@article {pmid37723634,
year = {2025},
author = {Hajihasani, MM and Farkhad, NK and Mahmoudi, A and Sahebkar, A},
title = {How does the Immunological System Change during the SARS-COV-2 Attack? A Clue for the New Immunotherapy Discovery.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {32},
number = {8},
pages = {1575-1588},
pmid = {37723634},
issn = {1875-533X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Immunotherapy/methods ; Immunity, Innate ; Pandemics ; Adaptive Immunity ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/therapy ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) is one of the biggest unsolved global problems of the 21[st] century for which there has been no definitive cure yet. Like other respiratory viruses, SARS-COV-2 triggers the host immunity dramatically, causing dysfunction in the immune system, both innate and adaptive, which is a common feature of COVID-19 patients. Evidence shows that in the early stages of COVID-19, the immune system is suppressed while it is overactive in severe patients characterized by excessive and prolonged inflammatory responses called "Cytokine Storm". There are many elements in the immune system that undergo alterations as the disease progresses. Some significant changes in the innate immune system following infection with SARS-COV-2 include delayed or inhibited interferon type 1 production by the infected cells leading to elevated virus replication, excessive recruitment of activated monocytes and macrophages, decrease in eosinophil population (eosinopenia), consequent decrease in CD[8+]T lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction, and increase in neutrophil infiltration (neutrophilia) and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Moreover, hallmark alterations in the adaptive immune system in this process cause an overall decrease in the T lymphocyte number (lymphopenia) and changes in the activity of some lymphocyte subsets and a number of B cells. This review delves into the mentioned changes in the immune system following SARS-COV-2 infection and the implications thereof to guide the development of immunotherapies for patients with COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/therapy
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Immunotherapy/methods
Immunity, Innate
Pandemics
Adaptive Immunity
Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
*Coronavirus Infections/immunology/therapy

@article {pmid42500896,
year = {2026},
author = {Blasi, F and Casiraghi, M and Morello, M and Arnò, C and Golino, M and Franceschi, E and Alicandro, G and Vicenzi, M and De Ponti, R},
title = {Bradyarrhythmia in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Scoping Review and Clustering Analyses.},
journal = {Journal of the American Heart Association},
volume = {15},
number = {15},
pages = {e047934},
doi = {10.1161/JAHA.125.047934},
pmid = {42500896},
issn = {2047-9980},
mesh = {Humans ; *Bradycardia/therapy/epidemiology/diagnosis/etiology/mortality ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy/epidemiology/mortality ; Female ; Cluster Analysis ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Hospitalization ; Aged ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Clustering Algorithms ; Adult ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Among arrhythmias observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, bradyarrhythmia poses the dilemma of urgent pacing. In this population, data on patients' characteristics and clinical outcomes are lacking.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted for bradyarrhythmia associated with COVID-19 from inception to December 2024 following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines; quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. From each report, the type of bradyarrhythmia, relevant clinical variables, and outcomes were extracted. Comparison between groups with different bradyarrhythmias was performed for the variables available in all cases. Cluster analyses were performed using both the k-means and hierarchical methods.

RESULTS: Overall, 103 case series/case reports were identified reporting data on 151 patients: 76 with sinus node dysfunction and 75 with atrioventricular block (AVB). Median age was 54.5 years; 10.6% were pediatric patients. Despite few comorbidities, 24.5% required mechanical ventilation and 11.3% died. Sinus node dysfunction was more frequently associated with antiviral therapy, while patients with permanent AVB were significantly older (58 versus 48.5 years; P=0.011) and showed a significant trend toward a higher mortality rate (23.1% versus 5.6%; P=0.048) than those with transient AVB. Cluster analyses showed a higher inflammatory profile in younger patients associated with left ventricular dysfunction and AVB.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 can be associated with sinus node dysfunction or AVB even in a young patient population exhibiting a high inflammatory profile. The need for mechanical ventilation and the mortality rate was not negligible. Sinus node dysfunction was associated with the use of antiviral therapy, and permanent AVB was associated with a higher mortality rate.},
}

Humans
*Bradycardia/therapy/epidemiology/diagnosis/etiology/mortality
*COVID-19/complications/therapy/epidemiology/mortality
Female
Cluster Analysis
Middle Aged
Male
Hospitalization
Aged
SARS-CoV-2
Clustering Algorithms
Adult

@article {pmid41972671,
year = {2026},
author = {Asaba, CN and Gwanyama, BN and Ayuk, HS and Odo, TI and Bitazar, R and Noumi, T and Labonté, P and Bukong, TN},
title = {Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Viral Infections: Regulation, Immune Consequences, and Pathogenic Outcomes.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {41972671},
issn = {2073-4409},
support = {Relance 2024//The INRS-Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Research Centre/ ; 363424//A doctoral scholarship from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec./ ; },
mesh = {*Extracellular Traps/immunology ; Humans ; *Neutrophils/immunology ; *Virus Diseases/immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; COVID-19/immunology ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; },
abstract = {Neutrophils are among the early responders of the innate immune system and play a key role in host defense against viral infections. Beyond their classical antimicrobial functions, neutrophils can engage in a specialized defense mechanism by releasing web-like extracellular DNA known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These extracellular traps are a mesh-like network of chromatin DNA decorated with cellular components, including histones, proteases, and antimicrobial enzymes, that function to contain and limit the spread of pathogens. While NET formation contributes to antiviral immunity, accumulating evidence indicates that excessive or dysregulated NET formation can significantly contribute to immunopathology during viral infections. Thus, depending on the context and outcome, NET formation may be viewed as a double-edged sword. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing NET formation and its harmful effects is critical for developing therapeutic strategies that enhance antiviral defense while minimizing tissue damage. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms that drive NET formation and clearance, with a particular focus on how viruses modulate these processes to influence disease outcome. We also discuss the pathways underlying NET formation and subsequent neutrophil cell death (NETosis), including canonical and non-canonical pathways, and highlight key signaling axes involving SYK, MAPKs, and NF-κB. Using SARS-CoV-2 and hepatitis B virus as representative models, we examine how different viral components trigger, exploit, or evade NET targeting and how persistent accumulation of NETs can contribute to hyperinflammation, progressive tissue injury, and post-viral syndromes. We further explore emerging evidence linking impaired NET clearance and neutrophil heterogeneity, particularly low-density neutrophils (LDNs), to chronic inflammation and post-viral sequelae such as long COVID and autoimmune hepatitis. Finally, we summarize current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating NET formation or enhancing NET clearance. Altogether, this review underscores the dual nature of NETs in viral infections, highlighting their potential roles in antiviral defense and tissue injury, and provides a framework for the development of targeted interventions to limit virus-induced immunopathology.},
}

*Extracellular Traps/immunology
Humans
*Neutrophils/immunology
*Virus Diseases/immunology
Immunity, Innate
COVID-19/immunology
Animals
SARS-CoV-2/immunology

@article {pmid41972882,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, Z and Chen, B and Gao, Y and Wu, C and Shuai, Q and Yan, Y},
title = {Redox-responsive nanoparticles for enhanced mRNA delivery: a comprehensive review.},
journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B},
volume = {14},
number = {15},
pages = {4546-4570},
doi = {10.1039/d6tb00186f},
pmid = {41972882},
issn = {2050-7518},
mesh = {Oxidation-Reduction ; Humans ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *RNA, Messenger/chemistry/metabolism/administration & dosage ; Animals ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {The clinical success of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the therapeutic potential of mRNA while exposing persistent delivery barriers, including intrinsic instability, poor cellular uptake, and inefficient intracellular trafficking. Redox-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) provide a promising strategy to improve mRNA delivery by undergoing stimulus-triggered disassembly in the reductive cytosol, facilitating efficient mRNA release, endosomal escape, and enhanced translation. This review elucidates emerging structure-function relationships by systematically linking redox-labile chemistries (e.g., disulfide, diselenide, and polysulfide), carrier type, and NP architecture to key biological outcomes, including endosomal escape, redox responsiveness, transfection efficiency, and biodistribution. We further identify critical translational challenges-such as tumor redox heterogeneity, insufficient systematic preclinical evaluation, and manufacturing constraints-and propose actionable strategies, including multi-stimulus-responsive systems, microfluidic and process-analytical manufacturing, and formulation approaches to improve efficacy, reproducibility, and stability. Collectively, these insights provide a practical framework to guide the rational design and clinical translation of next-generation redox-responsive mRNA delivery platforms.},
}

Oxidation-Reduction
Humans
*Nanoparticles/chemistry
*RNA, Messenger/chemistry/metabolism/administration & dosage
Animals
COVID-19/prevention & control

@article {pmid41973314,
year = {2026},
author = {Peddireddy, S and VanWingerden, N and Patel, P and Howard, G and Berger, J},
title = {Stellate Ganglion Block in the Treatment of Long COVID: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Current pain and headache reports},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41973314},
issn = {1534-3081},
mesh = {Humans ; *Autonomic Nerve Block/methods ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome/therapy ; *Stellate Ganglion/drug effects ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This review evaluates stellate ganglion block as a treatment for long COVID, seeking to evaluate the treatment's efficacy by various symptoms and the limitations of the current literature.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic Review.

SETTING: Ambulatory or Outpatient Setting.

METHODS, SUBJECTS: A systematic review of the current literature regarding use of stellate ganglion block in patients with long COVID was conducted. 2 databases were searched on August 28th, 2025. Search terms were "long COVID" and "stellate ganglion block", yielding 45 results. Studies examining patient outcomes after stellate ganglion block were included. Case reports, case series, basic science studies and previous reviews were excluded. Seven studies met inclusion criteria.

RESULTS: Patients received a single stellate ganglion block in some studies and multiple stellate ganglion blocks in others. All studies reported symptomatic improvement without control groups. Response rates ranged from 55.8% to 100%. The most robust improvements (> 80% patients reporting relief) were seen in cough, dyspnea, headache, joint pain, pain interference/intensity, pins/needles, subjective relief.

CONCLUSION: Stellate ganglion block is a promising treatment that appears to generate substantive benefit for many of the symptoms seen in long COVID. However, the current literature has small, uncontrolled studies with heterogenous study designs and follow-up periods. Standardized research with larger sample sizes, control groups, and longer-term follow up is necessary to elucidate the degree of benefit. IRB approval and clinical trial registration not required.},
}

Humans
*Autonomic Nerve Block/methods
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome/therapy
*Stellate Ganglion/drug effects
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid41973527,
year = {2026},
author = {Hudnall, SR and Jacobs, BC and Fields, KB},
title = {Functional Testing for Return to Activity with COVID-19.},
journal = {Current sports medicine reports},
volume = {25},
number = {4},
pages = {118-122},
doi = {10.1249/JSR.0000000000001330},
pmid = {41973527},
issn = {1537-8918},
mesh = {Humans ; *Return to Sport ; *COVID-19 ; *Exercise Test/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Recovery of Function ; },
abstract = {Return-to-play decisions following COVID-19 infection remain challenging due to persistent variability in cardiopulmonary and functional recovery. This review examines four validated functional tests: the Timed Up and Go, 6-Minute Walk Test, Kasch Pulse Step Recovery Test, and 1-Minute Sit-to-Stand Test and their potential roles in assessing readiness for physical activity and sport after COVID-19 infection. These office-based assessments are simple, reproducible, and sensitive to impairments in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal function. Evidence suggests that post-COVID-19 individuals may demonstrate significant deficits in performance across functional tests, supporting their integration into return-to-play evaluations. The 6-Minute Walk Test is recommended as the primary measure of functional capacity, with the 1-Minute Sit-to-Stand Test as a validated alternative. Incorporating functional testing into return-to-play protocols can enhance clinical decision-making, guide rehabilitation, and promote safe resumption of physical activity.},
}

Humans
*Return to Sport
*COVID-19
*Exercise Test/methods
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Recovery of Function

@article {pmid41973776,
year = {2026},
author = {Fam, JY and Männikkö, N},
title = {Can the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale be adapted across contexts? Evidence from a COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments systematic review.},
journal = {Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors},
volume = {40},
number = {4},
pages = {484-497},
doi = {10.1037/adb0001149},
pmid = {41973776},
issn = {1939-1501},
mesh = {Humans ; *Psychometrics ; *Social Media ; COVID-19 ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Internet Addiction Disorder/diagnosis ; *Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis ; Pandemics ; *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards ; Consensus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) has served as a foundation for a series of adapted measures designed to assess social media-related behavioral addictions. Despite widespread application of these instruments, a systematic evaluation of their psychometric properties is lacking. This review aimed to evaluate the measurement properties of the BFAS and its adaptations using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology.

METHOD: A systematic search was conducted to identify psychometric studies of the BFAS and its adapted versions, including the BFAS-18, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Bergen Mukbang Addiction Scale, Social Media Addiction during COVID-19 Pandemic scale, and Social Networks Addiction Scale-6 Symptoms. Eligible studies were assessed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist, and the quality of evidence was graded according to the COSMIN-Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

RESULTS: A total of 55 studies were included. The BFAS and BSMAS demonstrated strong evidence for structural validity, internal consistency, measurement invariance, and hypothesis testing, with high-quality evidence across multiple domains. The BFAS-18 and Bergen Mukbang Addiction Scale received more limited and inconsistent support, while the Social Media Addiction during COVID-19 Pandemic scale and Social Networks Addiction Scale-6 Symptoms remain underexplored with very low-quality evidence. Across all scales, evidence for content validity, reliability, measurement error, and responsiveness was sparse, highlighting important gaps.

CONCLUSIONS: The BFAS and BSMAS currently represent the most robust instruments for assessing Facebook and social media addiction, respectively. However, additional research is required to strengthen evidence for other adaptations, particularly in relation to content validity, measurement error, and responsiveness, as well as to evaluate linguistic and cultural invariance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).},
}

Humans
*Psychometrics
*Social Media
COVID-19
Reproducibility of Results
*Internet Addiction Disorder/diagnosis
*Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis
Pandemics
*Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards
Consensus
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41974008,
year = {2026},
author = {Albaloul, H and Nemer, A and Saini, N and Schuster, MG},
title = {Infectious Diseases: What You May Have Missed in 2025.},
journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
volume = {179},
number = {5_Supplement},
pages = {e2600983},
doi = {10.7326/ANNALS-26-00983},
pmid = {41974008},
issn = {1539-3704},
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; HIV Infections/drug therapy ; Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Communicable Diseases ; },
abstract = {This article highlights clinical trials on infectious diseases published in 2025 that we believe are highly relevant to internal medicine physicians who are not infectious diseases specialists. Selected studies address prevention and treatment strategies across infectious diseases. We highlight 2 studies of sexually transmitted infections (STIs): one examining the effectiveness of treating male partners to reduce recurrence of bacterial vaginosis and another study of doxycycline as postexposure prophylaxis against bacterial STI. A strategy for using methanamine hippurate to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in older women is included in our review. We review the updated evidence supporting the effectiveness of COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza vaccines for the 2025-2026 season, and a modified messenger RNA influenza vaccine, which showed superior efficacy with an acceptable safety profile. In HIV care, a study of dual antiretroviral maintenance therapy showed that dolutegravir and lamivudine was noninferior to triple therapy at 48 weeks. A meta-analysis supporting shorter antibiotic courses for pyelonephritis and complicated UTIs provides important information for antibiotic stewardship strategies. In serious infections, dalbavancin was noninferior to standard therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, whereas cefiderocol expanded treatment options for gram-negative bloodstream infections without clear superiority, particularly in carbapenem-resistant pathogens. Finally, a study found that elevated C-reactive protein identifies patients most likely to benefit from adjunctive corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia.},
}

Female
Humans
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
COVID-19/prevention & control
HIV Infections/drug therapy
Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
*Clinical Trials as Topic
*Communicable Diseases

@article {pmid41974432,
year = {2026},
author = {Watanabe, H and Nagao, R and Kawabata, K and Mizutani, Y},
title = {[Olfactory Nerve: The Vulnerability Inherent in its Unique System and Neurological Diseases].},
journal = {Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo},
volume = {78},
number = {4},
pages = {303-311},
doi = {10.11477/mf.188160960780040303},
pmid = {41974432},
issn = {1881-6096},
mesh = {Humans ; *Olfactory Nerve/pathology/physiopathology ; *Parkinson Disease/complications ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Nervous System Diseases ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The olfactory nerve possesses unique anatomical features, including direct central nervous system (CNS) projection and continuous regeneration. Scientific advances have elucidated mechanisms such as combinatorial receptor coding and signal amplification. This review summarizes these foundations and examines olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease (PD). In COVID-19, evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 targets sustentacular cells rather than olfactory neurons, causing gene downregulation and parosmia attributed to incomplete peripheral filtering, while direct CNS invasion remains rare. In PD, olfactory loss is a prodromal feature. However, seed amplification assays reveal that alpha-synuclein aggregation in the nasal mucosa does not fully correlate with olfactory dysfunction, as reflected by differences between PD and Multiple System Atrophy. This, together with correlations with cardiac sympathetic denervation, challenges simple pathogen propagation hypotheses. We propose that PD-related hyposmia reflects a systemic vulnerability involving deficits in energy metabolism and neural network organization, rather than solely peripheral protein aggregation. Understanding these pathologies requires a multifaceted approach beyond anatomical lesions.},
}

Humans
*Olfactory Nerve/pathology/physiopathology
*Parkinson Disease/complications
*COVID-19/complications
*Nervous System Diseases
Animals

@article {pmid41975034,
year = {2026},
author = {Matthews, R and Alam, A and Bullmore, E and Michael, BD},
title = {Understanding the long-term neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Neurology},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {351-365},
pmid = {41975034},
issn = {1759-4766},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Nervous System Diseases/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Pandemics ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology/physiopathology ; },
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC), also known as long COVID, is a heterogeneous condition marked by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. As approximately 6% of people who have experienced acute COVID-19 are estimated to develop PCC, the potential population is vast. Many of the key symptoms of PCC reflect involvement of the nervous system, ranging from cognitive impairment ('brain fog'), headaches and fatigue to anxiety and depression. This Review summarizes the spectrum of neurological and psychological symptoms that occur following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a particular focus on the international consensus-based core outcome set for PCC. We also explore the proposed underlying mechanisms, including evidence for immune system dysregulation, microvascular dysfunction and volumetric changes on neuroimaging. In addition, we review ongoing and completed large-scale treatment trials. Growing evidence suggests a bidirectional interaction between symptoms traditionally considered neurobiological in origin, such as cognitive deficits and headache, and those within the purview of psychiatry, such as anxiety and depression. PCC represents an opportunity to better understand the long-term consequences of acute infection and improve management strategies and outcomes, not only for people with the condition but also for those with other post-viral syndromes that affect brain health.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
*Nervous System Diseases/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Pandemics
Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology/physiopathology

@article {pmid41975314,
year = {2026},
author = {Alhumaid, S and Alkhars, O and Algrafi, AS and Dossary, NA and Elhaj, N and Majzoub, RA and Turkistani, JA and Alhumaid, SM and Shaikh, HAA and Aldiaram, A and Alahmed, AH and Alomran, SA and AlQatifi, MB and Alkolib, MJ and Almubarak, MS and Al-Helal, H and Alhaddad, AJ and Alsouaib, HA and Albahrani, AA and Aldera, AH and Alnasser, FM and Alhmeed, N and Alsulaiman, MS and Al Alawi, Z and Alghazal, HA},
title = {Vaccine effectiveness across the Omicron evolutionary spectrum (BA.2, BA.5, XBB, JN.1, KP.3): a systematic review of studies published 2022-2025.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41975314},
issn = {1471-2334},
mesh = {*Vaccine Efficacy ; Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology/epidemiology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Since late 2021, the Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has undergone rapid evolutionary diversification, giving rise to successive subvariants with increasing immune escape. In response, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination strategies transitioned from ancestral-strain vaccines to variant-adapted formulations. Real-world evidence on the effectiveness and durability of these updated vaccines across the full Omicron evolutionary spectrum remains fragmented. OBJECTIVES: To synthesise real-world evidence on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe clinical outcomes across successive Omicron subvariants from 2022 to 2025, with particular emphasis on variant-adapted vaccine formulations and waning immunity over time. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines and registered in PROSPERO. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection were systematically searched for peer-reviewed observational studies published between January 2022 and December 2025. Eligible studies assessed vaccine effectiveness during periods dominated by Omicron subvariants including BA.2, BA.5, XBB, BA.2.86/JN.1, and KP lineages. Findings were synthesised narratively due to substantial heterogeneity. RESULTS: Thirty observational studies from North America, Europe, and East Asia were included. Across Omicron subvariants, vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection was generally modest and short-lived, with rapid waning within months after vaccination and estimates frequently approaching null during later subvariant periods. In contrast, updated and variant-adapted vaccines consistently provided meaningful protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes, including hospitalization and death. Protection was highest during BA.4/BA.5 and early XBB-dominant periods and declined with increasing time since vaccination, especially during JN.1- and KP-predominant periods and among the oldest age groups. Importantly, substantial protection against severe outcomes persisted within the first 1–3 months following vaccination, with effectiveness against hospitalization and death generally ≥ 50%, although effectiveness declined over time during later Omicron subvariant periods. CONCLUSION: Updated and variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines continue to confer substantial protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes across successive Omicron subvariants, despite limited and rapidly waning effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings support prioritisation of periodic booster vaccination for older adults and other high-risk populations, with vaccine performance primarily evaluated using protection against severe clinical outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.},
}

*Vaccine Efficacy
Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology/epidemiology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics

@article {pmid41975359,
year = {2026},
author = {Porter, AV and Joseph-Williams, N and Leighton, C and Gal, M and Edwards, A and Cooper, A},
title = {Barriers and facilitators to knowledge translation at the science-policy interface during the COVID-19 pandemic public health emergency: a rapid review and theoretical analysis to inform development of a logic model.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41975359},
issn = {1471-2458},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Health Policy ; Models, Theoretical ; *Pandemics ; Policy Making ; *Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Translational Research, Biomedical ; *Translational Science, Biomedical/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the rapid production, synthesis, and translation of best available evidence to inform public health policy and practice decisions. This presents a unique learning opportunity to understand the interventions and strategies used to promote evidence-informed decision-making at the science-policy interface during this public health emergency and to explore what hindered or facilitated these processes. OBJECTIVES: To describe the interventions at the science-policy interface used to support knowledge translation during the COVID-19 pandemic, explore the barriers and facilitators to such interventions, and apply findings to formal knowledge translation principles to inform the development of a logic model. METHODS: A systematic literature search of Medline via OVID, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted. Studies were assessed for eligibility and critically appraised. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Knowledge translation models and frameworks were identified via Google Scholar and analysed for their applicability to a public health emergency context. RESULTS: We included 18 articles. The most common interventions at the science-policy interface were advisory committees, knowledge translation platforms and hubs, knowledge translation activities (knowledge brokering, priority-setting, workshops) and products (data visualisation and summaries). Barriers included: data availability and accessibility, time constraints, underrepresentation in advisory committees, political influence, and lack of transparency. Facilitators included: research coordination, interdisciplinary collaboration, transparency in research methods, and actionable and accessible evidence. We identified 11 knowledge translation models that contributed to the logic model. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings, developed from empirical findings and theoretical principles, offer valuable insights into how knowledge translation infrastructures and processes could be strengthened in preparation for future public health emergencies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Health Policy
Models, Theoretical
*Pandemics
Policy Making
*Public Health
SARS-CoV-2
*Translational Research, Biomedical
*Translational Science, Biomedical/organization & administration

