@article {pmid40175957,
year = {2025},
author = {Stuetzle, SCW and Willis, M and Barnowska, EJ and Bonkass, AK and Fastenau, A},
title = {Factors influencing vaccine hesitancy toward non-covid vaccines in South Asia: a systematic review.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {1246},
pmid = {40175957},
issn = {1471-2458},
abstract = {Declared as one of the ten most pressing threats to global health in 2019, the complexity around vaccine acceptance and hesitancy has once again gained great momentum following the COVID-19 pandemic. Lack of vaccine acceptance may endanger the mission of improving vaccine uptake globally to tackle pandemics, reduce morbidity and mortality of preventable diseases and to prevent antibiotic resistance worldwide. Countries of the global south, including South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries are especially affected by the dangers of low vaccination uptake and continue to show decreases in coverage in recent years. This paper examines factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy in south Asia and the extent to which they are context and disease specific, guided by a modified version of the WHO SAGE 5 C model by Razai et al. Three databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles by using a comprehensive search strategy. Results from 44 quantitative, qualitative and mixed-method studies were included in the systematic review and appraised for quality, thematically analyzed and mapped onto the 5 C model. findings from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Afghanistan showed vaccine hesitancy to be context and vaccine-specific within different settings of the countries. The main factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy can be identified as narrow confidence in vaccines, miscommunication, and lack of knowledge embedded into overarching constraints and contexts. To tackle vaccine hesitancy in SAARC countries, interventions need to be co-created by communities and mutual trust needs to be ensured, for instance through increased equity in knowledge distribution.},
}

@article {pmid40175414,
year = {2025},
author = {Han, GR and Goncharov, A and Eryilmaz, M and Ye, S and Palanisamy, B and Ghosh, R and Lisi, F and Rogers, E and Guzman, D and Yigci, D and Tasoglu, S and Di Carlo, D and Goda, K and McKendry, RA and Ozcan, A},
title = {Machine learning in point-of-care testing: innovations, challenges, and opportunities.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {3165},
pmid = {40175414},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {1648451//National Science Foundation (NSF)/ ; },
abstract = {The landscape of diagnostic testing is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into decentralized, rapid, and accessible sensor platforms for point-of-care testing (POCT). The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift from centralized laboratory testing but also catalyzed the development of next-generation POCT platforms that leverage ML to enhance the accuracy, sensitivity, and overall efficiency of point-of-care sensors. This Perspective explores how ML is being embedded into various POCT modalities, including lateral flow assays, vertical flow assays, nucleic acid amplification tests, and imaging-based sensors, illustrating their impact through different applications. We also discuss several challenges, such as regulatory hurdles, reliability, and privacy concerns, that must be overcome for the widespread adoption of ML-enhanced POCT in clinical settings and provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of ML-driven POCT technologies, highlighting their potential impact in the future of healthcare.},
}

@article {pmid40175252,
year = {2025},
author = {Tarasco, MC and Iacomino, N and Mantegazza, R and Cavalcante, P},
title = {COVID-19, Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and autoimmunity: Casual or causal liaisons?.},
journal = {Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2025.03.014},
pmid = {40175252},
issn = {1995-9133},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, has been associated with a substantial risk of autoimmune disease development or exacerbation. The postulated pathophysiological mechanisms linking COVID-19 with autoimmunity include reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), whose dysregulated infection in the host can trigger or promote an autoimmune response. This review summarizes recent studies highlighting a potential immunopathogenetic link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and EBV reactivation, which could underlie autoimmunity onset or worsening, as well as immune-related long COVID manifestations in COVID-19 patients. We offer our perspective on the direction that research should take to disentangle the nature (whether causal or casual) of the "COVID-19-EBV-autoimmunity" liaisons. Further advances in this research area may be crucial for designing strategies to prevent or treat EBV reactivation-related autoimmune conditions in COVID-19 patients, or patients with inflammatory co-infectious diseases, at the same time promising to improve our knowledge on the viral contribution to autoimmune phenomena.},
}

@article {pmid40174966,
year = {2025},
author = {Edelman, A and Vinyals Torres, L and Kazi, A and Rasanathan, K and Marten, R},
title = {An unfinished agenda: insights from seven country case studies on strengthening primary health care in the Western Pacific Region.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {10},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017442},
pmid = {40174966},
issn = {2059-7908},
abstract = {In the WHO Western Pacific Region, primary health care (PHC) is considered 'the future of health' and the key to achieving universal health coverage. However, political, economic and social forces underlying curative, hospital-centric models have eroded public, local-level health service capacity-contributing to fragmented systems and persisting health inequities. Drawing insights from seven published country case studies from East Asia examining PHC in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper discusses key factors influencing the implementation of PHC. Countries are improving service delivery through a PHC approach, but persisting governance and structural barriers to PHC reform include vertical approaches to health care planning and programme delivery, health workforce shortages and maldistribution, and market forces that have shaped health care and workforce models towards curative care. Three domains for future policy and research to strengthen PHC are proposed. First, managing the political economy of PHC reform requires mapping relationships and systematically unravelling political, social and economic factors shaping accountability, receptiveness and capacity for change. Second, strengthening participatory governance involves shifting power to communities through platforms for shared policy creation and implementation, decentralised governance and empowering community-oriented health workers. Third, improving conceptual clarity and policy guidance on PHC can use the Sustainable Development Goals to orient systems towards preventing illness and valuing good health. The case studies offer a practice model of applied health policy and systems research coproduced with policy stakeholders.},
}

@article {pmid40174551,
year = {2025},
author = {Allen, D and Strange, H and Jacob, N and Rafferty, AM},
title = {How can we optimise nurse staffing systems? Insights from a comparative document analysis of 10 widely used models and focused interpretative review of implementation experiences.},
journal = {International journal of nursing studies},
volume = {167},
number = {},
pages = {105056},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105056},
pmid = {40174551},
issn = {1873-491X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: A diverse range of formal systems have been implemented in high income countries to ensure safe nurse staffing. Evidence reviews indicate that no one best model exists and recommends optimising existing systems. As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic and a global nursing workforce crisis, healthcare systems and the nursing profession face a challenging future. Nurse staffing systems must be fit for purpose.

AIM: Identify, describe and compare the core components of nurse staffing systems, assess the conditioning effects of context on their mechanisms of action, and explore front-line implementation experiences to inform system optimisation.

SAMPLE: Ten widely used nurse staffing systems deployed in high-income western healthcare systems.

THEORY: Complex interventions thinking and Actor Network Theory.

METHODS: Phase 1: Document analysis of formal published accounts of nurse staffing systems. Phase 2: Focused interpretative review of evidential fragments on implementation experiences and contextual influences from available evaluation studies.

CONCLUSIONS: Systems varied in their complexity, core components, and organising logics. Nurses experience a range of implementation challenges, but workforce shortages and budgetary constraints were the principal contextual influences. Prospective strategies to optimise nurse staffing systems must be tailored to system and context but include strategies and tools to augment professional authority, more granular workload measurement, improved outcome measurements, strengthened digital infrastructures, enhanced governance arrangements and increased public accountability. Benchmarking approaches should be used with caution, given the normative impulse to depress staffing levels. In the context of a global workforce shortage, consideration should also be given to the impacts of nurse staffing models on the wider healthcare system.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: How can we optimise safe nurse staffing systems? Insights from a document analysis and interpretative review informed by actor network theory.},
}

@article {pmid40174543,
year = {2025},
author = {Asaduzzaman, M and Rahaman, MZ and Afrin, S and Ara, R and Mehmood, S and Boriani, E and Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM},
title = {Antibiotic prescribing patterns in the community and primary care settings through a gender lens: A systematic review.},
journal = {Public health},
volume = {242},
number = {},
pages = {311-318},
doi = {10.1016/j.puhe.2025.03.020},
pmid = {40174543},
issn = {1476-5616},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Gender differences affect exposure to infections, including drug-resistant ones. However, data on the relationship between gender and antibiotic use are limited. This systematic review examines gender differences in antibiotic prescribing patterns in community and primary care settings.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review.

METHODS: We searched Web of Science (Core Collection), PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Database, and EMBASE for studies published between January 2014 and April 2024. We included studies of any design that analyzed antibiotic prescribing patterns for patients consulting general practitioners. We excluded studies that did not examine gender differences, unpublished reports, and non-English articles. We conducted a narrative synthesis of the findings. The review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023476119).

RESULTS: Our search identified 12,853 citations, from which we included 11 studies conducted in 10 countries. Most studies (n = 7) were cross-sectional. Gender analysis of antibiotic prescribing in the included studies did not show a consistent pattern in the likelihood of antibiotic prescription based on gender. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were azithromycin, amoxicillin, cephalexins, penicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole, primarily for respiratory infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, COVID-19, skin, and musculoskeletal diseases. Most studies did not report dose compliance.

CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review identifies gender as a factor in antibiotic prescribing that remains insufficiently explored. Further research and policy discussions are needed to examine global prescribing patterns through a gender lens.},
}

@article {pmid40174485,
year = {2025},
author = {Poole-Wright, K and Patel, A and Gaughran, F and Murray, R and Chalder, T},
title = {Prevalence and associations of fatigue in psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Schizophrenia research},
volume = {279},
number = {},
pages = {59-70},
doi = {10.1016/j.schres.2025.03.027},
pmid = {40174485},
issn = {1573-2509},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in fatigue in people with psychotic illnesses. This systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed the evidence concerning the prevalence of fatigue and associated factors in adults with psychotic illnesses.

METHODS: Embase, PsycINFO, Medline and CINAHL were systematically searched for articles in English published between January 1946 to 9 October 2023. Inclusion criteria was 'fatigue' in adults (≥18 years old) with a confirmed ICD11 or DSM5 diagnosis of a psychotic disorder. Risk of bias was assessed with the JBI and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled proportions for fatigue with 95 % CI were calculated using random effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q and I[2] statistic and Egger's tests were conducted for publication bias.

RESULTS: A total of 57 articles met the inclusion criteria and 7 articles (n = 1161 participants) were included for the meta-analysis of fatigue. Fatigue prevalence was 55 % (95 % CI: 37-71 %, I[2] = 94 %). A sensitivity analysis of the 6 studies using a valid scale (n = 711 participants) found a fatigue proportion of 59 % (95 % CI: 41-76, I[2] = 93 %). Eighteen studies (n = 4569 participants) were included for an analysis exploring the prevalence of antipsychotic-related fatigue, which was 20.5 % (95 % CI: 11-34 %). We found no significant difference in antipsychotic-related fatigue between studies using a valid scale (27 %, 95 % CI: 14-46, k = 7) and studies using a clinical interview (17 %, 95 % CI: 7-35 %, k = 11) p = 0.302. An Egger's test indicated no publication bias. Quality assessments for included studies revealed that 16 % were at low risk of bias, 9 % at high risk and 75 % at moderate risk. Reported associations with fatigue included sex, age, antipsychotics, distress and depression, sleep, and some negative symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that a majority of people with psychosis experience fatigue. Antipsychotics, sex, and functioning may contribute to tiredness symptoms, but further research is needed.},
}

@article {pmid40174436,
year = {2025},
author = {Mun, M and Kim, M and Woo, K},
title = {Advancements in simulation-based nursing education: Insights from a bibliometric analysis of temporal trends.},
journal = {Nurse education today},
volume = {151},
number = {},
pages = {106719},
doi = {10.1016/j.nedt.2025.106719},
pmid = {40174436},
issn = {1532-2793},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Simulations are used in nursing education to create realistic clinical practice environments. With rapid changes in educational demands and the growing importance of simulation in nursing, understanding the evolution of its application will provide critical insights into how educational strategies have undergone adaptive changes over time to meet the needs of nursing students and healthcare settings.

AIMS: This study aimed to identify temporal trends in simulation-based nursing education, map key research themes, and examine changes in the educational landscape over time.

DESIGN: This is a bibliometric study of simulation-based nursing education.

METHODS: The analysis was conducted using VOSviewer. A total of 12,083 publications retrieved from PubMed, the Excerpta Medica Database, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were analyzed. To identify temporal shifts in simulation-based nursing education, articles were categorized into four periods based on the progression of simulation usage and technological advancements. Co-occurrence analysis was performed for each period.

RESULTS: Our analysis revealed a substantial increase in research on simulation-based nursing education after 2014, with a surge following the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show an increasing adoption of advanced techniques, such as standardized patients, in-situ simulations, and virtual reality. Core keywords, such as CPR, critical thinking, and team training, highlight the diverse applications of simulations in technical and psychological training. Temporal trends highlight significant shifts in keywords driven by technological advancements and evolving pedagogical approaches. Integrating advanced technology and realistic scenarios provides learners with immersive experiences that can substantially enhance their nursing competencies.

CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that simulation-based nursing education has evolved substantially, reflecting technological progress and changes in educational priorities. This underscores the need to integrate advanced technology with innovative simulation methods to prepare nursing students for real-world clinical challenges.},
}

@article {pmid40173392,
year = {2025},
author = {Von Visger, T and Lyons, A and Zhou, Y and Wardlaw, K and Park, E and Chang, YP},
title = {COVID-19-Related Racism and Mental Health Among Asian Americans: Integrative Review.},
journal = {Asian/Pacific Island nursing journal},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {e63769},
doi = {10.2196/63769},
pmid = {40173392},
issn = {2373-6658},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Racism against Asian Americans escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic. About 31%-91% of Asian American adults and children reported experiencing various types of racism during the pandemic. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation hate crime statistics, anti-Asian hate crime incidents increased from 158 in 2019 to 279 in 2020 and 746 in 2021. In 2022, the incidents decreased to 499, corresponding to the downward trend of the pandemic. The degree of impact racism has on mental health and wellness among Asian Americans requires investigation, specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to describe racism-related mental health problems experienced by Asian Americans living in the United States and propose implementation strategies for mitigating their consequences.

METHODS: We conducted an integrative review of peer-reviewed publications in English reporting anti-Asian sentiments and racism's impacts on mental health among Asian Americans in the United States.

RESULTS: The 29 eligible articles report on studies that utilized cross-sectional survey designs with various sample sizes. Racism is directly correlated with the prevalence of depression and anxiety experienced by victims of racist acts. The prevalence of in-person direct racism (racist expression aimed directly at the victim) is lower than in-person indirect racism (racist expression aimed at the ethnic group the victim belongs to). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of explicit online racism was lower than online indirect racism.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19-related racism exacerbated preexisting racism, contributing to worse depression and anxiety among Asian Americans. To address this issue, we propose 2 main approaches: increase public awareness and education about recognizable racist sentiments/acts and systematized reporting of racially motivated crimes to guide political action. At an individual level, culturally responsive, trauma-informed interventions promoting cultural support and cohesion for various Asian American groups will foster this empowerment. These proposed actions will help alleviate racism by reducing stereotypes, empowering victims, and chipping away at the systemic racism structure.},
}

@article {pmid40172856,
year = {2025},
author = {Sy, MP and Frey, S and Baldissera, A and Pineda, RC and Toribio, FNRB},
title = {The role of occupational therapists in return-to-work practice for people with post-COVID condition: A scoping review.},
journal = {Work (Reading, Mass.)},
volume = {80},
number = {2},
pages = {498-513},
doi = {10.1177/10519815241289658},
pmid = {40172856},
issn = {1875-9270},
mesh = {Humans ; *Return to Work ; *COVID-19 ; *Occupational Therapists/psychology ; Professional Role ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Occupational Therapy/methods ; },
abstract = {BackgroundReturn to work has become more valuable today more than ever especially for adult workers who experience post-COVID condition.ObjectiveThis scoping review aims to map the extant literature on the role of occupational therapists for people with post COVID condition returning to work. Specifically, we described the roles of occupational therapists, identified the professionals occupational therapists work with in this practice setting, and determined whether the concept of return to work is perceived as an outcome or a process.MethodThe review followed Arksey and O'Malley's framework and reported the results using PRISMA extension. A systematic database search was performed in June 2024 and was updated in February 2024 to retrieve literature published from 2021 onwards.ResultsA total of 33 papers from 5106 records were included. The included records were studies from varying designs and largely coming from Western and developed countries. Our results revealed that ooccupational therapists have a wide-ranging role from providing clinical assessments and interventions, facilitating and advocating activities to prepare for work participation, and working within teams to target clinical and return-to-work outcomes. To be effective in their role, occupational therapists work interprofessionally within teams composed of health, social, legal and service professionals. The concept of return to work was largely perceived as an outcome of rehabilitation and recovery, and less likely as a dynamic process that bridges patients from the health system to societal integration.ConclusionOccupational therapists have a crucial role in return-to-work practice especially for people with post COVID condition.},
}

Humans
*Return to Work
*COVID-19
*Occupational Therapists/psychology
Professional Role
SARS-CoV-2
Occupational Therapy/methods

@article {pmid40172196,
year = {2025},
author = {Silva, DL and Peres, NTA and Santos, DA},
title = {Key fungal coinfections: epidemiology, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and beyond.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0056225},
doi = {10.1128/mbio.00562-25},
pmid = {40172196},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {Coinfection is defined as the occurrence of at least two genetically distinct infectious agents within the same host. Historically, fungal infections have been neglected, leading to an underestimation of their impact on public health systems. However, fungal coinfections have become increasingly prevalent, emerging as a significant global health concern. This review explores fungal coinfections commonly associated with HIV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pseudomonas species. These include candidiasis, aspergillosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystosis, sporotrichosis, and mucormycosis. We discuss the key local and systemic mechanisms that contribute to the occurrence of these coinfections. HIV infects CD4+ cells, causing systemic immunosuppression, particularly impairing the adaptive immune response. The inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection disrupts both pulmonary and systemic homeostasis, rendering individuals more vulnerable to local and disseminated fungal coinfections. Severe influenza promotes fungal coinfections by triggering the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which damage the epithelial-endothelial barrier and impair the recognition and phagocytosis of fungal cells. Tuberculosis can replace normal lung parenchyma with collagen tissue, leading to alterations in lung architecture, compromising its function. Interaction between Pseudomonas and Aspergillus during coinfection involves the competition for iron availability and an adaptive response to its deprivation. Therefore, the specific interactions between each underlying disease and fungal coinfections are detailed in this review. In addition, we highlight the risk factors associated with coinfections, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and the challenges of early diagnosis. Recognizing the substantial worldwide public health burden posed by fungal coinfections is crucial to improve survival rates.},
}

@article {pmid40171500,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, W and Ji, J and Han, L and Pang, J and Mo, L and Liu, F and Gao, Y and Xiong, B and Xiang, S},
title = {Global hotspot and trend of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pulmonary embolism.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1531716},
pmid = {40171500},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Research on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-assisted support for pulmonary embolism (PE) has been increasing, yet no systematic bibliometric analysis has been conducted. This study evaluates global research trends in this field by analyzing countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords.

METHODS: Relevant articles and reviews published up to August 15, 2023, were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used for bibliometric analysis of collected data.

RESULTS: Publications on ECMO-assisted support for PE surged from 2015 to 2023, comprising 82.7% (306/370) of total studies. The United States, Germany, and China contributed 62.97% (233/370) of the research. Perfusion-UK had the most publications, while Journal of the American College of Cardiology was the most cited journal. The University of Maryland, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School were the leading institutions. Chetan Pasrija published the highest number of papers, while Konstantinidis SV was the most co-cited author. Research hot spots include: (1) ECMO management and survival rates, (2) combined treatments with thrombolysis or surgical thrombectomy, (3) anticoagulation and clot formation, and (4) ECMO support in COVID-19.

