@article {pmid31434740,
year = {2019},
author = {Barcenilla, BB and Shippen, DE},
title = {Back to the future: the intimate and evolving connection between telomere-related factors and genotoxic stress.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1074/jbc.AW119.008145},
pmid = {31434740},
issn = {1083-351X},
abstract = {The conversion of circular genomes to linear chromosomes during molecular evolution required the invention of telomeres. This entailed the acquisition of factors necessary to fulfill two new requirements: the need to fully replicate terminal DNA sequences and the ability to distinguish chromosome ends from damaged DNA. Here we consider the multifaceted functions of factors recruited to perpetuate and stabilize telomeres. We discuss recent theories for how telomere factors evolved from existing cellular machineries, and examine their engagement in non-telomeric functions such as DNA repair, replication and transcriptional regulation. We highlight the remarkable versatility of protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) proteins that was fueled by gene duplication and divergence events that occurred independently across several eukaryotic lineages. Finally, we consider the relationship between oxidative stress and telomeres and the enigmatic role of telomere-associated proteins in mitochondria. These findings point to an evolving and intimate connection between telomeres and cellular physiology and the strong drive to maintain chromosome integrity.},
}

@article {pmid31431166,
year = {2019},
author = {Gould, SB and Garg, SG and Handrich, M and Nelson-Sathi, S and Gruenheit, N and Tielens, AGM and Martin, WF},
title = {Adaptation to life on land at high O2 via transition from ferredoxin-to NADH-dependent redox balance.},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences},
volume = {286},
number = {1909},
pages = {20191491},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2019.1491},
pmid = {31431166},
issn = {1471-2954},
abstract = {Pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) and iron only hydrogenase ([Fe]-HYD) are common enzymes among eukaryotic microbes that inhabit anaerobic niches. Their function is to maintain redox balance by donating electrons from food oxidation via ferredoxin (Fd) to protons, generating H2 as a waste product. Operating in series, they constitute a soluble electron transport chain of one-electron transfers between FeS clusters. They fulfil the same function-redox balance-served by two electron-transfers in the NADH- and O2-dependent respiratory chains of mitochondria. Although they possess O2-sensitive FeS clusters, PFO, Fd and [Fe]-HYD are also present among numerous algae that produce O2. The evolutionary persistence of these enzymes among eukaryotic aerobes is traditionally explained as adaptation to facultative anaerobic growth. Here, we show that algae express enzymes of anaerobic energy metabolism at ambient O2 levels (21% v/v), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expresses them with diurnal regulation. High O2 environments arose on Earth only approximately 450 million years ago. Gene presence/absence and gene expression data indicate that during the transition to high O2 environments and terrestrialization, diverse algal lineages retained enzymes of Fd-dependent one-electron-based redox balance, while the land plant and land animal lineages underwent irreversible specialization to redox balance involving the O2-insensitive two-electron carrier NADH.},
}

@article {pmid31430004,
year = {2019},
author = {Wu, B and Hao, W},
title = {Mitochondria-encoded Endonucleases Drive Recombination of Protein Coding Genes in Yeast.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14783},
pmid = {31430004},
issn = {1462-2920},
abstract = {Mitochondrial recombination in yeast is well recognized, yet the underlying genetic mechanisms are not well understood. Recent progress has suggested that mobile introns in mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) can facilitate recombination of their corresponding intron-containing genes through a mechanism known as intron homing. As many mitochondrial genes lack introns, there is a critical need to determine the extent of recombination and underlying mechanism of intron-lacking genes. This study leverages yeast mitogenomes to address these questions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the 3'-end sequences of at least three intron-lacking mitochondrial genes exhibit elevated nucleotide diversity and recombination hotspots. Each of these 3'-end sequences is immediately adjacent to or even fused as overlapping genes with a stand-alone endonuclease (SAE). Our findings suggest that SAEs are responsible for recombination and elevated diversity of adjacent intron-lacking genes. SAEs were also evident to drive recombination of intron-lacking genes in Lachancea kluyveri, a yeast species that diverged from S. cerevisiae more than 100 million years ago. These results suggest SAEs as a common driver in recombination of intron-lacking genes during mitogenome evolution. We postulate that the linkage between intron-lacking gene and its adjacent endonuclease gene is the result of co-evolution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid30358089,
year = {2018},
author = {Gray, MW and Mootha, VK},
title = {Evolutionary mitochondrial biology in titisee.},
journal = {IUBMB life},
volume = {70},
number = {12},
pages = {1184-1187},
doi = {10.1002/iub.1958},
pmid = {30358089},
issn = {1521-6551},
mesh = {*Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Biology/*trends ; },
}

*Evolution, Molecular
Humans
Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism
Molecular Biology/*trends

@article {pmid30291814,
year = {2018},
author = {Lukeš, J and Wheeler, R and Jirsová, D and David, V and Archibald, JM},
title = {Massive mitochondrial DNA content in diplonemid and kinetoplastid protists.},
journal = {IUBMB life},
volume = {70},
number = {12},
pages = {1267-1274},
doi = {10.1002/iub.1894},
pmid = {30291814},
issn = {1521-6551},
support = {MOP-115141//CIHR/Canada ; 103261/Z/13/Z//Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; //Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/isolation & purification/ultrastructure ; Euglenozoa/*genetics ; Kinetoplastida/*genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Trans-Splicing/genetics ; },
abstract = {The mitochondrial DNA of diplonemid and kinetoplastid protists is known for its suite of bizarre features, including the presence of concatenated circular molecules, extensive trans-splicing and various forms of RNA editing. Here we report on the existence of another remarkable characteristic: hyper-inflated DNA content. We estimated the total amount of mitochondrial DNA in four kinetoplastid species (Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanoplasma borreli, Cryptobia helicis, and Perkinsela sp.) and the diplonemid Diplonema papillatum. Staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and RedDot1 followed by color deconvolution and quantification revealed massive inflation in the total amount of DNA in their organelles. This was further confirmed by electron microscopy. The most extreme case is the ∼260 Mbp of DNA in the mitochondrion of Diplonema, which greatly exceeds that in its nucleus; this is, to our knowledge, the largest amount of DNA described in any organelle. Perkinsela sp. has a total mitochondrial DNA content ~6.6× greater than its nuclear genome. This mass of DNA occupies most of the volume of the Perkinsela cell, despite the fact that it contains only six protein-coding genes. Why so much DNA? We propose that these bloated mitochondrial DNAs accumulated by a ratchet-like process. Despite their excessive nature, the synthesis and maintenance of these mtDNAs must incur a relatively low cost, considering that diplonemids are one of the most ubiquitous and speciose protist groups in the ocean. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(12):1267-1274, 2018.},
}

DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/isolation & purification/ultrastructure
Euglenozoa/*genetics
Kinetoplastida/*genetics
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
Trans-Splicing/genetics

@article {pmid29514071,
year = {2018},
author = {Zeng, R and Smith, E and Barrientos, A},
title = {Yeast Mitoribosome Large Subunit Assembly Proceeds by Hierarchical Incorporation of Protein Clusters and Modules on the Inner Membrane.},
journal = {Cell metabolism},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
pages = {645-656.e7},
pmid = {29514071},
issn = {1932-7420},
support = {R01 GM112179/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM118141/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Ribosomes/*metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Ribosomal Proteins/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Mitoribosomes are specialized for the synthesis of hydrophobic membrane proteins encoded by mtDNA, all essential for oxidative phosphorylation. Despite their linkage to human mitochondrial diseases and the recent cryoelectron microscopy reconstruction of yeast and mammalian mitoribosomes, how they are assembled remains obscure. Here, we dissected the yeast mitoribosome large subunit (mtLSU) assembly process by systematic genomic deletion of 44 mtLSU proteins (MRPs). Analysis of the strain collection unveiled 37 proteins essential for functional mtLSU assembly, three of which are critical for mtLSU 21S rRNA stability. Hierarchical cluster analysis of mtLSU subassemblies accumulated in mutant strains revealed co-operative assembly of protein sets forming structural clusters and preassembled modules. It also indicated crucial roles for mitochondrion-specific membrane-binding MRPs in anchoring newly transcribed 21S rRNA to the inner membrane, where assembly proceeds. Our results define the yeast mtLSU assembly landscape in vivo and provide a foundation for studies of mitoribosome assembly across evolution.},
}

Membrane Proteins/*metabolism
Mitochondria/*metabolism
Mitochondrial Membranes/*metabolism
Mitochondrial Proteins/*metabolism
Mitochondrial Ribosomes/*metabolism
Protein Biosynthesis
Ribosomal Proteins/*metabolism
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism

@article {pmid31419116,
year = {2019},
author = {Mehta, AP and Ko, Y and Supekova, L and Pestonjamasp, K and Li, J and Schultz, PG},
title = {Towards a synthetic yeast endosymbiont with a minimal genome.},
journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/jacs.9b08290},
pmid = {31419116},
issn = {1520-5126},
abstract = {Based on the endosymbiotic theory, one of the key events that occurred during mitochondrial evolution was an extensive loss of non-essential genes from the protomitochondrial endosymbiont genome and transfer of some of the essential endosymbiont genes to the host nucleus. We have developed an approach to recapitulate various aspects of endosymbiont ge-nome minimization using a synthetic system consist-ing of E. coli endosymbionts within host yeast cells. As a first step, we identified a number of E. coli auxo-trophs of central metabolites that can form viable endosymbionts within yeast cells. These studies provide a platform to identify non-essential biosyn-thetic pathways that can be deleted in the E. coli en-dosymbionts to investigate the evolutionary adapta-tions in the host and endosymbiont during the evo-lution of mitochondria.},
}

@article {pmid31416937,
year = {2019},
author = {Youle, RJ},
title = {Mitochondria-Striking a balance between host and endosymbiont.},
journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
volume = {365},
number = {6454},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1126/science.aaw9855},
pmid = {31416937},
issn = {1095-9203},
abstract = {Mitochondria are organelles with their own genome that arose from α-proteobacteria living within single-celled Archaea more than a billion years ago. This step of endosymbiosis offered tremendous opportunities for energy production and metabolism and allowed the evolution of fungi, plants, and animals. However, less appreciated are the downsides of this endosymbiosis. Coordinating gene expression between the mitochondrial genomes and the nuclear genome is imprecise and can lead to proteotoxic stress. The clonal reproduction of mitochondrial DNA requires workarounds to avoid mutational meltdown. In metazoans that developed innate immune pathways to thwart bacterial and viral infections, mitochondrial components can cross-react with pathogen sensors and invoke inflammation. Here, I focus on the numerous and elegant quality control processes that compensate for or mitigate these challenges of endosymbiosis.},
}

@article {pmid30347227,
year = {2019},
author = {Xin, L and Huang, B and Li, C and Bai, C and Wang, C},
title = {Characterization of a nucleus located mollusc mitoferrin and its response to OsHV-1 infection.},
journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects},
volume = {1863},
number = {1},
pages = {255-265},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.014},
pmid = {30347227},
issn = {1872-8006},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Computational Biology ; Cytosol/metabolism ; DNA Viruses/*physiology ; Female ; Ferritins/metabolism ; Herpesviridae Infections/*veterinary ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Iron/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry ; Mice ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mollusca/*virology ; Phylogeny ; Protein Domains ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Tissue Distribution ; },
abstract = {Mitoferrin genes as members of SLC25 family are conservatively existed across species, mainly locate on mitochondria and serve an important role in the regulation of whole cellular iron metabolism. Available iron withholding from pathogens presents an important host defense strategy, while the regulation role of mitoferrin against invading pathogens is largely unknown. In this study, a unique mollusc mitoferrin gene was identified in ark clams, named SbmiFn, that showed conserved three-dimensional structure with other mitoferrins, and its iron binding activity was verified by iron chelating assay. Besides cytoplasmic distribution, colocalization between SbmiFn and nuclei was observed by immunohistochemistry assay. Moreover, the response of SbmiFn to viral pathogen OsHV-1 was investigated. The results showed that nucleus located signal of SbmiFn was enhanced, the expressions of SbmiFn and ferritin were coordinately decreased, which might assist host against OsHV-1 replication as the increase of OsHV-1 copies were hardly detected after that. These results refreshed our knowledge on the sequence, structure and functional characteristics of mitoferrin subfamily, and would contribute to further comparative studies on iron metabolism.},
}

Animals
Cell Nucleus/*metabolism
Computational Biology
Cytosol/metabolism
DNA Viruses/*physiology
Female
Ferritins/metabolism
Herpesviridae Infections/*veterinary
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Iron/metabolism
Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry
Mice
Mitochondria/metabolism
Mollusca/*virology
Phylogeny
Protein Domains
Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
Tissue Distribution

@article {pmid31412712,
year = {2019},
author = {Aimo, A and Castiglione, V and Borrelli, C and Saccaro, LF and Franzini, M and Masi, S and Emdin, M and Giannoni, A},
title = {Oxidative stress and inflammation in the evolution of heart failure: From pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies.},
journal = {European journal of preventive cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2047487319870344},
doi = {10.1177/2047487319870344},
pmid = {31412712},
issn = {2047-4881},
abstract = {Both oxidative stress and inflammation are enhanced in chronic heart failure. Dysfunction of cardiac mitochondria is a hallmark of heart failure and a leading cause of oxidative stress, which in turn exerts detrimental effects on cellular components, including mitochondria themselves, thus generating a vicious circle. Oxidative stress also causes myocardial tissue damage and inflammation, contributing to heart failure progression. Furthermore, a subclinical inflammatory state may be caused by heart failure comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes mellitus or sleep apnoeas. Some markers of both oxidative stress and inflammation are enhanced in chronic heart failure and hold prognostic significance. For all these reasons, antioxidants or anti-inflammatory drugs may represent interesting additional therapies for subjects either at high risk or with established heart failure. Nonetheless, only a few clinical trials on antioxidants have been carried out so far, with several disappointing results except for vitamin C, elamipretide and coenzyme Q10. With regard to anti-inflammatory drugs, only preliminary data on the interleukin-1 antagonist anakinra are currently available. Therefore, a comprehensive, deep understanding of our current knowledge on oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic heart failure is key to providing some suggestions for future research on this topic.},
}

@article {pmid31407247,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, H and Kim, H and Lim, WA and Ki, JS},
title = {Molecular cloning and oxidative-stress responses of a novel manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s11033-019-05029-6},
pmid = {31407247},
issn = {1573-4978},
abstract = {Dinoflagellate algae are microeukaryotes that have distinct genomes and gene regulation systems, making them an interesting model for studying protist evolution and genomics. In the present study, we discovered a novel manganese superoxide dismutase (PmMnSOD) gene from the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum, examined its molecular characteristics, and evaluated its transcriptional responses to the oxidative stress-inducing contaminants, CuSO4 and NaOCl. Its cDNA was 1238 bp and contained a dinoflagellate spliced leader sequence, a 906 bp open reading frame (301 amino acids), and a poly (A) tail. The gene was coded on the nuclear genome with one 174 bp intron; signal peptide analysis showed that it might be localized to the mitochondria. Real-time PCR analysis revealed an increase in gene expression of MnSOD and SOD activity when P. minimum cells were separately exposed to CuSO4 and NaOCl. In addition, both contaminants considerably decreased chlorophyll autofluorescence, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that dinoflagellate MnSOD may be involved in protecting cells against oxidative damage.},
}

@article {pmid31402920,
year = {2019},
author = {Lee, GR and Shaefi, S and Otterbein, LE},
title = {HO-1 and CD39: It Takes Two to Protect the Realm.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {1765},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2019.01765},
pmid = {31402920},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Cellular protective mechanisms exist to ensure survival of the cells and are a fundamental feature of all cells that is necessary for adapting to changes in the environment. Indeed, evolution has ensured that each cell is equipped with multiple overlapping families of genes that safeguard against pathogens, injury, stress, and dysfunctional metabolic processes. Two of the better-known enzymatic systems, conserved through all species, include the heme oxygenases (HO-1/HO-2), and the ectonucleotidases (CD39/73). Each of these systems generates critical bioactive products that regulate the cellular response to a stressor. Absence of these molecules results in the cell being extremely predisposed to collapse and, in most cases, results in the death of the cell. Recent reports have begun to link these two metabolic pathways, and what were once exclusively stand-alone are now being found to be intimately interrelated and do so through their innate ability to generate bioactive products including adenosine, carbon monoxide, and bilirubin. These simple small molecules elicit profound cellular physiologic responses that impact a number of innate immune responses, and participate in the regulation of inflammation and tissue repair. Collectively these enzymes are linked not only because of the mitochondria being the source of their substrates, but perhaps more importantly, because of the impact of their products on specific cellular responses. This review will provide a synopsis of the current state of the field regarding how these systems are linked and how they are now being leveraged as therapeutic modalities in the clinic.},
}

@article {pmid31227544,
year = {2019},
author = {Cooper, BS and Vanderpool, D and Conner, WR and Matute, DR and Turelli, M},
title = {Wolbachia Acquisition by Drosophila yakuba-Clade Hosts and Transfer of Incompatibility Loci Between Distantly Related Wolbachia.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {212},
number = {4},
pages = {1399-1419},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.119.302349},
pmid = {31227544},
issn = {1943-2631},
abstract = {Maternally transmitted Wolbachia infect about half of insect species, yet the predominant mode(s) of Wolbachia acquisition remains uncertain. Species-specific associations could be old, with Wolbachia and hosts codiversifying (i.e., cladogenic acquisition), or relatively young and acquired by horizontal transfer or introgression. The three Drosophila yakuba-clade hosts [(D. santomea, D. yakuba) D. teissieri] diverged ∼3 MYA and currently hybridize on the West African islands Bioko and São Tomé. Each species is polymorphic for nearly identical Wolbachia that cause weak cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI)-reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia are closely related to wMel, globally polymorphic in D. melanogaster We use draft Wolbachia and mitochondrial genomes to demonstrate that D. yakuba-clade phylogenies for Wolbachia and mitochondria tend to follow host nuclear phylogenies. However, roughly half of D. santomea individuals, sampled both inside and outside of the São Tomé hybrid zone, have introgressed D. yakuba mitochondria. Both mitochondria and Wolbachia possess far more recent common ancestors than the bulk of the host nuclear genomes, precluding cladogenic Wolbachia acquisition. General concordance of Wolbachia and mitochondrial phylogenies suggests that horizontal transmission is rare, but varying relative rates of molecular divergence complicate chronogram-based statistical tests. Loci that cause CI in wMel are disrupted in D. yakuba-clade Wolbachia; but a second set of loci predicted to cause CI are located in the same WO prophage region. These alternative CI loci seem to have been acquired horizontally from distantly related Wolbachia, with transfer mediated by flanking Wolbachia-specific ISWpi1 transposons.},
}

@article {pmid31028468,
year = {2019},
author = {Buddhachat, K and Chontananarth, T},
title = {Is species identification of Echinostoma revolutum using mitochondrial DNA barcoding feasible with high-resolution melting analysis?.},
journal = {Parasitology research},
volume = {118},
number = {6},
pages = {1799-1810},
doi = {10.1007/s00436-019-06322-w},
pmid = {31028468},
issn = {1432-1955},
mesh = {Animals ; Asia, Southeastern ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*chemistry/*genetics ; Echinostoma/chemistry/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Thailand ; Transition Temperature ; },
abstract = {The taxonomic evaluation of Echinostoma species is controversial. Echinostoma species are recognized as complex, leading to problems associated with accurate identification of these species. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of using DNA barcoding of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) conjugated with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis to identify Echinostoma revolutum. HRM using COI and ND1 was unable to differentiate between species in the "revolutum complex" but did distinguish between two isolates of 37-collar-spined echinostome species, including E. revolutum (Asian lineage) and Echinostoma sp. A from different genera, e.g., Hypoderaeum conoideum, Haplorchoides mehrai, Fasciola gigantica, and Thapariella anastomusa, based on the Tm values derived from HRM analysis. Through phylogenetic analysis, a new clade of the cryptic species known as Echinostoma sp. A was identified. In addition, we found that the E. revolutum clade of ND1 phylogeny obtained from the Thailand strain was from a different lineage than the Eurasian lineage. These findings reveal the complexity of the clade, which is composed of 37-collar-spined echinostome species found in Southeast Asia. Taken together, the systematic aspects of the complex revolutum group are in need of extensive investigation by integrating morphological, biological, and molecular features in order to clarify them, particularly in Southeast Asia.},
}

Animals
Asia, Southeastern
DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic
DNA, Mitochondrial/*chemistry/*genetics
Echinostoma/chemistry/*classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny
Thailand
Transition Temperature

