AH},
title = {Family Resilience and Coping in Disasters, Pandemics, and Large-Scale Crises: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Disaster medicine and public health preparedness},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {e208},
doi = {10.1017/dmp.2026.10423},
pmid = {42929346},
issn = {1938-744X},
mesh = {Humans ; Coping Skills ; *Resilience, Psychological ; *Adaptation, Psychological ; *Disasters/statistics & numerical data ; Pandemics/statistics & numerical data ; *Family/psychology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Disasters, large-scale crises, and prolonged adversities such as pandemics can place sustained psychosocial pressure on families and disrupt everyday family functioning. Although family resilience is increasingly used to explain why some families adapt better than others, the evidence base is dispersed across conceptual, empirical, and intervention-focused work.

METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science and included peer-reviewed studies that examined family resilience or family coping in disaster, pandemic, or sustained adversity contexts. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 principles. Data were extracted using a standardized form and synthesized using narrative and thematic approaches.

RESULTS: Forty-two studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Across contexts, family resilience was most often described as a dynamic, system-level process that involves shared meaning-making, organizational flexibility, and effective communication. Parenting practices repeatedly emerged as a key pathway linking family resilience to child adjustment. Resilience-oriented family interventions reported overall beneficial effects across disaster, pandemic, and serious illness contexts, with no evidence of harm.

CONCLUSIONS: Family resilience is a critical contributor to psychosocial adaptation during disasters and large-scale crises. Interventions that strengthen family-level processes-especially communication, coping skills, and supportive parenting-may offer a scalable approach to improve preparedness, response, and longer-term recovery.},
}

Humans
Coping Skills
*Resilience, Psychological
*Adaptation, Psychological
*Disasters/statistics & numerical data
Pandemics/statistics & numerical data
*Family/psychology

@article {pmid42930572,
year = {2026},
author = {Alzibdeh, A and Alamami, A and Zara, S and Aljabri, M and Tawel, R and Hashim, S and Elbuzidi, A and Abdelhadi, H and Shehatta, AL and Kharma, N and Ibrahim, AS and Hassan, IF and Almaslamani, M},
title = {Infectious Complications in Adults Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nosocomial and Bloodstream Infection, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes.},
journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/medsci14060653},
pmid = {42930572},
issn = {2076-3271},
mesh = {Humans ; *Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects ; *Cross Infection/epidemiology/etiology ; Risk Factors ; Prevalence ; Adult ; *Bacteremia/epidemiology/etiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Reported infection rates during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) vary widely, partly because case definitions are applied inconsistently. We synthesized the prevalence and prognostic association of nosocomial and bloodstream infection (BSI) acquired during adult ECMO.

METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and CENTRAL were searched through December 2025 for observational studies of at least 10 adults on ECMO with an explicit infection definition. We classified case definitions by the criteria actually applied. We pooled crude mortality odds ratios (ORs) and patient-level BSI prevalence in studies applying laboratory-confirmed criteria, assessed risk of bias with ROBINS-I and the JBI checklist, and rated certainty with GRADE.

RESULTS: Forty-seven reports (46 cohorts; 11,573 patients) were included. Pooled BSI prevalence was 25.8% (95% CI 17.3-36.5%; 7 studies, 1193 patients), 18.2% in pre-pandemic and 39.2% in COVID-19 cohorts (post hoc). Infection was associated with higher crude odds of death (OR 1.65, 1.33-2.04; prediction interval 0.95-2.85; 24 studies), but analyses modeling infection as time-varying were inconsistent, including no association in a multistate model (adjusted hazard ratio 1.00, 0.79-1.26), and small-study effects were suggested. Certainty was very low for both outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: Roughly one in four adults on ECMO developed laboratory-confirmed BSI, more often in COVID-19 cohorts. Whether infection acquired on ECMO increases mortality remains uncertain.},
}

Humans
*Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects
*Cross Infection/epidemiology/etiology
Risk Factors
Prevalence
Adult
*Bacteremia/epidemiology/etiology

@article {pmid42930598,
year = {2026},
author = {Fayed, B},
title = {Candida auris in the Middle East and North Africa: From Emerging Threat to Regional Healthcare Challenge.},
journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/medsci14060679},
pmid = {42930598},
issn = {2076-3271},
support = {53153//Science and Technology Development Fund/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Candida auris/drug effects/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Middle East/epidemiology ; Africa, Northern/epidemiology ; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Candidiasis/epidemiology/drug therapy/microbiology ; Cross Infection/epidemiology/microbiology/drug therapy ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Candida auris (also termed Candidozyma auris) (C. auris) is an emerging healthcare-associated yeast that has become a major concern because of its persistence in hospitals, frequent misidentification, multidrug resistance, and ability to cause outbreaks in critically ill patients. This review synthesizes the available evidence from the Gulf region, the Eastern Mediterranean region, and North Africa, with emphasis on reported case patterns, epidemiologic expansion, clade distribution, antifungal resistance, colonization-to-infection transition, mortality, and the impact of the COVID-19 period. The Gulf region carries the highest documented burden, with recurrent hospital outbreaks and large surveillance series reported from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain. Across the Eastern Mediterranean region, emergence has been more heterogeneous, but major amplification was observed during the COVID-19 era, particularly in Lebanon and Israel. North African data remain more limited, with Egypt and Algeria representing the main published settings; nevertheless, the available findings indicate recent emergence rather than true absence. Across the region, clade I predominates in most countries, suggesting a largely homogeneous South Asian lineage with efficient healthcare-associated transmission. Fluconazole resistance is nearly universal, amphotericin B susceptibility is variable, and echinocandin activity is usually preserved, although resistance to all major antifungal classes has been documented. Colonization often precedes invasive infection, especially among patients with ICU exposure, invasive devices, and prolonged hospitalization. Mortality remains substantial and is highest among patients with bloodstream infection or progression from colonization to invasive disease. The regional pattern is likely driven by a combination of healthcare infrastructure, surveillance intensity, diagnostic capacity, outbreak control, and pandemic-related strain on infection prevention systems.},
}

Humans
*Candida auris/drug effects/isolation & purification/pathogenicity
Middle East/epidemiology
Africa, Northern/epidemiology
Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Candidiasis/epidemiology/drug therapy/microbiology
Cross Infection/epidemiology/microbiology/drug therapy
Drug Resistance, Fungal
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42931156,
year = {2026},
author = {Cernat, RC and Ioniţă, OE and Vodarici, ME and Militaru, NM and Constantin, RA and Efrim, ND and Mocanu, E and Puca, E and Piţigoi, D and Gheorghiţă, V and Dumitru, IM},
title = {Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Romania and South-Eastern Europe: A Multilingual Narrative Review of Pandemic-Era Trajectories, 2020-2025.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15101004},
pmid = {42931156},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification ; Romania/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Klebsiella Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/drug therapy/history ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Europe, Eastern/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; beta-Lactamases/genetics ; *Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/genetics ; },
abstract = {Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is the pathogen driving the deterioration of the European antimicrobial resistance landscape, and the burden falls disproportionately on Romania and South-Eastern Europe. The objective of this review was to synthesise evidence published between 2020 and 2025 on the epidemiology, molecular characteristics, clinical impact, and pandemic-era trajectory of CRKP healthcare-associated infections across South-Eastern Europe, including Romania. This retrospective, qualitative narrative review combined the international literature with a deliberately multilingual search of national-language sources in Romanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Croatian, Slovenian, and Serbian, including congress abstract books, doctoral theses, national reference-laboratory reports, and agency surveillance series that are absent from PubMed. Three findings emerge. First, the region is not epidemiologically uniform: estimated incidence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection in 2024 ranged from 0.62 per 100,000 population in Slovenia to 20.31 in Romania, against a European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) figure of 3.46, and the steepest relative rise between 2019 and 2024 was recorded in Bulgaria (+374.1%). Second, a distinctive molecular signature has consolidated in the northern half of the region: co-production of a metallo-β-lactamase with an OXA-48-like enzyme (OXA-48, a class D, oxacillinase-type carbapenemase), reported in 44.4-61.2% of characterised Romanian isolates across independent centres, which removes ceftazidime-avibactam from the therapeutic repertoire and leaves aztreonam-avibactam and cefiderocol as the principal remaining options. Third, the pandemic did not produce a single regional signal but a consistent sequence-a transient interruption of upward trends during 2020, a marked acceleration from 2021, and persistence of the elevated level after 2022-with national-language surveillance from Croatia and Slovenia showing that the direction of the apparent pandemic effect depends on whether incidence or resistance proportion is measured. The national-language literature adds granularity unavailable in English, but the evidence base remains structurally uneven: Albania, Kosovo, and North Macedonia contribute almost no primary data, and no country in the region has published a CRKP-attributable mortality estimate for the review period. CRKP in Romania and South-Eastern Europe now maps onto three molecular zones-OXA-48 predominance in the Western Balkans and Croatia, a KPC-to-metallo-β-lactamase transition in Greece, and metallo-β-lactamase plus OXA-48-like co-production in Romania and increasingly Bulgaria-that require different empirical therapy; the COVID-19 pandemic did not create this burden but accelerated and entrenched it, and closing the region's mortality-data and Western Balkan surveillance gaps should be a priority for future research.},
}

*Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification
Romania/epidemiology
Humans
*Klebsiella Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/drug therapy/history
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*Carbapenems/pharmacology
Europe, Eastern/epidemiology
Pandemics
beta-Lactamases/genetics
*Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/genetics

@article {pmid42931174,
year = {2026},
author = {Madkhali, F and Mjery, YA and Mohrag, M and Abdulrasak, M},
title = {From COVID-19-Associated Acute Kidney Injury to Long-Term Kidney Dysfunction: Recovery Phenotypes, Risk Stratification, and Post-COVID Renal Surveillance.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens15101022},
pmid = {42931174},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {Humans ; *Acute Kidney Injury/etiology/therapy/virology/pathology/physiopathology ; *COVID-19/complications ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Phenotype ; Renal Replacement Therapy ; Kidney/physiopathology ; Risk Assessment ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Recovery of Function ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in severe disease, but its long-term kidney implications are heterogeneous and incompletely defined.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize recovery phenotypes and longitudinal outcomes, reconcile conflicting evidence on whether COVID-associated AKI differs from other-cause AKI, and set out implications for surveillance and management.

METHODS: The evidence base was assembled through a targeted PubMed/MEDLINE search for COVID-19 and kidney dysfunction (January 2020 to August 2026), hand-searching of reference lists, and direct retrieval of pivotal longitudinal cohorts and clinical practice guidelines. Longitudinal cohorts and comparative studies were prioritized.

FINDINGS: AKI severity, duration, kidney replacement therapy, lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and incomplete early recovery consistently identify patients at greatest risk. Longitudinal studies disagree on whether COVID-AKI confers more risk than AKI from other illnesses: early cohorts reported steeper eGFR loss, whereas a later 9624-patient cohort found lower adjusted major adverse kidney events. This divergence reflects differences in kidney reference point, outcome construction, ascertainment, and handling of competing death rather than genuine contradiction. Population studies show long-term kidney failure is concentrated after hospitalization and severe disease. Candidate biomarkers remain investigational.

CONCLUSIONS: Post-COVID kidney risk is severity- and phenotype-dependent rather than universal. Follow-up is most defensible after hospitalized AKI, incomplete recovery, advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), dialysis, or transplantation and applies existing post-AKI guidance rather than a COVID-specific schedule. Survivors who meet Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria for CKD at three months, namely a GFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m[2] or a persistent marker of kidney damage, become eligible for guideline-directed therapy, though no trial has enrolled on recent AKI. Prospective studies should test whether structured follow-up improves outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Acute Kidney Injury/etiology/therapy/virology/pathology/physiopathology
*COVID-19/complications
Glomerular Filtration Rate
SARS-CoV-2
Phenotype
Renal Replacement Therapy
Kidney/physiopathology
Risk Assessment
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Recovery of Function

@article {pmid42931403,
year = {2026},
author = {Panagiotopoulos, AP and Tsakri, D and Laskaris, A and Saldari, C and Ranellou, K and Mariolis, I and Tsakris, A and Anastassopoulou, C},
title = {Navigating the Transition to RNA-Based Influenza Vaccines: A State-of-the-Art Review.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14100874},
pmid = {42931403},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Seasonal influenza and the ongoing emergence of zoonotic influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1), remain substantial global public health threats, underscoring the need for rapidly adaptable vaccine platforms. This state-of-the-art review critically evaluates the clinical development of RNA-based influenza vaccines through a comprehensive assessment of ClinicalTrials.gov records and peer-reviewed literature. Candidates were examined across four domains: seasonal influenza vaccines, pre-pandemic influenza vaccines, combination respiratory vaccines, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) platforms. Clinical evidence indicates that mRNA influenza vaccines consistently elicit robust humoral immune responses and, in late-stage trials, have demonstrated improved relative efficacy against influenza A compared with conventional influenza vaccines. Reactogenicity is generally more frequent with mRNA vaccines, particularly with respect to transient mild-to-moderate systemic adverse events. However, serious adverse events remain uncommon and broadly comparable to those observed with licensed comparator vaccines. Pre-pandemic and multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates similarly demonstrate strong immunogenicity, supporting the potential of RNA platforms for both seasonal vaccination and pandemic preparedness. Clinical development of saRNA influenza vaccines has progressed through early-phase trials, although publicly available clinical data remain limited. Regulatory milestones in 2026, including U.S. approval of mRNA-1010 (mFlusiva), the first approved mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccine, and European Union authorization of mRNA-1083 (mCOMBRIAX), an mRNA-based influenza-COVID-19 combination vaccine, represent important steps in the clinical transition and implementation of RNA-based influenza vaccination.},
}

@article {pmid42931812,
year = {2026},
author = {Madsen, HB and Desler, C},
title = {Post-acute infection: before we forget it again.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental immunology},
volume = {220},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/cei/uxag061},
pmid = {42931812},
issn = {1365-2249},
support = {//European Union/ ; //European Health and Digital Executive Agency/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Inflammation/immunology ; },
abstract = {Long COVID did not invent the post-acute phase of infection; it made it impossible to ignore. Acute infections are still often framed as time-limited events that end in recovery, deterioration or death, but this view fails to capture patients who remain biologically and clinically unwell after the acute infection has passed. The problem extends beyond SARS-CoV-2. Post-acute morbidity has been described after influenza, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Q fever, sepsis, and other infections, yet definitions, coding systems, and clinical pathways remain fragmented. We argue that post-acute infection should not be organized only by the initiating pathogen. Such pathogen-centric labels may be clinically tidy, but they risk producing heterogeneous cohorts, diluted biomarker signals, and disease-specific silos that obscure shared mechanisms of incomplete recovery. Instead, the field needs a second axis: the host-recovery state. Persistent inflammation, immune remodelling, loss of tolerance, antigenic stimulation, endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, and tissue injury may represent overlapping immunometabolic failure modes across infections. Defining these states over time could help transform post-acute infection from a residual clinical label into a mechanism-informed framework for research, biomarkers, and care.},
}

Humans
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*COVID-19/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Biomarkers/metabolism
Inflammation/immunology

@article {pmid42932148,
year = {2026},
author = {Turner, HC and Chua, BWB and Chaowanasawat, P and Hung, TM and Dabak, SV and White, PJ and Teerawattananon, Y and Jit, M},
title = {Quality-Adjusted and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs and DALYs): An Overview and Guide to Calculations.},
journal = {PharmacoEconomics - open},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42932148},
issn = {2509-4254},
support = {MR/X020258/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are two commonly used health status indices that account for both morbidity and mortality. They are used within the most widely used type of health economic evaluation for informing resource allocation, known as cost-effectiveness analysis, which plays a key role in public health globally. Although similar in many ways, QALYs and DALYs have important differences in their conceptual foundations. In addition, methodological approaches-particularly those related to DALYs calculations-have evolved over time. This paper provides a consolidated and up‑to‑date synthesis of both metrics, integrating recent methodological developments and clarifying conceptual differences that are often misunderstood in applied work. We highlight the implicit assumptions and limitations that must be considered when using their output to inform decision making. We also present practical guidance and illustrative equations for calculating each metric, and we outline common errors to avoid. Finally, we outline considerations for choosing between QALYs and DALYs in applied analyses.},
}

@article {pmid42932288,
year = {2026},
author = {Simkhada, P and Lwin, KS and Koirala, B and Shrestha, A and Devkota, H and Vaidya, A and Simkhada, B},
title = {Barriers and facilitators of evidence-informed health policymaking in Nepal: A scoping review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {21},
number = {10},
pages = {e0358730},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0358730},
pmid = {42932288},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Nepal ; Humans ; *Health Policy ; *Policy Making ; Evidence Gaps ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Evidence-informed health policymaking (EIPM) is essential for strengthening health systems and achieving equitable health outcomes. Despite policy commitments in Nepal, the translation of research evidence into policy and practice remains limited. This scoping review synthesizes the barriers and facilitators influencing EIPM across health policy domains in Nepal.