@article {pmid41975387,
year = {2026},
author = {Rák, T and Ormai, E and Pandur, E and Horváth, G and Adrienne, C},
title = {Exploring the interplay between olfaction and vision: neuroplasticity, rehabilitation, and the therapeutic potential of herbal ingredients.},
journal = {BMC complementary medicine and therapies},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41975387},
issn = {2662-7671},
support = {PTE GYTK-KK Kollab 2025, Dr. Györgyi Horváth//University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy-Clinical Centre Collaboration Funding/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Olfactory Training ; Oils, Volatile/therapeutic use ; *Vision Disorders/rehabilitation/drug therapy ; *Smell/physiology ; *Vision, Ocular/physiology ; },
abstract = {Post-COVID-19, olfactory and visual training have demonstrated health benefits, particularly for individuals with visual impairments and neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s and glaucoma. Integrating olfactory training with essential oils and developing multisensory technologies could improve the quality of life for those with sensory deficits, underscoring the brain’s adaptability and the therapeutic potential of herbal ingredients. This short review commentary proposes that the neuroplastic interplay between the olfactory and visual pathways, including their demonstrated anatomical and functional convergence, may provide a conceptual foundation for integrating olfactory stimulation into future visual rehabilitation strategies.},
}

Humans
*Neuronal Plasticity
Olfactory Training
Oils, Volatile/therapeutic use
*Vision Disorders/rehabilitation/drug therapy
*Smell/physiology
*Vision, Ocular/physiology

@article {pmid41975908,
year = {2026},
author = {Noh, W and Ko, Y},
title = {Resilience-Enhancing Programs for Nurses in the Era of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {41975908},
issn = {2227-9032},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: In the post-pandemic era, growing concern about the mental health of healthcare professionals has led to the development of various resilience-enhancing programs. Although such programs are not new, having been implemented before the pandemic, it is important to investigate how post-pandemic programs differ from earlier ones. This review aimed to analyze resilience-enhancing programs for nurses and evaluate their effectiveness. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search was performed in the Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, and EMBASE. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata version 16.0 (StataCorp LLC., College Station, TX, USA). Results: Six studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The characteristics of the included studies, such as country, study design, setting, population, outcome variables, and resilience-enhancing programs for nurses, were analyzed. The random-effects meta-analysis indicated a statistically significant positive effect on nurses' resilience (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.07, Z = 2.35, p = 0.019). Conclusions: This study provides foundational evidence for understanding resilience-enhancing programs for nurses and highlights their potential value in post-pandemic healthcare settings.},
}

@article {pmid41976966,
year = {2026},
author = {Mihai, AM and Marc, M and Lucaciu, F and Sima, A},
title = {Incident Heart Failure Risk Following COVID-19 Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {41976966},
issn = {2077-0383},
support = {We would like to acknowledge the Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, for paying the APC. The funder had no role in study design, data collection/analysis, decision to publish, or manuscript preparation//Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: While acute cardiac injury during COVID-19 is well-documented, the long-term risk of new-onset heart failure (HF) in survivors remains a critical clinical concern. This study aims to quantify the risk of new-onset heart failure during a 25 months prognostic follow-up period following recovery from SARS-CoV-2. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine high-quality studies (n > 400,000 survivors) in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Databases including PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were searched through January 2026. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed on six studies using a random-effects model to pool adjusted hazard ratios (aHR). Results: The pooled analysis revealed a significant 35% increased risk of new-onset heart failure following COVID-19 recovery (aHR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.14-1.60; p = 0.001). Significant heterogeneity was observed (I[2] = 92.62%), reflecting diverse risk profiles among survivors. The risk was most pronounced in immunocompromised kidney transplant recipients (aHR 2.32) and younger adults under the age of 65 (aHR 1.53). Subclinical myocardial damage, characterized by reduced left ventricular longitudinal strain, was identified even in survivors who experienced mild initial infections. Conclusions: COVID-19 recovery serves as a significant independent risk factor for chronic heart failure, emphasizing that cardiovascular impact extends far beyond the acute phase. These findings necessitate the implementation of structured cardiovascular monitoring and biomarker screening for at least one year post-infection to address this emerging chronic disease burden.},
}

@article {pmid41977035,
year = {2026},
author = {Mastrangelo, H and Sacco, MA and Gualtieri, S and Grimaldi, G and Monterossi, MD and Neri, G and Aquila, I},
title = {Placental Vascular Malperfusion, Perinatal Death and Neonatal Brain Injury: A Mechanism-Based Narrative Review with Medico-Legal Implications.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {41977035},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Placental vascular malperfusion, on both the maternal (MVM) and fetal (FVM) side, is a key mechanism linking hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, fetal growth restriction (FGR), stillbirth, preterm neonatal death and neonatal encephalopathy. Nevertheless, clinical use and medico-legal interpretation of placental findings remain inconsistent. To summarize recent evidence on the relationship between placental vascular malperfusion, perinatal mortality and neonatal brain injury, integrating standardized placental pathology with Doppler and angiogenic biomarkers, and to outline the main medico-legal implications. Methods: A PubMed search using the string "((placenta OR placental pathology) AND (stillbirth OR fetal death) AND (maternal vascular malperfusion OR fetal vascular malperfusion))" yielded 118 records. After excluding reviews, meta-analyses, case reports (except one illustrative SARS-CoV-2 placentitis case), non-human studies and papers without original histopathology, 33 studies were included: observational cohorts and case-control studies with standardized placental assessment, autopsy series, biomarker/Doppler cohorts, mechanistic work, one randomized trial protocol and a small number of focused clinical commentaries. Results: Across these studies, MVM emerges as the dominant placental lesion in pre-eclampsia, FGR and a large proportion of stillbirths, especially in early-onset disease and in association with maternal hypertension. FVM is strongly linked to stillbirth and term neonatal encephalopathy, and specific combinations of MVM, FVM and inflammatory lesions correspond to distinct patterns of brain injury. Large population-based cohorts confirm that maternal hypertensive disorders and placental malperfusion are major upstream causes of intrauterine hypoxia and preterm neonatal death. Doppler velocimetry and angiogenic biomarkers (PlGF, sFlt-1 and their ratio) are strongly associated with an increased likelihood of underlying MVM and adverse neonatal outcomes, although their predictive performance remains probabilistic and context-dependent rather than diagnostic. Mechanistic studies suggest roles for placental genomic instability and altered decidual immunity in defective placentation. Conclusions: Maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion represent converging pathways to FGR, stillbirth, preterm neonatal death and neonatal encephalopathy. Routine, standardized placental examination, interpreted together with Doppler and biomarker data, substantially improves causal attribution and timing of injury, with direct consequences for counselling, prevention and medico-legal assessment.},
}

@article {pmid41978842,
year = {2026},
author = {Ganji, V and Kamble, B and Mustafa, F and Ravi, N and Madhusudhan, U and Archana, G and Kalpana, M and Taranikanti, M and John, NA},
title = {The Dual Burden: Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Tuberculosis Incidence - Presentation and Outcomes.},
journal = {Maedica},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {198-206},
pmid = {41978842},
issn = {1841-9038},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major public health concern globally ranking as the second leading infectious disease and the 13th leading cause of death worldwide. The global healthcare systems have experienced unprecedented challenges in recent years due to COVID-19 pandemic causing widespread disruptions. Delaying TB diagnosis and treatment led to lower reported incidence but could increase mortality, hindering efforts to eradicate TB. Although a few studies have focused on COVID-19 and TB cases to date, most of them are case reports. Since it is unclear whether patients with COVID-TB co-infection have a worse prognosis or more likely to develop severe disease, we believed that doing this study was a necessity. The present systematic review investigates the long-term effects of COVID-19 on TB incidence, reporting follow-up and treatment outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to explore the long-term impact of COVID-19 on TB incidence, presentation and outcome.

METHODS: We conducted our systematic review following PRISMA (Preferred reporting in systematic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines. We performed a comprehensive literature search of EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, The Lancet, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The search items included "Corona virus disease 19", "impact of COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "Tuberculosis", "TB and COVID-19 co-infection", "comorbidities", "prognosis", "incidence", "outcomes" and "risk factors" for articles published between the 1st of January 2020 and the 31st of June 2024. Searches were limited to English language only. We included articles with primary outcomes including studies which reported TB incidence or notification rates, clinical presentation, treatment interruption or outcomes of TB due to COVID-19 and TB-COVID-19 co-infection. Cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies and surveillance or registry-based studies were included.

RESULTS: Information regarding COVID-19 and TB was collected from the databases, and out of 1973 articles, 41 articles were included. COVID-19 has had a negative impact on TB control programs leading to decrease in reporting of TB cases. As per the global tuberculosis report by WHO 2025, there has been approximately one-third reduction in incidence rates with TB case notifications declining by 21% of TB cases notification in 2020 compared to 2019. The reports indicated that the number of people diagnosed with TB was 7.5 million in 2022 above the baseline of 7.1 million in 2019 and 5.8 million in 2020.

CONCLUSION: COVID-19 has affected TB diagnosis and control, with a significant decline in TB case notifications leaving many undiagnosed cases, thereby reversing years of progress in TB control. The high-TB burden countries like India should tackle the havoc caused by the COVID-19 pandemic by addressing the needs of the poor and having a concrete agenda and perpetual TB strategy to reach the target by 2030.},
}

@article {pmid41979291,
year = {2026},
author = {Abid, S and Jannath, H},
title = {Cardiac Effects in Post-COVID-19 Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Imaging- and Biomarker-Based Structural and Functional Remodeling.},
journal = {Annals of cardiac anaesthesia},
volume = {29},
number = {2},
pages = {157-168},
pmid = {41979291},
issn = {0974-5181},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; Biomarkers/blood ; *Heart Failure/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/etiology/blood ; *Ventricular Remodeling/physiology ; Echocardiography ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Global Longitudinal Strain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 has been linked to persistent cardiovascular sequelae, yet the trajectory of structural and functional cardiac changes beyond the acute phase remains unclear. This systematic review synthesizes longitudinal evidence on post-COVID cardiac remodeling assessed by imaging and biomarkers. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed and Cochrane Library (January 2020-April 2025) for peer-reviewed studies enrolling adults (≥18 years) with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/antigen-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and reporting cardiac outcomes ≥ 12 weeks post-infection. Eligible outcomes included imaging-based abnormalities (cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR]: T1/T2 mapping, late gadolinium enhancement [LGE]; echocardiography: left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], LV/RV strain). Longitudinal trends of biomarkers (troponin, NT-proBNP, C-reactive protein [CRP]) were also studied. Risk of bias was assessed using joanna briggs institute (JBI) tools; synthesis followed synthesis without metaanalysis (SWiM) principles. Fifteen studies (n ≈ 166,000; 14 cohorts, 1 case report) were included. Across CMR cohorts, global systolic function was largely preserved, but tissue abnormalities were frequent early and improved over time: edema indices normalized by ~ 12 months, while LGE prevalence declined (e.g. 50%→19% in paired scans). However, residual non-ischemic scars and elevated T1/T2 persisted in symptomatic subgroups. Echocardiography showed normal LVEF, but subtle left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) impairment versus controls (e.g. -18.5% vs - 19.3%). Biomarker trends were heterogeneous: natriuretic peptide positivity persisted in patients with prior cardiovascular disease (CVD), while troponin and CRP generally normalized. Large population-based cohorts demonstrated sustained 12-month risk for heart failure, myocarditis, and major cardiovascular events, graded by acute severity. Most patients recover gross systolic function, yet subclinical myocardial changes and elevated population-level cardiovascular risk persist up to 1 year. These findings support risk-stratified follow-up, judicious use of advanced imaging, and preventive cardiology strategies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
Biomarkers/blood
*Heart Failure/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology/etiology/blood
*Ventricular Remodeling/physiology
Echocardiography
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Global Longitudinal Strain
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

@article {pmid41979592,
year = {2026},
author = {Rosińska, M and Czarkowski, MP and Sadkowska-Todys, M},
title = {Infectious diseases in Poland in 2023.},
journal = {Przeglad epidemiologiczny},
volume = {79},
number = {4},
pages = {730-749},
doi = {10.32394/pe/218649},
pmid = {41979592},
issn = {0033-2100},
mesh = {Humans ; Poland/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/mortality ; *Communicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Incidence ; Adult ; Female ; Male ; Ukraine ; Middle Aged ; Infant ; Adolescent ; Child ; Registries ; Young Adult ; Aged ; Child, Preschool ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Infant, Newborn ; *Refugees/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to summarize the epidemiological situation of infectious diseases in Poland in 2023. The ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects of the influx of refugees to Ukraine were taken into account. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We performed a narrative review of studies published in Epidemiological Chronicle, along with data from the national infectious disease registry, Epibaza, which collects data from epidemiological investigations conducted by the State Sanitary Inspectorate. Mortality data were obtained from reports of the Statistics Poland Office. RESULTS. In 2023, 381,244 cases of COVID-19 and 4,329 deaths due to this disease were recorded. The COVID-19 mortality rate in 2023 was several times lower than in 2022, although COVID-19 still accounted for more deaths than other infectious diseases. An "immunity gap" effect was observed following the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a significant increase in the incidence of pertussis (2.5 times compared to 2022), influenza and influenza-like illnesses, and intestinal infections (enteric salmonellosis +57.9%, campylobacteriosis +64.1%, yersiniosis +74.5%, norovirus +27.8%). A reduction in the incidence was observed for rotavirus infections, for which routine infant vaccinations were introduced in 2021. The increase in pneumococcal disease incidence occurred mainly in the adult and senior population. While the number of new HIV diagnoses among Polish nationals is increasing, the number of cases among migrants has declined, although they still account for 25% of all new diagnoses. The incidence of other sexually transmitted infections also continues to increase (compared to 2022, gonorrhoea +110.6%, syphilis +89.6%). CONCLUSIONS. For many diseases, incidence increased compared to previous years, for a variety of reasons, including the persistent "immunity gap" following the pandemic and the specific nature of the vaccination program. The impact of the influx of refugees from Ukraine was minor.},
}

Humans
Poland/epidemiology
*COVID-19/epidemiology/mortality
*Communicable Diseases/epidemiology
Incidence
Adult
Female
Male
Ukraine
Middle Aged
Infant
Adolescent
Child
Registries
Young Adult
Aged
Child, Preschool
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Infant, Newborn
*Refugees/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid41981625,
year = {2026},
author = {Graessner, H and Ripp, S and Pereira, AM and Schaefer, F and Mathijssen, I and Blay, JY and Mulders, PFA and Evangelista, T and Ligtenberg, MJL and Wilde, AAM and Ladenstein, R and Lohse, AW and Mosca, M and Swart, JF and Hernández, F and Fenaux, P and Dollfus, H and Verloes, A and Wagner, T and Bodemer, C and Wijnen, R and Scarpa, M and Jondeau, G and Tumienė, B and Gallina, S and Arzimanoglou, A and Sangiorgi, L},
title = {European Reference Networks - a flagship activity of the EU in the field of rare and complex diseases: from 2017 to 2025.},
journal = {Orphanet journal of rare diseases},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41981625},
issn = {1750-1172},
mesh = {Humans ; *Rare Diseases/epidemiology ; European Union ; Europe ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although individual rare and complex diseases (RDs) affect small patient populations, together they impact an estimated 27–36 million people across the European Union. Addressing this major public health challenge has been a long-term priority for the European Union, leading to the establishment of the European Reference Networks (ERNs) in 2017. MAIN BODY: ERNs are cross-border networks connecting clinical expert centres to share knowledge, improve and harmonise diagnosis and care for patients with rare and complex diseases. Since their inception, 24 ERNs have united 1,606 expert centres across 375 hospitals in all EU Member States and Norway. Their activities span multidisciplinary clinical collaboration, patient-centred governance, education and training, and the development of clinical guidelines. Over 4900 extremely rare or difficult cases have been discussed among experts without requiring the patients to travel abroad when expertise was not available in their own countries. A key factor for this success is the cross-border IT platform - known as the Clinical Patient Management System 2.0 - provided by the European Commission for medical discussions, which enables experts to share patient data, including medical images and lab results, in a secure and protected environment that is fully compliant with all relevant security and data privacy requirements. ERNs have demonstrated resilience in crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, providing rapid, coordinated responses to sustain care for vulnerable patient groups. The first formal evaluation in 2023 confirmed that more than 95% of member centres met quality standards, underscoring the networks’ maturity and effectiveness. Moving into the next phase, the Joint Action JARDIN (2024–2027) aims to integrate ERNs into national healthcare systems to ensure sustainability and equitable access to high-quality RD care. CONCLUSIONS: ERNs exemplify European solidarity and innovation in healthcare, transforming how rare disease expertise is shared and applied across borders. Their continued integration into national systems will be pivotal to achieving a truly cohesive European Health Union that delivers improved outcomes for all patients with rare and complex diseases.},
}

Humans
*Rare Diseases/epidemiology
European Union
Europe

@article {pmid41981814,
year = {2026},
author = {Sjauw, DJT and Janssen, ML and Türk, Y and Reep, CAT and Heunks, L and Baart, SJ and Wils, EJ and , and , },
title = {Predicting Failure at Initiation of High-Flow Nasal Oxygen in Patients With COVID-19: Literature Review, Development and Internal Validation of a Prediction Model.},
journal = {Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)},
volume = {31},
number = {8},
pages = {798-807},
pmid = {41981814},
issn = {1440-1843},
support = {10430102110007/ZONMW_/ZonMw/Netherlands ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; *Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy/etiology ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Aged ; Treatment Failure ; *Hypoxia/therapy/etiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: High-Flow Nasal Oxygen (HFNO) can reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) from viral pneumonias, like COVID-19. Early prediction of HFNO failure is useful for timely decision-making at HFNO initiation. This study aimed to develop a prediction model for HFNO failure using predictors available just prior to HFNO initiation in patients with COVID-19 AHRF and compare its performance to existing models.

METHODS: This multicenter, prospective observational cohort study included hospitalized patients from 10 centers in the Netherlands between December 2020 and July 2021. Adults who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, had no treatment limitations, and initiated HFNO for hypoxemia were included. The primary outcome was HFNO failure, defined as the event of endotracheal intubation. Pre-defined candidate predictors were selected by multivariable logistic regression for prediction model development. Internal validation was conducted using bootstrapping.

RESULTS: Out of 608 patients, 277 (46%) experienced HFNO failure. Independent predictors of HFNO failure included (odds ratio [95% CI]): age (1.02 [1.00-1.03]), urea (1.04 [1.00-1.08]), platelet count (0.94 [0.92-0.97]), respiratory rate (1.05 [1.02-1.08]), oxygen saturation (0.89 [0.84-0.94]), and FiO2 (conventional oxygen 10-15 L/min vs. < 10 L/min: 3.00 [1.71-5.29], 15 L/min vs. < 10 L/min: 4.95 [3.19-7.70]) prior to HFNO initiation. The model C-statistic was 0.767; 95% CI [0.727-0.803], with excellent calibration (intercept: -0.005, slope: 1.001), and stable performance after internal validation.

CONCLUSIONS: This newly developed model, using variables available at HFNO initiation, effectively predicted HFNO failure in hospitalized hypoxemic patients due to COVID-19 pneumonia with good performance.

Dutch Trial Registry: DTR, NL9067.},
}

Humans
*Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods
*COVID-19/therapy/complications
*Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy/etiology
Female
Male
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
Netherlands/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Aged
Treatment Failure
*Hypoxia/therapy/etiology

@article {pmid41981866,
year = {2026},
author = {Sepúlveda, MD and Cardona Maya, WD and Zapata-Builes, W and Velilla, PA},
title = {Decoding NK Cell Subset Dysregulation in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Phenotypic, Functional, and Transcriptomic Insights Into COVID-19 Pathogenesis.},
journal = {Scandinavian journal of immunology},
volume = {103},
number = {4},
pages = {e70115},
doi = {10.1111/sji.70115},
pmid = {41981866},
issn = {1365-3083},
support = {//Universidad de Antioquia/ ; //Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Transcriptome ; Phenotype ; Immunity, Innate ; CD56 Antigen ; *Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; Immune System Exhaustion ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection significantly affects innate immune responses, particularly those of natural killer (NK) cells, which play an important role in antiviral defence. This review combines phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic findings to explain the disruption of NK cell subsets in COVID-19. Flow cytometry studies have shown generalised lymphopenia and a significant reduction in the CD56bright and CD56[dim]CD16[+] subsets. This change is linked to an increase in the CD56[dim]CD16[-] and CD56[-]CD16[+] populations, which correlate with disease severity. At the molecular level, there is an imbalance between activating and inhibitory receptors. This includes increases in NKG2A, PD-1, and LAG-3, along with decreases in NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D. These findings are consistent with an exhausted phenotype and weakened cytotoxicity. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies have identified an increase in proliferative, cytotoxic, and platelet-associated CD56[dim] NK subpopulations in severe cases and a reduction of CD56[bright] cells. Transcriptomic profiling showed that upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and inflammatory pathways driven by STAT1/3, NF-κB activation, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signalling suppresses NK effector functions. Collectively, these findings suggest a model in which progressive NK cell dysfunction may be associated with the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. The integration of multi-omic and phenotypic approaches provides a comprehensive view of NK cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and suggests potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to restore NK cell antiviral activity.},
}

Humans
*Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Transcriptome
Phenotype
Immunity, Innate
CD56 Antigen
*Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
Immune System Exhaustion

@article {pmid41981907,
year = {2026},
author = {Bechini, A and Salvati, C and Del Riccio, M and Bonito, B and Stancanelli, E and Bruschi, M and Ionita, G and Iamarino, J and Bentivegna, D and Buscemi, P and Ciardi, G and Cosma, C and Stacchini, L and Bega, M and Schirripa, A and Bertizzolo, L and Muzii, B and Azzi, MV and Parisi, S and Trippi, F and Bonanni, P and Boccalini, S},
title = {Burden and Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Bronchiolitis in Hospitalized Infants in Italy: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Immunity, inflammation and disease},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {e70420},
pmid = {41981907},
issn = {2050-4527},
support = {//Sanofi and AstraZeneca/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Italy/epidemiology ; *Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology/virology ; Infant ; *Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; *Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics ; Infant, Newborn ; *Bronchiolitis/epidemiology/virology ; Coinfection/epidemiology/virology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Seasons ; Prevalence ; Child, Preschool ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of bronchiolitis in infants. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the burden of RSV-associated bronchiolitis among hospitalized Italian infants between 2000 and 2023.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature search identified studies examining RSV-related hospitalizations for bronchiolitis in children aged 0-59 months. Eligible studies met the following criteria: conducted in Italy, focused on children, reported on RSV prevalence, co-infections, genotype distribution (RSV-A, RSV-B), and seasonal trends, and published in English or Italian. Data extraction focused on study design, infant characteristics (e.g., age, preterm birth), and RSV detection methods.

RESULTS: Twenty-four studies were included. Infants under 12 months were most affected. RSV was the primary pathogen identified, though co-infections with other respiratory viruses, such as human rhinovirus, were common. RSV infections typically peaked in late autumn and winter, but the COVID-19 pandemic altered these patterns. This review highlights the significant burden of RSV-associated bronchiolitis in Italian infants. While RSV remains the primary pathogen, co-infections and pandemic related factors have altered its epidemiological trends.