@article {pmid28893840,
year = {2018},
author = {de Vries, J and Gould, SB},
title = {The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution.},
journal = {Journal of cell science},
volume = {131},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1242/jcs.203414},
pmid = {28893840},
issn = {1477-9137},
mesh = {*Biological Evolution ; Inheritance Patterns/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Plants/*metabolism ; Plastids/*metabolism ; Symbiosis/genetics ; },
abstract = {Plastids in plants and algae evolved from the endosymbiotic integration of a cyanobacterium by a heterotrophic eukaryote. New plastids can only emerge through fission; thus, the synchronization of bacterial division with the cell cycle of the eukaryotic host was vital to the origin of phototrophic eukaryotes. Most of the sampled algae house a single plastid per cell and basal-branching relatives of polyplastidic lineages are all monoplastidic, as are some non-vascular plants during certain stages of their life cycle. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular components necessary for plastid division, including those of the peptidoglycan wall (of which remnants were recently identified in moss), in a wide range of phototrophic eukaryotes. Our comparison of the phenotype of 131 species harbouring plastids of either primary or secondary origin uncovers that one prerequisite for an algae or plant to house multiple plastids per nucleus appears to be the loss of the bacterial genes minD and minE from the plastid genome. The presence of a single plastid whose division is coupled to host cytokinesis was a prerequisite of plastid emergence. An escape from such a monoplastidic bottleneck succeeded rarely and appears to be coupled to the evolution of additional layers of control over plastid division and a complex morphology. The existence of a quality control checkpoint of plastid transmission remains to be demonstrated and is tied to understanding the monoplastidic bottleneck.},
}

*Biological Evolution
Inheritance Patterns/genetics
Mitochondria/genetics
Plants/*metabolism
Plastids/*metabolism
Symbiosis/genetics

@article {pmid31396441,
year = {2019},
author = {Rodriguez, C and Prieto, GI and Vega, IA and Castro-Vazquez, A},
title = {Functional and evolutionary perspectives on gill structures of an obligate air-breathing, aquatic snail.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7342},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7342},
pmid = {31396441},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Ampullariids are freshwater gastropods bearing a gill and a lung, thus showing different degrees of amphibiousness. In particular, Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) is an obligate air-breather that relies mainly or solely on the lung for dwelling in poorly oxygenated water, for avoiding predators, while burying in the mud during aestivation, and for oviposition above water level. In this paper, we studied the morphological peculiarities of the gill in this species. We found (1) the gill and lung vasculature and innervation are intimately related, allowing alternation between water and air respiration; (2) the gill epithelium has features typical of a transporting rather than a respiratory epithelium; and (3) the gill has resident granulocytes within intraepithelial spaces that may serve a role for immune defence. Thus, the role in oxygen uptake may be less significant than the roles in ionic/osmotic regulation and immunity. Also, our results provide a morphological background to understand the dependence on aerial respiration of Pomacea canaliculata. Finally, we consider these findings from a functional perspective in the light of the evolution of amphibiousness in the Ampullariidae, and discuss that master regulators may explain the phenotypic convergence of gill structures amongst this molluscan species and those in other phyla.},
}

@article {pmid31279710,
year = {2019},
author = {Parhi, J and Tripathy, PS and Priyadarshi, H and Mandal, SC and Pandey, PK},
title = {Diagnosis of mitogenome for robust phylogeny: A case of Cypriniformes fish group.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {713},
number = {},
pages = {143967},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2019.143967},
pmid = {31279710},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Animals ; Cypriniformes/*genetics ; *Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Phylogenetic tree using mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes have long been used for augmenting biological classification and understanding evolutionary processes in different lineage of life. But a basic question still exists for finding the most suitable gene for constructing robust phylogenetic tree. Much of the controversy appears due to monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic clade making deviations from original taxonomy. In the present study we report the first complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of queen loach, generated through next-generation sequencing methods. The assembled mitogenome is a 16,492 bp circular DNA, comprising of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. Further in this study we also investigated the suitability of different mitochondrial region for phylogenetic analysis in Cyprinidae and loach group. For this genetic tree were constructed on COI, COII, COIII, 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA, Cyt b, ATPase 6, D-loop, ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND5, and ND6 along with complete mitogenome. The complete mitogenome based phylogenetic tree got inclusive support from available classical taxonomy for these groups. On individual gene basis Cyt b, 12S rRNA, ND2 and ND3 also produced perfect clade at family and subfamily level. For rest of the genes polyphyly were observed for the fishes belonging to same family or subfamily which makes their use questionable for phylogenetic tree construction.},
}

Animals
Cypriniformes/*genetics
*Genes, Mitochondrial
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Mitochondria/*genetics
*Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid29986779,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, HB and Zhang, HJ and Song, LL and Zhu, L and Chen, M and Ren, GJ and Liu, GH and Zhao, GH},
title = {Morphological and molecular confirmation of the validity of Trichuris rhinopiptheroxella in the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana).},
journal = {Journal of helminthology},
volume = {93},
number = {5},
pages = {601-607},
doi = {10.1017/S0022149X18000500},
pmid = {29986779},
issn = {1475-2697},
mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; China/epidemiology ; Colobinae/*parasitology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Endangered Species ; Female ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Trichuriasis/epidemiology/*veterinary ; Trichuris/*anatomy & histology/*classification ; },
abstract = {The golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an endangered species endemic to China. Relatively little is known about the taxonomic status of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in these monkeys. Trichuris spp. (syn. Trichocephalus) are among the most important STHs, causing significant socio-economic losses and public health concerns. To date, five Trichuris species have been reported in golden monkeys, including a novel species, T. rhinopiptheroxella, based on morphology. In the present study, molecular and morphological analysis was conducted on adult Trichuris worms obtained from a dead golden snub-nosed monkey, to better understand their taxonomic status. Morphology indicated that the adult Trichuris worms were similar to T. rhinopiptheroxella. To further ascertain their phylogenetic position, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of these worms was sequenced and characterized. The mt genome of T. rhinopiptheroxella is 14,186 bp, encoding 37 genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated amino acids of 12 protein-coding genes (with the exception of atp8) indicated that T. rhinopiptheroxella was genetically distinct and exhibited 27.5-27.8% genetic distance between T. rhinopiptheroxella and other Trichuris spp. Our results support T. rhinopiptheroxella as a valid Trichuris species and suggest that mt DNA could serve as a marker for future studies on the classification, evolution and molecular epidemiology of Trichuris spp. from golden snub-nosed monkeys.},
}

Animals
Base Sequence
China/epidemiology
Colobinae/*parasitology
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Endangered Species
Female
Genome, Mitochondrial
Male
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny
Trichuriasis/epidemiology/*veterinary
Trichuris/*anatomy & histology/*classification

@article {pmid31387118,
year = {2019},
author = {Karnkowska, A and Treitli, SC and Brzoň, O and Novák, L and Vacek, V and Soukal, P and Barlow, LD and Herman, EK and Pipaliya, SV and Pánek, T and Žihala, D and Petrželková, R and Butenko, A and Eme, L and Stairs, CW and Roger, AJ and Eliáš, M and Dacks, JB and Hampl, V},
title = {The oxymonad genome displays canonical eukaryotic complexity in the absence of a mitochondrion.},
journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/molbev/msz147},
pmid = {31387118},
issn = {1537-1719},
abstract = {The discovery that the protist Monocercomonoides exilis completely lacks mitochondria demonstrates that these organelles are not absolutely essential to eukaryotic cells. However, the degree to which the metabolism and cellular systems of this organism have adapted to the loss of mitochondria is unknown. Here we report an extensive analysis of the M. exilis genome to address this question. Unexpectedly, we find that M. exilis genome structure and content is similar in complexity to other eukaryotes and less 'reduced' than genomes of some other protists from the Metamonada group to which it belongs. Furthermore, the predicted cytoskeletal systems, the organisation of endomembrane systems and biosynthetic pathways also display canonical eukaryotic complexity. The only apparent pre-adaptation that permitted the loss of mitochondria was the acquisition of the SUF system for Fe-S cluster assembly. Changes in other systems, including in amino acid metabolism and oxidative stress response, were coincident with the loss of mitochondria but are likely adaptations to the microaerophilic and endobiotic niche rather than the mitochondrial loss per se. Apart from the lack of mitochondria and peroxisomes, we show that M. exilis is a fully elaborated eukaryotic cell that is a promising model system in which eukaryotic cell biology can be investigated in the absence of mitochondria.},
}

@article {pmid31380018,
year = {2019},
author = {Ngatia, JN and Lan, TM and Dinh, TD and Zhang, L and Ahmed, AK and Xu, YC},
title = {Signals of positive selection in mitochondrial protein-coding genes of woolly mammoth: Adaptation to extreme environments?.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {6821-6832},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5250},
pmid = {31380018},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {The mammoths originated in warm and equatorial Africa and later colonized cold and high-latitude environments. Studies on nuclear genes suggest that woolly mammoth had evolved genetic variations involved in processes relevant to cold tolerance, including lipid metabolism and thermogenesis, and adaptation to extremely varied light and darkness cycles. The mitochondria is a major regulator of cellular energy metabolism, thus the mitogenome of mammoths may also exhibit adaptive evolution. However, little is yet known in this regard. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial protein-coding genes (MPCGs) sequences of 75 broadly distributed woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) to test for signatures of positive selection. Results showed that a total of eleven amino acid sites in six genes, namely ND1, ND4, ND5, ND6, CYTB, and ATP6, displayed strong evidence of positive selection. Two sites were located in close proximity to proton-translocation channels in mitochondrial complex I. Biochemical and homology protein structure modeling analyses demonstrated that five amino acid substitutions in ND1, ND5, and ND6 might have influenced the performance of protein-protein interaction among subunits of complex I, and three substitutions in CYTB and ATP6 might have influenced the performance of metabolic regulatory chain. These findings suggest metabolic adaptations in the mitogenome of woolly mammoths in relation to extreme environments and provide a basis for further tests on the significance of the variations on other systems.},
}

@article {pmid31370303,
year = {2019},
author = {Sharaf, A and Gruber, A and Jiroutová, K and Oborník, M},
title = {Characterization of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Chromerids.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {10},
number = {8},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes10080582},
pmid = {31370303},
issn = {2073-4425},
support = {15-17653S//Grantová Agentura České Republiky/ ; CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000759//ERDF/ESF Centre for research of pathogenicity and virulence of parasites/ ; },
abstract = {Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AaRSs) are enzymes that catalyze the ligation of tRNAs to amino acids. There are AaRSs specific for each amino acid in the cell. Each cellular compartment in which translation takes place (the cytosol, mitochondria, and plastids in most cases), needs the full set of AaRSs; however, individual AaRSs can function in multiple compartments due to dual (or even multiple) targeting of nuclear-encoded proteins to various destinations in the cell. We searched the genomes of the chromerids, Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis, for AaRS genes: 48 genes encoding AaRSs were identified in C. velia, while only 39 AaRS genes were found in V. brassicaformis. In the latter alga, ArgRS and GluRS were each encoded by a single gene occurring in a single copy; only PheRS was found in three genes, while the remaining AaRSs were encoded by two genes. In contrast, there were nine cases for which C. velia contained three genes of a given AaRS (45% of the AaRSs), all of them representing duplicated genes, except AsnRS and PheRS, which are more likely pseudoparalogs (acquired via horizontal or endosymbiotic gene transfer). Targeting predictions indicated that AaRSs are not (or not exclusively), in most cases, used in the cellular compartment from which their gene originates. The molecular phylogenies of the AaRSs are variable between the specific types, and similar between the two investigated chromerids. While genes with eukaryotic origin are more frequently retained, there is no clear pattern of orthologous pairs between C. velia and V. brassicaformis.},
}

@article {pmid31328352,
year = {2019},
author = {Khemaissia, H and Jelassi, R and Ghemari, C and Raimond, M and Souty-Grosset, C and Nasri-Ammar, K},
title = {Effects of trace metal elements on ultrastructural features of hepatopancreas of Armadillidium granulatum Brandt, 1833 (Crustacea, Isopoda).},
journal = {Microscopy research and technique},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jemt.23349},
pmid = {31328352},
issn = {1097-0029},
support = {LR18ES06//Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems/ ; },
abstract = {This study was conducted to compare metals bioaccumulation in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium granulatum collected from Ghar El Melh lagoon. We focused on recognizing the effects of trace elements on hepatopancreas functional role. To this end, isopod specimens were exposed for 3 weeks to sediments contaminated with cadmium, copper, zinc, mercury, and nickel. Three concentrations were used in duplicate for each experimental condition. At the end of the experiment, metal body burdens were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) showed that the species A. granulatum was classified as a Cu macroconcentrator (BAF > 2) and a Zn deconcentrator (BAF < 2). Dose dependent morphological and histological changes were observed in the hepatopancreas cells using transmission electron microscopy. The predominant features were: microvillus border disruption, condensation of the cytoplasm with increasing endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes and granules that accumulated metals in B and S cells. The number of lipid droplets decreased especially after Cd, Zn, Hg, and Ni treatments. This study demonstrated that the terrestrial isopod A. gramulatum could be a good indicator of soil metal contamination.},
}

@article {pmid31325209,
year = {2019},
author = {Rosenberg, E and Zilber-Rosenberg, I},
title = {The hologenome concept of evolution: Do mothers matter most?.},
journal = {BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1471-0528.15882},
pmid = {31325209},
issn = {1471-0528},
abstract = {The hologenome concept of evolution is discussed with special emphasis on the microbiome of women. The microbiome is dynamic, changing under different conditions and between women and men. Genetic variation occurs not only in the host, but also in the microbiome by acquisition of novel microbes, amplification of specific microbes, and horizontal gene transfer. The majority of unique genes in human holobionts are in microbiomes, and mothers are responsible for transferring most to offspring during birth, breast-feeding and physical contact. Thus, mothers are likely to be primary providers of the majority of genetic information to offspring via mitochondria and microbiome. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid31318312,
year = {2019},
author = {Rubalcava-Gracia, D and García-Rincón, J and Pérez-Montfort, R and Hamel, PP and González-Halphen, D},
title = {Key within-membrane residues and precursor dosage impact the allotopic expression of yeast subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase.},
journal = {Molecular biology of the cell},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {mbcE18120788},
doi = {10.1091/mbc.E18-12-0788},
pmid = {31318312},
issn = {1939-4586},
abstract = {Experimentally relocating mitochondrial genes to the nucleus for functional expression (allotopic expression) is a challenging process. The high hydrophobicity of mitochondria-encoded proteins seems to be one of the main factors preventing this allotopic expression. We focused on subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (Cox2) to study which modifications may enable or improve its allotopic expression in yeast. Cox2 can be imported from the cytosol into mitochondria in the presence of the W56R substitution, which decreases the protein hydrophobicity and allows partial respiratory rescue of a cox2-null strain. We show that the inclusion of a positive charge is more favorable over substitutions that only decrease the hydrophobicity. We also searched for other determinants enabling allotopic expression in yeast by examining the COX2 gene in organisms where it was transferred to the nucleus during evolution. We found that naturally occurring variations at within-membrane residues in the legume Glycine max Cox2 could enable yeast COX2 allotopic expression. We also evidence that directing high doses of allotopically-synthesized Cox2 to mitochondria seems to be counterproductive because the subunit aggregates at the mitochondrial surface. Our findings are relevant for the design of allotopic expression strategies and contribute to the understanding of gene retention in organellar genomes.},
}

@article {pmid31289699,
year = {2019},
author = {Brian, JI and Davy, SK and Wilkinson, SP},
title = {Multi-gene incongruence consistent with hybridisation in Cladocopium (Symbiodiniaceae), an ecologically important genus of coral reef symbionts.},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {e7178},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.7178},
pmid = {31289699},
issn = {2167-8359},
abstract = {Coral reefs rely on their intracellular dinoflagellate symbionts (family Symbiodiniaceae) for nutritional provision in nutrient-poor waters, yet this association is threatened by thermally stressful conditions. Despite this, the evolutionary potential of these symbionts remains poorly characterised. In this study, we tested the potential for divergent Symbiodiniaceae types to sexually reproduce (i.e. hybridise) within Cladocopium, the most ecologically prevalent genus in this family. With sequence data from three organelles (cob gene, mitochondrion; psbAncr region, chloroplast; and ITS2 region, nucleus), we utilised the Incongruence Length Difference test, Approximately Unbiased test, tree hybridisation analyses and visual inspection of raw data in stepwise fashion to highlight incongruences between organelles, and thus provide evidence of reticulate evolution. Using this approach, we identified three putative hybrid Cladocopium samples among the 158 analysed, at two of the seven sites sampled. These samples were identified as the common Cladocopium types C40 or C1 with respect to the mitochondria and chloroplasts, but the rarer types C3z, C3u and C1# with respect to their nuclear identity. These five Cladocopium types have previously been confirmed as evolutionarily distinct and were also recovered in non-incongruent samples multiple times, which is strongly suggestive that they sexually reproduced to produce the incongruent samples. A concomitant inspection of next generation sequencing data for these samples suggests that other plausible explanations, such as incomplete lineage sorting or the presence of co-dominance, are much less likely. The approach taken in this study allows incongruences between gene regions to be identified with confidence, and brings new light to the evolutionary potential within Symbiodiniaceae.},
}

@article {pmid31282937,
year = {2019},
author = {Forsythe, ES and Sharbrough, J and Havird, JC and Warren, JM and Sloan, DB},
title = {CyMIRA: The Cytonuclear Molecular Interactions Reference for Arabidopsis.},
journal = {Genome biology and evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz144},
pmid = {31282937},
issn = {1759-6653},
abstract = {The function and evolution of eukaryotic cells depends upon direct molecular interactions between gene products encoded in nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes. Understanding how these cytonuclear interactions drive molecular evolution and generate genetic incompatibilities between isolated populations and species is of central importance to eukaryotic biology. Plants are an outstanding system to investigate such effects because of their two different genomic compartments present in the cytoplasm (mitochondria and plastids) and the extensive resources detailing subcellular targeting of nuclear-encoded proteins. However, the field lacks a consistent classification scheme for mitochondrial- and plastid-targeted proteins based on their molecular interactions with cytoplasmic genomes and gene products, which hinders efforts to standardize and compare results across studies. Here, we take advantage of detailed knowledge about the model angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana to provide a curated database of plant cytonuclear interactions at the molecular level. CyMIRA (Cytonuclear Molecular Interactions Reference for Arabidopsis) is available at http://cymira.colostate.edu/ and https://github.com/dbsloan/cymira and will serve as a resource to aid researchers in partitioning evolutionary genomic data into functional gene classes based on organelle targeting and direct molecular interaction with cytoplasmic genomes and gene products. It includes 11 categories (and 27 subcategories) of different cytonuclear complexes and types of molecular interactions, and it reports residue-level information for cytonuclear contact sites. We hope that this framework will make it easier to standardize, interpret and compare studies testing the functional and evolutionary consequences of cytonuclear interactions.},
}

@article {pmid31282925,
year = {2019},
author = {McKenzie, JL and Chung, DJ and Healy, TM and Brennan, RS and Bryant, HJ and Whitehead, A and Schulte, PM},
title = {Mitochondrial ecophysiology: assessing the evolutionary forces that shape mitochondrial variation.},
journal = {Integrative and comparative biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/icb/icz124},
pmid = {31282925},
issn = {1557-7023},
abstract = {The mitonuclear species concept hypothesizes that incompatibilities between interacting gene products of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes are a major factor establishing and maintaining species boundaries. However, most of the data available to test this concept come from studies of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA, and clines in the mitochondrial genome across contact zones can be produced by a variety of forces. Here, we show that using a combination of population genomic analyses of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and studies of mitochondrial function can provide insight into the relative roles of neutral processes, adaptive evolution, and mitonuclear incompatibility in establishing and maintaining mitochondrial clines, using Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) as a case study. There is strong evidence for a role of secondary contact following the last glaciation in shaping a steep mitochondrial cline across a contact zone between northern and southern subspecies of killifish, but there is also evidence for a role of adaptive evolution in driving differentiation between the subspecies in a variety of traits from the level of the whole organism to the level of mitochondrial function. In addition, studies are beginning to address the potential for mitonuclear incompatibilities in admixed populations. However, population genomic studies have failed to detect evidence for a strong and pervasive influence of mitonuclear incompatibilities, and we suggest that polygenic selection may be responsible for the complex patterns observed. This case study demonstrates that multiple forces can act together in shaping mitochondrial clines, and illustrates the challenge of disentangling their relative roles.},
}