METHODS: We conducted a scoping review following the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 that examined barriers and facilitators of EIPM in Nepal were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Global Health. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and conducted descriptive and thematic analyses.

RESULTS: Of 2,139 records identified, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies covered maternal and neonatal health, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), nutrition, emergency care, health systems governance, climate-health, public health regulation, and COVID-19 ethics. Barriers were grouped into five themes: systemic and governance challenges; capacity and resource constraints; evidence-related issues; contextual and cultural factors; and operational gaps. Common barriers included political interference, fragmented coordination, workforce shortages, inadequate funding, donor-driven agendas, poor dissemination of research, and limited implementation guidance. Facilitators clustered into four themes: institutional and structural enablers, political and leadership commitment, capacity building and stakeholder engagement, and global and donor support. Sector-specific differences were observed, with socio-cultural barriers more prominent in maternal and neonatal health, governance and coordination challenges particularly evident in NCD policies, and technical capacity and data limitations more pronounced in climate-health policy.

CONCLUSIONS: Nepal's EIPM landscape reflects strong commitment but uneven institutionalization. Strengthening governance, institutional capacity, evidence systems, and coordination across federal, provincial, and local institutions is essential to improve the translation of research into policy and practice. Institutionalizing EIPM requires not only producing evidence but also creating systems that routinely generate, translate, and use evidence for decision-making.},
}

Nepal
Humans
*Health Policy
*Policy Making
Evidence Gaps
COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid42932925,
year = {2026},
author = {Dean, LS and Awamura, T and Byun, MJ and Leung, R and Subia, NT and Goo, A and Park, CG},
title = {Neutrophils in Respiratory Viral Infection: Immunopathology and Therapeutic Strategies.},
journal = {American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1152/ajplung.90096.2026},
pmid = {42932925},
issn = {1522-1504},
abstract = {The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to microbes from the surrounding environment. This mucosal barrier requires precise control and response mechanisms that preserve gas exchange while maintaining barrier integrity. Neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes, are key to maintaining this homeostasis. Both lung-resident and recruited neutrophils migrate to inflamed areas, where they perform effector functions such as phagocytosis, degranulation, reactive oxygen species production, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. These processes are tightly regulated, with immune cells such as alveolar macrophages helping to balance pathogen clearance and inflammation. Emerging evidence indicates that neutrophils contribute to inflammation and tissue damage beyond their antimicrobial roles. Elevated neutrophil levels and activation are associated with disease severity and poor outcomes following respiratory viral infection. In addition, respiratory viruses can hijack neutrophil functions to disrupt immune regulation and promote viral replication. Thus, neutrophil dysregulation has been proposed as a target for reducing acute disease severity and preventing lung injury. However, neutrophils exhibit both protective and pathogenic roles during infection, requiring therapeutic strategies that preserve their host defense while limiting pathological effects. This review summarizes current knowledge of neutrophil biology and their immunopathological roles in respiratory viral infections, focusing on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Influenza A virus (IAV), and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). We also discuss therapeutic approaches targeting neutrophils, including preclinical and clinical studies, highlighting ongoing efforts to modulate neutrophil-driven inflammation.},
}

@article {pmid42927194,
year = {2026},
author = {Heath, PT and Galiza, EP and Salcedo, PJ and Karafillakis, E and Khalil, A and Maertens, K and Le Doare, K and Jones, CE},
title = {The next generation of maternal vaccines: scientific advances, regulatory readiness, and strategic planning in Europe.},
journal = {The Lancet regional health. Europe},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {101899},
pmid = {42927194},
issn = {2666-7762},
abstract = {With the recent approval of maternal RSV vaccines and late-phase trials underway for a GBS vaccine, Europe is entering a new era of maternal immunisation. Yet scientific progress is outpacing pregnancy-specific evidence and preparedness for equitable implementation. Pregnant women are often excluded from early vaccine trials, while national recommendations, surveillance and delivery vary across Europe, even after regulatory authorisation. Without coordinated planning, new maternal vaccines risk reproducing the delays and inequities seen with influenza, pertussis and COVID-19 vaccination. In this Review, we examine scientific advances in the next generation of maternal vaccines, including mRNA, protein conjugate, nanoparticle and combination approaches, and candidates against emerging and other priority pathogens. We discuss barriers to including pregnant women in trials, assess regulatory and pharmacovigilance readiness, and identify health-system and vaccine-confidence risks to equitable rollout. We offer strategic recommendations for Europe's maternal immunisation roadmap, from research investment to policy integration, provider education, and equity-centred planning. Realising this potential will require integrated action across research, regulation, implementation, and communication. This is the final paper in the Series on the future of maternal vaccination in Europe and synthesises its findings into a framework for Europe and beyond.},
}

@article {pmid42927747,
year = {2026},
author = {Sokolov, AV and Elizarova, AY and Bogoslovskaya, TY},
title = {Transferrin Receptor as a Target for Regulation of Ferroptosis and Some Viral Infections.},
journal = {Biochemistry. Biokhimiia},
volume = {91},
number = {10},
pages = {1878-1890},
doi = {10.1134/S000629792660198X},
pmid = {42927747},
issn = {1608-3040},
mesh = {Humans ; *Ferroptosis/drug effects ; *Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Animals ; *Virus Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy ; Iron/metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {This review is devoted to molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, a type of programmed cell death dependent on lipid peroxidation and limited by iron influx, mediated by the transferrin receptor (TfR1 or CD71). In addition to the iron-saturated transferrin, ligands of transferrin receptor also include its homologues lactoferrin and melanotransferrin, as well as heavy-chain ferritin and heme complex with human serum albumin. Activation of ferroptosis, including by increasing the labile pool of iron in tumor cells, is considered a promising strategy for combating cancer. However, a number of pathogenic human viruses, including influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and rabies virus, use binding with TfR1 to infect cells and affect ferroptosis. The review summarizes information on natural and synthetic TfR1 regulators, including the mechanisms of their influence on the development of ferroptosis and the prospects for their use as antiviral agents.},
}

Humans
*Ferroptosis/drug effects
*Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
Antigens, CD/metabolism
Animals
*Virus Diseases/metabolism/drug therapy
Iron/metabolism
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology

@article {pmid42926191,
year = {2026},
author = {Song, YH and Wang, RY and Xiang, YS and Yu, DM and Li, HT and Lu, JN and Qin, PC and Li, YX and Zhang, CC and Chen, LL},
title = {Bioactive constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) against SARS-CoV-2: Antiviral activity, mechanisms, metabolism and safety.},
journal = {Journal of integrative medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.joim.2026.09.005},
pmid = {42926191},
issn = {2095-4964},
abstract = {Although the global impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has declined, continued circulation and viral evolution highlight the sustained need for effective therapeutic strategies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continuously evolves through genetic mutations to enhance its adaptability to hosts, thereby posing significant challenges to global public health. Consequently, the discovery of novel antiviral agents remains imperative. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), a widely utilized traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has demonstrated preclinical antiviral activity in silico, in vitro and in animal models. However, existing evidence on Danshen's bioactive constituents against SARS-CoV-2 is predominantly preclinical. Further clinical investigations are required to validate the antiviral efficacy of isolated monomers. Consequently, a systematic understanding of these aspects remains incomplete. This review summarizes the preclinical antiviral activity and underlying mechanisms of bioactive constituents derived from Danshen against SARS-CoV-2, together with their metabolism and safety profiles. By synthesizing these findings, we aim to provide insights into the potential of these constituents for further development, thereby guiding the discovery of natural antiviral lead compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging viral infections. Please cite this article as: Song YH, Wang RY, Xiang YS, Yu DM, Li HT, Lu JN, Qin PC, Li YX, Zhang CC, Chen LL. Bioactive constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) against SARS-CoV-2: Antiviral activity, mechanisms, metabolism and safety. J Integr Med. 2026; Epub ahead of print.},
}

@article {pmid42894384,
year = {2026},
author = {Shanks, GD},
title = {Respiratory mortality in prisons during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic.},
journal = {Internal medicine journal},
volume = {56},
number = {10},
pages = {1847-1850},
doi = {10.1111/imj.70637},
pmid = {42894384},
issn = {1445-5994},
mesh = {Humans ; *Influenza, Human/history/mortality/epidemiology ; History, 20th Century ; *Prisons/history ; *Pandemics/history ; *Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/history ; COVID-19 ; *Prisoners/history/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {Prisons are among the most controlled human environments, and prisoners often suffer epidemic disease when influenza is introduced into these restricted populations. A review of contemporary records of five prison systems during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic showed that most prison populations did remarkably well under lockdown, with few resulting respiratory deaths. Exceptional prisons with high respiratory mortality included the Andaman Islands prison colony (17.3/1000) and the US Army Disciplinary Barracks (42/1000) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Factors that likely resulted in high respiratory mortality included the absence of earlier waves of influenza-like illness and increased prisoner turnover introducing additional respiratory bacteria strains. Prison staff often had influenza rates that were very different to those of the prisoners they were guarding. Although free populations resented social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, controlling population movements can serve to limit respiratory pathogen spread while waiting for alternative public health measures such as immunisations to arrive.},
}