CONCLUSIONS: Nationwide RSV immunization programmes and improved diagnostics are crucial to ease the strain on pediatric intensive care units. Recent recommendations for widespread RSV long-acting monoclonal antibody use in infants offer promising solutions to address this challenge.},
}

Humans
Italy/epidemiology
*Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology/virology
Infant
*Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
*Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
Infant, Newborn
*Bronchiolitis/epidemiology/virology
Coinfection/epidemiology/virology
COVID-19/epidemiology
Seasons
Prevalence
Child, Preschool
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41981982,
year = {2026},
author = {Gou, H and Zhai, Y and Yu, Q and Liu, Y and Zhou, H and Zhao, Q},
title = {Epidemiological Changes in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Children and Adolescents Before and After COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {3},
pages = {e70151},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70151},
pmid = {41981982},
issn = {1099-1654},
support = {2024YFC3506000//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/epidemiology/microbiology ; Child ; *Mycoplasma pneumoniae/pathogenicity ; Adolescent ; Prevalence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Child, Preschool ; },
abstract = {Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in children and adolescents, yet its epidemiological burden before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. This meta-analysis, which searched Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library for reports published up to December 25, 2025, aimed to evaluate trends in the prevalence of M. pneumoniae infections across these three periods to guide clinical practice and public health responses. A total of 70 studies were included, and methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria. The pooled prevalence of M. pneumoniae infections before, during, and after COVID-19 was calculated in R 4.5.0, with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation for extreme proportions. The prevalence of M. pneumoniae infections before COVID-19, during COVID-19, and after COVID-19 was 21.72% (95% CI: 17.09, 26.73), 10.73% (95% CI: 7.57, 14.35), and 28.64% (95% CI: 22.74, 34.93), respectively. Age-stratified analysis revealed the highest prevalence consistently in children > 6 years (pre-pandemic: 46.35%; during-pandemic: 27.32%; post-pandemic: 41.36%) and the lowest in infants < 1 year (8.21%, 4.87%, and 7.81%, respectively). Seasonally, pre-pandemic prevalence peaked in summer (33.34%) and autumn (31.00%). During the pandemic, overall rates declined but remained highest in autumn (15.51%). Post-pandemic, prevalence rebounded broadly, peaking in autumn (37.97%). In conclusion, this study summarises M. pneumoniae trends in children and adolescents before and after COVID-19, indicating a delayed resurgence following the pandemic, and highlights the need for further research to explain these patterns and improve future pandemic preparedness.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/epidemiology/microbiology
Child
*Mycoplasma pneumoniae/pathogenicity
Adolescent
Prevalence
SARS-CoV-2
Child, Preschool

@article {pmid41982246,
year = {2026},
author = {Welberry Smith, M and Wrigley, A and Kojro, A and Emmanouilidou, A and O'Callaghan, J and Woywodt, A},
title = {No more waiting: 10 tips to turn kidney transplantation green.},
journal = {Clinical kidney journal},
volume = {19},
number = {4},
pages = {sfag073},
pmid = {41982246},
issn = {2048-8505},
abstract = {To date, the environmental impact of kidney transplantation has received much less attention than that of dialysis. Facilitating a pre-emptive transplant is probably one of the most environmentally friendly interventions available in kidney care, as it avoids dialysis, with its requirements for water and energy. However, transplant assessment also requires scrutiny, as it involves a multitude of tests, often with duplication of tests and sometimes with little, if any, evidence (e.g. cardiac testing of asymptomatic patients). Organ retrieval often involves air travel of either the organ or a surgical team, although more innovative approaches, such as drone transport, are being tested. Transplant anaesthesia also has an environmental footprint linked to volatile substances. Surgical tray optimization is well established in other surgical specialties to reduce the effects of repeatedly sterilizing instruments that are only rarely used. Post-transplant patients have a lot of regular blood tests, and it is time we scrutinise those and find a better balance between safe care and environmental footprint. Virtual appointments have become much more common since the COVID-19 pandemic and we should use them where appropriate, for example in long-term care of stable transplant patients. Transplantation is a very research-oriented specialty, and this also has an environmental footprint that is amenable to intervention. In addition, our congresses and conferences have an environmental footprint, and it is for us to promote meetings with just as much learning and interaction but less travel, waste and energy use. The opportunities are there for us to take and our tips provide ideas for clinical teams to turn kidney transplantation into a showcase for excellent, safe and environmentally friendly care in nephrology.},
}

@article {pmid41982635,
year = {2026},
author = {Khezri, M and Holm, J and Dahlen, A and Johnson, C and Agyabeng, K and Lei, F and Pagán, JA and Healton, C and Farhat, T},
title = {Illicit drug supply, naloxone availability, and overdose mortality in the fentanyl era: a systematic review.},
journal = {Health affairs scholar},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {qxag074},
pmid = {41982635},
issn = {2976-5390},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The overdose crisis is shaped by increasing synthetic opioids and expanding access to naloxone. We synthesized evidence on associations between illicit drug supply, naloxone availability/distribution, and overdose mortality.

METHODS: Following PRISMA, we searched 4 databases for studies between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies examined associations of drug supply indicators or naloxone interventions, and overdose mortality. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively.

RESULTS: Forty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Eighteen studies assessed drug supply changes and all but 2 found significant positive associations between increased fentanyl reports in drug seizures and overdose mortality. Drug seizure data were interpreted as indicators of supply trends or as enforcement disruptions. Thirty-one studies assessed naloxone availability. Thirteen studies reported naloxone access laws, take-home naloxone programs, and/or community interventions were associated with reductions in overdose deaths. Nine studies reported null effects, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl reports in drug seizures and drug potency are key drivers of overdose mortality. This review highlights variability in interpreting drug seizure data and the need for clearer conceptualization in future research. Naloxone interventions show promise but depend on consistent implementation and effective targeting of high-risk populations. Coordinated public health strategies are needed to monitor the drug market and strengthen overdose prevention.},
}

@article {pmid41983114,
year = {2025},
author = {Gushansky, KY and Sutinen, P and Jeon, S and Tuuminen, R},
title = {Exploring the Association Between Lipid-Lowering Medications and Dry Eye Disease in COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Romanian journal of ophthalmology},
volume = {69},
number = {4},
pages = {536-543},
pmid = {41983114},
issn = {2501-2533},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dry Eye Syndromes/epidemiology/diagnosis/etiology/prevention & control ; Retrospective Studies ; Female ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Aged ; *Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To explore the associations between systemic lipid-lowering medications and dry eye disease (DED) in patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2.

METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed electronic medical records of SARS-CoV-2 patients hospitalized at Shaare Zedek Medical Center from April 1, 2020, to December 31, 2024. Adults without a previous DED diagnosis who had an ophthalmologic examination confirming no DED within the year preceding hospitalization were included. Exclusions included ICU admissions, specific systemic conditions, ocular surgeries, and systemic medications known to induce DED. Patients were categorized into those who developed DED within six months post-hospitalization and those who did not.

RESULTS: Among the 1,165 patients, 167 (14.3%) developed DED post-hospitalization. After adjusting for age, gender, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, an inverse association between statins and dry eye disease was evident. Treatment with any statin was associated with reduced odds of developing dry eye disease (OR 0.289, p<0.001), particularly with atorvastatin (OR 0.374, p<0.001) and simvastatin (OR 0.297, p<0.001).

DISCUSSION: The inverse association observed in this study supports a potential protective effect of statins, consistent with their known anti-inflammatory properties and their ability to reduce cholesterol-driven Meibomian gland dysfunction.

CONCLUSION: Statin use is inversely associated with the development of DED in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized patients. The anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects of statins provide a robust framework for understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.},
}

Humans
*Dry Eye Syndromes/epidemiology/diagnosis/etiology/prevention & control
Retrospective Studies
Female
*COVID-19/epidemiology/complications
Male
Middle Aged
*SARS-CoV-2
*Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Aged
*Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
Risk Factors

@article {pmid41983631,
year = {2026},
author = {El-Kafrawy, SA and Abbas, AT and Abdel-Dayem, UA and El-Kafrawy, MS and Azhar, EI},
title = {IgY passive immunotherapy for pandemic preparedness: a One Health platform approach against pathogen X.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews},
volume = {39},
number = {2},
pages = {e0024925},
pmid = {41983631},
issn = {1098-6618},
mesh = {*Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use/immunology ; Humans ; Animals ; *Immunization, Passive/methods ; Zoonoses/prevention & control ; Pandemic Preparedness ; One Health ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Chickens ; },
abstract = {SUMMARYThe rising threat of emerging infectious diseases, especially zoonotic pathogens crossing species barriers, highlights the urgent global need for scalable, rapid-response passive immunotherapy platforms. Chicken egg yolk-derived immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies offer unique conceptual and practical advantages. This review critically evaluates IgY antibodies (IgY-Abs) as a One Health immunotherapeutic strategy with strong potential for mitigating zoonotic spillover risks. Drawing on insights from SARS-CoV-2, we highlight the advantages of IgY-Abs over traditional approaches in specific scenarios while emphasizing their role as a complementary rather than replacement platform within the broader passive immunotherapy landscape. We discuss key strategic considerations, regulatory challenges, and essential knowledge gaps. Finally, we propose a forward-looking research and development roadmap that emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, optimized production methods, targeted regulatory frameworks, and integrated One Health strategies to facilitate the rapid deployment of IgY-based countermeasures against WHO-priority zoonotic pathogens.},
}

*Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use/immunology
Humans
Animals
*Immunization, Passive/methods
Zoonoses/prevention & control
Pandemic Preparedness
One Health
COVID-19/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Pandemics/prevention & control
Chickens

@article {pmid41983640,
year = {2026},
author = {Qu, Y and Xiao, Y and Liu, L and Qu, J},
title = {Diagnosis of Mucormycosis: Current Situation, Challenges and Future Prospects.},
journal = {Mycoses},
volume = {69},
number = {4},
pages = {e70175},
pmid = {41983640},
issn = {1439-0507},
mesh = {*Mucormycosis/diagnosis/microbiology ; Humans ; *Mucorales/isolation & purification ; Early Diagnosis ; Immunocompromised Host ; Biomarkers ; Artificial Intelligence ; COVID-19/complications ; },
abstract = {Mucormycosis, an aggressive fungal infection caused by members of the order Mucorales, progresses rapidly and is associated with high mortality, particularly in immunocompromised hosts such as patients with uncontrolled diabetes, transplant recipients or those with COVID-19-associated immunosuppression. Early diagnosis remains challenging with current clinical methods, yet it is essential to reduce mortality. This review examines the evolution of diagnostic strategies for mucormycosis, ranging from conventional techniques such as histopathology, culture and microscopy to advanced and emerging methods including molecular assays, serological testing, imaging and metabolomics. We also explore the ongoing transition towards integrated, rapid and non-invasive diagnostic platforms that leverage novel biomarkers, portable devices and artificial intelligence. These new technologies have the potential to facilitate early diagnosis, thereby enabling early treatment and reducing the mortality rate of mucormycosis.},
}

*Mucormycosis/diagnosis/microbiology
Humans
*Mucorales/isolation & purification
Early Diagnosis
Immunocompromised Host
Biomarkers
Artificial Intelligence
COVID-19/complications

@article {pmid41984151,
year = {2026},
author = {Myatra, SN and Nasa, P and Chanchalani, GP and Zimmerman, JL and Venkatesh, B and Machado, FR and Ostermann, M and Leeies, M and Coopersmith, CM and Sorce, LR and Weiss, B and Kuberkar, D and Abbenbroek, B and Acharya, SP and Akech, S and Akinci, SB and Al Duhailib, Z and Berger-Estilita, J and Branson, RD and De Waele, J and Derde, LPG and Divatia, MJ and Dzierba, AL and Elhoufy, AM and Fiest, KM and Fillipescu, D and Fox-Robichaud, AE and Freires, FJC and Fujii, T and Galarza, L and Gopalan, DP and Hamzaoui, O and Hidalgo, JL and Jayasinghe, AS and Kanoore Edul, VS and Lubis, AP and Matot, I and Mehta, S and Milic, V and Monnet, X and Morrow, BM and Nadkarni, VM and Needham, DM and Osinaike, BB and Patil, VP and Pérez Cornejo, MS and Perez-Fernandez, J and Ray, S and Robba, C and Rodriguez-Vega, GM and Rubulotta, F and Seifelnasr, O and Turnbull, AE and Ugarte, S and Vincent, JL and Wendon, J and Xie, J and Zabaleta Polo, YM and Burns, KEA},
title = {Gender equality and equity in intensive care: an international Delphi consensus study.},
journal = {Intensive care medicine},
volume = {52},
number = {5},
pages = {1035-1050},
pmid = {41984151},
issn = {1432-1238},
mesh = {Humans ; Delphi Technique ; Female ; *Gender Equity ; *Critical Care/standards ; Male ; *Consensus ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: We used Delphi methodology to provide guidance on gender equality and equity issues in professional life in intensive care, where information is evolving and no clear standard exists.

METHODS: A 12-member Steering Committee (7 women, 5 men) from 7 countries and 46 international panelists [(23 women, 21 men, 2 preferred not to disclose; median age 52 (33-75) years] from 32 countries (43% low- and middle-income) including intensive care practitioners, scientists, researchers, and trainees voted on 57 statements addressing issues related to gender equality and equity in 10 domains of professional life. Delphi rounds were conducted using online surveys. Consensus (at least 75% of panelists voting for a response option) and stability (consistent responses on iterative rounds) were assessed.

RESULTS: Six Delphi rounds were conducted between May and July 2025. A 100% response rate was achieved in each round. Consensus and stability were achieved on 43 (75%) of 57 statements from which 37 professional practice guidance statements were developed. Across domains, greater consensus was achieved on equality [23/27 (85.2%)] versus equity [12/18 (66.7%)] statements. Discordant equity statements primarily pertained to academia and engagement in multiprofessional meetings and the workplace.

CONCLUSION: Using a Delphi method, international experts reached consensus to generate 37 professional practice guidance statements. The consensus statements provide needed guidance for professional engagement and highlight areas for policy development to advance gender equity and equality for healthcare workers in intensive care. The discordant statements highlight areas for future research.},
}

Humans
Delphi Technique
Female
*Gender Equity
*Critical Care/standards
Male
*Consensus
Middle Aged
Adult
Aged
Surveys and Questionnaires

@article {pmid41984738,
year = {2026},
author = {Oliveira, TT and Medeiros, VPB and Freitas, JF and Melo Martins Silva, G and Xavier, TJDS and Fassarella Agnez-Lima, L},
title = {COVID-19 severity biomarkers identified by transcriptomics: a scoping review.},
journal = {Infectious diseases (London, England)},
volume = {58},
number = {7},
pages = {661-679},
doi = {10.1080/23744235.2026.2651977},
pmid = {41984738},
issn = {2374-4243},
mesh = {Humans ; Biomarkers/analysis ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/genetics/immunology ; Cytokines/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Severity of Illness Index ; *Transcriptome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Omics technologies, particularly transcriptomics, were widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic to investigate host and viral gene expression. Given the substantial number of studies published during this period, systematic reviews are essential for synthesising findings and identifying consistent patterns.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed to identify and evaluate transcriptomic studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans published between 2020 and January 2023, with a focus on genes and pathways affected by the virus.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus, employing predefined keywords. Studies were screened using established inclusion and exclusion criteria, and only articles published in journals affiliated with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) or Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) were included. Data extraction followed a two-step process, collecting detailed information on sample and patient characteristics, transcriptomic methods, and main findings.

RESULTS: Despite methodological differences and varying time points of sample collection, several immune-related genes and pathways were recurrently reported. These included cytokines and chemokines (e.g. CXCL8, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL10, and IL-1B), interferon-stimulated genes (e.g. MX1, IFI27, IRF7, and ISG15), and neutrophil degranulation markers (e.g. S100A8 and S100A9).

CONCLUSIONS: The recurrent identification of these genes underscores their potential as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of immunopathological mechanisms and supporting the development of improved diagnostic tools and early intervention strategies. However, limited reproducibility across studies poses challenges for robust meta-analyses, underscoring the urgent need for standardised guidelines and protocols to improve consistency and reliability in future research.},
}

Humans
Biomarkers/analysis
*COVID-19/diagnosis/genetics/immunology
Cytokines/genetics
Gene Expression Profiling
Severity of Illness Index
*Transcriptome

@article {pmid41985440,
year = {2026},
author = {Crotty, S},
title = {Immunological memory to vaccines.},
journal = {Immunity},
volume = {59},
number = {4},
pages = {813-832},
pmid = {41985440},
issn = {1097-4180},
support = {U19 AI142742/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; UM1 AI144462/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunologic Memory/immunology ; *Vaccines/immunology ; Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Adaptive Immunity ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {The extraordinary success of vaccines saving lives and improving human health is predicated on immune memory. Within the armamentarium of adaptive immunity, a holistic view of the different components contributing to immune protection is important for understanding the myriad benefits of vaccines. This review presents the current understanding of vaccine-generated memory, integrating layers of immunity including B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and antibody responses, with emphasis on human vaccine data. Functions and durability of distinct memory types are considered, including those of tissue-resident and circulating cells as well as hybrid immunity, and within this context, common misconceptions and important next questions are discussed. Understanding the multifaceted layers that underlie protective immunity can guide future vaccines and broader immune-focused interventions. A video lecture accompanies this review (https://youtu.be/8DeZJ6V7nuI). VIDEO ABSTRACT.},
}

Humans
*Immunologic Memory/immunology
*Vaccines/immunology
Animals
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
B-Lymphocytes/immunology
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Adaptive Immunity
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control

@article {pmid41985441,
year = {2026},
author = {Fields, CA and Bhattacharya, D},
title = {Plasma cell ontogenies, functions, and lifespans.},
journal = {Immunity},
volume = {59},
number = {4},
pages = {833-846},
doi = {10.1016/j.immuni.2026.01.030},
pmid = {41985441},
issn = {1097-4180},
mesh = {*Plasma Cells/immunology/cytology ; Animals ; Humans ; *B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Differentiation/immunology ; Germinal Center/immunology ; Immunologic Memory ; },
abstract = {B cell development is one of the best-understood processes within the immune system. Coordination between transcriptional programs and antigen receptor assembly determines B cell fate, diversifies the antibody repertoire, and allocates specificities to the best-suited subsets. This enables B cells to respond to a wide variety of challenges, which, when encountered, can lead B cells to seemingly converge upon a common fate: the antibody-secreting plasma cell. Yet, as we discuss in this review, this convergence is not complete. Developmental origins, anatomical sites, the nature of the challenge, and other factors all leave their marks on plasma cells in ways that diversify their functions and longevity. Looking forward, these marks may provide targets to engineer vaccines that provide durable antibody-mediated immunity.},
}

*Plasma Cells/immunology/cytology
Animals
Humans
*B-Lymphocytes/immunology
Cell Differentiation/immunology
Germinal Center/immunology
Immunologic Memory

@article {pmid41985976,
year = {2026},
author = {Davies, SR and Davies, AL and Higgins, JPT and Caldwell, DM and Thornton, ZA and Aiton, E and Ali, I and Dawson, S and McGrath, C and Parkhouse, T and Yardley, L and Yates, J and Letley, L and Ismail, SA and Christensen, H and French, CE},
title = {Effectiveness of interventions to increase vaccine uptake: component network meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)},
volume = {393},
number = {},
pages = {e087578},
pmid = {41985976},
issn = {1756-1833},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccination/statistics & numerical data ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Adherence Interventions ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; *Immunization Programs ; Bayes Theorem ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify the effective components of interventions to increase vaccine uptake and to explore variations in effectiveness by population group and in relation to the covid-19 pandemic.

DESIGN: Component network meta-analysis.

SETTING: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials in high and upper middle income countries.

PARTICIPANTS: 237 studies with 570 intervention arms and 4 361 717 participants.

INTERVENTIONS: Any intervention targeting vaccine recipients or their caregivers aiming to increase demand for, or access to, vaccinations on the UK immunisation schedule. Key content and delivery features of interventions were identified using a bespoke coding framework co-developed with stakeholders.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome of interest was vaccine uptake. Bayesian component level meta-regression estimated relative effects of intervention components as ratios of odds ratios with 95% credible intervals (CrIs).

RESULTS: Of the included studies, 110 were at low risk of bias, 96 had some concerns, and 31 were at high risk. 40% (n=1 744 686) of the participants were male. For children, there was evidence of beneficial effects for payments to cover costs (ratio of odds ratios 3.01, 95% CrI 1.49 to 6.06) and decision aids (2.73, 1.14 to 7.06), and some evidence for extended opportunities (1.37, 0.98 to 1.95) and social factors (1.27, 0.99 to 1.65). For adolescents and young adults, there were beneficial effects for personal delivery formats (2.13, 1.09 to 4.40), delivery by community members alongside healthcare professionals (6.42, 1.94 to 25.62), and social factors (2.62, 1.45 to 5.04), and negative effects for decision aids (0.43, 0.18 to 0.98) and human versus non-human interaction (0.47, 0.21 to 1.02). For adults, beneficial effects were shown for human interaction (1.86, 1.42 to 2.45), extended opportunities (1.63, 1.35 to 2.00), help with appointment scheduling (1.38, 1.06 to 1.78), payments to cover costs (1.47, 1.03 to 2.16), and motivational interviewing (1.79, 1.21 to 2.64), and there was some evidence for financial incentives (1.15, 0.99 to 1.35) and information on vaccine safety and/or efficacy (1.15, 0.99 to 1.32). For adults, evidence also showed a negative effect of non-human interaction versus no interaction (0.72, 0.57 to 0.92). Subgroup analyses showed variation for underserved populations and in relation to the covid-19 pandemic (before 2020 and 2020 onwards).

CONCLUSION: Overall, extended opportunities, appointment scheduling help, financial incentives, payments to cover costs, and motivational interviewing were effective content components of interventions to increase vaccine uptake. Effective delivery components overall were human interaction and delivery by community members alongside healthcare professionals. However, effective components varied by age group, for underserved populations, and in analyses investigating the impact of the covid-19 pandemic. These findings have important implications for designing, optimising, and implementing targeted interventions, highlighting which components are effective across different populations and contexts. Consideration of the economic data on interventions should further support resource informed decision making.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
SARS-CoV-2
*Vaccination/statistics & numerical data
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Adherence Interventions
Pandemics/prevention & control
*Immunization Programs
Bayes Theorem

@article {pmid41986256,
year = {2026},
author = {Andrés, C and Prats-Méndez, I and Midgley, S and Berginc, N and González-Sánchez, A and Johannesen, CK and Antón, A and Nadal-Barón, P and Fischer, TK and Harvala, H and Benschop, KSM},
title = {Circulation Patterns, Genetic Diversity, and Public Health Implications of Enterovirus D68, Europe, 2014-2024.},
journal = {Emerging infectious diseases},
volume = {32},
number = {4},
pages = {491-499},
pmid = {41986256},
issn = {1080-6059},
mesh = {Humans ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology/virology ; *Genetic Variation ; *Enterovirus D, Human/genetics/classification ; Public Health ; Phylogeny ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) represents a continuing public health concern, given its association with severe respiratory illness and neurologic complications. In this study, we analyzed EV-D68 circulation and genetic evolution during 2014-2024 using data from 18 countries in Europe. Of 61,297 enterovirus-positive specimens, molecular detection and viral protein 1 sequencing identified 3,541 (6%) EV-D68 cases. A biennial circulation pattern was observed; detection rates ranged from 9% in 2014 to 0.9% in 2019. The pattern was disrupted in 2020 because of measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but then notable increases occurred in 2021 (14%), 2022 (10.7%), and 2024 (20.6%). Subgenogroups B3 (59.8%) and A2/D (28.0%) were predominant; A2/D reemerged as dominant in 2024. Mutation analyses revealed changes in antigenic regions. Our findings underscore the persistent adaptation and resurgence of EV-D68 after COVID-19. Continued genomic surveillance is essential to monitor transmission patterns caused by antigenic changes.},
}

Humans
Europe/epidemiology
*Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology/virology
*Genetic Variation
*Enterovirus D, Human/genetics/classification
Public Health
Phylogeny
COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid41987025,
year = {2026},
author = {Mora Castaño, I and Hasbun, R},
title = {Neurological manifestations of respiratory viral infections.},
journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {218-226},
doi = {10.1097/QCO.0000000000001189},
pmid = {41987025},
issn = {1473-6527},
mesh = {Humans ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/complications/virology/epidemiology ; *Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Virus Diseases/complications ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes current evidence on the general epidemiology, routes of central nervous system (CNS) invasion, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment considerations associated with neurological complications of respiratory viral infections. Greater awareness of the neurological impact of respiratory viral infections is crucial to improving patient outcomes and mitigating long-term burden of these diseases.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have reinforced the association between respiratory viral infections and a broad spectrum of neurological complications. Evidence accumulated during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has expanded this awareness, and emerging data suggest that immune-mediated mechanisms such as glial cell activation, rather than direct viral neurotropism alone, play a central role in CNS injury. Although diagnostic limitations still exist, some advances have been made to increase specificity of resources available for clinicians, particularly PCR and immunologic profiling. Furthermore, vaccination against certain respiratory viruses may reduce the risk of subsequent neurodegenerative disease, highlighting the potential impact of preventive strategies on long-term neurological burden.