@article {pmid31253641,
year = {2019},
author = {Aryaman, J and Bowles, C and Jones, NS and Johnston, IG},
title = {Mitochondrial Network State Scales mtDNA Genetic Dynamics.},
journal = {Genetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1534/genetics.119.302423},
pmid = {31253641},
issn = {1943-2631},
abstract = {Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause severe congenital diseases but may also be associated with healthy aging. MtDNA is stochastically replicated and degraded, and exists within organelles which undergo dynamic fusion and fission. The role of the resulting mitochondrial networks in the time evolution of the cellular proportion of mutated mtDNA molecules (heteroplasmy), and cell-to-cell variability in heteroplasmy (heteroplasmy variance), remains incompletely understood. Heteroplasmy variance is particularly important since it modulates the number of pathological cells in a tissue. Here, we provide the first wide-reaching theoretical framework which bridges mitochondrial network and genetic states. We show that, under a range of conditions, the (genetic) rate of increase in heteroplasmy variance and de novo mutation are proportionally modulated by the (physical) fraction of unfused mitochondria, independently of the absolute fission-fusion rate. In the context of selective fusion, we show that intermediate fusion/fission ratios are optimal for the clearance of mtDNA mutants. Our findings imply that modulating network state, mitophagy rate and copy number to slow down heteroplasmy dynamics when mean heteroplasmy is low could have therapeutic advantages for mitochondrial disease and healthy aging.},
}

@article {pmid31248014,
year = {2019},
author = {Levitskii, S and Baleva, MV and Chicherin, I and Krasheninnikov, IA and Kamenski, P},
title = {S. cerevisiae Strain Lacking Mitochondrial IF3 Shows Increased Levels of Tma19p during Adaptation to Respiratory Growth.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {8},
number = {7},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cells8070645},
pmid = {31248014},
issn = {2073-4409},
abstract = {After billions of years of evolution, mitochondrion retains its own genome, which gets expressed in mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial translation machinery rather differs from modern bacterial and eukaryotic cytosolic systems. Any disturbance in mitochondrial translation drastically impairs mitochondrial function. In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, deletion of the gene coding for mitochondrial translation initiation factor 3 - AIM23, leads to an imbalance in mitochondrial protein synthesis and significantly delays growth after shifting from fermentable to non-fermentable carbon sources. Molecular mechanism underlying this adaptation to respiratory growth was unknown. Here, we demonstrate that slow adaptation from glycolysis to respiration in the absence of Aim23p is accompanied by a gradual increase of cytochrome c oxidase activity and by increased levels of Tma19p protein, which protects mitochondria from oxidative stress.},
}

@article {pmid31247505,
year = {2019},
author = {Breda, CNS and Davanzo, GG and Basso, PJ and Saraiva Câmara, NO and Moraes-Vieira, PMM},
title = {Mitochondria as central hub of the immune system.},
journal = {Redox biology},
volume = {26},
number = {},
pages = {101255},
doi = {10.1016/j.redox.2019.101255},
pmid = {31247505},
issn = {2213-2317},
abstract = {Nearly 130 years after the first insights into the existence of mitochondria, new rolesassociated with these organelles continue to emerge. As essential hubs that dictate cell fate, mitochondria integrate cell physiology, signaling pathways and metabolism. Thus, recent research has focused on understanding how these multifaceted functions can be used to improve inflammatory responses and prevent cellular dysfunction. Here, we describe the role of mitochondria on the development and function of immune cells, highlighting metabolic aspects and pointing out some metabolic- independent features of mitochondria that sustain cell function.},
}

@article {pmid31239554,
year = {2019},
author = {Ågren, JA and Davies, NG and Foster, KR},
title = {Enforcement is central to the evolution of cooperation.},
journal = {Nature ecology & evolution},
volume = {3},
number = {7},
pages = {1018-1029},
doi = {10.1038/s41559-019-0907-1},
pmid = {31239554},
issn = {2397-334X},
abstract = {Cooperation occurs at all levels of life, from genomes, complex cells and multicellular organisms to societies and mutualisms between species. A major question for evolutionary biology is what these diverse systems have in common. Here, we review the full breadth of cooperative systems and find that they frequently rely on enforcement mechanisms that suppress selfish behaviour. We discuss many examples, including the suppression of transposable elements, uniparental inheritance of mitochondria and plastids, anti-cancer mechanisms, reciprocation and punishment in humans and other vertebrates, policing in eusocial insects and partner choice in mutualisms between species. To address a lack of accompanying theory, we develop a series of evolutionary models that show that the enforcement of cooperation is widely predicted. We argue that enforcement is an underappreciated, and often critical, ingredient for cooperation across all scales of biological organization.},
}

@article {pmid31239372,
year = {2019},
author = {Sun, N and Parrish, RS and Calderone, RA and Fonzi, WA},
title = {Unique, Diverged, and Conserved Mitochondrial Functions Influencing Candida albicans Respiration.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mBio.00300-19},
pmid = {31239372},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of major clinical concern. The virulence of this pathogen is intimately intertwined with its metabolism. Mitochondria, which have a central metabolic role, have undergone many lineage-specific adaptations in association with their eukaryotic host. A screen for lineage-specific genes identified seven such genes specific to the CTG clade of fungi, of which C. albicans is a member. Each is required for respiratory growth and is integral to expression of complex I, III, or IV of the electron transport chain. Two genes, NUO3 and NUO4, encode supernumerary subunits of complex I, whereas NUE1 and NUE2 have nonstructural roles in expression of complex I. Similarly, the other three genes have nonstructural roles in expression of complex III (QCE1) or complex IV (COE1 and COE2). In addition to these novel additions, an alternative functional assignment was found for the mitochondrial protein encoded by MNE1MNE1 was required for complex I expression in C. albicans, whereas the distantly related Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog participates in expression of complex III. Phenotypic analysis of deletion mutants showed that fermentative metabolism is unable to support optimal growth rates or yields of C. albicans However, yeast-hypha morphogenesis, an important virulence attribute, did not require respiratory metabolism under hypoxic conditions. The inability to respire also resulted in hypersensitivity to the antifungal fluconazole and in attenuated virulence in a Galleria mellonella infection model. The results show that lineage-specific adaptations have occurred in C. albicans mitochondria and highlight the significance of respiratory metabolism in the pathobiology of C. albicansIMPORTANCECandida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of major clinical concern. The virulence of this pathogen is intimately intertwined with its metabolic behavior, and mitochondria have a central role in that metabolism. Mitochondria have undergone many evolutionary changes, which include lineage-specific adaptations in association with their eukaryotic host. Seven lineage-specific genes required for electron transport chain function were identified in the CTG clade of fungi, of which C. albicans is a member. Additionally, examination of several highly diverged orthologs encoding mitochondrial proteins demonstrated functional reassignment for one of these. Deficits imparted by deletion of these genes revealed the critical role of respiration in virulence attributes of the fungus and highlight important evolutionary adaptations in C. albicans metabolism.},
}

@article {pmid31234402,
year = {2019},
author = {Emelyantsev, S and Prazdnova, E and Chistyakov, V and Alperovich, I},
title = {Biological Effects of C60 Fullerene Revealed with Bacterial Biosensor-Toxic or Rather Antioxidant?.},
journal = {Biosensors},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/bios9020081},
pmid = {31234402},
issn = {2079-6374},
support = {16-32-60077 mol_а_dk//Russian Foundation for Basic Research/ ; },
abstract = {Nanoparticles have been attracting growing interest for both their antioxidant and toxic effects. Their exact action on cells strongly depends on many factors, including experimental conditions, preparation, and solvents used, which have contributed to the confusion regarding their safety and possible health benefits. In order to clarify the biological effects of the most abundant fullerene C60, its impact on the Escherichia coli model has been studied. The main question was if C60 would have any antioxidant influence on the cell and, if yes, whether and to which extent it would be concentration-dependent. An oxidative stress induced by adding hydrogen peroxide was measured with an E. coli MG1655 pKatG-lux strain sensor, with its time evolution being recorded in the presence of fullerene C60 suspensions of different concentrations. Optimal conditions for the fullerene C60 solubilization in TWEEN 80 2% aqueous solution, together with resulting aggregate sizes, were determined. Results obtained for the bacterial model can be extrapolated on eukaryote mitochondria. The ability of C60 to penetrate through biological membranes, conduct protons, and interact with free radicals is likely responsible for its protective effect detected for E. coli. Thus, fullerene can be considered as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, worth further researching as a prospective component of novel medications.},
}

@article {pmid31229574,
year = {2019},
author = {Havird, JC and Noe, GR and Link, L and Torres, A and Logan, DC and Sloan, DB and Chicco, AJ},
title = {Do angiosperms with highly divergent mitochondrial genomes have altered mitochondrial function?.},
journal = {Mitochondrion},
volume = {49},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1016/j.mito.2019.06.005},
pmid = {31229574},
issn = {1872-8278},
abstract = {Angiosperm mitochondrial (mt) genes are generally slow-evolving, but multiple lineages have undergone dramatic accelerations in rates of nucleotide substitution and extreme changes in mt genome structure. While molecular evolution in these lineages has been investigated, very little is known about their mt function. Some studies have suggested altered respiration in individual taxa, although there are several reasons why mt variation might be neutral in others. Here, we develop a new protocol to characterize respiration in isolated plant mitochondria and apply it to species of Silene with mt genomes that are rapidly evolving, highly fragmented, and exceptionally large (~11 Mbp). This protocol, complemented with traditional measures of plant fitness, cytochrome c oxidase activity assays, and fluorescence microscopy, was also used to characterize inter- and intraspecific variation in mt function. Contributions of the individual "classic" OXPHOS complexes, the alternative oxidase, and external NADH dehydrogenases to overall mt respiratory flux were found to be similar to previously studied angiosperms with more typical mt genomes. Some differences in mt function could be explained by inter- and intraspecific variation. This study suggests that Silene species with peculiar mt genomes still show relatively normal mt respiration. This may be due to strong purifying selection on mt variants, coevolutionary responses in the nucleus, or a combination of both. Future experiments should explore such questions using a comparative framework and investigating other lineages with unusual mitogenomes.},
}

@article {pmid31218630,
year = {2019},
author = {Gerlach, L and Gholami, O and Schürmann, N and Kleinschmidt, JH},
title = {Folding of β-Barrel Membrane Proteins into Lipid Membranes by Site-Directed Fluorescence Spectroscopy.},
journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},
volume = {2003},
number = {},
pages = {465-492},
doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9512-7_20},
pmid = {31218630},
issn = {1940-6029},
abstract = {Protein-lipid interactions are important for folding and membrane insertion of integral membrane proteins that are composed either of α-helical or of β-barrel structure in their transmembrane domains. While α-helical transmembrane proteins fold co-translationally while they are synthesized by a ribosome, β-barrel transmembrane proteins (β-TMPs) fold and insert posttranslationally-in bacteria after translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane, in cell organelles of eukaryotes after import across the outer membrane of the organelle. β-TMPs can be unfolded in aqueous solutions of chaotropic denaturants like urea and spontaneously refold upon denaturant dilution in the presence of preformed lipid bilayers. This facilitates studies on lipid interactions during folding into lipid bilayers. For several β-TMPs, the kinetics of folding has been reported as strongly dependent on protein-lipid interactions. The kinetics of adsorption/insertion and folding of β-TMPs can be monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. These fluorescence methods are even more powerful when combined with site-directed mutagenesis for the preparation of mutants of a β-TMP that are site-specifically labeled with a fluorophore or a fluorophore and fluorescence quencher or fluorescence resonance energy acceptor. Single tryptophan or single cysteine mutants of the β-TMP allow for the investigation of local protein-lipid interactions, at specific regions within the protein. To examine the structure formation of β-TMPs in a lipid environment, fluorescence spectroscopy has been used for double mutants of β-TMPs that contain a fluorescent tryptophan and a spin-label, covalently attached to a cysteine as a fluorescence quencher. The sites of mutation are selected so that the tryptophan is in close proximity to the quencher at the cysteine only when the β-TMP is folded. In a folding experiment, the evolution of fluorescence quenching as a function of time at specific sites within the protein can provide important information on the folding mechanism of the β-TMP. Here, we report protocols to examine membrane protein folding for two β-TMPs in a lipid environment, the outer membrane protein A from Escherichia coli, OmpA, and the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel, human isoform 1, hVDAC1, from mitochondria.},
}

@article {pmid31218358,
year = {2019},
author = {Krasovec, M and Sanchez-Brosseau, S and Piganeau, G},
title = {First Estimation of the Spontaneous Mutation Rate in Diatoms.},
journal = {Genome biology and evolution},
volume = {11},
number = {7},
pages = {1829-1837},
doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz130},
pmid = {31218358},
issn = {1759-6653},
abstract = {Mutations are the origin of genetic diversity, and the mutation rate is a fundamental parameter to understand all aspects of molecular evolution. The combination of mutation-accumulation experiments and high-throughput sequencing enabled the estimation of mutation rates in most model organisms, but several major eukaryotic lineages remain unexplored. Here, we report the first estimation of the spontaneous mutation rate in a model unicellular eukaryote from the Stramenopile kingdom, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (strain RCC2967). We sequenced 36 mutation accumulation lines for an average of 181 generations per line and identified 156 de novo mutations. The base substitution mutation rate per site per generation is μbs = 4.77 × 10-10 and the insertion-deletion mutation rate is μid = 1.58 × 10-11. The mutation rate varies as a function of the nucleotide context and is biased toward an excess of mutations from GC to AT, consistent with previous observations in other species. Interestingly, the mutation rates between the genomes of organelles and the nucleus differ, with a significantly higher mutation rate in the mitochondria. This confirms previous claims based on indirect estimations of the mutation rate in mitochondria of photosynthetic eukaryotes that acquired their plastid through a secondary endosymbiosis. This novel estimate enables us to infer the effective population size of P. tricornutum to be Ne∼8.72 × 106.},
}

@article {pmid31209489,
year = {2019},
author = {Nieuwenhuis, M and van de Peppel, LJJ and Bakker, FT and Zwaan, BJ and Aanen, DK},
title = {Enrichment of G4DNA and a Large Inverted Repeat Coincide in the Mitochondrial Genomes of Termitomyces.},
journal = {Genome biology and evolution},
volume = {11},
number = {7},
pages = {1857-1869},
doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz122},
pmid = {31209489},
issn = {1759-6653},
abstract = {Mitochondria retain their own genome, a hallmark of their bacterial ancestry. Mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) are highly diverse in size, shape, and structure, despite their conserved function across most eukaryotes. Exploring extreme cases of mtDNA architecture can yield important information on fundamental aspects of genome biology. We discovered that the mitochondrial genomes of a basidiomycete fungus (Termitomyces spp.) contain an inverted repeat (IR), a duplicated region half the size of the complete genome. In addition, we found an abundance of sequences capable of forming G-quadruplexes (G4DNA); structures that can disrupt the double helical formation of DNA. G4DNA is implicated in replication fork stalling, double-stranded breaks, altered gene expression, recombination, and other effects. To determine whether this occurrence of IR and G4DNA was correlated within the genus Termitomyces, we reconstructed the mitochondrial genomes of 11 additional species including representatives of several closely related genera. We show that the mtDNA of all sampled species of Termitomyces and its sister group, represented by the species Tephrocybe rancida and Blastosporella zonata, are characterized by a large IR and enrichment of G4DNA. To determine whether high mitochondrial G4DNA content is common in fungi, we conducted the first broad survey of G4DNA content in fungal mtDNA, revealing it to be a highly variable trait. The results of this study provide important direction for future research on the function and evolution of G4DNA and organellar IRs.},
}

@article {pmid31207496,
year = {2019},
author = {Farooq, MA and Niazi, AK and Akhtar, J and Saifullah, and Farooq, M and Souri, Z and Karimi, N and Rengel, Z},
title = {Acquiring control: The evolution of ROS-Induced oxidative stress and redox signaling pathways in plant stress responses.},
journal = {Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB},
volume = {141},
number = {},
pages = {353-369},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.039},
pmid = {31207496},
issn = {1873-2690},
mesh = {Acclimatization ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Arabidopsis/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chloroplasts/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Plant ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Oryza/metabolism ; *Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxidative Stress ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Peroxisomes/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Populus/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Stress, Physiological ; },
abstract = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) - the byproducts of aerobic metabolism - influence numerous aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act like a double-edged sword; they play multiple beneficial roles at low concentrations, whereas at high concentrations ROS and related redox-active compounds cause cellular damage through oxidative stress. To examine the dual role of ROS as harmful oxidants and/or crucial cellular signals, this review elaborates that (i) how plants sense and respond to ROS in various subcellular organelles and (ii) the dynamics of subsequent ROS-induced signaling processes. The recent understanding of crosstalk between various cellular compartments in mediating their redox state spatially and temporally is discussed. Emphasis on the beneficial effects of ROS in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating diverse cellular functions, and activating acclimation responses in plants exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses are described. The comprehensive view of cellular ROS dynamics covering the breadth and versatility of ROS will contribute to understanding the complexity of apparently contradictory ROS roles in plant physiological responses in less than optimum environments.},
}

Acclimatization
Antioxidants/metabolism
Arabidopsis/metabolism
Cell Nucleus/metabolism
Chloroplasts/metabolism
Cytosol/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation
Genes, Plant
Mitochondria/metabolism
Oryza/metabolism
*Oxidation-Reduction
*Oxidative Stress
Oxygen/metabolism
Peroxisomes/metabolism
Photosynthesis
*Plant Physiological Phenomena
Populus/metabolism
Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism
*Signal Transduction
*Stress, Physiological

@article {pmid31204914,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, J and Zhou, YA and Su, LP and Li, FM and Chen, M},
title = {[Instability of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region Genes in Patients with Leukemia].},
journal = {Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
pages = {657-663},
doi = {10.19746/j.cnki.issn.1009-2137.2019.03.005},
pmid = {31204914},
issn = {1009-2137},
mesh = {*DNA, Mitochondrial ; Humans ; *Leukemia ; Mitochondria ; Mutation ; Mutation Rate ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To study the instability of mitochondrial DNA（mt DNA） D-loop region genes in patients with Leukemia.

METHODS: The HV-1 and HV-2 regions of D-loop region in 24 patients with leukemia were amplificated and sequenced, then their results were compared with revised Cambridge reference sequence (rCRS) and Databank mtDB. The mutation rate was detected by SPSS 22.0 statistics software.

RESULTS: The total mutation rate in patients was 95.83% (23/24), the detection showed 82 mutated genes, out of which 47 (57.32%) mutated genes located in HV-1 region, 35 (42.68%) mutated genes in HV-2 region. The comparison showed that the mutation rate in untreated (UT) group and treated (T) group of AML patients was (2.37±0.82)×10-3 and (4.76±2.45)×10-3 respectively(P＜0.01), the mutation rate in PR and CR groups of treated AML patients was (5.10±2.56)×10-3 and (4.51±2.51)×10-3 respectively (P＜0.05), the comparison among M3 group showed that the mutation rates in UT, PR and CR groups were (2.55±0.63)×10-3, (5.37±3.41)×10-3 and (3.71±1.65)×10-3 respectively (P＞0.05).