Humans
*Influenza, Human/history/mortality/epidemiology
History, 20th Century
*Prisons/history
*Pandemics/history
*Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/history
COVID-19
*Prisoners/history/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid42920113,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhu, L and Yang, X and Tan, J and Chen, X},
title = {High-flow nasal cannula versus standard oxygen therapy for adult acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis and GRADE assessment.},
journal = {BMC pulmonary medicine},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42920113},
issn = {1471-2466},
mesh = {Humans ; *Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods ; *Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy/mortality ; Cannula ; Intubation, Intratracheal/statistics & numerical data ; *Hypoxia/therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Adult ; Acute Disease ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is widely used as an early respiratory support strategy for adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF). Although HFNC may reduce the risk of endotracheal intubation, it remains uncertain whether the available evidence is sufficiently mature and whether this potential benefit translates into improved survival. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis (TSA) and GRADE assessment to assess HFNC versus standard oxygen therapy (SOT) in adult AHRF.

METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 31, 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of HFNC versus SOT in adults with AHRF were included. The primary and secondary outcomes were endotracheal intubation and all-cause mortality, respectively. For each dichotomous outcome, the risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was pooled using a random-effects model. Prespecified subgroup analyses were performed. TSA was performed for intubation, and evidence certainty was assessed using GRADE.

RESULTS: Ten independent RCTs reported across 11 publications were included. Compared with SOT, HFNC was associated with a lower risk of endotracheal intubation (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77-0.93; P < 0.01; I² = 40%), but did not reduce all-cause mortality (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.88-1.16; P = 0.85; I² = 0%). Subgroup analyses suggested a lower intubation risk with HFNC among non-immunocompromised patients, patients with COVID-19, and those with baseline PaO₂/FiO₂ ≤ 200 mmHg, although no statistically significant subgroup interactions were observed. In the primary TSA, the accrued sample size represented only 36.8% of the diversity-adjusted required information size. The cumulative Z-curve crossed the conventional significance boundary, but not the trial sequential monitoring boundary. TSA sensitivity analyses yielded consistent findings, indicating that current evidence remains inconclusive. GRADE certainty was low for endotracheal intubation and moderate for all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS: HFNC may reduce the risk of endotracheal intubation compared with SOT in adults with AHRF, but a survival benefit has not been demonstrated.},
}

Humans
*Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods
*Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy/mortality
Cannula
Intubation, Intratracheal/statistics & numerical data
*Hypoxia/therapy
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Adult
Acute Disease

@article {pmid42922911,
year = {2026},
author = {Ngan, VSH and Mo, J and Wong, OKP and Ng, MCY and Ho, JCS and Inoue, T and McBride, C and Maurer, U},
title = {Creating online cognitive assessment platform for children's literacy and math skills: a case study illustrated with the ACE kids platform.},
journal = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
volume = {20},
number = {},
pages = {1882555},
pmid = {42922911},
issn = {1662-5161},
abstract = {Computerized versions of paper-and-pencil tests made behavioral assessments of children more automatic and precise. The COVID-19 pandemic further demonstrated the need for assessments to be offered online to allow for remote data collection. However, the design and implementation of computerized tests in an online environment come with various challenges. This article probes the issues, needs and challenges for the development of online assessment of reading and maths, and related cognitive abilities. The paper aims to inform researchers about logistical and technical considerations of developing a customized platform for online child data collection, including (a) technical considerations, (b) interface design, (c) data management, and (d) planning for validation against paper-and-pencil measures. These issues are illustrated with experiences gleaned from the development of an online assessment platform (ACE Kids platform), designed to deliver over 40 tests and questionnaires related to Chinese and English literacy as well as mathematics abilities in K3 - P6 children. The paper also highlights the unique challenges surrounding building online, self-directed biliteracy assessment involving a large assessment battery. Furthermore, we discuss features that improve the ease of use, instructional clarity, and retention of attention. We discussed the use of questionnaires to sample child usage experience during early stages of assessment development to optimize design. Finally, we give consolidated advice for the planning, development and data collection stages for such a customized assessment platform.},
}

@article {pmid42922981,
year = {2026},
author = {Gallo, CO and de Azevedo, LN and Jaime, PC},
title = {Use of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System in epidemiological studies on the nutrition profile of the Brazilian population: a scoping review, Brazil, 2008-2025.},
journal = {Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil},
volume = {35},
number = {},
pages = {e20251036},
pmid = {42922981},
issn = {2237-9622},
mesh = {Brazil/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Nutritional Status ; Epidemiologic Studies ; *Nutrition Surveys ; National Health Programs ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify and characterize the scientific literature on the use of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) in the description and analysis of the nutrition profile of the Brazilian population who use the Brazilian Unified Health System.

METHODS: This is a scoping review. Document selection occurred independently in stages previously defined in a research protocol. The review included primary studies, reviews, and grey literature that underwent peer review and produced evidence from quantitative information on nutrition status held on SISVAN Web, for all populations and locations. Data extraction was standardized, and publications were analyzed according to a glossary developed to standardize methodological aspects.

RESULTS: A total of 1,294 records were identified, and 161 were analyzed after applying the eligibility criteria. There was a significant increase in publications, especially from 2021 onwards, with emphasis on ecological time-series designs, which have adopted robust methods to analyze SISVAN data. Twenty-nine studies were identified that worked with individualized data, with cross-sectional or retrospective cohort analysis. The most studied life stage was childhood, particularly up to 5 years of age. In 40 studies, the data source was stratified, and most used data from the Bolsa Família Program. Pernambuco, Minas Gerais and Bahia were the states most studied. Some studies investigated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on SISVAN indicators or used georeferencing/spatial analysis methods.

CONCLUSION: This review presented the state of the art of scientific production using nutrition information from SISVAN and characterized methodological aspects, thus informing future research.},
}

Brazil/epidemiology
Humans
*Nutritional Status
Epidemiologic Studies
*Nutrition Surveys
National Health Programs

@article {pmid42925549,
year = {2026},
author = {Nayebhashemi, M and Akhavan, M and Foroohari, A and Khayat, S and Roshanzamir, K and Shafaati, M and Salehi, M},
title = {Local Delivery of Interferon-β1a for Respiratory Viral Infections: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70208},
pmid = {42925549},
issn = {1099-1654},
support = {92623//Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy/virology/immunology ; *Virus Diseases/drug therapy/immunology ; Administration, Intranasal ; Animals ; *Interferon beta-1a/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Administration, Inhalation ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {Respiratory viral infections represent a major global health burden, with impaired antiviral interferon responses contributing to disease progression in several respiratory conditions. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy, safety, and biological effects of locally delivered intranasal or inhaled interferon-β1a (IFN-β1a), a host-directed antiviral therapy, across prophylactic, therapeutic, and experimental models of respiratory viral infections. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines by searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, patent databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to July 2025. Peer-reviewed clinical and experimental studies, as well as relevant patent records, were identified. Patent and grey-literature sources were examined to provide a comprehensive overview of the development of locally delivered IFN-β1a and to identify relevant technological approaches that might not be captured in conventional bibliographic databases; however, these records were not considered evidence of clinical efficacy or safety. Eligible clinical and experimental evidence included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in vitro, and in vivo studies. Owing to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesised using a structured narrative and stratified approach rather than quantitative pooling. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for RCTs, ToxRTool for in vitro studies, and the SYRCLE tool for in vivo studies. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, including 12 RCTs, seven in vitro studies, one in vivo study, and four patent reports. Preclinical evidence consistently demonstrated antiviral and immunomodulatory activity, including reduced viral replication and induction of interferon-stimulated genes. Clinical studies demonstrated consistent antiviral activity and immune modulation (e.g., ISG upregulation, viral load reduction). However, clinically meaningful benefit varied across populations and was most consistent in asthma, COPD, and hospitalised COVID-19 patients, whereas other trials did not demonstrate significant improvements in their primary clinical outcomes. Early prophylactic studies in rhinovirus infection showed limited and inconsistent clinical preventive efficacy despite detectable antiviral activity. Pharmacokinetic studies supported effective airway delivery, while safety findings indicated generally favourable tolerability with predominantly mild, transient adverse events. Available evidence indicates that intranasal or inhaled IFN-β may enhance antiviral immunity and provide clinical benefit in selected respiratory viral conditions, particularly among individuals with impaired antiviral responses. However, evidence for prophylactic efficacy against community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections remains limited, and further studies are required to define optimal indications, dosing strategies, and target populations.},
}