SUMMARY: Establishing causality between respiratory viral infections and subsequent neurological dysfunction remains challenging given the ubiquitous nature of many respiratory viruses and their capacity to cause lifelong latent or persistent infection. Even though some efforts have been made to optimize diagnosis and treatment, addressing these challenges will require further coordinated efforts across clinicians, researchers and healthcare policymakers.},
}

Humans
*Respiratory Tract Infections/complications/virology/epidemiology
*Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology/diagnosis/epidemiology
*Virus Diseases/complications
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41987085,
year = {2026},
author = {Burton, K and Best, J and DeCoster, J and Ritchwood, TD},
title = {Pandemic ready or playing catch-up? A scoping review of public health training programs for pandemic preparedness and response efforts.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41987085},
issn = {1471-2458},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pandemic Preparedness ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Public Health/education ; Public Health Infrastructure ; *Pandemics ; *Education, Public Health Professional/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the urgent need for scalable, adaptable training programs to support public health preparedness and response. While many training initiatives emerged globally, their effectiveness, sustainability, and relevance to community needs remain uneven. This scoping review characterizes the landscape of pandemic-related training programs and identifies barriers, facilitators, and gaps in preparedness education for public health professionals, community-based organizations (CBOs), and frontline responders. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of English-language peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2023. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to guide data extraction and thematic synthesis, we examined training programs focused on pandemic preparedness, including design, delivery, implementation processes, and evaluation strategies. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies met inclusion criteria. Training programs varied in scope, format, and target populations, with most focused on COVID-19 and conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Programs commonly emphasized contact tracing, epidemiology, surveillance, and community engagement. While virtual formats increased accessibility, participants often preferred in-person, interactive learning. Facilitators were associated with perceived success included strong partnerships, culturally tailored materials, and improvement through feedback, while barriers were associated with program challenges included limited infrastructure, unclear learning objectives, lack of sustained funding, and inadequate evaluation. Most programs were reactive and short-term, with minimal input from community stakeholders. Trust, equity, and cultural responsiveness emerged as central themes. CONCLUSIONS: Preparedness training programs remain fragmented and overly reliant on crisis-driven implementation. Future programs would benefit from prioritizing sustained investment, co-design with community partners, and use of validated frameworks like CFIR to guide development and evaluation. Strengthening the capacity of CBOs and embedding preparedness within trusted community networks are essential to building equitable and resilient public health systems.},
}

Humans
*Pandemic Preparedness
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Public Health/education
Public Health Infrastructure
*Pandemics
*Education, Public Health Professional/organization & administration

@article {pmid41987119,
year = {2026},
author = {Oshinubi, K and Chen, Y and Doerry, E and Gel, ES and Hepp, C and Lant, T and Mehrotra, S and Sabo, S and Mihaljevic, J},
title = {A systematic review of spatial epidemiological modeling approaches applied during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41987119},
issn = {1471-2458},
support = {R01 AI168144/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI168144//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Epidemiological Models ; *Spatial Analysis ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: A wide range of epidemiological modeling approaches have been applied to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which presents an opportunity to assess common approaches applied to specific research questions. Spatial models interrogate how heterogeneities and host movement dynamics influence local and regional patterns of disease, issues that were of great interest for understanding and controlling SARS-CoV-2. OBJECTIVE: Here, we present a systematic review of spatial epidemiological modeling approaches of SARS-CoV-2. We describe common themes and highlight unique strategies, providing a foundation for researchers to devise spatial models most appropriate for future pathogens and epidemics. Our review also categorizes the research questions that were addressed with spatial models, highlights parameter estimation techniques, and describes the cyber infrastructure used for model development. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using Web of Science and a standardized set of keywords, followed by thorough examination of abstracts and full texts to determine which studies met our inclusion criteria. To guide our description and comparisons of models, we developed a Geography, Population, Movement (GPM) framework that conceptualizes the interactions between three distinct subcomponents of any spatial model. The geographic model represents the physical arena in which the model is implemented, the intra-population model describes the transmission and disease processes that occur within distinct spatial units of the geography, and the movement model describes the algorithms that dictate how hosts move among spatial units within the geography. RESULTS: The search identified a total of 193 articles, of which 109 were included in our review. The most abundant intra-population modeling methods were agent-based (47.7%) and compartmental modeling (29.4%) approaches. Movement models ranged in complexity, with the most complex models implementing commuter movement among many points of interest in the geographic arena, which were sometimes parameterized by fine-scale mobility data. Geographic models ranged from describing microcosms, such as single classrooms, all the way up to multi-country models. Of the 63.3% of models studies that specified the programming language used, we detected ten different languages, with Matlab and Python being the most frequent, although only 30.6% of studies provided open-access code for their models. We also described eight specialized software systems that were used to construct agent-based or compartment models of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Our review identified and characterized a variety of spatial modeling strategies and software that were usefully employed to address many relevant epidemiological questions for COVID-19. Future research is needed to quantitatively assess which modeling approaches are most appropriate in specific situations, to answer specific questions, or to apply to certain disease systems. Moreover, future cyber-infrastructure could help to modularize and standardize modeling approaches, which would increase transparency and reproducibility, and which would facilitate a detailed examination of which model attributes relate to model performance in a variety of contexts.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Epidemiological Models
*Spatial Analysis
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41987698,
year = {2026},
author = {Bucharová, M and Hořejší, B and Kantor, J and Perimal-Lewis, L and Klugar, M},
title = {Virtual music therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated scoping review.},
journal = {JBI evidence synthesis},
volume = {24},
number = {7},
pages = {1368-1430},
pmid = {41987698},
issn = {2689-8381},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 ; *Music Therapy/methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The objective of this update to a previously published scoping review was to map how music therapists used virtual music therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Virtual music therapy underwent significant development during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the number of publications increased dramatically compared to early 2021, when only 10 records were available. An update to the previous scoping review was necessary to explore the current state of this emerging music therapy discipline and provide important information for health care practitioners, scholars, and researchers.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: This scoping review included studies examining how music therapists (population) delivered virtual, remote, or online music therapy (concept) across all client groups during the COVID-19 pandemic (context). All types of evidence were included except for literature reviews, newspaper articles, essays, editorials, letters to the editor, and bachelor's theses. The search strategy was conducted in English across relevant databases and journals.

METHODS: Following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, we updated a scoping review published in 2021. Available evidence was searched for in databases, including searches for unpublished studies, gray literature, and relevant journal archives, along with manual searches of reference lists. The search was limited from October 2020 (the date of the previous search) until December 2024. Two independent reviewers screened all reports against the eligibility criteria and performed the data extraction.

RESULTS: The global music therapy community adapted to the restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic through a significant expansion of virtual music therapy. A total of 145 new records, along with 5 records from the original review, were included in this scoping review. The papers were from North America (n=63), Europe (n=34), Asia (n=19), and Oceania (n=16), with the rest developed through international cooperation (n=18). Most texts described virtual music therapy in the form of synchronous video calls. We reported the characteristics of the records, the types of texts, the client groups to which virtual music therapy was delivered, and the platforms and equipment used. We identified research papers (n=103), other texts (n=44), study protocols, and an evidence implementation report. We also described the challenges, facilitators, and barriers, along with the music therapy methods. Most frequently, a combination of active and receptive methods was used, with an emphasis on listening, singing, and music-based relaxation or imagery methods. Virtual music therapy was delivered to a wide range of clients, including those with various medical diagnoses and mental health issues; caregivers; and health care workers. Virtual music therapy took place in clients' homes, hospitals, or educational settings.

CONCLUSIONS: The virtual music therapy field experienced significant growth during the COVID-19 pandemic and developed into a distinct area of music therapy. This scoping review reports on a substantial body of relevant evidence, providing detailed insights into the nuances of virtual music therapy practice, which may remain useful even beyond pandemic restrictions. Future research is needed to examine the impact of virtual music therapy in the post-COVID-19 era and its potential as a complementary approach to face-to-face therapy.

REVIEW REGISTRATION: OSF https://osf.io/tnw3c/.

SUPPLEMENTAL DIGITAL CONTENT: A Czech-language version of the abstract of this review is available: http://links.lww.com/SRX/A189.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19
*Music Therapy/methods
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Telemedicine

@article {pmid41988578,
year = {2026},
author = {Vargas-Veliz, SR and Izquierdo-Cevallos, DR and Fajardo-Vargas, JE and Solórzano-Rezabala, DK and Peralta-Gamboa, DA},
title = {Psychosocial risks in Latin America: trends and research gaps.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1788232},
pmid = {41988578},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Latin America/epidemiology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Mental Health ; Bibliometrics ; Evidence Gaps ; *Stress, Psychological/epidemiology ; Working Conditions ; Burnout, Professional/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {This study analyzes the scientific evolution of psychosocial risks in Latin America through a bibliometric analysis of 1,866 articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science between 1963 and 2026. The results show sustained growth in academic production, particularly during the last decade, accompanied by an increase in impact measured by citations. The international collaboration network reveals a structure articulated in South-South and South-North patterns, with Brazil as a regional node and the United States as a transnational bridge. The keyword co-occurrence analysis identifies three main thematic clusters: (1) mental health and psychological distress-including anxiety, depression, and stress-; (2) labor and organizational factors, including burnout, working conditions, workplace violence, and job satisfaction; and (3) the disruptive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which reorganized the recent scientific agenda. The findings demonstrate that psychosocial risks in Latin America constitute a field in consolidation, characterized by the convergence of clinical, labor, and structural dimensions, and by growing regional visibility in the international literature. However, limitations persist, associated with the predominance of cross-sectional studies, the underrepresentation of informal and precarious sectors, and geographical asymmetries in scientific infrastructure. It is suggested to advance toward comparative, longitudinal, and interdisciplinary approaches that integrate mental health, work organization, and regional socioeconomic contexts. This study provides an empirical basis for understanding the investigative configuration of the field and guiding future research agendas, public policies, and interventions aimed at psychosocial well-being in the region.},
}

Latin America/epidemiology
Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Mental Health
Bibliometrics
Evidence Gaps
*Stress, Psychological/epidemiology
Working Conditions
Burnout, Professional/epidemiology

@article {pmid41989511,
year = {2026},
author = {Sun, S and Guo, X and Liu, S and Wu, S and Ma, L and Yang, H},
title = {Probiotics and Bacteriocins Against SARS-CoV-2: Therapeutic Frontiers and Mechanistic Insights.},
journal = {Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41989511},
issn = {1867-1314},
support = {No. C2023201049//Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province/ ; No. C20230309//Funding Program for Introducing Overseas Scholars of Hebei Province/ ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to global public health. The continuous mutations of its pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have further complicated containment efforts. As functional foods, probiotics and their metabolites, particularly bacteriocins, are recognized for their safety and potential antiviral roles in infection prevention and health management. This review summarizes the current research status, mechanisms, and potential applications of probiotics and bacteriocins against SARS-CoV-2. Clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that specific probiotic strains, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GUANKE, Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MPL16/CRL1506, can effectively alleviate clinical symptoms, shorten disease duration, and reduce the risk of severe illness by modulating the gut microbiota, strengthening the mucosal barrier, and enhancing innate immune responses. Representative bacteriocins, including nisin, pediocin PA-1, plantaricin W, glycocin F, and lactococcine G, can mitigate cytokine storms and gut dysbiosis by modulating host immunity, for example, by inhibiting inflammatory factor release as observed in cellular and animal models. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamics simulations suggest that these bacteriocins may inhibit viral entry and replication by competitively binding to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein or the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and by interfering with key viral enzyme activities. However, translating these promising findings—supported by clinical observations, animal studies, and computational predictions—into practical applications requires overcoming major bottlenecks, from mechanistic elucidation and in vivo validation to formulation development. Therefore, future research should focus on more in-depth studies to bridge the gap between experimental evidence and clinical translation.},
}

@article {pmid41990021,
year = {2026},
author = {Wandrekar, J and Ranade, K and Chakrapani, V and Lakshmi, P},
title = {Mental Health of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Persons in India: A Scoping Review of Literature Since Legal Recognition of Self-Affirmed Gender Identity, 2014-2024.},
journal = {LGBT health},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {195-214},
pmid = {41990021},
issn = {2325-8306},
mesh = {Humans ; India/epidemiology ; *Transgender Persons/psychology ; Male ; Female ; *Mental Health ; Gender Identity ; Gender-Nonconforming Persons ; *Sexual and Gender Minorities/psychology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: India's 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India affirmed transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) persons as equal citizens with a right to self-identified gender. This scoping review (2014-2024) sought to map TGD mental health research in India, characterize study details and themes, and identify gaps to guide future research and interventions.

METHODS: Following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we conducted a systematic search of peer-reviewed literature (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, specific journal search, hand search) and grey literature (Google Scholar, websites of LGBTQ organizations, and digital thesis repositories Shodh Ganga and Shodh Gangotri). All publications between April 2014 and December 2024 that focused on the mental health of the Indian transgender population were included.

RESULTS: From 246 initial sources, 124 were included in the review. The reviewed studies described prevalence rates of common mental disorders, transgender-specific psychosocial stressors, positive psychology variables, role of mental health professionals, mental health interventions and guidelines, forced gender "correction" practices, mental health impact of gender-affirming surgeries, links between sexual health and mental health, and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrates substantial mental health needs among TGD communities in India but a narrow, uneven evidence base. Several articles revealed researcher misconceptions indicating ethical and epistemic harm. Priority next steps are adequately powered, intersectional longitudinal studies and rigorously evaluated, community-partnered interventions (including family support and mental health professional training) to advance gender-affirming, evidence-based care.},
}

Humans
India/epidemiology
*Transgender Persons/psychology
Male
Female
*Mental Health
Gender Identity
Gender-Nonconforming Persons
*Sexual and Gender Minorities/psychology

@article {pmid41991389,
year = {2026},
author = {de Oliveira, LMC and de Araújo, ANB and Soares, TSL and Ferreira, LP and Queiroga, BAM and de Lima, MLLT and de Arruda, RG and Lucena, JA},
title = {The Relationship Between Teachers' Vocal Production Conditions, Interpersonal Communication Competence, and Mental Health After the Pandemic in Brazil.},
journal = {Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jvoice.2026.03.003},
pmid = {41991389},
issn = {1873-4588},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether teachers' vocal production conditions and interpersonal communication competence are associated with mental health after the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with an analytical approach.

METHOD: The sample comprised 361 middle and high school teachers from Pernambuco state schools. Data were collected using the following instruments: Teacher Vocal Production Condition (VPC-T) and Screening Index for Voice Disorder (SIVD), which characterized teachers' vocal profiles and working conditions; the Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale (ICCS), which assessed interpersonal communication competence; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which assessed trait and state anxiety; and the Self-Reported Questionnaire (SRQ-20), which suggests the level of suspicion (presence/absence) of a common mental disorder. Pearson's correlation test, multiple linear regression analysis, chi-square test, and the ANOVA test were performed for comparison analysis between variables.

RESULTS: Higher levels of anxiety and common mental distress were associated with the presence of self-reported voice disorders and less-developed interpersonal communication skills. Voice disorders were self-reported by 44.41% of teachers, while 40.44% presented high anxiety on the STAI-S and 38.78% on the STAI-T. There was an indication that 25% of teachers had common mental distress. The data also indicated that participants had good interpersonal communication skills, particularly in the domains of environmental control, self-disclosure, and immediacy.

CONCLUSION: Self-reported voice disorders and trait and state anxiety are notably present in teachers. Their vocal production conditions and interpersonal communication skills were associated with anxiety and common mental distress after the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid41991875,
year = {2026},
author = {Hensel, O and Pfrommer, L and Furch, P and Strutz, N and Wohlgemuth, WA and Posa, A},
title = {[Post-COVID: An inventory focusing on the key complaints PEM and POTS].},
journal = {MMW Fortschritte der Medizin},
volume = {168},
number = {Suppl 3},
pages = {3-10},
doi = {10.1007/s15006-026-5691-7},
pmid = {41991875},
issn = {1613-3560},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy ; *Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/therapy/etiology/diagnosis ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: More than five years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, its long-term effects are increasingly coming into focus. Post-COVID disease poses a significant challenge, - not only for the individuals affected, but also for healthcare providers and society as a whole. In order to improve care for post-COVID patients, the current state of research should be reviewed and the frequent and characteristic complaints post-exertional malaise and postural tachycardia syndrome should be presented.

METHOD: The literature search for this narrative review was conducted in the PubMed and Semantic Scholar databases.

RESULTS: Post-COVID symptoms are often nonspecific, diverse, and fluctuating. However, post-exertional malaise and postural tachycardia syndrome are characteristic of post-COVID when they occur newly after COVID-19 disease. Post-exertional malaise is an intensification of symptoms after exertion that occurs in about 86% of post-COVID patients. Pacing is a promising treatment approach here. Postural tachycardia syndrome manifests as autonomic, tachycardic, orthostatic dysregulation and affects up to 82% of post-COVID patients. Symptomatic therapy includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures.

CONCLUSIONS: Post-exertional malaise and postural tachycardia syndrome are typical and characteristic post-COVID symptoms. Current scientific findings underscore the SARS-CoV-2-related organic origin of post-COVID symptoms.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/therapy
*Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/therapy/etiology/diagnosis
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid41992382,
year = {2026},
author = {Cuteri, V and Preziuso, S and Li, Y and Laus, F},
title = {Fecal virome at the human-animal interface: a one health perspective on an uncharted frontier.},
journal = {Animal microbiome},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41992382},
issn = {2524-4671},
abstract = {The exponential growth of the human population and associated intensifications in animal farming, pet ownership, and habitat anthropisation have dramatically increased human-animal interactions. Global livestock production now exceeds 24 billion animals annually, and pet ownership has risen to over 70% of households in many developed nations, creating unprecedented interfaces for viral exchange. This heightened contact has multiplied opportunities for zoonotic and reverse-zoonotic transmission, as tragically exemplified by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The fecal virome—defined as the totality of viral nucleic acids in the gastrointestinal tract—represents a crucial, yet largely unexplored, pathway for such exchanges. While the bacterial microbiome’s role is increasingly recognized, the virome’s composition, dynamics, and transmissibility between co-habiting humans and animals remain poorly characterized. This review compiles current evidence on the fecal virome of key domestic animals (equines, livestock, pets) and their human contacts under the “One Health” framework. We critically evaluate methodological approaches—from targeted PCR to viral metagenomics—and highlight the discovery of novel viruses and identification of zoonotic agents through metagenomic approaches. Critically, we identify significant knowledge gaps, including the absence of definitive evidence for contemporary cross-species transmission versus shared ancestry or convergent evolution. We propose a strategic research agenda focused on longitudinal studies of human-animal cohorts, standardized metagenomic methodologies, and functional analyses of the virome. Elucidating the fecal virome at this interface is paramount for developing proactive surveillance strategies to predict and prevent the next emerging viral disease.},
}

@article {pmid41992508,
year = {2026},
author = {Alsaqer, K and Alhmoud, SH and Khamis, S},
title = {Healthcare Providers' Attitudes and Willingness Toward Monkeypox Vaccination in Jordan: A National Cross-Sectional Survey.},
journal = {Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.)},
volume = {43},
number = {4},
pages = {957-964},
doi = {10.1111/phn.70126},
pmid = {41992508},
issn = {1525-1446},
mesh = {Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Jordan ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; *Vaccination/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; *Health Personnel/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; *Mpox, Monkeypox/prevention & control ; Middle Aged ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite their crucial role, research shows that healthcare professionals are not well-informed about or adequately equipped to handle newly emerging infectious diseases like monkeypox.

AIM: This study aims to assess attitudes and willingness toward monkeypox among Jordanian healthcare providers.

METHOD: This was an analytical cross-sectional survey conducted among healthcare providers in Jordan. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire (online and paper-based, as needed) over a defined 4-8-week period.

RESULTS: A total of 638 healthcare providers participated in the study. The mean age was 35.8 ± 8.4 years. Composite measures showed moderate willingness (mean = 3.56 ± 0.78) but high concern levels (mean = 3.98 ± 0.61). Willingness did not differ significantly across most demographic variables; however, concerns were higher among single participants and those with 5-10 years of experience. A moderate positive correlation was found between willingness and concerns (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified COVID-19 vaccination history (OR = 2.22, p = 0.019), trust in health agencies (OR = 1.21, p = 0.028), and greater willingness scores (OR = 1.41, p = 0.006) as significant predictors of acceptance. Concerns did not significantly reduce the likelihood of willingness.

CONCLUSION: Jordanian Healthcare providers demonstrated relatively low immediate willingness to vaccinate, driven by substantial concerns about safety, effectiveness, and vaccine defects. Confidence in public health agencies and prior vaccination history significantly improved acceptance.},
}

Humans
Cross-Sectional Studies
Jordan
Female
Male
Adult
Surveys and Questionnaires
*Attitude of Health Personnel
*Vaccination/psychology/statistics & numerical data
*Health Personnel/psychology/statistics & numerical data
*Mpox, Monkeypox/prevention & control
Middle Aged
COVID-19/prevention & control

@article {pmid41993129,
year = {2026},
author = {Ugwu, OP and Ogenyi, FC and Basajja, M and Ugwu, CN and Mustafa, MM and Okon, MB},
title = {Nanoparticle-mediated mRNA delivery for cancer, autoimmunity, and genetic diseases: a rapid review.},
journal = {Frontiers in drug delivery},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {1793322},
pmid = {41993129},
issn = {2674-0850},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have advanced from experimental platforms to clinical application, driven largely by the success of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based COVID-19 vaccines. Building on this progress, nanoparticle-mediated mRNA delivery is being extended to non-infectious indications, including oncology, autoimmune disorders, and inherited diseases. However, challenges such as extrahepatic targeting, endosomal escape, repeat-dose immunogenicity, thermostability, and scalable manufacturing remain significant barriers to translation.

METHODS: A rapid review of peer-reviewed studies and registered clinical trials published between January 2020 and October 2025 was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and ClinicalTrials.gov using combined terms related to RNA modality and nanoparticle delivery. Eligible studies focused on non-viral nanoparticle platforms for therapeutic, non-infectious mRNA delivery, including applications in protein replacement, genome editing, and immune modulation. Screening yielded 15 studies for inclusion.

RESULTS: LNPs remain the most clinically advanced platform for therapeutic mRNA delivery. At the same time, polymeric, peptide-based, exosome-inspired, and hybrid nanoparticle systems are expanding the delivery landscape. Emerging RNA formats, including self-amplifying RNA and circular RNA, show potential to prolong expression at lower doses. Clinically, individualized mRNA neoantigen therapy (mRNA-4157/V940) combined with pembrolizumab reduced recurrence risk by approximately 49% in high-risk melanoma in the KEYNOTE-942 phase 2b trial, supporting phase 3 development. In cystic fibrosis, inhaled CFTR mRNA (ARCT-032) advanced to phase 2 after early phase 1 data demonstrated safety and tolerability.