CONCLUSION: The more high mutation rate and many kinds of mutation types exist in D-loop region, suggesting that the genes in D-loop region display the more strong instability, the chemotherapy may aggravate the instability of genes in D-loop region.},
}

*DNA, Mitochondrial
Humans
*Leukemia
Mitochondria
Mutation
Mutation Rate

@article {pmid31203379,
year = {2019},
author = {Bloomfield, G},
title = {The molecular foundations of zygosis.},
journal = {Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00018-019-03187-1},
pmid = {31203379},
issn = {1420-9071},
abstract = {Zygosis is the generation of new biological individuals by the sexual fusion of gamete cells. Our current understanding of eukaryotic phylogeny indicates that sex is ancestral to all extant eukaryotes. Although sexual development is extremely diverse, common molecular elements have been retained. HAP2-GCS1, a protein that promotes the fusion of gamete cell membranes that is related in structure to certain viral fusogens, is conserved in many eukaryotic lineages, even though gametes vary considerably in form and behaviour between species. Similarly, although zygotes have dramatically different forms and fates in different organisms, diverse eukaryotes share a common developmental programme in which homeodomain-containing transcription factors play a central role. These common mechanistic elements suggest possible common evolutionary histories that, if correct, would have profound implications for our understanding of eukaryogenesis.},
}

@article {pmid31196888,
year = {2019},
author = {Pan, Z and Ren, X and Zhao, H and Liu, L and Tan, Z and Qiu, F},
title = {A Mitochondrial Transcription Termination Factor, ZmSmk3, Is Required for nad1 Intron4 and nad4 Intron1 Splicing and Kernel Development in Maize.},
journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1534/g3.119.400265},
pmid = {31196888},
issn = {2160-1836},
abstract = {The expression systems of the mitochondrial genes are derived from their bacterial ancestors, but have evolved many new features in their eukaryotic hosts. Mitochondrial RNA splicing is a complex process regulated by families of nucleus-encoded RNA-binding proteins, few of which have been characterized in maize (Zea mays L.). Here, we identified the Zea mays small kernel3 (Zmsmk3) candidate gene, which encodes a mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) containing two mTERF motifs, which is conserved in monocotyledon; and the target introns were also quite conserved during evolution between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The mutations of Zmsmk3 led to arrested embryo and endosperm development, resulting in small kernels. A transcriptome of 12 days after pollination endosperm analysis revealed that the starch biosynthetic pathway and the zein gene family were down-regulated in the Zmsmk3 mutant kernels. ZmSMK3 is localized in mitochondria. The reduced expression of ZmSmk3 in the mutant resulted in the splicing deficiency of mitochondrial nad4 intron1 and nad1 intron4, causing a reduction in complex I assembly and activity, impairing mitochondria structure and activating the alternative respiratory pathway. So, the results suggest that ZmSMK3 is required for the splicing of nad4 intron 1 and nad1 intron 4, complex I assembly and kernel development in maize.},
}

@article {pmid31196150,
year = {2018},
author = {Gerlitz, M and Knopp, M and Kapust, N and Xavier, JC and Martin, WF},
title = {Elusive data underlying debate at the prokaryote-eukaryote divide.},
journal = {Biology direct},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {21},
doi = {10.1186/s13062-018-0221-x},
pmid = {31196150},
issn = {1745-6150},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The origin of eukaryotic cells was an important transition in evolution. The factors underlying the origin and evolutionary success of the eukaryote lineage are still discussed. One camp argues that mitochondria were essential for eukaryote origin because of the unique configuration of internalized bioenergetic membranes that they conferred to the common ancestor of all known eukaryotic lineages. A recent paper by Lynch and Marinov concluded that mitochondria were energetically irrelevant to eukaryote origin, a conclusion based on analyses of previously published numbers of various molecules and ribosomes per cell and cell volumes as a presumed proxy for the role of mitochondria in evolution. Their numbers were purportedly extracted from the literature.

RESULTS: We have examined the numbers upon which the recent study was based. We report that for a sample of 80 numbers that were purportedly extracted from the literature and that underlie key inferences of the recent study, more than 50% of the values do not exist in the cited papers to which the numbers are attributed. The published result cannot be independently reproduced. Other numbers that the recent study reports differ inexplicably from those in the literature to which they are ascribed. We list the discrepancies between the recently published numbers and the purported literature sources of those numbers in a head to head manner so that the discrepancies are readily evident, although the source of error underlying the discrepancies remains obscure.

CONCLUSION: The data purportedly supporting the view that mitochondria had no impact upon eukaryotic evolution data exhibits notable irregularities. The paper in question evokes the impression that the published numbers are of up to seven significant digit accuracy, when in fact more than half the numbers are nowhere to be found in the literature to which they are attributed. Though the reasons for the discrepancies are unknown, it is important to air these issues, lest the prominent paper in question become a point source of a snowballing error through the literature or become interpreted as a form of evidence that mitochondria were irrelevant to eukaryote evolution.

REVIEWERS: This article was reviewed by Eric Bapteste, Jianzhi Zhang and Martin Lercher.},
}

@article {pmid31179502,
year = {2019},
author = {Schober, AF and Rï O Bï Rtulos, C and Bischoff, A and Lepetit, B and Gruber, A and Kroth, PG},
title = {Organelle Studies and Proteome Analyses of Mitochondria and Plastids Fractions from the Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana.},
journal = {Plant & cell physiology},
volume = {60},
number = {8},
pages = {1811-1828},
doi = {10.1093/pcp/pcz097},
pmid = {31179502},
issn = {1471-9053},
abstract = {Diatoms are unicellular algae and evolved by secondary endosymbiosis, a process in which a red alga-like eukaryote was engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell. This gave rise to plastids of remarkable complex architecture and ultrastructure that require elaborate protein importing, trafficking, signaling and intracellular cross-talk pathways. Studying both plastids and mitochondria and their distinctive physiological pathways in organello may greatly contribute to our understanding of photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration and diatom evolution. The isolation of such complex organelles, however, is still demanding, and existing protocols are either limited to a few species (for plastids) or have not been reported for diatoms so far (for mitochondria). In this work, we present the first isolation protocol for mitochondria from the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Apart from that, we extended the protocol so that it is also applicable for the purification of a high-quality plastids fraction, and provide detailed structural and physiological characterizations of the resulting organelles. Isolated mitochondria were structurally intact, showed clear evidence of mitochondrial respiration, but the fractions still contained residual cell fragments. In contrast, plastid isolates were virtually free of cellular contaminants, featured structurally preserved thylakoids performing electron transport, but lost most of their stromal components as concluded from Western blots and mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry studies on mitochondria and thylakoids, moreover, allowed detailed proteome analyses which resulted in extensive proteome maps for both plastids and mitochondria thus helping us to broaden our understanding of organelle metabolism and functionality in diatoms.},
}

@article {pmid31170405,
year = {2019},
author = {Edgar, JA},
title = {L-ascorbic acid and the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes.},
journal = {Journal of theoretical biology},
volume = {476},
number = {},
pages = {62-73},
doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.06.001},
pmid = {31170405},
issn = {1095-8541},
abstract = {The lifeless earth was formed around 4.5 billion years ago and the first anaerobic unicellular "organisms" may have appeared half a billion years later. Despite subsequent prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) evolving quite complex biochemistry and some eukaryote characteristics, the transition from unicellular prokaryotes to multicellular, aerobic eukaryotes took a further 2.5 billion years to begin. The key factor or factors that eventually caused this long-delayed transition is a question that has been a focus of considerable research and a topic of discussion over many years. On the basis of the extensive literature available and consideration of some of the characteristics that distinguish multicellular eukaryotes from prokaryotes, it is proposed that, as well as the development of oxygenic photosynthesis producing high levels of environmental oxygen and the formation of vital organelles such as aerobic adenosine triphosphate-generating mitochondria, the concurrent evolution of the L-ascorbic acid redox system should be considered as a key factor that led to the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes and it remains vitally involved in the maintenance of multicellularity and many other eukaryote characteristics.},
}

@article {pmid31163164,
year = {2019},
author = {Havird, JC and Forsythe, ES and Williams, AM and Werren, JH and Dowling, DK and Sloan, DB},
title = {Selfish Mitonuclear Conflict.},
journal = {Current biology : CB},
volume = {29},
number = {11},
pages = {R496-R511},
doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.020},
pmid = {31163164},
issn = {1879-0445},
support = {F32 GM116361/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Mitochondria, a nearly ubiquitous feature of eukaryotes, are derived from an ancient symbiosis. Despite billions of years of cooperative coevolution - in what is arguably the most important mutualism in the history of life - the persistence of mitochondrial genomes also creates conditions for genetic conflict with the nucleus. Because mitochondrial genomes are present in numerous copies per cell, they are subject to both within- and among-organism levels of selection. Accordingly, 'selfish' genotypes that increase their own proliferation can rise to high frequencies even if they decrease organismal fitness. It has been argued that uniparental (often maternal) inheritance of cytoplasmic genomes evolved to curtail such selfish replication by minimizing within-individual variation and, hence, within-individual selection. However, uniparental inheritance creates conditions for cytonuclear conflict over sex determination and sex ratio, as well as conditions for sexual antagonism when mitochondrial variants increase transmission by enhancing maternal fitness but have the side-effect of being harmful to males (i.e., 'mother's curse'). Here, we review recent advances in understanding selfish replication and sexual antagonism in the evolution of mitochondrial genomes and the mechanisms that suppress selfish interactions, drawing parallels and contrasts with other organelles (plastids) and bacterial endosymbionts that arose more recently. Although cytonuclear conflict is widespread across eukaryotes, it can be cryptic due to nuclear suppression, highly variable, and lineage-specific, reflecting the diverse biology of eukaryotes and the varying architectures of their cytoplasmic genomes.},
}

@article {pmid31153884,
year = {2019},
author = {Wu, Q and Lan, Y and Cao, X and Yao, H and Qiao, D and Xu, H and Cao, Y},
title = {Characterization and diverse evolution patterns of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family genes in Dunaliella salina.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {710},
number = {},
pages = {161-169},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.056},
pmid = {31153884},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Algal Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Chlorophyceae/*enzymology/genetics ; Chloroplasts/enzymology ; Data Mining/*methods ; Evolution, Molecular ; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/*chemistry/*genetics ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Protein Domains ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {The glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene family plays a major role in glycerol synthesis and adaptation to abiotic stresses. Few studies on GPD family genes from the halotolerant algae Dunaliella salina are available. In this study, seven DsaGPD genes were identified by mining D. salina sequencing data. Among them, DsaGPD5 contained the canonical NAD+-GPD protein domain, called si-GPD. In comparison, DsaGPD1-4 not only contained the canonical NAD+-GPD domain but also a unique domain, the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-like superfamily domain, in their N-terminal region, called bi-GPD. DsaGPD6, 7 contained the FAD+-GPD domain. In the transient expression system, DsaGPD1, 3, 4 were found in the cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana protoplast, DsaGPD2, 5 in the chloroplast, and DsaGPD6, 7 in the mitochondria. MEME analysis showed that six conserved motifs were present in both si-GPDs and bi-GPDs, whereas seven highly conserved motifs were only present in bi-GPDs. The quantitative real-time PCR results showed significant induction of the DsaGPD genes under abiotic stresses, indicating their tolerance-related role in D. salina. DsaGPD2 and DsaGPD5 may be the osmoregulator form and glyceride form in the chloroplast, respectively. The evolutionary forces acting on si-GPDs and bi-GPDs were different in the same organism: bi-GPDs were under purifying selection, while si-GPDs were mainly under positive selection. Furthermore, evolution of the N_HAD domain and C_GPD domain in bi-GPDs is highly correlated. In summary, this study characterizes DsaGPD gene family members and provides useful information for elucidating the salt tolerance mechanism in D. salina.},
}

Algal Proteins/chemistry/genetics
Amino Acid Motifs
Chlorophyceae/*enzymology/genetics
Chloroplasts/enzymology
Data Mining/*methods
Evolution, Molecular
Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/*chemistry/*genetics
Mitochondria/enzymology
Multigene Family
Phylogeny
Protein Domains
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid31152352,
year = {2019},
author = {Lassance, JM and Svensson, GP and Kozlov, MV and Francke, W and Löfstedt, C},
title = {Pheromones and Barcoding Delimit Boundaries between Cryptic Species in the Primitive Moth Genus Eriocrania (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae).},
journal = {Journal of chemical ecology},
volume = {45},
number = {5-6},
pages = {429-439},
doi = {10.1007/s10886-019-01076-2},
pmid = {31152352},
issn = {1573-1561},
mesh = {Animals ; DNA/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/classification/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)/classification/genetics ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Moths/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sex Attractants/*chemistry/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Animal classification is primarily based on morphological characters, even though these may not be the first to diverge during speciation. In many cases, closely related taxa are actually difficult to distinguish based on morphological characters alone, especially when there is no substantial niche separation. As a consequence, the diversity of certain groups is likely to be underestimated. Lepidoptera -moths and butterflies- represent the largest group of herbivorous insects. The extensive diversification in the group is generally assumed to have its origin in the spectacular radiation of flowering plants and the resulting abundance of ecological niches. However, speciation can also occur without strong ecological divergence. For example, reproductive isolation can evolve as the result of divergence in mate preference and the associated pheromone communication system. We combined pheromone trapping and genetic analysis to elucidate the evolutionary relationships within a complex of primitive moth species (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae). Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers provided evidence that Eriocrania semipurpurella, as currently defined by morphological characters, includes three cryptic species in Northern and Western Europe. Male moths of these cryptic species, as well as of the closely related E. sangii, exhibited relative specificity in terms of their attraction to specific ratios of two major pheromone components, (2S,6Z)-nonen-2-ol and (2R,6Z)-nonen-2-ol. Our data suggest strong assortative mating in these species in the absence of apparent niche separation, indicating that Eriocrania moths may represent an example of non-ecological speciation. Finally, our study argues in favour of combining pheromone investigations and DNA barcoding as powerful tools for identifying and delimitating species boundaries.},
}

Animals
DNA/isolation & purification/metabolism
Electron Transport Complex IV/classification/genetics
Female
Genetic Variation
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)/classification/genetics
Male
Mitochondria/genetics
Moths/*genetics
Phylogeny
Sex Attractants/*chemistry/metabolism

@article {pmid31151779,
year = {2019},
author = {Sihali-Beloui, O and Aroune, D and Benazouz, F and Hadji, A and El-Aoufi, S and Marco, S},
title = {A hypercaloric diet induces hepatic oxidative stress, infiltration of lymphocytes, and mitochondrial reshuffle in Psammomys obesus, a murine model of insulin resistance.},
journal = {Comptes rendus biologies},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2019.04.003},
pmid = {31151779},
issn = {1768-3238},
abstract = {The aim of this study was to show, for the first time, the effect of a hypercaloric diet on the mitochondrial reshuffle of hepatocytes during the progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis to cirrhosis in Psammomys obesus, a typical animal model of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic and oxidative stresses were induced by feeding the animal through a standard laboratory diet (SD) for nine months. Metabolic parameters, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), were evaluated. The pathological evolution was examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry, using CD3 and CD20 antibodies. The dynamics of the mitochondrial structure was followed by transmission electron microscopy. SD induced a steatosis in this animal that evolved under the effect of oxidative and metabolic stress by the appearance of adaptive inflammation and fibrosis leading the animal to the cirrhosis stage with serious hepatocyte damage by the triggering, at first the mitochondrial fusion-fission cycles, which attempted to maintain the mitochondria intact and functional, but the hepatocellular oxidative damage was increased inducing a vicious circle of mitochondrial alteration and dysfunction and their elimination by mitophagy. P. obesus is an excellent animal model of therapeutic research that targets mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of steatosis.},
}

@article {pmid31150090,
year = {2019},
author = {Yin, HZ and Wang, HL and Ji, SG and Medvedeva, YV and Tian, G and Bazrafkan, AK and Maki, NZ and Akbari, Y and Weiss, JH},
title = {Rapid Intramitochondrial Zn2+ Accumulation in CA1 Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons After Transient Global Ischemia: A Possible Contributor to Mitochondrial Disruption and Cell Death.},
journal = {Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology},
volume = {78},
number = {7},
pages = {655-664},
doi = {10.1093/jnen/nlz042},
pmid = {31150090},
issn = {1554-6578},
abstract = {Mitochondrial Zn2+ accumulation, particularly in CA1 neurons, occurs after ischemia and likely contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent neurodegeneration. However, the relationship between mitochondrial Zn2+ accumulation and their disruption has not been examined at the ultrastructural level in vivo. We employed a cardiac arrest model of transient global ischemia (TGI), combined with Timm's sulfide silver labeling, which inserts electron dense metallic silver granules at sites of labile Zn2+ accumulation, and used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine subcellular loci of the Zn2+ accumulation. In line with prior studies, TGI-induced damage to CA1 was far greater than to CA3 pyramidal neurons, and was substantially progressive in the hours after reperfusion (being significantly greater after 4- than 1-hour recovery). Intriguingly, TEM examination of Timm's-stained sections revealed substantial Zn2+ accumulation in many postischemic CA1 mitochondria, which was strongly correlated with their swelling and disruption. Furthermore, paralleling the evolution of neuronal injury, both the number of mitochondria containing Zn2+ and the degree of their disruption were far greater at 4- than 1-hour recovery. These data provide the first direct characterization of Zn2+ accumulation in CA1 mitochondria after in vivo TGI, and support the idea that targeting these events could yield therapeutic benefits.},
}

@article {pmid31141182,
year = {2019},
author = {de Oliveira Boldrini, V and Dos Santos Farias, A and Degasperi, GR},
title = {Deciphering targets of Th17 cells fate: From metabolism to nuclear receptors.},
journal = {Scandinavian journal of immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e12793},
doi = {10.1111/sji.12793},
pmid = {31141182},
issn = {1365-3083},
support = {//CNPq-INCT (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação)/ ; //CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior)/ ; 17/21363-5//FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo)/ ; },
abstract = {Evidence indicates that reprogramming of metabolism is critically important for the differentiation of CD4 + T lymphocytes, and the manipulation of metabolic pathways in these cells may shape their fate and function. Distinct subgroups from T lymphocytes, such as Th17, adopt specific metabolic programmes to support their needs. Some important metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, are considered important for the differentiation of these lymphocytes. Since their discovery nearly a decade ago, Th17 lymphocytes have received significant attention because of their role in the pathology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this review, it will be discussed as the involvement of T cell metabolism and as metabolic reprogramming in activated T cells dictates fate decisions to Th17. The involvement of nuclear receptors such as RORyt e PPARs in the induction of Th17 cells was also discussed. Understanding the metabolic pathways involved in the differentiation of the distinct subgroups of T lymphocytes helps in the design of promising therapeutic proposals.},
}

@article {pmid31139952,
year = {2019},
author = {Ghadery, C and Best, LA and Pavese, N and Tai, YF and Strafella, AP},
title = {PET Evaluation of Microglial Activation in Non-neurodegenerative Brain Diseases.},
journal = {Current neurology and neuroscience reports},
volume = {19},
number = {7},
pages = {38},
doi = {10.1007/s11910-019-0951-x},
pmid = {31139952},
issn = {1534-6293},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Microglial cell activation is an important component of neuroinflammation, and it is generally well accepted that chronic microglial activation is indicative of accumulating tissue damage in neurodegenerative conditions, particularly in the earlier stages of disease. Until recently, there has been less focus on the role of neuroinflammation in other forms of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Through this review, we hope to demonstrate the important role TSPO PET imaging has played in illuminating the pivotal role of neuroinflammation and microglial activation underpinning these conditions.