Humans
*Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
*Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy/virology/immunology
*Virus Diseases/drug therapy/immunology
Administration, Intranasal
Animals
*Interferon beta-1a/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Administration, Inhalation
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid41075276,
year = {2026},
author = {Field, DJ and de Wit, J and Dixon, D and Comer, D and Den Daas, C},
title = {Risk reconsidered: insights from a data saturation analysis of sexual health research amongst gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men.},
journal = {Culture, health & sexuality},
volume = {28},
number = {11},
pages = {1261-1272},
doi = {10.1080/13691058.2025.2567290},
pmid = {41075276},
issn = {1464-5351},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Homosexuality, Male/psychology ; *Sexual Health ; *Sexual and Gender Minorities/psychology ; COVID-19 ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Qualitative Research ; Bisexuality ; },
abstract = {This study explored how risk in the context of sexual health is conceptualised in research related to gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men during a period of major biomedical change, including the scale-up of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and the Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) campaign, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic search across Medline (OVID), CINAHL, and Scopus identified studies published and/or with data collected between 2015 and 2020, from high-income countries in the Global North. A novel saturation-based approach, adapted from qualitative research, was used to determine when no new implicit or explicit conceptualisations of risk were evident. Ten initial papers were reviewed, followed by sets of three, stopping after saturation was reached at 24 papers. The word 'risk' appeared 722 times across included studies. Hundreds of distinct implicit and explicit conceptualisations were identified and grouped according to five interconnected dimensions: health outcomes, and their focus on biomedical, behavioural, interpersonal, and individual factors. Findings highlight the pervasive yet variable use of 'risk' in the sexual health literature, which may hinder clear communication between researchers, clinicians, and service users. Study findings support calls for the use of more precise language.},
}

Humans
Male
*Homosexuality, Male/psychology
*Sexual Health
*Sexual and Gender Minorities/psychology
COVID-19
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
Qualitative Research
Bisexuality

@article {pmid42628715,
year = {2026},
author = {Pinto, TF and Santoro, A and Grossi de Oliveira, AL and Tavares, TS and Almeida, A and Incardona, F and Marchetti, G and Cozzi-Lepri, A and Pinto, J and Caporali, JFM},
title = {Risk of post-acute symptoms and conditions after SARS-CoV-2 compared with other respiratory viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases},
volume = {172},
number = {},
pages = {109056},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109056},
pmid = {42628715},
issn = {1878-3511},
mesh = {Humans ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/complications/virology ; *Virus Diseases/complications ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: How post-COVID-19 condition differs from post-acute infection syndromes caused by other respiratory viruses remains uncertain. Comparing these conditions may clarify whether post-acute symptoms reflect specific consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection or broader post-viral mechanisms.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies comparing persistent symptoms or conditions in adults after SARS-CoV-2 infection with those following other acute respiratory viral infections. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched. Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled risks.

RESULTS: Among 9371 records screened, 22 studies were included, and 14 contributed to the meta-analysis. Increased risks after SARS-CoV-2 infection were observed for pulmonary embolism, abnormal breathing, fatigue, hemorrhagic stroke, memory loss/brain fog, and palpitations; heart rate abnormalities showed borderline significance. For most other outcomes, pooled estimates did not indicate significantly higher risks than those after other acute respiratory viral infections.

CONCLUSION: Our findings support the concept of post-COVID-19 condition as one example within the broader spectrum of post-acute infection syndromes, underscoring the need to recognize these conditions after non-COVID respiratory viral infections and to further investigate shared and pathogen-specific mechanisms.},
}

Humans
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2
*Respiratory Tract Infections/complications/virology
*Virus Diseases/complications

@article {pmid42691474,
year = {2026},
author = {Wouters, CL and Froehlich, CE and Nguyen, TB and Haynes, CL},
title = {Recent Advances in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Virus Detection.},
journal = {ACS sensors},
volume = {11},
number = {9},
pages = {7722-7731},
doi = {10.1021/acssensors.6c02877},
pmid = {42691474},
issn = {2379-3694},
support = {1839286//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program/ ; 2237827//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program/ ; 2337827//National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program/ ; },
mesh = {*Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods ; *SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Machine Learning ; Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/virology ; *Biosensing Techniques/methods ; *Viruses/isolation & purification ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the importance of virus detection and development of new diagnostics for emerging or evolving viruses has been a major focus in the field of bioanalytical sensing. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is one technique for virus detection that has taken off in academic research but has not yet transitioned into widespread commercial use despite its enormous potential as a sensitive and specific sensing technology. Herein, we briefly summarize advances in SERS as applied to virus detection over the past 5 years, as there has been rapid development and growth resulting from the need to develop COVID-19 sensors, including critical analysis of the directions of the field. We compare label-free and labeled detection schemes and highlight machine-learning-enabled sensing, with a focus on viruses relevant to human health. Opportunities are proposed and understudied areas are identified in virus SERS sensing alongside outlooks for the field, including the use of moderate affinity agents to facilitate multiplex sensing and adaptation of machine learning algorithms from fields beyond sensing.},
}

*Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods
*SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Machine Learning
Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis/virology
*Biosensing Techniques/methods
*Viruses/isolation & purification
Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry

@article {pmid42858156,
year = {2026},
author = {Walkley, E and Hall, K and Hopkinson, D and Nichols-Boyd, M and Williams, E and Pope, N},
title = {Waiting for elective orthopaedic surgery: a qualitative scoping review of the patient experience.},
journal = {International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care},
volume = {38},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {42858156},
issn = {1464-3677},
mesh = {Humans ; *Waiting Lists ; *Elective Surgical Procedures/psychology ; *Orthopedic Procedures/psychology ; Qualitative Research ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Patient Satisfaction ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Public health waiting lists for elective or planned orthopaedic surgery are increasing to the point where demand far exceeds our ability to treat. This is largely due to ageing populations, rising obesity and the continued impact of delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. While waiting, patients suffer debilitating physical pain, functional limitation, social isolation, and associated mental health impacts while some are unable to work. This qualitative scoping review explored and mapped the experiences of patients of waiting for elective or planned orthopaedic surgery.

METHODS: This review was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Scoping Review methodology and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. A comprehensive database search was conducted to identify English-language articles from 2009 until June 2025. Data extraction was informed by the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Results were thematically analysed and presented using the Quality Health Outcomes Model.

RESULTS: The initial search identified 4713 articles, of which 21 manuscripts met inclusion criteria. The 21 articles comprised 17 primary qualitative research studies and four review articles published within the designated time period (2009-2025). Two key themes were identified: (i) patients waiting for elective orthopaedic surgery need psychosocial support and (ii) system-level, multifactorial communication issues with the waiting list leave patients feeling lost between primary and specialist care. These themes suggest that the challenges faced due to lengthy elective surgery waiting lists are not simply a capacity issue, but also a challenge of coordinated, patient- centred care.

CONCLUSION: Waiting for surgery is consistently described by patients as a source of anxiety and distress. With waiting list times for elective surgery increasing, the experience can be improved in part with adequate communication from healthcare providers. A re-focus on what matters most to the patient and their family is required in order to deliver adequate patient-centred care while patients wait for surgery.},
}

Humans
*Waiting Lists
*Elective Surgical Procedures/psychology
*Orthopedic Procedures/psychology
Qualitative Research
COVID-19/epidemiology
Patient Satisfaction