CONCLUSION: This study aims to increase awareness of research hot spots on ECMO-assisted support for PE by determining the collaboration and impact of authors, countries, institutions, and journals. In addition, it comprehensively reviews research trends on ECMO regarding PE. It also provides a reference for potential collaborators, institutions, and future research prospects.},
}

@article {pmid40170865,
year = {2025},
author = {Hong, L and Chen, X and Liu, Y and Liang, H and Zhao, Y and Guo, P},
title = {The relationship between ferroptosis and respiratory infectious diseases: a novel landscape for therapeutic approach.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1550968},
pmid = {40170865},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {*Ferroptosis/drug effects ; Humans ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/virology ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology ; Virus Diseases/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {Respiratory infectious diseases, particularly those caused by respiratory viruses, have the potential to lead to global pandemics, thereby posing significant threats to public and human health. Historically, the primary treatment for respiratory bacterial infections has been antibiotic therapy, while severe cases of respiratory viral infections have predominantly been managed by controlling inflammatory cytokine storms. Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is distinct from apoptosis and autophagy. In recent years, Recent studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis plays a significant regulatory role in various respiratory infectious diseases, indicating that targeting ferroptosis may represent a novel approach for the treatment of these conditions. This article summarized the toxic mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, its relationship with respiratory infectious diseases, the mechanisms of action, and current treatment strategies. Particular attentions were given to the interplay between ferroptosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Epstein-Barr virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dengue virus, influenza virus and herpes simplex virus type1infection. A deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in respiratory infections will not only advance our knowledge of infection-related pathophysiology but also provide a theoretical foundation for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting ferroptosis pathways represents a promising therapeutic approach for respiratory infections, with significant clinical and translational implications.},
}

*Ferroptosis/drug effects
Humans
*Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/virology
Animals
COVID-19/immunology
Virus Diseases/drug therapy

@article {pmid40170841,
year = {2025},
author = {Piano Mortari, E and Ferrucci, F and Zografaki, I and Carsetti, R and Pacelli, L},
title = {T and B cell responses in different immunization scenarios for COVID-19: a narrative review.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1535014},
pmid = {40170841},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; *T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; *B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Vaccination/methods ; BNT162 Vaccine/immunology ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273/immunology ; },
abstract = {Vaccines against COVID-19 have high efficacy and low rates of adverse events. However, none of the available vaccines provide sterilizing immunity, and reinfections remain possible. This review aims to summarize the immunological responses elicited by different immunization strategies, examining the roles of homologous and heterologous vaccination and hybrid immunity. Homologous vaccination regimens exhibit considerable variation in immune responses depending on the vaccine platform, particularly concerning antibody titers, B cell activation, and T cell responses. mRNA vaccines, such as mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, consistently generate higher and more durable levels of neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells compared to adenovirus-based vaccines like Ad26.COV2.S and ChAdOx1. The combination of two distinct vaccine platforms, each targeting different immune pathways, seems to be more effective in promoting long-lasting B cell responses and potent T cell responses. The high heterogeneity of the available studies, the different dosing schemes, the succession of new variants, and the subjects' immunological background do not allow for a definitive conclusion. Overall, heterologous vaccination strategies, combining sequentially viral vector and mRNA may deliver a more balanced and robust humoral and cellular immune response compared to homologous regimens. Hybrid immunity, which arises from SARS-CoV-2 infection preceded or followed by vaccination produces markedly stronger immune responses than either vaccination or infection alone. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern varies depending on both the vaccine platform and prior infection status. Hybrid immunity leads to a broader antibody repertoire, providing enhanced neutralization of variants of concern. Heterologous vaccination and hybrid immunity may provide further opportunities to enhance immune responses, offering broader protection and greater durability of immunity. However, from all-cause mortality, symptomatic or severe COVID, and serious adverse events at present it is not possible to infer different effects between homologous and heterologous schemes. Next-generation vaccines could involve tweaks to these designs or changes to delivery mechanisms that might improve performance.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
*T-Lymphocytes/immunology
*B-Lymphocytes/immunology
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Vaccination/methods
BNT162 Vaccine/immunology
2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273/immunology

@article {pmid40170442,
year = {2025},
author = {Firdaus, MER and Dukhno, E and Kapoor, R and Gerlach, P},
title = {Two Birds With One Stone: RNA Virus Strategies to Manipulate G3BP1 and Other Stress Granule Components.},
journal = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {e70005},
doi = {10.1002/wrna.70005},
pmid = {40170442},
issn = {1757-7012},
support = {IG 4742//European Molecular Biology Organization/ ; 2022/46/E/NZ1/00273//Narodowe Centrum Nauki/ ; MAB/2017/2 - ReMedy//Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej/ ; },
mesh = {*Stress Granules/metabolism ; Humans ; *RNA Recognition Motif Proteins/metabolism ; *Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *RNA Helicases/metabolism ; Animals ; RNA Viruses/metabolism/physiology ; DNA Helicases/metabolism ; Virus Replication ; RNA, Viral/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Stress granules (SGs) are membrane-less organelles forming in the cytoplasm in response to various types of stress, including viral infection. SGs and SG-associated proteins can play either a proviral role, by facilitating viral replication, or an antiviral role, by limiting the translation capacity, sequestering viral RNA, or contributing to the innate immune response of the cell. Consequently, viruses frequently target stress granules while counteracting cellular translation shut-off and the antiviral response. One strategy is to sequester SG components, not only to impair their assembly but also to repurpose and incorporate them into viral replication sites. G3BP1 is a key SG protein, driving its nucleation through protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions. Many cellular proteins, including other SG components, interact with G3BP1 via their ΦxFG motifs. Notably, SARS-CoV N proteins and alphaviral nsP3 proteins contain similar motifs, allowing them to compete for G3BP1. Several SG proteins have been shown to interact with the flaviviral capsid protein, which is primarily responsible for anchoring the viral genome inside the virion. There are also numerous examples of structured elements within coronaviral and flaviviral RNAs recruiting or sponging SG proteins. Despite these insights, the structural and biochemical details of SG-virus interactions remain largely unexplored and are known only for a handful of cases. Exploring their molecular relevance for infection and discovering new examples of direct SG-virus contacts is highly important, as advances in this area will open new possibilities for the design of targeted therapies and potentially broad-spectrum antivirals.},
}

*Stress Granules/metabolism
Humans
*RNA Recognition Motif Proteins/metabolism
*Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/metabolism
*RNA Helicases/metabolism
Animals
RNA Viruses/metabolism/physiology
DNA Helicases/metabolism
Virus Replication
RNA, Viral/metabolism

@article {pmid40169414,
year = {2025},
author = {Wiegand, HF and Adorjan, K and Stoffers-Winterling, J and Scheithauer, S and Schmitt, J and Tüscher, O and Falkai, P and Lieb, K},
title = {[Mental health and mental healthcare as elements of pandemic and crisis preparedness].},
journal = {Der Nervenarzt},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40169414},
issn = {1433-0407},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic was challenging in terms of the mental health of the population and the provision of mental health services.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: To gain insights from the pandemic for an improved pandemic and crisis preparedness for the future.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Recommendations are derived from the results of reviews on mental health and psychiatric psychotherapeutic care during the pandemic.

RESULTS: Large sections of the population proved to be resilient in terms of mental health. Populations at risk showed increased stress, particularly children, adolescents, women, people with low socioeconomic status, people in nursing homes and healthcare workers. People with long/post-COVID were also particularly affected. At the same time there were significant restrictions on the provision of psychiatric psychotherapeutic care, particularly in the inpatient sector. Insufficient current data on the mental health of the population and a lack of surveillance of service utilization, despite an existing data basis, made it difficult for timely detection of stress and care restrictions and an adequate response for crisis management. The rigid sectorization of the mental healthcare system often prevented alternative outpatient care.

DISCUSSION: The national mental health surveillance should be continued and further developed. Structures should be provided for the time-sensitive consolidation of data and the multiprofessional generation of recommendations in order to be able to detect and respond to challenges due to bottlenecks in the provision of care and stress in risk groups. Flexible, cross-sectoral mental healthcare should be made possible throughout Germany.},
}

@article {pmid40168990,
year = {2025},
author = {Purushotham, JN and Lutz, HL and Parker, E and Andersen, KG},
title = {Immunological drivers of zoonotic virus emergence, evolution, and endemicity.},
journal = {Immunity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.immuni.2025.03.014},
pmid = {40168990},
issn = {1097-4180},
abstract = {The disruption of natural ecosystems caused by climate change and human activity is amplifying the risk of zoonotic spillover, presenting a growing global health threat. In the past two decades, the emergence of multiple zoonotic viruses has exposed critical gaps in our ability to predict epidemic trajectories and implement effective interventions. RNA viruses, in particular, are challenging to control due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt and evade immune defenses. To better prepare for future outbreaks, it is vital that we deepen our understanding of the factors driving viral emergence, transmission, and persistence in human populations. Specifically, deciphering the interactions between antibody-mediated immunity and viral evolution will be key. In this perspective, we explore these dynamic relationships and highlight research priorities that may guide the development of more effective strategies to mitigate the impact of emerging infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40168512,
year = {2025},
author = {Tran, BX and Vu, HN and Duong, DB and Boyer, L and Long, TH and Nguyen, DC and Tang, S},
title = {Enhancing human and animal health data integration and informed actions for pandemic preparedness at the primary healthcare level: a multisectoral conceptual framework.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {03018},
doi = {10.7189/jogh.15.03018},
pmid = {40168512},
issn = {2047-2986},
mesh = {Humans ; *Primary Health Care/organization & administration ; Vietnam/epidemiology ; Animals ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Telemedicine/organization & administration ; COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Pandemic Preparedness ; },
abstract = {A key priority for strengthening global health capacity for pandemic response is rapid risk assessment for timely, context-specific decision-making. However, integrating human and animal health data for preparedness remains a challenge, especially at the primary healthcare (PHC) level. Here we review Vietnam's pandemic response and propose a conceptual framework for improving data integration across sectors in low- and middle-income countries. Despite the country's progress in health information systems and telehealth, disparities in data use and coordination between human and animal health sectors hindered effective responses. Existing mechanisms between healthcare and veterinary professionals lack integrated data-sharing, delaying risk communication and crisis management, particularly in rural areas with limited IT access and infrastructure. The proposed model includes five components: data interoperability with standardised indicators for real-time synthesis; robust digital health infrastructure and telehealth expansion; capacity building in data management for health and veterinary professionals; epidemic intelligence tools for risk assessment; and evidence-driven decision-making for coordinated epidemic responses. This model offers a pathway to strengthen health systems and improve pandemic preparedness at the PHC level in Vietnam and similar settings.},
}

Humans
*Primary Health Care/organization & administration
Vietnam/epidemiology
Animals
*Pandemics/prevention & control
Telemedicine/organization & administration
COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
Pandemic Preparedness

@article {pmid40168509,
year = {2025},
author = {Rudan, I and Kerr, S and Simpson, CR and Kurdi, A and Adeloye, D and Robertson, C and Sheikh, A and , },
title = {The COVID-19 pandemic in children and young people during 2022-24: what new did we learn?.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {01002},
doi = {10.7189/jogh.15.01002},
pmid = {40168509},
issn = {2047-2986},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/complications ; Child ; Adolescent ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Child, Preschool ; Pandemics ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; },
abstract = {The research conducted between 2022 and 2024 has advanced our understanding of COVID-19 in children and young people (CYP), particularly with the emergence of the Omicron variant and its subvariants. The findings have reinforced that, while Omicron infections are often milder compared to earlier variants, the overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children has increased, with notable regional and demographic disparities. COVID-19-related hospitalisation rates in children rose during Omicron waves, especially among infants, unvaccinated individuals, and CYP at higher risk, i.e. with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and neurological or cardiac conditions. Despite this, severe disease and mortality in children remained very low. The observed increases in type 1 diabetes incidence and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) have also highlighted the broader systemic effects of SARS-CoV-2 in paediatric populations. Evidence has underscored the protective effect of vaccination in preventing severe disease and MIS-C and vaccine safety, emphasising the need for targeted immunisation strategies, particularly among children who may be at higher risk. Studies have also estimated that a significant proportion of children experienced persistent post-COVID-19 infection symptoms such as fatigue, mood disturbances, sleep disorders, and respiratory difficulties, but the reported prevalence varied widely, from as low as 1.6% to as high as 70%, due to differences in study methodologies, case definitions, and populations studied. Standardised definitions and measurement tools, such as those developed through international consensus processes, are required to improve diagnosis, treatment, and research into this persisting condition. Ethnic disparities in vaccine uptake persist, implying that vaccine hesitancy and accessibility, alongside approaches to countering disinformation, are important areas for future research.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/complications
Child
Adolescent
*SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
Child, Preschool
Pandemics
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

@article {pmid40168270,
year = {2025},
author = {Yagihashi, M and Sakuma, A and Murakami, M},
title = {Psychotherapies and psychological support for individuals facing psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {e0318192},
pmid = {40168270},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Psychotherapy/methods ; *Psychological Distress ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods ; Stress, Psychological/therapy/psychology ; },
abstract = {In this scoping review, we investigated the psychotherapies and psychological support provided during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to clarify its recipients and the methods employed, among other characteristics. We used Scopus and PubMed as the two search engines and employed the following search terms: "COVID*" AND ("psychotherap*" OR "psychological support*") AND "psychological distress*." The first search was conducted on October 18, 2022, by reviewing search engines and conducting a manual search. It yielded 154 articles, of which 18 finally met the eligibility criteria after the second round of screening. The distribution of the participants in the intervention studies included in this review was diverse, including the general population, patients with COVID-19, and patients who had recovered from COVID-19. The implementation of psychotherapy was not limited to more advanced countries in psychiatry, indicating the broader reach of these interventions. Psychotherapy includes various methods, including cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance commitment therapy, mindfulness, supportive care, virtual reality therapy, and online educational content via apps. The rise of new technologies may have increased the replacement rate of human therapists. In addition, the use of remote interventions was more common than that of face-to-face interventions. It is necessary to monitor whether the technologies and methods used for the first time during the pandemic will continue to be used in the future. Therefore, further research is needed to compare the effectiveness of remote randomized controlled trials with conventional face-to-face randomized controlled trials. Finally, most of those providing psychotherapies and psychological support in the studies included in this review were not doctors or psychologists.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Psychotherapy/methods
*Psychological Distress
*Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods
Stress, Psychological/therapy/psychology

@article {pmid40168012,
year = {2025},
author = {Romano, K and Leone, J and Love, N and Caramore, A},
title = {Diagnostic Precision: Exchanging Urinary Catheters Before Urine Specimen Collection to Reduce Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection.},
journal = {Critical care nurse},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {25-32},
doi = {10.4037/ccn2025857},
pmid = {40168012},
issn = {1940-8250},
mesh = {Humans ; *Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; *Urine Specimen Collection/methods/standards ; *Catheter-Related Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control ; Male ; Female ; Urinary Catheters/adverse effects ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Urinary Catheterization/adverse effects ; Aged ; Catheters, Indwelling/adverse effects ; Aged, 80 and over ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Critical Care Nursing/standards ; Cross Infection/prevention & control/diagnosis ; Intensive Care Units ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are among the most prevalent and costly types of hospital-acquired infections. During the COVID-19 pandemic, growing numbers of critical care patients required indwelling urinary catheters, leading to higher infection rates.

LOCAL PROBLEM: A critical care unit saw a 7-fold increase in the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. A review of procedures showed that the current standard of care for preventing such infections was inadequate. In particular, patients who could not have indwelling urinary catheters promptly removed risked a potential false-positive diagnosis of catheter-associated urinary tract infection due to clinicians' use of long-term catheters to obtain urine specimens for microbiological evaluation.

METHODS: A literature review was performed to gather evidence on best practices for urine specimen collection in the critical care unit. An interprofessional task force including frontline nurses advocated implementation of a pilot project in 2 critical care units involving exchange of catheters before obtaining urine specimens for microbiological evaluation in any patient who had an indwelling catheter in place for more than 24 hours.

RESULTS: Implementation of the new protocol resulted in a major reduction in the diagnosis of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, with no incidents occurring for 2 consecutive quarters. Based on these results, the new evidence-based workflow was incorporated as the standard of care for all adult inpatients.

CONCLUSION: Catheter exchange before collection of urine specimens in patients requiring urine culture evaluation can improve accuracy of diagnosis of catheter-associated urinary tract infection and promote antibiotic stewardship.},
}

Humans
*Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control
*COVID-19/diagnosis
*Urine Specimen Collection/methods/standards
*Catheter-Related Infections/diagnosis/prevention & control
Male
Female
Urinary Catheters/adverse effects
Adult
Middle Aged
Urinary Catheterization/adverse effects
Aged
Catheters, Indwelling/adverse effects
Aged, 80 and over
SARS-CoV-2
Critical Care Nursing/standards
Cross Infection/prevention & control/diagnosis
Intensive Care Units
Pandemics

@article {pmid40167765,
year = {2025},
author = {Ritter, C},
title = {[Digital learning methods in pharmacy].},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40167765},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {With the outbreak of the SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic in March 2020 and the associated restrictions on teaching, digital learning methods were increasingly used at many universities. Digital learning methods generally include fully or partially digitized learning elements such as lecture recordings, open learning materials, or e‑portfolios. Fully or partially digitized learning formats include game-based learning, the inverted classroom, mobile learning, the use of social media, online peer and collaborative learning, and adaptive learning. Digitized realities are created in the context of simulation-based learning and in augmented and virtual reality. Online-based event formats and online degree programs are characterized by an almost exclusive proportion of internet-based learning phases.The extent to which digital learning methods are used in pharmacy courses in Germany is explained in this article using selected practical examples. The selected examples include the creation of an audio podcast to assess the performance of a clinical chemistry internship as a form of digital learning element, the use of a digital analysis tool to carry out medication analyses as an example of mobile learning, a blended learning concept to teach the basics of clinical pharmacy, an online concept of virtual bedside teaching, and a game-like simulation for dispensing medicines. The inclusion of artificial intelligence can be helpful in the development and implementation of digital learning offerings. However, a sufficiently high quality and critical approach must be guaranteed.},
}

@article {pmid40166858,
year = {2025},
author = {Gottlieb, S and Madkins, K and Lio, P},
title = {An Updated Scoping Review of Disparities in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis.},
journal = {Pediatric dermatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pde.15914},
pmid = {40166858},
issn = {1525-1470},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Health disparities are preventable differences in various aspects of health and encompass a wide range of inequitable outcomes experienced by marginalized patient populations. The objective of this systematic scoping review was to provide an updated summary of published research on disparities within pediatric atopic dermatitis (AD) in the United States.

METHODS: We performed a systematic search of full studies and abstracts according to PRISMA guidelines. Searches were developed with and performed by a medical librarian on various electronic databases for studies published from January 2021 through May 2024. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts, followed by full-text review.

RESULTS: Fifty-three studies met our inclusion criteria, of which 49 examined disparities due to race/ethnicity, 18 due to socioeconomic factors (SES), 6 due to region/environment, 11 due to sex/gender, and 1 due to preferred language. Disparities discussed included AD prevalence, health outcomes, and access to health care.