RECENT FINDINGS: TSPO is an 18 kDa protein found on the outer membrane of mitochondria and can act as a marker of microglial activation using nuclear imaging. Through the development of radiopharmaceuticals targeting TSPO, researchers have been able to better characterise the spatial-temporal evolution of chronic neurological conditions, ranging from the focal autoimmune reactions seen in multiple sclerosis to the Wallerian degeneration at remote parts of the brain months following acute cerebral infarction. Development of novel techniques to investigate neuroinflammation within the central nervous system, for the purposes of diagnosis and therapeutics, has flourished over the past few decades. TSPO has proven itself a robust and sensitive biomarker of microglial activation and neuroimaging affords a minimally invasive technique to characterise neuroinflammatory processes in vivo.},
}

@article {pmid31138949,
year = {2019},
author = {Storz, JF and Cheviron, ZA and McClelland, GB and Scott, GR},
title = {Evolution of physiological performance capacities and environmental adaptation: insights from high-elevation deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).},
journal = {Journal of mammalogy},
volume = {100},
number = {3},
pages = {910-922},
doi = {10.1093/jmammal/gyy173},
pmid = {31138949},
issn = {0022-2372},
support = {R01 HL087216/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Analysis of variation in whole-animal performance can shed light on causal connections between specific traits, integrated physiological capacities, and Darwinian fitness. Here, we review and synthesize information on naturally occurring variation in physiological performance capacities and how it relates to environmental adaptation in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). We discuss how evolved changes in aerobic exercise capacity and thermogenic capacity have contributed to adaptation to high elevations. Comparative work on deer mice at high and low elevations has revealed evolved differences in aerobic performance capacities in hypoxia. Highland deer mice have consistently higher aerobic performance capacities under hypoxia relative to lowland natives, consistent with the idea that it is beneficial to have a higher maximal metabolic rate (as measured by the maximal rate of O2 consumption, VO2max) in an environment characterized by lower air temperatures and lower O2 availability. Observed differences in aerobic performance capacities between highland and lowland deer mice stem from changes in numerous subordinate traits that alter the flux capacity of the O2-transport system, the oxidative capacity of tissue mitochondria, and the relationship between O2 consumption and ATP synthesis. Many such changes in physiological phenotype are associated with hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression. Research on natural variation in whole-animal performance forms a nexus between physiological ecology and evolutionary biology that requires insight into the natural history of the study species.},
}

@article {pmid31126471,
year = {2019},
author = {Mascolo, C and Ceruso, M and Sordino, P and Palma, G and Anastasio, A and Pepe, T},
title = {Comparison of mitochondrial DNA enrichment and sequencing methods from fish tissue.},
journal = {Food chemistry},
volume = {294},
number = {},
pages = {333-338},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.026},
pmid = {31126471},
issn = {1873-7072},
mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/*metabolism ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Perciformes/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; },
abstract = {Sparid fish species have different commercial values related to their organoleptic features. Mitochondrial (mt) DNA provides a potential tool to distinguish species, but the enrichment of high-quality mtDNA from total genomic DNA is critical to obtain entire mtDNA sequences. Conventional mtDNA isolation is relatively low-cost and proficient. However, high numbers of PCR cycles can lead to artefacts (10-6 mutations/bp). We describe a rapid protocol for mtDNA extraction and enrichment from fish tissues, based on conventional miniprep columns and paramagnetic bead-based purification, without the need to employ PCR amplification. This newly described method generates a substrate for next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and is likely to have wider applications for mitochondrial studies in other fish families to help ensure traceability and differentiation of fish with high commercial values.},
}

Animals
DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry/*metabolism
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/*methods
Mitochondria/genetics
Perciformes/*genetics
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods

@article {pmid31105043,
year = {2019},
author = {Dumesic, PA and Egan, DF and Gut, P and Tran, MT and Parisi, A and Chatterjee, N and Jedrychowski, M and Paschini, M and Kazak, L and Wilensky, SE and Dou, F and Bogoslavski, D and Cartier, JA and Perrimon, N and Kajimura, S and Parikh, SM and Spiegelman, BM},
title = {An Evolutionarily Conserved uORF Regulates PGC1α and Oxidative Metabolism in Mice, Flies, and Bluefin Tuna.},
journal = {Cell metabolism},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {190-200.e6},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmet.2019.04.013},
pmid = {31105043},
issn = {1932-7420},
support = {F32 DK112638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK054477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK061562/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Mitochondrial abundance and function are tightly controlled during metabolic adaptation but dysregulated in pathological states such as diabetes, neurodegeneration, cancer, and kidney disease. We show here that translation of PGC1α, a key governor of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism, is negatively regulated by an upstream open reading frame (uORF) in the 5' untranslated region of its gene (PPARGC1A). We find that uORF-mediated translational repression is a feature of PPARGC1A orthologs from human to fly. Strikingly, whereas multiple inhibitory uORFs are broadly present in fish PPARGC1A orthologs, they are completely absent in the Atlantic bluefin tuna, an animal with exceptionally high mitochondrial content. In mice, an engineered mutation disrupting the PPARGC1A uORF increases PGC1α protein levels and oxidative metabolism and confers protection from acute kidney injury. These studies identify a translational regulatory element governing oxidative metabolism and highlight its potential contribution to the evolution of organismal mitochondrial function.},
}

@article {pmid31092607,
year = {2019},
author = {Tian, R and Seim, I and Ren, W and Xu, S and Yang, G},
title = {Contraction of the ROS Scavenging Enzyme Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Cetaceans.},
journal = {G3 (Bethesda, Md.)},
volume = {9},
number = {7},
pages = {2303-2315},
doi = {10.1534/g3.119.400224},
pmid = {31092607},
issn = {2160-1836},
abstract = {Cetaceans are a group of marine mammals whose ancestors were adaptated for life on land. Life in an aquatic environment poses many challenges for air-breathing mammals. Diving marine mammals have adapted to rapid reoxygenation and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated reperfusion injury. Here, we considered the evolution of the glutathione transferase (GST) gene family which has important roles in the detoxification of endogenously-derived ROS and environmental pollutants. We characterized the cytosolic GST gene family in 21 mammalian species; cetaceans, sirenians, pinnipeds, and their terrestrial relatives. All seven GST classes were identified, showing that GSTs are ubiquitous in mammals. Some GST genes are the product of lineage-specific duplications and losses, in line with a birth-and-death evolutionary model. We detected sites with signatures of positive selection that possibly influence GST structure and function, suggesting that adaptive evolution of GST genes is important for defending mammals from various types of noxious environmental compounds. We also found evidence for loss of alpha and mu GST subclass genes in cetacean lineages. Notably, cetaceans have retained a homolog of at least one of the genes GSTA1, GSTA4, and GSTM1; GSTs that are present in both the cytosol and mitochondria. The observed variation in number and selection pressure on GST genes suggest that the gene family structure is dynamic within cetaceans.},
}

@article {pmid31088635,
year = {2019},
author = {Tan, DX},
title = {Aging: An evolutionary competition between host cells and mitochondria.},
journal = {Medical hypotheses},
volume = {127},
number = {},
pages = {120-128},
doi = {10.1016/j.mehy.2019.04.007},
pmid = {31088635},
issn = {1532-2777},
abstract = {Here, a new theory of aging is proposed. This new theory is referred as the Host-Mitochondria Intracellular Innate Immune Theory of Aging (HMIIITA). The main point of this theory is that the aging is rooted from an evolutionary competition, that is, a never ending coevolutionary race between host cells and mitochondria. Mitochondria are the descendants of bacteria. The host cells will inevitably sense their bacterial origin, particularly their circular mtDNA. The host intracellular innate immune pressure (HIIIP) aims to eliminate mtDNA as more as possible while mitochondria have to adapt the HIIIP for survival. Co-evolution is required for both of them. From biological point of view, the larger, the mtDNA, the higher, the chance, it becomes the target of HIIIP. As a result, mitochondria have to reduce their mtDNA size via deletion. This process has last for 1.5-2 billion yeas and the result is that mitochondria have lost excessive 95% of their DNA. This mtDNA deletion is not associated with free radical attack but a unique trait acquired during evolution. In the postmitotic cells, the deletion is passively selected by the mitochondrial fission-fusion cycles. Eventually, the accumulation of deletion will significantly jeopardize the mitochondrial function. The dysfunctional mitochondria no longer provide sufficient ATP to support host cells' continuous demanding for growth. At this stage, the cell or the organism aging is inevitable.},
}

@article {pmid31088494,
year = {2019},
author = {Shah, A and Hoffman, JI and Schielzeth, H},
title = {Transcriptome assembly for a colour-polymorphic grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibiricus) with a very large genome size.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {370},
doi = {10.1186/s12864-019-5756-4},
pmid = {31088494},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {SCHI 1188/1-1//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The club-legged grasshopper Gomphocerus sibiricus is a Gomphocerinae grasshopper with a promising future as model species for studying the maintenance of colour-polymorphism, the genetics of sexual ornamentation and genome size evolution. However, limited molecular resources are available for this species. Here, we present a de novo transcriptome assembly as reference resource for gene expression studies. We used high-throughput Illumina sequencing to generate 5,070,036 paired-end reads after quality filtering. We then combined the best-assembled contigs from three different de novo transcriptome assemblers (Trinity, SOAPdenovo-trans and Oases/Velvet) into a single assembly.

RESULTS: This resulted in 82,251 contigs with a N50 of 1357 and a TransRate assembly score of 0.325, which compares favourably with other orthopteran transcriptome assemblies. Around 87% of the transcripts could be annotated using InterProScan 5, BLASTx and the dammit! annotation pipeline. We identified a number of genes involved in pigmentation and green pigment metabolism pathways. Furthermore, we identified 76,221 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms residing in 8400 contigs. We also assembled the mitochondrial genome and investigated levels of sequence divergence with other species from the genus Gomphocerus. Finally, we detected and assembled Wolbachia sequences, which revealed close sequence similarity to the strain pel wPip.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study has generated a significant resource for uncovering genotype-phenotype associations in a species with an extraordinarily large genome, while also providing mitochondrial and Wolbachia sequences that will be useful for comparative studies.},
}

@article {pmid31077734,
year = {2019},
author = {Karagozlu, MZ and An, HE and Park, SH and Shin, SE and Kim, CB},
title = {Comparative analyses of the three complete mitochondrial genomes from forensic important beetle genus Dermestes with phylogenetic relationships.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {706},
number = {},
pages = {146-153},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.020},
pmid = {31077734},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Animals ; Base Composition/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Coleoptera/*genetics ; Forensic Sciences/methods ; Gene Order/genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; },
abstract = {Necrophagous Dermestes species have high forensic importance in relation to the estimation of elapsed time since death or death season. To further supplement the genome-level features for related species, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Dermestes species D. essellatocollis, D. frischii and D. coarctatus are amplified, sequenced, annotated, analyzed, and compared with other twelve species of the infraorder Bostrichoidea. The mitochondrial genomes were typical circular molecules with 16,218, 15,873 and 15,873 bp in length, respectively. They included 13 protein coding genes, two rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs, as well as the putative control region. The gene orders and orientations are identical to those of other recorded bostrichiformian species and had the ancestral insect gene composition. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses based on all the mitochondrial protein coding genes for 13 Bostrichoidea and 16 outgroup taxa were performed using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses. The inferred trees indicate that the genus Dermestes is monophyletic. The monophyly of infraorder Bostrichiformia is not supported. This study provides genomic data for mitochondrial genome library of the genus Dermestes to investigate evolutionary and systematic studies.},
}

Animals
Base Composition/genetics
Base Sequence
Coleoptera/*genetics
Forensic Sciences/methods
Gene Order/genetics
Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
RNA, Transfer/genetics

@article {pmid31076245,
year = {2019},
author = {Brunk, CF and Martin, WF},
title = {Archaeal Histone Contributions to the Origin of Eukaryotes.},
journal = {Trends in microbiology},
volume = {27},
number = {8},
pages = {703-714},
doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2019.04.002},
pmid = {31076245},
issn = {1878-4380},
abstract = {The eukaryotic lineage arose from bacterial and archaeal cells that underwent a symbiotic merger. At the origin of the eukaryote lineage, the bacterial partner contributed genes, metabolic energy, and the building blocks of the endomembrane system. What did the archaeal partner donate that made the eukaryotic experiment a success? The archaeal partner provided the potential for complex information processing. Archaeal histones were crucial in that regard by providing the basic functional unit with which eukaryotes organize DNA into nucleosomes, exert epigenetic control of gene expression, transcribe genes with CCAAT-box promoters, and a manifest cell cycle with condensed chromosomes. While mitochondrial energy lifted energetic constraints on eukaryotic protein production, histone-based chromatin organization paved the path to eukaryotic genome complexity, a critical hurdle en route to the evolution of complex cells.},
}

@article {pmid31073215,
year = {2019},
author = {Castelli, M and Sabaneyeva, E and Lanzoni, O and Lebedeva, N and Floriano, AM and Gaiarsa, S and Benken, K and Modeo, L and Bandi, C and Potekhin, A and Sassera, D and Petroni, G},
title = {Deianiraea, an extracellular bacterium associated with the ciliate Paramecium, suggests an alternative scenario for the evolution of Rickettsiales.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0433-9},
pmid = {31073215},
issn = {1751-7370},
support = {FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES grant 247658//European Commission (EC)/ ; 16-14-10157//Russian Science Foundation (RSF)/ ; RGY0075/2017//Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP)/ ; },
abstract = {Rickettsiales are a lineage of obligate intracellular Alphaproteobacteria, encompassing important human pathogens, manipulators of host reproduction, and mutualists. Here we report the discovery of a novel Rickettsiales bacterium associated with Paramecium, displaying a unique extracellular lifestyle, including the ability to replicate outside host cells. Genomic analyses show that the bacterium possesses a higher capability to synthesise amino acids, compared to all investigated Rickettsiales. Considering these observations, phylogenetic and phylogenomic reconstructions, and re-evaluating the different means of interaction of Rickettsiales bacteria with eukaryotic cells, we propose an alternative scenario for the evolution of intracellularity in Rickettsiales. According to our reconstruction, the Rickettsiales ancestor would have been an extracellular and metabolically versatile bacterium, while obligate intracellularity would have evolved later, in parallel and independently, in different sub-lineages. The proposed new scenario could impact on the open debate on the lifestyle of the last common ancestor of mitochondria within Alphaproteobacteria.},
}

@article {pmid31064825,
year = {2019},
author = {Bertolini, MS and Chiurillo, MA and Lander, N and Vercesi, AE and Docampo, R},
title = {MICU1 and MICU2 Play an Essential Role in Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake, Growth, and Infectivity of the Human Pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1128/mBio.00348-19},
pmid = {31064825},
issn = {2150-7511},
support = {R01 AI107663/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R56 AI107663/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in trypanosomatids, which belong to the eukaryotic supergroup Excavata, shares biochemical characteristics with that of animals, which, together with fungi, belong to the supergroup Opisthokonta. However, the composition of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) complex in trypanosomatids is quite peculiar, suggesting lineage-specific adaptations. In this work, we used Trypanosoma cruzi to study the role of orthologs for mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) and MICU2 in mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. T. cruzi MICU1 (TcMICU1) and TcMICU2 have mitochondrial targeting signals, two canonical EF-hand calcium-binding domains, and localize to the mitochondria. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system (i.e., clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with Cas9), we generated TcMICU1 and TcMICU2 knockout (-KO) cell lines. Ablation of either TcMICU1 or TcMICU2 showed a significantly reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in permeabilized epimastigotes without dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential or effects on the AMP/ATP ratio or citrate synthase activity. However, none of these proteins had a gatekeeper function at low cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt), as occurs with their mammalian orthologs. TcMICU1-KO and TcMICU2-KO epimastigotes had a lower growth rate and impaired oxidative metabolism, while infective trypomastigotes have a reduced capacity to invade host cells and to replicate within them as amastigotes. The findings of this work, which is the first to study the role of MICU1 and MICU2 in organisms evolutionarily distant from animals, suggest that, although these components were probably present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), they developed different roles during evolution of different eukaryotic supergroups. The work also provides new insights into the adaptations of trypanosomatids to their particular life styles.IMPORTANCETrypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease and belongs to the early-branching eukaryotic supergroup Excavata. Its mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) subunit shares similarity with the animal ortholog that was important to discover its encoding gene. In animal cells, the MICU1 and MICU2 proteins act as Ca2+ sensors and gatekeepers of the MCU, preventing Ca2+ uptake under resting conditions and favoring it at high cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt). Using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we generated TcMICU1 and TcMICU2 knockout cell lines and showed that MICU1 and -2 do not act as gatekeepers at low [Ca2+]cyt but are essential for normal growth, host cell invasion, and intracellular replication, revealing lineage-specific adaptations.},
}

@article {pmid31057485,
year = {2019},
author = {Zhao, D and Yu, Y and Shen, Y and Liu, Q and Zhao, Z and Sharma, R and Reiter, RJ},
title = {Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {249},
doi = {10.3389/fendo.2019.00249},
pmid = {31057485},
issn = {1664-2392},
abstract = {Melatonin is an ancient molecule that can be traced back to the origin of life. Melatonin's initial function was likely that as a free radical scavenger. Melatonin presumably evolved in bacteria; it has been measured in both α-proteobacteria and in photosynthetic cyanobacteria. In early evolution, bacteria were phagocytosed by primitive eukaryotes for their nutrient value. According to the endosymbiotic theory, the ingested bacteria eventually developed a symbiotic association with their host eukaryotes. The ingested α-proteobacteria evolved into mitochondria while cyanobacteria became chloroplasts and both organelles retained their ability to produce melatonin. Since these organelles have persisted to the present day, all species that ever existed or currently exist may have or may continue to synthesize melatonin in their mitochondria (animals and plants) and chloroplasts (plants) where it functions as an antioxidant. Melatonin's other functions, including its multiple receptors, developed later in evolution. In present day animals, via receptor-mediated means, melatonin functions in the regulation of sleep, modulation of circadian rhythms, enhancement of immunity, as a multifunctional oncostatic agent, etc., while retaining its ability to reduce oxidative stress by processes that are, in part, receptor-independent. In plants, melatonin continues to function in reducing oxidative stress as well as in promoting seed germination and growth, improving stress resistance, stimulating the immune system and modulating circadian rhythms; a single melatonin receptor has been identified in land plants where it controls stomatal closure on leaves. The melatonin synthetic pathway varies somewhat between plants and animals. The amino acid, tryptophan, is the necessary precursor of melatonin in all taxa. In animals, tryptophan is initially hydroxylated to 5-hydroxytryptophan which is then decarboxylated with the formation of serotonin. Serotonin is either acetylated to N-acetylserotonin or it is methylated to form 5-methoxytryptamine; these products are either methylated or acetylated, respectively, to produce melatonin. In plants, tryptophan is first decarboxylated to tryptamine which is then hydroxylated to form serotonin.},
}

@article {pmid31044222,
year = {2019},
author = {Nagarajan-Radha, V and Rapkin, J and Hunt, J and Dowling, DK},
title = {Interactions between mitochondrial haplotype and dietary macronutrient ratios confer sex-specific effects on longevity in Drosophila melanogaster.},
journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/gerona/glz104},
pmid = {31044222},
issn = {1758-535X},
abstract = {Recent studies have demonstrated that modifications to the ratio of dietary macronutrients affect longevity in a diverse range of species. However, the degree to which levels of natural genotypic variation shape these dietary effects on longevity remains unclear. The mitochondria have long been linked to the ageing process. The mitochondria possess their own genome, and previous studies have shown that mitochondrial genetic variation affects longevity in insects. Furthermore, the mitochondria are the sites in which dietary nutrients are oxidized to produce adenosine triphosphate, suggesting a capacity for dietary quality to mediate the link between mitochondrial genotype and longevity. Here, we measured longevity of male and female fruit flies, across a panel of genetic strains of Drosophila melanogaster, which vary only in their mitochondrial haplotype, when fed one of two isocaloric diets that differed in their protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. The mitochondrial haplotype affected the longevity of flies, but the pattern of these effects differed across the two diets in males, but not in females. We discuss the implications of these results in relation to an evolutionary theory linking maternal inheritance of mitochondria to the accumulation of male-harming mitochondrial mutations, and to the theory exploring the evolution of phenotypic plasticity to novel environments.},
}

@article {pmid31040181,
year = {2019},
author = {Reis, LMD and Adamoski, D and Ornitz Oliveira Souza, R and Rodrigues Ascenção, CF and Sousa de Oliveira, KR and Corrêa-da-Silva, F and Malta de Sá Patroni, F and Meira Dias, M and Consonni, SR and Mendes de Moraes-Vieira, PM and Silber, AM and Dias, SMG},
title = {Dual inhibition of glutaminase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase decreases growth and migration of glutaminase inhibition-resistant triple-negative breast cancer cells.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {294},
number = {24},
pages = {9342-9357},
doi = {10.1074/jbc.RA119.008180},
pmid = {31040181},
issn = {1083-351X},
abstract = {Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) lack progesterone and estrogen receptors and do not have amplified human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, the main therapeutic targets for managing breast cancer. TNBCs have an altered metabolism, including an increased Warburg effect and glutamine dependence, making the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 therapeutically promising for this tumor type. Accordingly, CB-839 is currently in phase I/II clinical trials. However, not all TNBCs respond to CB-839 treatment, and the tumor resistance mechanism is not yet fully understood. Here we classified cell lines as CB-839-sensitive or -resistant according to their growth responses to CB-839. Compared with sensitive cells, resistant cells were less glutaminolytic and, upon CB-839 treatment, exhibited a smaller decrease in ATP content and less mitochondrial fragmentation, an indicator of poor mitochondrial health. Transcriptional analyses revealed that the expression levels of genes linked to lipid metabolism were altered between sensitive and resistant cells and between breast cancer tissues (available from The Cancer Genome Atlas project) with low versus high glutaminase (GLS) gene expression. Of note, CB-839-resistant TNBC cells had increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) protein and CPT1 activity levels. In agreement, CB-839-resistant TNBC cells mobilized more fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation, which responded to AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase signaling. Moreover, chemical inhibition of both glutaminase and CPT1 decreased cell proliferation and migration of CB-839-resistant cells compared with single inhibition of each enzyme. We propose that dual targeting of glutaminase and CPT1 activities may have therapeutic relevance for managing CB-839-resistant tumors.},
}

@article {pmid31039434,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, G and Wu, C and Ge, J and Chen, Y and Han, Z and Guo, P and Li, J},
title = {Identification of complete F-type mitochondrial genome in Lamprotula scripta and Lamprotula caveata and analysis on DUI.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {710},
number = {},
pages = {59-65},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.075},
pmid = {31039434},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome Size ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Maternal Inheritance ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Unionidae/*classification/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Mitochondrial DNA is typically passed to offspring through maternal inheritance. However, in mussels, two kinds of mitochondrial DNA exist: F and M type, which are referred to as doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI). Studies have shown that DUI may be related to gender determination. In this study, we obtained the first complete F-type mitochondrial genome of Lamprotula scripta and Lamprotula caveata which were 16,250 bp and 16,641 bp in length, respectively, and had 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 27 non-coding (NC) regions. The largest NC region of L. scripta was 639 bp and located between ND5 and tRNAGln. The largest NC of L. caveata was 1046 bp and also located between ND5 and tRNAGln. The overall AT content of L. scripta and L. caveata was 58.95% and 58.66%, respectively, which were lower than Lamprotula leai, Lamprotula gottschei and Lamprotula tortuosa. We next compared F and M mitochondrial genomic data on freshwater mussels and established a phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences of 13 PCGs and COII gene. Our results showed that F- and M-type mitochondria were significantly separated into two branches, and the basic structure of phylogenetic trees were divided into four distinct groups: Unioninae, Anodontini, Gonideinae and Ambleminae. Relatives of Gonideinae and Ambleminae were more closely related than Unioninae and Anodontini, indicating significant differences in mtDNA between the two mitogenome types. Moreover, we revealed that L. scripta and L. caveata are closely relatives, suggesting that they are both subordinates of the Gonideinae subfamily. Consequently, we speculate that the formation of DUI hinders their disappearance, which provides a basis for further studies into the mechanisms and genetic diversities of DUI formation.},
}

Animals
Evolution, Molecular
Genome Size
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Maternal Inheritance
Mitochondria/genetics
Open Reading Frames
Phylogeny
RNA, Transfer/genetics
RNA, Untranslated/genetics
Unionidae/*classification/*genetics

@article {pmid31032404,
year = {2019},
author = {John, U and Lu, Y and Wohlrab, S and Groth, M and Janouškovec, J and Kohli, GS and Mark, FC and Bickmeyer, U and Farhat, S and Felder, M and Frickenhaus, S and Guillou, L and Keeling, PJ and Moustafa, A and Porcel, BM and Valentin, K and Glöckner, G},
title = {An aerobic eukaryotic parasite with functional mitochondria that likely lacks a mitochondrial genome.},
journal = {Science advances},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {eaav1110},
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aav1110},
pmid = {31032404},
issn = {2375-2548},
abstract = {Dinoflagellates are microbial eukaryotes that have exceptionally large nuclear genomes; however, their organelle genomes are small and fragmented and contain fewer genes than those of other eukaryotes. The genus Amoebophrya (Syndiniales) comprises endoparasites with high genetic diversity that can infect other dinoflagellates, such as those forming harmful algal blooms (e.g., Alexandrium). We sequenced the genome (~100 Mb) of Amoebophrya ceratii to investigate the early evolution of genomic characters in dinoflagellates. The A. ceratii genome encodes almost all essential biosynthetic pathways for self-sustaining cellular metabolism, suggesting a limited dependency on its host. Although dinoflagellates are thought to have descended from a photosynthetic ancestor, A. ceratii appears to have completely lost its plastid and nearly all genes of plastid origin. Functional mitochondria persist in all life stages of A. ceratii, but we found no evidence for the presence of a mitochondrial genome. Instead, all mitochondrial proteins appear to be lost or encoded in the A. ceratii nucleus.},
}

@article {pmid31016002,
year = {2019},
author = {Pogoda, CS and Keepers, KG and Nadiadi, AY and Bailey, DW and Lendemer, JC and Tripp, EA and Kane, NC},
title = {Genome streamlining via complete loss of introns has occurred multiple times in lichenized fungal mitochondria.},
journal = {Ecology and evolution},
volume = {9},
number = {7},
pages = {4245-4263},
doi = {10.1002/ece3.5056},
pmid = {31016002},
issn = {2045-7758},
abstract = {Reductions in genome size and complexity are a hallmark of obligate symbioses. The mitochondrial genome displays clear examples of these reductions, with the ancestral alpha-proteobacterial genome size and gene number having been reduced by orders of magnitude in most descendent modern mitochondrial genomes. Here, we examine patterns of mitochondrial evolution specifically looking at intron size, number, and position across 58 species from 21 genera of lichenized Ascomycete fungi, representing a broad range of fungal diversity and niches. Our results show that the cox1gene always contained the highest number of introns out of all the mitochondrial protein-coding genes, that high intron sequence similarity (>90%) can be maintained between different genera, and that lichens have undergone at least two instances of complete, genome-wide intron loss consistent with evidence for genome streamlining via loss of parasitic, noncoding DNA, in Phlyctis boliviensisand Graphis lineola. Notably, however, lichenized fungi have not only undergone intron loss but in some instances have expanded considerably in size due to intron proliferation (e.g., Alectoria fallacina and Parmotrema neotropicum), even between closely related sister species (e.g., Cladonia). These results shed light on the highly dynamic mitochondrial evolution that is occurring in lichens and suggest that these obligate symbiotic organisms are in some cases undergoing recent, broad-scale genome streamlining via loss of protein-coding genes as well as noncoding, parasitic DNA elements.},
}

@article {pmid31012550,
year = {2019},
author = {Titov, VN and Sazhina, NN and Evteeva, NМ},
title = {[Ozone oxidizes oleic fatty acid with the highest rate constant and does not oxidize palmitic acid. Different physicochemical parameters of substrates and their role in phylogenesis.].},
journal = {Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika},
volume = {64},
number = {3},
pages = {132-139},
doi = {10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-3-132-139},
pmid = {31012550},
issn = {0869-2084},
abstract = {Physicochemical differences between О3 oxidation parameters for palmitic and oleic fatty acids (FA) during phylogenesis (evolution) are fundamental for а) production of palmitoleic monounsaturated fatty (MFA), b) formation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase as a FA transporter to mitochondria, and c) in vivo production of oleic MFA under humoral regulatory effect of insulin. In the strive for the best kinetic parameters of biological organisms without a possibility of modifying physicochemical and biochemical reactions in the mitochondrial matrix, the mitochondria can be provided with a substrate that increases energy production efficiency and the amount of ATP. Physicochemical parameters of oleic MFA has become the standard of an oxidation substrate for in vivo energy production; this MFA was synthesized in organisms for millions of years. Environmental influences are the second factor which determines kinetic perfection of biological organisms during phylogenesis. Are these influences always beneficial? Mostly, they are not. However, they largely stimulate adaptive functions of the organism, including the biological function of locomotion, cognitive function and the function of positioning in the environment. Biological, energy and kinetic perfection formed in vivo can be easily destroyed if phylogenetically herbivorous Homo sapiens abuses the diet of carnivorous animals (meat) which was not consumed by him and his ancestors during phylogenesis. This abuse is the major cause of metabolic pandemias in human population. They are: insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and atheromatosis, obesity and nonalcoholic liver disease. The most effective measures preventing metabolic pandemias, cardiac heart disease and myocardial infarction are extremely simple. People should remain herbivorous.},
}

@article {pmid31010849,
year = {2019},
author = {Hsu, J and Reilly, A and Hayes, BJ and Clough, CA and Konnick, EQ and Torok-Storb, B and Gulsuner, S and Wu, D and Becker, PS and Keel, SB and Abkowitz, JL and Doulatov, S},
title = {Reprogramming identifies functionally distinct stages of clonal evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes.},
journal = {Blood},
volume = {134},
number = {2},
pages = {186-198},
doi = {10.1182/blood.2018884338},
pmid = {31010849},
issn = {1528-0020},
support = {DP2 HL147126/NHLBI NIH HHS/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/United States ; T32 HL007093/NHLBI NIH HHS/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/United States ; P30 CA015704/NCI NIH HHS/National Cancer Institute/United States ; P01 CA077852/NCI NIH HHS/National Cancer Institute/United States ; F32 DK102336/NIDDK NIH HHS/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/United States ; R01 HL031823/NHLBI NIH HHS/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/United States ; R00 HL123484/NHLBI NIH HHS/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/United States ; U54 DK106829/NIDDK NIH HHS/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/United States ; },
abstract = {Myeloid neoplasms, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), are genetically heterogeneous disorders driven by clonal acquisition of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs). The order of premalignant mutations and their impact on HPC self-renewal and differentiation remain poorly understood. We show that episomal reprogramming of MDS patient samples generates induced pluripotent stem cells from single premalignant cells with a partial complement of mutations, directly informing the temporal order of mutations in the individual patient. Reprogramming preferentially captured early subclones with fewer mutations, which were rare among single patient cells. To evaluate the functional impact of clonal evolution in individual patients, we differentiated isogenic MDS induced pluripotent stem cells harboring up to 4 successive clonal abnormalities recapitulating a progressive decrease in hematopoietic differentiation potential. SF3B1, in concert with epigenetic mutations, perturbed mitochondrial function leading to accumulation of damaged mitochondria during disease progression, resulting in apoptosis and ineffective erythropoiesis. Reprogramming also informed the order of premalignant mutations in patients with complex karyotype and identified 5q deletion as an early cytogenetic anomaly. The loss of chromosome 5q cooperated with TP53 mutations to perturb genome stability, promoting acquisition of structural and karyotypic abnormalities. Reprogramming thus enables molecular and functional interrogation of preleukemic clonal evolution, identifying mitochondrial function and chromosome stability as key pathways affected by acquisition of somatic mutations in MDS.},
}

@article {pmid31004483,
year = {2019},
author = {Tobler, M and Barts, N and Greenway, R},
title = {Mitochondria and the origin of species: bridging genetic and ecological perspectives on speciation processes.},
journal = {Integrative and comparative biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/icb/icz025},
pmid = {31004483},
issn = {1557-7023},
abstract = {Mitochondria have been known to be involved in speciation through the generation of Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities, where functionally neutral co-evolution between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes can cause dysfunction when alleles are recombined in hybrids. We propose that adaptive mitochondrial divergence between populations can not only produce intrinsic (Dobzhansky-Muller) incompatibilities, but could also contribute to reproductive isolation through natural and sexual selection against migrants, post-mating prezygotic isolation, as well as by causing extrinsic reductions in hybrid fitness. We describe how these reproductive isolating barriers can potentially arise through adaptive divergence of mitochondrial function in the absence of mito-nuclear coevolution, a departure from more established views. While a role for mitochondria in the speciation process appears promising, we also highlight critical gaps of knowledge: (1) many systems with a potential for mitochondrially-mediated reproductive isolation lack crucial evidence directly linking reproductive isolation and mitochondrial function; (2) it often remains to be seen if mitochondrial barriers are a driver or a consequence of reproductive isolation; (3) the presence of substantial gene flow in the presence of mito-nuclear incompatibilities raises questions whether such incompatibilities are strong enough to drive speciation to completion; and (4) it remains to be tested how mitochondrial effects on reproductive isolation compare when multiple mechanisms of reproductive isolation coincide. We hope this perspective and the proposed research plans help to inform future studies of mitochondrial adaptation in a manner that links genotypic changes to phenotypic adaptations, fitness, and reproductive isolation in natural systems, helping to clarify the importance of mitochondria in the formation and maintenance of biological diversity.},
}

@article {pmid31002891,
year = {2019},
author = {Araujo, NS and Arias, MC},
title = {Mitochondrial genome characterization of Melipona bicolor: Insights from the control region and gene expression data.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {705},
number = {},
pages = {55-59},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.042},
pmid = {31002891},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Animals ; Base Composition ; Bees/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genome Size ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Male ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; },
abstract = {The stingless bee Melipona bicolor is the only bee in which true polygyny occurs. Its mitochondrial genome was first sequenced in 2008, but it was incomplete and no information about its transcription was known. We combined short and long reads of M. bicolor DNA with RNASeq data to obtain insights about mitochondrial evolution and gene expression in bees. The complete genome has 15,001 bp, including a control region of 255 bp that contains all conserved structures described in honeybees with the highest AT content reported so far for bees (98.1%), displaying a compact but functional region. Gene expression control is similar to other insects however unusual patterns of expression may suggest the existence of different isoforms for the mitochondrially encoded 12S rRNA. Results reveal unique and shared features of the mitochondrial genome in terms of sequence evolution and gene expression making M. bicolor an interesting model to study mitochondrial genomic evolution.},
}

Animals
Base Composition
Bees/*genetics
Evolution, Molecular
Gene Expression Profiling/*methods
Gene Expression Regulation
Genome Size
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Male
Mitochondria/*genetics
RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Sequence Analysis, RNA

@article {pmid31001816,
year = {2019},
author = {Meany, MK and Conner, WR and Richter, SV and Bailey, JA and Turelli, M and Cooper, BS},
title = {Loss of cytoplasmic incompatibility and minimal fecundity effects explain relatively low Wolbachia frequencies in Drosophila mauritiana.},
journal = {Evolution; international journal of organic evolution},
volume = {73},
number = {6},
pages = {1278-1295},
doi = {10.1111/evo.13745},
pmid = {31001816},
issn = {1558-5646},
support = {R35 GM124701/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35GM124701//National Institute of General Medical Sciences/ ; },
abstract = {Maternally transmitted Wolbachia bacteria infect about half of all insect species. Many Wolbachia cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. Although CI produces a frequency-dependent fitness advantage that leads to high equilibrium Wolbachia frequencies, it does not aid Wolbachia spread from low frequencies. Indeed, the fitness advantages that produce initial Wolbachia spread and maintain non-CI Wolbachia remain elusive. wMau Wolbachia infecting Drosophila mauritiana do not cause CI, despite being very similar to CI-causing wNo from Drosophila simulans (0.068% sequence divergence over 682,494 bp), suggesting recent CI loss. Using draft wMau genomes, we identify a deletion in a CI-associated gene, consistent with theory predicting that selection within host lineages does not act to increase or maintain CI. In the laboratory, wMau shows near-perfect maternal transmission; but we find no significant effect on host fecundity, in contrast to published data. Intermediate wMau frequencies on the island of Mauritius are consistent with a balance between unidentified small, positive fitness effects and imperfect maternal transmission. Our phylogenomic analyses suggest that group-B Wolbachia, including wMau and wPip, diverged from group-A Wolbachia, such as wMel and wRi, 6-46 million years ago, more recently than previously estimated.},
}

@article {pmid30999558,
year = {2019},
author = {Nibert, ML and Debat, HJ and Manny, AR and Grigoriev, IV and De Fine Licht, HH},
title = {Mitovirus and Mitochondrial Coding Sequences from Basal Fungus Entomophthora muscae.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v11040351},
pmid = {30999558},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {T32 AI007245/NIAID NIH HHS/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Extramural Activities/United States ; T32 AI007245/NIH HHS/National Institutes of Health/United States ; DE-AC02-05CH11231//U.S. Department of Energy/ ; 10122//Villum Fonden/ ; },
abstract = {Fungi constituting the Entomophthora muscae species complex (members of subphylum Entomophthoromycotina, phylum Zoopagamycota) commonly kill their insect hosts and manipulate host behaviors in the process. In this study, we made use of public transcriptome data to identify and characterize eight new species of mitoviruses associated with several different E. muscae isolates. Mitoviruses are simple RNA viruses that replicate in host mitochondria and are frequently found in more phylogenetically apical fungi (members of subphylum Glomeromyoctina, phylum Mucoromycota, phylum Basidiomycota and phylum Ascomycota) as well as in plants. E. muscae is the first fungus from phylum Zoopagomycota, and thereby the most phylogenetically basal fungus, found to harbor mitoviruses to date. Multiple UGA (Trp) codons are found not only in each of the new mitovirus sequences from E. muscae but also in mitochondrial core-gene coding sequences newly assembled from E. muscae transcriptome data, suggesting that UGA (Trp) is not a rarely used codon in the mitochondria of this fungus. The presence of mitoviruses in these basal fungi has possible implications for the evolution of these viruses.},
}

@article {pmid30997305,
year = {2019},
author = {Kanchan, S and Sharma, P and Chowdhury, S},
title = {Evolution of endonuclease IV protein family: an in silico analysis.},
journal = {3 Biotech},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {168},
doi = {10.1007/s13205-019-1696-6},
pmid = {30997305},
issn = {2190-572X},
abstract = {DNA repair is one of the key cellular events which balances between evolvability and integrity of the genome. Endonuclease IV enzymes are class II AP endonucleases under base excision repair pathway which act on abasic site and break the phosphodiester bond at the 5' side. The role and activity of endonuclease IV proteins vary among different organisms; even it is absent in higher eukaryotes. The evolution of this protein family was studied by analyzing all homologs of the endonuclease IV protein family through different in silico techniques including phylogenetic tree generation and model building. The sequence analysis revealed four consensus sequence motifs within the AP2EC domain which are functionally important and conserved throughout the evolution process. It was also observed that the species and endonuclease IV gene evolution shape up differently in most of the organisms. Presence of the mitochondria-targeted signal peptides in fungal species Saccharomyces and Coccidioides suggest a possible endosymbiotic transfer of endonuclease IV genes to lower eukaryotes. Evolutionary changes among various clades in the protein-based phylogenetic tree have been investigated by comparison of homology models which suggests the conservation of overall fold of endonuclease IV proteins except for few alterations in loop orientation in few clades.},
}

@article {pmid30980669,
year = {2019},
author = {Johri, P and Marinov, GK and Doak, TG and Lynch, M},
title = {Population Genetics of Paramecium Mitochondrial Genomes: Recombination, Mutation Spectrum, and Efficacy of Selection.},
journal = {Genome biology and evolution},
volume = {11},
number = {5},
pages = {1398-1416},
doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz081},
pmid = {30980669},
issn = {1759-6653},
abstract = {The evolution of mitochondrial genomes and their population-genetic environment among unicellular eukaryotes are understudied. Ciliate mitochondrial genomes exhibit a unique combination of characteristics, including a linear organization and the presence of multiple genes with no known function or detectable homologs in other eukaryotes. Here we study the variation of ciliate mitochondrial genomes both within and across 13 highly diverged Paramecium species, including multiple species from the P. aurelia species complex, with four outgroup species: P. caudatum, P. multimicronucleatum, and two strains that may represent novel related species. We observe extraordinary conservation of gene order and protein-coding content in Paramecium mitochondria across species. In contrast, significant differences are observed in tRNA content and copy number, which is highly conserved in species belonging to the P. aurelia complex but variable among and even within the other Paramecium species. There is an increase in GC content from ∼20% to ∼40% on the branch leading to the P. aurelia complex. Patterns of polymorphism in population-genomic data and mutation-accumulation experiments suggest that the increase in GC content is primarily due to changes in the mutation spectra in the P. aurelia species. Finally, we find no evidence of recombination in Paramecium mitochondria and find that the mitochondrial genome appears to experience either similar or stronger efficacy of purifying selection than the nucleus.},
}

@article {pmid30968307,
year = {2019},
author = {Garcia, LE and Zubko, MK and Zubko, EI and Sanchez-Puerta, MV},
title = {Elucidating genomic patterns and recombination events in plant cybrid mitochondria.},
journal = {Plant molecular biology},
volume = {100},
number = {4-5},
pages = {433-450},
doi = {10.1007/s11103-019-00869-z},
pmid = {30968307},
issn = {1573-5028},
support = {M033//Universidad Nacional de Cuyo/ ; PICT1762//Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica/ ; 1062432//National Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Genome, Plant ; Homologous Recombination ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Hyoscyamus/genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Tobacco/genetics ; },
abstract = {KEY MESSAGE: Cybrid plant mitochondria undergo homologous recombination, mainly BIR, keep a single allele for each gene, and maintain exclusive sequences of each parent and a single copy of the homologous regions. The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes requires continuous communication and a high level of compatibility between them, so that alterations in one genetic compartment need adjustments in the other. The co-evolution of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes has been poorly studied, even though the consequences and effects of this interaction are highly relevant for human health, as well as for crop improvement programs and for genetic engineering. The mitochondria of plants represent an excellent system to understand the mechanisms of genomic rearrangements, chimeric gene formation, incompatibility between nucleus and cytoplasm, and horizontal gene transfer. We carried out detailed analyses of the mtDNA of a repeated cybrid between the solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum and Hyoscyamus niger. The mtDNA of the cybrid was intermediate between the size of the parental mtDNAs and the sum of them. Noticeably, most of the homologous sequences inherited from both parents were lost. In contrast, the majority of the sequences exclusive of a single parent were maintained. The mitochondrial gene content included a majority of N. tabacum derived genes, but also chimeric, two-parent derived, and H. niger-derived genes in a tobacco nuclear background. Any of these alterations in the gene content could be the cause of CMS in the cybrid. The parental mtDNAs interacted through 28 homologous recombination events and a single case of illegitimate recombination. Three main homologous recombination mechanisms were recognized in the cybrid mitochondria. Break induced replication (BIR) pathway was the most frequent. We propose that BIR could be one of the mechanisms responsible for the loss of the majority of the repeated regions derived from H. niger.},
}

DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Genome, Plant
Homologous Recombination
*Hybridization, Genetic
Hyoscyamus/genetics
Mitochondria/*genetics
Tobacco/genetics

@article {pmid30968120,
year = {2019},
author = {Mays, JN and Camacho-Villasana, Y and Garcia-Villegas, R and Perez-Martinez, X and Barrientos, A and Fontanesi, F},
title = {The mitoribosome-specific protein mS38 is preferentially required for synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase subunits.},
journal = {Nucleic acids research},
volume = {47},
number = {11},
pages = {5746-5760},
doi = {10.1093/nar/gkz266},
pmid = {30968120},
issn = {1362-4962},
abstract = {Message-specific translational regulation mechanisms shape the biogenesis of multimeric oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme in mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These mechanisms, driven mainly by the action of mRNA-specific translational activators, help to coordinate synthesis of OXPHOS catalytic subunits by the mitoribosomes with both the import of their nucleus-encoded partners and their assembly to form the holocomplexes. However, little is known regarding the role that the mitoribosome itself may play in mRNA-specific translational regulation. Here, we show that the mitoribosome small subunit protein Cox24/mS38, known to be necessary for mitoribosome-specific intersubunit bridge formation and 15S rRNA H44 stabilization, is required for efficient mitoribogenesis. Consequently, mS38 is necessary to sustain the overall mitochondrial protein synthesis rate, despite an adaptive ∼2-fold increase in mitoribosome abundance in mS38-deleted cells. Additionally, the absence of mS38 preferentially disturbs translation initiation of COX1, COX2, and COX3 mRNAs, without affecting the levels of mRNA-specific translational activators. We propose that mS38 confers the mitochondrial ribosome an intrinsic capacity of translational regulation, probably acquired during evolution from bacterial ribosomes to facilitate the translation of mitochondrial mRNAs, which lack typical anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequences.},
}

@article {pmid30965625,
year = {2019},
author = {Nelson, ED and Grishin, NV},
title = {How Often Do Protein Genes Navigate Valleys of Low Fitness?.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes10040283},
pmid = {30965625},
issn = {2073-4425},
support = {GM127390/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {To escape from local fitness peaks, a population must navigate across valleys of low fitness. How these transitions occur, and what role they play in adaptation, have been subjects of active interest in evolutionary genetics for almost a century. However, to our knowledge, this problem has never been addressed directly by considering the evolution of a gene, or group of genes, as a whole, including the complex effects of fitness interactions among multiple loci. Here, we use a precise model of protein fitness to compute the probability P (s , Δ t) that an allele, randomly sampled from a population at time t, has crossed a fitness valley of depth s during an interval t - Δ t , t in the immediate past. We study populations of model genes evolving under equilibrium conditions consistent with those in mammalian mitochondria. From this data, we estimate that genes encoding small protein motifs navigate fitness valleys of depth 2 N s ≳ 30 with probability P ≳ 0 . 1 on a time scale of human evolution, where N is the (mitochondrial) effective population size. The results are consistent with recent findings for Watson⁻Crick switching in mammalian mitochondrial tRNA molecules.},
}

@article {pmid30959949,
year = {2019},
author = {Hirakawa, Y and Watanabe, A},
title = {Organellar DNA Polymerases in Complex Plastid-Bearing Algae.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biom9040140},
pmid = {30959949},
issn = {2218-273X},
abstract = {DNA replication in plastids and mitochondria is generally regulated by nucleus-encoded proteins. In plants and red algae, a nucleus-encoded enzyme called POP (plant and protist organellar DNA polymerase) is involved in DNA replication in both organelles by virtue of its dual localization. POPs are family A DNA polymerases, which include bacterial DNA polymerase I (PolI). POP homologs have been found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including plants, algae, and non-photosynthetic protists. However, the phylogeny and subcellular localizations of POPs remain unclear in many algae, especially in secondary and tertiary plastid-bearing groups. In this study, we report that chlorarachniophytes possess two evolutionarily distinct POPs, and fluorescent protein-tagging experiments demonstrate that they are targeted to the secondary plastids and mitochondria, respectively. The timing of DNA replication is different between the two organelles in the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans, and this seems to be correlated to the transcription of respective POP genes. Dinoflagellates also carry two distinct POP genes, possibly for their plastids and mitochondria, whereas haptophytes and ochrophytes have only one. Therefore, unlike plants, some algal groups are likely to have evolved multiple DNA polymerases for various organelles. This study provides a new insight into the evolution of organellar DNA replication in complex plastid-bearing organisms.},
}

@article {pmid30945675,
year = {2019},
author = {Saikia, M and Nath, R and Devi, D},
title = {Genetic diversity and phylogeny analysis of Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.},
journal = {Journal of genetics},
volume = {98},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {30945675},
issn = {0973-7731},
mesh = {Animals ; Bombyx/*classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Mitochondria ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Antheraea assamensis Helfer, popularly known as Muga silkworm, the golden silk producer of northeast India is economically important and unique among the Saturniid silkworms. In this study, the genetic diversity and phylogeny of semidomesticated and wild morphs of Muga silkwormcollected from different geographical locations of northeast India were investigated based on the sequences of five mitochondrial loci, i.e. 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, CoxI, Cytb and CR. All the five mitochondrial loci showed a strong bias towards higher 'A' and 'T' contents. Transitional substitutions were found to be more than the transversional substitutions. The rate of nucleotide substitution and average genetic divergence were found to be highest in CR sequences and lowest in 12S rRNA gene sequences among the morphs of Muga silkworm. The morphs collected from same geographical area had identical 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, CoxI and Cytb gene sequences. Moreover, the 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene sequences of somesemi-domesticated and wild morphs collected from different geographical locations were also found to be similar. In the phylogenetic trees generated based on themitochondrial loci, mixing of semi-domesticated and wild morphs was observed as they shared the same group. The information generated in this study will help in formulating strategies to conserve the natural biodiversity present among these unique silkworms in northeast India. In addition, this will be useful in identifying diverse morphs of Muga silkworm, which will help in effective breeding programmes to improve its productivity.},
}

Animals
Bombyx/*classification/*genetics
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
*Genetic Variation
Mitochondria
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal/*genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics

@article {pmid30945667,
year = {2019},
author = {Purushothaman, P and Chakraborty, RD and Kuberan, G and Maheswarudu, G},
title = {Integrative taxonomy of commercially important deep water penaeoid shrimps from India.},
journal = {Journal of genetics},
volume = {98},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {30945667},
issn = {0973-7731},
mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Penaeidae/*classification/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {The deep water penaeoid shrimp is an important commercial crustacean resource along the Indian coast. The molecular and morphological information of this group from the Indian coast is scarcely known. In this study, we investigated the identification and phylogenetic relationships of the deep water penaeoid shrimps using three mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b, 16S rRNA) genes, which were compared with 54 morphological characters and further used to evaluate character evolution. Our study revealed remarkable molecular divergence (3.3-33.0%) in nine species from three genera of Solenoceridae, four species from three genera of Penaeidae and one species from Aristeidae using COI. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches revealed that all species from these families are monophyletic. The present analysis revealed the existence of subgroups in the genus Solenocera suggesting the slow reduction of postrostral carina which corresponds to the increase in distributional depth during the evolutionary process which further indicates the origin of the genus in the continental shelf and extending up to the continental slope. In addition, we generated the DNA barcode database involving these species which can help further to investigate the detailed evolution and biogeography of these valuable crustacean resources.},
}

Animals
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Mitochondria/*genetics
Penaeidae/*classification/*genetics
*Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid30941136,
year = {2019},
author = {Duvvuri, B and Lood, C},
title = {Cell-Free DNA as a Biomarker in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {502},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2019.00502},
pmid = {30941136},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Endogenous DNA is primarily found intracellularly in nuclei and mitochondria. However, extracellular, cell-free (cf) DNA, has been observed in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases, prompting the interest of developing cfDNA as a potential biomarker. There is an upsurge in studies considering cfDNA to stratify patients, monitor the treatment response and predict disease progression, thus evaluating the prognostic potential of cfDNA for autoimmune diseases. Since the discovery of elevated cfDNA levels in lupus patients in the 1960s, cfDNA research in autoimmune diseases has mainly focused on the overall quantification of cfDNA and the association with disease activity. However, with recent technological advancements, including genomic and methylomic sequencing, qualitative changes in cfDNA are being explored in autoimmune diseases, similar to the ones used in molecular profiling of cfDNA in cancer patients. Further, the intracellular origin, e.g., if derived from mitochondrial or nuclear source, as well as the complexing with carrier molecules, including LL-37 and HMGB1, has emerged as important factors to consider when analyzing the quality and inflammatory potential of cfDNA. The clinical relevance of cfDNA in autoimmune rheumatic diseases is strengthened by mechanistic insights into the biological processes that result in an enhanced release of DNA into the circulation during autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Prior work have established an important role of accelerated apoptosis and impaired clearance in leakage of nucleic acids into the extracellular environment. Findings from more recent studies, including our own investigations, have demonstrated that NETosis, a neutrophil cell death process, can result in a selective extrusion of inflammatory mitochondrial DNA; a process which is enhanced in patients with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we will summarize the evolution of cfDNA, both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as biomarkers for autoimmune rheumatic diseases and discuss limitations, challenges and implications to establish cfDNA as a biomarker for clinical use. This review will also highlight recent advancements in mechanistic studies demonstrating mitochondrial DNA as a central component of cfDNA in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.},
}

@article {pmid30941110,
year = {2019},
author = {Moelling, K and Broecker, F},
title = {Viruses and Evolution - Viruses First? A Personal Perspective.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {523},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.00523},
pmid = {30941110},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {The discovery of exoplanets within putative habitable zones revolutionized astrobiology in recent years. It stimulated interest in the question about the origin of life and its evolution. Here, we discuss what the roles of viruses might have been at the beginning of life and during evolution. Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth. They are present everywhere, in our surrounding, the oceans, the soil and in every living being. Retroviruses contributed to about half of our genomic sequences and to the evolution of the mammalian placenta. Contemporary viruses reflect evolution ranging from the RNA world to the DNA-protein world. How far back can we trace their contribution? Earliest replicating and evolving entities are the ribozymes or viroids fulfilling several criteria of life. RNA can perform many aspects of life and influences our gene expression until today. The simplest structures with non-protein-coding information may represent models of life built on structural, not genetic information. Viruses today are obligatory parasites depending on host cells. Examples of how an independent lifestyle might have been lost include mitochondria, chloroplasts, Rickettsia and others, which used to be autonomous bacteria and became intracellular parasites or endosymbionts, thereby losing most of their genes. Even in vitro the loss of genes can be recapitulated all the way from coding to non-coding RNA. Furthermore, the giant viruses may indicate that there is no sharp border between living and non-living entities but an evolutionary continuum. Here, it is discussed how viruses can lose and gain genes, and that they are essential drivers of evolution. This discussion may stimulate the thinking about viruses as early possible forms of life. Apart from our view "viruses first", there are others such as "proteins first" and "metabolism first."},
}

@article {pmid30938771,
year = {2019},
author = {Lama, S and Broda, M and Abbas, Z and Vaneechoutte, D and Belt, K and Säll, T and Vandepoele, K and Van Aken, O},
title = {Neofunctionalization of Mitochondrial Proteins and Incorporation into Signaling Networks in Plants.},
journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
volume = {36},
number = {5},
pages = {974-989},
doi = {10.1093/molbev/msz031},
pmid = {30938771},
issn = {1537-1719},
mesh = {Arabidopsis/*genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA, Bacterial ; F-Box Proteins/genetics ; *Gene Duplication ; Gene Expression ; Genome, Plant ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics ; *Multigene Family ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; },
abstract = {Because of their symbiotic origin, many mitochondrial proteins are well conserved across eukaryotic kingdoms. It is however less obvious how specific lineages have obtained novel nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. Here, we report a case of mitochondrial neofunctionalization in plants. Phylogenetic analysis of genes containing the Domain of Unknown Function 295 (DUF295) revealed that the domain likely originated in Angiosperms. The C-terminal DUF295 domain is usually accompanied by an N-terminal F-box domain, involved in ubiquitin ligation via binding with ASK1/SKP1-type proteins. Due to gene duplication, the gene family has expanded rapidly, with 94 DUF295-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana alone. Two DUF295 family subgroups have uniquely evolved and quickly expanded within Brassicaceae. One of these subgroups has completely lost the F-box, but instead obtained strongly predicted mitochondrial targeting peptides. We show that several representatives of this DUF295 Organellar group are effectively targeted to plant mitochondria and chloroplasts. Furthermore, many DUF295 Organellar genes are induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas F-Box DUF295 genes are not. In agreement, several Brassicaceae-specific DUF295 Organellar genes were incorporated in the evolutionary much older ANAC017-dependent mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway. Finally, a representative set of DUF295 T-DNA insertion mutants was created. No obvious aberrant phenotypes during normal growth and mitochondrial dysfunction were observed, most likely due to the large extent of gene duplication and redundancy. Overall, this study provides insight into how novel mitochondrial proteins can be created via "intercompartmental" gene duplication events. Moreover, our analysis shows that these newly evolved genes can then be specifically integrated into relevant, pre-existing coexpression networks.},
}

Arabidopsis/*genetics
DNA Mutational Analysis
DNA, Bacterial
F-Box Proteins/genetics
*Gene Duplication
Gene Expression
Genome, Plant
Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics
*Multigene Family
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Plant Proteins/genetics
Signal Transduction

@article {pmid30936856,
year = {2019},
author = {Degli Esposti, M and Mentel, M and Martin, W and Sousa, FL},
title = {Oxygen Reductases in Alphaproteobacterial Genomes: Physiological Evolution From Low to High Oxygen Environments.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {499},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.00499},
pmid = {30936856},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Oxygen reducing terminal oxidases differ with respect to their subunit composition, heme groups, operon structure, and affinity for O2. Six families of terminal oxidases are currently recognized, all of which occur in alphaproteobacterial genomes, two of which are also present in mitochondria. Many alphaproteobacteria encode several different terminal oxidases, likely reflecting ecological versatility with respect to oxygen levels. Terminal oxidase evolution likely started with the advent of O2 roughly 2.4 billion years ago and terminal oxidases diversified in the Proterozoic, during which oxygen levels remained low, around the Pasteur point (ca. 2 μM O2). Among the alphaproteobacterial genomes surveyed, those from members of the Rhodospirillaceae reveal the greatest diversity in oxygen reductases. Some harbor all six terminal oxidase types, in addition to many soluble enzymes typical of anaerobic fermentations in mitochondria and hydrogenosomes of eukaryotes. Recent data have it that O2 levels increased to current values (21% v/v or ca. 250 μM) only about 430 million years ago. Ecological adaptation brought forth different lineages of alphaproteobacteria and different lineages of eukaryotes that have undergone evolutionary specialization to high oxygen, low oxygen, and anaerobic habitats. Some have remained facultative anaerobes that are able to generate ATP with or without the help of oxygen and represent physiological links to the ancient proteobacterial lineage at the origin of mitochondria and eukaryotes. Our analysis reveals that the genomes of alphaproteobacteria appear to retain signatures of ancient transitions in aerobic metabolism, findings that are relevant to mitochondrial evolution in eukaryotes as well.},
}

@article {pmid30936077,
year = {2019},
author = {Mafra, ACP and Dias, SMG},
title = {Several Faces of Glutaminase Regulation in Cells.},
journal = {Cancer research},
volume = {79},
number = {7},
pages = {1302-1304},
doi = {10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-0313},
pmid = {30936077},
issn = {1538-7445},
mesh = {Cell Line, Tumor ; Glutaminase/*genetics ; *Mitochondria ; },
abstract = {The cancer target glutaminase (GLS) has proven to be a fascinating protein. Since it was first described to be regulated by the oncogene Myc 10 years ago, several other transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational regulatory mechanisms have emerged, and the list is growing. A recent study by Deng and colleagues revealed that an antisense (AS) long noncoding RNA named GLS-AS, which is negatively regulated by Myc, downregulates GLS in pancreatic cancer. The Myc/GLS-AS/GLS regulatory axis is activated by nutrient stress, which is important for the often hypovascular pancreatic cancer, displaying the significance of GLS for the progression of this highly lethal type of cancer.See related article by Deng et al., p. 1398.},
}

Cell Line, Tumor
Glutaminase/*genetics
*Mitochondria

@article {pmid30935869,
year = {2019},
author = {Zimorski, V and Mentel, M and Tielens, AGM and Martin, WF},
title = {Energy metabolism in anaerobic eukaryotes and Earth's late oxygenation.},
journal = {Free radical biology & medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.030},
pmid = {30935869},
issn = {1873-4596},
abstract = {Eukaryotes arose about 1.6 billion years ago, at a time when oxygen levels were still very low on Earth, both in the atmosphere and in the ocean. According to newer geochemical data, oxygen rose to approximately its present atmospheric levels very late in evolution, perhaps as late as the origin of land plants (only about 450 million years ago). It is therefore natural that many lineages of eukaryotes harbor, and use, enzymes for oxygen-independent energy metabolism. This paper provides a concise overview of anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes with a focus on anaerobic energy metabolism in mitochondria. We also address the widespread assumption that oxygen improves the overall energetic state of a cell. While it is true that ATP yield from glucose or amino acids is increased in the presence of oxygen, it is also true that the synthesis of biomass costs thirteen times more energy per cell in the presence of oxygen than in anoxic conditions. This is because in the reaction of cellular biomass with O2, the equilibrium lies very far on the side of CO2. The absence of oxygen offers energetic benefits of the same magnitude as the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic and low oxygen environments are ancient. During evolution, some eukaryotes have specialized to life in permanently oxic environments (life on land), other eukaryotes have remained specialized to low oxygen habitats. We suggest that the Km of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase of 0.1-10 μM for O2, which corresponds to about 0.04%-4% (avg. 0.4%) of present atmospheric O2 levels, reflects environmental O2 concentrations that existed at the time that the eukaryotes arose.},
}

@article {pmid30927526,
year = {2019},
author = {Vays, VB and Vangeli, IM and Eldarov, CM and Efeykin, BD and Bakeeva, LE},
title = {Mitochondria in Obliquely Striated Muscles of the Horsehair Worm Gordionus alpestris (Nematomorpha, Gordioidea) with Structural Organization Typical of Cells with Energy-Intensive Processes.},
journal = {Biochemistry. Biokhimiia},
volume = {84},
number = {1},
pages = {56-61},
doi = {10.1134/S0006297919010073},
pmid = {30927526},
issn = {1608-3040},
mesh = {Animals ; Energy Metabolism ; Helminths/*anatomy & histology/cytology ; Mitochondria/*ultrastructure ; Mitochondria, Muscle ; Mitochondrial Membranes ; Muscle, Striated/*ultrastructure ; },
abstract = {The ultrastructure of mitochondria in the flattened circomyarian fibers of the horsehair worm Gordionus alpestris (Nemathelminthes) was examined. In contrast to the previously published data, we showed these mitochondria to be giant elongated organelles that densely fill the central cytoplasmic space of the ribbon-like muscle fibers. No fundamental differences were found in the ultrastructure of the muscle tissue mitochondria in actively moving free-living and parasitic G. alpestris worms. The functional significance of the observed ultrastructural organization of mitochondria is discussed in connection with the necessity for an extended mitochondrial membrane system for a uniform supply of active muscle tissue with energy.},
}

Animals
Energy Metabolism
Helminths/*anatomy & histology/cytology
Mitochondria/*ultrastructure
Mitochondria, Muscle
Mitochondrial Membranes
Muscle, Striated/*ultrastructure

@article {pmid30924880,
year = {2019},
author = {Sudianto, E and Chaw, SM},
title = {Two Independent Plastid accD Transfers to the Nuclear Genome of Gnetum and Other Insights on Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Evolution in Gymnosperms.},
journal = {Genome biology and evolution},
volume = {11},
number = {6},
pages = {1691-1705},
doi = {10.1093/gbe/evz059},
pmid = {30924880},
issn = {1759-6653},
abstract = {Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is the key regulator of fatty acid biosynthesis. In most plants, ACCase exists in two locations (cytosol and plastids) and in two forms (homomeric and heteromeric). Heteromeric ACCase comprises four subunits, three of them (ACCA-C) are nuclear encoded (nr) and the fourth (ACCD) is usually plastid encoded. Homomeric ACCase is encoded by a single nr-gene (ACC). We investigated the ACCase gene evolution in gymnosperms by examining the transcriptomes of newly sequenced Gnetum ula, combined with 75 transcriptomes and 110 plastomes of other gymnosperms. AccD-coding sequences are elongated through the insertion of repetitive DNA in four out of five cupressophyte families (except Sciadopityaceae) and were functionally transferred to the nucleus of gnetophytes and Sciadopitys. We discovered that, among the three genera of gnetophytes, only Gnetum has two copies of nr-accD. Furthermore, using protoplast transient expression assays, we experimentally verified that the nr-accD precursor proteins in Gnetum and Sciadopitys can be delivered to the plastids. Of the two nr-accD copies of Gnetum, one dually targets plastids and mitochondria, whereas the other potentially targets plastoglobuli. The distinct transit peptides, gene architectures, and flanking sequences between the two Gnetum accDs suggest that they have independent origins. Our findings are the first account of two distinctly targeted nr-accDs of any green plants and the most comprehensive analyses of ACCase evolution in gymnosperms to date.},
}

@article {pmid30917630,
year = {2019},
author = {Aizawa, S and Brar, G and Tsukamoto, H},
title = {Cell Death and Liver Disease.},
journal = {Gut and liver},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.5009/gnl18486},
pmid = {30917630},
issn = {2005-1212},
support = {P50 AA011999/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Cell death is now reclassified into several types based on the mechanisms and morphologic phenotype. Understanding of such classifications offers insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease, as well as diagnostic or therapeutic implications. Apoptosis is recognized relatively easily due to its unique morphology, but lytic cell death may occur in the form of accidental necrosis, mitochondria permeability transition-driven necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and parthanatos. The cell may be engulfed by neighboring cells due to a loss of integrin signaling or cancer cell competition by entosis, a type of cell death. The classification also includes mechanistically termed cell death such as autophagy-dependent cell death and lysosome-dependent cell death. These different types of cell death may occur uniquely in certain liver diseases but may coexist in the evolution of the disease. They occur in parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells, as well as inflammatory cells, causing distinct pathologic consequences. This review briefly covers the recently revised classifications of cell death and discusses their relevance to liver diseases of different etiologies.},
}

@article {pmid30912813,
year = {2019},
author = {Weaver, RJ},
title = {Hypothesized evolutionary consequences of the alternative oxidase (AOX) in animal mitochondria.},
journal = {Integrative and comparative biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/icb/icz015},
pmid = {30912813},
issn = {1557-7023},
abstract = {The environment in which eukaryotes first evolved was drastically different from what they experience today, and one of the key limiting factors was the availability of oxygen for mitochondrial respiration. During the transition to a fully oxygenated Earth, other compounds such as sulfide posed a considerable constraint on using mitochondrial aerobic respiration for energy production. The ancestors of animals, and those that first evolved from the simpler eukaryotes have mitochondrial respiratory components that are absent from later-evolving animals. Specifically, mitochondria of most basal metazoans have a sulfide-resistant alternative oxidase (AOX), which provides a secondary oxidative pathway to the classical cytochrome pathway. In this essay, I argue that because of its resistance to sulfide, AOX respiration was critical to the evolution of animals by enabling oxidative metabolism under otherwise inhibitory conditions. I hypothesize that AOX allowed for metabolic flexibility during the stochastic oxygen environment of early Earth which shaped the evolution of basal metazoans. I briefly describe the known functions of AOX, with a particular focus on the decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during stress conditions. Then, I propose three evolutionary consequences of AOX-mediated protection from ROS observed in basal metazoans: 1) adaptation to stressful environments, 2) the persistence of facultative sexual reproduction, and 3) decreased mitochondrial DNA mutation rates. Recognizing the diversity of mitochondrial respiratory systems present in animals may help resolve the mechanisms involved in major evolutionary processes such as adaptation and speciation.},
}

@article {pmid30912143,
year = {2019},
author = {Arocena, M and Landeira, M and Di Paolo, A and Silva, A and Sotelo-Silveira, J and Fernández, A and Alonso, J},
title = {Using a variant of coverslip hypoxia to visualize tumor cell alterations at increasing distances from an oxygen source.},
journal = {Journal of cellular physiology},
volume = {234},
number = {10},
pages = {16671-16678},
doi = {10.1002/jcp.28507},
pmid = {30912143},
issn = {1097-4652},
support = {331//Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica (CSIC)/ ; //Programa de Desarrollo delas Ciencias Básicas (PEDEClBA)/ ; //Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII)/ ; },
abstract = {Early stages in tumor development involve growth in confined spaces, where oxygen diffusion is limited and metabolic waste products accumulate. This hostile microenvironment imposes strong selective pressures on tumor cells, leading eventually to the survival and expansion of aggressive subclones that condition further tumor evolution. To model features of this microenvironment in vitro, a diffusional barrier can be introduced in the form of a coverslip placed on top of cells, a method termed coverslip hypoxia. Using a variant of this method, with larger volume between coverslip and cells and with oxygen diffusion occurring only through a small hole in the center of the coverslip, we have visualized alterations in LNCaP tumor cells as a function of their distance to the oxygen source at the center. We observed remarkable morphological changes in LNCaP cells as the distance from the center increases, with cells becoming highly spread, displaying dynamic membrane protrusions and occasionally adopting a migratory phenotype. Concomitantly, cells farther from the center displayed marked increases in the hypoxia marker hypoxyprobe, whereas extracellular pH decreased in the same direction. Cells with altered morphology displayed prominent increases in fibrillar actin, as well as swollen mitochondria with distorted cristae and accumulation of neutral lipid-containing intracellular vesicles. These results show that an in vitro microenvironment that models diffusional barriers encountered by tumors in situ can have profound effects on tumor cells. The coverslip hypoxia variant we describe can be used to characterize in vitro the response of tumor cells to environmental conditions that play crucial roles in early tumor development.},
}

@article {pmid30876291,
year = {2019},
author = {Liu, W and Liu, Q and Zhang, Z and Han, Y and Kuang, C and Xu, L and Yang, H and Liu, X},
title = {Three-dimensional super-resolution imaging of live whole cells using galvanometer-based structured illumination microscopy.},
journal = {Optics express},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {7237-7248},
doi = {10.1364/OE.27.007237},
pmid = {30876291},
issn = {1094-4087},
mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; Endothelial Cells/*cytology ; Fluorescent Dyes ; *Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Lighting/*instrumentation ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/*methods ; *Microtubules ; *Mitochondria ; Pulmonary Artery/cytology ; },
abstract = {Imaging and tracking three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale organizations and functions of live cells is essential for biological research but it remains challenging. Among different 3D super-resolution techniques, 3D structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has the intrinsic advantages for live-cell studies; it is based on wide-field imaging and does not require high light intensities or special fluorescent dyes to double 3D resolution. However, the 3D SIM system has developed relatively slowly, especially in live imaging. Here, we report a more flexible 3D SIM system based on two galvanometer sets conveniently controlling the structured illumination pattern's period and orientation, which is able to study dynamics of live whole cells with high speed. We demonstrate our microscope's capabilities with strong optical sectioning and lateral, axial, and volume temporal resolution of 104 nm, 320 nm and 4 s, respectively. We do this by imaging nanoparticle and microtubule organizations and mitochondria evolution. These characteristics enable our galvanometer-based 3D SIM system to broaden the accessible imaging content of SIM-family microscopes and further facilitate their applications in life sciences.},
}

Animals
Cattle
Endothelial Cells/*cytology
Fluorescent Dyes
*Imaging, Three-Dimensional
Lighting/*instrumentation
Microscopy, Fluorescence/*methods
*Microtubules
*Mitochondria
Pulmonary Artery/cytology

@article {pmid30872488,
year = {2019},
author = {Dorrell, RG and Azuma, T and Nomura, M and Audren de Kerdrel, G and Paoli, L and Yang, S and Bowler, C and Ishii, KI and Miyashita, H and Gile, GH and Kamikawa, R},
title = {Principles of plastid reductive evolution illuminated by nonphotosynthetic chrysophytes.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {116},
number = {14},
pages = {6914-6923},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1819976116},
pmid = {30872488},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Chloroplast Proteins/genetics ; Chrysophyta/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genome, Plastid ; Plastids/*genetics ; },
abstract = {The division of life into producers and consumers is blurred by evolution. For example, eukaryotic phototrophs can lose the capacity to photosynthesize, although they may retain vestigial plastids that perform other essential cellular functions. Chrysophyte algae have undergone a particularly large number of photosynthesis losses. Here, we present a plastid genome sequence from a nonphotosynthetic chrysophyte, "Spumella" sp. NIES-1846, and show that it has retained a nearly identical set of plastid-encoded functions as apicomplexan parasites. Our transcriptomic analysis of 12 different photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic chrysophyte lineages reveals remarkable convergence in the functions of these nonphotosynthetic plastids, along with informative lineage-specific retentions and losses. At one extreme, Cornospumella fuschlensis retains many photosynthesis-associated proteins, although it appears to have lost the reductive pentose phosphate pathway and most plastid amino acid metabolism pathways. At the other extreme, Paraphysomonas lacks plastid-targeted proteins associated with gene expression and all metabolic pathways that require plastid-encoded partners, indicating a complete loss of plastid DNA in this genus. Intriguingly, some of the nucleus-encoded proteins that once functioned in the expression of the Paraphysomonas plastid genome have been retained. These proteins were likely to have been dual targeted to the plastid and mitochondria of the chrysophyte ancestor, and are uniquely targeted to the mitochondria in Paraphysomonas Our comparative analyses provide insights into the process of functional reduction in nonphotosynthetic plastids.},
}

Chloroplast Proteins/genetics
Chrysophyta/*genetics
*Evolution, Molecular
Gene Expression Profiling
Gene Expression Regulation
*Genome, Plastid
Plastids/*genetics

@article {pmid30870981,
year = {2019},
author = {Du, Z and Ishikawa, T and Liu, H and Kamitani, S and Tadauchi, O and Cai, W and Li, H},
title = {Phylogeography of the Assassin Bug Sphedanolestes impressicollis in East Asia Inferred From Mitochondrial and Nuclear Gene Sequences.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {20},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms20051234},
pmid = {30870981},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {31772498//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2018QC089; 2018QC119//Chinese Universities Scientific Fund/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; Climate ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Ecosystem ; Far East ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography/methods ; Triatoma/*genetics ; },
abstract = {The assassin bug, Sphedanolestes impressicollis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), is widely distributed in East Asia. It is an ideal model for evaluating the effects of climatic fluctuation and geographical events on the distribution patterns of East Asian reduviids. Here, we used two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene to investigate the phylogeographic pattern of the assassin bug based on comprehensive sampling in China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and Laos. High levels of genetic differentiation were detected among the geographic populations classified into the northern and southern groups. A significant correlation was detected between genetic and geographical distances. The East China Sea land bridge served as a "dispersal corridor" during Pleistocene glaciation. The estimated divergence time indicated that the northern group may have separated from the eastern Chinese populations when the sea level rapidly rose during the "Ryukyu Coral Sea Stage" and the East China Sea land bridge was completely submerged. Demographic history and ecological niche modeling suggested that appropriate climatic conditions may have accounted for the rapid spread across the Korean Peninsula and Japan during the late Pleistocene. Our study underscores the pivotal roles of the Pleistocene sea level changes and climatic fluctuations in determining the distribution patterns of East Asian reduviids.},
}

Animals
Cell Nucleus/*genetics
Climate
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Ecosystem
Far East
Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
Phylogeography/methods
Triatoma/*genetics

@article {pmid30862038,
year = {2019},
author = {Le Vasseur, M and Chen, VC and Huang, K and Vogl, WA and Naus, CC},
title = {Pannexin 2 Localizes at ER-Mitochondria Contact Sites.},
journal = {Cancers},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cancers11030343},
pmid = {30862038},
issn = {2072-6694},
support = {RGPIN-2016-05471//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
abstract = {Endomembrane specialization allows functional compartmentalization but imposes physical constraints to information flow within the cell. However, the evolution of an endomembrane system was associated with the emergence of contact sites facilitating communication between membrane-bound organelles. Contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are highly conserved in terms of their morphological features but show surprising molecular diversity within and across eukaryote species. ER-mitochondria contact sites are thought to regulate key processes in oncogenesis but their molecular composition remains poorly characterized in mammalian cells. In this study, we investigate the localization of pannexin 2 (Panx2), a membrane channel protein showing tumor-suppressing properties in cancer cells. Using a combination of subcellular fractionation, particle tracking in live-cell, and immunogold electron microscopy, we show that Panx2 localizes at ER-mitochondria contact sites in mammalian cells and sensitizes cells to apoptotic stimuli.},
}

@article {pmid30858078,
year = {2019},
author = {Xie, GL and Köhler, F and Huang, XC and Wu, RW and Zhou, CH and Ouyang, S and Wu, XP},
title = {A novel gene arrangement among the Stylommatophora by the complete mitochondrial genome of the terrestrial slug Meghimatium bilineatum (Gastropoda, Arionoidea).},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {135},
number = {},
pages = {177-184},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.002},
pmid = {30858078},
issn = {1095-9513},
mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Far East ; Gastropoda/*genetics ; Gene Order ; *Gene Rearrangement ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Stylommatophora is a main clade of Gastropoda that encompasses approximately 112 gastropod families and may exceed a total of 30,000 species. Twenty-four complete stylommatophoran mitogenomes have been sequenced to date, yet our understanding of mitochondrial evolution in stylommatophorans is still in its infancy. To further expand the set of available mitogenomes, we sequenced the mitogenome of Meghimatium bilineatum (Arionoidea: Philomycidae), a widespread land slug in East Asia. This is the first report on a mitogenome of the superfamily Arionoidea, and indeed on a terrestrial slug. The mitogenome of Meghimatium bilineatum comprises 13,972 bp and exhibits a novel, highly distinctive gene arrangement among the Stylommatophora. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the sequences of all protein-coding genes consistently recovered Meghimatium bilineatum as sister-group of the Succineidae. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on gene order, however, suggested a highly divergent tree topology, which is less credible when taking into account prior knowledge of stylommatophoran relationships. Our CREx (Common interval Rearrangement Explorer) analysis suggested that three successive events of tandem duplication random loss (TDRL) best explain the evolutionary process of gene order rearrangement in Meghimatium bilineatum from an ancestral stylommatophoran mitogenome. The present example offers new insights into the mechanisms of mitogenome rearrangements in gastropods at large and into the usefulness of mitogenomic gene order as a phylogenetic marker.},
}

Animals
Base Sequence
Chromosome Mapping
Far East
Gastropoda/*genetics
Gene Order
*Gene Rearrangement
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny

@article {pmid30854666,
year = {2019},
author = {Wang, W and Chen, J and Liao, B and Xia, L and Hou, S and Wang, Z and Lu, Y},
title = {Identification and functional characterization of Histone-like DNA-binding protein in Nocardia seriolae (NsHLP) involved in cell apoptosis.},
journal = {Journal of fish diseases},
volume = {42},
number = {5},
pages = {657-666},
doi = {10.1111/jfd.12962},
pmid = {30854666},
issn = {1365-2761},
support = {KY20160207//Shenzhen Dapeng New District special fund for industry development/ ; 2016A050502061//International S&T Cooperation Projects of Guangdong Province/ ; JCYJ20170306161613251//Shenzhen Science and Technology Project/ ; 2017A030313179//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; C17377//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Ocean University/ ; C13454//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Ocean University/ ; E10085//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Ocean University/ ; },
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; *Cyprinidae ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Fish Diseases/microbiology/*physiopathology ; Nocardia/genetics/*physiology ; Nocardia Infections/microbiology/physiopathology/*veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment/veterinary ; },
abstract = {Nocardia seriolae, a facultative intracellular bacterium, is the main pathogen of fish nocardiosis. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the histone-like DNA-binding protein (HLP) gene of N. seriolae (nshlp) encoded a secreted protein and might target the mitochondria in the host cell. To further study the preliminary function of HLP in N. seriolae (NsHLP), the gene cloning, extracellular products identification, subcellular localization, overexpression and apoptosis detection assay were carried out in this study. Mass spectrometry analysis of the extracellular products from N. seriolae showed that NsHLP was a secreted protein. Subcellular localization of HLP-GFP fusion proteins mainly assembled in the nucleus, which indicated that the NsHLP was co-located with the nucleus rather than mitochondria in fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Notably, the expression of NsHLP had changed the distribution of mitochondria into lumps in the FHM cell. In addition, apoptotic features were found in the transfected FHM cells by overexpression of NsHLP. Quantitative assays of mitochondrial membrane potential value, caspase-3 activity and pro-apoptotic genes mRNA (Bad, Bid and Bax) expression level demonstrated that the cell apoptosis was induced in the transfected FHM cells. All the results presented in this study provided insight on the function of NsHLP, which suggested that it may participate in the cell apoptosis regulation and play an important role in the pathogenesis of N. seriolae.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
*Apoptosis
Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
Base Sequence
*Cyprinidae
DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
Fish Diseases/microbiology/*physiopathology
Nocardia/genetics/*physiology
Nocardia Infections/microbiology/physiopathology/*veterinary
Phylogeny
Sequence Alignment/veterinary

@article {pmid30854477,
year = {2019},
author = {Oldenkott, B and Yang, Y and Lesch, E and Knoop, V and Schallenberg-Rüdinger, M},
title = {Plant-type pentatricopeptide repeat proteins with a DYW domain drive C-to-U RNA editing in Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {85},
doi = {10.1038/s42003-019-0328-3},
pmid = {30854477},
issn = {2399-3642},
abstract = {RNA editing converting cytidines into uridines is a hallmark of gene expression in land plant chloroplasts and mitochondria. Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins have a key role in target recognition, but the functional editosome in the plant organelles has remained elusive. Here we show that individual Physcomitrella patens DYW-type PPR proteins alone can perform efficient C-to-U editing in Escherichia coli reproducing the moss mitochondrial editing. Single amino acid exchanges in the DYW domain abolish RNA editing, confirming it as the functional cytidine deaminase. The modification of RNA targets and the identification of numerous off-targets in the E. coli transcriptome reveal nucleotide identities critical for RNA recognition and cytidine conversion. The straightforward amenability of the new E. coli setup will accelerate future studies on RNA target recognition through PPRs, on the C-to-U editing deamination machinery and towards future establishment of transcript editing in other genetic systems.},
}

@article {pmid30853974,
year = {2019},
author = {Telschow, A and Gadau, J and Werren, JH and Kobayashi, Y},
title = {Genetic Incompatibilities Between Mitochondria and Nuclear Genes: Effect on Gene Flow and Speciation.},
journal = {Frontiers in genetics},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {62},
doi = {10.3389/fgene.2019.00062},
pmid = {30853974},
issn = {1664-8021},
abstract = {The process of speciation is, according to the biological species concept, the reduction in gene flow between genetically diverging populations. Most of the previous theoretical studies analyzed the effect of nuclear genetic incompatibilities on gene flow. There is, however, an increasing number of empirical examples suggesting that cytoplasmically inherited genetic elements play an important role in speciation. Here, we present a theoretical analysis of mitochondrial driven speciation, in which genetic incompatibilities occur between mitochondrial haplotypes and nuclear alleles. Four population genetic models with mainland-island structure were analyzed that differ with respect to the type of incompatibility and the underlying genetics. Gene flow reduction was measured on selectively neutral alleles of an unlinked locus and quantified by the effective migration rate. Analytical formulae for the different scenarios were derived using the fitness graph method. For the models with haploid genetics, we found that mito-nuclear incompatibilities (MtNI) are as strong as nuclear-nuclear incompatibilities (NNI) in reducing gene flow at the unlinked locus, but only if males and females migrate in equal number. For models with diploid genetics, we found that MtNI reduce gene flow stronger than NNI when incompatibilities are recessive, but weaker when they are dominant. For both haploid and diploid MtNI, we found that gene flow reduction is stronger if females are the migrating sex, but weaker than NNI when males are the migrating sex. These results encourage further examination on the role of mitochondria on genetic divergence and speciation and point toward specific factors (e.g., migrating sex) that could be the focus of an empirical test.},
}