@article {pmid42908181,
year = {2026},
author = {Szułdrzyński, K and Jankowski, M and Molnar, Z and Benes, J and Piasecki, A and Matuszewski, M and Matuszewski, M and Ruszkai, Z and Kletecka, J and Zuzda, K and Adamczyk, K},
title = {Clinical Outcomes and Complications of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in Adult Patients With COVID-19 in Central and Eastern Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research},
volume = {32},
number = {},
pages = {e954002},
doi = {10.12659/MSM.954002},
pmid = {42908181},
issn = {1643-3750},
mesh = {Adult ; Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/mortality/complications/epidemiology ; Europe/epidemiology ; Europe, Eastern/epidemiology ; *Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects/methods/mortality ; Hospital Mortality ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a rescue therapy for severe COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). International datasets do not consistently report Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) separately. We aimed to assess mortality, clinical characteristics, and complications of ECMO-treated COVID-19 patients across the CEE region. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review with single-arm meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from January 2020 to August 2025 for studies reporting ECMO outcomes in adult (≥18 years) COVID-19 patients from CEE countries, with at least 10 ECMO-treated patients. Conference abstracts and overlapping cohorts were excluded. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251077593). RESULTS Twelve studies included 802 patients from 6 countries. Pooled in-hospital mortality was 65% (95% CI 0.57-0.72; I[2]=70.6%; 10 studies; n=691), and ICU mortality was 61% (95% CI 0.47-0.74; I[2]=85.8%; 7 studies, n=526). Country-level in-hospital mortality estimates were 54% for the Czech Republic and 76% for Poland but were descriptive because of the small number of studies and wide CIs. Mean pre-ECMO mechanical ventilation duration was 4.8 days (95% CI 3.7-5.8; I[2]=4.4%), ECMO duration was 17.8 days (95% CI 12.8-22.9; I[2]=79.8%), and ICU length of stay was 23.6 days (95% CI 7.5-39.7; I[2]=92.6%). Serious bleeding occurred in 40% (95% CI 22-61%; I[2]=85.7%). Certainty was very low for all pooled outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These CEE-specific estimates provide regional benchmarks, but substantial heterogeneity and very low certainty limit international comparisons and country-level interpretation. Standardized regional registries, prospective multicenter data, harmonized complication reporting, and long-term outcome assessment are needed.},
}

Adult
Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/mortality/complications/epidemiology
Europe/epidemiology
Europe, Eastern/epidemiology
*Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects/methods/mortality
Hospital Mortality
Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid42908349,
year = {2026},
author = {Lass-Flörl, C and Steixner, S and Bauer, A},
title = {Invasive fungal diseases in immunocompetent adults: emerging patterns and clinical challenges.},
journal = {Future microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1080/17460913.2026.2751609},
pmid = {42908349},
issn = {1746-0921},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) have traditionally been regarded as complications of classical immunosuppression. However, IFDs are increasingly recognized in adults who are apparently immunocompetent or non-neutropenic, particularly in the setting of severe viral pneumonia, critical illness, diabetes, structural lung disease, surgery, trauma or burns, injection or inhalational drug use, invasive devices, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and previously unrecognized immune dysregulation.

OBJECTIVE: This narrative review summarizes emerging patterns and clinical challenges of IFD in apparently immunocompetent adults, integrating invasive molds, endemic dimorphic fungi, and invasive yeasts.

KEY OBSERVATIONS: The current landscape includes influenza- and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis, acute invasive mold disease in critically ill patients, tissue-injury- and trauma-associated mold infections, severe endemic mycoses after relevant environmental exposure, and an expanding spectrum of invasive yeasts. The label "immunocompetent" often conceals situational immune dysfunction or an undiagnosed inborn or acquired immune defect. Cohort data are available for several non-classical host groups, whereas evidence for truly healthy adults remains dominated by small series and case reports.

CONCLUSION: In adults without classical immunosuppression, IFD should be suspected when clinical deterioration occurs in the setting of acute illness, disruption of skin or mucosal barriers, indwelling catheters, healthcare exposure, unusual clinical syndromes, relevant geographic exposure, or unrecognized immune defects.},
}

@article {pmid42909179,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhou, XJ and Zhu, JC and Dong, J and Yan, SY and Zhang, SY and Dong, JT and Zhang, BQ and Che, HR and Zhang, CH and Zhang, R and Zhang, C and Liu, DZ and Liu, CG},
title = {Mapping programmable mRNA research relevant to cancer-associated immune escape: a dual-database bibliometric and topic modeling analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1957469},
pmid = {42909179},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Programmable messenger RNA (mRNA) platforms can encode tumor antigens or immunomodulators, enabling coordinated antigen delivery and immune modulation. Yet the literature spans cancer vaccination, delivery engineering, immune biology, and adjacent infectious-disease research, making its structure and evidentiary boundaries difficult to discern. We mapped this cross-domain corpus to clarify its development, organization, and relevance to cancer-associated immune escape.

METHODS: We searched the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and Scopus on July 29, 2026, for English-language Articles and Reviews published since 2006. The strategy combined programmable or therapeutic mRNA, cancer, and immune-escape-related concepts. R-based analyses summarized the number of publications (NP), total citations (TC), and collaboration patterns; BERTopic modeled titles and abstracts after entity-aware preprocessing. Independent two-author review supported the five topic labels and characterized the outliers, and robustness was assessed across alternative clustering configurations.

RESULTS: The dataset comprised 756 publications (NP = 756). Annual output increased more than fourfold in 2021 and reached NP = 182 in 2025. China (NP = 291; 38.49%) and the United States (NP = 146; 19.31%) accounted for nearly 58% of corresponding-author publications. Sichuan University and Frontiers in Immunology ranked first in institutional and journal output, respectively. Nature had the highest retained source-record citation total (TC = 2,326). BERTopic assigned 745 publications to five topics, while 11 of 756 records remained outliers (1.46%). The topics represented mRNA delivery and immunomodulatory cancer-vaccine research (52.1%), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in oncology and immunotherapy settings (23.6%), therapeutic mRNA cancer-vaccine platforms (13.3%), tumor-antigen discovery and immune-subtype stratification (8.6%), and mRNA-vaccine immunogenicity during autoimmune immunosuppression (2.4%).

CONCLUSIONS: Publication activity in the retrieved cross-domain corpus expanded rapidly after 2020. The corpus included both direct cancer-mRNA research and adjacent platform or immune-response literature. By distinguishing these components and identifying thematic connections among delivery, antigen selection, immune context, and collaboration, the analysis provides an evidence-navigation framework for prioritizing systematic reviews, mechanistic studies, and clinical evaluation. The map does not itself establish therapeutic efficacy.},
}

@article {pmid42909257,
year = {2026},
author = {Omercikoglu, E and Bankar, PL and Corro, R and Helgeson, SA and Kiley, SP and Patel, NM and Patel, P and Baz, MA and Guru, PK and Martin, A and Saunders, H and Sanghavi, DK and Franco, PM},
title = {Inhaled nitric oxide: Expanding indications beyond traditional boundaries.},
journal = {JHLT open},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {100697},
pmid = {42909257},
issn = {2950-1334},
abstract = {Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a selective pulmonary vasodilator that improves ventilation-perfusion matching with minimal effect on systemic blood pressure. Although the FDA approval is restricted to neonatal hypoxic respiratory failure associated with pulmonary hypertension, many clinicians now use iNO in adults with conditions where elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular dysfunction threaten stability and hypoxic respiratory failure. This review examines both the mechanistic rationale and the available evidence for such off-label use. Examples range from acute RV failure in the ICU to perioperative support in cardiac surgery, heart and lung transplantation, and severe hypoxemic respiratory failure, including COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In these settings, iNO offers rapid afterload reduction and short-term improvement in oxygenation, but randomized trials are lacking and limited studies to date have failed to consistently show outcome benefits. Adverse effects such as methemoglobinemia, nitrogen dioxide toxicity, rebound pulmonary hypertension, and a potential increase in acute kidney injury risk in certain non-cardiac surgical populations. Additionally, cost considerations and other practical limitations must be weighed carefully. Overall, current evidence supports the use of iNO as an adjunctive therapy in carefully selected critically ill patients.},
}

@article {pmid42909317,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, Z and Geng, L and Li, W and Wang, X and Wang, X and Qin, Z and Zhang, Y and Mou, C},
title = {A narrative review of stem cell-based therapy for fibrosing interstitial lung diseases: clinical evidence and translational perspectives.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1917005},
pmid = {42909317},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (F-ILD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and inflammation. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and severe form of F-ILD. Regulator-approved anti-fibrotic drugs, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, delay rather than reverse disease progression, so the threat of eventual respiratory failure remains. While lung transplantation is an option that can prolong survival for end-stage IPF, its clinical application is greatly restricted by donor shortages, surgical risks, and postoperative complications. Stem cell therapies, and particularly treatments based on mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and their derivatives, have brought new hope for the management of F-ILD due to their immune regulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic capabilities. A search was conducted to identify relevant articles in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Internet and Wanfang Data from inception to 31st May 2026. This review summarizes the mechanistic overview of stem cell-based therapeutic strategies for F-ILD, safety profiles and therapeutic potentials of various stem cells for the treatment of IPF and other F-ILDs, with an emphasis on stem cell types and delivery routine. This article also discusses the challenges and limitations of stem cell-based therapies, highlighting the need for further clinical studies with standardized efficacy endpoints to validate their effectiveness.},
}