CONCLUSION: With an increasing focus on health disparities research, particularly within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, an update on disparities within pediatric AD is needed. Examining the results of these studies can help point us to interventions that aim to reduce disparities and allow us to identify current knowledge gaps in disparities within pediatric AD.},
}

@article {pmid40166854,
year = {2025},
author = {Burkard, M and Piotrowsky, A and Leischner, C and Detert, K and Venturelli, S and Marongiu, L},
title = {The Antiviral Activity of Polyphenols.},
journal = {Molecular nutrition & food research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70042},
doi = {10.1002/mnfr.70042},
pmid = {40166854},
issn = {1613-4133},
support = {3140080501//Dr. Hans Fritz Stiftung/ ; D.31.15100//PASCOE pharmazeutische Praeparate GmbH/ ; D.32.22506//PASCOE pharmazeutische Praeparate GmbH/ ; AZ: 34-9185.90-1//Ministry of Rural Affairs and Consumer Protection Baden-Wuerttemberg/ ; },
abstract = {Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by a large variety of plants. These compounds that comprise the class of phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans, coumarins, flavonoids, and tannins have a wide range of employment, from food production to medical usages. Among the beneficial applications of polyphenols, their antiviral activity is gaining importance due to the increased prevalence of drug-resistant viruses such as herpes and hepatitis B viruses. In the present review, we provide an overview of the most promising or commonly used antiviral polyphenols and their mechanisms of action focusing on their effects on enveloped viruses of clinical importance (double-stranded linear or partially double-stranded circular DNA viruses, negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses with nonsegmented or segmented genomes, and positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses). The present work emphasizes the relevance of polyphenols, in particular epigallocatechin-3-gallate and resveratrol, as alternative or supportive antivirals. Polyphenols could interfere with virtually all steps of viral infection, from the adsorption to the release of viral particles. The activity of polyphenols against viruses is especially relevant given the risk of widespread outbreaks associated with viruses, remarked by the recent COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid40166706,
year = {2025},
author = {Chambers, JP and Daum, LT and Arulanandam, BP and Valdes, JJ},
title = {Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Imbalance-A Contributor to SARS CoV-2 Disease Severity.},
journal = {Journal of nutrition and metabolism},
volume = {2025},
number = {},
pages = {7075883},
pmid = {40166706},
issn = {2090-0724},
abstract = {Overview: SARS CoV-2 infection is accompanied by the development of acute inflammation, resolution of which determines the course of infection and its outcome. If not resolved (brought back to preinjury status), the inflamed state progresses to a severe clinical presentation characterized by uncontrolled cytokine release, systemic inflammation, and in some death. In severe CoV-2 disease, the required balance between protective inflammation and its resolution appears missing, suggesting that the ω-3-derived specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) needed for resolution are either not present or present at ineffective levels compared to competing ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolic derivatives. Aim: To determine whether ω-6 PUFA linoleic acid (LA) metabolites increased in those infected with severe disease compared to uninfected controls. Findings: Increased levels of ω-6 LA metabolites, e.g., arachidonic acid (AA), epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) acid derivatives of AA (8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EETs), AA-derived hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) acid, dihydroxylated diols (leukotoxin and isoleukotoxin), and prostaglandin E2 with decreased levels of ω-3-derived inflammation resolving SPMs. Therapeutic treatment of SARS CoV-2 patients with ω-3 PUFA significantly increased 18-HEPE (SPM precursor) and EPA-derived diols (11,12- and 14,15-diHETE), while toxic 9,10- and 12,13-diHOMEs (leukotoxin and iosleukotoxin, respectively) decreased. Conclusion: Unbalanced dietary intake of ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs contributed to SARS CoV-2 disease severity by decreasing ω-3-dependent SPM resolution of inflammation and increasing membrane-associated ferroptotic AA peroxidation.},
}

@article {pmid40166394,
year = {2025},
author = {Hu, J and Xiao, W},
title = {What are the influencing factors of online learning engagement? A systematic literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1542652},
pmid = {40166394},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, online learning has gained widespread adoption as a learning mode in both K-12 and higher education. Learning engagement serves as a crucial indicator of learning quality and is highly correlated with students' persistence, satisfaction, and academic performance. Numerous researchers have conducted investigations into the factors that influence online learning engagement. This study employs a systematic literature review methodology to synthesize 55 empirical studies published between January 2020 and July 2023. The research findings reveal the following: (1) Community of Inquiry Theory, Self-determination Theory, Social Cognition Theory, Transaction Distance Theory, and Technology Acceptance Model are the most frequently utilized theories employed by researchers to analyze the influencing factors of online learning engagement. (2) Factors that influence online learning engagement from the learners' perspective include Motivation, Digital Experience and Literacy, Emotions and Regulatory Strategies, Psychology, Self-Perception, Self-efficacy, and Self-Directed Learning. Additionally, factors from the environment encompass Instrument, Task characteristics, Digital Platforms and Equipment, Physical Environment, Collaboration, and Interaction. (3) Effective strategies to enhance online learning engagement comprise setting clear learning goals for learners, improving their information and social media literacy, strengthening their self-directed learning ability, providing robust instructor support, and creating an optimal learning environment. Through this comprehensive review, researchers interested in this topic will gain a broader understanding, while also obtaining evidence-based insights and valuable recommendations for future research.},
}

@article {pmid40164818,
year = {2025},
author = {Aburass, S and Dorgham, O and Al Shaqsi, J and Abu Rumman, M and Al-Kadi, O},
title = {Vision Transformers in Medical Imaging: a Comprehensive Review of Advancements and Applications Across Multiple Diseases.},
journal = {Journal of imaging informatics in medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10278-025-01481-y},
pmid = {40164818},
issn = {2948-2933},
abstract = {The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence techniques, particularly deep learning, has transformed medical imaging. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent research that leverage vision transformer (ViT) models for medical image classification across various disciplines. The medical fields of focus include breast cancer, skin lesions, magnetic resonance imaging brain tumors, lung diseases, retinal and eye analysis, COVID-19, heart diseases, colon cancer, brain disorders, diabetic retinopathy, skin diseases, kidney diseases, lymph node diseases, and bone analysis. Each work is critically analyzed and interpreted with respect to its performance, data preprocessing methodologies, model architecture, transfer learning techniques, model interpretability, and identified challenges. Our findings suggest that ViT shows promising results in the medical imaging domain, often outperforming traditional convolutional neural networks (CNN). A comprehensive overview is presented in the form of figures and tables summarizing the key findings from each field. This paper provides critical insights into the current state of medical image classification using ViT and highlights potential future directions for this rapidly evolving research area.},
}

@article {pmid40162161,
year = {2025},
author = {Thanakamchokchai, J and Khobkhun, F and Phetsitong, R and Chaiyawat, P and Areerak, K and Niemrungruang, K and Tretriluxana, J},
title = {Effectiveness of telerehabilitation on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health framework outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Digital health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {20552076251325993},
pmid = {40162161},
issn = {2055-2076},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to synthesize and analyze the evidence on the effectiveness of telerehabilitation categorized according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) outcomes for physical therapy (PT) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

METHODS: Studies were identified using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, and other sources of data. Randomized controlled trials comparing telerehabilitation with the control group (i.e., no treatment/usual care) were included. Standard meta-analysis techniques were applied to assess the effectiveness of telerehabilitation. Outcome measures were categorized according to the domains of the ICF.

RESULTS: Among the 134 studies that met the eligibility criteria, the majority of findings demonstrated significant improvements across all domains of the ICF following telerehabilitation as compared to the control group, regardless of participant groups. Only 9 of 134 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Six studies enrolled individuals with COVID-19 and the remaining three enrolled individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who were unable to access services at the clinic. Compared with the control group, the Borg-Rating-of-Perceived-Exertion scale, as reflected in an impairment domain, was significantly lower in individuals with COVID-19 who received telerehabilitation (3 studies, n = 135; standardized mean difference (SMD) -1.82, 95% CI -2.77 to -0.86). Compared with that in the control group, 30-second sit-to-stand test (3 studies, n = 122; SMD 0.88, 95% CI 0.52-1.25) and 6-minute-walking test (4 studies, n = 221; SMD 0.83, 95% CI 0.42-1.24), as reflected to an activity domain, showed significant improvement in the telerehabilitation group. Conversely, there was no effectiveness of telerehabilitation on an activity domain as measured by the timed up and go test in people with knee OA (3 studies, n = 111; SMD -0.45, 95% CI -1.19 to 0.30).

CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence supporting the effectiveness of telerehabilitation across all domains of the ICF, with significant improvements observed in the impairment and activity domains for individuals with COVID-19. These improvements are particularly evident in the meta-analysis findings such as perceived exertion, leg strength, and functional capacity.},
}

@article {pmid40161998,
year = {2025},
author = {Qiu, Y and Hu, G},
title = {Lung-on-a-chip: From design principles to disease applications.},
journal = {Biomicrofluidics},
volume = {19},
number = {2},
pages = {021501},
pmid = {40161998},
issn = {1932-1058},
abstract = {To address the growing need for accurate lung models, particularly in light of respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and the COVID-19 pandemic, lung-on-a-chip technology is emerging as a powerful alternative. Lung-on-a-chip devices utilize microfluidics to create three-dimensional models that closely mimic key physiological features of the human lung, such as the air-liquid interface, mechanical forces associated with respiration, and fluid dynamics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental components of lung-on-a-chip systems, the diverse fabrication methods used to construct these complex models, and a summary of their wide range of applications in disease modeling and aerosol deposition studies. Despite existing challenges, lung-on-a-chip models hold immense potential for advancing personalized medicine, drug development, and disease prevention, offering a transformative approach to respiratory health research.},
}

@article {pmid40159950,
year = {2025},
author = {Maximiano-Barreto, MA and Monteiro, DQ and Alves, LCS and Raminelli, AO and Coelho, HER and Inouye, K and Bas-Sarmiento, P and Luchesi, BM},
title = {Sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with low health literacy among Indigenous populations: a systematic review.},
journal = {Health promotion international},
volume = {40},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/heapro/daaf018},
pmid = {40159950},
issn = {1460-2245},
support = {//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; //Coordination for the Advancement of Higher Education Personnel/ ; //Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 308019/2023-7//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Health Literacy ; *Indigenous Peoples ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Sociodemographic Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; COVID-19/ethnology ; Male ; Female ; },
abstract = {Indigenous people represent 6% of the world's population and, over time, this population has faced different negative consequences, including those related to health. Health literacy is a variable that can help reduce the health-related harm faced by Indigenous people, since low health literacy has been considered a public health problem. The aim was to review the literature on sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with low health literacy among Indigenous people. To do this, we conducted a systematic review following the recommendations of the PRISMA Statement and approved by PROSPERO (CRD42024591888). A total of seven articles make up the results of this review. The findings show that the low health literacy of Indigenous people is associated with sociodemographic characteristics (e.g. older age, male gender, lower income and educational level) and health-related aspects such as having more than one chronic condition, low perception of COVID-19 risk, low chance of cancer screening, poorer glycemic control, eating behavior, self-monitoring of blood glucose and knowledge about diabetes and difficulty in understanding health information (e.g. medication labels). Although the number of articles selected for this review was small, it should be noted that they all presented a low risk of bias. Sociodemographic and health factors are associated with low health literacy among the Indigenous population. The findings demonstrate the importance of planning public policies to promote health and especially health literacy among this neglected population.},
}

Humans
*Health Literacy
*Indigenous Peoples
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Sociodemographic Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
COVID-19/ethnology
Male
Female

@article {pmid40159916,
year = {2025},
author = {Sterian, M and Naganathan, T and Corrin, T and Waddell, LA},
title = {Evidence on the associations and safety of COVID-19 vaccination and post COVID-19 condition: An updated living systematic review.},
journal = {Epidemiology and infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-46},
doi = {10.1017/S0950268825000378},
pmid = {40159916},
issn = {1469-4409},
}

@article {pmid40159732,
year = {2025},
author = {Babov, K and Kysylevska, A and Plakida, A and Sierpińska, LE and Zabolotna, I and Gushcha, S},
title = {The use of mineral waters in rehabilitating patients with coronavirus disease - a review.},
journal = {Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM},
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {20-26},
doi = {10.26444/aaem/196916},
pmid = {40159732},
issn = {1898-2263},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/rehabilitation ; *Mineral Waters ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Ukraine ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The review aimed to consider evidence of the effectiveness of using mineral waters in the rehabilitation of patients who have had a coronavirus disease.

REVIEW METHODS: The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023438740). Relevant studies were systematically reviewed, based on randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis that included at least one group receiving mineral waters (MW). General scientific papers and regulatory documents on health care in Ukraine, including rehabilitation and resort resources, and rehabilitation protocols after the coronavirus disease, were also used for the analysis. Search for articles and other scientific works published in English and Ukrainian from 1994 to 5 February 2023, was conducted in the following databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Dual data abstraction, quality assessment, and strength of evidence was also performeds. The results were evaluated of using various mineral waters in the rehabilitation of patients with complications of COVID-19 disease.

Most of the studies (28%) are devoted to the use of mineral waters for complications of the respiratory system. 12% of papers were devoted to the pathology of the musculoskeletal system, 10% to chronic fatigue (asthenia), anxiety-depressive, and other neuropsychiatric disorders, 9% to еру cardiovascular system, and 8% to dermatological problems.

SUMMARY: Differentiated use of balneotherapy, considering the composition of MW, temperature, and the frequency of their application, allows for increasing the effectiveness of rehabilitation of post-Covid-19 complications of various organs and systems of the body.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/rehabilitation
*Mineral Waters
*SARS-CoV-2
Ukraine

@article {pmid40157494,
year = {2025},
author = {Altwayan, R and Tombuloglu, H and Alhamid, G and Karagoz, A and Alshammari, T and Alsaeed, M and Al-Hariri, M and Rabaan, A and Unver, T},
title = {Comprehensive Review of Thrombophilia: Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Molecular Diagnosis.},
journal = {Transfusion clinique et biologique : journal de la Societe francaise de transfusion sanguine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tracli.2025.03.004},
pmid = {40157494},
issn = {1953-8022},
abstract = {Thrombophilia, characterized by an imbalance between fibrinolysis and coagulation leading to inappropriate blood clotting, is a significant medical condition. The CDC has designated it as an underdiagnosed, serious, and potentially preventable disorder, contributing to an estimated 600,000-900,000 cases and 100,000 deaths annually in the United States. These figures surpass the combined annual mortality of AIDS, breast cancer, and motor vehicle accidents. The pathogenesis of thrombophilia involves complex interactions between genetic predispositions, such as mutations in Factor V Leiden, Factor II, MTHFR, and Serpine-1, and environmental factors, including unhealthy lifestyles, prolonged hospitalization, obesity, and cancer. Prevalence of specific genetic mutations varies across populations. Additional risk factors include age, family history, and pregnancy, with recent attention to increased susceptibility in SARS-CoV-2 infection. While molecular diagnostic techniques are available, there remains a need for robust, cost-effective, and accurate screening methods for large populations. This systematic review provides an updated overview of thrombophilia, encompassing pathophysiology, epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors, coagulation cascade, population-specific mutation prevalence, and diagnostic approaches. By synthesizing clinical and molecular evidence, this review aims to guide researchers, hematologists, and clinicians in the diagnosis and management of thrombophilia.},
}

@article {pmid40157425,
year = {2025},
author = {Tulio, EF and Lucini, F and de Lima, AC and Garoni Martins do Carmo, ND and Barbosa, MDS and de Almeida de Souza, GH and Rossato, L},
title = {Candida infections in COVID-19 patients: A review of prevalence, risk factors, and mortality.},
journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology},
volume = {55},
number = {},
pages = {100831},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100831},
pmid = {40157425},
issn = {1998-3646},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Candida spp. infections have increasingly been reported among COVID-19 patients, yet the epidemiological factors, diagnostic methods, and outcomes associated with these infections remain poorly understood. These infections, particularly in ICU settings, present significant challenges due to high mortality rates and rising antifungal resistance. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida in COVID-19 patients, providing clinical and epidemiological insights.

METHODS: A review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and BVS databases, covering articles published from January 2020 to May 2024. Inclusion criteria included case reports or case series providing detailed information on Candida spp. in COVID-19 patients. Data extraction focused on patient demographics, underlying diseases, antifungal and antibiotic therapies, antifungal susceptibility, resistance profiles, and outcomes. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software.

RESULTS: The review included 67 studies, totaling 223 COVID-19 patients. Male patients were predominant. Common comorbidities included hypertension, cancer, and dyslipidemia. Echinocandins were the primary antifungal treatment. Non-albicans Candida exhibited a higher resistance rate (47.10 %) compared to C. albicans (2.35 %). Overall mortality rates were high, at 60.50 % for C. albicans and 62.30 % for non-albicans. Significant risk factors for mortality included age, central venous catheter use, ICU admission, and corticosteroid therapy.

CONCLUSIONS: The study identified critical risk factors and clinical characteristics in COVID-19 patients with Candida infections. The high incidence of antifungal resistance among non-albicans and high mortality rates highlight the need for vigilant monitoring and targeted antifungal strategies to improve outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid40157321,
year = {2025},
author = {Anderson, M and Lopez, J and Wyr, M and Ramirez, PW},
title = {Defining diverse spike-receptor interactions involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.},
journal = {Virology},
volume = {607},
number = {},
pages = {110507},
doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2025.110507},
pmid = {40157321},
issn = {1096-0341},
abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped RNA virus that caused the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells to facilitate viral entry. However, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in nearly all human organs - including those with little or no ACE2 expression - suggests the involvement of alternative receptors. Recent studies have identified several cellular proteins and molecules that influence SARS-CoV-2 entry through ACE2-dependent, ACE2-independent, or inhibitory mechanisms. In this review, we explore how these alternative receptors were identified, their expression patterns and roles in viral entry, and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting these virus-receptor interactions to mitigate COVID-19 pathogenesis.},
}

@article {pmid40156779,
year = {2024},
author = {Arinola, G and Onifade, AA and Adigun, K and Oshingbesan, MB},
title = {Review of immune-metabolic studies and re-purposed treatments of Nigerian COVID-19 patients: A pointer to mild, gender- and age-based status of admitted patients.},
journal = {Nigerian journal of physiological sciences : official publication of the Physiological Society of Nigeria},
volume = {39},
number = {2},
pages = {177-183},
doi = {10.54548/njps.v39i2.2},
pmid = {40156779},
issn = {0794-859X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Age Factors ; Female ; Male ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Sex Factors ; Severity of Illness Index ; },
abstract = {When Severe Acute Respiratory human Coronavirus 2 (SARS-hCOV 2) infection began in December 2019, detailed knowledge about the virus was lacking. This included non-availability of anti-viral treatment or vaccine, no knowledge of virus-human interaction, and lack of prognostic factors for stages of illness among others. A publication in Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (2020). 35: 20-25 titled "Immune Responses During Human Coronavirus Infection: Suggestions For Future Studies" adduced investigations into immune parameters of COVID-19 patients so as to throw more light on the immunopathogenesis of SAR-CoV-2 infection, in order to create avenue for the development of vaccines or herd immunity. This present publication is a review of studies carried out on COVID-19 patients in one Infectious Diseases Center (I.D.C), Ibadan, Nigeria as a response to the gaps in knowledge raised in above mentioned publication. Cummulatively, immune-metabolic studies from this IDC revealed mild, age- and sex-dependent status of COVID-19 in patients admitted into this center. Thus, explaining the basis for the effectiveness of adopted re-purposed drugs (chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, zinc, vitamins C and D and or antibiotics), physiotherapy and nutritional support used for the management of admitted COVID-19 patients. Also, this paper vindicated that inflammation was heightened during SARS-CoV 2 infection; therefore therapeutic interventions to control the inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, antibodies against structural and non-structural proteins or blocks receptor sites were proposed. In addition, development of herd immunity and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines (Astrazeneca and Moderna) were elucidated in general population. However, study to determine host genetic factors in hCoV infection was lacking. This review concluded that interdisciplinary collaborative approach will be useful in the management of future emerging or re-emerging infection.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology
Nigeria/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Age Factors
Female
Male
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Sex Factors
Severity of Illness Index

@article {pmid40156532,
year = {2024},
author = {Sharma, P and Malik, S and Wadhwan, V and Sharma, K and Chauhan, A and Sharma, R},
title = {Oral and Maxillo-facial Fungal Infections in COVID-19 Patients - A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research},
volume = {35},
number = {4},
pages = {459-464},
pmid = {40156532},
issn = {1998-3603},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; Mycoses/complications ; Mucormycosis/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Opportunistic Infections/complications ; },
abstract = {The main objective of the current systematic review was to compile and evaluate the data on opportunistic maxillofacial mycotic infections in COVID-19 patients during the treatment and post-recovery period of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Comorbidities like diabetes, corticosteroid use, and mortality among COVID-19-associated patients presenting with oral and maxillofacial fungal infections were also assessed. The review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. A comprehensive search was carried out in the archives of Web of Science, Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Lilacs, and Livivo in combination with Boolean operators till 24th June 2022, and cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports deliberating on maxillofacial mycoses in COVID-19 were included. The included studies were meted to the risk of bias using the Joana Briggs Institute Appraisal tools for prevalence studies, case series, and case reports. In a two-stage collection, 20 studies were included: 9 observational (3269 patients), 5 case-series (42 patients), and 6 case reports (8 patients) from 7 countries. Mucormycosis was the most commonly reported maxillofacial fungal infection (96.7%/3162 cases), followed by candidiasis (3.2%/105 cases) associated with COVID-19. Although aspergillosis was observed in only one case and one patient, a mixed mycotic infection demonstrating both aspergillus and mucor fungal elements was identified in one patient. Comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, indiscriminate corticosteroid use and immunosuppression leads to invasive maxillofacial fungal infections in COVID-19, which may prove to be fatal.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
Mycoses/complications
Mucormycosis/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Opportunistic Infections/complications

@article {pmid40155903,
year = {2025},
author = {Morelli, T and Freeman, A and Staples, KJ and Wilkinson, TMA},
title = {Hidden in plain sight: the impact of human rhinovirus infection in adults.},
journal = {Respiratory research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {120},
pmid = {40155903},
issn = {1465-993X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Rhinovirus/pathogenicity ; *Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology/diagnosis/virology ; Adult ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/virology/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Human rhinovirus (HRV), a non-enveloped RNA virus, was first identified more than 70 years ago. It is highly infectious and easily transmitted through aerosols and direct contact. The advent of multiplex PCR has enhanced the detection of a diverse range of respiratory viruses, and HRV consistently ranks among the most prevalent respiratory pathogens globally. Circulation occurs throughout the year, with peak incidence in autumn and spring in temperate climates. Remarkably, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, HRV transmission persisted, demonstrating its resistance to stringent public health measures aimed at curbing viral transmission.