DISCUSSION: Evidence for non-viral nanoparticle-mediated mRNA therapeutics is strong in preclinical research and increasingly promising in clinical applications beyond vaccinology. While LNPs dominate current translation, alternative carriers and improved RNA formats may broaden tissue targeting and therapeutic durability. Advances in biodegradable ionisable lipids, organ-selective LNPs, and lyophilised or solid formulations are being developed to address persistent delivery and manufacturing constraints. As the field matures, regulatory and policy frameworks will need to align with therapeutic endpoints and support long-term safety monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid41993174,
year = {2026},
author = {Mohiuddin, N and Shah, Y and Subramaniam, S},
title = {Regulation of histones in thromboinflammation.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1791619},
pmid = {41993174},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Histones/metabolism/immunology ; *Thromboinflammation/immunology/metabolism ; Animals ; Extracellular Traps/immunology/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; COVID-19/immunology ; Alarmins/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Nucleosomes/metabolism ; Inflammation/immunology ; },
abstract = {Extracellular histones, once regarded solely as nuclear structural proteins, are now recognized as potent mediators of thrombo-inflammation which is the pathological interface of coagulation and immunity. Released during necrosis, apoptosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, histones act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), engaging receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9) to trigger endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and cytokine release. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including citrullination, acetylation, and methylation, further modulate histone immunogenicity, cytotoxicity, and procoagulant potential. These mechanisms amplify thrombin generation, impair anticoagulant pathways, and promote vascular permeability, positioning histones as central drivers of immunothrombosis in sepsis, stroke, ARDS, COVID-19, and autoimmune disorders. Circulating histones and nucleosomes are emerging as biomarkers for disease severity and prognosis. Therapeutic strategies targeting histones, such as neutralizing antibodies, heparin derivatives, PAD inhibitors, and activated protein C, show promise in mitigating histone-driven pathology. This review highlights mechanistic insights into histone biology and explores translational opportunities for targeted interventions at the intersection of inflammation and thrombosis.},
}

Humans
*Histones/metabolism/immunology
*Thromboinflammation/immunology/metabolism
Animals
Extracellular Traps/immunology/metabolism
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
COVID-19/immunology
Alarmins/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2
Nucleosomes/metabolism
Inflammation/immunology

@article {pmid41993206,
year = {2026},
author = {Manu, GP and Bonney, JHK and Bawa, FK and Quashie, PK and Kusi, KA and Amoah, LE},
title = {Reduced COVID-19 severity in Africa: a systematic review of host genetic and immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1782808},
pmid = {41993206},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/genetics/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Africa/epidemiology ; Severity of Illness Index ; Cytokines ; African People ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had immense global consequences, leading to widespread illness, deaths, and devastated economies. Despite this, Africa has experienced a high prevalence of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mild cases. While reported cases and deaths have been lower, limited testing and undiagnosed infections make it difficult to determine the true burden of the disease. Understanding the unique immune response and the variations in genetics affect COVID-19 outcomes in African populations is important for shaping future public health responses. This review examines key immune factors and genetic variations in key host proteins that may help explain why COVID-19 was less severe in Africa.

METHODOLOGY: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to identify studies published between 2019 and January 2026 that investigated immunological responses and genetic variations associated with COVID-19 in African populations. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and African Journals Online (AJOL). Inclusion criteria focused on studies reporting responses from cytokines, T-cells, antibodies or host genetic factors. After screening 4,170 records and removing duplicates, 420 studies were assessed for abstracts, and 240 full texts were reviewed. A total of 40 studies were included, and data synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes.

RESULTS: Of the 40 studies analyzed from 19 African populations, 26 focused on immunological responses and 9 on host genetic factors. Immune studies revealed widespread pre-existing immunity, including cross-reactive antibodies (especially to the N proteins) and polyfunctional T-cell responses, likely shaped by exposure to malaria, helminths, and other coronaviruses. Severe COVID-19 cases showed elevated IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, while asymptomatic individuals had broader, milder cytokine profiles. Antibody responses were robust across disease severities, with long-lasting IgG activity. Genetic studies identified HLA-B41, B42, C16, and C17 as risk alleles, while HLA-DQB106, DQB103, and B*15 conferred protection. ACE2 polymorphisms including rs2285666, rs73635825 were reportedly prevalent in Africans and were linked to varied ACE2 expression, viral load, and disease severity.

CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that immune and genetic adaptations in African populations may have modulated susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes in Africans.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view, identifier CRD420251121731.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/genetics/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Africa/epidemiology
Severity of Illness Index
Cytokines
African People
T-Lymphocytes/immunology

@article {pmid41993579,
year = {2026},
author = {Song, JH and Shim, SR and Shin, J and Choe, WH and Park, J and Lee, TH and Kang, S and Rhee, TG and Huh, KC},
title = {Clinical effects of ursodeoxycholic acid in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1719144},
pmid = {41993579},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have shown that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) reduces COVID-19 infection by inhibiting farnesoid X receptor activity, a direct regulator of ACE2. Even though UDCA, an easily accessible medication with few side effects, could be considered for administration to prevent infection and relieve symptoms for COVID-19 infection, there are limited supporting studies with a high-level of evidence and recommendations for the exact dosage of UDCA. We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical effect of UDCA in COVID-19 infection.

METHODS: Studies were identified through a literature search: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane from inception to March 2025. We included research related to COVID-19 infection and UDCA. Primary outcomes were COVID-19 infection rate, mortality rate, COVID-19 severe infection risk, ventilator use, hospitalization, ICU hospitalization, and recovery time between UDCA group and controls. The secondary outcome was UDCA dose-response association regarding infection risk. We analyzed for odds ratios (ORs), including infection rate, mortality rate, severe infection risk, ventilator use, hospitalization, and intensive care unit hospitalization, and for standardized mean difference (SMD), including recovery time between UDCA groups and controls. Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) was used to evaluate bias risk.

RESULTS: Of 188 articles, 15 cohort studies with 716,310 participants (control = 495,276; UDCA treatment = 221,034) were included. The level of risk of bias was seven studies at low, four at moderate, and four at serious. UDCA showed association with a lower risk of infection (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55-0.86), lower severe infection risk (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64-0.89), and ventilator use (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.90) compared to controls.

CONCLUSION: The findings support evidence for the clinical effects of UDCA for COVID-19 infection. There is a need for randomized trials to evaluate UDCA as a potential prophylactic agent against COVID-19.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251019195, identifier #CRD420251019195.},
}

@article {pmid41995128,
year = {2026},
author = {Gonah, L and Ginindza, TG and Hlongwana, KW},
title = {Mapping global evidence on compassion fatigue among healthcare workers during COVID-19: insights and implications for future preparedness - a scoping review.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {04130},
pmid = {41995128},
issn = {2047-2986},
mesh = {Humans ; *Compassion Fatigue/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; Risk Factors ; Frontline Workers ; Prevalence ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Compassion fatigue (CF) is a critical occupational hazard for healthcare workers (HCWs), intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, with implications for well-being, retention, and quality of care. We aimed to map the global evidence on CF prevalence, risk factors, effects, interventions, and research gaps among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: A scoping review of 56 studies from 21 countries (2020-2025) was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Seven databases were searched, and findings were synthesised narratively with attention to occupational, demographic, and systemic determinants of CF.

RESULTS: Compassion fatigue prevalence ranged from 20 to 87%. It was most pronounced among nurses, women, frontline staff, early-career professionals, and those in under-resourced or rural settings. Key risk factors included high workload, long shifts, repeated exposure to death, moral distress, and limited organisational support. Symptoms encompassed emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, diminished empathy, and co-occurring anxiety, depression, or secondary traumatic stress. Interventions (resilience and peer-support programmes, self-compassion training, motivational messaging, and mobile psychoeducation) showed small-to-moderate benefits but were limited by methodological heterogeneity and scarce robust evaluation. Temporally, CF peaked during early pandemic surges and persisted among frontline staff and in resource-constrained or long-COVID contexts.

CONCLUSIONS: Compassion fatigue is a multifactorial, context-dependent hazard disproportionately affecting vulnerable HCWs. Effective mitigation requires longitudinal research, inclusive global representation, and multi-level strategies linking individual resilience with organisational reform and policy action to safeguard HCW well-being in current and future crises.},
}

Humans
*Compassion Fatigue/epidemiology
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Health Personnel/psychology
Risk Factors
Frontline Workers
Prevalence

@article {pmid41995349,
year = {2026},
author = {Schiffer, JT and Reeves, DB and Mayer, B and Rodriguez, LR and Duke, ER and Haddock, B and Avila-Ponce de Leon, U and Iwami, S and Owens, K and Esmaeili-Wellman, S},
title = {Clinical trial simulation of antiviral drugs.},
journal = {Journal of virology},
volume = {100},
number = {5},
pages = {e0181424},
pmid = {41995349},
issn = {1098-5514},
support = {R01AI77512//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; R01 AI186721/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI150500/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; Computer Simulation ; Viral Load/drug effects ; Models, Theoretical ; *Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology ; Models, Biological ; },
abstract = {Antiviral clinical trial simulation (CTS) is a type of mathematical modeling that couples viral- immune dynamics (VID) unique to each human viral pathogen, with mechanistic, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug characteristics. Validation is achieved by matching model output to detailed viral load trajectories from trials. Antiviral CTS can be applied at all stages of drug development to viruses with distinct shedding patterns. Models can capture the activity of small molecules, neutralizing antibodies, and cellular therapies, as well as combination strategies to enhance potency and avoid drug resistance. Several principles are observed across antiviral CTS models. First, PK and PD models that recapitulate drug levels and concentration-dependent antiviral activity are often necessary, but never sufficient to predict trial results. VID equations are also required to guide optimal treatment timing because expanding immune responses synergistically eliminate infection but are deleterious if too sustained or intense. Therefore, equivalent antiviral doses may have different efficacy if given during different infection stages. Second, antiviral CTS models identify effective plasma drug concentrations in humans, which are often poorly predicted by in vitro assays. Finally, models that do not consider drug mechanisms lead to incorrect efficacy estimates. Data-validated CTS is increasingly used to inform drug dose and dosing interval, treatment timing and duration, virologic endpoint selection, and sample size, particularly when applied to detailed phase 1 and 2 trial data. Given the high expense of antiviral licensure trials, CTS models are vital to optimize trial efficacy and de-risk the drug development process.},
}

*Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Humans
*Clinical Trials as Topic
Computer Simulation
Viral Load/drug effects
Models, Theoretical
*Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology
Models, Biological

@article {pmid41995633,
year = {2026},
author = {Kruger, EC and Fataar, A and Kengne, AP and Erasmus, RT and Zemlin, AE},
title = {Mapping the evidence: a scoping review of the impact of COVID-19 on non-communicable disease care in Sub-Saharan Africa.},
journal = {Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1080/10408363.2026.2651301},
pmid = {41995633},
issn = {1549-781X},
abstract = {Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality globally and account for a growing proportion of the disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where health systems face significant resource constraints. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare delivery globally, raising concerns that interruptions to routine NCD care could lead to higher morbidity and mortality among populations requiring ongoing care. Although evidence of the pandemic's impact on NCD care has been documented in high-income settings, the experience of SSA health systems, which entered the pandemic with preexisting infrastructure and workforce limitations, remains incompletely understood. This scoping review aimed to systematically map the evidence on COVID-19's impact on NCD care in SSA and to identify service adaptations implemented to maintain care continuity during the pandemic. Studies examining the COVID-19 pandemic and disruptions in NCD screening, diagnosis, or monitoring among adults in SSA were identified from four electronic databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. The search strategy combined Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords related to geographic location (SSA), exposure (COVID-19 pandemic and related public health measures), and outcomes (screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of NCDs). Inclusion was limited to original research published between March 2020 and December 2023, written in English, French, or German, and reporting observational data on pandemic-related disruptions to NCD care. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, with data extraction conducted using a standardized form capturing study characteristics, NCD types examined, nature of documented disruptions, and reported innovations. Twenty-eight studies were eligible for inclusion across seven countries in SSA, with the majority of evidence originating from South Africa and Ethiopia. Included studies were mainly retrospective and cross-sectional, with some using mixed-methods and time-series designs, and examined various NCDs, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancers. Sample sizes ranged from fewer than 100 participants to datasets exceeding 9 million records. Due to the heterogeneity of study designs, populations, and outcomes, findings were synthesized narratively. Six major themes emerged: disrupted access to routine care, interruptions to diagnostics and monitoring, medicine supply chain challenges, adoption of remote care models, health equity impacts, and clinical outcome implications. The pandemic was associated with widespread barriers to healthcare access, diagnostic delays, and medication shortages, with the implementation of innovations such as telemedicine and community-based delivery often hindered by technological and resource limitations. COVID-19 significantly disrupted NCD care across SSA, though health systems demonstrated notable capacity for adaptation, emphasizing the need for resilient service delivery models and equity-focused monitoring to safeguard care during future health emergencies.},
}

@article {pmid41996417,
year = {2026},
author = {Byrd, W and Salehi, N and Henderson, C},
title = {Covid-19 testing, sick-pay and public health outbreak management of respiratory infections in care homes: three rapid reviews of the literature.},
journal = {Journal of public health (Oxford, England)},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {539-542},
pmid = {41996417},
issn = {1741-3850},
support = {NIHR154310//UK National Institute for Health Research Health and Social Care Delivery Research/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; COVID-19 ; *COVID-19 Testing ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; *Nursing Homes ; Pandemics ; *Public Health ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/diagnosis/therapy ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Credible and costed plans for managing future outbreaks of Covid-19 and other respiratory infections depend on the availability of good quality evidence. Methods: Three rapid reviews (RRs) examined evidence on: Bibliographic database searches for each RR and supplementary grey literature searches of Google for RR1 and RR3.

RESULTS: RR1 included 1 study, RR2 none, and RR3, 1 report. RR1: a study of testing undertaken during an outbreak of Covid-19 in one care home. RR3: a report briefly described recommended inputs of one local authority's public health service into managing outbreaks of respiratory infections in settings including care homes.

CONCLUSION: The reviews found little-to-no recent evidence on care home providers' policy and practice on asymptomatic Covid-19 testing, care home sick pay and/or shift backfill, and the incidence of Covid-19 and other respiratory infections, nor on costs of public health teams' outbreak management.},
}

Humans
*Clinical Laboratory Techniques
COVID-19
*COVID-19 Testing
*Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
*Nursing Homes
Pandemics
*Public Health
*Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/diagnosis/therapy

@article {pmid41996892,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, C and Yuan, X},
title = {Respiratory viruses as key drivers of pulmonary fibrosis: integrated pathways from barrier injury to immune-fibrotic crosstalk.},
journal = {Virology},
volume = {620},
number = {},
pages = {110913},
doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2026.110913},
pmid = {41996892},
issn = {1096-0341},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pulmonary Fibrosis/virology/immunology/pathology ; Signal Transduction ; Animals ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; COVID-19/complications/virology/immunology ; Lung/virology/pathology/immunology ; },
abstract = {Pulmonary fibrosis (PF), a highly heterogeneous form of interstitial lung disease, presents substantial challenges for both basic research and clinical management due to its complex pathogenesis and poor clinical outcomes. In recent years, PF induced by respiratory viral infections has emerged as a forefront topic in respiratory medicine. However, the dynamic regulatory network linking virus-mediated alveolar epithelial injury, aberrant tissue repair, and fibroblast activation remains incompletely understood. This review focuses on representative respiratory viruses-including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), seasonal influenza viruses, and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses-and analyzes, from multiple mechanistic dimensions, how viral infection drives the development of PF. The article analyzes how viral infections contribute to tissue damage and functional loss in the lungs via direct host-cell injury, dysregulated immune responses, and disturbances in epigenetic regulation. In particular, the review highlights the aberrant activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway and virus-induced polarization of alveolar macrophages as key processes in the progression of fibrosis. Furthermore, this review systematically summarizes the shared molecular pathways triggered by viral infections in the development of PF and their potential biomarkers, providing a theoretical basis for targeted therapies. In conclusion, respiratory viruses are not only significant etiological factors in PF, but also accelerate the fibrotic process through immune-fibrotic interactions. This review provides a theoretical framework for a deeper understanding of virus-induced PF and outlines directions for the development of targeted therapies and clinical intervention strategies.},
}

Humans
*Pulmonary Fibrosis/virology/immunology/pathology
Signal Transduction
Animals
Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
COVID-19/complications/virology/immunology
Lung/virology/pathology/immunology

@article {pmid41998470,
year = {2026},
author = {Ho, JKY and Brewster, A and Kienzler, H and Brown, JSL},
title = {Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health Among First-Generation East Asian Immigrants: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41998470},
issn = {2196-8837},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Research has found that first-generation immigrants often experience poorer mental health outcomes than later-generation immigrants and native-born individuals. Perceived discrimination is a key factor, exacerbated by recent global events such as COVID-19. However, much of the literature aggregates immigrants of different Asian ethnicities and generational statuses, despite documented disparities in mental health outcomes. This review aims to address this gap in literature by systematically reviewing empirical studies that explore the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes of first-generation immigrants from East Asia only. METHODS: This review was registered on the PROSPERO international registry for systematic review protocols (Registration Number: CRD42024505188). Five databases (Embase, PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched for quantitative, English-language studies that explored the relationship between perceived discrimination and validated measures of mental health outcomes among first-generation East Asian immigrants. Studies were appraised for methodological quality using The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies tool [1]. Findings were synthesised narratively due to heterogeneity in methodology across studies. RESULTS: Out of 1,061 screened articles, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. All included studies explored perceived discrimination, through racial discrimination. Only studies of Korean or Chinese first-generation immigrants were found. Ten studies reported a significant association between perceived racial discrimination and poorer mental health outcomes, particularly depressive symptoms. A range of variables that influenced this relationship were also identified, with degree of social support emerging as a consistent factor. Methodological limitations included inconsistent control for relevant sociodemographic or immigrant-related variables and differences in in exclusion or inclusion criteria used in the different studies. CONCLUSION: Overall, the findings highlight that experiences of perceived racial discrimination have a detrimental impact on the mental health of first-generation Korean and Chinese immigrants. However, inconsistencies in the measurement and study design presented challenges for synthesising the results and drawing firm conclusions, particularly regarding the role of influencing variables. Future research should use more consistent measures of perceived discrimination and mental health to better quantify the outcomes and understand the mental health implications. Research should also continue to disaggregate data by both generational status and specific East Asian ethnic groups, particularly those underrepresented in the current review, such as Japanese, Taiwanese, and Mongolian immigrants.},
}

@article {pmid41998754,
year = {2026},
author = {Amanat, N and Hosseini, SH and Habibisaravi, R and Omrani, MG},
title = {COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in pediatrics: a systematic review.},
journal = {Systematic reviews},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41998754},
issn = {2046-4053},
mesh = {Humans ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Parents/psychology ; Child ; Pediatrics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccination/psychology ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Infant ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vaccine-preventable diseases remain among the top ten global health threats. These findings indicate an important link between health and vaccine literacy. Children are less affected by COVID-19 than adults are but can be particularly vulnerable in communities with inadequate and weak infrastructure. One in five parents was skeptical about the COVID-19 vaccine. The present study combined the findings of previous studies to identify the reasons for parental hesitancy related to children's COVID-19 vaccination.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to investigate vaccine hesitancy among parents of children aged 0-18 years in the context of COVID-19. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the keywords "vaccine hesitancy," "pediatrics," and "COVID-19" for studies published between January 2019 and August 2024. Eligible studies were published in English and focused on parental perspectives. Two independent reviewers screened 2950 records, extracted data, and assessed study quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists. Thematic analysis identified key drivers of vaccine hesitancy.

RESULTS: Of the 48 full-text articles screened, 22 studies met the eligibility criteria. The included studies took place in 11 different countries. The thematic analysis resulted in two main headings: (1) vaccine-related concerns, which included safety/trust concerns (100% of studies) and accessibility barriers (13.6%), and (2) user-related concerns: risk perception (31.8%), lack of knowledge (50%), cultural manifestation (13.6%), and previous medical conditions (31.8%). Universal concerns about safety and trust were evident in all studies, while cultural and accessibility barriers were context-specific and fluctuated by region and population.

CONCLUSION: The study points to interventions for reversing parental hesitation towards pediatric COVID-19 vaccination, like tailored education programs, streamlining distribution procedures, creating public acceptance through local community opinion leaders, and appropriate risk communication by public health institutions. All of these can contribute to making sound policies and making future immunization planning easier.},
}

Humans
*Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Parents/psychology
Child
Pediatrics
SARS-CoV-2
*Vaccination/psychology
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Infant

@article {pmid41999993,
year = {2026},
author = {Farsiu, N and Khodadadpour Mahani, F and Arefinia, N and Charostad, J and Pardeshenas, M and Mirzaei, H and Nakhaie, M and Hassandarvish, P and AbuBakar, S},
title = {From legacy to innovation: A comprehensive review of vaccine platforms against viral infections.},
journal = {Virus research},
volume = {368},
number = {},
pages = {199730},
pmid = {41999993},
issn = {1872-7492},
mesh = {Humans ; *Virus Diseases/prevention & control/immunology ; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology ; *Vaccine Development/methods ; *Viral Vaccines/immunology ; Animals ; Vaccines, DNA/immunology ; Vaccination/methods ; COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Vaccines, Subunit/immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology ; Vaccine Efficacy ; },
abstract = {Viral infections continue to pose a substantial global health concern, resulting in extensive morbidity and mortality among various populations. Although conventional vaccinations have been pivotal in managing and eliminating certain viral infections, the introduction of new viruses and the resurgence of existing ones underscore the ongoing necessity for creative immunization techniques. This review offers an extensive examination of both conventional and novel vaccine platforms for preventing viral diseases. It analyzes traditional approaches such as inactivated and attenuated vaccines in conjunction with innovative technologies, including subunit, viral vector-based, DNA, mRNA, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Furthermore, novel strategies to enhance vaccination efficacy, including nanoparticle-based and plant-derived vaccines, are examined. Each platform is evaluated according to its mode of action, immunogenicity, safety, scalability, and adaptation to novel threats. Empirical instances, especially observations from the COVID-19 pandemic, are employed to underscore the achievements, obstacles, and pragmatic utilization of these tools. By reviewing the scientific foundations and developmental pathways of diverse vaccine strategies, this paper offers a more profound understanding of the evolving landscape of viral vaccine development. Finally, this review emphasizes the critical role of innovation in strengthening global readiness for current and future outbreaks.},
}

Humans
*Virus Diseases/prevention & control/immunology
Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
*Vaccine Development/methods
*Viral Vaccines/immunology
Animals
Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Vaccination/methods
COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
Vaccine Efficacy

@article {pmid42000530,
year = {2026},
author = {Yoshii, K and Kunisawa, J},
title = {Alcaligenes lipid A: a unique TLR4 agonist mucosal adjuvant inducing secretory IgA and Th17 responses.},
journal = {Current opinion in virology},
volume = {76},
number = {},
pages = {101533},
doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2026.101533},
pmid = {42000530},
issn = {1879-6265},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of infectious disease control. In this context, intensive efforts are underway to develop novel vaccine modalities that will enable the production of effective and safe vaccines in preparation for future pandemics caused by emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. To maximize the performance of these new modalities, adjuvants tailored to the characteristics of each platform are indispensable. In particular, the ability to elicit appropriate immune responses with minimal amounts of antigen is a critical determinant of both vaccine efficacy and safety in the development of mucosal vaccines that confer protection against infection by inducing immune responses in mucosal tissues - the primary sites of pathogen entry. Consequently, the development of superior adjuvants is a key factor for the practical implementation of mucosal vaccines. In this article, we focus on adjuvant development aimed at the creation of mucosal vaccines and introduce our efforts to apply Alcaligenes-derived lipid A to mucosal vaccine platforms.},
}

@article {pmid42000586,
year = {2026},
author = {Gulati, RR and Yaqub, F and Goodman, AL},
title = {Enhancing uptake of respiratory vaccinations in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients: a systematic review.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {128560},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128560},
pmid = {42000586},
issn = {1873-2518},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/immunology ; *Asthma/immunology ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Vaccination/statistics & numerical data ; Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Patient Education as Topic ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Despite influenza, pneumococcal and COVID vaccines being widely recommended for patients with chronic respiratory disease, vaccination rates in this cohort remain low. The aim of this systematic review is to identify interventions which are effective in increasing respiratory vaccination rates in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

METHODS: The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study can be found in the PROSPERO protocol (PROSPERO registration no: CRD42025588565). A search was run across four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov) in February 2025, which returned 2537 studies. Eleven studies were deemed to meet the study inclusion/exclusion criteria and these were narratively synthesised: four randomised clinical trials (RCTs), six longitudinal studies and one observational cohort study. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane's Risk of Bias (RoB-V2) and ROBIN-I-V2 tools. Studies were categorised according to the COM-B model of behaviour change.