@article {pmid42909849,
year = {2026},
author = {Mahdia, LN and Huang, G and Wabe, N and Silva, SSM and Westbrook, JI and Nguyen, AD},
title = {Mental Health Burden and Vulnerability Among Long-Term Care Facility Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review With Exploratory Prevalence Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {7334648261500732},
doi = {10.1177/07334648261500732},
pmid = {42909849},
issn = {1552-4523},
abstract = {BackgroundOlder adults in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) faced social and care disruptions during COVID-19, but evidence on mental health burden and vulnerability remains fragmented.ObjectiveTo synthesise evidence on mental health outcomes among LTCF residents during the pandemic and identify resident- and facility-level vulnerability and protective conditions.MethodsMEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO were searched for English-language peer-reviewed studies published from January 2020 to January 2025. Findings were narratively synthesised, and exploratory random-effects meta-analyses were conducted where at least three studies reported extractable resident-level prevalence.ResultsThirty-two studies were included as follows: 24 quantitative, six qualitative and two mixed-methods. Most reported high prevalence, deterioration, or qualitative evidence of depression, anxiety, loneliness, isolation, or related distress. Pooled prevalence was 55.6% for depression, 51.4% for anxiety and 54.5% for loneliness, with substantial heterogeneity. Vulnerability reflected clinical, social and facility-level factors; consistent staffing, social connection and family communication were potential protective conditions.},
}

@article {pmid42912039,
year = {2026},
author = {Arredondo-Nontol, MR and Garcia-Villegas, D and Gonzaga-Vilchez, R and Izquierdo-Marchan, J and Ramos-Salina, RA and Castromonte-Izquierdo, CJ and Arredondo-Nontol, R and Reto, N},
title = {Knowledge, attitudes and practices about dengue vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean: a scoping review.},
journal = {Cadernos de saude publica},
volume = {42},
number = {},
pages = {e00259025},
pmid = {42912039},
issn = {1678-4464},
mesh = {Humans ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Latin America ; *Dengue Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Caribbean Region ; *Dengue/prevention & control ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {Dengue remains a major public health concern in Latin America and the Caribbean, where vaccination has emerged as a key strategy to reduce severe disease. However, its successful implementation depends on population knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). This study aimed to synthesize available evidence on KAP related to dengue vaccination in the region. A scoping review was conducted following JBI guidelines. Searches were performed in international and regional databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, SciELO, and the Virtual Health Library. Original studies were included without language or date restrictions. Study selection and data extraction were conducted independently and in duplicate. Sixteen studies were included. Most studies reported limited knowledge regarding vaccine availability, safety, and mechanisms of action. In contrast, attitudes were generally favorable, with high acceptance and willingness to pay, estimated at approximately USD 23 for a three-dose regimen. However, willingness to participate in clinical trials remained low due to safety and trust concerns. Evidence from a study conducted in Puerto Rico indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increased intention to receive the dengue vaccine. Practices were less studied, and findings showed low completion of vaccination schedules, indicating a gap between attitudes and uptake. Despite generally favorable attitudes, important knowledge gaps and implementation challenges persist. Strengthening educational strategies and promoting qualified communication between healthcare professionals and the population - particularly during the introduction of new vaccines and in the context of adverse events - may support informed decision-making and improve dengue vaccine uptake.},
}

Humans
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Latin America
*Dengue Vaccines/administration & dosage
Caribbean Region
*Dengue/prevention & control
Vaccination

@article {pmid42912090,
year = {2026},
author = {Moraes, JF and Souza, PHL and Andrade, ML and Dias, RMR and Corrêa, FI},
title = {Central Nervous System Alterations in Individuals with Long COVID: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical},
volume = {59},
number = {},
pages = {e05192025},
pmid = {42912090},
issn = {1678-9849},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/physiopathology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; *Central Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology/virology/etiology ; *Central Nervous System/physiopathology ; },
abstract = {Long COVID (post-COVID-19 condition) has been associated with persistent neurological and cognitive symptoms, suggesting possible central nervous system involvement beyond the acute phase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. A systematic review of articles published up to April 2026 was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, and observational studies evaluating neurophysiological, structural, and functional alterations in individuals with long COVID were analyzed. Forty-two studies with substantial variability in design and methods were included; thus, the findings were synthesized narratively. The evidence indicates heterogeneous yet recurrent alterations in the central nervous system of individuals with lonf COVID, including impaired cortical excitability, abnormal cerebral oscillatory activity across multiple frequency bands, changes in functional connectivity, and structural abnormalities in neural networks. Some studies also reported imbalances in excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission and biomarkers suggestive of neuroinflammation or axonal injury. These neurophysiological and structural alterations were commonly associated with persistent fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and brain fog. However, the available evidence is limited by important methodological issues, including substantial heterogeneity in study populations, assessment techniques, and reported outcomes; the observational design also limited the strength of the conclusions. Taken together, the current evidence suggests a persistent and multifactorial central nervous system dysfunction in long COVID. However, definitive conclusions remain limited, and well-designed prospective longitudinal studies using standardized methods are needed to clarify the mechanisms, duration, and clinical relevance of these alterations.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/physiopathology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
*Central Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology/virology/etiology
*Central Nervous System/physiopathology

@article {pmid42913197,
year = {2026},
author = {Yao, J and Ye, B and Chen, R and Yang, J and Li, Q and Qiang, W and Wu, D and Gao, W},
title = {Neuroinflammatory mechanisms and pharmacological modulation of the lung-brain axis in post-viral pulmonary sequelae.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {191},
number = {Pt 1},
pages = {117583},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2026.117583},
pmid = {42913197},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Persistent respiratory sequelae following acute viral infections, exemplified by but not limited to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represent a major unmet clinical challenge. Conventional anti-inflammatory strategies frequently fail to resolve these chronic symptoms, suggesting that additional pathogenic mechanisms, particularly neuroinflammatory processes, remain unaddressed.

MAIN BODY: This review synthesizes current evidence establishing neuroimmune axis dysfunction as an important mechanistic contributor to post-viral pulmonary sequelae, including chronic cough, airway hyperresponsiveness, and fibrotic remodeling. We systematically examine how viral infection alters the nervous system, and how these neural changes initiate and perpetuate neuroimmune axis dysfunction, subsequently orchestrating aberrant peripheral immune activation while impairing lung repair processes. Moreover, we critically appraise the emerging pharmacological landscape targeting this neuroinflammatory axis, spanning neuropeptide receptor antagonists, neuromodulation, and other mechanism-based strategies aimed at restoring neuroimmune homeostasis.

CONCLUSION: This review identifies neuroimmune axis dysfunction as a potential driver of persistent pulmonary sequelae and underscores the need for therapeutic strategies tailored to disease stage and clinical phenotype to enhance clinical translation.},
}

@article {pmid42913926,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhao, N and Sun, Y and Liu, Z and Zhu, P and Li, W and Wang, M and Wang, M},
title = {The interplay between microplastics and respiratory viral diseases.},
journal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},
volume = {128},
number = {},
pages = {105202},
doi = {10.1016/j.etap.2026.105202},
pmid = {42913926},
issn = {1872-7077},
abstract = {Microplastics, recognised as pervasive environmental pollutants on a global scale, have been identified in various human organs. Inhalation is a primary exposure route for both microplastics and respiratory viruses, raising concerns about potential synergistic health hazards. This review synthetizes current understanding of the mechanisms underpinning their interactions, with a focus on the role of microplastics in facilitating viral entry, modulating host microenvironments through oxidative stress, inflammation, and compromised innate immunity, and enhancing viral invasion, replication, and transmission. Evidence shows that microplastics damage respiratory epithelium, generate reactive oxygen species, and trigger inflammation whilst dysregulating immune cells, worsening coronavirus and influenza virus infections, leading to more severe and prolonged lung damage. This review outlines recent progress in how microplastics influence susceptibility to and development of respiratory viral infections, offering a scientific basis for creating targeted environmental health strategies and enhancing research on viral resistance mechanisms.},
}

@article {pmid42914759,
year = {2026},
author = {Ziorio-Dunlop, R and Park, T and Symonds-Brown, H},
title = {Defining trauma-informed approaches and their purpose in nursing education: A scoping review.},
journal = {Nurse education today},
volume = {169},
number = {},
pages = {107469},
doi = {10.1016/j.nedt.2026.107469},
pmid = {42914759},
issn = {1532-2793},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: A focus on nursing student trauma has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. Scholars have turned to trauma-informed approaches to understand how nursing students can be better supported in their education and mitigate the effects of past, current, and future trauma exposure.