MAIN BODY: HRV is characterised by its extensive genetic diversity, comprising three species and more than 170 genotypes. This diversity and substantial number of concurrently circulating strains allows HRVs to frequently escape the adaptive immune system and poses formidable challenges for the development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies. There is currently a lack of specific treatments. Historically, HRV has been associated with self-limiting upper respiratory infection. However, there is now extensive evidence highlighting its significant role in severe lower respiratory disease in adults, including exacerbations of chronic airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as pneumonia. These severe manifestations can occur even in immunocompetent individuals, broadening the clinical impact of this ubiquitous virus. Consequently, the burden of rhinovirus infections extends across various healthcare settings, from primary care to general hospital wards and intensive care units. The impact of HRV in adults, in terms of morbidity and healthcare utilisation, rivals that of the other major respiratory viruses, including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Recognition of this substantial burden underscores the critical need for novel treatment strategies and effective management protocols to mitigate the impact of HRV infections on public health.

CONCLUSION: This review examines the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and risk factors associated with severe HRV infection in adults. By drawing on contemporary literature, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the virus's significant health implications. Understanding the scope of this impact is essential for developing new, targeted interventions and improving patient outcomes in the face of this persistent and adaptable pathogen.},
}

Humans
*Rhinovirus/pathogenicity
*Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology/diagnosis/virology
Adult
Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/virology/diagnosis

@article {pmid40155114,
year = {2025},
author = {Cavaleri, M and de Sousa, CMA and Hacker, A and Higgs, ES and Lumpkin, MM and Maia, CS and Mathur, R and Fimbo, AM and Reis, A and Shin, KS and Vaughn, DW and Zhang, W and Moorthy, V},
title = {A roadmap for fostering timely regulatory and ethics approvals of international clinical trials in support of global health research systems.},
journal = {The Lancet. Global health},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {e769-e777},
doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00515-1},
pmid = {40155114},
issn = {2214-109X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics/standards ; *Global Health ; *COVID-19 ; International Cooperation ; Biomedical Research/ethics/standards ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The global clinical research ecosystem faced highs and lows during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key issues included research waste from poor-quality trials and fragmented regulatory and ethical reviews. Streamlining and harmonising these review processes is crucial for efficient, robust, and timely multinational trials, ensuring rigorous scientific standards, proper safety, and ethical oversight. Robust regulatory and ethics review systems thrive on continuous learning and efficient processes, crucial for high-quality research. Enhancing trial design and implementation, and guiding innovative approaches including decentralised trials and patient-centric designs are essential for the regulatory and ethics authorities to advance public health. These approaches are built on the principles of global guidance outlined in International Coalition for Harmonization Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the WHO guidance for best practice for clinical trials. To realise the agreed vision at the first WHO Global Clinical Trials Forum in 2023, a panel of international experts in clinical research, including representatives from national and regional regulatory and ethics authorities, proposes key actions to improve coordination and streamlining of regulatory and ethics review. The actions emphasise: leveraging existing trial networks and capacity-building initiatives; advancing joint and parallel regulatory and ethics reviews and single national ethics review; improving transparency on approval requirements; simplifying and standardising informed consent forms and processes; and developing mechanisms to improve efficiency for trial site contracting as well as exportation and importation of investigational products for trials. The proposed actions for the reform are urgent and key to generate evidence to enable access to safe and effective interventions for populations most in need.},
}

Humans
*Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics/standards
*Global Health
*COVID-19
International Cooperation
Biomedical Research/ethics/standards
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40155111,
year = {2025},
author = {Dey, T and Widmer, M and Coomarasamy, A and Goudar, SS and Berrueta, M and Coutinho, E and Gaaloul, ME and Faden, RR and Gülmezoglu, AM and Justus Hofmeyr, G and Knight, M and Lamprianou, S and Mastroianni, AC and Munoz, FM and Oladapo, OT and Penazzato, M and Renaud, F and Townsend, CL and Bonet, M},
title = {Advancing maternal and perinatal health through clinical trials: key insights from a WHO global consultation.},
journal = {The Lancet. Global health},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {e740-e748},
doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00512-6},
pmid = {40155111},
issn = {2214-109X},
mesh = {Humans ; *World Health Organization ; Female ; Pregnancy ; *Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics/organization & administration/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; *Maternal Health ; Global Health ; Perinatal Care/standards/ethics/organization & administration/legislation & jurisprudence ; },
abstract = {Pregnant and lactating women have long been excluded from participation in clinical research. This exclusion has resulted in the absence of high-quality evidence on the effectiveness and safety of medical products (medicines, vaccines, and other biological or biomedical products) during pregnancy and lactation, and fragmented health policies and practice recommendations. Based on the discussions at the inaugural WHO Global Clinical Trials Forum in November, 2023, a rapid review of key global, regional, or national ethical and regulatory documents, and previous expert consultations, this paper aims to summarise obstacles and suggest opportunities for appropriate inclusion of pregnant and lactating women in clinical trials. The main challenges identified relate to issues of: trial design; inconsistent interpretation and implementation of ethical, regulatory, and legal guidance; high costs of trials and low return on investments; insufficient research capacity and funding opportunities; misinformation; and insufficient community engagement. Appropriate inclusion is necessary and possible through: multi-stakeholder coordination; alignment with governance bodies to streamline ethical, regulatory, and legal processes for trial conduct; advocacy to prioritise investments in research; stronger focus on capacity strengthening; and good participatory practice that includes women and communities. A paradigm shift towards more inclusive and integrated research methodologies is urgently needed. This shift extends beyond pregnancy to transform the overall trial ecosystem and prioritise the health and wellbeing of all women and their infants everywhere, to truly achieve equitable access to health and innovations and leave no one behind.},
}

Humans
*World Health Organization
Female
Pregnancy
*Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics/organization & administration/legislation & jurisprudence/standards
*Maternal Health
Global Health
Perinatal Care/standards/ethics/organization & administration/legislation & jurisprudence

@article {pmid40155089,
year = {2025},
author = {Saadi, S and Adoui, F and Nacer, NE and Boudjellal, A and Boughellout, H and Anwar, F and Benyahia, FA and Baali, S and Ghazali, HM and Saari, N and Mohammed, AS and Ariffin, AA and Boo, HC and Miskandar, MS and Hamid, AA},
title = {Recent advances in chemistry, biochemistry, and nutrition of dates palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars.},
journal = {Advances in food and nutrition research},
volume = {114},
number = {},
pages = {415-484},
doi = {10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.11.001},
pmid = {40155089},
issn = {1043-4526},
mesh = {*Phoeniceae/chemistry ; *Fruit/chemistry ; *Nutritive Value ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Date palm trees, fruits and leaves have historic life changes with human beings, and their utilizations started by using them as foods and remedy, especially against the resulting bruises of consecutive wars involving wounds, burnes and invasive diseases such as Malaria, Cholera and recently against the emergence of Covid-19 disease symptoms. The richness of palm date- fruits with reducing sugars, polyphenolic acids, flavonoid compounds, hydrosoluble and liposoluble vitamins makes them as versatile food and feed products. In part, minerals remain as the catalyst elements for these golden fruits. In other part, the distribution of essential oils at the mesocarps of date fruits and into date pits constitutes other integral part with substantial therapeutic and nutrigenomic contributions. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a bound enzyme involved in the ripening of the date fruits. The aim of this book chapter is devoted in exploring the recent advances in date palm fruit cultivars as natural bioresources and the key elements beyond to their chemistry, biochemistry, and nutrition aspects, shedding lights on their important metabolites in enhancing food nutritional values, and human health attributes.},
}

*Phoeniceae/chemistry
*Fruit/chemistry
*Nutritive Value
Humans

@article {pmid40155085,
year = {2025},
author = {Ozogul, F and Rathod, N and Köse, S and Alak, G and Kızılyıldırım, S and Bilgin, Ş and Emir Çoban, Ö and İnanlı, AG and Ünal-Şengör, GF and İzci, L and Ozogul, Y and Tokur, B and Ucak, İ and Ceylan, Z and Kulawik, P},
title = {Biochemical and microbial food safety hazards in seafood: A Mediterranean perspective (Part 2).},
journal = {Advances in food and nutrition research},
volume = {114},
number = {},
pages = {209-271},
doi = {10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.09.003},
pmid = {40155085},
issn = {1043-4526},
mesh = {*Seafood/microbiology ; Humans ; *Food Safety ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Mediterranean Region ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Animals ; Food Microbiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The marine environment is teeming with a diverse array of algae, dinoflagellates and phytoplankton. These organisms possess the remarkable capacity to produce toxic compounds that can be passed to humans through the ingestion of seafood, resulting in potential health risks. Similarly, seafood can be susceptible to contamination from various microorganisms, viruses and parasites, thereby, potentially compromising food safety. Consuming seafood that contains toxins or pathogenic microorganisms may have serious health consequences, including the potential for severe illness or even fatality. This chapter delves into the various hazards that arise from biochemical and microbiological factors, with particular emphasis on the Mediterranean region. In addition, it provides a succinct analysis regarding the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the safety of seafood.},
}

*Seafood/microbiology
Humans
*Food Safety
Food Contamination/analysis
Mediterranean Region
COVID-19/prevention & control
Animals
Food Microbiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40155074,
year = {2025},
author = {Debieuvre, D},
title = {[Lung cancer epidemiology: evolution over the last twenty years].},
journal = {Bulletin du cancer},
volume = {112},
number = {3S1},
pages = {3S3-3S15},
doi = {10.1016/S0007-4551(25)00152-3},
pmid = {40155074},
issn = {1769-6917},
mesh = {Humans ; *Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology/mortality ; France/epidemiology ; Male ; Female ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/mortality ; *Smoking/epidemiology/adverse effects ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Sex Distribution ; Risk Factors ; Incidence ; Age Distribution ; Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology/mortality/pathology ; Adult ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Lung Cancer is the second most common cancer in the world but the leading cause of cancer death for both sexes in many countries. Nearly 53,000 new cases were expected in France in 2023, representing 12% of all new cases of cancer, and 33,000 deaths were reported in 2018, representing 21% of all cancer deaths. The KBP studies conducted by the College of General Hospital Pulmonologists (CPHG) for 20 years constitute an excellent barometer of the evolution of the Lung Cancer in France. Lung Cancer is becoming more feminine but still remains a male cancer with a narrowing gap between the two sexes: 65,4% of incident cases are men in the overall population in 2020 but only 58,9% among young subjects (<50 years old). The average age at diagnosis is increasing (67.8 years). The most common histological subtype is adenocarcinoma. Smoking remains the main risk factor but the proportion of non-smokers is increasing (12,6%) due to the impact of air pollution, passive smoking and the aging of the population. The impact of COVID-19 on Lung Cancer mortality in 2020 was significant. Despite the diagnosis which remains mostly late in France, there has been a significant improvement in the prognosis over the past twenty years (reduction in early mortality and increase in median survival) due to therapeutic progress.},
}

Humans
*Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology/mortality
France/epidemiology
Male
Female
*COVID-19/epidemiology/mortality
*Smoking/epidemiology/adverse effects
Aged
Middle Aged
Sex Distribution
Risk Factors
Incidence
Age Distribution
Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology/mortality/pathology
Adult
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40154850,
year = {2025},
author = {Patel, RR and Vidyasagar, and Singh, SK and Singh, M},
title = {Recent advances in inhibitor development and metabolic targeting in tuberculosis therapy.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {203},
number = {},
pages = {107515},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107515},
pmid = {40154850},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Despite being a preventable and treatable disease, tuberculosis (TB) remained the second leading infectious cause of death globally in 2022, surpassed only by COVID-19. The death rate from TB is influenced by numerous factors that include antibiotic drug resistance, noncompliance with chemotherapy by patients, concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, delayed diagnosis, varying effectiveness of the Bacille-Calmette-Guerin vaccine, and other factors. Even with the recent advances in our knowledge of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the accessibility of advanced genomic tools such as proteomics and microarrays, alongside modern methodologies, the pursuit of next-generation inhibitors targeting distinct or multiple molecular pathways remains essential to combat the increasing antimicrobial resistance. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify and develop new drug targets against TB that have unique mechanisms. Novel therapeutic targets might encompass gene products associated with various aspects of mycobacterial biology, such as transcription, metabolism, cell wall formation, persistence, and pathogenesis. This review focuses on the present state of our knowledge and comprehension regarding various inhibitors targeting key metabolic pathways of M. tuberculosis. The discussion encompasses small molecule, synthetic, peptide, natural product and microbial inhibitors and navigates through promising candidates in different phases of clinical development. Additionally, we explore the crucial enzymes and targets involved in metabolic pathways, highlighting their inhibitors. The metabolic pathways explored include nucleotide synthesis, mycolic acid synthesis, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, advancements in genetic approaches like CRISPRi and conditional expression systems are discussed, focusing on their role in elucidating gene essentiality and vulnerability in Mycobacteria.},
}

@article {pmid40153548,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, D and Nemet, M and Dos Anjos, GA and Zec, SN and Zambrano, CC and Rovati, L and Truong, H and Dong, Y},
title = {Challenges of Ventilator Procurement and Distribution in the ICU During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Critical care explorations},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {e1248},
pmid = {40153548},
issn = {2639-8028},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Ventilators, Mechanical/supply & distribution ; *Intensive Care Units/supply & distribution/organization & administration ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The goal of this scoping review was to review some of the challenges hospitals faced in dealing with the shortage of ventilators during the COVID-19 pandemic and the solutions they were able to implement or suggested. By highlighting these problems and solutions, we hope this review can catalyze further discussions about how to better prepare for future pandemics and medical supply shortages.

DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive search strategy using identifying key words was applied to several different databases to procure relevant literature.

STUDY SELECTION: Four thousand two hundred fifty-nine studies were found in the initial search. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were created and applied to screen studies. Included studies focused on the supply and distribution of ventilators during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the case where reviewers disagreed about whether a study should be included, a third reviewer acted as a tie-breaker.

DATA EXTRACTION: Thirty-three studies were included for final data extraction. Two independent reviewers collected various data points from these studies, including the main challenges discussed by the authors, the level of ventilator shortage being addressed, whether ventilator sharing was discussed, and the limitations of the study.

DATA SYNTHESIS: A third reviewer compared the collected data and decided on the results.

CONCLUSIONS: Some of the common solutions for the ventilator shortage discussed included augmenting overall ventilator supply through increased production, transporting ventilators between hospitals, ventilator sharing, designing new ventilators, and repurposing other resources to help address shortages of supplies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Ventilators, Mechanical/supply & distribution
*Intensive Care Units/supply & distribution/organization & administration
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40153386,
year = {2025},
author = {Martin, AF and Smith, LE and Brooks, SK and Stein, MV and Davies, R and Amlôt, R and Greenberg, N and Rubin, GJ},
title = {The impact of self-isolation on psychological wellbeing in adults and how to reduce it: A systematic review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {e0310851},
pmid = {40153386},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Mental Health ; Adult ; Depression/psychology ; Anxiety/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Social Isolation/psychology ; Pandemics ; Adaptation, Psychological ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To synthesise evidence on the impact of self-isolation at home on the psychological and emotional wellbeing of adults in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022378140). We searched Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, and grey literature. Wellbeing included adverse mental health outcomes and adaptive wellbeing. We followed PRISMA and synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines. We extracted data on the impact of self-isolation on wellbeing, and factors associated with and interventions targeting wellbeing during self-isolation.

RESULTS: Thirty-six studies were included. The mode quality rating was 'high-risk'. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were most investigated. Evidence for an impact of self-isolation on wellbeing was often inconsistent in quantitative studies, although qualitative studies consistently reported a negative impact. People with pre-existing mental and physical health needs reported increased symptoms of mental ill health during self-isolation. Studies reported modifiable stressors that have been reported in previous infectious disease contexts, such as inadequate support, poor coping strategies, inadequate and conflicting information, and highlighted the importance of regular contact from trusted healthcare professionals. Interventions targeting psychological wellbeing were rare and evaluative studies of these had high or very high risk of bias.

CONCLUSION: When implementing self-isolation directives, public health officials should prioritise support for individuals who have pre-existing mental or physical health needs, lack support, or who are facing significant life stressors. Focus should be directed toward interventions that address loneliness, worries, and misinformation, whilst monitoring and identifying individuals in need of additional support.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Mental Health
Adult
Depression/psychology
Anxiety/psychology
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Social Isolation/psychology
Pandemics
Adaptation, Psychological

@article {pmid40153166,
year = {2025},
author = {Bloomberg, L and Rubin, JN},
title = {Hepatology in the Digital Era: A Review of Telehealth Care for Liver Disease.},
journal = {Current gastroenterology reports},
volume = {27},
number = {1},
pages = {25},
pmid = {40153166},
issn = {1534-312X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Telemedicine ; *Liver Diseases/therapy ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Gastroenterology/trends/methods ; Health Services Accessibility ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Telehealth has become an integral component of healthcare delivery in the US. While telehealth has been utilized within Hepatology for decades for HCV through Project ECHO and adapted by the VA, the COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed an unprecedented expansion of telehealth. This review examines the evolution, benefits, challenges, and future implications of telehealth in Hepatology.

RECENT FINDINGS: Telehealth can improve access to care for underserved patient populations and provide continuity of care for chronic liver disease and liver transplant patients. Studies suggest that telehealth can deliver equivalent quality of care to in-person visits with high satisfaction rates among patients and providers. However, there are barriers to telehealth including disparities in technology access, limitations in quality of virtual encounters, and limited insurance policies. However, many questions remain. As Hepatology enters the digital era, telehealth holds promise for enhancing care delivery, but its integration must be guided by evidence-based practices.},
}

Humans
*Telemedicine
*Liver Diseases/therapy
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Gastroenterology/trends/methods
Health Services Accessibility
SARS-CoV-2
United States

@article {pmid40153158,
year = {2025},
author = {Nawaz, M and Huiyuan, Y and Akhtar, F and Tianyue, M and Zheng, H},
title = {Deep learning in the discovery of antiviral peptides and peptidomimetics: databases and prediction tools.},
journal = {Molecular diversity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40153158},
issn = {1573-501X},
support = {82073767//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Antiviral peptides (AVPs) represent a novel and promising therapeutic alternative to conventional antiviral treatments, due to their broad-spectrum activity, high specificity, and low toxicity. The emergence of zoonotic viruses such as Zika, Ebola, and SARS-CoV-2 have accelerated AVP research, driven by advancements in data availability and artificial intelligence (AI). This review focuses on the development of AVP databases, their physicochemical properties, and predictive tools utilizing machine learning for AVP discovery. Machine learning plays a pivotal role in advancing and developing antiviral peptides and peptidomimetics, particularly through the development of specialized databases such as DRAVP, AVPdb, and DBAASP. These resources facilitate AVP characterization but face limitations, including small datasets, incomplete annotations, and inadequate integration with multi-omics data.The antiviral efficacy of AVPs is closely linked to their physicochemical properties, such as hydrophobicity and amphipathic α-helical structures, which enable viral membrane disruption and specific target interactions. Computational prediction tools employing machine learning and deep learning have significantly advanced AVP discovery. However, challenges like overfitting, limited experimental validation, and a lack of mechanistic insights hinder clinical translation.Future advancements should focus on improved validation frameworks, integration of in vivo data, and the development of interpretable models to elucidate AVP mechanisms. Expanding predictive models to address multi-target interactions and incorporating complex biological environments will be crucial for translating AVPs into effective clinical therapies.},
}

@article {pmid40153131,
year = {2025},
author = {Fan, R and Liang, Q and Sui, Y and Yang, Y and Yuan, X},
title = {The next viral pandemic-where do we stand?.},
journal = {Folia microbiologica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {40153131},
issn = {1874-9356},
abstract = {The world is presently undergoing a recovery phase following the unexpected challenges posed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The loss of lives and the economic setbacks experienced by the global population will require considerable time to address. It is clear that future outbreaks, epidemics, or even pandemic caused by unknown bacterial, fungal, or viral pathogens are inevitable. In this context, public health front-liners will be essential in minimizing the impact of such incidents. This mini-review briefly discusses sociocultural issues, diagnostic capacities, surveillance, and screening strategies for potential future viral pandemic - referred to as Pandemic X. Additionally, it addresses treatment responses, vaccine development efforts, scientific advancements, policy considerations, and prospects for science communication related to forthcoming viral pandemics. While this review does not encompass all scientific approaches available on these topics, it aims to serve as a guideline for informing public health sectors about appropriate measures that should be undertaken.},
}