RESULTS: All 11 studies consisted of COPD populations, with four studies also including asthma patients. Interventions focused on patient education, with/without involvement of a healthcare professional (HCP). Nine of the eleven studies showed a statistically significant improvement in influenza and/or pneumococcal vaccination rate with an intervention. No studies assessing COVID vaccine uptake in this population were suitable for inclusion. Most studies targeted patients' capability to get vaccinated through improving patients' and HCPs' knowledge. Fewer studies focused on social opportunity (e.g. support from other patients/HCPs) or automatic motivation (e.g. reminders).

DISCUSSION: The published literature in this area is currently limited. Most studies are non-randomised and are at high-risk of bias, making meta-analysis not possible. Further research should assess the practicalities (physical opportunity) of vaccination, especially in low-income economies (where most respiratory patients reside) and standardising research methods to allow for future meta-analysis.

OTHER: There is no funding for this review.},
}

Humans
*Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/immunology
*Asthma/immunology
Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Vaccination/statistics & numerical data
Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
COVID-19/prevention & control
Influenza, Human/prevention & control
Patient Education as Topic
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

@article {pmid42000938,
year = {2026},
author = {Ramirez Campos, MS and Barati, K and Samavi, R and Pires, P and Duncan, L and Sassi, RB and Noseworthy, MD and Gadsden, SA and Doyle, TE},
title = {Multimodal artificial intelligence and online learning in youth mental health: a scoping review.},
journal = {Npj mental health research},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42000938},
issn = {2731-4251},
abstract = {Youth mental health-related problems and disorders have garnered increased attention due to global prevalence estimates that have, in some cases, increased following the COVID-19 pandemic. Various methodologies have been proposed to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) for detecting mental health problems in the general population; however, research specifically focused on AI methods for youth remains limited. Shortcomings in modern AI include limited training data modalities (i.e., types of input data used for model training), reliance on offline training, and the use of static models. This scoping review provides an overview of evidence that uses AI methods applied to youth mental health (YMH) and provides an assessment of the current state of research that integrates multimodal AI (i.e., models that incorporate multiple data modalities) and/or online learning (i.e., incremental or continual model training from streaming data) for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of YMH-related problems. The findings indicate that research in AI applied to YMH is limited in the areas of multimodal AI and online learning. The number of studies in this field is steadily growing. Studies incorporating online learning demonstrate that this approach enhances model performance and adaptability, which is crucial for developing translational models capable of addressing real-world challenges effectively. Despite these advances, key challenges remain, including the availability and long-term validity of multimodal data, the lack of participant-related information in certain databases and studies, the ethical and logistical difficulties of collecting data from minors, and the computational costs of training robust AI models.},
}

@article {pmid42001013,
year = {2026},
author = {Marks, Y and Cunningham, J and Jiang, A and Li, L and Lin, YS and McGrory, A and Ouyang, Y and Tran, NA and Wang, Y and Heath, A},
title = {A systematic review of sample size determination in Bayesian randomized clinical trials: full Bayesian methods are rarely used.},
journal = {BMC medical research methodology},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42001013},
issn = {1471-2288},
support = {463252//Canadian Institutes for Health Research Grant/ ; CIHR Grant #184898//CANSSI-CRT award; CIHR CANTRAIN program/ ; RGPIN-2021-03366//Canada Research Chair in Statistical Trial Design; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Humans ; Sample Size ; *Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods/statistics & numerical data ; *Research Design ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Utilizing Bayesian methods in clinical trials has become increasingly popular, as they can incorporate prior information into the design, and allow for smaller sample sizes while providing reliable and robust statistical results. Various Bayesian methods for sample size determination are available, and while these methods are well justified and understood, it is unclear how they are being used in practice. This study aims to understand how sample sizes for Bayesian efficacy randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are determined and inform future designs of Bayesian trials. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted in May 2023 and updated in July 2025. We included completed RCTs which (a) assessed the efficacy of interventions in humans; (b) utilized a Bayesian framework for the primary data analysis; (c) published in English; and (d) enrolled participants between December 2009 – July 2025. RESULTS: The literature search produced 74,833 records, of which 27,890 were duplicates, and 46,943 were screened using manual and automated screening. 283 full texts were screened and 164 studies moved to extraction. Our findings demonstrate a slow increase in RCTs using Bayesian methods to analyse primary efficacy data from 2012 onwards, with a sharp increase during the COVID-19 pandemic (42%). The most common method for sample size determination in Bayesian RCTs was a hybrid approach (58%) in which elements of Bayesian and frequentist theory are combined. Bayesian RCTs predominantly took place in North America (34%) and mainly focused on adult study populations (85%). Bayesian trials were used in a variety of disease areas; the most common being COVID-19 (31%). CONCLUSION: Fully Bayesian methods for sample size determination are rarely used in practice, despite significant theoretical development. Our review revealed a lack of standardized reporting across Bayesian RCTs, making it challenging to review the sample size determination. The CONSORT statement indicates that RCTs must report sample size calculations; adhered to by only 84% of included RCTs. Among RCTs that reported sample size determination, relevant information was frequently omitted from reports and discussed in poorly structured supplementary materials. Thus, there is a critical need for greater transparency, standardization and translation of relevant methodology in Bayesian RCTs.},
}

Bayes Theorem
Humans
Sample Size
*Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods/statistics & numerical data
*Research Design
COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid42001977,
year = {2026},
author = {Nilius, H and Kuster, L and Boss, R and Boschetti, L and Mihalek, N and Soares Ferreira Junior, A and Naas, S and Jegerlehner, S and Largiader, CR and Nakas, C and Nagler, M},
title = {Dissemination in diagnostic accuracy studies is not associated with methodological quality: a systematic review and meta-epidemiological analysis.},
journal = {Journal of clinical epidemiology},
volume = {195},
number = {},
pages = {112270},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2026.112270},
pmid = {42001977},
issn = {1878-5921},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Journal Impact Factor ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Information Dissemination ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate associations between methodological characteristics and dissemination measures in diagnostic accuracy studies. The COVID-19 pandemic generated a large body of studies addressing a single diagnostic question, allowing assessment of how study characteristics relate to dissemination.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Using a preregistered systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42023343656), we identified studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests through Medline, Embase, and the iSearch Portfolio. Risk of bias and applicability were assessed using QUADAS-2. Study characteristics were linked to dissemination measures, including journal impact factor, citation counts, network-based scientific influence (PageRank), and policy and guideline citations, using multivariable regression models.

RESULTS: Among 18,092 screened records, 782 studies met the inclusion criteria. QUADAS-2 assessments varied substantially, with 772 of 782 studies (98.7%) exhibiting high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain. Dissemination measures were positively associated with journal impact factor, earlier publication year, reporting of extreme diagnostic accuracy estimates, and higher last author H-index. In contrast, the number of domains rated as low risk of bias or high applicability was not positively associated with citation counts, network-based scientific influence, or policy citations.

CONCLUSION: Dissemination was primarily associated with structural and authorship characteristics rather than QUADAS-2 ratings. These findings suggest that dissemination in diagnostic research is more closely linked to structural factors than assessed methodological quality and support strengthening diagnostic-specific approaches to evidence appraisal.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: We examined whether high-quality diagnostic studies receive more attention in science and clinical practice. Using a large set of studies on COVID-19 antibody tests, we found that attention was mainly linked to factors such as the journal, publication timing, and authorship, rather than to methodological quality. Studies reporting very high accuracy also received more attention. This suggests that widely cited or highly visible studies are not necessarily the most reliable. Our findings highlight the need for careful evaluation of diagnostic studies and stronger emphasis on study quality when interpreting and using research results.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology
Journal Impact Factor
SARS-CoV-2
*Information Dissemination
Pandemics

@article {pmid42005246,
year = {2026},
author = {Lala, A and Vysochyn, M and Shyshkova, K},
title = {COVID-19-Associated Cardiovascular Complications: A Narrative Literature Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {3},
pages = {e105394},
pmid = {42005246},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significant global morbidity and mortality. Although initially recognized as a respiratory illness, COVID-19 is now understood to be a systemic disease with substantial cardiovascular involvement. Both patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and those without prior cardiac conditions may develop a wide range of cardiovascular complications during and after acute infection. Reported complications include myocardial injury, myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic events, all of which contribute to increased disease severity and mortality. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on cardiovascular complications associated with COVID-19 among adult patients in the United States, with particular attention to differences between individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and those who develop new cardiovascular pathology following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review discusses proposed mechanisms of cardiovascular injury, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies. By summarizing current knowledge, this review aimed to increase awareness of COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications, support timely recognition in emergency and inpatient settings, and assist clinicians in improving patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42005429,
year = {2026},
author = {Rukundo, G and Moore, M and Semukunzi, H and Chatterjee, S and Musabyimana, JP and Mambo Muvunyi, C and Green, CA},
title = {Vaccine cold chain and understanding what underpins vaccine security for vaccine preventable diseases.},
journal = {BMJ medicine},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {e001835},
pmid = {42005429},
issn = {2754-0413},
abstract = {Vaccines have saved an estimated 154 million lives in the past 50 years and support 15 of the 17 United Nations sustainable development goals. Vaccines are also an important tool in the control of new outbreaks of infectious diseases. The vaccine cold chain, however, is key in enabling and empowering implementation of vaccine policy and societal protection from all vaccine preventable diseases, and is especially relevant in low and middle income countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The vaccine cold chain is a complex, highly specialised, temperature controlled supply chain network that extends from the point of vaccine manufacture to dose administration, and has multiple points of vulnerability. Large quantities of vaccines are lost because of excess heat or accidental freezing, resulting in missed opportunities for vaccination. Disruption to the provision of routine vaccines during the covid-19 pandemic resulted in millions of children not being vaccinated. The vaccine cold chain needs strategic prioritisation for investment and innovation so that the next generation of vaccine cold chains for low and middle income countries can be designed towards providing reliable and sustainable vaccine security in an uncertain world of climate change, managing the advent of new vaccine technologies, and narrowing inequalities in global health for resource poor communities. This review focuses on the vaccine cold chain in African low and middle income countries, and how new and emerging advances in vaccine science and challenges will affect the readiness to control the burden of vaccine preventable disease on the continent.},
}

@article {pmid42005985,
year = {2026},
author = {Msobo, A and Maphari, PW and Koorsen, G and Singab, ANB and Mhlongo, MI},
title = {Modernising antiviral drug discovery: harnessing medicinal plants through machine learning and metabolomics to target the SARS-CoV-2 main protease.},
journal = {In silico pharmacology},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {120},
pmid = {42005985},
issn = {2193-9616},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted critical limitations in the speed, scalability and translational efficiency of conventional antiviral drug discovery. Although vaccines and repurposed antivirals have reduced disease severity, the continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and breakthrough infections underscores the need for sustained discovery of novel therapeutics. The main protease (Mpro), an essential and highly conserved enzyme required for viral replication remains a validated and attractive antiviral target. Medicinal plants represent a vast and underexplored source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds with antiviral potential; however, traditional plant-based drug discovery approaches are often constrained by reliance on ethnobotanical knowledge and fragmented screening workflows. This review critically examines emerging strategies that integrate machine learning, LC-MS-based metabolomics and network pharmacology to modernise medicinal plant-based antiviral discovery. We highlight how machine learning enables data-driven prioritisation of candidate compounds and plant species beyond well-studied taxa, while metabolomics provides experimental validation through comprehensive chemical profiling and dereplication. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics further refine candidate selection by evaluating binding modes and stability, whereas network pharmacology offers systems-level insight into multitarget and multipathway effects. Importantly, we discuss key limitations of these approaches, including data bias, model interpretability, and gaps between in silico prediction and experimental validation. By synthesising these methodologies into a unified computational-experimental pipeline, this review provides a critical framework for accelerating the discovery of plant-derived Mpro inhibitors and supports the development of resilient antiviral strategies for current and future pandemics.},
}

@article {pmid42007740,
year = {2026},
author = {Almaraz-De-Santiago, J and Solís-Torres, N and Escudero-Lourdes, C and Méndez-Frausto, G and Gonzalez-Curiel, I and Rivas-Santiago, B and Rivas-Santiago, C},
title = {Particulate Matter and Innate Airway Immunity: Mechanisms of Disruption and Impact on Respiratory Infections.},
journal = {Immunological investigations},
volume = {55},
number = {5},
pages = {1029-1053},
doi = {10.1080/08820139.2026.2655720},
pmid = {42007740},
issn = {1532-4311},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Particulate Matter/adverse effects/immunology ; Animals ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Respiratory System/immunology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Respiratory Mucosa/immunology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Air pollution is a major global public health challenge, with particulate matter (PM) as a leading environmental risk factor for increased morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. The respiratory tract is the primary interface for PM exposure, where airway epithelial cells and innate immune systems coordinate frontline host defense. Chronic PM-exposure disrupts this system, impairing airway immune homeostasis and increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections.

OBJECTIVE: This review aims to integrate current molecular and cellular evidence describing how PM affects airway innate immunity, focusing on its impact on host defense mechanisms and its role in increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on PM interactions with the respiratory tract and their effects on airway epithelial and innate immune functions, emphasizing mechanisms of immune dysregulation.

RESULTS: PM-exposure induces innate immune dysregulation characterized by oxidative imbalance, altered cytokine and chemokine signaling, reduced phagocytic capacity, and decreased production of host defense peptides, resulting in impaired epithelial barrier integrity, persistent inflammation, defective pathogen clearance, and increased susceptibility and severity of respiratory infections, including tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and viral respiratory diseases such as COVID-19.

CONCLUSION: PM is a key driver of airway innate immune dysfunction and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections by disrupting epithelial and immune defense pathways, weakening host resistance, and exacerbating disease burden. Further studies are needed to elucidate PM-immune interactions and support the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies.},
}

Humans
*Immunity, Innate
*Particulate Matter/adverse effects/immunology
Animals
*Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Respiratory System/immunology
Disease Susceptibility
Respiratory Mucosa/immunology

@article {pmid42009524,
year = {2026},
author = {Mao, M and He, Z and Wang, J and Li, M and Hao, X},
title = {[Research progress in mRNA vaccines for animal disease prevention and control].},
journal = {Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {1458-1469},
doi = {10.13345/j.cjb.250738},
pmid = {42009524},
issn = {1872-2075},
support = {2025BBF02009//the Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region/ ; 32360877 and 32370198//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023AAC02016//the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *mRNA Vaccines/immunology ; *Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Vaccine Development ; RNA, Messenger/immunology/genetics ; },
abstract = {mRNA vaccines, as an emerging preventive measure, have gained widespread recognition due to their high efficacy, favorable safety profile, substantial research potential, and short development cycle. In recent years, the global pandemic of COVID-19 has greatly promoted the development of mRNA vaccines, and the research process in mRNA vaccines for animal disease prevention. This paper briefly reviews the structural and functional characteristics of mRNA vaccines, as well as the latest research progress in mRNA vaccines for animal diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites, with the aim of providing a reference for future research on mRNA vaccines for animal diseases.},
}

Animals
*mRNA Vaccines/immunology
*Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
COVID-19/prevention & control
Vaccine Development
RNA, Messenger/immunology/genetics

@article {pmid42009582,
year = {2026},
author = {Dutta, S},
title = {International collaborations in neonatal and fetal medicine - Low-and-middle income countries have the patients and high-income countries have the technology: Consensus, conundrums and controversies.},
journal = {Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {101737},
doi = {10.1016/j.siny.2026.101737},
pmid = {42009582},
issn = {1878-0946},
mesh = {Humans ; *Developing Countries ; *International Cooperation ; Developed Countries ; *Neonatology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {International collaborations between investigators in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) in neonatal and fetal medicine have expanded over the past decade. This narrative review documents a rise in HIC-LMIC publications since 2014, with a plateau and transient dip during the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyses leadership, patient recruitment, and how HIC-based technologies and laboratory platforms shape research agendas. Many influential trials are conceived and sponsored by HIC institutions, with recruitment concentrated in LMICs because of higher disease burden, larger eligible populations and lower costs. Meanwhile, LMIC centers report growing readiness to support randomized controlled trials, and LMIC-conceived, led and completed multicentre studies are increasingly reported. Ongoing concerns include misalignment between donor priorities and national agendas, inequities in authorship and leadership, and ethical challenges related to standards of care, post-trial access, consent and compensation. The review compares regulatory, consent and insurance processes in India and the United States, and highlights enabling factors such as harmonised guidelines, global registries, political goodwill and professional networks. It anticipates a doubling of HIC-LMIC collaborative studies over the next decade, rapid growth of South-South partnerships, and gradual, though incomplete, correction of authorship and leadership imbalances in global neonatal and fetal medicine.},
}

Humans
*Developing Countries
*International Cooperation
Developed Countries
*Neonatology
COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid42009999,
year = {2026},
author = {Ashique, S and Mondal, M and Hussain, MS and Islam, A and Tariq, M and Chellappan, DK and Yasmin, S and Malik, T and Attar, JR and Ansari, MY},
title = {Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and lactating women: a comprehensive review.},
journal = {Inflammopharmacology},
volume = {34},
number = {5},
pages = {2873-2888},
pmid = {42009999},
issn = {1568-5608},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage/immunology ; *Lactation/immunology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; Breast Feeding ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Vaccine Efficacy ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {Breastfeeding plays a critical role in providing essential nutrients and antibodies that enhance the health of new-borns and infants, supporting their immune systems and overall growth and development. Healthcare professionals, universally recommend breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant's life, in conjunction with an appropriate complementary diet. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has understandably raised concerns among lactating mothers and pregnant women regarding the risks of infection and vaccine safety. Therefore, it is essential to carefully evaluate the potential dangers of COVID-19 transmission within this vulnerable population especially when considering vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Encouragingly, the United States Food and Drug Administration has granted approval for the use of two COVID-19 vaccines namely, Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 and Moderna COVID-19 to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Both vaccines have been approved for administration in pregnant and breastfeeding women, providing much-needed reassurance to those with concerns about vaccine safety. It is important to recognize that the benefits of vaccination for both the mother and the infant far outweigh the risks associated with COVID-19 infection. Therefore, lactating mothers should view vaccination as a vital measure to protect themselves and their infants from the virus. In addition to elaborating on the successes of safety and effectiveness, this review is unique that it also includes current and newly updated evidence published between 2020 and 2025, comprehensively discussing on several newer vaccine platforms together with recent viral variants. Furthermore, it synthesizes information on the transfer of transplacental and a breast-milk antibody that outlines a clear evidence-gap that may direct further research within pregnant and lactating populations.},
}

Humans
Female
Pregnancy
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage/immunology
*Lactation/immunology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
Breast Feeding
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Vaccine Efficacy
Vaccination

@article {pmid42010035,
year = {2026},
author = {Elalouf, A and Maoz, H},
title = {Immunomodulatory Strategies for Managing Viral Infections in Solid Organ Transplantation: Progress and Challenges.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {83},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {42010035},
issn = {1432-0991},
mesh = {Humans ; *Organ Transplantation/adverse effects ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/therapy/prevention & control ; *Immunomodulation ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Immunosuppression Therapy/adverse effects ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Solid organ transplantation (SOT) is a critical treatment for end-stage organ failure. Still, lifelong immunosuppression leaves recipients vulnerable to opportunistic viral infections, which can lead to severe complications such as graft dysfunction and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. With emerging viral threats such as SARS-CoV-2 and arboviruses, alongside persistent challenges posed by CMV, EBV, and BKV, this review is timely in addressing the evolving landscape of post-transplant viral infections and their management. Recent studies highlight how immunosuppression impairs both innate and adaptive antiviral defenses, including diminished toll-like receptor signaling, dysfunction of NK cells, and disrupted T- and B-cell responses. Viruses exploit these deficits through immune evasion strategies, such as MHC-I downregulation and the production of immunosuppressive microRNA. Advances in management include antiviral prophylaxis, adoptive T-cell therapy, and immune monitoring, with emerging therapies like virus-specific T-cell infusions and complement inhibition showing promise. The findings underscore the need for personalized, organ-specific approaches to post-transplant care. Enhanced surveillance, vaccination strategies, and novel immunotherapies are critical in mitigating viral risks. Future research should focus on immune-risk stratification and the development of an adaptable therapeutic approach to enhance transplant outcomes in the face of evolving viral threats.},
}

Humans
*Organ Transplantation/adverse effects
*Virus Diseases/immunology/therapy/prevention & control
*Immunomodulation
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Immunosuppression Therapy/adverse effects
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42010704,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, RY and Zheng, Y and Ge, Y and Xu, YF and Ding, Y},
title = {Electrophysiological features and outcomes of post-infectious myoclonus-ataxia syndrome: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {Journal of medical case reports},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42010704},
issn = {1752-1947},
support = {LY24H090004//Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province/ ; 82201607//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; *Ataxia/physiopathology/drug therapy/virology/diagnosis/etiology ; *COVID-19/complications ; Electroencephalography ; Electromyography ; Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Myoclonus/physiopathology/drug therapy/etiology/diagnosis/virology ; Pandemics ; *Post-Infectious Disorders/diagnosis/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Syndrome ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Myoclonus has become one of the neurological manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, the origin and pathophysiological mechanism remained uncertain.

CASE PRESENTATION: A rare case of myoclonus-ataxia syndrome associated with COVID-19 was presented. A 52-year-old Asian woman exhibited generalized myoclonus, ataxia, nystagmus, and dysarthria two weeks after a fever episode, which deteriorated rapidly within a few days. Electromyography (EMG) revealed synchronized bursts in both hands concurrent with myoclonic jerks. The absence of somatosensory evoked potential and lack of correlation between electromyography (EEG) and EMG suggested a subcortical origin of the myoclonus. A post-infectious immune-mediated process was considered the most likely mechanism, given the latency from fever to myoclonus onset, and the absence of other possible etiologies. Treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone led to notable improvement and a good outcome at the two-month follow-up.