AIM: To examine the current published literature on how trauma-informed approaches to nursing education are described in the literature.

DESIGN: We conducted a scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute framework. We used the PRISMA-ScR guidelines for reporting of findings.

METHODS: We performed searches in June 2024 and then again in June 2025 in Medline via OVID, CINAHL via EBSCO, ERIC, PsycInfo, Education Research Complete, and Scopus. We included literature published in English in any year that focused on nursing students and/or nurse educators, included a definition of a trauma-informed approach (TIA) and involved any education context.

RESULTS: 35 sources were included, published between 2020 and 2025. Study types included 11 descriptions of implementing a TIA and 6 unstructured reviews supporting its implementation. 10 sources were primary research. Findings included descriptive categories of definitions of a TIA, sources of nursing students' exposure to trauma (in their education, personal lives, and specifically COVID-19), and the purpose of a TIA (success in education and the creation of a future workforce).

CONCLUSIONS: TIA to support student learning and develop the future nursing workforce are increasingly prevalent and recommended in the nursing education literature. Terminology and definitions of TIA varied but often shared commonalities, with some specifically addressing structural inequities. Differences between definitions that highlight structural inequities specifically need to be examined for how they differ from more common definitions. The student perspective on resilience and TIA effectiveness is needed. Conceptualizations of TIA must also address how they might reinforce power structures within educational institutions, thereby avoiding the reproduction of inequities.},
}

@article {pmid42918966,
year = {2026},
author = {Rafeeq, H and Khokhar, AM and Siddique, R and Zia, MA and Naeem, M and Chen, H},
title = {Graphene-based nanomaterials in biosensing: current advances, challenges, and future directions for precision diagnostics.},
journal = {Discover nano},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42918966},
issn = {2731-9229},
support = {202503AP140025//Huanhuan chen/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, and their composites, combine ultra-high surface area, superior conductivity, and tunable optical properties, making them powerful materials for ultra-sensitive biosensing.

AIM AND SCOPE: Unlike earlier descriptive, platform-specific surveys, this review is organised around structure-property-performance relationships and applies a uniform critical lens to the primary literature.

METHODS: We examine optical (fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, colorimetric, SERS), electrochemical, and field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors. We compare them head-to-head on sensitivity, reproducibility, scalability, and clinical readiness.

KEY FINDINGS: GBN platforms detect pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, cancer biomarkers, metabolites, and environmental toxins with high sensitivity and selectivity. However, many reported ultra-low detection limits are extrapolated from buffer calibrations rather than measured, and they are rarely validated in blinded clinical cohorts. Some are also physically implausible given the number of target molecules in the assay volume.

CHALLENGES: Key barriers are cytotoxicity, non-specific binding, irreproducible synthesis, and regulatory validation. For FETs specifically, the main obstacles are Debye screening, baseline drift, and poor wafer-scale yield.

CONCLUSIONS: AI-assisted signal processing, wearable and implantable devices, and 3D-printed multi-analyte lab-on-a-chip systems are critical future directions. Addressing these challenges through interdisciplinary effort could make GBN biosensors a foundation for personalized, point-of-care healthcare.},
}

@article {pmid42175918,
year = {2026},
author = {Flegg, C and Barczak, A and Fienberg, S and Fleming, R and Hapgood, C and Kamran, R and Koberstein, W and Zahra, S and Zhang, M},
title = {CAR/BRC Recommendations for Management of Axillary Lymphadenopathy Following COVID-19 Vaccination.},
journal = {Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes},
volume = {77},
number = {4},
pages = {670-673},
doi = {10.1177/08465371261450192},
pmid = {42175918},
issn = {1488-2361},
mesh = {Humans ; *Lymphadenopathy/diagnostic imaging/etiology/therapy ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; Female ; Axilla/diagnostic imaging ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Canada ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {Axillary lymphadenopathy following vaccination has long been recognized as a benign, self-limited immune response, but its increased frequency during the COVID 19 vaccination campaign created diagnostic uncertainty and contributed to delays in breast imaging and unnecessary follow-up. Early conservative guidance, issued in the context of limited evidence, led to postponed screening examinations and increased patient anxiety. Since then, robust prospective and longitudinal data have demonstrated an extremely low, near-zero risk of malignancy in asymptomatic patients with isolated ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy following recent COVID 19 vaccination and no suspicious breast imaging findings, even when lymphadenopathy persists for many months. In response to this evolving evidence base, the Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) and Breast Radiologists of Canada (BRC) have developed updated, evidence-based recommendations for the management of axillary lymphadenopathy following COVID 19 vaccination. These recommendations emphasize that breast imaging examinations should not be delayed because of vaccination, outline the importance of documenting vaccination history, and provide clear guidance for classifying and managing ipsilateral, contralateral, palpable, and persistent lymphadenopathy across breast imaging modalities. Special considerations for patients with a personal history of breast cancer or other malignancies are also addressed. Adoption of these recommendations is intended to promote consistent national practice, reduce unnecessary imaging and biopsy, support patient reassurance, and maintain the effectiveness of breast cancer screening programs.},
}

Humans
*Lymphadenopathy/diagnostic imaging/etiology/therapy
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
Female
Axilla/diagnostic imaging
*COVID-19/prevention & control
Canada
*Vaccination/adverse effects

@article {pmid42902648,
year = {2026},
author = {Mohapatra, PR and Mishra, B},
title = {Common Cold-An Update.},
journal = {The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India},
volume = {74},
number = {9},
pages = {77-82},
doi = {10.59556/japi.74.1613},
pmid = {42902648},
issn = {0004-5772},
mesh = {Humans ; *Common Cold/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology ; Nasal Decongestants/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {The common cold, a mild yet highly prevalent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), imposes a substantial societal and economic burden through healthcare costs, lost productivity, and widespread morbidity. Primarily caused by diverse respiratory viruses (e.g., rhinoviruses, coronaviruses), it encompasses a spectrum of acute infections affecting the nasal passages, throat, larynx, and bronchi, manifesting as rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchitis. Framed by the "iceberg concept" of disease, most cases are mild or asymptomatic, yet severe outcomes (e.g., exacerbations of chronic conditions) contribute to rare mortality. Management focuses on symptom relief: decongestants and antihistamines alleviate nasal congestion and cough in adults, though cough suppressants are discouraged in children. Despite its self-limiting nature, the common cold underscores challenges in primary care due to viral diversity and a lack of targeted therapies. Annual influenza vaccination, while not preventing colds, mitigates flu-related complications, indirectly reducing overlapping URTI burdens. Public health strategies emphasizing prevention, symptom management, and judicious antibiotic use remain critical to curbing its widespread impact.},
}

Humans
*Common Cold/diagnosis/therapy/epidemiology
Nasal Decongestants/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42902672,
year = {2026},
author = {Roy, P and Ray, S and Patro, BK},
title = {Understanding Obesity through a Public Health Lens.},
journal = {The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India},
volume = {74},
number = {8},
pages = {68-73},
doi = {10.59556/japi.74.1620},
pmid = {42902672},
issn = {0004-5772},
mesh = {Humans ; *Obesity/epidemiology ; *Public Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; India/epidemiology ; Body Mass Index ; South Asian People ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Prevalence ; },
abstract = {Obesity is a complex and chronic public health challenge that reflects deep-rooted social, economic, and environmental determinants rather than solely individual choices. Its global prevalence has risen sharply over recent decades, affecting more than one in eight people worldwide, with a growing burden in low- and middle-income countries. This paper explores obesity as a complex and growing public health challenge that extends beyond individual behavior. It highlights the social, economic, and environmental factors driving the epidemic, with a focus on the Indian context where undernutrition and overnutrition coexist. Recent research, population data, and policy reports were reviewed to analyze current trends, determinants, and the limitations of traditional measures such as the body mass index (BMI). Particular attention was given to South Asian populations, who are prone to obesity-related diseases at lower BMI thresholds. Global obesity rates have risen sharply, now affecting more than one in eight people, with a marked increase in low- and middle-income countries. In India, urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and the easy availability of ultraprocessed foods have accelerated the problem across all age groups. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened the situation through reduced physical activity, stress, and food-system disruptions. Conventional BMI measures underestimate true metabolic risk in South Asians, underscoring the need for more nuanced diagnostic approaches. Obesity adds significantly to the burden of noncommunicable diseases and demands multisectoral action through healthier food policies, physical activity promotion, and early prevention. Integrating these strategies into health systems is vital to reduce its long-term impact.},
}

Humans
*Obesity/epidemiology
*Public Health
COVID-19/epidemiology
India/epidemiology
Body Mass Index
South Asian People
SARS-CoV-2
Prevalence