@article {pmid40152754,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, W and Quesnelle, KM and Porter-Stransky, KA},
title = {Learning together: a narrative review of external resources for medical education through a shared student-faculty lens.},
journal = {Annals of medicine},
volume = {57},
number = {1},
pages = {2483971},
pmid = {40152754},
issn = {1365-2060},
mesh = {Humans ; *Students, Medical/psychology ; *Faculty, Medical ; *Curriculum ; Education, Medical/methods ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Education, Distance/methods ; Learning ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {External resources, defined as commercial learning resources typically found online and not created by academic institutions, are increasingly utilized by students in medical education. As the use of external resources continues to grow, there is a need to understand their appropriate place within medical education and for faculty members to continue to integrate such resources into the existing medical curricula. A gap in the literature exists regarding the role of such resources within formal medical education. This narrative review identifies factors contributing to the use of external resources, integrates student and faculty perspectives to highlight their unique insights, and collaboratively proposes recommendations for the future use of external resources in medical education. Identified factors contributing to the increased use of external resources include generational affinity for technology and online learning, perceived efficiency compared to live lectures, pass-fail grading system of biomedical science courses, the pressure of board exams, and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although external resources are expensive, medical students use them to support their pre-clerkship learning and performance on national licensure exams. Faculty share the goal of student success and see potential for integration of external resources in the curriculum but raise concerns about reduced learner presence and willingness to read as well as the possibility of a universal medical curriculum. Collaborative student-faculty recommendations include the primacy of student autonomy, the benefits of classroom engagement, and the importance of cost management around third-party resources. Although external resources should not supplant all faculty instruction, they can benefit both medical students and faculty when thoughtfully and strategically integrated within the pre-clerkship curriculum to enhance learning outcomes and board exam performance.},
}

Humans
*Students, Medical/psychology
*Faculty, Medical
*Curriculum
Education, Medical/methods
COVID-19/epidemiology
Education, Distance/methods
Learning
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40152570,
year = {2025},
author = {Khatami, SS and Ghorbani Shirkouhi, S and Høilund-Carlsen, PF and Revheim, ME and Alavi, A and Blaabjerg, M and Andalib, S},
title = {Peripheral Nervous System Complications after COVID-19 Vaccination.},
journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {26632},
doi = {10.31083/JIN26632},
pmid = {40152570},
issn = {0219-6352},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/etiology/chemically induced ; COVID-19/prevention & control/complications ; },
abstract = {While vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains crucial, neurological complications have been detected following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. The neurological complications of COVID-19 vaccination can be seen in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In this study, we reviewed PNS complications after COVID-19 vaccination, their underlying mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. Inflammatory polyneuropathy, small fiber neuropathy, Parsonage-Turner syndrome (PTS), cranial mononeuropathies, and myasthenia gravis (MG) have been reported following COVID-19 vaccination. Inflammatory polyneuropathy following COVID-19 vaccination should be diagnosed early based on clinical presentation and treated with supportive care, and immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis to prevent respiratory distress if required. It is important to differentiate peripheral from central facial paralysis after COVID-19 vaccination to rule out upper motor neuron damage, including stroke. Diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy in the setting of COVID-19 vaccination should be suspected in patients with dysesthesia, dysautonomia, and lower extremity paresthesia. A skin biopsy of the proximal or distal lower limb should generally be considered for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy following COVID-19 vaccination. Even though pain at the injection site is one of the most common symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination, shoulder pain lasting more than 3 weeks should raise the suspicion of severe complications such as PTS. In addition to a proper physical examination as a reliable diagnosis tool, needle electromyography can be considered to help the diagnosis of PTS following COVID-19 vaccination. In our opinion, despite complications after COVID-19 vaccination, the benefit of vaccination immunity should not be forgotten.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
*Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/etiology/chemically induced
COVID-19/prevention & control/complications

@article {pmid40152069,
year = {2025},
author = {Chen, YH and Jan, JS and Yang, CH and Yen, TL and Linh, TTD and Annavajjula, S and Satapathy, MK and Tsao, SY and Hsieh, CY},
title = {Cognitive Sequelae of COVID-19: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Approaches.},
journal = {CNS neuroscience & therapeutics},
volume = {31},
number = {3},
pages = {e70348},
pmid = {40152069},
issn = {1755-5949},
support = {R113-020//Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital/ ; CGH-A10610//Cathay General Hospital/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/psychology ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Animals ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has left an indelible mark on the world, with mounting evidence suggesting that it not only posed acute challenges to global healthcare systems but has also unveiled a complex array of long-term consequences, particularly cognitive impairment (CI). As the persistence of post-COVID-19 neurological syndrome could evolve into the next public health crisis, it is imperative to gain a better understanding of the intricate pathophysiology of CI in COVID-19 patients and viable treatment strategies.

METHODS: This comprehensive review explores the pathophysiology and management of cognitive impairment across the phases of COVID-19, from acute infection to Long-COVID, by synthesizing findings from clinical, preclinical, and mechanistic studies to identify key contributors to CI, as well as current therapeutic approaches.

RESULTS: Key mechanisms contributing to CI include persistent neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular complications, direct neuronal injury, activation of the kynurenine pathway, and psychological distress. Both pharmacological interventions, such as anti-inflammatory therapies and agents targeting neuroinflammatory pathways, and non-pharmacological strategies, including cognitive rehabilitation, show promise in addressing these challenges. Although much of the current evidence is derived from preclinical and animal studies, these findings provide foundational insights into potential treatment approaches.

CONCLUSION: By synthesizing current knowledge, this review highlights the importance of addressing COVID-19-related cognitive impairment and offers actionable insights for mitigation and recovery as the global community continues to grapple with the pandemic's long-term impact.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/psychology
*Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology/therapy
SARS-CoV-2
Animals
Neuroinflammatory Diseases

@article {pmid40150759,
year = {2025},
author = {Huidobro, N and Meza-Andrade, R and Méndez-Balbuena, I and Trenado, C and Tello Bello, M and Tepichin Rodríguez, E},
title = {Electroencephalographic Biomarkers for Neuropsychiatric Diseases: The State of the Art.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40150759},
issn = {2306-5354},
support = {10701-1062//Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Decanato de Ciencias de la Vida y la Salud de la Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla/ ; VIEP-BUAP MEBI-EDH-16//Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios de Postgrado de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ ; },
abstract = {Because of their nature, biomarkers for neuropsychiatric diseases were out of the reach of medical diagnostic technology until the past few decades. In recent years, the confluence of greater, affordable computer power with the need for more efficient diagnoses and treatments has increased interest in and the possibility of their discovery. This review will focus on the progress made over the past ten years regarding the search for electroencephalographic biomarkers for neuropsychiatric diseases. This includes algorithms and methods of analysis, machine learning, and quantitative electroencephalography as applied to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases as well as traumatic brain injury and COVID-19. Our findings suggest that there is a need for consensus among quantitative electroencephalography researchers on the classification of biomarkers that most suit this field; that there is a slight disconnection between the development of increasingly sophisticated methods of analysis and what they will actually be of use for in the clinical setting; and finally, that diagnostic biomarkers are the most favored type in the field with a few caveats. The main goal of this state-of-the-art review is to provide the reader with a general panorama of the state of the art in this field.},
}

@article {pmid40150720,
year = {2025},
author = {Estrada, A and Furmanski, O and Klarmann, GJ and Scheidt, N and Ho, VB},
title = {Progress in Development of Functional Biological and Synthetic Blood Products to Augment Transfusable Blood Supply in Operational Medicine.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40150720},
issn = {2306-5354},
support = {HU000112020011//Health Affairs/ ; },
abstract = {A reliable, accessible, and high-quality blood supply is critical for the sustainment of any healthcare system. World events such as the COVID-19 pandemic have proven that maintaining the supply of blood presents a logistical challenge. The current blood supply is overseen by extensive donor programs around the world. In the United States, as in other countries, the need for blood has increased, with a decline in blood donations and increasing exclusions for blood donor qualification. While there is a need to improve blood donation participation, there is also need for new alternatives to traditional donation to ensure readiness to treat hemorrhagic shock common in the setting of trauma, as often occurs during a natural disaster or conflict. These operational medicine scenarios require significant blood availability which may tax the current blood supply chain. Aside from a walking blood bank (WBB) model for blood collection in suboptimal conditions, researchers have proposed alternatives for blood that include the manufacturing of blood from stem cell sources. Other alternatives include synthetic liquids that can carry oxygen such as Perfluoro-Chemicals (PFCs) and hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying systems (HBCOs). Here, we review some of these alternatives to the traditional donor blood model. Researchers now have the technology that makes it feasible to develop blood alternatives that one day may supplement and help alleviate the limitations in blood supply.},
}

@article {pmid40150543,
year = {2025},
author = {Silva, AFD and Martins, PC and Santiago, LN and Silva, DAS},
title = {Mapping Evidence on Integrated 24-Hour Movement Behaviors in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review of Reviews.},
journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40150543},
issn = {2227-9067},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: There has been a substantial increase in research on the new 24-hour movement paradigm, emphasizing the importance of considering the "whole day" and investigating integrated movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep). This scoping review aims to map the evidence from reviews that have summarized information on integrated 24-hour movement behaviors in children and adolescents.

METHODS: Eight databases were searched in May 2023, with an update in October 2024. The review followed the PRISMA-ScR framework and the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual.

RESULTS: National 24-hour movement guidelines for children and adolescents exist in only a few countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa). There is a lack of valid and reliable measurement tools for assessing 24-hour movement. Globally, children and adolescents, with and without disabilities, show low adherence to these guidelines. Reallocating time to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was beneficial, while other reallocations had mixed results to health. COVID-19 reduced physical activity and increased screen time and sleep. Healthy movement behaviors are positively associated with better health outcomes in children and adolescents. There is a possible relationship between adherence to 24-hour movement behaviors and cognitive function, pollution measures, and eHealth interventions. Inconsistencies were identified in the terms used.

CONCLUSIONS: High-quality research is needed to develop measurement tools that assess the long-term health impact of 24-hour movement and to create solutions for improving adherence, mainly in countries lacking specific guidelines.},
}

@article {pmid40150507,
year = {2025},
author = {Giansanti, D},
title = {Advancements in Digital Cytopathology Since COVID-19: Insights from a Narrative Review of Review Articles.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40150507},
issn = {2227-9032},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The integration of digitalization in cytopathology is an emerging field with transformative potential, aiming to enhance diagnostic precision and operational efficiency. This narrative review of reviews (NRR) seeks to identify prevailing themes, opportunities, challenges, and recommendations related to the process of digitalization in cytopathology. Methods: Utilizing a standardized checklist and quality control procedures, this review examines recent advancements and future implications in this domain. Twenty-one review studies were selected through a systematic process. Results: The results highlight key emerging trends, themes, opportunities, challenges, and recommendations in digital cytopathology. First, the study identifies pivotal themes that reflect the ongoing technological transformation, guiding future focus areas in the field. A major trend is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), which is increasingly critical in improving diagnostic accuracy, streamlining workflows, and assisting decision making. Notably, emerging AI technologies like large language models (LLMs) and chatbots are expected to provide real-time support and automate tasks, though concerns around ethics and privacy must be addressed. The reviews also emphasize the need for standardized protocols, comprehensive training, and rigorous validation to ensure AI tools are reliable and effective across clinical settings. Lastly, digital cytopathology holds significant potential to improve healthcare accessibility, especially in remote areas, by enabling faster, more efficient diagnoses and fostering global collaboration through telepathology. Conclusions: Overall, this study highlights the transformative impact of digitalization in cytopathology, improving diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and global accessibility through tools like whole-slide imaging and telepathology. While artificial intelligence plays a significant role, the broader focus is on integrating digital solutions to enhance workflows and collaboration. Addressing challenges such as standardization, training, and ethical considerations is crucial to fully realize the potential of these advancements.},
}

@article {pmid40150097,
year = {2025},
author = {Berry, L and Rehnberg, L and Groves, P and Knight, M and Stewart, M and Dushianthan, A},
title = {Lung Ultrasound in Critical Care: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40150097},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {Lung ultrasound (LUS) has become a crucial part of the investigative tools available in the management of critically ill patients, both within the intensive care unit setting and in prehospital medicine. The increase in its application, in part driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the easy access and use of mobile and handheld devices, allows for immediate access to information, reducing the need for other radiological investigations. LUS allows for the rapid and accurate diagnosis and grading of respiratory pathology, optimisation of ventilation, assessment of weaning, and monitoring of the efficacy of surfactant therapies. This, however, must occur within the framework of accreditation to ensure patient safety and prevent misinterpretation and misdiagnosis. This narrative review aims to outline the current uses of LUS within the context of published protocols, associated pathologies, LUS scoring systems, and their applications, whilst exploring more novel uses.},
}

@article {pmid40149895,
year = {2025},
author = {Fatima, M and An, T and Hong, KJ},
title = {Revolutionizing mRNA Vaccines Through Innovative Formulation and Delivery Strategies.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40149895},
issn = {2218-273X},
support = {RS-2024-00331833//Ministry of Food and Drug Safety/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *mRNA Vaccines ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/chemistry/administration & dosage ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Animals ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Lipids/chemistry ; Liposomes ; },
abstract = {Modernization of existing methods for the delivery of mRNA is vital in advanced therapeutics. Traditionally, mRNA has faced obstacles of poor stability due to enzymatic degradation. This work examines cutting-edge formulation and emerging techniques for safer delivery of mRNA vaccines. Inspired by the success of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) in delivering mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, a variety of other formulations have been developed to deliver mRNA vaccines for diverse infections. The meritorious features of nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery strategies, including LNP, polymeric, dendrimers, polysaccharide-based, peptide-derived, carbon and metal-based, DNA nanostructures, hybrid, and extracellular vesicles, have been examined. The impact of these delivery platforms on mRNA vaccine delivery efficacy, protection from enzymatic degradation, cellular uptake, controlled release, and immunogenicity has been discussed in detail. Even with significant developments, there are certain limitations to overcome, including toxicity concerns, limited information about immune pathways, the need to maintain a cold chain, and the necessity of optimizing administration methods. Continuous innovation is essential for improving delivery systems for mRNA vaccines. Future research directions have been proposed to address the existing challenges in mRNA delivery and to expand their potential prophylactic and therapeutic application.},
}

Humans
*mRNA Vaccines
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Nanoparticles/chemistry
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/chemistry/administration & dosage
RNA, Messenger/genetics
Animals
Drug Delivery Systems/methods
Lipids/chemistry
Liposomes

@article {pmid40149651,
year = {2025},
author = {Manti, S and Leotta, M and D'Amico, F and Foti Randazzese, S and Parisi, GF and Leonardi, S},
title = {Severe Asthma and Active SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Insights into Biologics.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40149651},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, managing asthma has become significantly more challenging. Both national and international guidelines emphasize the importance of continuing prescribed medications to maintain asthma control and prevent exacerbations. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection has raised concerns about the safety of biologic therapies during acute COVID-19 episodes, necessitating a careful and individualized approach to their use. Biologic therapies, including omalizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, benralizumab, and tezepelumab, which target specific pathways in severe asthma, have revolutionized asthma management by improving symptom control and reducing exacerbation rates. Despite their proven benefits, the intersection of biologic therapy and active SARS-CoV-2 infection has prompted questions regarding potential immunomodulatory effects and risks. This review aimed to synthesize the current literature on the antiviral effects and safety of biologic drugs in severe asthmatic patients with active SARS-CoV-2 infection, encompassing both pediatric and adult populations.},
}

@article {pmid40149526,
year = {2025},
author = {Ruhrländer, J and Syntila, S and Schieffer, E and Schieffer, B},
title = {The Orexin System and Its Impact on the Autonomic Nervous and Cardiometabolic System in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40149526},
issn = {2227-9059},
support = {62083772//Dr. Reinfried Pohl Foundation/Marburg/ ; 18x4000-0003/2023/005//Ministry of Health, State of Hessen/Germany/ ; },
abstract = {Orexins (OXs) are critical for regulating circadian rhythms, arousal, appetite, energy metabolism, and electrolyte balance, affecting both the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the cardiovascular system (CVS). Disruption of the OX system can result in symptoms similar to those observed in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This review emphasizes the adverse effects of OX dysregulation on autonomic and cardiometabolic functions in patients with PASC. Additionally, we highlight the potential of anti-OX therapies to provide neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory benefits, offering hope for alleviating some of the debilitating symptoms associated with PASC.},
}

@article {pmid40148238,
year = {2025},
author = {Abubasheer, TM and Abubasheer, HMA and Odat, RM and Elgenidy, A and Afifi, AM},
title = {Sex-Based Differences in Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {e70022},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70022},
pmid = {40148238},
issn = {1099-1654},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/mortality/complications/epidemiology/virology ; Male ; Female ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/mortality ; Sex Factors ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Heart Failure/epidemiology/mortality ; Hemorrhage/epidemiology ; Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology/mortality ; Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology/etiology/mortality ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 has emerged as a global health crisis with significant consequences, not only for respiratory health but also for the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to investigate potential sex-based disparities in cardiovascular outcomes among individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 A systematic search was performed in PUBMED/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and EMBASE, up until January 2024 to identify studies measuring the sex-based differences in cardiovascular outcomes associated with COVID-19. The outcomes of interest included (myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, major bleeding, mortality, heart failure and hospitalization length). The meta-analysis was performed using the 'Stata' software, version 18. We identified 11 studies involving 31,044 males and 25,917 females in our review. A slightly lower risk of myocardial infarction in females (RR: 1.24; 95% CI [1.03, 1.49]; p = 0.02) contrasted with a substantially increased risk of venous thromboembolic events (RR: 1.43; 95% CI [1.19, 1.71]; p = 0.00) in males. Additionally, males displayed a slightly higher risk of major bleeding (RR: 1.22; 95% CI [1.06, 1.40]; p = 0.00). This trend continued with significantly higher rates of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) utilization (RR: 2.14; 95% CI [1.11, 4.13]; p = 0.02) in males. Moreover, stroke outcomes and overall mortality were demonstrably worse for males (RR: 1.46; p = 0.05 and RR: 1.21; p = 0.00, respectively). Males with COVID-19 face higher risks of myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, major bleeding, and mortality. Heart failure and hospitalization length show no gender disparity. These findings highlight the crucial role of gender in COVID-19's cardiovascular complications.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/mortality/complications/epidemiology/virology
Male
Female
*Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/mortality
Sex Factors
*SARS-CoV-2
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Heart Failure/epidemiology/mortality
Hemorrhage/epidemiology
Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology/mortality
Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology/etiology/mortality
Risk Factors

@article {pmid40148134,
year = {2025},
author = {Mezouar, S and Mege, JL},
title = {Monitoring Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Disease, Lesson From SARS-CoV-2 Infection.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {e70034},
pmid = {40148134},
issn = {1099-1654},
support = {IMMUNO-COVID//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology/pathology ; *Macrophages/immunology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Monocytes/immunology ; *Macrophage Activation ; Biomarkers ; },
abstract = {The concept of macrophage polarization has been largely used in human diseases to define a typology of activation of myeloid cells reminiscent of lymphocyte functional subsets. In COVID-19, several studies have investigated myeloid compartment dysregulation and macrophage polarization as an indicator of disease prognosis and monitoring. SARS-CoV-2 induces an in vitro activation state in monocytes and macrophages that does not match the polarization categories in most studies. In COVID-19 patients, monocytes and macrophages are activated but they do not show a polarization profile. Therefore, the investigation of polarization under basic conditions was not relevant to assess monocyte and macrophage activation. The analysis of monocytes and macrophages with high-throughput methods has allowed the identification of new functional subsets in the context of COVID-19. This approach proposes an innovative stratification of myeloid cell activation. These new functional subsets of myeloid cells would be better biomarkers to assess the risk of complications in COVID-19, reserving the concept of polarization for pharmacological programme evaluation. This review reappraises the polarization of monocytes and macrophages in viral infections, particularly in COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/virology/pathology
*Macrophages/immunology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Monocytes/immunology
*Macrophage Activation
Biomarkers

@article {pmid40148048,
year = {2025},
author = {Mattei, D and Guneykaya, D and Ugursu, B and Buonfiglioli, A},
title = {From womb to world: The interplay between maternal immune activation, neuroglia, and neurodevelopment.},
journal = {Handbook of clinical neurology},
volume = {210},
number = {},
pages = {269-285},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00028-4},
pmid = {40148048},
issn = {0072-9752},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neurodevelopmental Disorders/immunology ; Pregnancy ; Animals ; Female ; *Neuroglia/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/immunology ; Brain/immunology/growth & development ; },
abstract = {This chapter introduces and discusses maternal immune activation (MIA) as a contributing factor in increasing the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly in relation to its interactions with neuroglia. Here we first provide an overview of the neuroglia-astroglia, oligodendroglia, microglia, and radial glial cells-and their important role during early brain development and in adulthood. We then present and discuss MIA, followed by a critical overview of inflammatory molecules and temporal stages associated to maternal inflammation during pregnancy. We provide an overview of animal and human models used to mimic and study MIA. Furthermore, we review the possible interaction between MIA and neuroglia, focusing on the current advances in both modeling and therapeutics. Additionally, we discuss and provide preliminary and interesting insights into the most recent pandemic, COVID-19, and how the infection may be associated to MIA and increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, we provide a critical overview of challenges and future opportunities to study how MIA may contribute to higher risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders.},
}

Humans
*Neurodevelopmental Disorders/immunology
Pregnancy
Animals
Female
*Neuroglia/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/immunology
Brain/immunology/growth & development

@article {pmid40148046,
year = {2025},
author = {Awogbindin, I and ŠimonČiČová, E and Vidal, V and Ash, C and Tremblay, ME},
title = {Neuroglial responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal neuroinfections.},
journal = {Handbook of clinical neurology},
volume = {210},
number = {},
pages = {213-238},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00027-2},
pmid = {40148046},
issn = {0072-9752},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neuroglia/microbiology/virology ; Animals ; COVID-19 ; Microglia/microbiology ; Central Nervous System Fungal Infections/microbiology/therapy ; Astrocytes/microbiology/virology ; Central Nervous System Infections/microbiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Evidence regarding the host's response to peripheral pathogens in humans abound, whereas studies on the pathogenesis of central nervous system-penetrating infections are relatively scarce. However, given the spate of epidemic and pandemic neuroinfections in the 21st century, the field has experienced a renewed interest lately. This chapter discusses a timely and exciting topic on the roles of glial cells, mainly microglia and astrocytes, in neuroinvasive infections. This chapter considered fungal, viral, and bacterial neuroinfections, X-raying their neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence before focusing on specific examples notable for each category, including Escherichia coli, Cryptococcus neoformans, and SARS-CoV-2. These infections are renowned worldwide for a high case-fatality rate, leaving many survivors with life-long morbidity and others with a bleak future neurologic prognosis. Importantly, the chapter discusses possible ways microglia and astrocytes are culpable in these infections and provides approaches by which they can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes, identifying viable research gaps in the process. Additionally, it offers a synopsis of ongoing works considering microglial selective targeting to attenuate the pathology, morbidity, and mortality associated with these neuroinfections. Considering that microglia and astrocytes are first responders in the central nervous system, targeting these glial cells could be the game changer in managing existing and emerging neuroinvasive infections.},
}

Humans
*Neuroglia/microbiology/virology
Animals
COVID-19
Microglia/microbiology
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections/microbiology/therapy
Astrocytes/microbiology/virology
Central Nervous System Infections/microbiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid40147989,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, J and Ma, Y and To, WL and Chow, S and To Tang, H and Wong, HK and Luo, J and Hoi Cheung, C and Bian, Z},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 infection on mortality, diabetic complications and haematological parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {e090986},
pmid = {40147989},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/mortality/complications/blood ; *Diabetes Complications/blood/mortality ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Diabetic Ketoacidosis/mortality/blood ; Diabetes Mellitus/blood ; Acute Kidney Injury/mortality/blood/etiology ; Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: SARS-CoV-2 poses significant challenges to people living with diabetes (PLWD). This systematic review aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on mortality, complications associated with diabetes and haematological parameters among PLWD.

DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

DATA SOURCES: EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and LILACS were searched between 1 December 2019 and 14 January 2025.

Eligible studies included case-control and cohort studies involving PLWD categorised into two groups: those with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and those without.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Meta-analyses estimated the odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences (MDs) of outcomes including mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), acute kidney injury, hospitalisation length and haematological parameters. We pooled results using random-effects models and assessed study quality with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A funnel plot was used to detect potential publication bias. The overall certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE.

RESULTS: 25 of 7266 unique studies were eligible, including 1 154674 PLWD (561 558 with COVID-19 and 593 116 without COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWD was associated with significantly increased mortality (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.45 to 4.36, I[2]=99%), acute kidney injury (3.69, 95% CI 2.75 to 4.94, I[2]=0%), random plasma glucose in subjects with type 1 diabetes (MD 20.38 mg/dL, 95% CI 7.39 to 33.36, I[2]=0%), haemoglobin A1C in subjects with type 2 diabetes (0.21%, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.38, I[2]=13%), creatinine (0.12 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.19, I[2]=0%), C reactive protein (38.30 mg/L, 95% CI 4.79 to 71.82, I[2]=82%) and D-dimer (1.52 µg/mL, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.31, I[2]=0%). No significant differences were observed in the incidence of ICU admission and DKA, hospitalisation length, haemoglobin, leucocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet, blood urea nitrogen, estimated glomerular filtration rate, procalcitonin, albumin, ferritin and bilirubin among PLWD with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with elevated risks of mortality and acute kidney injury and poor glycaemic control in PLWD, alongside increased levels of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. These findings underscore the urgent need for tailored clinical management strategies for PLWD with COVID-19.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023418039.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/mortality/complications/blood
*Diabetes Complications/blood/mortality
*SARS-CoV-2
Diabetic Ketoacidosis/mortality/blood
Diabetes Mellitus/blood
Acute Kidney Injury/mortality/blood/etiology
Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid40147222,
year = {2025},
author = {Yu, F and Raphael, D and Mackay, L and Smith, M and Fernandez, R},
title = {Personal and work-related factors associated with nurse resilience: An updated systematic review using meta-analysis and narrative synthesis.},
journal = {International journal of nursing studies},
volume = {166},
number = {},
pages = {105054},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105054},
pmid = {40147222},
issn = {1873-491X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nursing shortages and increased workforce turnover have significantly increased nurses' workloads, thus increasing the risk of burnout and stress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review published in 2019 suggested that resilience could act as a buffer to adversity; however, the factors associated with resilience during and after this global pandemic have not been identified.

OBJECTIVES: To identify personal and work-related factors associated with nurse resilience, including the period during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN: Systematic review.

DATA SOURCES: The search was conducted between January and February 2024 in the following databases: CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Scopus, using the key terms 'resilience', 'hardiness', 'work', 'employ', 'occupation', 'job', and 'nursing'.

REVIEW METHODS: Quantitative studies with English full text, published between 2018 and 2024, were selected if they assessed resilience and its associated factors among nurses providing direct patient care. Two authors independently completed the data selection process. Studies with quality assessment grades of 3 or above were included for final analysis. A meta-analysis was utilised for the mean resilience levels from studies using the same measures of resilience, and a narrative synthesis was performed for the demographic and work-related factors.

RESULTS: Fifty-nine cross-sectional studies with a quality assessment score of 3 or above were included. Forty-seven studies were included in a meta-analysis, which reported an estimated mean resilience level of 20.69 using a random-effects model (95 % CI [18.53, 22.85], z = 18.79, p < 0.0001, I[2] = 95.1 %). Twenty studies with the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)-25 and five with the CD-RISC-10 were meta-analysed for the mean resilience levels of 62.85 (95 % CI: [55.60, 70.10], z = 16.97, p < 0.0001, I[2] = 31.70 %) and 26.34 (95 % CI: [20.85, 31.83], p < 0.0001, I[2] = 0 %), respectively. A low mean resilience level was identified. Sixteen demographic factors were identified as associated with resilience. Twenty job demand factors negatively associated with resilience were determined and categorised into exhaustion, psychological factors, and work challenges. Thirty-two job resource factors positively related to resilience were identified and classified into the following categories: psychological factors, leadership, work performance, well-being and quality of life, and social and organisational support.

CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the job demand and resource factors can help organisations minimise the risks and develop institutional strategies to protect nurses from the negative impact of COVID-19 or future pandemics on nurses' well-being.},
}

@article {pmid40146886,
year = {2025},
author = {Kheirollahpour, M and Shokoufi, N and Lotfi, M},
title = {The Potential of Optical Technologies in Early Virus Detection; Prospects in Addressing Future Viral Outbreaks.},
journal = {Critical reviews in analytical chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-29},
doi = {10.1080/10408347.2025.2481406},
pmid = {40146886},
issn = {1547-6510},
abstract = {The urgent need for sensitive, rapid, and reliable diagnostic methodologies to control and prevent life-threatening pandemic infectious disease, such as COVID-19, remains a critical priority. Timely and on-site detection of viral pathogens is essential for effective disease management and mitigation of societal disruptions. Recent advancements in optical diagnostic methods have positioned them at the forefront of healthcare diagnostics, offering high sensitivity and specificity as viable alternatives to conventional techniques such as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which often suffer from time delays and limited accessibility in resource-constrained environments. This review elucidates the potential of various optical diagnostic techniques, highlighting their advantages over traditional methods. It encompasses a range of optical modalities, including fluorescence-based approaches, Raman spectroscopy (RS), Plasmonic techniques (e.g., surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized SPR, (LSPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF)), super resolution microscopies (SRMs), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and integrated platforms such as waveguides and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensors. Additionally, the evolution of novel biosensors, particularly 5th and 6th generation biosensors, in healthcare and the challenges related to these technologies were discussed. This studies reviewed aims to advance the development of portable, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices for the rapid detection of viral pathogens.},
}

@article {pmid40146339,
year = {2025},
author = {Burbank, AJ},
title = {Climate Change and the Future of Allergies and Asthma.},
journal = {Current allergy and asthma reports},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {20},
pmid = {40146339},
issn = {1534-6315},
mesh = {Humans ; *Climate Change ; *Asthma/epidemiology/immunology/etiology ; *Air Pollution/adverse effects ; *Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/immunology ; Allergens/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Pollen/immunology ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Prevalence ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW: Climate change affects global temperature, meteorological variables, plant aerobiology, air pollution exposure and a host of other factors that individually have been implicated in the inception and/or exacerbation of allergic disease like asthma and allergic rhinitis. It is unknown how climate change will impact allergic disease prevalence and morbidity in the future.

RECENT FINDINGS: Pollen seasons are lengthening with variable effects on pollen peak concentrations and allergenicity. Air pollution exposure is linked with enhance susceptibility to allergic inflammation induced by pollen and with enhanced susceptibility to infection with a morbidity/mortality from respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The available literature largely supports the association between climate change and three of the most salient factors for allergic respiratory disease prevalence and morbidity: changes in allergen exposure, pollution exposure, and viral respiratory infection. More research is needed to understand the complex interactions between these factors and individual-level variables that influence disease susceptibility.},
}

Humans
*Climate Change
*Asthma/epidemiology/immunology/etiology
*Air Pollution/adverse effects
*Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/immunology
Allergens/immunology
COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Pollen/immunology
Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
Prevalence

@article {pmid40145666,
year = {2025},
author = {Locke, AR and Koehne, NH and Yendluri, A and Laurore, C and Obana, KK and Tiao, J and Saltzman, BM and Trofa, DP and Li, X and Parisien, RL},
title = {Sex- and Age-Specific Review of Flag Football Injuries in the United States: A 10-Year Analysis of National Injury Data.},
journal = {Sports health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {19417381251326575},
pmid = {40145666},
issn = {1941-0921},
abstract = {CONTEXT: Flag football is a rapidly growing sport with injuries frequently presenting to emergency departments (EDs). Current literature on flag football lacks mechanisms of injury and any information pertaining to female athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine demographic-specific injury trends in those playing flag football.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried for flag football injuries presenting to United States EDs from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022. Patient demographics, injury site, diagnosis, and disposition were recorded. NEISS narratives were used to identify mechanisms of injury. National estimates (NEs) were calculated using the NEISS statistical sample weight. Annual injury trends were evaluated by linear regression.

STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.

RESULTS: There were 2508 flag football injuries (NE, 86,443) analyzed from 2013 to 2022; 78.2% were sustained by male athletes. Linear regression analysis revealed no significant trend in annual injuries (P = 0.16) from 2013 to 2022. The most common mechanism of injury was player-player collision (35.7%). The 2 age groups most affected by flag football injuries were middle school-aged (11-13 years) (20.8%) and high school-aged (14-18 years) (23.7%). The area of the body most affected for pediatric (<18 years) groups was the head, while adults most frequently injured their fingers. In addition, the most common mechanism for the pediatric age group was fracture (21.3%), whereas adult age groups most frequently suffered from strain/sprain injuries.

CONCLUSION: The number of injuries from flag football identified in this study has not decreased throughout the last decade, aside from 2020 - potentially due to the prevalence of COVID-19. Collisions were the most frequent mechanism of injury across all age groups. Whereas younger athletes frequently sustained head injuries and fractures, older athletes typically sustained strain/sprain injuries and finger injuries.},
}

@article {pmid40145658,
year = {2025},
author = {Maglio, C and Williams, M and Camponeschi, A},
title = {Biology wet lab e-learning during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of student learning and experiences.},
journal = {Biochemistry and molecular biology education : a bimonthly publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/bmb.21897},
pmid = {40145658},
issn = {1539-3429},
support = {SGI-2018-0510//Stiftelsen Konung Gustaf V:s 80-årsfond/ ; FAI-2019-0618//Stiftelsen Konung Gustaf V:s 80-årsfond/ ; FAI-2020-0706//Stiftelsen Konung Gustaf V:s 80-årsfond/ ; //Rune och Ulla Amlövs Stiftelse för Neurologisk och Reumatologisk Forskning/ ; FB21-104//Stiftelsen Assar Gabrielssons Fond/ ; S20-0109//Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning/ ; //Adlerbertska Research Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic began as a health crisis and quickly turned into an economic, social, and political crisis. It revealed the vulnerability of education systems to external changes and risks and challenged institutions and educators to transform and adapt at short notice. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, one of the natural consequences was the unprecedented rise in online education. The transition from the in-person teaching format to e-learning exposed teachers and students to significant challenges. In the biomedical field, e-learning forced teachers to rethink hands-on wet lab teaching into a hands-off virtual one; this digital transformation has continued in the post-pandemic period and has resulted in the emergence of hybrid models trying to harmonize the benefits of e-learning with those of in-person teaching. In this narrative review, we analyzed articles published between 2020 and 2024 focusing on the teaching of molecular and cellular biology laboratory through online or blended learning formats. We focused on the impact that pedagogical innovation in laboratory e-learning has had on student perceptions, experience, and outcomes. We have extracted five major themes that should be considered by educators involved in course design to enhance the benefits of exposing students to learning in a virtual lab: (1) the varying effectiveness of laboratory e-learning, (2) the potential for online labs to foster self-efficacy and confidence, (3) the reduced opportunities for social interaction in virtual settings, (4) students' perspectives on virtual, blended, and in-person lab work, and (5) the importance of addressing student inequities in digital access.},
}

@article {pmid40145441,
year = {2025},
author = {Tang, X and Lu, L and Li, X and Huang, P},
title = {Bridging Cancer and COVID-19: The Complex Interplay of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.},
journal = {Cancer medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {e70829},
pmid = {40145441},
issn = {2045-7634},
support = {82202928//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20232BAB206111//Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/metabolism ; *Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism/genetics ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/genetics ; *Neoplasms/metabolism/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Virus Internalization ; Tumor Microenvironment ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents heightened risks for cancer patients, who are more susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and severe outcomes due to immunosuppression from both the malignancy and anticancer therapies. This review investigates the dual roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) in SARS-CoV-2 infection among cancer patients. ACE2, the vital entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is overexpressed in certain tumors such as colon adenocarcinoma, renal carcinomas, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma, potentially increasing viral susceptibility. Paradoxically, ACE2 also exhibits tumor-suppressive properties by inhibiting angiogenesis and modulating the tumor microenvironment, leading to improved patient prognoses in some cancers like breast cancer. TMPRSS2, essential for viral entry, shows decreased expression in several tumors but acts as a prognostic biomarker in prostate and lung cancers. This review illustrates the complexity of therapeutically targeting ACE2 and TMPRSS2 due to their contrasting roles in cancer progression and viral entry. We analyze the expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in relation to immune cell infiltration and patient outcomes, and propose personalized therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we underscore the necessity for multidisciplinary approaches, integrating antiviral treatments with cancer therapies and tailoring interventions based on individual molecular profiles. This approach to personalized medicine seeks to enhance treatment results and better manage cancer patients who have contracted SARS-CoV-2.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/metabolism
*Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism/genetics
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/genetics
*Neoplasms/metabolism/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology
Virus Internalization
Tumor Microenvironment

@article {pmid40145329,
year = {2025},
author = {Ruthirakuhan, M and Guan, DX and Mortby, M and Gatchel, J and Babulal, GM},
title = {Updates and future perspectives on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
volume = {21},
number = {3},
pages = {e70079},
pmid = {40145329},
issn = {1552-5279},
mesh = {Humans ; *Alzheimer Disease ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Quality of Life ; },
abstract = {Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common throughout the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum and profoundly affect patients, caregivers, and health-care systems. This review synthesizes key research presented in the 2022 and 2023 Alzheimer's Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment Neuropsychiatric Syndromes-Professional Interest Area (NPS-PIA) Year-In-Reviews, emphasizing six critical areas: (1) diversity and disparities, (2) diagnostic frameworks, (3) neurobiology of NPS, (4) NPS as a disease marker, (5) the impact of COVID-19, and (6) interventions. NPS accelerates AD progression, increases functional decline, diminishes quality of life, and heightens caregiver burden and institutionalization rates. Current treatments primarily rely on psychotropics, which offer limited efficacy and raise safety concerns. This review aims to inform clinicians and researchers about recent NPS advancements while identifying gaps for future studies to improve outcomes for individuals with AD. HIGHLIGHTS: Research in Alzheimer's disease-related neuropsychiatric symptoms has rapidly increased, indicating heightened interest. Key areas include: diversity, diagnostics, markers, COVID-19 impact, and treatments. A road map for future studies, based on the key areas of research, is provided. This road map includes considerations to improve study applicability and validity.},
}

Humans
*Alzheimer Disease
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Quality of Life

@article {pmid40144969,
year = {2024},
author = {Usami, M},
title = {Materiality of evidence-based policy making for child and adolescent psychiatry in Japan.},
journal = {GHM open},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {54-58},
pmid = {40144969},
issn = {2436-2956},
abstract = {The Japanese government established the Children and Family Agency in April 2023 and is trying to promote evidence-based policymaking (EBPM). However, the current state of child and adolescent psychiatry in Japan demonstrated some difficulties. School refusal and suicide problems are increasing after the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These issues need to be addressed, thereby warranting various policies to be developed and implemented. Increasing the number of inpatient medical institutions and establishing a community-based data accumulation system that enables data and knowledge sharing among professionals is essential to improve child and adolescent psychiatric care. Furthermore, EBPM is needed to effectively develop a policy, and specialized experts are necessary to organize data and critically review evidence.},
}

@article {pmid40144393,
year = {2025},
author = {Haghmorad, D and Eslami, M and Orooji, N and Halabitska, I and Kamyshna, I and Kamyshnyi, O and Oksenych, V},
title = {mRNA vaccine platforms: linking infectious disease prevention and cancer immunotherapy.},
journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1547025},
pmid = {40144393},
issn = {2296-4185},
abstract = {The advent of mRNA vaccines, accelerated by the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, marks a transformative shift in vaccine technology. In this article, we discuss the development, current applications, and prospects of mRNA vaccines for both the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and oncology. By leveraging the capacity to encode antigens within host cells directly, mRNA vaccines provide a versatile and scalable platform suitable for addressing a broad spectrum of pathogens and tumor-specific antigens. We highlight recent advancements in mRNA vaccine design, innovative delivery mechanisms, and ongoing clinical trials, with particular emphasis on their efficacy in combating infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, Zika, and influenza, as well as their emerging potential in cancer immunotherapy. We also address critical challenges, including vaccine stability, optimization of immune responses, and the broader issue of global accessibility. Finally, we review potential strategies for advancing next-generation mRNA vaccines, with the aim of overcoming current limitations in vaccine technology and enhancing both preventive and therapeutic approaches for infectious and oncological diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40143592,
year = {2025},
author = {Goldschmidt, T and Bermpohl, F and Schreiter, S and van Bergen, AH and Kupka, RW and Schouler-Ocak, M and Gutwinski, S and Deutscher, K},
title = {Referral of Patients to Psychiatric Emergency Departments by Police: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {appips20240323},
doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.20240323},
pmid = {40143592},
issn = {1557-9700},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: A significant number of patients in psychiatric emergency departments (PEDs) are brought in by police. The authors sought to identify the weighted global rate of police referrals to PEDs, to compare the characteristics of police-referred patients with those of patients not referred by police, and to assess possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on referral rates.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by searching medical databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Multivariate and pairwise meta-regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS: Overall, 1,374 articles were screened, and 34 samples comprising 542,143 patients (61,647 of whom were referred by police) from 28 articles were included. On average, 13.7% of PED admissions were referred by police, a rate that was higher in the United States (22.8%). Compared with patients not referred by police, police-referred patients were significantly more likely to show aggressive behavior (relative risk [RR]=4.73), to be homeless (RR=1.84), and to have a diagnosis of a substance use (RR=1.33) or psychotic (RR=1.45) disorder but were less likely to have depressive (RR=0.31) or adjustment (RR=0.58) disorders. Police-referred patients were also more likely to be admitted to inpatient care (RR=1.35) and involuntarily (RR=4.38). The pandemic had no apparent effect on police-referral rates to PEDs.

CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of psychiatric patients is referred to PEDs by police. Police-referred patients had characteristics that were similar to those of incarcerated individuals with mental disorders. Early treatment may prevent later incarceration of police-referred PED patients. Interventions to reduce homelessness among psychiatric patients might help reduce police referrals to PEDs.},
}

@article {pmid40143545,
year = {2025},
author = {Żak, MM and Zangi, L},
title = {Clinical development of therapeutic mRNA applications.},
journal = {Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.03.034},
pmid = {40143545},
issn = {1525-0024},
abstract = {mRNA therapeutics are emerging as a transformative approach in modern medicine, providing innovative, highly adaptable solutions for a wide range of diseases, from viral infections to cancer. Since the approval of the first mRNA therapeutic-the COVID-19 vaccines in 2021-we have identified over 70 current clinical trials utilizing mRNA for various diseases. We propose classifying mRNA therapeutics into three main categories: vaccines, protein replacement therapies, and therapeutic antibodies. Each category can be further divided into subcategories. Vaccines include those targeting viral antigens, bacterial or parasitic antigens, general and individualized cancer antigens, and self-antigens. Protein replacement therapies include maintenance therapeutics designed to treat genetic disorders and interventional therapeutics, where delivering therapeutic proteins could improve patient outcomes, such as VEGF-A for ischemic heart disease or proinflammatory cytokines in cancer. Therapeutic antibodies are based on mRNA sequences encoding the heavy and light chains of clinically relevant antibodies, enabling patient cells to produce them directly, bypassing the costly and complex process of manufacturing protein-ready antibodies. Another category of mRNA-based therapeutics encompasses cell and gene therapies, including CRISPR with mRNA-mediated delivery of Cas9 and the in vivo generation of cells expressing CAR through mRNA. We discuss examples of mRNA therapeutics currently in clinical trials within each category, providing a comprehensive overview of the field's progress and highlighting key advancements as of the end of 2024.},
}

@article {pmid40143346,
year = {2025},
author = {Handa, T and Saha, A and Narayanan, A and Ronzier, E and Kumar, P and Singla, J and Tomar, S},
title = {Structural Virology: The Key Determinants in Development of Antiviral Therapeutics.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40143346},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {STARS2/2023-0209//Scheme for Transformational and Advanced Research in Sciences (STARS), Ministry of Education (MoE), India/ ; },
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; Humans ; *Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Viruses/genetics/drug effects ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology ; },
abstract = {Structural virology has emerged as the foundation for the development of effective antiviral therapeutics. It is pivotal in providing crucial insights into the three-dimensional frame of viruses and viral proteins at atomic-level or near-atomic-level resolution. Structure-based assessment of viral components, including capsids, envelope proteins, replication machinery, and host interaction interfaces, is instrumental in unraveling the multiplex mechanisms of viral infection, replication, and pathogenesis. The structural elucidation of viral enzymes, including proteases, polymerases, and integrases, has been essential in combating viruses like HIV-1 and HIV-2, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza. Techniques including X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Cryo-electron Microscopy, and Cryo-electron Tomography have revolutionized the field of virology and significantly aided in the discovery of antiviral therapeutics. The ubiquity of chronic viral infections, along with the emergence and reemergence of new viral threats necessitate the development of novel antiviral strategies and agents, while the extensive structural diversity of viruses and their high mutation rates further underscore the critical need for structural analysis of viral proteins to aid antiviral development. This review highlights the significance of structure-based investigations for bridging the gap between structure and function, thus facilitating the development of effective antiviral therapeutics, vaccines, and antibodies for tackling emerging viral threats.},
}

*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
Humans
*Cryoelectron Microscopy
Viral Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
Viruses/genetics/drug effects
Crystallography, X-Ray
Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology

@article {pmid40143331,
year = {2025},
author = {Padurariu-Covit, MD and Andreescu, M and Niculet, E and Plesea-Condratovici, A and Arbune, M},
title = {Managing HIV-Associated Hodgkin Lymphoma During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Report and Literature Review.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40143331},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; *Hodgkin Disease/complications/diagnosis ; *COVID-19/complications ; Middle Aged ; *HIV Infections/complications ; Male ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Coinfection/virology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic delayed the consultation of many patients with specialists. We present the case of a 57-year-old patient with HIV infection, COVID-19 pneumonia, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Discordant immunohistochemistry results from biopsy samples delayed the hematological diagnosis and initiation of oncological therapy. The late diagnosis of HIV infection at the stage of severe immunosuppression, along with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma and COVID-19 co-infection, represents a complex pathogenic triad that is challenging to manage. Healthcare-associated COVID-19 infections pose a significant risk during the pandemic for chronic patients requiring frequent hospital visits.},
}

Humans
*Hodgkin Disease/complications/diagnosis
*COVID-19/complications
Middle Aged
*HIV Infections/complications
Male
*SARS-CoV-2
Coinfection/virology

@article {pmid40143309,
year = {2025},
author = {Rajkhowa, S and Sonowal, J and Pegu, SR and Deb, R and Gupta, VK},
title = {Epidemiology and Emerging Trends of Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Pigs in India.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40143309},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Animals ; India/epidemiology ; Swine ; *Swine Diseases/epidemiology/virology ; *Virus Diseases/epidemiology/veterinary/virology ; Humans ; *Zoonoses/epidemiology/virology/transmission ; *Viral Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/virology/transmission/veterinary ; Viruses/classification/isolation & purification/genetics ; },
abstract = {Pigs serve as critical reservoirs and amplifiers for numerous zoonotic viral diseases, presenting substantial public health challenges in India. This study highlights the epidemiology and emerging trends of key zoonotic viruses associated with pigs, emphasizing their role in endemic and emerging disease dynamics. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) persists as a major concern, with pigs acting as amplifying host, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) remains a prominent cause of viral hepatitis, transmitted via contaminated water and pork products. Emerging high-fatality viral zoonoses caused by Nipah virus (NiV) and recurrent threats from swine influenza virus (SIV) demonstrate that the zoonotic landscape is evolving. Furthermore, zoonotic viruses like rotavirus, pseudorabies (ADV or SuHV-1), porcine astrovirus (PAstV), and Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) reflect the expanding diversity of pig-associated pathogens in India. Emerging evidence also implicates viruses such as Chandipura virus (CHPV) in localized outbreaks, indicating broader zoonotic potential. Novel risks such as swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 emphasize the role of pigs as potential intermediaries for pandemic-prone viruses. This comprehensive study evaluates the prevalence, outbreak dynamics, and public health implications of zoonotic viral diseases of pigs in India, providing valuable direction for developing effective control measures.},
}

Animals
India/epidemiology
Swine
*Swine Diseases/epidemiology/virology
*Virus Diseases/epidemiology/veterinary/virology
Humans
*Zoonoses/epidemiology/virology/transmission
*Viral Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission
Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/virology/transmission/veterinary
Viruses/classification/isolation & purification/genetics

@article {pmid40143281,
year = {2025},
author = {Fatima, M and An, T and Park, PG and Hong, KJ},
title = {Advancements and Challenges in Addressing Zoonotic Viral Infections with Epidemic and Pandemic Threats.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40143281},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {23202MFDS144 & RS-2024-00331833//Ministry of Food and Drug Safety/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; *Zoonoses/epidemiology/virology/prevention & control ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Virus Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Viral Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral Vaccines/immunology ; },
abstract = {Zoonotic viruses have significant pandemic potential, as evidenced by the coronavirus pandemic, which underscores that zoonotic infections have historically caused numerous outbreaks and millions of deaths over centuries. Zoonotic viruses induce numerous types of illnesses in their natural hosts. These viruses are transmitted to humans via biological vectors, direct contact with infected animals or their bites, and aerosols. Zoonotic viruses continuously evolve and adapt to human hosts, resulting in devastating consequences. It is very important to understand pathogenesis pathways associated with zoonotic viral infections across various hosts and develop countermeasure strategies accordingly. In this review, we briefly discuss advancements in diagnostics and therapeutics for zoonotic viral infections. It provides insight into recent outbreaks, viral dynamics, licensed vaccines, as well as vaccine candidates progressing to clinical investigations. Despite advancements, challenges persist in combating zoonotic viruses due to immune evasion, unpredicted outbreaks, and the complexity of the immune responses. Most of these viruses lack effective treatments and vaccines, relying entirely on supportive care and preventive measures. Exposure to animal reservoirs, limited vaccine access, and insufficient coverage further pose challenges to preventive efforts. This review highlights the critical need for ongoing interdisciplinary research and collaboration to strengthen preparedness and response strategies against emerging infectious threats.},
}

Animals
Humans
*Zoonoses/epidemiology/virology/prevention & control
*Pandemics/prevention & control
COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission/virology
Virus Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control
Viral Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission
SARS-CoV-2
Viral Vaccines/immunology

@article {pmid40143277,
year = {2025},
author = {Svensson, L and Nordgren, J and Lundkvist, Å and Hagbom, M},
title = {Recent Advances in Nose and Lung Organoid Models for Respiratory Viral Research.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40143277},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {L.S.,grant number: 2020-06116, and M.H., 2023-02720//Swedish Research council/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Organoids/virology ; *Lung/virology/cytology ; Animals ; *Nose/virology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Respiratory Mucosa/virology/cytology ; Virus Diseases/virology ; COVID-19/virology ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/physiology ; },
abstract = {Studies on human respiratory viral infections and pathogenesis have historically been conducted using immortalized cells and animal models. However, these models are limited in their ability to recapitulate the complex structure of the human airway or the full spectrum of disease symptoms observed in humans. Recently, nose and lung organoids have revolutionized culture complexity in infection biology and have demonstrated potential for research on respiratory virus infections in humans. In this opinion, we review how advances in human nose and lung organoid models, which are able to express all cell types of the respiratory epithelia, i.e., Club, basal, goblet, and ciliated cells, have provided novel insight into the pathogenesis, age-dependent susceptibility, viral attenuation signature, and immune mechanisms of respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus. The models have also demonstrated potential for studying hitherto uncultivable human viruses and to be useful for studies of zoonotic risk.},
}

Humans
*Organoids/virology
*Lung/virology/cytology
Animals
*Nose/virology
Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
SARS-CoV-2/physiology
Respiratory Mucosa/virology/cytology
Virus Diseases/virology
COVID-19/virology
Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/physiology

@article {pmid40143239,
year = {2025},
author = {Omatola, CA and Ogunsakin, RE and Olaniran, AO and Kumari, S},
title = {Monkeypox Virus Occurrence in Wastewater Environment and Its Correlation with Incidence Cases of Mpox: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytic Study.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40143239},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {*Wastewater/virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Feces/virology ; COVID-19/epidemiology/virology ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; Europe/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the interest in the use of wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) strategy for infectious disease monitoring, especially when clinical cases are underreported. The excretion of monkey virus (MPXV) in the feces of both symptomatic and preclinical individuals has further driven the interest in WBS applicability to MPXV monitoring in wastewater to support its mitigation efforts. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis, using six databases to assess MPXV detection in wastewater. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence at a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Also, we carried out a subgroup analysis according to the country regions and a sensitivity analysis excluding studies classified as having a high risk of bias. The overall MPXV positivity rate in wastewater was estimated at 22% (95% CI: 14-30%; I[2] = 94.8%), with more detection rate in North America (26%, 95% CI: 8-43%) compared to Europe and Asia (22%, 95% CI: 12-31%). The MPXV detection rate was significantly higher in 2022 studies (22%, 95% CI: 13-31%) compared to 2023 (19%, 95% CI: 14-25%). The real-time PCR platform significantly detected more MPXV (24%, 95% CI: 14-34%) than the digital droplet PCR-based studies (17%, 95% CI: 4-31%), which was used less frequently. Viral concentration with centrifugation procedure indicated higher detection rates (21%, 95% CI: 10-33%) than other known sample concentration protocols. Generally, MPXV detection rates in wastewater samples strongly correlate with incidence cases of mpox (range of R = 0.78-0.94; p < 0.05). Findings from this study suggest that WBS of MPXV could be employed as an epidemiological early warning tool for disease monitoring and mpox outbreak prediction similar to the clinical case-based surveillance strategies.},
}

*Wastewater/virology
Humans
Incidence
Feces/virology
COVID-19/epidemiology/virology
Animals
SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification
Europe/epidemiology

@article {pmid40143195,
year = {2025},
author = {Ugbaja, SC and Mushebenge, AG and Kumalo, H and Ngcobo, M and Gqaleni, N},
title = {Potential Benefits of In Silico Methods: A Promising Alternative in Natural Compound's Drug Discovery and Repurposing for HBV Therapy.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40143195},
issn = {1424-8247},
abstract = {Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important global public health issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2024 Global Hepatitis Report estimated that the global prevalence of people living with HBV infection is 254 million, with an estimated prevalence incidence of 1.2 million new HBV infections yearly. Previous studies have shown that natural compounds have antiviral inhibition potentials. In silico methods such as molecular docking, virtual screening, pharmacophore modeling, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), and molecular dynamic simulations have been successfully applied in identifying bioactive compounds with strong binding energies in HBV treatment targets. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the importance of repurposing already approved drugs using in silico methods. This study is aimed at unveiling the benefits of in silico techniques as a potential alternative in natural compounds' drug discovery and repurposing for HBV therapy. Relevant articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were retrieved and analyzed. Furthermore, this study comprehensively reviewed the literature containing identified bioactive compounds with strong inhibition of essential HBV proteins. Notably, hesperidin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and flavonoids have shown strong binding energies for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The investigation reveals that in silico drug discovery methods offer an understanding of the mechanisms of action, reveal previously overlooked viral targets (including PreS1 Domain of HBsAg and cccDNA (Covalently Closed Circular DNA) regulators, and facilitate the creation of specific inhibitors. The integration of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo techniques is essential for the discovery of new drugs for HBV therapy. The insights further highlight the importance of natural compounds and in silico methods as targets in drug discovery for HBV therapy. Moreover, the combination of natural compounds, an in silico approach, and drug repurposing improves the chances of personalized and precision medicine in HBV treatment. Therefore, we recommend drug repurposing strategies that combine in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches to facilitate the discovery of effective HBV drugs.},
}

@article {pmid40142428,
year = {2025},
author = {Bylica, I and Jachowicz-Matczak, E and Brodowicz, J and Sułkowska, J and Bociąga-Jasik, M and Heczko, P and Gagatek, S and Bylica, J and Wójkowska-Mach, J},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity in Immunocompetent European Adults: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40142428},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2020/39/B/NZ6/01939//National Science Centre Poland/ ; U1C/W41/NO/28.24//the Priority Research Area (name of the PRA) under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University/ ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, profoundly impacted global health systems and economies. Vaccination and diagnostic advancements were pivotal in managing the pandemic. This systematic review evaluates antibody levels in adults following complete COVID-19 vaccination and examines the prevalence of infections in vaccinated populations. A systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines was conducted, focusing on studies analyzing antibody levels at least 14 days after full vaccination with FDA- or EMA-approved vaccines. Five European studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. Data were extracted and synthesized from studies involving 6280 participants aged 19 to 105, with an average of 11% having prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Antibody levels were analyzed over time, and the incidence of post-vaccination COVID-19 cases was recorded. The reviewed studies demonstrated that antibody levels peaked shortly after vaccination but gradually declined over time. Individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibited higher antibody titers than those without prior exposure. After the first dose, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine led to significantly higher antibody levels than the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, especially in those without prior infection. Across all studies, the incidence of COVID-19 among vaccinated individuals was low (0.1-3.8% for 144-302 days post-vaccination). Vaccination reduced severe outcomes despite decreasing antibody levels. The decline in new COVID-19 cases and related deaths is attributed to widespread vaccination, natural immunity, and virus mutations reducing severity. Further studies are warranted to explore antibody persistence and optimal vaccination strategies.},
}

@article {pmid40141892,
year = {2025},
author = {Jeon, J and Kang, D and Kim, SW},
title = {Advances in Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Microbial Disinfection.},
journal = {Micromachines},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141892},
issn = {2072-666X},
support = {2022R1A3B1078291, 2020R1A5A1019131//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {The global COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the pivotal role of microbial disinfection technologies, driving the demand for innovative, efficient, and sustainable solutions. Triboelectric technology, known for efficiently converting ambient mechanical energy into electrical energy, has emerged as a promising candidate to address these needs. Self-powered electro-based microbial disinfection using triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has emerged as a promising solution. TENGs have demonstrated effective disinfection capabilities in various settings, including water, air, surfaces, and wounds. This review explores the advancements in TENG-based microbial disinfection, highlighting its mechanisms and applications. By utilizing triboelectric technology, it provides comprehensive insights into the development of sustainable and efficient solutions for microbial control across diverse environments.},
}

@article {pmid40141784,
year = {2025},
author = {Caliman-Sturdza, OA and Gheorghita, R and Lobiuc, A},
title = {Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Long COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Approaches.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141784},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {The COVID-19 (C-19) pandemic has highlighted the significance of understanding the long-term effects of this disease on the quality of life of those infected. Long COVID-19 (L-C19) presents as persistent symptoms that continue beyond the main illness period, usually lasting weeks to years. One of the lesser-known but significant aspects of L-C19 is its impact on neuropsychiatric manifestations, which can have a profound effect on an individual's quality of life. Research shows that L-C19 creates neuropsychiatric issues such as mental fog, emotional problems, and brain disease symptoms, along with sleep changes, extreme fatigue, severe head pain, tremors with seizures, and pain in nerves. People with cognitive problems plus fatigue and mood disorders experience great difficulty handling everyday activities, personal hygiene, and social interactions. Neuropsychiatric symptoms make people withdraw from social activity and hurt relationships, thus causing feelings of loneliness. The unpredictable state of L-C19 generates heavy psychological pressure through emotional suffering, including depression and anxiety. Neuropsychiatric changes such as cognitive impairment, fatigue, and mood swings make it hard for people to work or study effectively, which decreases their output at school or work and lowers their job contentment. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the clinical data present in the literature regarding the neuropsychiatric manifestations of L-C19, to identify current methods of diagnosis and treatment that lead to correct management of the condition, and to highlight the impact of these manifestations on patients' quality of life.},
}

@article {pmid40141748,
year = {2025},
author = {Stasi, C},
title = {Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Sequelae in Liver Diseases.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141748},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several studies highlighted a worse prognosis for patients with alterations in liver function tests, especially those with pre-existing liver diseases. However, further studies are needed to define the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on liver diseases. Long COVID-19 encompasses a wide range of signs and symptoms, including exacerbations of pre-existing chronic conditions or new onset conditions developed after the COVID-19 acute phase. Therefore, the long-term effects of COVID-19 extensively include hepatic manifestations. The co-expression of angiotensin-converting receptor 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) has been demonstrated also in enterocytes, cholangiocytes, and hepatocytes. Studies on the post-COVID-19 sequelae have shown the presence of steatosis and necroinflammation in the liver, concomitantly with an alteration of inflammation, cytolysis and cholestasis indices. Some studies also demonstrated an increased risk for hepatobiliary pathologies, including secondary biliary cholangitis and worsening of the severity of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD). Based on these premises, this review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to COVID-19-related liver and hepatobiliary damage; explore its implications for liver inflammation and fibrosis, with a particular focus on MASLD and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH); and analyze the short- and long-term COVID-19 sequelae. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database for relevant studies published in English.},
}

@article {pmid40141737,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, SE and Kim, DY and Jeong, TS and Park, YS},
title = {Micro- and Nano-Plastic-Induced Adverse Health Effects on Lungs and Kidneys Linked to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141737},
issn = {2075-1729},
support = {HV22C0160//Korean Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)/ ; NRF-2020R1A2C1011704//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/ ; },
abstract = {Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are small plastic particles that result from the breakdown of larger plastics. They are widely dispersed in the environment and pose a threat to wildlife and humans. MNPs are present in almost all everyday items, including food, drinks, and household products. Air inhalation can also lead to exposure to MNPs. Research in animals indicates that once MNPs are absorbed, they can spread to various organs, including the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, thymus, reproductive organs, kidneys, and even the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, MPs can transport persistent organic pollutants or heavy metals from invertebrates to higher levels in the food chain. When ingested, the additives and monomers that comprise MNPs can disrupt essential biological processes in the human body, thereby leading to disturbances in the endocrine and immune systems. During the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a significant increase in the global use of polypropylene-based face masks, leading to insufficient waste management and exacerbating plastic pollution. This review examines the existing research on the impact of MNP inhalation on human lung and kidney health based on in vitro and in vivo studies. Over the past decades, a wide range of studies suggest that MNPs can impact both lung and kidney tissues under both healthy and diseased conditions. Therefore, this review emphasizes the need for additional studies employing multi-approach analyses of various associated biomarkers and mechanisms to gain a comprehensive and precise understanding of the impact of MNPs on human health.},
}

@article {pmid40141733,
year = {2025},
author = {Maria, LFBS and Batista, JET and Wachira, VK and Junior, WBC and Soares, AASM and Carvalho, IPSF and Peixoto, HM},
title = {Factors Associated with Post-COVID Cardiac Conditions and Potential Prognostic Factors: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141733},
issn = {2075-1729},
support = {445276/2023-1//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; 445276/2023-1; Call No. 21/2023//Ministério da Saúde/ ; },
abstract = {Cardiac conditions are a significant category of post-COVID conditions. The objective of this study was to synthesise the evidence on the factors associated with the development of post-COVID cardiac conditions, the frequency of clinical outcomes in affected patients, and the potential prognostic factors. A systematic review was conducted using the databases EBSCOhost, MEDLINE via PubMed, BVS, and Embase, covering studies from 2019 to December 2023. A total of 8343 articles were identified, and seven met the eligibility criteria for data extraction. The protective effect of vaccination stood out among the associated factors, showing a reduced risk of developing post-COVID cardiac conditions. Conversely, COVID-19 reinfections were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes. Regarding the main outcomes in these patients, most recovered, although some cases persisted beyond 200 days of follow-up. The study included in the analysis of prognostic factors reported that the four children who did not recover by the end of the study were between two and five years old and had gastrointestinal symptoms during the illness. The COVID-19 vaccination regimen reduces the risk of developing post-COVID cardiac conditions. Public health policies promoting immunisation should be encouraged to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and reinfections.},
}

@article {pmid40141299,
year = {2025},
author = {Mokra, D and Porvaznik, I and Mokry, J},
title = {N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury: Perspectives and Limitations.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141299},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {APVV-15-0075//Slovak Research and Development Agency/ ; APVV-18-0084//Slovak Research and Development Agency/ ; APVV-22-0342//Slovak Research and Development Agency/ ; VEGA 1/0131/22//Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic/ ; VEGA 1/0093/22//Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic/ ; },
mesh = {*Acetylcysteine/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Acute Lung Injury/drug therapy ; Animals ; *Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; COVID-19 ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can take part in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases because of the potent mucolytic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of NAC. However, less is known about its use in the treatment of acute lung injury. Nowadays, an increasing number of studies indicates that early administration of NAC may reduce markers of oxidative stress and alleviate inflammation in animal models of acute lung injury (ALI) and in patients suffering from distinct forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pulmonary infections including community-acquired pneumonia or Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. Besides low costs, easy accessibility, low toxicity, and rare side effects, NAC can also be combined with other drugs. This article provides a review of knowledge on the mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress in various forms of ALI/ARDS and critically discusses experience with the use of NAC in these disorders. For preparing the review, articles published in the English language from the PubMed database were used.},
}

*Acetylcysteine/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Humans
*Acute Lung Injury/drug therapy
Animals
*Oxidative Stress/drug effects
COVID-19
Antioxidants/therapeutic use/pharmacology
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology

@article {pmid40141241,
year = {2025},
author = {Graciliano, NG and Goulart, MOF and de Oliveira, ACM},
title = {Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141241},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {401256/2020-0; 465389/2014-7//National Council for Scientific and Technological Development/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Milk, Human/immunology/virology ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology/prevention & control ; Female ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Pregnancy ; Maternal Exposure ; Infant, Newborn ; Breast Feeding ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired ; },
abstract = {COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global public health threat. Although no replication-competent virus has been found in breast milk samples, breastfeeding practices during the pandemic were impacted. It is well known that breast milk is adapted to meet the needs of infants, providing the appropriate amounts of nutrients and various bioactive compounds that contribute to the maturation of the immune system and antioxidant protection, safeguarding infants against diseases. While its composition is variable, breast milk contains immune cells, antibodies, and cytokines, which have anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial properties that strengthen infant immunity. Since COVID-19 vaccines have not yet been approved for infants under six months of age, newborns rely on the passive transfer of antibodies via the placenta and breast milk to protect them against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several studies that analyzed breast milk samples in the context of COVID-19 have demonstrated that a strong antibody response is induced following maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of maternal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 through natural infection and/or vaccination on the immunological composition of breast milk based on the studies conducted on this topic.},
}

Humans
*Milk, Human/immunology/virology
*COVID-19/immunology/virology/prevention & control
Female
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Pregnancy
Maternal Exposure
Infant, Newborn
Breast Feeding
Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Immunity, Maternally-Acquired

@article {pmid40141190,
year = {2025},
author = {Rizzi, M and Sainaghi, PP},
title = {Vitamin D: A Nutraceutical Supplement at the Crossroad Between Respiratory Infections and COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141190},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Vitamin D/therapeutic use ; *Dietary Supplements ; *COVID-19/virology/prevention & control/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy/virology/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/therapeutic use ; Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy/immunology ; },
abstract = {Even though in mid-2023 the World Health Organization declared the end of the public health emergency of international concern status for COVID-19, many areas of uncertainty about SARS-CoV-2 infection pathophysiology remain. Although in the last 4 years pharmaceutical industries widely invested in the development of effective antiviral treatments and vaccines, large disparities in their availability worldwide still exist, thus fostering the investigation of nutritional supplements as adjuvant therapeutic approaches for disease management, especially in resource-limited settings. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vitamin D has been widely used as an over-the-counter solution to improve disease evolution, thanks to its known immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions. Ecological and observational studies support a relationship between hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19 negative outcomes and, according to this evidence, several research groups investigated the role of vitamin D supplementation in protecting from SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or improving disease evolution. This narrative review is intended to offer insights into the existing data on vitamin D's biological effects in respiratory infections, especially in COVID-19. Furthermore, it will also offer a brief overview of the complex interplay between vitamin D and vaccine-elicited immune response, with special attention to anti-COVID-19 vaccines.},
}

Humans
*Vitamin D/therapeutic use
*Dietary Supplements
*COVID-19/virology/prevention & control/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy/virology/prevention & control
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/therapeutic use
Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy/immunology

@article {pmid40141030,
year = {2025},
author = {Wyżewski, Z and Gregorczyk-Zboroch, KP and Mielcarska, MB and Świtlik, W and Niedzielska, A},
title = {Bid Protein: A Participant in the Apoptotic Network with Roles in Viral Infections.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {40141030},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {2023/07/X/NZ6/01069//National Science Center/ ; },
mesh = {*BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein/metabolism ; Humans ; *Apoptosis ; *Virus Diseases/metabolism/virology ; Animals ; Signal Transduction ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid), a proapoptotic signaling molecule of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family, is a key regulator of mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) permeability. Uniquely positioned at the intersection of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, Bid links death receptor signaling to the mitochondria-dependent cascade and can also be activated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In its active forms, cleaved Bid (cBid) and truncated Bid (tBid), it disrupts MOM integrity via Bax/Bak-dependent and independent mechanisms. Apoptosis plays a dual role in viral infections, either promoting or counteracting viral propagation. Consequently, viruses modulate Bid signaling to favor their replication. The deregulation of Bid activity contributes to oncogenic transformation, inflammation, immunosuppression, neurotoxicity, and pathogen propagation during various viral infections. In this work, we explore Bid's structure, function, activation processes, and mitochondrial targeting. We describe its role in apoptosis induction and its involvement in infections with multiple viruses. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of Bid in antiviral strategies. Understanding Bid's signaling pathways offers valuable insights into host-virus interactions and the pathogenesis of infections. This knowledge may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches to combat virus-associated diseases effectively.},
}

*BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein/metabolism
Humans
*Apoptosis
*Virus Diseases/metabolism/virology
Animals
Signal Transduction
Mitochondria/metabolism

@article {pmid40140981,
year = {2025},
author = {Embrett, M and Carson, A and Sim, M and Conway, A and Moore, E and Hancock, K and Bielska, I},
title = {Building Resilient and Responsive Health Research Systems:Responses and the Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Health research policy and systems},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {38},
pmid = {40140981},
issn = {1478-4505},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Pandemics ; *Public Health ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Capacity Building/organization & administration ; Health Services Research/organization & administration ; Developed Countries ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the crucial role of robust health research systems (HRSs) in supporting effective public health responses. Understanding the responses and lessons learned from HRS during the pandemic is vital for future preparedness.

METHODS: This environmental scan examined high income Countries with a HRS that responded to the COVID-19 pandemic using both academic and grey literature sources to gather comprehensive insights into these areas. The analysis was structured using an organizing framework to facilitate systematic extraction and synthesis of relevant information. A total of 5336 sources were identified of which 3609 were screened following duplicate removal. A total of 117 full-text sources were reviewed leading to 65 being included.

FINDINGS: Effective interdisciplinary and cross-sector collaborations significantly enhanced the capacity to respond to the pandemic. Clear and streamlined governance structures were essential for coordinated efforts across various entities, facilitating swift decision-making and resource allocation. The robustness of pre-existing research infrastructures played a crucial role in the rapid mobilization of resources and execution of large-scale research projects. Knowledge mobilization efforts were vital in disseminating research findings promptly to inform public health responses. Continuous tracking and evaluation of health research activities enabled real-time adjustments and informed decision-making. Rapid identification and funding of research priorities, including vaccine and therapeutic development, were critical in addressing urgent public health needs. Effective resource allocation and capacity-building efforts ensured focused and accelerated research responses. Comprehensive strategic planning, involving stakeholder engagement and robust monitoring tools, was essential for aligning research efforts with health system needs.

CONCLUSION: The findings underscore the necessity of flexible funding mechanisms, enhanced data-sharing practices and robust strategic planning to prepare for future health emergencies. Policy implications emphasize the need for sustained investments in health policy and systems research (HPSR) and the development of comprehensive governance frameworks. Research implications highlight the importance of community engagement and interdisciplinary partnerships. For decision-makers, the study stresses the importance of rapid response mechanisms and evidence-based policy making. Health research systems must prioritize maintaining adaptable infrastructures and strategic planning to ensure effective crisis response. Despite potential biases and the rapidly evolving context, this comprehensive analysis provides valuable lessons for strengthening HRSs to address future public health challenges.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Pandemics
*Public Health
*SARS-CoV-2
Capacity Building/organization & administration
Health Services Research/organization & administration
Developed Countries

@article {pmid40139711,
year = {2025},
author = {Mulla, RT and Hirdes, JP and Kroetsch, B and McAiney, C and Heckman, GA},
title = {Consequences of loneliness/isolation and visitation restrictions on the mood of long-term care residents without severe dementia pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19: a scoping review.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {e090522},
pmid = {40139711},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Loneliness/psychology ; *Long-Term Care ; *Social Isolation/psychology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Depression/epidemiology/psychology ; Affect ; Aged ; Dementia/psychology ; Pandemics ; Nursing Homes ; Mental Health ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders are common among residents of long-term care (LTC). Despite depression being the most common type of mental illness, it is often undiagnosed in LTC. Due to its prevalence, chronicity and associated morbidity, depression poses a considerable service use burden. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought needed attention to the mental health challenges faced by older adults in LTC.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effects of isolation on the mood of LTC residents and compare between both the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods.

DESIGN: A scoping review.

METHODS: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and medRxiv were searched for studies that met the eligibility criteria: (1) articles assessing mood or mental health status of LTC residents; (2) mood disturbance resulting from visitation restrictions/isolation or loneliness; (3) residents were without severe dementia or moderate/severe cognitive impairment and (4) studies were available in English. Studies were excluded if their entire sample was residents with severe cognitive impairment or severe dementia. A total of 31 studies were included in this review. The total number of articles retrieved from the databases searched was 3652 articles, of which 409 duplicates were removed. 3242 article titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility, of which 3063 were excluded. The remaining 180 full-text studies were reviewed for eligibility, where an additional 149 studies were excluded. Data were then extracted from all full-length pieces for analysis, and findings were summarised.

RESULTS: The review identified contradictory views with a diversity of findings highlighting the complexity of factors influencing residents' mood during a global health crisis such as that of COVID-19. Studies highlighted the importance of quality interactions with others for the well-being of LTC residents. Significant correlations were found between social isolation, loneliness and depression. During COVID-19, visitation restrictions led to increased loneliness, depression and mood problems, especially among residents without cognitive impairment. However, some studies reported no significant adverse effects or even a decrease in depression symptoms during COVID-19 restrictions, possibly due to implemented strategies to maintain social engagement.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on LTC homes, influencing the physical and mental well-being of residents. This highlighted pre-existing challenges in the LTC system, emphasising the importance of comprehensive strategies to safeguard resident mental health. It is important to combine measures to ensure both physical safety and mental well-being.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Loneliness/psychology
*Long-Term Care
*Social Isolation/psychology
*SARS-CoV-2
Depression/epidemiology/psychology
Affect
Aged
Dementia/psychology
Pandemics
Nursing Homes
Mental Health

@article {pmid40139702,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhu, L and Zhang, Y and Li, X and Zou, X and Bing, P and Qi, M and He, B},
title = {Vitamin D supplementation for managing COVID-19 in patients with vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {e091903},
pmid = {40139702},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Humans ; *Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy/complications ; *Vitamin D/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Dietary Supplements ; *Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; *COVID-19/mortality/complications/therapy ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Respiration, Artificial ; Vitamins/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Intensive Care Units ; Length of Stay ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among the population. Previous studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation might be useful for treating COVID-19 infection. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to explore vitamin D supplementation efficacy in treating COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency.

DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials exploring vitamin D supplementation for patients with COVID-19 and vitamin D deficiency.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers employed standardised methods to search, screen and code the included studies. The primary outcomes included mortality during follow-up, 28-day mortality, need for mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU). The secondary outcome included length of stay in hospital and ICU. The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. Depending on the level of heterogeneity, either a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model was applied. The findings were summarised using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence profiles and synthesised qualitatively.

RESULTS: A total of nine studies, comprising 870 participants, were included in the analysis. The pooled results indicated that vitamin D supplementation was associated with a lower risk of mortality (risk ratio 0.76; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.97). However, this apparent benefit was not robust when examined through the leave-one-out method and trial sequential analysis. Regarding other outcomes, there was no statistically significant difference between vitamin D supplementation and no supplementation in terms of 28-day mortality, the need for mechanical ventilation and ICU admission. Vitamin D supplementation was associated with a 0.41 day shorter length of stay in the ICU (mean difference -0.41; 95% CI -1.09 to 0.28) and a 0.07 day shorter length of stay in the hospital (mean difference -0.07; 95% CI -0.61 to 0.46) compared with no supplementation; however, neither difference was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Based on evidence of low to moderate quality, vitamin D supplementation reduced the mortality rate during follow-up in COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency. However, it did not improve 28-day mortality, nor did it reduce the need for mechanical ventilation and ICU admission, or the length of stay in the ICU and hospital.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42024573791.},
}

Humans
*Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy/complications
*Vitamin D/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Dietary Supplements
*Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
*COVID-19/mortality/complications/therapy
*SARS-CoV-2
*Respiration, Artificial
Vitamins/therapeutic use
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Intensive Care Units
Length of Stay

@article {pmid40139334,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, H and Liu, Z and Li, Y},
title = {Intestinal microbiota and respiratory system diseases: Relationships with three common respiratory virus infections.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {203},
number = {},
pages = {107500},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107500},
pmid = {40139334},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {In recent years, the role of the intestinal microbiota in regulating host health and immune balance has attracted widespread attention. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the close relationship between the intestinal microbiota and respiratory system diseases, with a focus on three common respiratory virus infections, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and influenza virus. The research indicates that during RSV infection, there is a significant decrease in intestinal microbial diversity, suggesting the impact of the virus on the intestinal ecosystem. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are evident alterations in the intestinal microbiota, which are positively correlated with the severity of the disease. Similarly, influenza virus infection is associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, and studies have shown that the application of specific probiotics exhibits beneficial effects against influenza virus infection. Further research indicates that the intestinal microbiota exerts a wide and profound impact on the occurrence and development of respiratory system diseases through various mechanisms, including modulation of the immune system and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This article comprehensively analyzes these research advances, providing new perspectives and potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of future respiratory system diseases. This study not only deepens our understanding of the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and respiratory system diseases but also offers valuable insights for further exploring the role of host-microbiota interactions in the development of diseases.},
}

@article {pmid40139096,
year = {2025},
author = {Sarvepalli, S and Vadarevu, S},
title = {Non-antiviral therapies for viral infections: Harnessing host mechanisms.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {153},
number = {},
pages = {114521},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114521},
pmid = {40139096},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {Despite advancements in the field of directly acting anti-viral (DAA) therapies, viral infections still continue to pose significant global health challenges. The efficacy of DAAs are often hindered by mutations, origin of new strains, development of resistance and lack of broad spectrum effectiveness. Furthermore, patients with advanced-stage diseases may require higher doses and combinations of different DAA therapies, raising concerns about tolerability and safety. To overcome all these constraints, non-antiviral therapies that focuses on host mechanisms (also known as host-focused therapies) are emerging as an innovative approach. Host focused therapy aims to target the host molecules and pathways that are essential for viral infection and disease progression. Along with addressing the above mentioned challenges, these host focused therapies can also modulate excessive inflammatory responses. Recent advancements in understanding host-virus interactions and the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of severe viral infections from viral entry and replication to disease progression, have accelerated the development of host-focused therapies aimed at combating these infections. This review explores the growing rationale and various opportunities for host-focused therapies for severe viral infections including zika virus, dengue, HIV, influenza, and covid-19 to name a few. In addition, current clinical trial information on various classes of host focused therapies are presented, highlighting their therapeutic potential and significance in the field.},
}

@article {pmid40139071,
year = {2025},
author = {Ishigaki, H and Itoh, Y},
title = {Translational research on pandemic virus infection using nonhuman primate models.},
journal = {Virology},
volume = {606},
number = {},
pages = {110511},
doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2025.110511},
pmid = {40139071},
issn = {1096-0341},
mesh = {Animals ; *Disease Models, Animal ; *COVID-19/virology/epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control ; Humans ; *Primates ; *Translational Research, Biomedical ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology/prevention & control/immunology ; Influenza, Human/virology/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; },
abstract = {After the COVID-19 pandemic, nonhuman primate (NHP) models, which are necessary for the rapid development of vaccines and new medical therapies, have become important in studies on infectious diseases because of their genetic, metabolic, and immunological similarities to humans. Our group has long been using NHP models in studies on infectious diseases including H1N1 influenza pandemic and COVID-19. Despite limitations such as the limited number of animals and the husbandry requirements, NHP models have contributed to the prediction of the pathogenicity of emerging viruses and the evaluation of the efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics due to the similarity of NHP models to humans before starting clinical trials to select good candidates of vaccines and drugs. In this review, the findings obtained in NHP infectious disease models of influenza and COVID-19 are summarized to clarify the benefits of NHP models for studies on infectious diseases. We believe that this review will support future research in exploring new perspectives for the development of vaccines and therapies targeting influenza, COVID-19, and infectious diseases in future pandemics.},
}

Animals
*Disease Models, Animal
*COVID-19/virology/epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control
Humans
*Primates
*Translational Research, Biomedical
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology/prevention & control/immunology
Influenza, Human/virology/epidemiology
Pandemics
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage

@article {pmid40138520,
year = {2025},
author = {Khan, HR and Sultan, R and Javeed, M and Yasmeen, H and Arooj, I and Janiad, S},
title = {Functional foods and immune system: A sustainable inhibitory approach against SARS-COV-2.},
journal = {Antiviral therapy},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
pages = {13596535251322297},
doi = {10.1177/13596535251322297},
pmid = {40138520},
issn = {2040-2058},
mesh = {Humans ; *Functional Food ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Immune System/immunology ; },
abstract = {Background: COVID-19 has become the center of attention since its outbreak in December 2019. Despite the discovery of its preventive vaccine, role of healthy immune system is undebatable. Functional foods are continuously hunted as a promising option for a safe natural therapeutic treatment.Purpose: This review demonstrates how functional foods can boost host immune system, promote antiviral operation, and synthesize biologically effective molecules against SARS-COV-2.Research Methodology: For current review, online search was conducted for nature-based functional immune boosters against SARS-COV-2.Conclusion: Functional foods, alongside a healthy lifestyle, fortifies the human immune system and could all help to dramatically lower the cost burden of COVID-19, the suffering of the patients, and the mortality rates worldwide.},
}

Humans
*Functional Food
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Immune System/immunology