CONCLUSION: Myoclonus arising from subcortical structures can be associated with COVID-19. Early aggressive immunotherapy is important for a favorable outcome. Review of similar cases along with our report suggests COVID-19-associated myoclonus-ataxia as a distinct syndrome warranting prompt diagnosis and treatment.},
}

Female
Humans
Middle Aged
*Ataxia/physiopathology/drug therapy/virology/diagnosis/etiology
*COVID-19/complications
Electroencephalography
Electromyography
Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Myoclonus/physiopathology/drug therapy/etiology/diagnosis/virology
Pandemics
*Post-Infectious Disorders/diagnosis/therapy
SARS-CoV-2
Syndrome
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid42011141,
year = {2026},
author = {Lloyd-Jones, G and Santamarina, MG and Alcock, R and Oudkerk, M},
title = {Acute COVID-19 lung disease and long COVID vascular pathophysiology modelling: the relevance of medical imaging in building multidisciplinary understanding.},
journal = {The British journal of radiology},
volume = {99},
number = {1182},
pages = {1009-1023},
doi = {10.1093/bjr/tqag056},
pmid = {42011141},
issn = {1748-880X},
mesh = {*COVID-19/diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/physiopathology ; *Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome/diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/physiopathology ; *Diagnostic Imaging/methods ; *Lung/blood supply/diagnostic imaging ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Acute Disease ; Models, Theoretical ; Interdisciplinary Research/methods ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Radiologists have a central role in building understanding of many diseases. In multidisciplinary settings, medical imaging has a role in diagnosing, assessing severity, monitoring progress and delineating anatomical structures involved in diseases. Imaging also helps to elucidate models of disease pathogenesis. In this review, imaging features of COVID-19 lung disease are analysed in the context of pathophysiological processes in different phases of the disease. Radiological evidence is presented for the central role of vasculopathic phenomena in both the acute and post-acute phases of COVID-19. From the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a lack of formal collaborative interdisciplinary systems to build models of pathophysiology led to widespread misunderstanding of the lung disease. Specifically, the lack of a systematic multidisciplinary approach to share concepts relating to radiological evidence with collaborators from other medical and scientific fields led to the use of terminology which was, and remains, potentially inappropriate or misleading. In conclusion, imaging is essential to multidisciplinary understanding of COVID-19 vascular pathophysiology. Current evidence should lead to adapted diagnostic guidelines for long COVID. Formation of collaborative systems to build interdisciplinary understanding of disease pathogenesis across all medical and scientific specialties should be a priority at the outset of any future pandemic.},
}

*COVID-19/diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/physiopathology
*Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome/diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/physiopathology
*Diagnostic Imaging/methods
*Lung/blood supply/diagnostic imaging
SARS-CoV-2
Acute Disease
Models, Theoretical
Interdisciplinary Research/methods
Guidelines as Topic
Humans

@article {pmid42011734,
year = {2026},
author = {Santos, MLK and Schmidt, CR and Dalcól, CX and Malkiewiez, MM and Alvarez, AG and Fabrizzio, GC and de Melo Lanzoni, GM and Lorenzini, E},
title = {Care Transition Strategies, Opportunities, and Challenges for Patients Following COVID-19 Hospitalization: An Integrative Review.},
journal = {Clinical nursing research},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {235-247},
doi = {10.1177/10547738261429358},
pmid = {42011734},
issn = {1552-3799},
mesh = {Humans ; *Continuity of Patient Care/organization & administration ; *COVID-19/therapy ; *Hospitalization ; Pandemics ; Patient Discharge ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine ; *Transitional Care/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {Care transition is a strategy that aims to overcome the fragmentation of healthcare services, ensuring continuity of care. The review question was: What scientific evidence is available on care transition strategies for patients after hospitalization for COVID-19 and what are the opportunities and challenges of their implementation? Integrative literature review was guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines and carried out between March and June 2024 in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Cochrane Library, Scientific Electronic Library Online and Scopus databases, using Medical Subject Headings, Health Sciences Descriptors, and Entry Terms. Fourteen articles published between 2020 and 2023 were included, with 57% originating from the Americas, 28.6% using a qualitative approach, 78.6% addressing the transition from hospital to home, and 78.6% involving patients. The results were organized into four thematic categories: virtual care transition; patients' and healthcare professionals' experiences in care environments; patients' needs after hospital discharge; and care transition assessment through Care Transition Measure (CTM-15). Care transition strategies, including teleconsultations, videoconferencing, telerehabilitation, and discharge guidance, can reduce complications and readmissions and improve patient satisfaction, but challenges such as early discharge, poor communication, lack of protocols, variability in care transition strategies, and discontinuity of care still persist. The results of this review highlight the importance of structured, patient-centered transition planning, integration of telehealth and remote monitoring, and the use of systematic assessment tools, such as the CTM-15, to optimize post-hospital care for COVID-19 survivors.},
}

Humans
*Continuity of Patient Care/organization & administration
*COVID-19/therapy
*Hospitalization
Pandemics
Patient Discharge
SARS-CoV-2
Telemedicine
*Transitional Care/organization & administration

@article {pmid42012187,
year = {2026},
author = {Salisch, F and Müller-Ruttloff, C},
title = {Behind the membranous curtain-lipid dynamics and functions in coronaviral replication.},
journal = {Journal of virology},
volume = {100},
number = {5},
pages = {e0175325},
pmid = {42012187},
issn = {1098-5514},
support = {06/2023//University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg/ ; project 71_0016//Von-Behring-Röntgen-Stiftung/ ; project 530813989//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; //Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst/ ; //Research Campus of Central Hesse/ ; },
mesh = {*Virus Replication/physiology ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; *Lipid Metabolism ; COVID-19/virology/metabolism ; Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Lipids/chemistry ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Lipids are naturally occurring hydrophobic biomolecules characterized by remarkable structural diversity. This includes various types of head groups, varying fatty acid chain lengths, degrees of unsaturation, and stereochemical configurations. Such variability enables lipids to serve multiple biological functions, such as forming membranes, storing energy, and facilitating signaling. Given their diverse roles, it is not surprising that approximately 5% of genes in eukaryotic cells are involved in lipid biosynthesis pathways. The multifunctional nature of lipids also makes them attractive targets for pathogens, including viruses, as cellular lipids are involved in and manipulated throughout every stage of viral replication. In the initial phase of replication, viruses exploit existing cellular lipids for entry and trafficking. After the replication is established and viral proteins are processed, extensive reprogramming of lipid synthesis and redistribution supports viral replication, assembly, and other processes. This review focuses on how coronaviruses, especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), utilize different lipid species and related cellular enzymes to interfere with lipid dynamics and functions and how this affects the different stages of coronaviral replication in vitro. Besides illuminating virus-host lipid interactions, this review identifies remaining open questions and promising new avenues for future mechanistic research.},
}

*Virus Replication/physiology
Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology
*Lipid Metabolism
COVID-19/virology/metabolism
Animals
Host-Pathogen Interactions
*Lipids/chemistry
Cell Membrane/metabolism

@article {pmid42012503,
year = {2026},
author = {Gödecke, V},
title = {[Immune complex- and complement-mediated glomerulonephritides].},
journal = {Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany)},
volume = {67},
number = {5},
pages = {506-514},
pmid = {42012503},
issn = {2731-7099},
mesh = {Humans ; *Glomerulonephritis/immunology/pathology/diagnosis/therapy ; *Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology ; Lupus Nephritis/immunology/pathology/diagnosis/therapy ; Kidney Glomerulus/pathology/immunology ; Complement C3/immunology ; *Immune Complex Diseases/immunology/pathology/diagnosis/therapy ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/immunology/pathology ; Complement Pathway, Alternative/immunology ; *Complement System Proteins/immunology ; Biopsy ; Cryoglobulinemia/immunology/pathology ; },
abstract = {Glomerulonephritis represents a heterogeneous group of kidney diseases characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli and capable of leading to acute or chronic kidney failure. In addition to the primary glomerulonephritides described elsewhere in this issue, there is a group of diseases in which immune complex deposition or disturbances in complement regulation play a central pathogenic role. Among the most important and clinically relevant forms of these immune complex- and complement-mediated glomerulonephritides are postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN), lupus nephritis (LN), cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G). While PIGN, LN, and cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis are characterized by glomerular immune complex deposits, C3 glomerulopathy is primarily based on a dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. These diseases require specialized treatment in university outpatient clinics in collaboration with nephrology practices. Renal biopsy is a key diagnostic tool, and histologically, a membranoproliferative pattern is frequently observed. This article provides a systematic overview of immune complex- and complement-mediated glomerulonephritis and compares their pathogenesis, clinical presentation, immunoserological profiles, histology, and available therapies.},
}

Humans
*Glomerulonephritis/immunology/pathology/diagnosis/therapy
*Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology
Lupus Nephritis/immunology/pathology/diagnosis/therapy
Kidney Glomerulus/pathology/immunology
Complement C3/immunology
*Immune Complex Diseases/immunology/pathology/diagnosis/therapy
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/immunology/pathology
Complement Pathway, Alternative/immunology
*Complement System Proteins/immunology
Biopsy
Cryoglobulinemia/immunology/pathology

@article {pmid42013593,
year = {2026},
author = {Sarnaik, AY and Khan, ZU and Rajeswaran, T and Majoe, A and Zeng, J and Ponrajah, L and Kastura, Z and Iftikhar, L and Islam, MA and Basharat, N and Hassan, M and Kaur, J and Torres, DL and Bhattacharyya, DS and AlShurman, BA and Namiha, N and Butt, ZA},
title = {The role of misinformation in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in low- & middle-income countries.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {82},
number = {},
pages = {128595},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128595},
pmid = {42013593},
issn = {1873-2518},
mesh = {*Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Developing Countries ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Communication ; Social Media ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination/psychology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, timely vaccination was crucial in acquiring herd immunity. While high-income countries typically had better access to vaccines, interventions were implemented to improve accessibility for low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Vaccine uptake presented major barriers to achieving herd immunity globally and was more significant in LMICs. Vaccine hesitancy was amplified by misinformation, including but not limited to social media misinformation. This scoping review aims to: (1) explore the role of misinformation in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in LMICs and (2) identify primary sources, key themes, and dissemination channels of this misinformation, encompassing all relevant sources but with an emphasis on social media, given the infodemic context which proved to be particularly significant during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: This scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Five databases (Scopus, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) were searched using predefined search terms. All identified articles underwent a rigorous screening process, and if eligible, proceeded to data extraction.

RESULTS: In total, 119 studies were included in this review. Primary dissemination platforms included Facebook, WhatsApp, X, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, Telegram, Pinterest, LinkedIn, and Zalo. Key themes of misinformation identified included (1) malicious intent, (2) fear of side effects, (3) concerns about vaccine development and safety, (4) religious and cultural beliefs, and (5) natural immunity.

CONCLUSION: Overall, this scoping review addresses the literature gap in the role of misinformation pertaining to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and suggests investing in misinformation-mitigation interventions to reduce public harms and disruptions.},
}

*Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology
Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control
Developing Countries
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Communication
Social Media
Pandemics/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
Vaccination/psychology

@article {pmid42013745,
year = {2026},
author = {Previti, S and Calcaterra, E and González, FV and Di Chio, C and Calabrò, ML and Ettari, R and Zappalà, M},
title = {Macrocycles and stapled-peptides in the fight against SARS-CoV-2: a review.},
journal = {European journal of medicinal chemistry},
volume = {312},
number = {},
pages = {118828},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.118828},
pmid = {42013745},
issn = {1768-3254},
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Macrocyclic Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; COVID-19/virology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The development of innovative therapeutic strategies for challenging biological targets has led to a resurgence of interest in macrocyclic and peptide-stapled compounds. The conformationally constrained architectures of these compounds enable high affinity, selectivity, and improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared with linear analogues. These properties position macrocycles and stapled-peptides as promising platforms for the development of next-generation therapeutics, including antiviral agents addressing emerging diseases such as COVID-19. In six years, the scientific community has provided several structure-activity relationship studies in which the anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects of macrocycles and stapled-peptides have been reported. The present review aims to discuss macrocycles and stapled-peptides with inhibitory properties against SARS-CoV-2 infection. A particular focus has been addressed to the design of cyclic entities, effect of ring size, presence of unnatural amino acids, stapling position, stereochemistry, role of linkers, pan-antiviral effects, metabolic stability assessment, and selectivity profile, among others. Comparisons with linear counterparts were discussed, wherever applicable, to elucidate the differences in terms of biological properties towards the target, antiviral effects in cell-based assays, molecular architecture, and proteolytic resistance. Overall, the development of macrocycles and stapled-peptides against SARS-CoV-2 was found to be a productive strategy for the identification of novel and effective antiviral agents. Furthermore, future challenges and perspectives have been discussed.},
}

*Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Macrocyclic Compounds/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*Peptides/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Structure-Activity Relationship
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
COVID-19/virology
Animals

@article {pmid42015364,
year = {2026},
author = {Page, R and Carter, G},
title = {Unsteady Foundations: The Effects of Environmental Instability on Nurses and Implications for Nursing Management-An Integrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of nursing management},
volume = {2026},
number = {1},
pages = {e9920089},
pmid = {42015364},
issn = {1365-2834},
mesh = {Humans ; Working Conditions ; *Workplace/psychology/standards ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Nurses/psychology ; Personnel Turnover ; Leadership ; Organizational Culture ; },
abstract = {AIM: To determine the state of the science of how instability in the nursing practice environment affects nurses.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic, workforce shortages, and an aging population have highlighted the critical need to build and maintain stable nursing practice environments. Factors such as staffing inconsistencies, fluctuating workloads, and workplace violence create instability. While research has explored nursing practice environments broadly, limited research has been conducted on how instability affects nurses.

METHODS: An integrative review was conducted using CINAHL, PsycINFO, and PubMed, with search terms related to instability and fluctuations in the nursing practice environment. Articles from 2014 to 2026 were included if they addressed instability in the nursing practice environment and its impact on nurses in hospital settings. Fifteen studies were included in this integrative review.

FINDINGS: Instability in the nursing practice environment has many sources. Organizational support plays a significant role in determining the magnitude and management of environmental instability. Adverse nurse outcomes from instability in the nursing practice environment include decreased well-being, increased turnover, and workplace violence.

Effective leadership and management are necessary to create and maintain positive nursing practice environments, manage environmental instability, and improve nurse well-being and retention. Targeted strategies such as collaborating with policymakers, strengthening the nursing workforce pipeline, and supporting nurses in their practice environments can mitigate environmental instability and its adverse effects on nurses.

CONCLUSIONS: Instability is a common feature of nursing practice environments. Excessive instability can cause adverse nurse outcomes. Nurse leaders are optimally situated to mitigate environmental instability and provide leadership support to improve nurse outcomes.},
}

Humans
Working Conditions
*Workplace/psychology/standards
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Nurses/psychology
Personnel Turnover
Leadership
Organizational Culture

@article {pmid42015917,
year = {2026},
author = {Okechukwu Paul-Chima, U and Michael Ben, O and Fabian C, O and Jovita Nnenna, U and Chinyere N, U},
title = {Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: Progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization.},
journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {2661120},
pmid = {42015917},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {Humans ; *RNA, Circular/immunology/genetics ; Animals ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage/genetics ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics ; *RNA/immunology ; },
abstract = {Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) are emerging vaccine modalities that extend conventional, non-replicating mRNA platforms. Self-amplifying RNA encodes a replicase that amplifies intracellular RNA templates, enabling high antigen expression at substantially lower doses than non-replicating mRNA. Circular RNA has a covalently closed topology that confers resistance to exonucleases and supports sustained translation through cap-independent initiation. The evidence base remains asymmetric: saRNA has progressed through multiple human studies, including phase 3 evaluations of COVID-19 vaccines, and has received regulatory authorization in several jurisdictions, whereas circRNA vaccines remain largely preclinical, with limited publicly available human data. This review integrates clinical, animal, and mechanistic evidence, proposes a '3D' framework (durability, dose-sparing, and deployability) and identifies key barriers to robust cross-platform comparison, encompassing delivery systems, innate immune sensing, and chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC).},
}

Humans
*RNA, Circular/immunology/genetics
Animals
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage/genetics
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics
*RNA/immunology

@article {pmid42017651,
year = {2026},
author = {Bing, J and Li, S and Ji, L and Du, H and Shamoon, NM and Nobile, CJ and Huang, G},
title = {Global emergence and rapid spread of Candidozyma auris (syn. Candida auris): epidemiology, biology, and antifungal resistance.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews},
volume = {39},
number = {2},
pages = {e0039425},
pmid = {42017651},
issn = {1098-6618},
support = {2025YFE0205500//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 32530005 and 82272359//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32570226//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82172290//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 23JC1404200//Science and Technology Innovation Plan Of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission/ ; R35GM156045/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; //The Kamangar family/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Fungal ; *Candida auris/drug effects/pathogenicity/genetics ; Global Health ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/microbiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Candidiasis/epidemiology/microbiology/transmission ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal ; },
abstract = {SUMMARYThe emerging fungal pathogen Candidozyma auris (syn. Candida auris; C. auris) has attracted considerable attention from the scientific, clinical, and public health communities due to its multidrug resistance, environmental persistence, and high transmissibility. Since its first description in Japan in 2009, C. auris has spread rapidly worldwide, with a marked acceleration following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As of December 2025, 84,941 colonization or infection cases have been reported across 82 countries spanning 6 continents. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biology and global epidemiology of C. auris. We first examine its taxonomy, proposed origins, and key biological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics, with particular emphasis on factors underlying environmental persistence, transmission dynamics, antifungal resistance, and virulence. Drawing on published literature and publicly available surveillance data from national public health authorities worldwide, we provide an updated overview of the global epidemiological landscape and evolving transmission patterns of C. auris. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to mitigate the continued and escalating global spread of this emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen.},
}

Humans
*Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
*Drug Resistance, Fungal
*Candida auris/drug effects/pathogenicity/genetics
Global Health
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/microbiology
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Candidiasis/epidemiology/microbiology/transmission
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal

@article {pmid42018659,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, CJ and Caligaris-Cappio, F and Chiorazzi, N and Gribben, JG and Hallek, M and Wierda, WG and Kipps, TJ},
title = {Unfinished business in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: translational and clinical priorities for a cure.},
journal = {Blood},
volume = {148},
number = {2},
pages = {175-186},
pmid = {42018659},
issn = {1528-0020},
mesh = {Humans ; *Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy/immunology/genetics ; Translational Research, Biomedical ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Remarkable progress in the understanding of disease pathogenesis and treatment across hematologic malignancies has been achieved in the past 2 decades. Nevertheless, the reliable elimination of disease remains elusive for many cancers. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) exemplifies the needs that must be addressed to close the gap between discovery science and the remaining clinical challenges. In CLL, targeted therapies have substantially prolonged survival and enabled long-term disease control for many patients. However, curative outcomes remain exceptional, particularly in high-risk groups such as those with TP53 disruption, dual resistance to Bruton tyrosine kinase and B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors, or transformation to aggressive lymphoma. Recent insights into the interconnection between cancer and immunity have positioned CLL as a model example of cancer-associated immunodeficiency, a realization brought into sharp focus by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic during which patients with CLL were at extremely high-risk for infection and poor outcomes. Therefore, complications related to infections, autoimmunity, and secondary cancers continue to contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality, underscoring the need for research on immune dysfunction in CLL. Furthermore, pronounced heterogeneity in disease progression and therapeutic resistance highlight the need for mechanistic studies to clarify these distinct biological patterns. Advances in these areas not only hold the promise of curative therapy for broader patient subgroups in CLL but will also inform innovation in research on other cancers, particularly in establishing a molecular definition of disease and defining those interactions with the underlying and resultant immune deficiencies.},
}

Humans
*Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy/immunology/genetics
Translational Research, Biomedical
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid42018766,
year = {2026},
author = {Straus, W},
title = {From discovery through emergency use to the present: Safety evaluation of the COVID-19 mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine.},
journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {2653369},
pmid = {42018766},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {Humans ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Emergency Use Authorization ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems ; Vaccine Development ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic created an urgent need to develop preventive vaccines to blunt the impact of the greatest global health crisis in a century. Two vaccines, both employing mRNA technology, were developed from bench to bedside in under one year - a milestone considered nearly impossible. This paper examines the evolving safety profile of mRNA-1273, from development under Operation Warp Speed through Emergency Use Authorization, and subsequent deployment at nearly unprecedented scale. Vaccine safety was characterized during clinical development and refined through well-established safety monitoring systems (e.g. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System [VAERS]), as well as newly introduced systems such as V-Safe. Key safety findings, such as myocarditis, are reviewed as well as safety findings in special populations. The complementary contributions of public, private, and academic sectors highlight how collaboration and rigorous monitoring supported timely and comprehensive safety assessment of a new vaccine in the extraordinary setting of a global pandemic.},
}

Humans
2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273/adverse effects
*COVID-19/prevention & control
Emergency Use Authorization
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems
Vaccine Development

@article {pmid42018905,
year = {2026},
author = {Silva, JAD and Barbosa, MEJDP and Sena, MM and Sousa, VMF and Vieira, NFC},
title = {[Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health behaviors of adolescent and young parents: integrative review].},
journal = {Ciencia & saude coletiva},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {e12012024},
doi = {10.1590/1413-81232026313.12012024},
pmid = {42018905},
issn = {1678-4561},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; Adolescent ; *Health Behavior ; *Parents/psychology ; Mental Health ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Health Services Accessibility ; Risk-Taking ; },
abstract = {The study aims to identify the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health behaviors of adolescent and young parents, highlighting parenthood and their impacts on the health and well-being. This is an integrative literature review, carried out by searching for scientific publications indexed in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (BVS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MedLine/PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science (WOS). As a result, after reading 137 titles and abstracts and 69 full articles, 7 articles were selected for the final sample. The results of the included articles were grouped into two analytical categories: cross-cutting themes, which contemplate the implications resulting from COVID-19, such as impacts on mental and emotional health, socioeconomic aspects and access to health and education services. The second category was composed of specific themes addressed individually in each study, such as immunization, maternal and child health and food insecurity. From the analysis, a significant increase in risk behaviors and vulnerabilities suffered by young parents and adolescents was identified, with future implications for health and well-being, in addition to economic, emotional and social challenges.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
Adolescent
*Health Behavior
*Parents/psychology
Mental Health
Socioeconomic Factors
Health Services Accessibility
Risk-Taking

@article {pmid42018907,
year = {2026},
author = {Mangas, GM and Rodriguez, JGV and Santos, JARBD and Souza, FNB and Silva, LFLD and Azevedo Junior, GL and Chivaca, A and Jessen, NPJ and Oliveira, Â and Mesquita, ET},
title = {Fundamentals of Acute Pericarditis: State of the Art.},
journal = {Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia},
volume = {123},
number = {2},
pages = {e20240572},
pmid = {42018907},
issn = {1678-4170},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pericarditis/etiology/diagnosis/therapy/physiopathology ; Acute Disease ; COVID-19/complications ; },
abstract = {Acute pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the lining that surrounds the heart. It is the most common inflammatory heart condition. The disease frequently affects young adults and can manifest with varying severity. Pericarditis can have diverse causes, including viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-infarction conditions, and, more recently, SARS-CoV-2 infections or COVID-19 vaccines. In developing countries, especially in Africa, tuberculosis is the leading cause of pericarditis, often associated with HIV. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, such as chest pain and electrocardiographic changes, and it can be supported by imaging studies such as echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. Identification of etiology is crucial to personalized treatment, although the specific cause is often unidentified. New research has highlighted the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiology of pericarditis, which may pave the way for new therapies. Furthermore, technological advancements and artificial intelligence are discussed as promising tools to improve the management of pericarditis.},
}

Humans
*Pericarditis/etiology/diagnosis/therapy/physiopathology
Acute Disease
COVID-19/complications

@article {pmid42019647,
year = {2026},
author = {Nieuwland, JM and Scaramuzza, A and Bugiani, M and van de Berg, WDJ and Middeldorp, J},
title = {Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.},
journal = {Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70101},
doi = {10.1111/bpa.70101},
pmid = {42019647},
issn = {1750-3639},
support = {//European research project NEUROCOV, funded by Horizon Europe (EU)/ ; },
abstract = {Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of deaths worldwide. Although the incidence of severe acute cases has declined, the prevalence of long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), is rising. The pathological mechanisms underlying severe COVID-19, along with the relationship to neurological disorders and potential risk for neurodegeneration, remain poorly understood. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize neuropathological features described in postmortem human COVID-19 brains (n = 352). Furthermore, analysis of biofluids and neuroimaging from PASC patients underline long-term changes in the proteome and CNS response following the infection. Postmortem brain studies from severe COVID-19 patients highlight disruption of the fluid-brain barriers and vascular dysregulation defined by endothelial inflammation and disruption, hemorrhages, and hypoxic-ischemic damage. Neuroinflammation, including astrogliosis, microglia nodules and infiltration of adaptive immune cells, has been reported in the olfactory bulb, medulla oblongata, midbrain and cerebellum. Neuronal damage was demonstrated in the hippocampus, midbrain and cerebellum in severe COVID-19 and protein aggregation was observed in the midbrain and entorhinal cortex. Neuropathological burden and elevated blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6) and neuro-axonal proteins (e.g. NfL) correlated with severity of anosmia, memory deficits, and cerebellar ataxia. Elderly patients and/or patients with underlying neurological diseases were more susceptible and had worsened symptoms. Potential disease mechanisms underlying neurological symptoms observed in severe COVID-19 are vascular and fluid-brain barrier abnormalities, chronic neuroinflammation, persistent axonal damage and protein aggregation. In PASC patients, an altered biofluid proteome with increased neuronal proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed. The pathological burden in affected brain regions may contribute to manifestations such as anosmia, memory deficits, and cerebellar ataxia.},
}

@article {pmid42021240,
year = {2026},
author = {Moufawad, M and DeLapp, S and Rhodes, ST and Rose, KL and Domoff, SE and Kells, M and Hunger, JM and Wallace, L and Brewer, S and Coleman, A and Rakowski, A and Aguilar, N and Hahn, SL},
title = {A systematic review of social media use among rural US adolescents and associated health outcomes.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42021240},
issn = {1471-2458},
mesh = {Humans ; *Social Media/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; *Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; United States/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; Media Exposure ; Digital Media ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Understanding social media use among rural adolescents is important because they are a geographically and socially isolated population which may impact how they use social media and affect the impacts of use. The goal of this study was to systematically review and evaluate the literature on rural US adolescent social media use. Specifically, what is known about their social media use, amount and type of use, and the associations between social media use and health outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on seven databases: PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, PsycINFO (ProQuest), Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they sampled rural US populations, sampled adolescents (ages 10–19), and had at least one of the following as an outcome: how much adolescents use social media, how adolescents are using social media including content, and/or whether social media use was associated with a health outcome. RESULTS: A total of 34 articles matched the inclusion criteria and were included in analysis (N = 22,315). Results suggest that rural US adolescents use social media to the same extent as non-rural adolescents. Rural adolescents with marginalized identities rely on social media to form connections with those with shared identities outside of their geographic area. Social media also fostered an environment for harmful connections, as numerous studies reported cyberbullying. In respect to mental health, using social media was found to be an avenue for coping with anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, increased time spent on social media did not reduce existing feelings of nervousness, anxiety, depression, or stress in the pandemic. Interventional studies indicated that social media was successfully used as a tool to disseminate health information and provide support to marginalized groups amongst the already hard-to-reach population of rural adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review highlights the lack of research dedicated to social media use amongst rural US adolescents, despite high prevalence of use. More research on the specific popularity of platforms and content consumed is needed to understand the nuanced effects of social media and to further investigate social media usage as a potential intervention target for this geographically and socially isolated population.},
}

Humans
*Social Media/statistics & numerical data
Adolescent
*Rural Population/statistics & numerical data
United States/epidemiology
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Adolescent Behavior/psychology
Media Exposure
Digital Media

@article {pmid42021332,
year = {2026},
author = {Halder, P and Debnath, A and Achary, T and Mondal, A and Dhandapani, G and Mandal, I and Saha, S and Nongkynrih, B and Thakur, JS},
title = {Systematic review and meta-analysis on depression burden among Type 2 diabetes patients in India.},
journal = {Diabetology & metabolic syndrome},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42021332},
issn = {1758-5996},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Depression and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are closely linked health challenges in India, which currently has more than 101 million people living with diabetes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of depression among Indian T2DM patients, highlight regional differences, and identify associated risk factors. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, a thorough search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published until February 3, 2025. Random-effects models were applied to calculate pooled prevalence, while subgroup analyses assessed variations by geographic region, diagnostic tool, and study setting. Heterogeneity was quantified using I[2] statistics. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s regression, with trim-and-fill analysis performed when bias was detected. Meta-regression examined the impact of covariates such as sample size, mean age, diabetes duration, hypertension, and urban residence. RESULTS: A total of 59 studies with 24,073 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of depression among T2DM patients was 38% (95% CI: 33–42%), derived using a random-effects model to account for the substantial heterogeneity observed across studies (I[2] = 98.28%). This estimate reflects a statistical synthesis across studies with widely varying diagnostic tools, cutoff thresholds, and clinical settings, and should be interpreted as an approximation of the burden rather than a precise national prevalence figure. Mild, moderate, and severe depression accounted for 24%, 14%, and 14% of cases respectively. Regional variation was observed, with Western India showing the highest prevalence (48%) and multicenter studies the lowest (27%). Prevalence differed by diagnostic tool: CIDI-SF (20%), PHQ-9 (34%), and BDI (72% with lenient cutoffs). Hospital-based studies reported higher prevalence (42%) compared to community-based ones (28%). Females had a greater burden (39%) than males (31%). No significant differences were found between pre- and post-COVID-19 studies. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness of estimates. Meta-regression identified diabetes duration as a significant predictor (p = 0.026). CONCLUSION: Nearly two in five Indian T2DM patients experience depression, emphasizing the urgent need for standardized screening and integration of mental health care into India’s National Program for Non-Communicable Diseases.},
}

@article {pmid42021395,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, Y and Zheng, J and Wang, H and Wu, Z},
title = {Advance in the Kawasaki disease related coronary artery aneurysms: knowledge mapping, trends, and research frontiers.},
journal = {Journal of cardiothoracic surgery},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42021395},
issn = {1749-8090},
mesh = {*Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications ; Humans ; *Coronary Aneurysm/etiology ; Bibliometrics ; *Biomedical Research/trends ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. In untreated cases, coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) may develop in up to 25% of patients. As the most significant long-term sequelae of KD, Kawasaki disease-related coronary artery aneurysms (KD-CAAs) contribute substantially to long-term cardiac morbidity and mortality. To date, few bibliometric study has specifically focused on this area.

METHODS: We conducted a search in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) for papers related to KD-CAAs published between 2005 and 2024, and performed visual analysis using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and the "biblioshiny" web interface from the "bibliometrix" package in R. A total of 1018 publications were retrieved, which collectively received 25,068 citations, averaging 24.62 citations per paper.

RESULTS: A steady increase was shown in the cumulative number of publications. The highest productivity was observed in the United States of America (USA), followed by Japan, China, and Canada. The University of California system was identified as the most productive institution, and Pediatric Cardiology was recognized as the journal with the most publications. Burns Jane C, Tremoulet Adriana H, and McCrindle Brian W were found to be the most prolific authors, while Newburger Jane W was identified as the most co-cited author. It was revealed by keyword cluster analysis that KD-CAAs research was organized into ten distinct clusters, and three major research hotspots were highlighted: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance pathways, long-term vascular sequelae and management, and the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A shift in research focus from fundamental disease mechanisms toward long-term patient follow-up and multidisciplinary clinical collaboration was indicated by keyword burst detection, and this shift was reflected in terms such as "long-term management" and "health professionals".

CONCLUSIONS: Research on KD-CAAs requires further breakthroughs in molecular mechanisms and enhanced interdisciplinary integration. The resulting visualizations offer an efficient framework for identifying emerging trends and critical advances in KD-CAAs research.},
}

*Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications
Humans
*Coronary Aneurysm/etiology
Bibliometrics
*Biomedical Research/trends

@article {pmid42022217,
year = {2026},
author = {Carissa Aurelia, L and Selva, KJ and Chung, AW},
title = {Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.},
journal = {PNAS nexus},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {pgag110},
pmid = {42022217},
issn = {2752-6542},
abstract = {Antibodies are critical for protection against a range of viral respiratory diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, but the induction of durable and potent antibody responses continues to be a challenge. Beyond neutralization, there is growing appreciation for the potential protective role of Fc-mediated functions, especially against immune-evasive variants. Induction of polyfunctional antibody responses is a complex multifactorial process that is shaped by interactions between various antibody features, viral properties, and host factors. Here, we review lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic regarding how prior infection and different vaccination strategies can modulate plasma and mucosal antibody profiles, including isotypes, immunoglobulin G subclasses, Fc glycosylation, and consequently, antibody functions. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of immune imprinting and its effects upon antibody responses to viral variants. This review provides insights into optimizing antibody-based strategies for COVID-19 prevention and treatment, emphasizing the need for further research to understand the mechanisms behind effective antibody responses and their impact upon clinical outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42022434,
year = {2026},
author = {Julius, N and John, M and Emmanuel, N},
title = {Public Health Achievements in Rwanda: A 21st Century Transformation.},
journal = {Public health challenges},
volume = {5},
number = {2},
pages = {e70225},
pmid = {42022434},
issn = {2769-2450},
abstract = {This narrative review documents how Rwanda has transformed in public health extraordinarily post the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, placing it as an exemplary model for health care systems resilience in low-income countries. The review is based on the World Health Organization building blocks to look at the strategic changes that have led to measurable gains in the health of Rwandan people. Good centralized leadership and control have been key to this accomplishment. This made it possible to decentralize service delivery, build excellent health information systems, and invest money in the health workforce. A key part of the transformation is universal health coverage (UHC), especially mutuelle de santé, which increased coverage from 27% in 2004 to more than 85%, hence cutting down out of pocket costs, which improved equity. Integration and use of community health workers (CHWs) have been instrumental in expansion of primary care to the population mostly in rural settings, improving maternal and child life, tuberculosis (TB) treatment through direct observed therapy (DOT), and disease surveillance. These coordinated actions have resulted in substantial reductions in mortality from infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria), maternal and child health indicators, and the gradual integration of services for noncommunicable diseases and mental health. Rwanda's health system was stress tested and proved its effectiveness in the COVID-19 and Marburg outbreaks, proving exceptional planning and rapid response capacities. Despite Rwanda's achievement, obstacles still persist, such as reliance on foreign funds, limited human resources lowering the quality-of-service delivery, and mental health challenges still in existence. Rwanda's experience illustrates that a proactive government, citizen participation, and research-based innovation may produce rapid and significant overall health gains, providing a valuable model for similar situations to other countries.},
}

@article {pmid42024317,
year = {2026},
author = {Brunner, M and Preckel, F and Götz, T and Lüdtke, O and Keller, L},
title = {High math anxiety is associated with lower math achievement across 90 countries: An individual participant data meta-analysis of representative student and adult samples.},
journal = {Psychological bulletin},
volume = {152},
number = {2},
pages = {207-253},
doi = {10.1037/bul0000514},
pmid = {42024317},
issn = {1939-1455},
support = {//German Research Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Mathematics ; *Anxiety/psychology/epidemiology ; Adult ; Female ; *Academic Success ; *Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; *COVID-19 ; },
abstract = {Math anxiety and math achievement are reciprocally related, which likely impacts individuals' agency; their educational and career trajectories in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields; and countries' economic growth in these areas. Previous meta-analyses on this relationship have faced limitations from studies by using small convenience samples and have encountered methodological issues, such as variance restriction, low statistical power, and ecological bias. To address these challenges, the present research synthesis is the first to use a comprehensive collection of representative individual participant data from international large-scale assessments. This analysis incorporated cumulative evidence from 1980 to 2022, including 452 probability samples from 90 countries, and covered student and adult populations. The meta-analytic average correlation between math anxiety and math achievement was r = -.26. Moderator analyses revealed novel evidence that this relationship is sensitive to both construct characteristics and individual and contextual factors. Specifically, the negative relationship was weaker for the worry facet of math anxiety compared to its affective and cognitive interference facets, and it was weaker following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Additionally, the negative relationship was stronger for individuals with average and high levels of math achievement and in countries with higher gross domestic product per capita. Gender differences in the relationship were largely negligible after 2010, although female individuals exhibited a stronger negative relationship in the 1980s and 1990s than male individuals. In summary, synthesizing individual participant data from international large-scale assessments provided novel, nuanced, and robust evidence for research, practice, and policy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).},
}

Humans
*Mathematics
*Anxiety/psychology/epidemiology
Adult
Female
*Academic Success
*Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data
Male
*COVID-19

@article {pmid42024896,
year = {2026},
author = {Raina, SK},
title = {Methodological considerations regarding comparison group verification in maternal COVID-19 research.},
journal = {The Indian journal of medical research},
volume = {163},
number = {3},
pages = {420},
pmid = {42024896},
issn = {0971-5916},
}

@article {pmid42025371,
year = {2026},
author = {Imai, Y},
title = {Viral infection and establishing new therapeutic platforms- On the occasion of receiving the 16th Setsuro Ebashi award.},
journal = {Journal of pharmacological sciences},
volume = {161},
number = {2},
pages = {25-27},
doi = {10.1016/j.jphs.2026.03.002},
pmid = {42025371},
issn = {1347-8648},
mesh = {Humans ; *Awards and Prizes ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; Animals ; Immunity, Innate ; Influenza, Human/immunology ; },
abstract = {During the past quarter century, a series of global pandemics-caused by coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A (H1N1, H5N1)-has underscored that viral infection is not merely a transient invasion but a systemic and temporal perturbation of the host life system. My research has sought to elucidate the principles by which the host organism senses, integrates, and regulates responses to viral stress, spanning molecular to organismal levels. Key discoveries include the identification of ACE2 as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV and a critical regulator of disease severity; elucidation of innate-immune overactivation ("cytokine storm") as a driver of fatal pathology; identification of lipid-mediated RNA regulation that restrains excessive inflammation; and discovery of neuro-immune and epigenetic mechanisms linking acute infection to long-term dysfunction. These findings reveal infection as a multi-layered biological reprogramming process involving immunity, metabolism, the nervous system, and chromatin architecture. Building on this mechanistic foundation, we established data-driven infrastructures-AI-assisted predictive models and Medical MLOps systems-that integrate clinical and molecular data for personalized infection medicine. This perspective summarizes the evolution of this integrative research and discusses future directions toward precision therapeutics for acute and post-infectious syndromes.},
}

Humans
*Awards and Prizes
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
Animals
Immunity, Innate
Influenza, Human/immunology

@article {pmid42025580,
year = {2026},
author = {Shukla, SK and Singh, A and Yadav, R and Kumar, A},
title = {Advances in molecular diagnostic strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.},
journal = {Expert review of molecular diagnostics},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
pages = {293-308},
doi = {10.1080/14737159.2026.2665263},
pmid = {42025580},
issn = {1744-8352},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 Testing/methods ; COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods ; Rapid Diagnostic Tests ; Pandemic Preparedness ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic provided critical insights into pandemic preparedness. The community spread can be slowed down or contained through effective, rapid, and robust diagnosis of infected individuals.

AREA COVERED: During the pandemic, substantial advances were made in developing rapid and cost-effective diagnostic approaches. Self-collected gargle samples offer clear advantages over conventional NSP/OPS methods by reducing reliance on trained personnel and personal protective equipment. Colorimetric assays further improve accessibility, enabling rapid, instrument-free, and visually interpretable detection at low cost. CRISPR-based diagnostics present a promising alternative to RT-PCR, facilitating scalable mass screening with reduced technical dependence. Concurrently, optimization of RT-PCR workflows-particularly through minimization of pre-PCR steps-can enhance speed and affordability. The integration of digital technologies and artificial intelligence further leverages diagnostic capabilities. Despite this, improved regulatory frameworks and resilient supply chains are critical for ensuring scalable, equitable access, and effective pandemic preparedness.

EXPERT OPINION: Global efforts were made to develop sensitive, rapid, cost-effective, and noninvasive technologies to identify the pandemic virus; however, variations in sensitivity/specificity and limited sample size validation hampered their utility in routine diagnostics. The COVID-19 pandemic has ended, but global efforts are still needed to combat the early infection of subsequent waves or similar disease waves.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification
*Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
Pandemics
COVID-19 Testing/methods
COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods
Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Pandemic Preparedness
CRISPR-Cas Systems

@article {pmid42027925,
year = {2026},
author = {Mullen, L and Kobokovich Mui, A and Watson, C and Heymann, D and McCloskey, B and Hughes, G and Bonell, C},
title = {Effectiveness of public health measures and strategies to reduce risk of spread of respiratory pathogens at sporting mass gatherings: systematic literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1789413},
pmid = {42027925},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Sports ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control ; *Public Health ; *Mass Gatherings ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To determine the type and effectiveness of public health interventions implemented at sporting mass gatherings to mitigate respiratory infectious disease spread and understand how feasible and acceptable the interventions were to implement.

DESIGN: Systematic review.

DATA SOURCES: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Global Health, Epistemonikos, Global Index Medicus, WHO Library, WHO IRIS, IOC and FIFA were search in June 2023 and July 2025.

Studies that assessed public health strategies for sporting mass gatherings aiming to reduced respiratory infections were included. Publications prior to 2000, predictive modeling studies, commentaries, editorials, literature reviews, pre-prints and studies that did not retrospectively discuss official sporting events were excluded.

RESULTS: Thirty-four articles assessing 37 sporting MGs were included. The most common MGs assessed were the Olympic Games (n = 10). Almost all articles described multi-layered intervention packages including bubble approaches, routine testing, country entry screening, masking, physical distancing and/or isolation and quarantine. Based on an effectiveness framework developed for this study, 23 articles described effective intervention packages, three described non-effective packages and six were indeterminate. Feasibility concerns appeared a challenge for MGs with many spectators and linked to scalability issues. Acceptability factors were likely influenced by perceptions of increased work burden, compliance levels and stakeholder engagement.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides the first opportunity to comprehensively map pre-pandemic and pandemic-era planning for sporting MGs and underscores the importance of multilayered, context-specific intervention packages which may meaningfully reduce the risk of respiratory disease spread.

CRD42023433619.},
}

Humans
*Sports
*Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
*Public Health
*Mass Gatherings
*COVID-19/prevention & control

@article {pmid42027972,
year = {2025},
author = {Amiri-Dashatan, N and Koushki, M and Parsamanesh, N and Ahmadi, N and Chiti, H and Rezaei, M and Razzaghi, Z and Robati, RM},
title = {COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Metabolomics Data and Predicting Potential Biomarkers Based on Pathway Analysis.},
journal = {Tanaffos},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {9-29},
pmid = {42027972},
issn = {1735-0344},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide disaster in medicine, public health, and the economy. Many details of COVID-19 are currently unknown. This study aims to offer dysregulated metabolic profiles as potential biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 infection by analyzing identified COVID-19 metabolites. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus for metabolomics studies on COVID-19 patients. Studies investigating COVID-19 metabolite changes and utilizing mass spectrometry-based techniques are included. Two reviewers separately retrieved pertinent data for each selected publication. Differences of opinion among the reviewers were settled via conversation, and a final judgment was obtained. The online MetaboAnalyst 3.0 was used to conduct the pathway analysis of COVID-19. This study comprised 31 investigations with QUADOMICS quality evaluation. We isolated modified metabolites that have been found in at least three other investigations. The metabolomics data in response to SARS-CoV-2 alter at the metabolite expression level, leading to dysregulation of major metabolic pathways, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids associated with COVID-19. The pathway analysis of metabolic reprogramming across different biological samples demonstrated a significant role in amino acid metabolism, including phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan production, in the severity of COVID-19. This review showed dysregulated metabolic profiling for identifying individuals with high severity of COVID-19. These results provide an understanding of metabolic pathways and how dysregulated metabolic profiling reflects the severity of COVID-19 in the general population. The high frequency of changed metabolites might be used as COVID-19 biomarkers for early detection, and significant metabolic routes could reveal new information about pathogenesis and lead to potential treatment targets.},
}

@article {pmid42028925,
year = {2026},
author = {Silva, LI and Gonzalez-Zambrano, CM and Ferreira, VCMP and Corrêa, FC and Dias-Melicio, LA},
title = {MicroRNAs in Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID: Dysregulation, Pathogenic Roles, and Clinical Implications.},
journal = {Journal of immunology research},
volume = {2026},
number = {1},
pages = {e5862241},
pmid = {42028925},
issn = {2314-7156},
support = {001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/genetics/immunology ; *MicroRNAs/genetics/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Biomarkers ; Extracellular Vesicles ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Inflammation/genetics ; Pandemics ; *Betacoronavirus ; },
abstract = {MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression with central roles in immune responses, inflammation, and viral pathogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection induces marked dysregulation of host and viral miRNAs (v-miRNAs), contributing to disease severity during acute COVID-19 and to the persistent manifestations observed in long COVID (LC). This narrative review critically synthesizes current evidence on miRNA dysregulation across the acute and post-acute phases of COVID-19, highlighting their pathogenic roles, clinical relevance, and existing knowledge gaps. During acute infection, altered miRNA profiles-including those associated with immune activation, endothelial dysfunction, and immunothrombosis-reflect both host responses and viral strategies of immune modulation, including miRNAs carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) and SARS-CoV-2-derived v-miRNAs. In LC, emerging data suggest that persistent miRNA alterations are associated with unresolved inflammation, pulmonary dysfunction, neurological symptoms, and vascular injury, although available studies remain limited and heterogeneous. Overall, miRNAs represent promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in COVID-19; however, robust longitudinal and mechanistic studies are urgently needed to clarify their causal roles and translational utility in post-acute disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/genetics/immunology
*MicroRNAs/genetics/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Biomarkers
Extracellular Vesicles
Gene Expression Regulation
Inflammation/genetics
Pandemics
*Betacoronavirus

@article {pmid42033452,
year = {2026},
author = {Mok, TC and Mok, CC},
title = {Vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus.},
journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {2663637},
pmid = {42033452},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology/complications/drug therapy ; *Vaccination/methods ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Despite advancement in anti-microbial therapies, infection remains the leading cause of mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Vaccination is a major strategy in reducing infection risk. Recent studies suggest most SLE patients are able to mount an adequate immune response to the SARS-CoV2 vaccines but lower immunogenicity is observed with influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. Current evidence does not indicate an increased risk of SLE flares after administration of common vaccines. Live vaccines are less preferred to inactivated or recombinant vaccines in SLE patients receiving immunosuppression. However, the decision to vaccinate should be individualized according to risk and benefit evaluation. Vaccination in patients with SLE should best be performed during periods of low disease activity or remission. In patients receiving intense immunosuppression or biologic/targeted therapies, particularly B-cell depletion, vaccine responses are expected to be attenuated. Adjunctive measures such as booster dose of vaccines, passive immunization and microbial prophylaxis may be considered.},
}

Humans
*Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology/complications/drug therapy
*Vaccination/methods
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
Influenza Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42033494,
year = {2026},
author = {Chakraborty, B and Singh, T},
title = {mRNA vaccines for viral diseases: mechanism, advances, and future perspective.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {42033494},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; mRNA Vaccines/immunology ; *Virus Diseases/prevention & control/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; *Viral Vaccines/immunology ; Animals ; Vaccine Development ; *RNA, Messenger/immunology/genetics ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; },
abstract = {The rapid development and global distribution of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) indicated an important shift in vaccine science and public health response. Unlike traditional vaccines that rely on live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, mRNA vaccines use synthetic mRNA encoding the antigen, allowing host cells to produce the antigen and elicit strong immune responses. The success of mRNA vaccines against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has gradually increased global curiosity in applying this technology to treat other diseases. This review discusses the scientific basis of mRNA vaccines, including their mechanism of action, advantages in antigen design, expandable manufacturing, and modern delivery systems such as organic, inorganic, and hybrid. Beyond COVID-19, mRNA vaccines are being studied for other viral diseases, including influenza, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Zika, and dengue. The intrinsic flexibility and speed of mRNA technology make it a valuable platform for next-generation pandemic preparedness and new therapeutic development. Despite these advantages, many challenges exist, including mRNA instability, cold-chain storage requirements, regulatory issues, and concerns regarding global vaccine availability and acceptance. Overcoming these will be critical for the full long-term potential of mRNA vaccines as a sustainable and transformative platform for global health. This review highlights recent advances, current challenges, and future perspectives of mRNA vaccine technology for viral diseases.},
}

Humans
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
mRNA Vaccines/immunology
*Virus Diseases/prevention & control/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
*Viral Vaccines/immunology
Animals
Vaccine Development
*RNA, Messenger/immunology/genetics
Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology