@article {pmid33648457,
year = {2021},
author = {Bizouerne, E and Buitink, J and Vu, BL and Vu, JL and Esteban, E and Pasha, A and Provart, N and Verdier, J and Leprince, O},
title = {Gene co-expression analysis of tomato seed maturation reveals tissue-specific regulatory networks and hubs associated with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and seed vigour.},
journal = {BMC plant biology},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {124},
pmid = {33648457},
issn = {1471-2229},
support = {RFI Objectif Végétal//Conseil Régional des Pays de la Loire/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During maturation seeds acquire several physiological traits to enable them to survive drying and disseminate the species. Few studies have addressed the regulatory networks controlling acquisition of these traits at the tissue level particularly in endospermic seeds such as tomato, which matures in a fully hydrated environment and does not undergo maturation drying. Using temporal RNA-seq analyses of the different seed tissues during maturation, gene network and trait-based correlations were used to explore the transcriptome signatures associated with desiccation tolerance, longevity, germination under water stress and dormancy.

RESULTS: During maturation, 15,173 differentially expressed genes were detected, forming a gene network representing 21 expression modules, with 3 being specific to seed coat and embryo and 5 to the endosperm. A gene-trait significance measure identified a common gene module between endosperm and embryo associated with desiccation tolerance and conserved with non-endospermic seeds. In addition to genes involved in protection such LEA and HSP and ABA response, the module included antioxidant and repair genes. Dormancy was released concomitantly with the increase in longevity throughout fruit ripening until 14 days after the red fruit stage. This was paralleled by an increase in SlDOG1-2 and PROCERA transcripts. The progressive increase in seed vigour was captured by three gene modules, one in common between embryo and endosperm and two tissue-specific. The common module was enriched with genes associated with mRNA processing in chloroplast and mitochondria (including penta- and tetratricopeptide repeat-containing proteins) and post-transcriptional regulation, as well several flowering genes. The embryo-specific module contained homologues of ABI4 and CHOTTO1 as hub genes associated with seed vigour, whereas the endosperm-specific module revealed a diverse set of processes that were related to genome stability, defence against pathogens and ABA/GA response genes.

CONCLUSION: The spatio-temporal co-expression atlas of tomato seed maturation will serve as a valuable resource for the in-depth understanding of the dynamics of gene expression associated with the acquisition of seed vigour at the tissue level.},
}

@article {pmid33644926,
year = {2021},
author = {Radzvilavicius, A and Layh, S and Hall, MD and Dowling, DK and Johnston, IG},
title = {Sexually antagonistic evolution of mitochondrial and nuclear linkage.},
journal = {Journal of evolutionary biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jeb.13776},
pmid = {33644926},
issn = {1420-9101},
abstract = {Across eukaryotes, genes encoding bioenergetic machinery are located in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and incompatibilities between the two genomes can be devastating. Mitochondria are often inherited maternally, and theory predicts sex-specific fitness effects of mitochondrial mutational diversity. Yet how evolution acts on linkage patterns between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes is poorly understood. Using novel mito-nuclear population genetic models, we show that the interplay between nuclear and mitochondrial genes maintains mitochondrial haplotype diversity within populations, and it selects both for sex-independent segregation of mitochondrion-interacting genes and for paternal leakage. These effects of genetic linkage evolution can eliminate male-harming fitness effects of mtDNA mutational diversity. With maternal mitochondrial inheritance, females maintain a tight mitochondrial-nuclear match, but males accumulate mismatch mutations because of the weak statistical associations between the two genomic components. Sex-independent segregation of mitochondria-interacting loci improves the mito-nuclear match. In a sexually antagonistic evolutionary process, male nuclear alleles evolve to increase the rate of recombination, while females evolve to suppress it. Paternal leakage of mitochondria can evolve as an alternative mechanism to improve the mito-nuclear linkage. Our modelling framework provides an evolutionary explanation for the observed paucity of mitochondrion-interacting genes on mammalian sex chromosomes and for paternal leakage in protists, plants, fungi, and some animals.},
}

@article {pmid33643304,
year = {2020},
author = {Kumar, V},
title = {The Trinity of cGAS, TLR9, and ALRs Guardians of the Cellular Galaxy Against Host-Derived Self-DNA.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {624597},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.624597},
pmid = {33643304},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The immune system has evolved to protect the host from the pathogens and allergens surrounding their environment. The immune system develops in such a way to recognize self and non-self and develops self-tolerance against self-proteins, nucleic acids, and other larger molecules. However, the broken immunological self-tolerance leads to the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are expressed by immunological cells on their cell membrane and in the cytosol. Different Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and absent in melanoma-2 (AIM-2)-like receptors (ALRs) forming inflammasomes in the cytosol, RIG (retinoic acid-inducible gene)-1-like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are some of the PRRs. The DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is another PRR present in the cytosol and the nucleus. The present review describes the role of ALRs (AIM2), TLR9, and cGAS in recognizing the host cell DNA as a potent damage/danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), which moves out to the cytosol from its housing organelles (nucleus and mitochondria). The introduction opens with the concept that the immune system has evolved to recognize pathogens, the idea of horror autotoxicus, and its failure due to the emergence of autoimmune diseases (ADs), and the discovery of PRRs revolutionizing immunology. The second section describes the cGAS-STING signaling pathway mediated cytosolic self-DNA recognition, its evolution, characteristics of self-DNAs activating it, and its role in different inflammatory conditions. The third section describes the role of TLR9 in recognizing self-DNA in the endolysosomes during infections depending on the self-DNA characteristics and various inflammatory diseases. The fourth section discusses about AIM2 (an ALR), which also binds cytosolic self-DNA (with 80-300 base pairs or bp) that inhibits cGAS-STING-dependent type 1 IFN generation but induces inflammation and pyroptosis during different inflammatory conditions. Hence, this trinity of PRRs has evolved to recognize self-DNA as a potential DAMP and comes into action to guard the cellular galaxy. However, their dysregulation proves dangerous to the host and leads to several inflammatory conditions, including sterile-inflammatory conditions autoinflammatory and ADs.},
}

@article {pmid33036486,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhu, Y and Berkowitz, O and Selinski, J and Hartmann, A and Narsai, R and Wang, Y and Mao, P and Whelan, J},
title = {Conserved and Opposite Transcriptome Patterns during Germination in Hordeum vulgare and Arabidopsis thaliana.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {21},
number = {19},
pages = {},
pmid = {33036486},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {CE140100008//Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australian Research Council/ ; DE160101536//Australian Research Council/ ; },
mesh = {Arabidopsis/*genetics ; Computational Biology/methods ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Germination/*genetics ; Hordeum/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Seeds/*genetics/metabolism ; *Transcriptome ; },
abstract = {Seed germination is a critical process for completion of the plant life cycle and for global food production. Comparing the germination transcriptomes of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Arabidopsis thaliana revealed the overall pattern was conserved in terms of functional gene ontology; however, many oppositely responsive orthologous genes were identified. Conserved processes included a set of approximately 6000 genes that peaked early in germination and were enriched in processes associated with RNA metabolism, e.g., pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR)-containing proteins. Comparison of orthologous genes revealed more than 3000 orthogroups containing almost 4000 genes that displayed similar expression patterns including functions associated with mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, carbohydrate and RNA/DNA metabolism, autophagy, protein modifications, and organellar function. Biochemical and proteomic analyses indicated mitochondrial biogenesis occurred early in germination, but detailed analyses revealed the timing involved in mitochondrial biogenesis may vary between species. More than 1800 orthogroups representing 2000 genes displayed opposite patterns in transcript abundance, representing functions of energy (carbohydrate) metabolism, photosynthesis, protein synthesis and degradation, and gene regulation. Differences in expression of basic-leucine zippers (bZIPs) and Apetala 2 (AP2)/ethylene-responsive element binding proteins (EREBPs) point to differences in regulatory processes at a high level, which provide opportunities to modify processes in order to enhance grain quality, germination, and storage as needed for different uses.},
}

Arabidopsis/*genetics
Computational Biology/methods
Evolution, Molecular
*Gene Expression Profiling
*Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Germination/*genetics
Hordeum/*genetics
Molecular Sequence Annotation
Seeds/*genetics/metabolism
*Transcriptome

@article {pmid33634751,
year = {2021},
author = {Klionsky, DJ and Abdel-Aziz, AK and Abdelfatah, S and Abdellatif, M and Abdoli, A and Abel, S and Abeliovich, H and Abildgaard, MH and Abudu, YP and Acevedo-Arozena, A and Adamopoulos, IE and Adeli, K and Adolph, TE and Adornetto, A and Aflaki, E and Agam, G and Agarwal, A and Aggarwal, BB and Agnello, M and Agostinis, P and Agrewala, JN and Agrotis, A and Aguilar, PV and Ahmad, ST and Ahmed, ZM and Ahumada-Castro, U and Aits, S and Aizawa, S and Akkoc, Y and Akoumianaki, T and Akpinar, HA and Al-Abd, AM and Al-Akra, L and Al-Gharaibeh, A and Alaoui-Jamali, MA and Alberti, S and Alcocer-Gómez, E and Alessandri, C and Ali, M and Alim Al-Bari, MA and Aliwaini, S and Alizadeh, J and Almacellas, E and Almasan, A and Alonso, A and Alonso, GD and Altan-Bonnet, N and Altieri, DC and Álvarez, ÉMC and Alves, S and Alves da Costa, C and Alzaharna, MM and Amadio, M and Amantini, C and Amaral, C and Ambrosio, S and Amer, AO and Ammanathan, V and An, Z and Andersen, SU and Andrabi, SA and Andrade-Silva, M and Andres, AM and Angelini, S and Ann, D and Anozie, UC and Ansari, MY and Antas, P and Antebi, A and Antón, Z and Anwar, T and Apetoh, L and Apostolova, N and Araki, T and Araki, Y and Arasaki, K and Araújo, WL and Araya, J and Arden, C and Arévalo, MA and Arguelles, S and Arias, E and Arikkath, J and Arimoto, H and Ariosa, AR and Armstrong-James, D and Arnauné-Pelloquin, L and Aroca, A and Arroyo, DS and Arsov, I and Artero, R and Asaro, DML and Aschner, M and Ashrafizadeh, M and Ashur-Fabian, O and Atanasov, AG and Au, AK and Auberger, P and Auner, HW and Aurelian, L and Autelli, R and Avagliano, L and Ávalos, Y and Aveic, S and Aveleira, CA and Avin-Wittenberg, T and Aydin, Y and Ayton, S and Ayyadevara, S and Azzopardi, M and Baba, M and Backer, JM and Backues, SK and Bae, DH and Bae, ON and Bae, SH and Baehrecke, EH and Baek, A and Baek, SH and Baek, SH and Bagetta, G and Bagniewska-Zadworna, A and Bai, H and Bai, J and Bai, X and Bai, Y and Bairagi, N and Baksi, S and Balbi, T and Baldari, CT and Balduini, W and Ballabio, A and Ballester, M and Balazadeh, S and Balzan, R and Bandopadhyay, R and Banerjee, S and Banerjee, S and Bánréti, Á and Bao, Y and Baptista, MS and Baracca, A and Barbati, C and Bargiela, A and Barilà, D and Barlow, PG and Barmada, SJ and Barreiro, E and Barreto, GE and Bartek, J and Bartel, B and Bartolome, A and Barve, GR and Basagoudanavar, SH and Bassham, DC and Bast, RC and Basu, A and Batoko, H and Batten, I and Baulieu, EE and Baumgarner, BL and Bayry, J and Beale, R and Beau, I and Beaumatin, F and Bechara, LRG and Beck, GR and Beers, MF and Begun, J and Behrends, C and Behrens, GMN and Bei, R and Bejarano, E and Bel, S and Behl, C and Belaid, A and Belgareh-Touzé, N and Bellarosa, C and Belleudi, F and Belló Pérez, M and Bello-Morales, R and Beltran, JSO and Beltran, S and Benbrook, DM and Bendorius, M and Benitez, BA and Benito-Cuesta, I and Bensalem, J and Berchtold, MW and Berezowska, S and Bergamaschi, D and Bergami, M and Bergmann, A and Berliocchi, L and Berlioz-Torrent, C and Bernard, A and Berthoux, L and Besirli, CG and Besteiro, S and Betin, VM and Beyaert, R and Bezbradica, JS and Bhaskar, K and Bhatia-Kissova, I and Bhattacharya, R and Bhattacharya, S and Bhattacharyya, S and Bhuiyan, MS and Bhutia, SK and Bi, L and Bi, X and Biden, TJ and Bijian, K and Billes, VA and Binart, N and Bincoletto, C and Birgisdottir, AB and Bjorkoy, G and Blanco, G and Blas-Garcia, A and Blasiak, J and Blomgran, R and Blomgren, K and Blum, JS and Boada-Romero, E and Boban, M and Boesze-Battaglia, K and Boeuf, P and Boland, B and Bomont, P and Bonaldo, P and Bonam, SR and Bonfili, L and Bonifacino, JS and Boone, BA and Bootman, MD and Bordi, M and Borner, C and Bornhauser, BC and Borthakur, G and Bosch, J and Bose, S and Botana, LM and Botas, J and Boulanger, CM and Boulton, ME and Bourdenx, M and Bourgeois, B and Bourke, NM and Bousquet, G and Boya, P and Bozhkov, PV and Bozi, LHM and Bozkurt, TO and Brackney, DE and Brandts, CH and Braun, RJ and Braus, GH and Bravo-Sagua, R and Bravo-San Pedro, JM and Brest, P and Bringer, MA and Briones-Herrera, A and Broaddus, VC and Brodersen, P and Brodsky, JL and Brody, SL and Bronson, PG and Bronstein, JM and Brown, CN and Brown, RE and Brum, PC and Brumell, JH and Brunetti-Pierri, N and Bruno, D and Bryson-Richardson, RJ and Bucci, C and Buchrieser, C and Bueno, M and Buitrago-Molina, LE and Buraschi, S and Buch, S and Buchan, JR and Buckingham, EM and Budak, H and Budini, M and Bultynck, G and Burada, F and Burgoyne, JR and Burón, MI and Bustos, V and Büttner, S and Butturini, E and Byrd, A and Cabas, I and Cabrera-Benitez, S and Cadwell, K and Cai, J and Cai, L and Cai, Q and Cairó, M and Calbet, JA and Caldwell, GA and Caldwell, KA and Call, JA and Calvani, R and Calvo, AC and Calvo-Rubio Barrera, M and Camara, NO and Camonis, JH and Camougrand, N and Campanella, M and Campbell, EM and Campbell-Valois, FX and Campello, S and Campesi, I and Campos, JC and Camuzard, O and Cancino, J and Candido de Almeida, D and Canesi, L and Caniggia, I and Canonico, B and Cantí, C and Cao, B and Caraglia, M and Caramés, B and Carchman, EH and Cardenal-Muñoz, E and Cardenas, C and Cardenas, L and Cardoso, SM and Carew, JS and Carle, GF and Carleton, G and Carloni, S and Carmona-Gutierrez, D and Carneiro, LA and Carnevali, O and Carosi, JM and Carra, S and Carrier, A and Carrier, L and Carroll, B and Carter, AB and Carvalho, AN and Casanova, M and Casas, C and Casas, J and Cassioli, C and Castillo, EF and Castillo, K and Castillo-Lluva, S and Castoldi, F and Castori, M and Castro, AF and Castro-Caldas, M and Castro-Hernandez, J and Castro-Obregon, S and Catz, SD and Cavadas, C and Cavaliere, F and Cavallini, G and Cavinato, M and Cayuela, ML and Cebollada Rica, P and Cecarini, V and Cecconi, F and Cechowska-Pasko, M and Cenci, S and Ceperuelo-Mallafré, V and Cerqueira, JJ and Cerutti, JM and Cervia, D and Cetintas, VB and Cetrullo, S and Chae, HJ and Chagin, AS and Chai, CY and Chakrabarti, G and Chakrabarti, O and Chakraborty, T and Chakraborty, T and Chami, M and Chamilos, G and Chan, DW and Chan, EYW and Chan, ED and Chan, HYE and Chan, HH and Chan, H and Chan, MTV and Chan, YS and Chandra, PK and Chang, CP and Chang, C and Chang, HC and Chang, K and Chao, J and Chapman, T and Charlet-Berguerand, N and Chatterjee, S and Chaube, SK and Chaudhary, A and Chauhan, S and Chaum, E and Checler, F and Cheetham, ME and Chen, CS and Chen, GC and Chen, JF and Chen, LL and Chen, L and Chen, L and Chen, M and Chen, MK and Chen, N and Chen, Q and Chen, RH and Chen, S and Chen, W and Chen, W and Chen, XM and Chen, XW and Chen, X and Chen, Y and Chen, YG and Chen, Y and Chen, Y and Chen, YJ and Chen, YQ and Chen, ZS and Chen, Z and Chen, ZH and Chen, ZJ and Chen, Z and Cheng, H and Cheng, J and Cheng, SY and Cheng, W and Cheng, X and Cheng, XT and Cheng, Y and Cheng, Z and Chen, Z and Cheong, H and Cheong, JK and Chernyak, BV and Cherry, S and Cheung, CFR and Cheung, CHA and Cheung, KH and Chevet, E and Chi, RJ and Chiang, AKS and Chiaradonna, F and Chiarelli, R and Chiariello, M and Chica, N and Chiocca, S and Chiong, M and Chiou, SH and Chiramel, AI and Chiurchiù, V and Cho, DH and Choe, SK and Choi, AMK and Choi, ME and Choudhury, KR and Chow, NS and Chu, CT and Chua, JP and Chua, JJE and Chung, H and Chung, KP and Chung, S and Chung, SH and Chung, YL and Cianfanelli, V and Ciechomska, IA and Cifuentes, M and Cinque, L and Cirak, S and Cirone, M and Clague, MJ and Clarke, R and Clementi, E and Coccia, EM and Codogno, P and Cohen, E and Cohen, MM and Colasanti, T and Colasuonno, F and Colbert, RA and Colell, A and Čolić, M and Coll, NS and Collins, MO and Colombo, MI and Colón-Ramos, DA and Combaret, L and Comincini, S and Cominetti, MR and Consiglio, A and Conte, A and Conti, F and Contu, VR and Cookson, MR and Coombs, KM and Coppens, I and Corasaniti, MT and Corkery, DP and Cordes, N and Cortese, K and Costa, MDC and Costantino, S and Costelli, P and Coto-Montes, A and Crack, PJ and Crespo, JL and Criollo, A and Crippa, V and Cristofani, R and Csizmadia, T and Cuadrado, A and Cui, B and Cui, J and Cui, Y and Cui, Y and Culetto, E and Cumino, AC and Cybulsky, AV and Czaja, MJ and Czuczwar, SJ and D'Adamo, S and D'Amelio, M and D'Arcangelo, D and D'Lugos, AC and D'Orazi, G and da Silva, JA and Dafsari, HS and Dagda, RK and Dagdas, Y and Daglia, M and Dai, X and Dai, Y and Dai, Y and Dal Col, J and Dalhaimer, P and Dalla Valle, L and Dallenga, T and Dalmasso, G and Damme, M and Dando, I and Dantuma, NP and Darling, AL and Das, H and Dasarathy, S and Dasari, SK and Dash, S and Daumke, O and Dauphinee, AN and Davies, JS and Dávila, VA and Davis, RJ and Davis, T and Dayalan Naidu, S and De Amicis, F and De Bosscher, K and De Felice, F and De Franceschi, L and De Leonibus, C and de Mattos Barbosa, MG and De Meyer, GRY and De Milito, A and De Nunzio, C and De Palma, C and De Santi, M and De Virgilio, C and De Zio, D and Debnath, J and DeBosch, BJ and Decuypere, JP and Deehan, MA and Deflorian, G and DeGregori, J and Dehay, B and Del Rio, G and Delaney, JR and Delbridge, LMD and Delorme-Axford, E and Delpino, MV and Demarchi, F and Dembitz, V and Demers, ND and Deng, H and Deng, Z and Dengjel, J and Dent, P and Denton, D and DePamphilis, ML and Der, CJ and Deretic, V and Descoteaux, A and Devis, L and Devkota, S and Devuyst, O and Dewson, G and Dharmasivam, M and Dhiman, R and di Bernardo, D and Di Cristina, M and Di Domenico, F and Di Fazio, P and Di Fonzo, A and Di Guardo, G and Di Guglielmo, GM and Di Leo, L and Di Malta, C and Di Nardo, A and Di Rienzo, M and Di Sano, F and Diallinas, G and Diao, J and Diaz-Araya, G and Díaz-Laviada, I and Dickinson, JM and Diederich, M and Dieudé, M and Dikic, I and Ding, S and Ding, WX and Dini, L and Dinić, J and Dinic, M and Dinkova-Kostova, AT and Dionne, MS and Distler, JHW and Diwan, A and Dixon, IMC and Djavaheri-Mergny, M and Dobrinski, I and Dobrovinskaya, O and Dobrowolski, R and Dobson, RCJ and Đokić, J and Dokmeci Emre, S and Donadelli, M and Dong, B and Dong, X and Dong, Z and Dorn Ii, GW and Dotsch, V and Dou, H and Dou, J and Dowaidar, M and Dridi, S and Drucker, L and Du, A and Du, C and Du, G and Du, HN and Du, LL and du Toit, A and Duan, SB and Duan, X and Duarte, SP and Dubrovska, A and Dunlop, EA and Dupont, N and Durán, RV and Dwarakanath, BS and Dyshlovoy, SA and Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D and Eckhart, L and Edelstein, CL and Efferth, T and Eftekharpour, E and Eichinger, L and Eid, N and Eisenberg, T and Eissa, NT and Eissa, S and Ejarque, M and El Andaloussi, A and El-Hage, N and El-Naggar, S and Eleuteri, AM and El-Shafey, ES and Elgendy, M and Eliopoulos, AG and Elizalde, MM and Elks, PM and Elsasser, HP and Elsherbiny, ES and Emerling, BM and Emre, NCT and Eng, CH and Engedal, N and Engelbrecht, AM and Engelsen, AST and Enserink, JM and Escalante, R and Esclatine, A and Escobar-Henriques, M and Eskelinen, EL and Espert, L and Eusebio, MO and Fabrias, G and Fabrizi, C and Facchiano, A and Facchiano, F and Fadeel, B and Fader, C and Faesen, AC and Fairlie, WD and Falcó, A and Falkenburger, BH and Fan, D and Fan, J and Fan, Y and Fang, EF and Fang, Y and Fang, Y and Fanto, M and Farfel-Becker, T and Faure, M and Fazeli, G and Fedele, AO and Feldman, AM and Feng, D and Feng, J and Feng, L and Feng, Y and Feng, Y and Feng, W and Fenz Araujo, T and Ferguson, TA and Fernández, ÁF and Fernandez-Checa, JC and Fernández-Veledo, S and Fernie, AR and Ferrante, AW and Ferraresi, A and Ferrari, MF and Ferreira, JCB and Ferro-Novick, S and Figueras, A and Filadi, R and Filigheddu, N and Filippi-Chiela, E and Filomeni, G and Fimia, GM and Fineschi, V and Finetti, F and Finkbeiner, S and Fisher, EA and Fisher, PB and Flamigni, F and Fliesler, SJ and Flo, TH and Florance, I and Florey, O and Florio, T and Fodor, E and Follo, C and Fon, EA and Forlino, A and Fornai, F and Fortini, P and Fracassi, A and Fraldi, A and Franco, B and Franco, R and Franconi, F and Frankel, LB and Friedman, SL and Fröhlich, LF and Frühbeck, G and Fuentes, JM and Fujiki, Y and Fujita, N and Fujiwara, Y and Fukuda, M and Fulda, S and Furic, L and Furuya, N and Fusco, C and Gack, MU and Gaffke, L and Galadari, S and Galasso, A and Galindo, MF and Gallolu Kankanamalage, S and Galluzzi, L and Galy, V and Gammoh, N and Gan, B and Ganley, IG and Gao, F and Gao, H and Gao, M and Gao, P and Gao, SJ and Gao, W and Gao, X and Garcera, A and Garcia, MN and Garcia, VE and García-Del Portillo, F and Garcia-Escudero, V and Garcia-Garcia, A and Garcia-Macia, M and García-Moreno, D and Garcia-Ruiz, C and García-Sanz, P and Garg, AD and Gargini, R and Garofalo, T and Garry, RF and Gassen, NC and Gatica, D and Ge, L and Ge, W and Geiss-Friedlander, R and Gelfi, C and Genschik, P and Gentle, IE and Gerbino, V and Gerhardt, C and Germain, K and Germain, M and Gewirtz, DA and Ghasemipour Afshar, E and Ghavami, S and Ghigo, A and Ghosh, M and Giamas, G and Giampietri, C and Giatromanolaki, A and Gibson, GE and Gibson, SB and Ginet, V and Giniger, E and Giorgi, C and Girao, H and Girardin, SE and Giridharan, M and Giuliano, S and Giulivi, C and Giuriato, S and Giustiniani, J and Gluschko, A and Goder, V and Goginashvili, A and Golab, J and Goldstone, DC and Golebiewska, A and Gomes, LR and Gomez, R and Gómez-Sánchez, R and Gomez-Puerto, MC and Gomez-Sintes, R and Gong, Q and Goni, FM and González-Gallego, J and Gonzalez-Hernandez, T and Gonzalez-Polo, RA and Gonzalez-Reyes, JA and González-Rodríguez, P and Goping, IS and Gorbatyuk, MS and Gorbunov, NV and Görgülü, K and Gorojod, RM and Gorski, SM and Goruppi, S and Gotor, C and Gottlieb, RA and Gozes, I and Gozuacik, D and Graef, M and Gräler, MH and Granatiero, V and Grasso, D and Gray, JP and Green, DR and Greenhough, A and Gregory, SL and Griffin, EF and Grinstaff, MW and Gros, F and Grose, C and Gross, AS and Gruber, F and Grumati, P and Grune, T and Gu, X and Guan, JL and Guardia, CM and Guda, K and Guerra, F and Guerri, C and Guha, P and Guillén, C and Gujar, S and Gukovskaya, A and Gukovsky, I and Gunst, J and Günther, A and Guntur, AR and Guo, C and Guo, C and Guo, H and Guo, LW and Guo, M and Gupta, P and Gupta, SK and Gupta, S and Gupta, VB and Gupta, V and Gustafsson, AB and Gutterman, DD and H B, R and Haapasalo, A and Haber, JE and Hać, A and Hadano, S and Hafrén, AJ and Haidar, M and Hall, BS and Halldén, G and Hamacher-Brady, A and Hamann, A and Hamasaki, M and Han, W and Hansen, M and Hanson, PI and Hao, Z and Harada, M and Harhaji-Trajkovic, L and Hariharan, N and Haroon, N and Harris, J and Hasegawa, T and Hasima Nagoor, N and Haspel, JA and Haucke, V and Hawkins, WD and Hay, BA and Haynes, CM and Hayrabedyan, SB and Hays, TS and He, C and He, Q and He, RR and He, YW and He, YY and Heakal, Y and Heberle, AM and Hejtmancik, JF and Helgason, GV and Henkel, V and Herb, M and Hergovich, A and Herman-Antosiewicz, A and Hernández, A and Hernandez, C and Hernandez-Diaz, S and Hernandez-Gea, V and Herpin, A and Herreros, J and Hervás, JH and Hesselson, D and Hetz, C and Heussler, VT and Higuchi, Y and Hilfiker, S and Hill, JA and Hlavacek, WS and Ho, EA and Ho, IHT and Ho, PW and Ho, SL and Ho, WY and Hobbs, GA and Hochstrasser, M and Hoet, PHM and Hofius, D and Hofman, P and Höhn, A and Holmberg, CI and Hombrebueno, JR and Yi-Ren Hong, CH and Hooper, LV and Hoppe, T and Horos, R and Hoshida, Y and Hsin, IL and Hsu, HY and Hu, B and Hu, D and Hu, LF and Hu, MC and Hu, R and Hu, W and Hu, YC and Hu, ZW and Hua, F and Hua, J and Hua, Y and Huan, C and Huang, C and Huang, C and Huang, C and Huang, C and Huang, H and Huang, K and Huang, MLH and Huang, R and Huang, S and Huang, T and Huang, X and Huang, YJ and Huber, TB and Hubert, V and Hubner, CA and Hughes, SM and Hughes, WE and Humbert, M and Hummer, G and Hurley, JH and Hussain, S and Hussain, S and Hussey, PJ and Hutabarat, M and Hwang, HY and Hwang, S and Ieni, A and Ikeda, F and Imagawa, Y and Imai, Y and Imbriano, C and Imoto, M and Inman, DM and Inoki, K and Iovanna, J and Iozzo, RV and Ippolito, G and Irazoqui, JE and Iribarren, P and Ishaq, M and Ishikawa, M and Ishimwe, N and Isidoro, C and Ismail, N and Issazadeh-Navikas, S and Itakura, E and Ito, D and Ivankovic, D and Ivanova, S and Iyer, AKV and Izquierdo, JM and Izumi, M and Jäättelä, M and Jabir, MS and Jackson, WT and Jacobo-Herrera, N and Jacomin, AC and Jacquin, E and Jadiya, P and Jaeschke, H and Jagannath, C and Jakobi, AJ and Jakobsson, J and Janji, B and Jansen-Dürr, P and Jansson, PJ and Jantsch, J and Januszewski, S and Jassey, A and Jean, S and Jeltsch-David, H and Jendelova, P and Jenny, A and Jensen, TE and Jessen, N and Jewell, JL and Ji, J and Jia, L and Jia, R and Jiang, L and Jiang, Q and Jiang, R and Jiang, T and Jiang, X and Jiang, Y and Jimenez-Sanchez, M and Jin, EJ and Jin, F and Jin, H and Jin, L and Jin, L and Jin, M and Jin, S and Jo, EK and Joffre, C and Johansen, T and Johnson, GVW and Johnston, SA and Jokitalo, E and Jolly, MK and Joosten, LAB and Jordan, J and Joseph, B and Ju, D and Ju, JS and Ju, J and Juárez, E and Judith, D and Juhász, G and Jun, Y and Jung, CH and Jung, SC and Jung, YK and Jungbluth, H and Jungverdorben, J and Just, S and Kaarniranta, K and Kaasik, A and Kabuta, T and Kaganovich, D and Kahana, A and Kain, R and Kajimura, S and Kalamvoki, M and Kalia, M and Kalinowski, DS and Kaludercic, N and Kalvari, I and Kaminska, J and Kaminskyy, VO and Kanamori, H and Kanasaki, K and Kang, C and Kang, R and Kang, SS and Kaniyappan, S and Kanki, T and Kanneganti, TD and Kanthasamy, AG and Kanthasamy, A and Kantorow, M and Kapuy, O and Karamouzis, MV and Karim, MR and Karmakar, P and Katare, RG and Kato, M and Kaufmann, SHE and Kauppinen, A and Kaushal, GP and Kaushik, S and Kawasaki, K and Kazan, K and Ke, PY and Keating, DJ and Keber, U and Kehrl, JH and Keller, KE and Keller, CW and Kemper, JK and Kenific, CM and Kepp, O and Kermorgant, S and Kern, A and Ketteler, R and Keulers, TG and Khalfin, B and Khalil, H and Khambu, B and Khan, SY and Khandelwal, VKM and Khandia, R and Kho, W and Khobrekar, NV and Khuansuwan, S and Khundadze, M and Killackey, SA and Kim, D and Kim, DR and Kim, DH and Kim, DE and Kim, EY and Kim, EK and Kim, HR and Kim, HS and Hyung-Ryong Kim, and Kim, JH and Kim, JK and Kim, JH and Kim, J and Kim, JH and Kim, KI and Kim, PK and Kim, SJ and Kimball, SR and Kimchi, A and Kimmelman, AC and Kimura, T and King, MA and Kinghorn, KJ and Kinsey, CG and Kirkin, V and Kirshenbaum, LA and Kiselev, SL and Kishi, S and Kitamoto, K and Kitaoka, Y and Kitazato, K and Kitsis, RN and Kittler, JT and Kjaerulff, O and Klein, PS and Klopstock, T and Klucken, J and Knævelsrud, H and Knorr, RL and Ko, BCB and Ko, F and Ko, JL and Kobayashi, H and Kobayashi, S and Koch, I and Koch, JC and Koenig, U and Kögel, D and Koh, YH and Koike, M and Kohlwein, SD and Kocaturk, NM and Komatsu, M and König, J and Kono, T and Kopp, BT and Korcsmaros, T and Korkmaz, G and Korolchuk, VI and Korsnes, MS and Koskela, A and Kota, J and Kotake, Y and Kotler, ML and Kou, Y and Koukourakis, MI and Koustas, E and Kovacs, AL and Kovács, T and Koya, D and Kozako, T and Kraft, C and Krainc, D and Krämer, H and Krasnodembskaya, AD and Kretz-Remy, C and Kroemer, G and Ktistakis, NT and Kuchitsu, K and Kuenen, S and Kuerschner, L and Kukar, T and Kumar, A and Kumar, A and Kumar, D and Kumar, D and Kumar, S and Kume, S and Kumsta, C and Kundu, CN and Kundu, M and Kunnumakkara, AB and Kurgan, L and Kutateladze, TG and Kutlu, O and Kwak, S and Kwon, HJ and Kwon, TK and Kwon, YT and Kyrmizi, I and La Spada, A and Labonté, P and Ladoire, S and Laface, I and Lafont, F and Lagace, DC and Lahiri, V and Lai, Z and Laird, AS and Lakkaraju, A and Lamark, T and Lan, SH and Landajuela, A and Lane, DJR and Lane, JD and Lang, CH and Lange, C and Langel, Ü and Langer, R and Lapaquette, P and Laporte, J and LaRusso, NF and Lastres-Becker, I and Lau, WCY and Laurie, GW and Lavandero, S and Law, BYK and Law, HK and Layfield, R and Le, W and Le Stunff, H and Leary, AY and Lebrun, JJ and Leck, LYW and Leduc-Gaudet, JP and Lee, C and Lee, CP and Lee, DH and Lee, EB and Lee, EF and Lee, GM and Lee, HJ and Lee, HK and Lee, JM and Lee, JS and Lee, JA and Lee, JY and Lee, JH and Lee, M and Lee, MG and Lee, MJ and Lee, MS and Lee, SY and Lee, SJ and Lee, SY and Lee, SB and Lee, WH and Lee, YR and Lee, YH and Lee, Y and Lefebvre, C and Legouis, R and Lei, YL and Lei, Y and Leikin, S and Leitinger, G and Lemus, L and Leng, S and Lenoir, O and Lenz, G and Lenz, HJ and Lenzi, P and León, Y and Leopoldino, AM and Leschczyk, C and Leskelä, S and Letellier, E and Leung, CT and Leung, PS and Leventhal, JS and Levine, B and Lewis, PA and Ley, K and Li, B and Li, DQ and Li, J and Li, J and Li, J and Li, K and Li, L and Li, M and Li, M and Li, M and Li, M and Li, M and Li, PL and Li, MQ and Li, Q and Li, S and Li, T and Li, W and Li, W and Li, X and Li, YP and Li, Y and Li, Z and Li, Z and Li, Z and Lian, J and Liang, C and Liang, Q and Liang, W and Liang, Y and Liang, Y and Liao, G and Liao, L and Liao, M and Liao, YF and Librizzi, M and Lie, PPY and Lilly, MA and Lim, HJ and Lima, TRR and Limana, F and Lin, C and Lin, CW and Lin, DS and Lin, FC and Lin, JD and Lin, KM and Lin, KH and Lin, LT and Lin, PH and Lin, Q and Lin, S and Lin, SJ and Lin, W and Lin, X and Lin, YX and Lin, YS and Linden, R and Lindner, P and Ling, SC and Lingor, P and Linnemann, AK and Liou, YC and Lipinski, MM and Lipovšek, S and Lira, VA and Lisiak, N and Liton, PB and Liu, C and Liu, CH and Liu, CF and Liu, CH and Liu, F and Liu, H and Liu, HS and Liu, HF and Liu, H and Liu, J and Liu, J and Liu, J and Liu, L and Liu, L and Liu, M and Liu, Q and Liu, W and Liu, W and Liu, XH and Liu, X and Liu, X and Liu, X and Liu, X and Liu, Y and Liu, Y and Liu, Y and Liu, Y and Liu, Y and Livingston, JA and Lizard, G and Lizcano, JM and Ljubojevic-Holzer, S and LLeonart, ME and Llobet-Navàs, D and Llorente, A and Lo, CH and Lobato-Márquez, D and Long, Q and Long, YC and Loos, B and Loos, JA and López, MG and López-Doménech, G and López-Guerrero, JA and López-Jiménez, AT and López-Pérez, Ó and López-Valero, I and Lorenowicz, MJ and Lorente, M and Lorincz, P and Lossi, L and Lotersztajn, S and Lovat, PE and Lovell, JF and Lovy, A and Lőw, P and Lu, G and Lu, H and Lu, JH and Lu, JJ and Lu, M and Lu, S and Luciani, A and Lucocq, JM and Ludovico, P and Luftig, MA and Luhr, M and Luis-Ravelo, D and Lum, JJ and Luna-Dulcey, L and Lund, AH and Lund, VK and Lünemann, JD and Lüningschrör, P and Luo, H and Luo, R and Luo, S and Luo, Z and Luparello, C and Lüscher, B and Luu, L and Lyakhovich, A and Lyamzaev, KG and Lystad, AH and Lytvynchuk, L and Ma, AC and Ma, C and Ma, M and Ma, NF and Ma, QH and Ma, X and Ma, Y and Ma, Z and MacDougald, OA and Macian, F and MacIntosh, GC and MacKeigan, JP and Macleod, KF and Maday, S and Madeo, F and Madesh, M and Madl, T and Madrigal-Matute, J and Maeda, A and Maejima, Y and Magarinos, M and Mahavadi, P and Maiani, E and Maiese, K and Maiti, P and Maiuri, MC and Majello, B and Major, MB and Makareeva, E and Malik, F and Mallilankaraman, K and Malorni, W and Maloyan, A and Mammadova, N and Man, GCW and Manai, F and Mancias, JD and Mandelkow, EM and Mandell, MA and Manfredi, AA and Manjili, MH and Manjithaya, R and Manque, P and Manshian, BB and Manzano, R and Manzoni, C and Mao, K and Marchese, C and Marchetti, S and Marconi, AM and Marcucci, F and Mardente, S and Mareninova, OA and Margeta, M and Mari, M and Marinelli, S and Marinelli, O and Mariño, G and Mariotto, S and Marshall, RS and Marten, MR and Martens, S and Martin, APJ and Martin, KR and Martin, S and Martin, S and Martín-Segura, A and Martín-Acebes, MA and Martin-Burriel, I and Martin-Rincon, M and Martin-Sanz, P and Martina, JA and Martinet, W and Martinez, A and Martinez, A and Martinez, J and Martinez Velazquez, M and Martinez-Lopez, N and Martinez-Vicente, M and Martins, DO and Martins, JO and Martins, WK and Martins-Marques, T and Marzetti, E and Masaldan, S and Masclaux-Daubresse, C and Mashek, DG and Massa, V and Massieu, L and Masson, GR and Masuelli, L and Masyuk, AI and Masyuk, TV and Matarrese, P and Matheu, A and Matoba, S and Matsuzaki, S and Mattar, P and Matte, A and Mattoscio, D and Mauriz, JL and Mauthe, M and Mauvezin, C and Maverakis, E and Maycotte, P and Mayer, J and Mazzoccoli, G and Mazzoni, C and Mazzulli, JR and McCarty, N and McDonald, C and McGill, MR and McKenna, SL and McLaughlin, B and McLoughlin, F and McNiven, MA and McWilliams, TG and Mechta-Grigoriou, F and Medeiros, TC and Medina, DL and Megeney, LA and Megyeri, K and Mehrpour, M and Mehta, JL and Meijer, AJ and Meijer, AH and Mejlvang, J and Meléndez, A and Melk, A and Memisoglu, G and Mendes, AF and Meng, D and Meng, F and Meng, T and Menna-Barreto, R and Menon, MB and Mercer, C and Mercier, AE and Mergny, JL and Merighi, A and Merkley, SD and Merla, G and Meske, V and Mestre, AC and Metur, SP and Meyer, C and Meyer, H and Mi, W and Mialet-Perez, J and Miao, J and Micale, L and Miki, Y and Milan, E and Milczarek, M and Miller, DL and Miller, SI and Miller, S and Millward, SW and Milosevic, I and Minina, EA and Mirzaei, H and Mirzaei, HR and Mirzaei, M and Mishra, A and Mishra, N and Mishra, PK and Misirkic Marjanovic, M and Misasi, R and Misra, A and Misso, G and Mitchell, C and Mitou, G and Miura, T and Miyamoto, S and Miyazaki, M and Miyazaki, M and Miyazaki, T and Miyazawa, K and Mizushima, N and Mogensen, TH and Mograbi, B and Mohammadinejad, R and Mohamud, Y and Mohanty, A and Mohapatra, S and Möhlmann, T and Mohmmed, A and Moles, A and Moley, KH and Molinari, M and Mollace, V and Møller, AB and Mollereau, B and Mollinedo, F and Montagna, C and Monteiro, MJ and Montella, A and Montes, LR and Montico, B and Mony, VK and Monzio Compagnoni, G and Moore, MN and Moosavi, MA and Mora, AL and Mora, M and Morales-Alamo, D and Moratalla, R and Moreira, PI and Morelli, E and Moreno, S and Moreno-Blas, D and Moresi, V and Morga, B and Morgan, AH and Morin, F and Morishita, H and Moritz, OL and Moriyama, M and Moriyasu, Y and Morleo, M and Morselli, E and Moruno-Manchon, JF and Moscat, J and Mostowy, S and Motori, E and Moura, AF and Moustaid-Moussa, N and Mrakovcic, M and Muciño-Hernández, G and Mukherjee, A and Mukhopadhyay, S and Mulcahy Levy, JM and Mulero, V and Muller, S and Münch, C and Munjal, A and Munoz-Canoves, P and Muñoz-Galdeano, T and Münz, C and Murakawa, T and Muratori, C and Murphy, BM and Murphy, JP and Murthy, A and Myöhänen, TT and Mysorekar, IU and Mytych, J and Nabavi, SM and Nabissi, M and Nagy, P and Nah, J and Nahimana, A and Nakagawa, I and Nakamura, K and Nakatogawa, H and Nandi, SS and Nanjundan, M and Nanni, M and Napolitano, G and Nardacci, R and Narita, M and Nassif, M and Nathan, I and Natsumeda, M and Naude, RJ and Naumann, C and Naveiras, O and Navid, F and Nawrocki, ST and Nazarko, TY and Nazio, F and Negoita, F and Neill, T and Neisch, AL and Neri, LM and Netea, MG and Neubert, P and Neufeld, TP and Neumann, D and Neutzner, A and Newton, PT and Ney, PA and Nezis, IP and Ng, CCW and Ng, TB and Nguyen, HTT and Nguyen, LT and Ni, HM and Ní Cheallaigh, C and Ni, Z and Nicolao, MC and Nicoli, F and Nieto-Diaz, M and Nilsson, P and Ning, S and Niranjan, R and Nishimune, H and Niso-Santano, M and Nixon, RA and Nobili, A and Nobrega, C and Noda, T and Nogueira-Recalde, U and Nolan, TM and Nombela, I and Novak, I and Novoa, B and Nozawa, T and Nukina, N and Nussbaum-Krammer, C and Nylandsted, J and O'Donovan, TR and O'Leary, SM and O'Rourke, EJ and O'Sullivan, MP and O'Sullivan, TE and Oddo, S and Oehme, I and Ogawa, M and Ogier-Denis, E and Ogmundsdottir, MH and Ogretmen, B and Oh, GT and Oh, SH and Oh, YJ and Ohama, T and Ohashi, Y and Ohmuraya, M and Oikonomou, V and Ojha, R and Okamoto, K and Okazawa, H and Oku, M and Oliván, S and Oliveira, JMA and Ollmann, M and Olzmann, JA and Omari, S and Omary, MB and Önal, G and Ondrej, M and Ong, SB and Ong, SG and Onnis, A and Orellana, JA and Orellana-Muñoz, S and Ortega-Villaizan, MDM and Ortiz-Gonzalez, XR and Ortona, E and Osiewacz, HD and Osman, AK and Osta, R and Otegui, MS and Otsu, K and Ott, C and Ottobrini, L and Ou, JJ and Outeiro, TF and Oynebraten, I and Ozturk, M and Pagès, G and Pahari, S and Pajares, M and Pajvani, UB and Pal, R and Paladino, S and Pallet, N and Palmieri, M and Palmisano, G and Palumbo, C and Pampaloni, F and Pan, L and Pan, Q and Pan, W and Pan, X and Panasyuk, G and Pandey, R and Pandey, UB and Pandya, V and Paneni, F and Pang, SY and Panzarini, E and Papademetrio, DL and Papaleo, E and Papinski, D and Papp, D and Park, EC and Park, HT and Park, JM and Park, JI and Park, JT and Park, J and Park, SC and Park, SY and Parola, AH and Parys, JB and Pasquier, A and Pasquier, B and Passos, JF and Pastore, N and Patel, HH and Patschan, D and Pattingre, S and Pedraza-Alva, G and Pedraza-Chaverri, J and Pedrozo, Z and Pei, G and Pei, J and Peled-Zehavi, H and Pellegrini, JM and Pelletier, J and Peñalva, MA and Peng, D and Peng, Y and Penna, F and Pennuto, M and Pentimalli, F and Pereira, CM and Pereira, GJS and Pereira, LC and Pereira de Almeida, L and Perera, ND and Pérez-Lara, Á and Perez-Oliva, AB and Pérez-Pérez, ME and Periyasamy, P and Perl, A and Perrotta, C and Perrotta, I and Pestell, RG and Petersen, M and Petrache, I and Petrovski, G and Pfirrmann, T and Pfister, AS and Philips, JA and Pi, H and Picca, A and Pickrell, AM and Picot, S and Pierantoni, GM and Pierdominici, M and Pierre, P and Pierrefite-Carle, V and Pierzynowska, K and Pietrocola, F and Pietruczuk, M and Pignata, C and Pimentel-Muiños, FX and Pinar, M and Pinheiro, RO and Pinkas-Kramarski, R and Pinton, P and Pircs, K and Piya, S and Pizzo, P and Plantinga, TS and Platta, HW and Plaza-Zabala, A and Plomann, M and Plotnikov, EY and Plun-Favreau, H and Pluta, R and Pocock, R and Pöggeler, S and Pohl, C and Poirot, M and Poletti, A and Ponpuak, M and Popelka, H and Popova, B and Porta, H and Porte Alcon, S and Portilla-Fernandez, E and Post, M and Potts, MB and Poulton, J and Powers, T and Prahlad, V and Prajsnar, TK and Praticò, D and Prencipe, R and Priault, M and Proikas-Cezanne, T and Promponas, VJ and Proud, CG and Puertollano, R and Puglielli, L and Pulinilkunnil, T and Puri, D and Puri, R and Puyal, J and Qi, X and Qi, Y and Qian, W and Qiang, L and Qiu, Y and Quadrilatero, J and Quarleri, J and Raben, N and Rabinowich, H and Ragona, D and Ragusa, MJ and Rahimi, N and Rahmati, M and Raia, V and Raimundo, N and Rajasekaran, NS and Ramachandra Rao, S and Rami, A and Ramírez-Pardo, I and Ramsden, DB and Randow, F and Rangarajan, PN and Ranieri, D and Rao, H and Rao, L and Rao, R and Rathore, S and Ratnayaka, JA and Ratovitski, EA and Ravanan, P and Ravegnini, G and Ray, SK and Razani, B and Rebecca, V and Reggiori, F and Régnier-Vigouroux, A and Reichert, AS and Reigada, D and Reiling, JH and Rein, T and Reipert, S and Rekha, RS and Ren, H and Ren, J and Ren, W and Renault, T and Renga, G and Reue, K and Rewitz, K and Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos, B and Riazuddin, SA and Ribeiro-Rodrigues, TM and Ricci, JE and Ricci, R and Riccio, V and Richardson, DR and Rikihisa, Y and Risbud, MV and Risueño, RM and Ritis, K and Rizza, S and Rizzuto, R and Roberts, HC and Roberts, LD and Robinson, KJ and Roccheri, MC and Rocchi, S and Rodney, GG and Rodrigues, T and Rodrigues Silva, VR and Rodriguez, A and Rodriguez-Barrueco, R and Rodriguez-Henche, N and Rodriguez-Rocha, H and Roelofs, J and Rogers, RS and Rogov, VV and Rojo, AI and Rolka, K and Romanello, V and Romani, L and Romano, A and Romano, PS and Romeo-Guitart, D and Romero, LC and Romero, M and Roney, JC and Rongo, C and Roperto, S and Rosenfeldt, MT and Rosenstiel, P and Rosenwald, AG and Roth, KA and Roth, L and Roth, S and Rouschop, KMA and Roussel, BD and Roux, S and Rovere-Querini, P and Roy, A and Rozieres, A and Ruano, D and Rubinsztein, DC and Rubtsova, MP and Ruckdeschel, K and Ruckenstuhl, C and Rudolf, E and Rudolf, R and Ruggieri, A and Ruparelia, AA and Rusmini, P and Russell, RR and Russo, GL and Russo, M and Russo, R and Ryabaya, OO and Ryan, KM and Ryu, KY and Sabater-Arcis, M and Sachdev, U and Sacher, M and Sachse, C and Sadhu, A and Sadoshima, J and Safren, N and Saftig, P and Sagona, AP and Sahay, G and Sahebkar, A and Sahin, M and Sahin, O and Sahni, S and Saito, N and Saito, S and Saito, T and Sakai, R and Sakai, Y and Sakamaki, JI and Saksela, K and Salazar, G and Salazar-Degracia, A and Salekdeh, GH and Saluja, AK and Sampaio-Marques, B and Sanchez, MC and Sanchez-Alcazar, JA and Sanchez-Vera, V and Sancho-Shimizu, V and Sanderson, JT and Sandri, M and Santaguida, S and Santambrogio, L and Santana, MM and Santoni, G and Sanz, A and Sanz, P and Saran, S and Sardiello, M and Sargeant, TJ and Sarin, A and Sarkar, C and Sarkar, S and Sarrias, MR and Sarkar, S and Sarmah, DT and Sarparanta, J and Sathyanarayan, A and Sathyanarayanan, R and Scaglione, KM and Scatozza, F and Schaefer, L and Schafer, ZT and Schaible, UE and Schapira, AHV and Scharl, M and Schatzl, HM and Schein, CH and Scheper, W and Scheuring, D and Schiaffino, MV and Schiappacassi, M and Schindl, R and Schlattner, U and Schmidt, O and Schmitt, R and Schmidt, SD and Schmitz, I and Schmukler, E and Schneider, A and Schneider, BE and Schober, R and Schoijet, AC and Schott, MB and Schramm, M and Schröder, B and Schuh, K and Schüller, C and Schulze, RJ and Schürmanns, L and Schwamborn, JC and Schwarten, M and Scialo, F and Sciarretta, S and Scott, MJ and Scotto, KW and Scovassi, AI and Scrima, A and Scrivo, A and Sebastian, D and Sebti, S and Sedej, S and Segatori, L and Segev, N and Seglen, PO and Seiliez, I and Seki, E and Selleck, SB and Sellke, FW and Selsby, JT and Sendtner, M and Senturk, S and Seranova, E and Sergi, C and Serra-Moreno, R and Sesaki, H and Settembre, C and Setty, SRG and Sgarbi, G and Sha, O and Shacka, JJ and Shah, JA and Shang, D and Shao, C and Shao, F and Sharbati, S and Sharkey, LM and Sharma, D and Sharma, G and Sharma, K and Sharma, P and Sharma, S and Shen, HM and Shen, H and Shen, J and Shen, M and Shen, W and Shen, Z and Sheng, R and Sheng, Z and Sheng, ZH and Shi, J and Shi, X and Shi, YH and Shiba-Fukushima, K and Shieh, JJ and Shimada, Y and Shimizu, S and Shimozawa, M and Shintani, T and Shoemaker, CJ and Shojaei, S and Shoji, I and Shravage, BV and Shridhar, V and Shu, CW and Shu, HB and Shui, K and Shukla, AK and Shutt, TE and Sica, V and Siddiqui, A and Sierra, A and Sierra-Torre, V and Signorelli, S and Sil, P and Silva, BJA and Silva, JD and Silva-Pavez, E and Silvente-Poirot, S and Simmonds, RE and Simon, AK and Simon, HU and Simons, M and Singh, A and Singh, LP and Singh, R and Singh, SV and Singh, SK and Singh, SB and Singh, S and Singh, SP and Sinha, D and Sinha, RA and Sinha, S and Sirko, A and Sirohi, K and Sivridis, EL and Skendros, P and Skirycz, A and Slaninová, I and Smaili, SS and Smertenko, A and Smith, MD and Soenen, SJ and Sohn, EJ and Sok, SPM and Solaini, G and Soldati, T and Soleimanpour, SA and Soler, RM and Solovchenko, A and Somarelli, JA and Sonawane, A and Song, F and Song, HK and Song, JX and Song, K and Song, Z and Soria, LR and Sorice, M and Soukas, AA and Soukup, SF and Sousa, D and Sousa, N and Spagnuolo, PA and Spector, SA and Srinivas Bharath, MM and St Clair, D and Stagni, V and Staiano, L and Stalnecker, CA and Stankov, MV and Stathopulos, PB and Stefan, K and Stefan, SM and Stefanis, L and Steffan, JS and Steinkasserer, A and Stenmark, H and Sterneckert, J and Stevens, C and Stoka, V and Storch, S and Stork, B and Strappazzon, F and Strohecker, AM and Stupack, DG and Su, H and Su, LY and Su, L and Suarez-Fontes, AM and Subauste, CS and Subbian, S and Subirada, PV and Sudhandiran, G and Sue, CM and Sui, X and Summers, C and Sun, G and Sun, J and Sun, K and Sun, MX and Sun, Q and Sun, Y and Sun, Z and Sunahara, KKS and Sundberg, E and Susztak, K and Sutovsky, P and Suzuki, H and Sweeney, G and Symons, JD and Sze, SCW and Szewczyk, NJ and Tabęcka-Łonczynska, A and Tabolacci, C and Tacke, F and Taegtmeyer, H and Tafani, M and Tagaya, M and Tai, H and Tait, SWG and Takahashi, Y and Takats, S and Talwar, P and Tam, C and Tam, SY and Tampellini, D and Tamura, A and Tan, CT and Tan, EK and Tan, YQ and Tanaka, M and Tanaka, M and Tang, D and Tang, J and Tang, TS and Tanida, I and Tao, Z and Taouis, M and Tatenhorst, L and Tavernarakis, N and Taylor, A and Taylor, GA and Taylor, JM and Tchetina, E and Tee, AR and Tegeder, I and Teis, D and Teixeira, N and Teixeira-Clerc, F and Tekirdag, KA and Tencomnao, T and Tenreiro, S and Tepikin, AV and Testillano, PS and Tettamanti, G and Tharaux, PL and Thedieck, K and Thekkinghat, AA and Thellung, S and Thinwa, JW and Thirumalaikumar, VP and Thomas, SM and Thomes, PG and Thorburn, A and Thukral, L and Thum, T and Thumm, M and Tian, L and Tichy, A and Till, A and Timmerman, V and Titorenko, VI and Todi, SV and Todorova, K and Toivonen, JM and Tomaipitinca, L and Tomar, D and Tomas-Zapico, C and Tomić, S and Tong, BC and Tong, C and Tong, X and Tooze, SA and Torgersen, ML and Torii, S and Torres-López, L and Torriglia, A and Towers, CG and Towns, R and Toyokuni, S and Trajkovic, V and Tramontano, D and Tran, QG and Travassos, LH and Trelford, CB and Tremel, S and Trougakos, IP and Tsao, BP and Tschan, MP and Tse, HF and Tse, TF and Tsugawa, H and Tsvetkov, AS and Tumbarello, DA and Tumtas, Y and Tuñón, MJ and Turcotte, S and Turk, B and Turk, V and Turner, BJ and Tuxworth, RI and Tyler, JK and Tyutereva, EV and Uchiyama, Y and Ugun-Klusek, A and Uhlig, HH and Ułamek-Kozioł, M and Ulasov, IV and Umekawa, M and Ungermann, C and Unno, R and Urbe, S and Uribe-Carretero, E and Üstün, S and Uversky, VN and Vaccari, T and Vaccaro, MI and Vahsen, BF and Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H and Valdor, R and Valente, MJ and Valko, A and Vallee, RB and Valverde, AM and Van den Berghe, G and van der Veen, S and Van Kaer, L and van Loosdregt, J and van Wijk, SJL and Vandenberghe, W and Vanhorebeek, I and Vannier-Santos, MA and Vannini, N and Vanrell, MC and Vantaggiato, C and Varano, G and Varela-Nieto, I and Varga, M and Vasconcelos, MH and Vats, S and Vavvas, DG and Vega-Naredo, I and Vega-Rubin-de-Celis, S and Velasco, G and Velázquez, AP and Vellai, T and Vellenga, E and Velotti, F and Verdier, M and Verginis, P and Vergne, I and Verkade, P and Verma, M and Verstreken, P and Vervliet, T and Vervoorts, J and Vessoni, AT and Victor, VM and Vidal, M and Vidoni, C and Vieira, OV and Vierstra, RD and Viganó, S and Vihinen, H and Vijayan, V and Vila, M and Vilar, M and Villalba, JM and Villalobo, A and Villarejo-Zori, B and Villarroya, F and Villarroya, J and Vincent, O and Vindis, C and Viret, C and Viscomi, MT and Visnjic, D and Vitale, I and Vocadlo, DJ and Voitsekhovskaja, OV and Volonté, C and Volta, M and Vomero, M and Von Haefen, C and Vooijs, MA and Voos, W and Vucicevic, L and Wade-Martins, R and Waguri, S and Waite, KA and Wakatsuki, S and Walker, DW and Walker, MJ and Walker, SA and Walter, J and Wandosell, FG and Wang, B and Wang, CY and Wang, C and Wang, C and Wang, C and Wang, CY and Wang, D and Wang, F and Wang, F and Wang, F and Wang, G and Wang, H and Wang, H and Wang, H and Wang, HG and Wang, J and Wang, J and Wang, J and Wang, J and Wang, K and Wang, L and Wang, L and Wang, MH and Wang, M and Wang, N and Wang, P and Wang, P and Wang, P and Wang, P and Wang, QJ and Wang, Q and Wang, QK and Wang, QA and Wang, WT and Wang, W and Wang, X and Wang, X and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Wang, YY and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Wang, Z and Wang, Z and Wang, Z and Warnes, G and Warnsmann, V and Watada, H and Watanabe, E and Watchon, M and Wawrzyńska, A and Weaver, TE and Wegrzyn, G and Wehman, AM and Wei, H and Wei, L and Wei, T and Wei, Y and Weiergräber, OH and Weihl, CC and Weindl, G and Weiskirchen, R and Wells, A and Wen, RH and Wen, X and Werner, A and Weykopf, B and Wheatley, SP and Whitton, JL and Whitworth, AJ and Wiktorska, K and Wildenberg, ME and Wileman, T and Wilkinson, S and Willbold, D and Williams, B and Williams, RSB and Williams, RL and Williamson, PR and Wilson, RA and Winner, B and Winsor, NJ and Witkin, SS and Wodrich, H and Woehlbier, U and Wollert, T and Wong, E and Wong, JH and Wong, RW and Wong, VKW and Wong, WW and Wu, AG and Wu, C and Wu, J and Wu, J and Wu, KK and Wu, M and Wu, SY and Wu, S and Wu, SY and Wu, S and Wu, WKK and Wu, X and Wu, X and Wu, YW and Wu, Y and Xavier, RJ and Xia, H and Xia, L and Xia, Z and Xiang, G and Xiang, J and Xiang, M and Xiang, W and Xiao, B and Xiao, G and Xiao, H and Xiao, HT and Xiao, J and Xiao, L and Xiao, S and Xiao, Y and Xie, B and Xie, CM and Xie, M and Xie, Y and Xie, Z and Xie, Z and Xilouri, M and Xu, C and Xu, E and Xu, H and Xu, J and Xu, J and Xu, L and Xu, WW and Xu, X and Xue, Y and Yakhine-Diop, SMS and Yamaguchi, M and Yamaguchi, O and Yamamoto, A and Yamashina, S and Yan, S and Yan, SJ and Yan, Z and Yanagi, Y and Yang, C and Yang, DS and Yang, H and Yang, HT and Yang, H and Yang, JM and Yang, J and Yang, J and Yang, L and Yang, L and Yang, M and Yang, PM and Yang, Q and Yang, S and Yang, S and Yang, SF and Yang, W and Yang, WY and Yang, X and Yang, X and Yang, Y and Yang, Y and Yao, H and Yao, S and Yao, X and Yao, YG and Yao, YM and Yasui, T and Yazdankhah, M and Yen, PM and Yi, C and Yin, XM and Yin, Y and Yin, Z and Yin, Z and Ying, M and Ying, Z and Yip, CK and Yiu, SPT and Yoo, YH and Yoshida, K and Yoshii, SR and Yoshimori, T and Yousefi, B and Yu, B and Yu, H and Yu, J and Yu, J and Yu, L and Yu, ML and Yu, SW and Yu, VC and Yu, WH and Yu, Z and Yu, Z and Yuan, J and Yuan, LQ and Yuan, S and Yuan, SF and Yuan, Y and Yuan, Z and Yue, J and Yue, Z and Yun, J and Yung, RL and Zacks, DN and Zaffagnini, G and Zambelli, VO and Zanella, I and Zang, QS and Zanivan, S and Zappavigna, S and Zaragoza, P and Zarbalis, KS and Zarebkohan, A and Zarrouk, A and Zeitlin, SO and Zeng, J and Zeng, JD and Žerovnik, E and Zhan, L and Zhang, B and Zhang, DD and Zhang, H and Zhang, H and Zhang, H and Zhang, H and Zhang, H and Zhang, H and Zhang, H and Zhang, HL and Zhang, J and Zhang, J and Zhang, JP and Zhang, KYB and Zhang, LW and Zhang, L and Zhang, L and Zhang, L and Zhang, L and Zhang, M and Zhang, P and Zhang, S and Zhang, W and Zhang, X and Zhang, XW and Zhang, X and Zhang, X and Zhang, X and Zhang, X and Zhang, XD and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Y and Zhang, YD and Zhang, Y and Zhang, YY and Zhang, Y and Zhang, Z and Zhang, Z and Zhang, Z and Zhang, Z and Zhang, Z and Zhang, Z and Zhao, H and Zhao, L and Zhao, S and Zhao, T and Zhao, XF and Zhao, Y and Zhao, Y and Zhao, Y and Zhao, Y and Zheng, G and Zheng, K and Zheng, L and Zheng, S and Zheng, XL and Zheng, Y and Zheng, ZG and Zhivotovsky, B and Zhong, Q and Zhou, A and Zhou, B and Zhou, C and Zhou, G and Zhou, H and Zhou, H and Zhou, H and Zhou, J and Zhou, J and Zhou, J and Zhou, J and Zhou, K and Zhou, R and Zhou, XJ and Zhou, Y and Zhou, Y and Zhou, Y and Zhou, ZY and Zhou, Z and Zhu, B and Zhu, C and Zhu, GQ and Zhu, H and Zhu, H and Zhu, H and Zhu, WG and Zhu, Y and Zhu, Y and Zhuang, H and Zhuang, X and Zientara-Rytter, K and Zimmermann, CM and Ziviani, E and Zoladek, T and Zong, WX and Zorov, DB and Zorzano, A and Zou, W and Zou, Z and Zou, Z and Zuryn, S and Zwerschke, W and Brand-Saberi, B and Dong, XC and Kenchappa, CS and Li, Z and Lin, Y and Oshima, S and Rong, Y and Sluimer, JC and Stallings, CL and Tong, CK},
title = {Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition).},
journal = {Autophagy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-382},
doi = {10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280},
pmid = {33634751},
issn = {1554-8635},
abstract = {In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.},
}

@article {pmid32230997,
year = {2020},
author = {Wolf, C and López Del Amo, V and Arndt, S and Bueno, D and Tenzer, S and Hanschmann, EM and Berndt, C and Methner, A},
title = {Redox Modifications of Proteins of the Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission Machinery.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {32230997},
issn = {2073-4409},
mesh = {Animals ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; *Mitochondrial Dynamics ; Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; },
abstract = {Mitochondrial fusion and fission tailors the mitochondrial shape to changes in cellular homeostasis. Players of this process are the mitofusins, which regulate fusion of the outer mitochondrial membrane, and the fission protein DRP1. Upon specific stimuli, DRP1 translocates to the mitochondria, where it interacts with its receptors FIS1, MFF, and MID49/51. Another fission factor of clinical relevance is GDAP1. Here, we identify and discuss cysteine residues of these proteins that are conserved in phylogenetically distant organisms and which represent potential sites of posttranslational redox modifications. We reveal that worms and flies possess only a single mitofusin, which in vertebrates diverged into MFN1 and MFN2. All mitofusins contain four conserved cysteines in addition to cysteine 684 in MFN2, a site involved in mitochondrial hyperfusion. DRP1 and FIS1 are also evolutionarily conserved but only DRP1 contains four conserved cysteine residues besides cysteine 644, a specific site of nitrosylation. MFF and MID49/51 are only present in the vertebrate lineage. GDAP1 is missing in the nematode genome and contains no conserved cysteine residues. Our analysis suggests that the function of the evolutionarily oldest proteins of the mitochondrial fusion and fission machinery, the mitofusins and DRP1 but not FIS1, might be altered by redox modifications.},
}

Animals
Evolution, Molecular
Humans
*Mitochondrial Dynamics
Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism
Oxidation-Reduction
Phylogeny
Protein Processing, Post-Translational

@article {pmid33086570,
year = {2020},
author = {Piłsyk, S and Mieczkowski, A and Golan, MP and Wawrzyniak, A and Kruszewska, JS},
title = {Internalization of the Aspergillus nidulans AstA Transporter into Mitochondria Depends on Growth Conditions, and Affects ATP Levels and Sulfite Oxidase Activity.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {21},
number = {20},
pages = {},
pmid = {33086570},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Aspergillus nidulans/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Endocytosis ; Endophytes/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Sulfite Oxidase/*metabolism ; Sulfur/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The astA gene encoding an alternative sulfate transporter was originally cloned from the genome of the Japanese Aspergillus nidulans isolate as a suppressor of sulfate permease-deficient strains. Expression of the astA gene is under the control of the sulfur metabolite repression system. The encoded protein transports sulfate across the cell membrane. In this study we show that AstA, having orthologs in numerous pathogenic or endophytic fungi, has a second function and, depending on growth conditions, can be translocated into mitochondria. This effect is especially pronounced when an astA-overexpressing strain grows on solid medium at 37 °C. AstA is also recruited to the mitochondria in the presence of mitochondria-affecting compounds such as menadione or antimycin A, which are also detrimental to the growth of the astA-overexpressing strain. Disruption of the Hsp70-Porin1 mitochondrial import system either by methylene blue, an Hsp70 inhibitor, or by deletion of the porin1-encoding gene abolishes AstA translocation into the mitochondria. Furthermore, we observed altered ATP levels and sulfite oxidase activity in the astA-overexpressing strain in a manner dependent on sulfur sources. The presented data indicate that AstA is also involved in the mitochondrial sulfur metabolism in some fungi, and thereby indirectly manages redox potential and energy state.},
}

Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism
Aspergillus nidulans/*growth & development/*metabolism
Endocytosis
Endophytes/metabolism
Fungal Proteins/*metabolism
Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
Mitochondria/*metabolism
Models, Biological
Oxidation-Reduction
Phenotype
Phylogeny
Sulfite Oxidase/*metabolism
Sulfur/metabolism

@article {pmid33616640,
year = {2021},
author = {Piccinini, G and Iannello, M and Puccio, G and Plazzi, F and Havird, JC and Ghiselli, F},
title = {Mitonuclear Coevolution, but Not Nuclear Compensation, Drives Evolution of OXPHOS Complexes in Bivalves.},
journal = {Molecular biology and evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/molbev/msab054},
pmid = {33616640},
issn = {1537-1719},
abstract = {In Metazoa, 4 out of 5 complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are formed by subunits encoded by both the mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nuDNA) genomes, leading to the expectation of mito-nuclear coevolution. Previous studies have supported co-adaptation of mitochondria-encoded (mtOXPHOS) and nuclear-encoded OXPHOS (nuOXPHOS) subunits, often specifically interpreted with regard to the "nuclear compensation hypothesis", a specific form of mitonuclear coevolution where nuclear genes compensate for deleterious mitochondrial mutations owing to less efficient mitochondrial selection. In this study we analysed patterns of sequence evolution of 79 OXPHOS subunits in 31 bivalve species, a taxon showing extraordinary mtDNA variability and including species with "doubly uniparental" mtDNA inheritance. Our data showed strong and clear signals of mitonuclear coevolution. NuOXPHOS subunits had concordant topologies with mtOXPHOS subunits, contrary to previous phylogenies based on nuclear genes lacking mt interactions. Evolutionary rates between mt and nuOXPHOS subunits were also highly correlated compared to non-OXPHOS-interacting nuclear genes. Nuclear subunits of chimeric OXPHOS complexes (I, III, IV, and V) also had higher dN/dS ratios than Complex II, which is formed exclusively by nuDNA-encoded subunits. However, we did not find evidence of nuclear compensation: mitochondria-encoded subunits showed similar dN/dS ratios compared to nuclear-encoded subunits, contrary to most previously studied bilaterian animals. Moreover, no site-specific signals of compensatory positive selection were detected in nuOXPHOS genes. Our analyses extend the evidence for mitonuclear coevolution to a new taxonomic group, but we propose a reconsideration of the nuclear compensation hypothesis.},
}

@article {pmid33359125,
year = {2021},
author = {Liu, H and Ju, Y and Tamate, H and Wang, T and Xing, X},
title = {Phylogeography of sika deer (Cervus nippon) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene and microsatellite DNA.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {772},
number = {},
pages = {145375},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2020.145375},
pmid = {33359125},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; China ; Cytochromes b/*genetics ; Deer/*classification/genetics ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Japan ; *Microsatellite Repeats ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography ; },
abstract = {The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of sika deer of different subspecies are uncertain. In order to explore the phylogenetic relationship of different sika deer subspecies, this study used a wider sample collection to analyze mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellites of sika deer. The full lengths of cytochrome-b gene of 134 sika deer were sequenced, and 16 haplotypes were obtained. Based on phylogenetic and haplotype networks analysis, the sika deer was not clustered according to subspecies but was divided into four lineages. Lineage I includes individuals from C.n.kopschi, C.n.sichuanicus, and C.n.hortulorum subspecies; Lineage II includes individuals from C.n.hortulorum subspecies; Lineage III includes individuals from C.n.centralis, C.n.yakushime, C.n.mageshimae, and C.n.keramae subspecies, namely southern Japanese population; Lineage IV includes individuals from C.n.centralis and C.n.yesoensis subspecies, namely northern Japanese population. The microsatellite analysis showed that the sika deer in China and Japan originated independently. The three subspecies of China have significant genetic differentiation, while the three subspecies of Japan have no significant differentiation. This study provides reference for the research of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of sika deer, and also provides scientific data for the evaluation, protection, and utilization of sika deer resources.},
}

Animals
Cell Nucleus/genetics
China
Cytochromes b/*genetics
Deer/*classification/genetics
*Genetic Variation
Genetics, Population
Haplotypes
Japan
*Microsatellite Repeats
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny
Phylogeography

@article {pmid33164854,
year = {2021},
author = {Ortiz, D and Pekár, S and Bilat, J and Alvarez, N},
title = {Poor performance of DNA barcoding and the impact of RAD loci filtering on the species delimitation of an Iberian ant-eating spider.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {154},
number = {},
pages = {106997},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106997},
pmid = {33164854},
issn = {1095-9513},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Genetic Loci ; Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; Geography ; Likelihood Functions ; Mitochondria/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; *Restriction Mapping ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/classification/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Genomic data provide unprecedented power for species delimitation. However, current implementations are still time and resource consuming. In addition, bioinformatic processing is contentious and its impact on downstream analyses is insufficiently understood. Here we employ ddRAD sequencing and a thorough sampling for species delimitation in Zodarion styliferum, a widespread Iberian ant-eating spider. We explore the influence of the loci filtering strategy on the downstream phylogenetic analyses, genomic clustering and coalescent species delimitation. We also assess the accuracy of one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear (ITS) barcode for fast and inexpensive species delineation in the group. Our genomic data strongly support two morphologically cryptic but ecologically divergent lineages, mainly restricted to the central-eastern and western parts of the Iberian Peninsula, respectively. Larger matrices with more missing data showed increased genomic diversity, supporting that bioinformatic strategies to maximize matrix completion disproportionately exclude loci with the highest mutation rates. Moderate loci filtering gave the best results across analyses: although larger matrices returned concatenated phylogenies with higher support, middle-sized matrices performed better in genetic structure analyses. COI displayed high diversity and a conspicuous barcode gap, revealing 13 mitochondrial lineages. Mitonuclear discordance is consistent with ancestral isolation in multiple groups, probably in glacial refugia, followed by range expansion and secondary contact that produced genomic homogenization. Several apparently (unidirectionally) introgressed specimens further challenge the accuracy of species identification through mitochondrial barcodes in the group. Conversely, ITS failed to separate both lineages of Z. styliferum. This study shows an extreme case of mitonuclear discordance that highlights the limitations of single molecular barcodes for species delimitation, even in presence of distinct barcode gaps, and brings new light on the effects of parameterization on shallow-divergence studies using RAD data.},
}

Animals
Cell Nucleus/genetics
Cluster Analysis
*DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic
Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
*Genetic Loci
Genetics, Population
Genomics
Geography
Likelihood Functions
Mitochondria/genetics
*Phylogeny
*Restriction Mapping
*Sequence Analysis, DNA
Species Specificity
Spiders/classification/*genetics

@article {pmid33059067,
year = {2021},
author = {Bocalini, F and Bolívar-Leguizamón, SD and Silveira, LF and Bravo, GA},
title = {Comparative phylogeographic and demographic analyses reveal a congruent pattern of sister relationships between bird populations of the northern and south-central Atlantic Forest.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {154},
number = {},
pages = {106973},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106973},
pmid = {33059067},
issn = {1095-9513},
mesh = {Animals ; Brazil ; Demography ; *Forests ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Passeriformes/*classification/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {The Pernambuco Center of Endemism (PCE) is the northernmost strip of the Atlantic Forest (AF). Biogeographic affinities among avifaunas in the PCE, the southern-central Atlantic Forest (SCAF), and Amazonia (AM) have not been studied comprehensively, and current patterns of genetic diversity in the PCE remain unclear. The interplay between species' ecological attributes and historical processes, such as Pleistocene climate fluctuations or the appearance of rivers, may have affected population genetic structures in the PCE. Moreover, the role of past connections between the PCE and AM and the elevational distribution of species in assembling the PCE avifauna remain untested. Here, we investigated the biogeographic history of seven taxa endemic to the PCE within a comparative phylogeographic framework based on a mean of 3,618 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extracted from flanking regions of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and one mitochondrial gene. We found that PCE populations were more closely related to SCAF populations than they were to those in AM, regardless of their elevational range, with divergence times placed during the Mid-Pleistocene. These splits were consistent with a pattern of allopatric divergence with gene flow until the upper Pleistocene and no signal of rapid changes in population sizes. Our results support the existence of a Pleistocene refugium driving current genetic diversity in the PCE, thereby rejecting the role of the São Francisco River as a primary barrier for population divergence. Additionally, we found that connections with Amazonia also played a significant role in assembling the PCE avifauna through subsequent migration events.},
}

Animals
Brazil
Demography
*Forests
Gene Flow
Genetic Variation
Genetics, Population
Haplotypes/genetics
Mitochondria/genetics
Passeriformes/*classification/genetics
Phylogeny
*Phylogeography
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
Species Specificity

@article {pmid32490527,
year = {2020},
author = {Luévano-Martínez, LA and Duncan, AL},
title = {Origin and diversification of the cardiolipin biosynthetic pathway in the Eukarya domain.},
journal = {Biochemical Society transactions},
volume = {48},
number = {3},
pages = {1035-1046},
doi = {10.1042/BST20190967},
pmid = {32490527},
issn = {1470-8752},
support = {BB/R00126X/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Archaea/*enzymology ; Bacteria/*enzymology ; Binding Sites ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Cardiolipins/*biosynthesis ; Catalysis ; Eukaryota/*enzymology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Hydrolases/metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphatidylglycerols/*metabolism ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Cardiolipin (CL) and its precursor phosphatidylglycerol (PG) are important anionic phospholipids widely distributed throughout all domains of life. They have key roles in several cellular processes by shaping membranes and modulating the activity of the proteins inserted into those membranes. They are synthesized by two main pathways, the so-called eukaryotic pathway, exclusively found in mitochondria, and the prokaryotic pathway, present in most bacteria and archaea. In the prokaryotic pathway, the first and the third reactions are catalyzed by phosphatidylglycerol phosphate synthase (Pgps) belonging to the transferase family and cardiolipin synthase (Cls) belonging to the hydrolase family, while in the eukaryotic pathway, those same reactions are catalyzed by unrelated homonymous enzymes: Pgps of the hydrolase family and Cls of the transferase family. Because of the enzymatic arrangement found in both pathways, it seems that the eukaryotic pathway evolved by convergence to the prokaryotic pathway. However, since mitochondria evolved from a bacterial endosymbiont, it would suggest that the eukaryotic pathway arose from the prokaryotic pathway. In this review, it is proposed that the eukaryote pathway evolved directly from a prokaryotic pathway by the neofunctionalization of the bacterial enzymes. Moreover, after the eukaryotic radiation, this pathway was reshaped by horizontal gene transfers or subsequent endosymbiotic processes.},
}

Archaea/*enzymology
Bacteria/*enzymology
Binding Sites
Biosynthetic Pathways
Cardiolipins/*biosynthesis
Catalysis
Eukaryota/*enzymology
Evolution, Molecular
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
Hydrolases/metabolism
Mitochondria/metabolism
Models, Molecular
Phosphatidylglycerols/*metabolism
Phospholipids/metabolism
Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
Phylogeny

@article {pmid32093074,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhou, J and Wang, Y and Liang, X and Xie, C and Liu, W and Miao, W and Kang, Z and Zheng, L},
title = {Molecular Characterization of a Novel Ourmia-Like Virus Infecting Phoma matteucciicola.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {32093074},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Fungal Viruses/*classification/isolation & purification ; *Genome, Viral ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Open Reading Frames ; Phoma/*virology ; Phylogeny ; RNA Viruses/*genetics/isolation & purification ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics ; },
abstract = {Here, we report a novel (+) ssRNA mycovirus, Phoma matteucciicola ourmia-like virus 1 (PmOLV1), isolated from Phoma matteucciicola strain LG915-1. The genome of PmOLV1 was 2603 nucleotides long and contained a single open reading frame (ORF), which could be translated into a product of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) by both standard and mitochondrial genetic codons. Cellular fractionation assay indicated that PmOLV1 RNAs are likely more enriched in mitochondria than in cytoplasm. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PmOLV1 is a new member of the genus Penoulivirus (recently proposed) within the family Botourmiaviridae.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Fungal Viruses/*classification/isolation & purification
*Genome, Viral
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Open Reading Frames
Phoma/*virology
Phylogeny
RNA Viruses/*genetics/isolation & purification
RNA, Viral/genetics
RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics

@article {pmid33594064,
year = {2021},
author = {Uwizeye, C and Decelle, J and Jouneau, PH and Flori, S and Gallet, B and Keck, JB and Bo, DD and Moriscot, C and Seydoux, C and Chevalier, F and Schieber, NL and Templin, R and Allorent, G and Courtois, F and Curien, G and Schwab, Y and Schoehn, G and Zeeman, SC and Falconet, D and Finazzi, G},
title = {Morphological bases of phytoplankton energy management and physiological responses unveiled by 3D subcellular imaging.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {1049},
pmid = {33594064},
issn = {2041-1723},
abstract = {Eukaryotic phytoplankton have a small global biomass but play major roles in primary production and climate. Despite improved understanding of phytoplankton diversity and evolution, we largely ignore the cellular bases of their environmental plasticity. By comparative 3D morphometric analysis across seven distant phytoplankton taxa, we observe constant volume occupancy by the main organelles and preserved volumetric ratios between plastids and mitochondria. We hypothesise that phytoplankton subcellular topology is modulated by energy-management constraints. Consistent with this, shifting the diatom Phaeodactylum from low to high light enhances photosynthesis and respiration, increases cell-volume occupancy by mitochondria and the plastid CO2-fixing pyrenoid, and boosts plastid-mitochondria contacts. Changes in organelle architectures and interactions also accompany Nannochloropsis acclimation to different trophic lifestyles, along with respiratory and photosynthetic responses. By revealing evolutionarily-conserved topologies of energy-managing organelles, and their role in phytoplankton acclimation, this work deciphers phytoplankton responses at subcellular scales.},
}

@article {pmid32243910,
year = {2020},
author = {Muhammad, N and Suleman, and Khan, MS and Li, L and Zhao, Q and Ullah, H and Zhu, XQ and Ma, J},
title = {Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Centrorhynchus clitorideus (Meyer, 1931) (Palaeacanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae), the largest mitochondrial genome in Acanthocephala, and its phylogenetic implications.},
journal = {Molecular and biochemical parasitology},
volume = {237},
number = {},
pages = {111274},
doi = {10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111274},
pmid = {32243910},
issn = {1872-9428},
mesh = {Acanthocephala/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Falconiformes/parasitology ; *Genes, Helminth ; Genome Size ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Pakistan ; *Phylogeny ; Strigiformes/parasitology ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; },
abstract = {Species of Centrorhynchus (Polymorphida: Centrorhynchidae) commonly parasitize various falconiform and strigiform birds worldwide. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences of Centrorhynchus clitorideus was sequenced and annotated for the first time based on specimens collected from the little owl Athene noctua (Scopoli) (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Pakistan. The complete mt genome sequences of C. clitorideus is 15,884 bp in length, and contained 36 genes [two rRNA genes (rrnL and rrnS), 22 tRNA genes and 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs) (lacking atp8)] and two non-coding regions (NCR1 and NCR2), which represents the largest mt genome of acanthocephalan reported so far. In order to assess the systematic position of C. clitorideus and the interrelationship of the family Centrorhynchidae and the other families in order Polymorphida, the phylogenetic tree was constructed using Bayesian inference (BI) based on amino acid sequences of 12 PCGs. Phylogenetic results supported C. clitorideus formed a sister relationship to C. milvus in Centrorhynchidae, which has a sister relationship to the representatives of Polymorphidae + Plagiorhynchidae. Our results revealed the monophyly of Polymorphida and paraphyly of Echinorhynchida in the class Palaeacanthocephala. The validity of the genus Sphaerirostris (Polymorphida: Centrorhynchidae) was also challenged by our phylogenetic results, which seems to be a synonym of Centrorhynchus. Moreover, the present phylogenetic analysis indicated that the family Quadrigyridae and subfamily Pallisentinae (A. cheni and P. celatus) are polyphyletic.},
}

Acanthocephala/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification
Animals
Base Sequence
Bayes Theorem
Falconiformes/parasitology
*Genes, Helminth
Genome Size
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Mitochondria/*genetics
Pakistan
*Phylogeny
Strigiformes/parasitology
Whole Genome Sequencing

@article {pmid33591272,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhu, X and Boulet, A and Buckley, KM and Phillips, CB and Gammon, MG and Oldfather, LE and Moore, SA and Leary, SC and Cobine, PA},
title = {Mitochondrial copper and phosphate transporter specificity was defined early in the evolution of eukaryotes.},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.7554/eLife.64690},
pmid = {33591272},
issn = {2050-084X},
support = {R01GM120211/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; EF 2021886//National Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {The mitochondrial carrier family protein SLC25A3 transports both copper and phosphate in mammals yet in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the transport of these substrates is partitioned across two paralogs: PIC2 and MIR1. To understand the ancestral state of copper and phosphate transport in mitochondria, we explored the evolutionary relationships of PIC2 and MIR1 orthologs across the eukaryotic tree of life. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that PIC2-like and MIR1-like orthologs are present in all major eukaryotic supergroups, indicating an ancient gene duplication created these paralogs. To link this phylogenetic signal to protein function, we used structural modelling and site-directed mutagenesis to identify residues involved in copper and phosphate transport. Based on these analyses, we generated a L175A variant of mouse SLC25A3 that retains the ability to transport copper but not phosphate. This work highlights the utility of using an evolutionary framework to uncover amino acids involved in substrate recognition by mitochondrial carrier family proteins.},
}

@article {pmid33257722,
year = {2020},
author = {Mannen, H and Yonezawa, T and Murata, K and Noda, A and Kawaguchi, F and Sasazaki, S and Olivieri, A and Achilli, A and Torroni, A},
title = {Cattle mitogenome variation reveals a post-glacial expansion of haplogroup P and an early incorporation into northeast Asian domestic herds.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {20842},
pmid = {33257722},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Base Sequence/genetics ; Breeding/methods ; Cattle/*genetics ; Chromosomes/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Japan ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Surveys of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation have shown that worldwide domestic cattle are characterized by just a few major haplogroups. Two, T and I, are common and characterize Bos taurus and Bos indicus, respectively, while the other three, P, Q and R, are rare and are found only in taurine breeds. Haplogroup P is typical of extinct European aurochs, while intriguingly modern P mtDNAs have only been found in northeast Asian cattle. These Asian P mtDNAs are extremely rare with the exception of the Japanese Shorthorn breed, where they reach a frequency of 45.9%. To shed light on the origin of this haplogroup in northeast Asian cattle, we completely sequenced 14 Japanese Shorthorn mitogenomes belonging to haplogroup P. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses revealed: (1) a post-glacial expansion of aurochs carrying haplogroup P from Europe to Asia; (2) that all Asian P mtDNAs belong to a single sub-haplogroup (P1a), so far never detected in either European or Asian aurochs remains, which was incorporated into domestic cattle of continental northeastern Asia possibly ~ 3700 years ago; and (3) that haplogroup P1a mtDNAs found in the Japanese Shorthorn breed probably reached Japan about 650 years ago from Mongolia/Russia, in agreement with historical evidence.},
}

Animals
Base Sequence/genetics
Breeding/methods
Cattle/*genetics
Chromosomes/genetics
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Evolution, Molecular
Genetic Variation/genetics
Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Haplotypes/genetics
Japan
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny

@article {pmid32824295,
year = {2020},
author = {Yamada, M and Akashi, K and Ooka, R and Miyado, K and Akutsu, H},
title = {Mitochondrial Genetic Drift after Nuclear Transfer in Oocytes.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {21},
number = {16},
pages = {},
pmid = {32824295},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Gene Editing/methods ; *Genes, Mitochondrial ; *Genetic Drift ; Humans ; Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy/adverse effects/*methods ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques/*adverse effects ; Oocytes/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Mitochondria are energy-producing intracellular organelles containing their own genetic material in the form of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which codes for proteins and RNAs essential for mitochondrial function. Some mtDNA mutations can cause mitochondria-related diseases. Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders with no cure, in which mutated mtDNA is passed from mothers to offspring via maternal egg cytoplasm. Mitochondrial replacement (MR) is a genome transfer technology in which mtDNA carrying disease-related mutations is replaced by presumably disease-free mtDNA. This therapy aims at preventing the transmission of known disease-causing mitochondria to the next generation. Here, a proof of concept for the specific removal or editing of mtDNA disease-related mutations by genome editing is introduced. Although the amount of mtDNA carryover introduced into human oocytes during nuclear transfer is low, the safety of mtDNA heteroplasmy remains a concern. This is particularly true regarding donor-recipient mtDNA mismatch (mtDNA-mtDNA), mtDNA-nuclear DNA (nDNA) mismatch caused by mixing recipient nDNA with donor mtDNA, and mtDNA replicative segregation. These conditions can lead to mtDNA genetic drift and reversion to the original genotype. In this review, we address the current state of knowledge regarding nuclear transplantation for preventing the inheritance of mitochondrial diseases.},
}

Gene Editing/methods
*Genes, Mitochondrial
*Genetic Drift
Humans
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy/adverse effects/*methods
Nuclear Transfer Techniques/*adverse effects
Oocytes/*metabolism

@article {pmid32468258,
year = {2020},
author = {Leelagud, P and Kongsila, S and Vejchasarn, P and Darwell, K and Phansenee, Y and Suthanthangjai, A and Uparang, C and Kawichai, R and Yajai, P and Boonsa-Nga, K and Chamarerk, V and Jairin, J},
title = {Genetic diversity of Asian rice gall midge based on mtCOI gene sequences and identification of a novel resistance locus gm12 in rice cultivar MN62M.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {47},
number = {6},
pages = {4273-4283},
doi = {10.1007/s11033-020-05546-9},
pmid = {32468258},
issn = {1573-4978},
support = {Project No. 27363//Rice Department/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Chromosome Mapping/methods ; Cyclooxygenase 1/*genetics/metabolism ; Diptera/genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Linkage/genetics ; Genetic Loci/genetics ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Mitochondria/enzymology/genetics ; Nematocera/*genetics ; Oryza/*genetics/parasitology ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases/genetics ; },
abstract = {The rice gall midge (RGM), Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice, and it causes significant yield losses annually in Asian countries. The development of resistant rice varieties is considered as the most effective and economical approach for maintaining yield stability by controlling RGM. Identification of resistance genes will help in marker-assisted selection (MAS) to pyramid the resistance genes and develop a durable resistance variety against RGM in areas with frequent outbreaks. In this study, a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) was used to analyze the genetic diversity among Thai RGM populations. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the Thai RGM populations were homogeneously distributed throughout the country. The reactions of the resistant rice varieties carrying different resistance genes revealed different RGM biotypes in Thailand. The Thai rice landrace MN62M showed resistance to all RGM populations used in this study. We identified a novel genetic locus for resistance to RGM, designated as gm12, on the short arm of rice chromosome 2. The locus was identified using linkage analysis in 144 F2 plants derived from a cross between susceptible cultivar KDML105 and RGM-resistant cultivar MN62M with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and F2:3 phenotype. The locus was mapped between two flanking markers, S2_76222 and S2_419160. In conclusion, we identified a new RGM resistance gene, gm12, on rice chromosome 2 in the Thai rice landrace MN62M. This finding yielded DNA markers that can be used in MAS to develop cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance to RGM. Moreover, the new resistance gene provides essential information for the identification of RGM biotypes in Thailand and Southeast Asia.},
}

Animals
Chromosome Mapping/methods
Cyclooxygenase 1/*genetics/metabolism
Diptera/genetics
Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics
Genetic Linkage/genetics
Genetic Loci/genetics
Genetic Markers/genetics
Genetic Variation/genetics
Mitochondria/enzymology/genetics
Nematocera/*genetics
Oryza/*genetics/parasitology
Phylogeny
Plant Diseases/genetics

@article {pmid33569374,
year = {2020},
author = {Xu, D and Qian, J and Guan, X and Ren, L and Yang, K and Huang, X and Zhang, S and Chai, Y and Wu, X and Wu, H and Zhang, X and Yang, K and Yu, B},
title = {Copper-Containing Alloy as Immunoregulatory Material in Bone Regeneration via Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress.},
journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {620629},
doi = {10.3389/fbioe.2020.620629},
pmid = {33569374},
issn = {2296-4185},
abstract = {In the mammalian skeletal system, osteogenesis and angiogenesis are closely linked by type H vessels during bone regeneration and repair. Our previous studies confirmed the promotion of these processes by copper-containing metal (CCM) in vitro and in vivo. However, whether and how the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis participates in the promotion of bone regeneration by CCM in vivo is unknown. In this study, M2a macrophages but not M2c macrophages were shown to be immunoregulated by CCM. A CCM, 316L-5Cu, was applied to drilling hole injuries of the tibia of C57/6 mice for comparison. We observed advanced formation of cortical bone and type H vessels beneath the new bone in the 316L-5Cu group 14 and 21 days postinjury. Moreover, the recruitment of CD206-positive M2a macrophages, which are regarded as the primary source of platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB), was significantly promoted at the injury site at days 14 and 21. Under the stimulation of CCM, mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species were also found to be upregulated in CD206hi M2a macrophages in vitro, and this upregulation was correlated with the expression of PDGF-BB. In conclusion, our results indicate that CCM promotes the evolution of callus through the generation of type H vessels during the process of bone repair by upregulating the expression of PDGF-BB derived from M2a macrophages.},
}

@article {pmid33567508,
year = {2021},
author = {Mannella, CA},
title = {VDAC-A Primal Perspective.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22041685},
pmid = {33567508},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {U01HLI16321/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; P41RR01219/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; BIR-9219043//National Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {The evolution of the eukaryotic cell from the primal endosymbiotic event involved a complex series of adaptations driven primarily by energy optimization. Transfer of genes from endosymbiont to host and concomitant expansion (by infolding) of the endosymbiont's chemiosmotic membrane greatly increased output of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and placed selective pressure on the membrane at the host-endosymbiont interface to sustain the energy advantage. It is hypothesized that critical functions at this interface (metabolite exchange, polypeptide import, barrier integrity to proteins and DNA) were managed by a precursor β-barrel protein ("pβB") from which the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) descended. VDAC's role as hub for disparate and increasingly complex processes suggests an adaptability that likely springs from a feature inherited from pβB, retained because of important advantages conferred. It is proposed that this property is the remarkable structural flexibility evidenced in VDAC's gating mechanism, a possible origin of which is discussed.},
}

@article {pmid33093463,
year = {2020},
author = {Baltazar-Soares, M and Klein, JD and Correia, SM and Reischig, T and Taxonera, A and Roque, SM and Dos Passos, L and Durão, J and Lomba, JP and Dinis, H and Cameron, SJK and Stiebens, VA and Eizaguirre, C},
title = {Distribution of genetic diversity reveals colonization patterns and philopatry of the loggerhead sea turtles across geographic scales.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {18001},
pmid = {33093463},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Brazil ; Cabo Verde ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/*genetics ; *Gene Flow ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Population ; Mediterranean Sea ; Mexico ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Panama ; Turtles/*genetics ; United States ; },
abstract = {Understanding the processes that underlie the current distribution of genetic diversity in endangered species is a goal of modern conservation biology. Specifically, the role of colonization and dispersal events throughout a species' evolutionary history often remains elusive. The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) faces multiple conservation challenges due to its migratory nature and philopatric behaviour. Here, using 4207 mtDNA sequences, we analysed the colonisation patterns and distribution of genetic diversity within a major ocean basin (the Atlantic), a regional rookery (Cabo Verde Archipelago) and a local island (Island of Boa Vista, Cabo Verde). Data analysis using hypothesis-driven population genetic models suggests the colonization of the Atlantic has occurred in two distinct waves, each corresponding to a major mtDNA lineage. We propose the oldest lineage entered the basin via the isthmus of Panama and sequentially established aggregations in Brazil, Cabo Verde and in the area of USA and Mexico. The second lineage entered the Atlantic via the Cape of Good Hope, establishing colonies in the Mediterranean Sea, and from then on, re-colonized the already existing rookeries of the Atlantic. At the Cabo Verde level, we reveal an asymmetric gene flow maintaining links across island-specific nesting groups, despite significant genetic structure. This structure stems from female philopatric behaviours, which could further be detected by weak but significant differentiation amongst beaches separated by only a few kilometres on the island of Boa Vista. Exploring biogeographic processes at diverse geographic scales improves our understanding of the complex evolutionary history of highly migratory philopatric species. Unveiling the past facilitates the design of conservation programmes targeting the right management scale to maintain a species' evolutionary potential.},
}

Animals
*Biological Evolution
Brazil
Cabo Verde
DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/*genetics
*Gene Flow
*Genetic Variation
*Genetics, Population
Mediterranean Sea
Mexico
Mitochondria/*genetics
Panama
Turtles/*genetics
United States

@article {pmid32326478,
year = {2020},
author = {Shu, B and Zhang, J and Veeran, S and Zhong, G},
title = {Pro-Apoptotic Function Analysis of the Reaper Homologue IBM1 in Spodoptera frugiperda.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {21},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {32326478},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {31572335//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects/*genetics/radiation effects ; Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein/pharmacology ; Camptothecin/pharmacology ; Caspase Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/genetics/*metabolism ; Limonins/pharmacology ; Mitochondria/drug effects/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Phylogeny ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sf9 Cells ; Spodoptera/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Up-Regulation ; },
abstract = {As an important type of programmed cell death, apoptosis plays a critical role in lepidopteran insects in response to various internal and external stresses. It is controlled by a network of genes such as those encoding the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. However, there are few studies on apoptosis-related genes in Spodoptera frugiperda. In this study, an orthologue to the Drosophila reaper gene, named Sf-IBM1, was identified from S. frugiperda, and a full-length sequence was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR (RACE-PCR). The expression pattern of Sf-IBM1 was determined in different developmental stages and various tissues. Apoptotic stimuli including azadirachtin, camptothecin, and ultraviolet radiation (UV) induced the expression of Sf-IBM1 at both transcript and protein levels. Overexpression of Sf-IBM1 induced apoptosis in Sf9 cells, and the Sf-IBM1 protein was localized in mitochondria. The apoptosis induced by Sf-IBM1 could be blocked by the caspase universal inhibitor carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK) and Sf-IAP1. Our results provide valuable information that should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular events that lead to apoptosis in lepidopterans.},
}

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Apoptosis/drug effects/*genetics/radiation effects
Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein/pharmacology
Camptothecin/pharmacology
Caspase Inhibitors/*pharmacology
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Insect Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/genetics/*metabolism
Limonins/pharmacology
Mitochondria/drug effects/*metabolism/radiation effects
Phylogeny
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Sf9 Cells
Spodoptera/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism/radiation effects
Ultraviolet Rays
Up-Regulation

@article {pmid33546419,
year = {2021},
author = {Lee, K and Leister, D and Kleine, T},
title = {Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Transcription Termination Factor mTERF2 Promotes Splicing of Group IIB Introns.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cells10020315},
pmid = {33546419},
issn = {2073-4409},
support = {KL 2362/1-1 to T.K., and TRR175 to D.L. (project C05) and T.K. (project C01), and a Humboldt fellowship to K.L.//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {Plastid gene expression (PGE) is essential for chloroplast biogenesis and function and, hence, for plant development. However, many aspects of PGE remain obscure due to the complexity of the process. A hallmark of nuclear-organellar coordination of gene expression is the emergence of nucleus-encoded protein families, including nucleic-acid binding proteins, during the evolution of the green plant lineage. One of these is the mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) family, the members of which regulate various steps in gene expression in chloroplasts and/or mitochondria. Here, we describe the molecular function of the chloroplast-localized mTERF2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The complete loss of mTERF2 function results in embryo lethality, whereas directed, microRNA (amiR)-mediated knockdown of MTERF2 is associated with perturbed plant development and reduced chlorophyll content. Moreover, photosynthesis is impaired in amiR-mterf2 plants, as indicated by reduced levels of photosystem subunits, although the levels of the corresponding messenger RNAs are not affected. RNA immunoprecipitation followed by RNA sequencing (RIP-Seq) experiments, combined with whole-genome RNA-Seq, RNA gel-blot, and quantitative RT-PCR analyses, revealed that mTERF2 is required for the splicing of the group IIB introns of ycf3 (intron 1) and rps12.},
}

@article {pmid33540360,
year = {2021},
author = {Supaphon, P and Kerdpiboon, S and Vénien, A and Loison, O and Sicard, J and Rouel, J and Astruc, T},
title = {Structural changes in local Thai beef during sous-vide cooking.},
journal = {Meat science},
volume = {175},
number = {},
pages = {108442},
doi = {10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108442},
pmid = {33540360},
issn = {1873-4138},
abstract = {Thai beef (Bos indicus) samples were sous-vide-cooked at temperatures of 60°C, 70°C or 80°C for 2 to 36 hrs and prepared for microstructure characterization by light and electron microscopy. Muscle fibers showed a first phase of lateral shrinkage during the first 6 hrs of cooking at 60-70°C and the first 2 hrs at 80°C followed by a second phase of significant alternations of shrinkage and swelling independently of water transfers. Swelling peaked at 12 hrs. Microstructural changes were more variable for samples cooked at 60-70°C than for samples cooked at 80°C that showed a larger cross-sectional myofibrillar mass area (CSA). Hypercontracted fibers were evidenced at all temperature-time combinations and were associated with adjacent wavy fibers and a characteristic structural evolution in the mitochondria. The role of thermal denaturation of proteins and the ultrastructural analogy of hypercontracted fibers with cold-shortened fibers are discussed.},
}

@article {pmid33540080,
year = {2021},
author = {de Freitas Souza, C and Baldissera, MD and Barroso, D and de Lima, MCM and Baldisserotto, B and Val, A},
title = {Involvement of purinergic system and electron transport chain in two species of cichlids from the Amazon basin exposed to hypoxia.},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {110918},
doi = {10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110918},
pmid = {33540080},
issn = {1531-4332},
abstract = {The Amazonian aquatic ecosystem undergoes seasonal variations and daily changes that directly affect the availability of oxygen. During the day the levels of oxygen can reach supersaturation, and at night can drop to zero. In this way, aquatic organisms are exposed daily to physiological challenges regarding the availability of oxygen. The present study revealed significant differences in the physiology and performance of two cichlids: Geophagus proximus (black water cichlid - from Negro River) and Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (white water cichlid - from Amazon River), exposed to hypoxia. The white water cichlid showed lower value (1.99 ± 0.79 pKa) of critical pressure of oxygen (Pcrit) and a longer time (68.00 ± 14.11 min) for total loss of balance (LOE); however, this species showed 50% mortality during exposure to hypoxia, while the black water cichlid did not show mortality. Both cichlids presented a decrease in O2 consumption rate (OCR) during hypoxia.. In this sense, it was observed that the black water cichlid presented several physiological strategies during hypoxia, such as, a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity (for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as a substrate) in the gills, and the activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in gills and liver, in addition to a significant increase in the activity of complexes (II-III) in the transporter chain of electrons in both analyzed tissues and succinate dehydrogenase activity of gills' mitochondria. On the other hand, the only physiological change observed in the white water cichlid was a significant reduction in the activity of complexes II-III in gills and liver. Based on our findings, we can hypothesize that the white water cichlid specie has less tolerant to hypoxia when compared to the black water cichlid.},
}

@article {pmid33222011,
year = {2021},
author = {Liu, H and Liu, M and Zhu, H and Zhong, J and Liao, X and Zhou, Q},
title = {Molecular characterization of a novel mitovirus from the plant‑pathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea.},
journal = {Archives of virology},
volume = {166},
number = {2},
pages = {633-637},
pmid = {33222011},
issn = {1432-8798},
support = {2018JJ3220//Hunan Provincial Natural Science Fund/ ; CX20190522//Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate/ ; },
mesh = {Amino Acids/genetics ; Ascomycota/*virology ; Genome, Viral/*genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plants/*microbiology ; RNA Viruses/*genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; },
abstract = {Here, a novel mycovirus, Botryosphaeria dothidea mitovirus 1 (BdMV1), was isolated from a phytopathogenic fungus, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and its molecular characteristics were determined. BdMV1 has a genome of 2,667 nt that contains a single large open reading frame (ORF) using the fungal mitochondrial genetic code. The ORF encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 727 amino acids with a molecular mass of 81.64 kDa. BLASTp analysis revealed that the RdRp domain of BdMV1 has 39.59% and 39.18% sequence identity to Plasmopara viticola associated mitovirus 43 and Setosphaeria turcica mitovirus 1, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis further suggested that BdMV1 is a new member of the genus Mitovirus within the family Mitoviridae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a mitovirus in B. dothidea.},
}

Amino Acids/genetics
Ascomycota/*virology
Genome, Viral/*genetics
Mitochondria/genetics
Open Reading Frames/genetics
Phylogeny
Plants/*microbiology
RNA Viruses/*genetics
RNA, Viral/genetics
RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
Viral Proteins/genetics

@article {pmid32482927,
year = {2020},
author = {Zou, Y and Xu, M and Ren, S and Liang, N and Han, C and Nan, X and Shi, J},
title = {Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationship of zokors.},
journal = {Journal of genetics},
volume = {99},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {32482927},
issn = {0973-7731},
mesh = {Animals ; Classification/*methods ; Cytochromes b/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Rodentia/*genetics ; Tibet ; },
abstract = {Zokor (Myospalacinae) is one of the subterranean rodents, endemic to east Asia. Due to the convergent and parallel evolution induced by its special lifestyles, the controversies in morphological classification of zokor appeared at the level of family and genus. To resolve these controversies about taxonomy and phylogeny, the phylogenetic relationships of 20 species of Muroidea and six species of zokors were studied based on complete mitochondrial genome and mitochondrial Cytb gene, respectively. Phylogeny analysis of 20 species of Muroidea indicated that the zokor belonged to the family Spalacidae, and it was closer to mole rat rather than bamboo rat. Besides, by investigating the phylogenetic relationships of six species of zokors, the status of two genera of Eospalax and Myospalax was affirmed because the two clades differentiated in phylogenetic tree represented two types of zokors, convex occiput type and flat occiput type, respectively. In addition, the two origins in Eospalax were found diverged at 3.71 million years ago (Ma) based on estimation of divergence time. It is suggested that the climate and ecology changes caused by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift event in 3.6 Ma led to the inner divergence of Eospalax. The intraspecific phylogenetic relationships of partial zokors were well resolved, the two clades of Eospalax cansus represented two geographical populations, respectively, and the divergent pattern of Eospalax baileyi was characterized by allopatric divergence spatially. In this study, we explored the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of Myospalacinae at the molecular level. These works would be significant to understanding the evolutionary process and to clarify the mechanism of differentiation of Myospalacinae.},
}

Animals
Classification/*methods
Cytochromes b/*genetics
Evolution, Molecular
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
Rodentia/*genetics
Tibet

@article {pmid33526678,
year = {2021},
author = {Rout, S and Oeljeklaus, S and Makki, A and Tachezy, J and Warscheid, B and Schneider, A},
title = {Determinism and contingencies shaped the evolution of mitochondrial protein import.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {118},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2017774118},
pmid = {33526678},
issn = {1091-6490},
abstract = {Mitochondrial protein import requires outer membrane receptors that evolved independently in different lineages. Here we used quantitative proteomics and in vitro binding assays to investigate the substrate preferences of ATOM46 and ATOM69, the two mitochondrial import receptors of Trypanosoma brucei The results show that ATOM46 prefers presequence-containing, hydrophilic proteins that lack transmembrane domains (TMDs), whereas ATOM69 prefers presequence-lacking, hydrophobic substrates that have TMDs. Thus, the ATOM46/yeast Tom20 and the ATOM69/yeast Tom70 pairs have similar substrate preferences. However, ATOM46 mainly uses electrostatic, and Tom20 hydrophobic, interactions for substrate binding. In vivo replacement of T. brucei ATOM46 by yeast Tom20 did not restore import. However, replacement of ATOM69 by the recently discovered Tom36 receptor of Trichomonas hydrogenosomes, while not allowing for growth, restored import of a large subset of trypanosomal proteins that lack TMDs. Thus, even though ATOM69 and Tom36 share the same domain structure and topology, they have different substrate preferences. The study establishes complementation experiments, combined with quantitative proteomics, as a highly versatile and sensitive method to compare in vivo preferences of protein import receptors. Moreover, it illustrates the role determinism and contingencies played in the evolution of mitochondrial protein import receptors.},
}

@article {pmid32493270,
year = {2020},
author = {de Paula Freitas, FC and Lourenço, AP and Nunes, FMF and Paschoal, AR and Abreu, FCP and Barbin, FO and Bataglia, L and Cardoso-Júnior, CAM and Cervoni, MS and Silva, SR and Dalarmi, F and Del Lama, MA and Depintor, TS and Ferreira, KM and Gória, PS and Jaskot, MC and Lago, DC and Luna-Lucena, D and Moda, LM and Nascimento, L and Pedrino, M and Oliveira, FR and Sanches, FC and Santos, DE and Santos, CG and Vieira, J and Barchuk, AR and Hartfelder, K and Simões, ZLP and Bitondi, MMG and Pinheiro, DG},
title = {The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Frieseomelitta varia - a highly eusocial stingless bee (Meliponini) with a permanently sterile worker caste.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {386},
pmid = {32493270},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {454103/2014-0//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 2015/06657-0//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bees/classification/genetics/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Gene Order ; Genome Size ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics ; Social Behavior ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Most of our understanding on the social behavior and genomics of bees and other social insects is centered on the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera. The genus Apis, however, is a highly derived branch comprising less than a dozen species, four of which genomically characterized. In contrast, for the equally highly eusocial, yet taxonomically and biologically more diverse Meliponini, a full genome sequence was so far available for a single Melipona species only. We present here the genome sequence of Frieseomelitta varia, a stingless bee that has, as a peculiarity, a completely sterile worker caste.

RESULTS: The assembly of 243,974,526 high quality Illumina reads resulted in a predicted assembled genome size of 275 Mb composed of 2173 scaffolds. A BUSCO analysis for the 10,526 predicted genes showed that these represent 96.6% of the expected hymenopteran orthologs. We also predicted 169,371 repetitive genomic components, 2083 putative transposable elements, and 1946 genes for non-coding RNAs, largely long non-coding RNAs. The mitochondrial genome comprises 15,144 bp, encoding 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs. We observed considerable rearrangement in the mitochondrial gene order compared to other bees. For an in-depth analysis of genes related to social biology, we manually checked the annotations for 533 automatically predicted gene models, including 127 genes related to reproductive processes, 104 to development, and 174 immunity-related genes. We also performed specific searches for genes containing transcription factor domains and genes related to neurogenesis and chemosensory communication.

CONCLUSIONS: The total genome size for F. varia is similar to the sequenced genomes of other bees. Using specific prediction methods, we identified a large number of repetitive genome components and long non-coding RNAs, which could provide the molecular basis for gene regulatory plasticity, including worker reproduction. The remarkable reshuffling in gene order in the mitochondrial genome suggests that stingless bees may be a hotspot for mtDNA evolution. Hence, while being just the second stingless bee genome sequenced, we expect that subsequent targeting of a selected set of species from this diverse clade of highly eusocial bees will reveal relevant evolutionary signals and trends related to eusociality in these important pollinators.},
}

Animals
Bees/classification/genetics/*physiology
Behavior, Animal
Cell Nucleus/*genetics
Computational Biology/*methods
Gene Order
Genome Size
Genome, Mitochondrial
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Interspersed Repetitive Sequences
Mitochondria/*genetics
RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
Social Behavior
Whole Genome Sequencing

@article {pmid33370271,
year = {2020},
author = {Sorouri, M and Chang, T and Jesudhasan, P and Pinkham, C and Elde, NC and Hancks, DC},
title = {Signatures of host-pathogen evolutionary conflict reveal MISTR-A conserved MItochondrial STress Response network.},
journal = {PLoS biology},
volume = {18},
number = {12},
pages = {e3001045},
pmid = {33370271},
issn = {1545-7885},
support = {R00 GM119126/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 GM114514/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Stress, Physiological/*genetics/physiology ; Viruses/genetics ; },
abstract = {Host-pathogen conflicts leave genetic signatures in genes that are critical for host defense functions. Using these "molecular scars" as a guide to discover gene functions, we discovered a vertebrate-specific MItochondrial STress Response (MISTR) circuit. MISTR proteins are associated with electron transport chain (ETC) factors and activated by stress signals such as interferon gamma (IFNγ) and hypoxia. Upon stress, ultraconserved microRNAs (miRNAs) down-regulate MISTR1(NDUFA4) followed by replacement with paralogs MItochondrial STress Response AntiViral (MISTRAV) and/or MItochondrial STress Response Hypoxia (MISTRH). While cells lacking MISTR1(NDUFA4) are more sensitive to chemical and viral apoptotic triggers, cells lacking MISTRAV or expressing the squirrelpox virus-encoded vMISTRAV exhibit resistance to the same insults. Rapid evolution signatures across primate genomes for MISTR1(NDUFA4) and MISTRAV indicate recent and ongoing conflicts with pathogens. MISTR homologs are also found in plants, yeasts, a fish virus, and an algal virus indicating ancient origins and suggesting diverse means of altering mitochondrial function under stress. The discovery of MISTR circuitry highlights the use of evolution-guided studies to reveal fundamental biological processes.},
}

Animals
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics/metabolism
Evolution, Molecular
Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics
Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics/physiology
Humans
MicroRNAs/genetics
Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism
Phylogeny
Stress, Physiological/*genetics/physiology
Viruses/genetics

@article {pmid33253201,
year = {2020},
author = {Bjedov, I and Cochemé, HM and Foley, A and Wieser, D and Woodling, NS and Castillo-Quan, JI and Norvaisas, P and Lujan, C and Regan, JC and Toivonen, JM and Murphy, MP and Thornton, J and Kinghorn, KJ and Neufeld, TP and Cabreiro, F and Partridge, L},
title = {Fine-tuning autophagy maximises lifespan and is associated with changes in mitochondrial gene expression in Drosophila.},
journal = {PLoS genetics},
volume = {16},
number = {11},
pages = {e1009083},
pmid = {33253201},
issn = {1553-7404},
support = {102532/Z/12/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; C416/A25145/CRUK_/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom ; 102531/Z/13/A/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; MC-A654-5QC80/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; 214589/Z/18/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Aging/genetics ; Animals ; Autophagy/*genetics ; Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Gene Expression/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Longevity/*genetics ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; },
abstract = {Increased cellular degradation by autophagy is a feature of many interventions that delay ageing. We report here that increased autophagy is necessary for reduced insulin-like signalling (IIS) to extend lifespan in Drosophila and is sufficient on its own to increase lifespan. We first established that the well-characterised lifespan extension associated with deletion of the insulin receptor substrate chico was completely abrogated by downregulation of the essential autophagy gene Atg5. We next directly induced autophagy by over-expressing the major autophagy kinase Atg1 and found that a mild increase in autophagy extended lifespan. Interestingly, strong Atg1 up-regulation was detrimental to lifespan. Transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches identified specific signatures mediated by varying levels of autophagy in flies. Transcriptional upregulation of mitochondrial-related genes was the signature most specifically associated with mild Atg1 upregulation and extended lifespan, whereas short-lived flies, possessing strong Atg1 overexpression, showed reduced mitochondrial metabolism and up-regulated immune system pathways. Increased proteasomal activity and reduced triacylglycerol levels were features shared by both moderate and high Atg1 overexpression conditions. These contrasting effects of autophagy on ageing and differential metabolic profiles highlight the importance of fine-tuning autophagy levels to achieve optimal healthspan and disease prevention.},
}

Aging/genetics
Animals
Autophagy/*genetics
Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog/genetics/metabolism
Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
Gene Expression/genetics
Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics
Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Longevity/*genetics
Mitochondria/*genetics
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
Receptor, Insulin/genetics
Signal Transduction

@article {pmid33514857,
year = {2021},
author = {Macey, JR and Pabinger, S and Barbieri, CG and Buring, ES and Gonzalez, VL and Mulcahy, DG and DeMeo, DP and Urban, L and Hime, PM and Prost, S and Elliott, AN and Gemmell, NJ},
title = {Evidence of two deeply divergent co-existing mitochondrial genomes in the Tuatara reveals an extremely complex genomic organization.},
journal = {Communications biology},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {116},
pmid = {33514857},
issn = {2399-3642},
abstract = {Animal mitochondrial genomic polymorphism occurs as low-level mitochondrial heteroplasmy and deeply divergent co-existing molecules. The latter is rare, known only in bivalvian mollusks. Here we show two deeply divergent co-existing mt-genomes in a vertebrate through genomic sequencing of the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), the sole-representative of an ancient reptilian Order. The two molecules, revealed using a combination of short-read and long-read sequencing technologies, differ by 10.4% nucleotide divergence. A single long-read covers an entire mt-molecule for both strands. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a 7-8 million-year divergence between genomes. Contrary to earlier reports, all 37 genes typical of animal mitochondria, with drastic gene rearrangements, are confirmed for both mt-genomes. Also unique to vertebrates, concerted evolution drives three near-identical putative Control Region non-coding blocks. Evidence of positive selection at sites linked to metabolically important transmembrane regions of encoded proteins suggests these two mt-genomes may confer an adaptive advantage for an unusually cold-tolerant reptile.},
}

@article {pmid32580700,
year = {2020},
author = {Deng, Y and Zhang, X and Xie, B and Lin, L and Hsiang, T and Lin, X and Lin, Y and Zhang, X and Ma, Y and Miao, W and Ming, R},
title = {Intra-specific comparison of mitochondrial genomes reveals host gene fragment exchange via intron mobility in Tremella fuciformis.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {426},
pmid = {32580700},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {31670021//Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {Basidiomycota/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Gene Order ; Genetic Variation ; Genome Size ; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences ; Introns ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial genomic sequences are known to be variable. Comparative analyses of mitochondrial genomes can reveal the nature and extent of their variation.

RESULTS: Draft mitochondrial genomes of 16 Tremella fuciformis isolates (TF01-TF16) were assembled from Illumina and PacBio sequencing data. Mitochondrial DNA contigs were extracted and assembled into complete circular molecules, ranging from 35,104 bp to 49,044 bp in size. All mtDNAs contained the same set of 41 conserved genes with identical gene order. Comparative analyses revealed that introns and intergenic regions were variable, whereas genic regions (including coding sequences, tRNA, and rRNA genes) were conserved. Among 24 introns detected, 11 were in protein-coding genes, 3 in tRNA genes, and the other 10 in rRNA genes. In addition, two mobile fragments were found in intergenic regions. Interestingly, six introns containing N-terminal duplication of the host genes were found in five conserved protein-coding gene sequences. Comparison of genes with and without these introns gave rise to the following proposed model: gene fragment exchange with other species can occur via gain or loss of introns with N-terminal duplication of the host genes.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a novel mechanism of fungal mitochondrial gene evolution: partial foreign gene replacement though intron mobility.},
}

Basidiomycota/*genetics
Evolution, Molecular
Fungal Proteins/genetics
Gene Order
Genetic Variation
Genome Size
Interspersed Repetitive Sequences
Introns
Mitochondria/*genetics
Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics
Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods

@article {pmid32121321,
year = {2020},
author = {Duran, DP and Laroche, RA and Gough, HM and Gwiazdowski, RA and Knisley, CB and Herrmann, DP and Roman, SJ and Egan, SP},
title = {Geographic Life History Differences Predict Genomic Divergence Better than Mitochondrial Barcodes or Phenotype.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {32121321},
issn = {2073-4425},
mesh = {Animals ; Classification/*methods ; Coleoptera/classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/classification/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Insect/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Life History Traits ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phenotype ; *Phylogeography ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Species diversity can be inferred using multiple data types, however, results based on genetic data can be at odds with patterns of phenotypic variation. Tiger beetles of the Cicindelidiapolitula (LeConte, 1875) species complex have been taxonomically problematic due to extreme phenotypic variation within and between populations. To better understand the biology and taxonomy of this group, we used mtDNA genealogies and multilocus nuclear analyses of 34,921 SNPs to elucidate its evolutionary history and evaluate the validity of phenotypically circumscribed species and subspecies. Genetic analyses recovered two divergent species that are also ecologically distinct, based on adult life history. These patterns are incongruous with the phenotypic variation that informed prior taxonomy, and most subspecies were not supported as distinct evolutionary lineages. One of the nominal subspecies was found to be a cryptic species; consequently, we elevate C. p.laetipennis (Horn, 1913) to a full species. Although nuclear and mtDNA datasets recovered broadly similar evolutionary units, mito-nuclear discordance was more common than expected, being observed between nearly all geographically overlapping taxonomic pairs. Additionally, a pattern of 'mitochondrial displacement' was observed, where mitochondria from one species unidirectionally displace others. Overall, we found that geographically associated life history factors better predict genomic divergence than phenotype and mitochondrial genealogies, and consequently taxon identifications based on mtDNA (e.g., DNA barcodes) may be misleading.},
}

Animals
Classification/*methods
Coleoptera/classification/*genetics
DNA, Mitochondrial/classification/*genetics
Genetic Variation
Genome, Insect/genetics
Haplotypes/genetics
Life History Traits
Mitochondria/genetics
Phenotype
*Phylogeography
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
Species Specificity

@article {pmid33507545,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, J and Meng, Q and Fu, Y and Yu, X and Ji, T and Chao, Y and Chen, Q and Li, Y and Bian, H},
title = {Novel insights: Dynamic foam cells derived from the macrophage in atherosclerosis.},
journal = {Journal of cellular physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jcp.30300},
pmid = {33507545},
issn = {1097-4652},
support = {81774029//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Atherosclerosis can be regarded as a chronic disease derived from the interaction between disordered lipoproteins and an unsuitable immune response. The evolution of foam cells is not only a significant pathological change in the early stage of atherosclerosis but also a key stage in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is mainly caused by the imbalance among lipids uptake, lipids treatment, and reverse cholesterol transport. Although a large number of studies have summarized the source of foam cells and the mechanism of foam cells formation, we propose a new idea about foam cells in atherosclerosis. Rather than an isolated microenvironment, the macrophage multiple lipid uptake pathways, lipid internalization, lysosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase (NCEH), acyl-coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), and reverse cholesterol transport are mutually influential, and form a dynamic process under multi-factor regulation. The macrophage takes on different uptake lipid statuses depending on multiple uptake pathways and intracellular lipids, lipid metabolites versus pro-inflammatory factors. Except for NCEH and ACAT, the lipid internalization of macrophages also depends on multicellular organelles including the lysosome, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, which are associated with each other. A dynamic balance between esterification and hydrolysis of cholesterol for macrophages is essential for physiology and pathology. Therefore, we propose that the foam cell in the process of atherosclerosis may be dynamic under multi-factor regulation, and collate this study to provide a holistic and dynamic idea of the foam cell.},
}

@article {pmid33495511,
year = {2021},
author = {Subramanian, V and Rodemoyer, B and Shastri, V and Rasmussen, LJ and Desler, C and Schmidt, KH},
title = {Bloom syndrome DNA helicase deficiency is associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial network changes.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {2157},
pmid = {33495511},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {R01GM081425/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Bloom Syndrome (BS; OMIM #210900; ORPHA #125) is a rare genetic disorder that is associated with growth deficits, compromised immune system, insulin resistance, genome instability and extraordinary predisposition to cancer. Most efforts thus far have focused on understanding the role of the Bloom syndrome DNA helicase BLM as a recombination factor in maintaining genome stability and suppressing cancer. Here, we observed increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA base damage in BLM-deficient cells, as well as oxidative-stress-dependent reduction in DNA replication speed. BLM-deficient cells exhibited increased mitochondrial mass, upregulation of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), higher ATP levels and increased respiratory reserve capacity. Cyclin B1, which acts in complex with cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1 to regulate mitotic entry and associated mitochondrial fission by phosphorylating mitochondrial fission protein Drp1, fails to be fully degraded in BLM-deficient cells and shows unscheduled expression in G1 phase cells. This failure to degrade cyclin B1 is accompanied by increased levels and persistent activation of Drp1 throughout mitosis and into G1 phase as well as mitochondrial fragmentation. This study identifies mitochondria-associated abnormalities in Bloom syndrome patient-derived and BLM-knockout cells and we discuss how these abnormalities may contribute to Bloom syndrome.},
}

@article {pmid33490584,
year = {2021},
author = {Eo, JK},
title = {The complete mitogenome of Diaporthe nobilis.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {6-7},
doi = {10.1080/23802359.2020.1844094},
pmid = {33490584},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {The complete mitogenome of Diaporthe nobilis NIE8444 (KCTC No. 56710) isolated from alpine conifer Abies nephrolepis is determined by the Illumina Hiseq4000 platform in this study. This mitogenome consists of 67,437 bp length with 31.45% G + C content. A total of 51 genes were predicted in this mitogenome: 21 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs and 28 tRNAs. Phylogenetic tree based on small subunit ribosomal RNA of mitochondria showed that D. nobilis was close to D. longicolla. This complete mitogenome of D. nobilis provides valuable information on the mitochondrial evolution of endophytic fungi.},
}

@article {pmid33487111,
year = {2021},
author = {Wan, KY and Jékely, G},
title = {Origins of eukaryotic excitability.},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
volume = {376},
number = {1820},
pages = {20190758},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0758},
pmid = {33487111},
issn = {1471-2970},
abstract = {All living cells interact dynamically with a constantly changing world. Eukaryotes, in particular, evolved radically new ways to sense and react to their environment. These advances enabled new and more complex forms of cellular behaviour in eukaryotes, including directional movement, active feeding, mating, and responses to predation. But what are the key events and innovations during eukaryogenesis that made all of this possible? Here we describe the ancestral repertoire of eukaryotic excitability and discuss five major cellular innovations that enabled its evolutionary origin. The innovations include a vastly expanded repertoire of ion channels, the emergence of cilia and pseudopodia, endomembranes as intracellular capacitors, a flexible plasma membrane and the relocation of chemiosmotic ATP synthesis to mitochondria, which liberated the plasma membrane for more complex electrical signalling involved in sensing and reacting. We conjecture that together with an increase in cell size, these new forms of excitability greatly amplified the degrees of freedom associated with cellular responses, allowing eukaryotes to vastly outperform prokaryotes in terms of both speed and accuracy. This comprehensive new perspective on the evolution of excitability enriches our view of eukaryogenesis and emphasizes behaviour and sensing as major contributors to the success of eukaryotes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell'.},
}

@article {pmid33486550,
year = {2021},
author = {Christensen, AC},
title = {Plant Mitochondria are a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma.},
journal = {Journal of molecular evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33486550},
issn = {1432-1432},
support = {MCB-1933590//National Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {A fundamental paradox motivates the study of plant mitochondrial genomics: the mutation rate is very low (lower than in the nucleus) but the rearrangement rate is high. A landmark paper published in Journal of Molecular Evolution in 1988 established these facts and revealed the paradox. Jeffrey Palmer and Laura Herbon did a prodigious amount of work in the pre-genome sequencing era to identify both the high frequency of rearrangements between closely related species, and the low frequency of mutations, observations that have now been confirmed many times by sequencing. This paper was also the first to use molecular data on rearrangements as a phylogenetic trait to build a parsimonious tree. The work was a technical tour-de-force, its findings are still at the heart of plant mitochondrial genomics, and the underlying molecular mechanisms that produce this paradox are still not completely understood.},
}

@article {pmid32647112,
year = {2020},
author = {Lubośny, M and Przyłucka, A and Śmietanka, B and Burzyński, A},
title = {Semimytilus algosus: first known hermaphroditic mussel with doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {11256},
pmid = {32647112},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Alleles ; Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Genome ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Heredity ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Inheritance Patterns ; Male ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Mytilus/*genetics ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA/genetics ; Sex Determination Processes ; },
abstract = {Doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mitochondrial DNA is a rare phenomenon occurring in some freshwater and marine bivalves and is usually characterized by the mitochondrial heteroplasmy of male individuals. Previous research on freshwater Unionida mussels showed that hermaphroditic species do not have DUI even if their closest gonochoristic counterparts do. No records showing DUI in a hermaphrodite have ever been reported. Here we show for the first time that the hermaphroditic mussel Semimytilus algosus (Mytilida), very likely has DUI, based on the complete sequences of both mitochondrial DNAs and the distribution of mtDNA types between male and female gonads. The two mitogenomes show considerable divergence (34.7%). The presumably paternal M type mitogenome dominated the male gonads of most studied mussels, while remaining at very low or undetectable levels in the female gonads of the same individuals. If indeed DUI can function in the context of simultaneous hermaphroditism, a change of paradigm regarding its involvement in sex determination is needed. It is apparently associated with gonadal differentiation rather than with sex determination in bivalves.},
}

Alleles
Animals
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Female
Fresh Water
Genome
Genome, Mitochondrial
Heredity
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
*Inheritance Patterns
Male
Mitochondria/metabolism
Models, Genetic
Mytilus/*genetics
Open Reading Frames
Phylogeny
Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA/genetics
Sex Determination Processes

@article {pmid31532710,
year = {2020},
author = {Göke, A and Schrott, S and Mizrak, A and Belyy, V and Osman, C and Walter, P},
title = {Mrx6 regulates mitochondrial DNA copy number in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by engaging the evolutionarily conserved Lon protease Pim1.},
journal = {Molecular biology of the cell},
volume = {31},
number = {7},
pages = {527-545},
pmid = {31532710},
issn = {1939-4586},
support = {/HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; },
mesh = {ATP-Dependent Proteases/*metabolism ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA Copy Number Variations/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Deletion ; Genetic Testing ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Protein Binding ; Protein Domains ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Mitochondrial function depends crucially on the maintenance of multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies. Surprisingly, the cellular mechanisms regulating mtDNA copy number remain poorly understood. Through a systematic high-throughput approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we determined mtDNA-to-nuclear DNA ratios in 5148 strains lacking nonessential genes. The screen revealed MRX6, a largely uncharacterized gene, whose deletion resulted in a marked increase in mtDNA levels, while maintaining wild type-like mitochondrial structure and cell size. Quantitative superresolution imaging revealed that deletion of MRX6 alters both the size and the spatial distribution of mtDNA nucleoids. We demonstrate that Mrx6 partially colocalizes with mtDNA within mitochondria and interacts with the conserved Lon protease Pim1 in a complex that also includes Mam33 and the Mrx6-related protein Pet20. Acute depletion of Pim1 phenocopied the high mtDNA levels observed in Δmrx6 cells. No further increase in mtDNA copy number was observed upon depletion of Pim1 in Δmrx6 cells, revealing an epistatic relationship between Pim1 and Mrx6. Human and bacterial Lon proteases regulate DNA replication by degrading replication initiation factors, suggesting a model in which Pim1 acts similarly with the Mrx6 complex, providing a scaffold linking it to mtDNA.},
}

ATP-Dependent Proteases/*metabolism
*Conserved Sequence
DNA Copy Number Variations/*genetics
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
*Evolution, Molecular
Gene Deletion
Genetic Testing
Mitochondria/metabolism
Mitochondrial Proteins/*metabolism
Models, Biological
Protein Binding
Protein Domains
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism
Serine Endopeptidases/*metabolism

@article {pmid33475472,
year = {2021},
author = {Fukuda, T and Kanki, T},
title = {Atg43, a novel autophagy-related protein, serves as a mitophagy receptor to bridge mitochondria with phagophores in fission yeast.},
journal = {Autophagy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-2},
doi = {10.1080/15548627.2021.1874662},
pmid = {33475472},
issn = {1554-8635},
abstract = {Mitophagy is a selective type of autophagy in which damaged or unnecessary mitochondria are sequestered by double-membranous structures called phagophores and delivered to vacuoles/lysosomes for degradation. The molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy have been studied extensively in budding yeast and mammalian cells. To gain more diverse insights, our recent study identified Atg43 as a mitophagy receptor in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Atg43 is localized on the mitochondrial outer membrane through the Mim1-Mim2 complex and binds to Atg8, a ubiquitin-like protein conjugated to phagophore membranes. Artificial tethering of Atg8 to mitochondria can bypass the requirement of Atg43 for mitophagy, suggesting that the main role of Atg43 in mitophagy is to stabilize phagophore expansion on mitochondria by interacting with Atg8. Atg43 shares no sequence similarity with mitophagy receptors in other organisms and has a mitophagy-independent function, raising the possibility that Atg43 has acquired the mitophagic function by convergent evolution.},
}

@article {pmid33474357,
year = {2018},
author = {Li, J and Bi, C and Tu, J and Lu, Z},
title = {The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Boechera stricta.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {896-897},
doi = {10.1080/23802359.2018.1501323},
pmid = {33474357},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {Boechera stricta (B. stricta) is a wild relative of Arabidopsis, occurring in mostly montane regions of western North America. In this article, we assembled the complete mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequence of B. stricta into a circular genome of length 271,601 bp, including 31 protein-coding genes, 21 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. From the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed, based on the 23 conserved protein-coding genes of B. stricta and other 23 plant species, and the phylogenic relationship and evolution position of B. stricta were determined. The complete mt genome would be useful for further investigation of the genotype-by-environment interactions in mitochondria of Boechera.},
}

@article {pmid33473993,
year = {2017},
author = {Zeng, L and Liu, C and Lin, R and Kang, X and Xie, B and Xiong, X},
title = {Complete mitogenome of the high ethanol production fungus Fusarium oxysporum Mh2-2.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
pages = {814-815},
doi = {10.1080/23802359.2017.1398601},
pmid = {33473993},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {Fusarium spp. are significantly important plant pathogens, and some of them are ethanol-producing strains. During infection and/or ethanol production, Fusarium requires a plenty of energy that is mainly provided by mitochondria. Here we report the first mitogenome from a selected Fusarium oxysporum strain mh2-2 that produces ethanol from glucose and xylose. The size of this mitogenome, 46 kb, is different from the size of any reported Fusarium mitogenome. Our results provide insight into the functions and evolution of mitochondrial genes and genomes.},
}

@article {pmid33473765,
year = {2017},
author = {Gagat, P and Mackiewicz, D and Mackiewicz, P},
title = {Peculiarities within peculiarities - dinoflagellates and their mitochondrial genomes.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
pages = {191-195},
doi = {10.1080/23802359.2017.1307699},
pmid = {33473765},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {After the establishment of an endosymbiotic relationship between a proto-mitochondrion and its probable archaeal host, mitochondrial genomes underwent a spectacular reductive evolution. An interesting pathway was chosen by mitogenomes of unicellular protists called dinoflagellates, which experienced an additional wave of reduction followed by amplification and rearrangement leading to their secondary complexity. The former resulted in a mitogenome consisting of only three protein-coding genes, the latter in their multiple copies being scattered across numerous chromosomes and the evolution of complex processes for their expression. These stunning features raise a question about the future of the dinoflagellate mitochondrial genome.},
}

@article {pmid33473428,
year = {2016},
author = {Dong, L and Maoliang, R and Li, Z and Chen, B},
title = {The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Meishan pig (Sus Scrofa) and a phylogenetic study.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {112-113},
doi = {10.1080/23802359.2015.1137850},
pmid = {33473428},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {In this study, we cloned and sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome DNA of Chinese pig, the Meishan pig. The sample was taken from Yencheng City, Jiangsu province in China. The complete genome DNA is 16 708 bp in length. We also performed a comparative analysis of the Meishan pig mitochondrial to the mitogenome sequences of 21 pig breeds which have been deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbour-joining computational algorithms showed that the analyzed species are divided into four major clades; the results can be subsequently used to provide information for pig phylogenetic and insights into the evolution of genomes.},
}

@article {pmid33454277,
year = {2021},
author = {Fuentealba, M and Fabian, DK and Dönertaş, HM and Thornton, JM and Partridge, L},
title = {Transcriptomic profiling of long- and short-lived mutant mice implicates mitochondrial metabolism in ageing and shows signatures of normal ageing in progeroid mice.},
journal = {Mechanisms of ageing and development},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {111437},
doi = {10.1016/j.mad.2021.111437},
pmid = {33454277},
issn = {1872-6216},
abstract = {Genetically modified mouse models of ageing are the living proof that lifespan and healthspan can be lengthened or shortened, and provide a powerful context in which to unravel the molecular mechanisms at work. In this study, we analysed and compared gene expression data from 10 long-lived and 8 short-lived mouse models of ageing. Transcriptome-wide correlation analysis revealed that mutations with equivalent effects on lifespan induce more similar transcriptomic changes, especially if they target the same pathway. Using functional enrichment analysis, we identified 58 gene sets with consistent changes in long- and short-lived mice, 55 of which were up-regulated in long-lived mice and down-regulated in short-lived mice. Half of these sets represented genes involved in energy and lipid metabolism, among which Ppargc1a, Mif, Aldh5a1 and Idh1 were frequently observed. Based on the gene sets with consistent changes, and also the whole transcriptome, the gene expression changes during normal ageing resembled the transcriptome of short-lived models, suggesting that accelerated ageing models reproduce partially the molecular changes of ageing. Finally, we identified new genetic interventions that may ameliorate ageing, by comparing the transcriptomes of 51 mouse mutants not previously associated with ageing to expression signatures of long- and short-lived mice and ageing-related changes.},
}

@article {pmid33458207,
year = {2020},
author = {Huang, X and Shi, Y and Huang, D and Shen, X and Wang, Y and Chen, J and Cai, Y},
title = {Characterization of the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Lagocephalus guentheri (Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes).},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {3472-3473},
pmid = {33458207},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Lagocephalus guentheri was reported in the present study, which was 16,461 bp in length. It consists of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a non-coding control region. The overall base composition of the genome is 27.54% for A, 24.80% for T, 31.23% for C and 16.43% for G. The phylogenetic tree, which is based on 12 protein-coding gene sequences, suggested that L. guentheri was closest to L. spadiceus. This study could give impetus to studies focused on population structure and molecular evolution of L. guentheri.},
}

@article {pmid33457843,
year = {2020},
author = {Chen, Z and Zhao, J and Qiao, J and Li, W and Li, J and Xu, R and Wang, H and Liu, Z and Xing, B and Wendel, JF and Grover, CE},
title = {Comparative analysis of codon usage between Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense mitochondrial genomes.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {2500-2506},
pmid = {33457843},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense mitochondrial genomes were analyzed to understand the factors shaping codon usage. While most analyses of codon usage suggest minimal to no bias, nucleotide composition, specifically GC content, was significantly correlated with codon usage. In general, both mitochondrial genomes favor codons that end in A or U, with a secondary preference for pyrimidine rich codons. These observations are similar to previous reports of codon usage in cotton nuclear genomes, possibly suggestive of a general bias spanning genomic compartment. Although evidence for codon usage bias is weak for most genes, we identified six genes (i.e. atp8, atp9, sdh3, sdh4, mttB and rpl2) with significant nonrandom codon usage. In general, we find multiple factors that influence cotton mitochondrial genome codon usage, which may include selection in a subset of genes.},
}

@article {pmid33457783,
year = {2020},
author = {Cevallos, MA and Guerrero, G and Ríos, S and Arroyo, A and Villalobos, MA and Porta, H},
title = {The mitogenome of Pseudocrossidium replicatum, a desiccation-tolerant moss.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {2339-2341},
pmid = {33457783},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {Bryophytes are the earliest plant group on Earth. They are a fundamental component of many ecosystems around the World. Some of their main roles are related to soil development, water retention, and biogeochemical cycling. Bryophytes include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. The sequencing of chloroplast and mitochondria genomes has been useful to elucidate the taxonomy of this heterogeneous plant group. To date, despite their ecological importance only 41 mosses mitogenomes have been deposited in the GenBank. Here, the complete mitochondria genome sequence of Pseudocrossidium replicatum, a moss of the Pottiaceae family isolated in Tlaxcala, Mexico, is reported. The mitochondrial genome size of P. replicatum comprises 105,495 bp and contains the groups of genes described for other bryophytes mitogenomes. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that during the evolution of the mosses' mitogenome, nad7, rps4, rpl16, and rpl10 genes were lost independently in several lineages. The complete mitogenome sequence reported here would be a useful tool for our comprehension of the evolutionary and population genetics of this group of plants.},
}

@article {pmid33457738,
year = {2020},
author = {Han, X and Li, Y and Lu, C and Liang, G and Zhang, F},
title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Epicauta ruficeps (Coleoptera: Meloidae).},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {2049-2050},
pmid = {33457738},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {Epicauta ruficeps is widely distributed in China and some countries in Southeast Asia, and plays an important role in medicine and biological control. The complete mitochondria genome of E. ruficeps was 15,813 bp in length, with 37 genes, including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes (tRNAs), and two rRNA genes (rRNAs). The positions and sequences of genes were consistent with those of known Meloidae species. The nucleotide composition was highly A + T biased, accounting for ∼65% of the whole mitogenome. The complete mitogenome of E. ruficeps would help understand Meloidae evolution.},
}

@article {pmid33270708,
year = {2020},
author = {Dell, AC and Curry, MC and Yarnell, KM and Starbuck, GR and Wilson, PB},
title = {Mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation and maternal lineage in the endangered Cleveland Bay horse.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {e0243247},
pmid = {33270708},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Endangered Species ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Horses/*genetics ; Maternal Inheritance/*genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods/veterinary ; },
abstract = {Genetic diversity and maternal ancestry line relationships amongst a sample of 96 Cleveland Bay horses were investigated using a 479bp length of mitochondrial D-loop sequence. The analysis yielded at total of 11 haplotypes with 27 variable positions, all of which have been described in previous equine mitochondrial DNA d-loop studies. Four main haplotype clusters were present in the Cleveland Bay breed describing 89% of the total sample. This suggests that only four principal maternal ancestry lines exist in the present-day global Cleveland Bay population. Comparison of these sequences with other domestic horse haplotypes (Fig 2) shows a close association of the Cleveland Bay horse with Northern European (Clade C), Iberian (Clade A) and North African (Clade B) horse breeds. This indicates that the Cleveland Bay horse may not have evolved exclusively from the now extinct Chapman horse, as previous work as suggested. The Cleveland Bay horse remains one of only five domestic horse breeds classified as Critical on the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK) Watchlist and our results provide important information on the origins of this breed and represent a valuable tool for conservation purposes.},
}

Animals
Cluster Analysis
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Endangered Species
Genetic Variation/genetics
Haplotypes/genetics
Horses/*genetics
Maternal Inheritance/*genetics
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods/veterinary

@article {pmid33220346,
year = {2021},
author = {Sweet, AD and Johnson, KP and Cao, Y and de Moya, RS and Skinner, RK and Tan, M and Virrueta Herrera, S and Cameron, SL},
title = {Structure, gene order, and nucleotide composition of mitochondrial genomes in parasitic lice from Amblycera.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {768},
number = {},
pages = {145312},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2020.145312},
pmid = {33220346},
issn = {1879-0038},
mesh = {Amblycera/classification/*genetics ; Animals ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Order ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; },
abstract = {Parasitic lice have unique mitochondrial (mt) genomes characterized by rearranged gene orders, variable genome structures, and less AT content compared to most other insects. However, relatively little is known about the mt genomes of Amblycera, the suborder sister to all other parasitic lice. Comparing among nine different genera (including representative of all seven families), we show that Amblycera have variable and highly rearranged mt genomes. Some genera have fragmented genomes that vary considerably in length, whereas others have a single mt chromosome. Notably, these genomes are more AT-biased than most other lice. We also recover genus-level phylogenetic relationships among Amblycera that are consistent with those reported from large nuclear datasets, indicating that mt sequences are reliable for reconstructing evolutionary relationships in Amblycera. However, gene order data cannot reliably recover these same relationships. Overall, our results suggest that the mt genomes of lice, already know to be distinctive, are even more variable than previously thought.},
}

Amblycera/classification/*genetics
Animals
Base Composition
Base Sequence
Evolution, Molecular
Gene Order
*Genetic Variation
Genome, Mitochondrial
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods

@article {pmid32253515,
year = {2020},
author = {de Oliveira, BHN and Wairich, A and Turchetto-Zolet, AC and Fett, JP and Ricachenevsky, FK},
title = {The Mitochondrial Iron-Regulated (MIR) gene is Oryza genus specific and evolved before speciation within the Oryza sativa complex.},
journal = {Planta},
volume = {251},
number = {5},
pages = {94},
pmid = {32253515},
issn = {1432-2048},
mesh = {Crops, Agricultural ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*genetics ; Iron/deficiency/*metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Oryza/*genetics/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {MAIN CONCLUSION: The MIR gene is not an Oryza sativa orphan gene, but an Oryza genus-specific gene that evolved before AA lineage speciation by a complex origination process. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a model species and an economically relevant crop. The Oryza genus comprises 25 species, with genomic data available for several Oryza species, making it a model for genetics and evolution. The Mitochondrial Iron-Regulated (MIR) gene was previously implicated in the O. sativa Fe deficiency response, and was considered an orphan gene present only in rice. Here we show that MIR is also found in other Oryza species that belong to the Oryza sativa complex, which have AA genome type and constitute the primary gene pool for O. sativa breeding. Our data suggest that MIR originated in a stepwise process, in which sequences derived from an exon fragment of the raffinose synthase gene were pseudogenized into non-coding, which in turn originated the MIR gene de novo. All species with a putative functional MIR gene conserve their regulation by Fe deficiency, with the exception of Oryza barthii. In O. barthii, the MIR coding sequence was translocated to a different chromosomal position and separated from its regulatory region, leading to a lack of Fe deficiency responsiveness. Moreover, the MIR co-expression subnetwork cluster in O. sativa is responsive to Fe deficiency, evidencing the importance of the newly originated gene in Fe uptake. This work establishes that MIR is not an orphan gene as previously proposed, but a de novo originated gene within the genus Oryza. We also showed that MIR is undergoing genomic changes in one species (O. barthii), with an impact on Fe deficiency response.},
}

Crops, Agricultural
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*genetics
Iron/deficiency/*metabolism
Mitochondria/metabolism
Oryza/*genetics/metabolism
Plant Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
Species Specificity

@article {pmid33453317,
year = {2021},
author = {Slijepcevic, P},
title = {Serial Endosymbiosis Theory: From biology to astronomy and back to the origin of life.},
journal = {Bio Systems},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104353},
doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104353},
pmid = {33453317},
issn = {1872-8324},
abstract = {Serial Endosymbiosis Theory, or SET, was conceived and developed by Lynn Margulis, to explain the greatest discontinuity in the history of life, the origin of eukaryotic cells. Some predictions of SET, namely the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, withstood the test of the most recent evidence from a variety of disciplines including phylogenetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Even though some other predictions fared less well, SET remains a seminal theory in biology. In this paper, I focus on two aspects of SET. First, using the concept of "universal symbiogenesis", developed by Freeman Dyson to search for commonalities in astronomy and biology, I propose that SET can be extended beyond eukaryogenesis. The extension refers to the possibility that even prokaryotic organisms, themselves subject to the process of symbiogenesis in SET, could have emerged symbiotically. Second, I contrast a recent "viral eukaryogenesis" hypothesis, according to which the nucleus evolved from a complex DNA virus, with a view closer to SET, according to which the nucleus evolved through the interplay of the archaeal host, the eubacterial symbiont, and a non-LTR transposon, or telomerase. Viruses joined in later, through the process of viral endogenization, to shape eukaryotic chromosomes in the process of karyotype evolution. These two proposals based on SET are a testament to its longevity as a scientific theory.},
}

@article {pmid33452307,
year = {2021},
author = {Cui, H and Ding, Z and Zhu, Q and Wu, Y and Qiu, B and Gao, P},
title = {Comparative analysis of nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes of watermelon and melon provides evidence of gene transfer.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {1595},
pmid = {33452307},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {During plant evolution, there is genetic communication between organelle and nuclear genomes. A comparative analysis was performed on the organelle and nuclear genomes of the watermelon and melon. In the watermelon, chloroplast-derived sequences accounted for 7.6% of the total length of the mitochondrial genome. In the melon, chloroplast-derived sequences accounted for approximately 2.73% of the total mitochondrial genome. In watermelon and melon, the chloroplast-derived small-fragment sequences are either a subset of large-fragment sequences or appeared multiple times in the mitochondrial genome, indicating that these fragments may have undergone multiple independent migration integrations or emerged in the mitochondrial genome after migration, replication, and reorganization. There was no evidence of migration from the mitochondria to chloroplast genome. A sequence with a total length of about 73 kb (47%) in the watermelon chloroplast genome was homologous to a sequence of about 313 kb in the nuclear genome. About 33% of sequences in the watermelon mitochondrial genome was homologous with a 260 kb sequence in the nuclear genome. A sequence with a total length of about 38 kb (25%) in the melon chloroplast genome was homologous with 461 sequences in the nuclear genome, with a total length of about 301 kb. A 3.4 Mb sequence in the nuclear genome was homologous with a melon mitochondrial sequence. These results indicate that, during the evolution of watermelon and melon, a large amount of genetic material was exchanged between the nuclear genome and the two organelle genomes in the cytoplasm.},
}

@article {pmid32371258,
year = {2020},
author = {Sun, L and Zhou, F and Shao, Y and Lv, Z and Li, C},
title = {The iron-sulfur protein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase is critical in driving mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation in Apostichopus japonicus.},
journal = {Fish & shellfish immunology},
volume = {102},
number = {},
pages = {350-360},
doi = {10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.060},
pmid = {32371258},
issn = {1095-9947},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Iron-Sulfur Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Stichopus/enzymology/*genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Succinate Dehydrogenase/genetics/*metabolism ; Vibrio/physiology ; },
abstract = {Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a mitochondrial enzyme with the unique ability to participate in both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The B subunit of SDH is required for succinate oxidation, which is critical for pro-inflammatory response. In this study, we cloned the iron-sulfur protein subunit of SDH from Apostichopus japonicus (denoted as AjSDHB) via RACE technology and explored its role in the immune system as a response to pathogen infection. The full-length cDNA of AjSDHB was 1442 bp with a complete open reading frame of 858 bp encoding 286 amino acids. Simple modular architecture research tool analysis revealed that AjSDHB contained two conserved domains, including a 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain and a 4Fe-4S dicluster domain, without a signal peptide. Multiple sequence alignment demonstrated that AjSDHB shared a high degree of structural conservation and sequence identities with other counterparts from invertebrates and vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis supported the finding that AjSDHB is a new member of the SDHB protein subfamily. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that AjSDHB was expressed in all examined tissues and particularly highly expressed in the muscles. AjSDHB transcripts were markedly induced in coelomocytes both by Vibrio splendidus challenge in vivo and lipopolysaccharide exposure in vitro. Function analysis showed that siRNA-mediated AjSDHB knockdown could substantially reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and further decrease mitochondrial ROS production in A. japonicus coelomocytes. By contrast, AjSDHB overexpression considerably increased ΔΨm and mitochondrial ROS production of A. japonicus coelomocytes. These results supported the idea that AjSDHB is involved in the innate immunity of A. japonicus through its participation in mitochondrial ROS generation.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Base Sequence
Iron-Sulfur Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
Mitochondria/metabolism
Phylogeny
Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism
Sequence Alignment
Stichopus/enzymology/*genetics/*immunology/*metabolism
Succinate Dehydrogenase/genetics/*metabolism
Vibrio/physiology

@article {pmid33436278,
year = {2021},
author = {Koch, RE and Buchanan, KL and Casagrande, S and Crino, O and Dowling, DK and Hill, GE and Hood, WR and McKenzie, M and Mariette, MM and Noble, DWA and Pavlova, A and Seebacher, F and Sunnucks, P and Udino, E and White, CR and Salin, K and Stier, A},
title = {Integrating Mitochondrial Aerobic Metabolism into Ecology and Evolution.},
journal = {Trends in ecology & evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.006},
pmid = {33436278},
issn = {1872-8383},
abstract = {Biologists have long appreciated the critical role that energy turnover plays in understanding variation in performance and fitness among individuals. Whole-organism metabolic studies have provided key insights into fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes. However, constraints operating at subcellular levels, such as those operating within the mitochondria, can also play important roles in optimizing metabolism over different energetic demands and time scales. Herein, we explore how mitochondrial aerobic metabolism influences different aspects of organismal performance, such as through changing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We consider how such insights have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning key ecological and evolutionary processes, from variation in life-history traits to adaptation to changing thermal conditions, and we highlight key areas for future research.},
}

@article {pmid33310361,
year = {2021},
author = {Bi, YH and Du, AY and Li, JL and Zhou, ZG},
title = {Isolation and characterization of a γ-carbonic anhydrase localized in the mitochondria of Saccharina japonica.},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {266},
number = {},
pages = {129162},
doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129162},
pmid = {33310361},
issn = {1879-1298},
mesh = {Carbon Dioxide ; *Carbonic Anhydrases/genetics ; Escherichia coli ; Mitochondria ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Saccharina japonica is an ecologically and economically important seaweed that is dominant in the rocky shores of cold-temperate regions, forms the major component of productive beds, and affects marine environments. S. japonica exhibits a high photosynthetic efficiency in natural seawater with low dissolved CO2 concentration, thus suggesting the presence of its carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). However, the genes, proteins, and pathways involved in the CCM of S. japonica have not been fully identified and characterized. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a crucial component of CCM in macroalgae. In this study, the cloning, characterization, and subcellular localization of a specific CA were described. Multisequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this CA belonged to the gamma (Sjγ-CA) class. This enzyme has a full-length cDAN of 1370 bp, encodes a protein with 246 amino acids (aa; ca. 25.7 kDa), and contains the mitochondrial transit peptide of 16 aa and LbH_gama_CA_like domain of 159 aa that defined the γ-CA region. The Sjγ-CA was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified as an active recombinant CA. Immunogold electron microscopy and fluorescence localization illustrated that this enzyme is localized in the mitochondria, and its transcription level is up-regulated by low CO2 concentration. These findings showed that Sjγ-CA is a possible component of the CCM in S. japonica. This work is the first to report about the mtCA of macroalgae and provides a basis for further analysis on seaweed CCM.},
}

Carbon Dioxide
*Carbonic Anhydrases/genetics
Escherichia coli
Mitochondria
Phylogeny

@article {pmid33124702,
year = {2020},
author = {Glare, T and Campbell, M and Biggs, P and Winter, D and Durrant, A and McKinnon, A and Cox, M},
title = {Mitochondrial evolution in the entomopathogenic fungal genus Beauveria.},
journal = {Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology},
volume = {105},
number = {4},
pages = {e21754},
doi = {10.1002/arch.21754},
pmid = {33124702},
issn = {1520-6327},
mesh = {Beauveria/*classification/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Fungal ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Species in the fungal genus Beauveria are pathogens of invertebrates and have been commonly used as the active agent in biopesticides. After many decades with few species described, recent molecular approaches to classification have led to over 25 species now delimited. Little attention has been given to the mitochondrial genomes of Beauveria but better understanding may led to insights into the nature of species and evolution in this important genus. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of four new strains belonging to Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria caledonica and Beauveria malawiensis, and compared them to existing mitochondrial sequences of related fungi. The mitochondrial genomes of Beauveria ranged widely from 28,806 to 44,135 base pairs, with intron insertions accounting for most size variation and up to 39% (B. malawiensis) of the mitochondrial length due to introns in genes. Gene order of the common mitochondrial genes did not vary among the Beauveria sequences, but variation was observed in the number of transfer ribonucleic acid genes. Although phylogenetic analysis using whole mitochondrial genomes showed, unsurprisingly, that B. bassiana isolates were the most closely related to each other, mitochondrial codon usage suggested that some B. bassiana isolates were more similar to B. malawiensis and B. caledonica than the other B. bassiana isolates analyzed.},
}

Beauveria/*classification/*genetics
Evolution, Molecular
Genome, Fungal
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid32771550,
year = {2020},
author = {Kornilios, P and Jablonski, D and Sadek, RA and Kumlutaş, Y and Olgun, K and Avci, A and Ilgaz, C},
title = {Multilocus species-delimitation in the Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Reptilia: Typhlopidae) species complex.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {152},
number = {},
pages = {106922},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106922},
pmid = {32771550},
issn = {1095-9513},
mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Mitochondria/genetics ; *Molecular Typing ; *Phylogeny ; Snakes/*classification/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Scolecophidia (worm snakes) are a vertebrate group with high ecomorphological conservatism due to their burrowing lifestyle. The Eurasian or Greek blindsnake Xerotyphlops vermicularis is their only European representative, a species-complex with an old diversification history. However, its systematics and taxonomy has remained untouched. Here, we extend previous work that relied heavily on mitochondrial markers, following a multi-locus approach and applying several species-delimitation methods, including a Bayesian coalescence-based approach (STACEY). Four "species" delimitation analyses based on the mtDNA (ABGD, bGMYC, mPTP, parsimony networks) returned 14, 11, 9 and 10 clusters, respectively. By mitotyping twice as many specimens as before, we have a complete picture of each cluster's distribution. With the exception of the highly-divergent Levantine lineage, the three independent nuclear markers did not help with phylogenetic resolution, as demonstrated in haplotype networks, concatenated and species-trees, a result of incomplete lineage sorting. The prevailing model from the coalescence-based species-delimitation identified two species: the lineage from the Levant and all others. We formally recognize them as distinct species and resurrect Xerotyphlops syriacus (Jan, 1864) to include the Levantine blindsnakes. Finally, X. vermicularis and X. syriacus may represent species-complexes themselves, since they include high levels of cryptic diversity.},
}

Animals
Bayes Theorem
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Genetic Variation
Haplotypes
Mitochondria/genetics
*Molecular Typing
*Phylogeny
Snakes/*classification/*genetics
Species Specificity

@article {pmid32758535,
year = {2020},
author = {Dupuis, JR and Sperling, FAH},
title = {Phylogenomic test of mitochondrial clues to archaic ancestors in a group of hybridizing swallowtail butterflies.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {152},
number = {},
pages = {106921},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106921},
pmid = {32758535},
issn = {1095-9513},
mesh = {Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/*classification/*genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genome, Insect/genetics ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; North America ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Genomics has revolutionized our understanding of hybridization and introgression, but most of the early evidence for these processes came from studies of mitochondrial introgression. To expand these evolutionary insights from mitochondrial patterns, we evaluate phylogenetic discordance across the nuclear genomes of a hybridizing system, the Papilio machaon group of swallowtail butterflies. This species group contains three hybrid lineages (P. brevicauda, P. joanae, and P. m. kahli) that are geographically disjunct across North America and have complete fixation of a mitochondrial lineage that is otherwise primarily found in P. m. hudsonianus, a boreal subspecies of the Holarctic P. machaon. Genome-wide nuclear markers place the three hybrid lineages as a monophyletic group that is sister to P. polyxenes/P. zelicaon rather than P. machaon, although ancient hybridization between a subspecies of P. machaon and the ancestor of these three lineages is also shown by their greater nuclear affinity to P. m. hudsonianus than to other subspecies of P. machaon. Individuals from contemporary hybrid swarms in Alberta, where mitochondrial DNA fixation has not occurred, were more intermediate between their respective parent species, demonstrating diversity in mito-nuclear discordance following hybrid interactions. Our new phylogenetic findings for the P. machaon species group also include: subspecific paraphyly within P. machaon itself across its Holarctic distribution; paraphyly of P. zelicaon relative to P. polyxenes; and more divergent placement of a Mediterranean species, P. hospiton. These results provide the first comprehensive genomic evaluation of relationships within this species group and provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of hybridization and mitochondrial introgression.},
}

Animals
Biological Evolution
Butterflies/*classification/*genetics
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Genome, Insect/genetics
Hybridization, Genetic
Mitochondria/*genetics
North America
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
*Phylogeny

@article {pmid31992373,
year = {2020},
author = {Le, TH and Pham, LTK and Doan, HTT and Le, XTK and Saijuntha, W and Rajapakse, RPVJ and Lawton, SP},
title = {Comparative mitogenomics of the zoonotic parasite Echinostoma revolutum resolves taxonomic relationships within the 'E. revolutum' species group and the Echinostomata (Platyhelminthes: Digenea).},
journal = {Parasitology},
volume = {147},
number = {5},
pages = {566-576},
doi = {10.1017/S0031182020000128},
pmid = {31992373},
issn = {1469-8161},
mesh = {Animals ; Echinostoma/*genetics ; Echinostomatidae/*classification/genetics ; Genome ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Trematoda ; },
abstract = {The complete mitochondrial sequence of 17,030 bp was obtained from Echinostoma revolutum and characterized with those of previously reported members of the superfamily Echinostomatoidea, i.e. six echinostomatids, one echinochasmid, five fasciolids, one himasthlid, and two cyclocoelids. Relationship within suborders and between superfamilies, such as Echinostomata, Pronocephalata, Troglotremata, Opisthorchiata, and Xiphiditata, are also considered. It contained 12 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA genes and a tandem repetitive consisting non-coding region (NCR). The gene order, one way-positive transcription, the absence of atp8 and the overlapped region by 40 bp between nad4L and nad4 genes were similar as in common trematodes. The NCR located between tRNAGlu (trnE) and cox3 contained 11 long (LRUs) and short repeat units (SRUs) (seven LRUs of 317 bp, four SRUs of 207 bp each), and an internal spacer sequence between LRU7 and SRU4 specifying high-level polymorphism. Special DHU-arm missing tRNAs for Serine were found for both tRNAS1(AGN) and tRNAS2(UCN). Echinostoma revolutum indicated the lowest divergence rate to E. miyagawai and the highest to Tracheophilus cymbius and Echinochasmus japonicus. The usage of ATG/GTG start and TAG/TAA stop codons, the AT composition bias, the negative AT-skewness, and the most for Phe/Leu/Val and the least for Arg/Asn/Asp codons were noted. Topology indicated the monophyletic position of E. revolutum to E. miyagawai. Monophyly of Echinostomatidae and Fasciolidae was clearly solved with respect to Echinochasmidae, Himasthlidae, and Cyclocoelidae which were rendered paraphyletic in the suborder Echinostomata.},
}

Animals
Echinostoma/*genetics
Echinostomatidae/*classification/genetics
Genome
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny
Trematoda

@article {pmid33422486,
year = {2021},
author = {Austin, S and Nowikovsky, K},
title = {Mitochondrial osmoregulation in evolution, cation transport and metabolism.},
journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta. Bioenergetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {148368},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148368},
pmid = {33422486},
issn = {1879-2650},
abstract = {This review provides a retrospective on the role of osmotic regulation in the process of eukaryogenesis. Specifically, it focuses on the adjustments which must have been made by the original colonizing α-proteobacteria that led to the evolution of modern mitochondria. We focus on the cations that are fundamentally involved in volume determination and cellular metabolism and define the transporter landscape in relation to these ions in mitochondria as we know today. We provide analysis on how the cations interplay and together maintain osmotic balance that allows for effective ATP synthesis in the organelle.},
}

@article {pmid33180850,
year = {2020},
author = {Vorobieva, NV and Makunin, AI and Druzhkova, AS and Kusliy, MA and Trifonov, VA and Popova, KO and Polosmak, NV and Molodin, VI and Vasiliev, SK and Shunkov, MV and Graphodatsky, AS},
title = {High genetic diversity of ancient horses from the Ukok Plateau.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {e0241997},
pmid = {33180850},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*genetics ; Animals, Wild/*genetics ; DNA, Ancient/analysis ; Evolution, Molecular ; Extinction, Biological ; Fossils/history ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Haplotypes ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/veterinary ; History, Ancient ; Horses ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Russia ; Whole Genome Sequencing/*veterinary ; },
abstract = {A growing number of researchers studying horse domestication come to a conclusion that this process happened in multiple locations and involved multiple wild maternal lines. The most promising approach to address this problem involves mitochondrial haplotype comparison of wild and domestic horses from various locations coupled with studies of possible migration routes of the ancient shepherds. Here, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes of six horses from burials of the Ukok plateau (Russia, Altai Mountains) dated from 2.7 to 1.4 thousand years before present and a single late Pleistocene wild horse from the neighboring region (Denisova cave). Sequencing data indicates that the wild horse belongs to an extinct pre-domestication lineage. Integration of the domestic horse data with known Eurasian haplotypes of a similar age revealed two distinct groups: the first one widely distributed in Europe and presumably imported to Altai, and the second one specific for Altai Mountains and surrounding area.},
}

Animals
Animals, Domestic/*genetics
Animals, Wild/*genetics
DNA, Ancient/analysis
Evolution, Molecular
Extinction, Biological
Fossils/history
Genome, Mitochondrial
Haplotypes
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/veterinary
History, Ancient
Horses
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
Russia
Whole Genome Sequencing/*veterinary

@article {pmid33412336,
year = {2021},
author = {Bartáková, V and Bryjová, A and Nicolas, V and Lavrenchenko, LA and Bryja, J},
title = {Mitogenomics of the endemic Ethiopian rats: looking for footprints of adaptive evolution in sky islands.},
journal = {Mitochondrion},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.015},
pmid = {33412336},
issn = {1872-8278},
abstract = {Organisms living in high altitude must adapt to environmental conditions with hypoxia and low temperature, e.g. by changes in the structure and function of proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Here we analysed the signs of adaptive evolution in 27 mitogenomes of endemic Ethiopian rats (Stenocephalemys), where individual species adapted to different elevation. Significant signals of positive selection were detected in 10 of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes, with a majority of functional substitutions in the NADH dehydrogenase complex. Higher frequency of positively selected sites was found in phylogenetic lineages corresponding to Afroalpine specialists.},
}

@article {pmid33409542,
year = {2021},
author = {Yarus, M},
title = {Crick Wobble and Superwobble in Standard Genetic Code Evolution.},
journal = {Journal of molecular evolution},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33409542},
issn = {1432-1432},
abstract = {Wobble coding is inevitable during evolution of the Standard Genetic Code (SGC). It ultimately splits half of NN U/C/A/G coding boxes with different assignments. Further, it contributes to pervasive SGC order by reinforcing close spacing for identical SGC assignments. But wobble cannot appear too soon, or it will inhibit encoding and more decisively, obstruct evolution of full coding tables. However, these prior results assumed Crick wobble, NN U/C and NN A/G, read by a single adaptor RNA. Superwobble translates NN U/C/A/G codons, using one adaptor RNA with an unmodified 5' anticodon U (appropriate to earliest coding) in modern mitochondria, plastids, and mycoplasma. Assuming the SGC was selected when evolving codes most resembled it, characteristics of the critical selection events can be calculated. For example, continuous superwobble infrequently evolves SGC-like coding tables. So, continuous superwobble is a very improbable origin hypothesis. In contrast, late-arising superwobble shares late Crick wobble's frequent resemblance to SGC order. Thus late superwobble is possible, but yields SGC-like assignments less frequently than late Crick wobble. Ancient coding ambiguity, most simply, arose from Crick wobble alone. This is consistent with SGC assignments to NAN codons.},
}

@article {pmid33404103,
year = {2021},
author = {Lee, DW and Hwang, I},
title = {Understanding the evolution of endosymbiotic organelles based on the targeting sequences of organellar proteins.},
journal = {The New phytologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nph.17167},
pmid = {33404103},
issn = {1469-8137},
abstract = {Organellogenesis, a key aspect of eukaryotic cell evolution, critically depends on the successful establishment of organellar protein import mechanisms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the evolution of the two endosymbiotic organelles, mitochondrion and chloroplast, is thought to have occurred at time periods far from each other. Despite this, chloroplasts and mitochondria have highly similar protein import mechanisms. This raises intriguing questions such as what underlies such similarity in the import mechanisms and how these similar mechanisms have evolved. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding sorting and specific targeting of these organellar proteins. Based on these findings, we propose possible evolutionary scenarios regarding how the signal sequences of chloroplasts and mitochondrial proteins ended up having such relationship.},
}

@article {pmid32938978,
year = {2020},
author = {Ben Chehida, Y and Thumloup, J and Schumacher, C and Harkins, T and Aguilar, A and Borrell, A and Ferreira, M and Rojas-Bracho, L and Robertson, KM and Taylor, BL and Víkingsson, GA and Weyna, A and Romiguier, J and Morin, PA and Fontaine, MC},
title = {Mitochondrial genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the porpoises (Phocoenidae) across the speciation continuum.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {15190},
pmid = {32938978},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Speciation ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genomics/*methods ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Porpoises/*physiology ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Historical variation in food resources is expected to be a major driver of cetacean evolution, especially for the smallest species like porpoises. Despite major conservation issues among porpoise species (e.g., vaquita and finless), their evolutionary history remains understudied. Here, we reconstructed their evolutionary history across the speciation continuum. Phylogenetic analyses of 63 mitochondrial genomes suggest that porpoises radiated during the deep environmental changes of the Pliocene. However, all intra-specific subdivisions were shaped during the Quaternary glaciations. We observed analogous evolutionary patterns in both hemispheres associated with convergent evolution to coastal versus oceanic environments. This suggests that similar mechanisms are driving species diversification in northern (harbor and Dall's) and southern species (spectacled and Burmeister's). In contrast to previous studies, spectacled and Burmeister's porpoises shared a more recent common ancestor than with the vaquita that diverged from southern species during the Pliocene. The low genetic diversity observed in the vaquita carried signatures of a very low population size since the last 5,000 years. Cryptic lineages within Dall's, spectacled and Pacific harbor porpoises suggest a richer evolutionary history than previously suspected. These results provide a new perspective on the mechanisms driving diversification in porpoises and an evolutionary framework for their conservation.},
}

Animals
Biodiversity
*Biological Evolution
Ecosystem
Evolution, Molecular
Genetic Speciation
Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Genomics/*methods
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
Porpoises/*physiology
Species Specificity

@article {pmid33396191,
year = {2020},
author = {Shimakawa, G and Kohara, A and Miyake, C},
title = {Characterization of Light-Enhanced Respiration in Cyanobacteria.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22010342},
pmid = {33396191},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {JPMJCR1503//Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology/ ; 16J03443//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; A20J001050//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
abstract = {In eukaryotic algae, respiratory O2 uptake is enhanced after illumination, which is called light-enhanced respiration (LER). It is likely stimulated by an increase in respiratory substrates produced during photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and function in keeping the metabolic and redox homeostasis in the light in eukaryotic cells, based on the interactions among the cytosol, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. Here, we first characterize LER in photosynthetic prokaryote cyanobacteria, in which respiration and photosynthesis share their metabolisms and electron transport chains in one cell. From the physiological analysis, the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 performs LER, similar to eukaryotic algae, which shows a capacity comparable to the net photosynthetic O2 evolution rate. Although the respiratory and photosynthetic electron transports share the interchain, LER was uncoupled from photosynthetic electron transport. Mutant analyses demonstrated that LER is motivated by the substrates directly provided by photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, but not by glycogen. Further, the light-dependent activation of LER was observed even with exogenously added glucose, implying a regulatory mechanism for LER in addition to the substrate amounts. Finally, we discuss the physiological significance of the large capacity of LER in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae compared to those in plants that normally show less LER.},
}

@article {pmid33004955,
year = {2020},
author = {Park, S and Park, S},
title = {Large-scale phylogenomics reveals ancient introgression in Asian Hepatica and new insights into the origin of the insular endemic Hepatica maxima.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {16288},
pmid = {33004955},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Biological Evolution ; Far East ; Genes, Plant/genetics ; Genetic Introgression/genetics ; Genome, Plant/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plastids/genetics ; Ranunculaceae/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Hepatica maxima is native to Ulleungdo, which is one of the oceanic islands in Korea, and it likely originated via anagenetic speciation from the Korean mainland species H. asiatica. However, the relationships among the Asian lineages remain unresolved. Phylogenomics based on plant genomes can provide new insights into the evolutionary history of plants. We first generated plastid, mitochondrial and transcriptome sequences of the insular endemic species H. maxima. Using the genomic data for H. maxima, we obtained a phylogenomic dataset consisting of 76 plastid, 37 mitochondrial and 413 nuclear genes from Asian Hepatica and two outgroups. Coalescent- and concatenation-based methods revealed cytonuclear and organellar discordance in the lineage. The presence of gynodioecy with cytoplasmic male sterility in Asian Hepatica suggests that the discordance is correlated with potential disruption of linkage disequilibrium between the organellar genomes. Species network analyses revealed a deep history of hybridization and introgression in Asian Hepatica. We discovered that ancient and recent introgression events occurred throughout the evolutionary history of the insular endemic species H. maxima. The introgression may serve as an important source of genetic variation to facilitate adaptation to the Ulleungdo environment.},
}

Biological Evolution
Far East
Genes, Plant/genetics
Genetic Introgression/genetics
Genome, Plant/genetics
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny
Plastids/genetics
Ranunculaceae/*genetics

@article {pmid32598924,
year = {2020},
author = {Moo-Llanes, DA and Pech-May, A and de Oca-Aguilar, ACM and Salomón, OD and Ramsey, JM},
title = {Niche divergence and paleo-distributions of Lutzomyia longipalpis mitochondrial haplogroups (Diptera: Psychodidae).},
journal = {Acta tropica},
volume = {211},
number = {},
pages = {105607},
doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105607},
pmid = {32598924},
issn = {1873-6254},
mesh = {Animals ; Argentina ; Brazil ; Caribbean Region ; Central America ; Colombia ; *Ecosystem ; *Haplotypes ; Insect Vectors/*classification/*genetics ; Mexico ; *Mitochondria ; *Phylogeography ; Psychodidae/*classification/*genetics ; Uruguay ; },
abstract = {Lutzomyia longipalpis is a complex of species which has a wide but discontinuous distribution from southeastern Mexico to northern Argentina and Uruguay. To date, eight mitochondrial haplogroups have been identified along its distribution although key environmental tolerances and ecological niche models have been analyzed only at the complex level. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether genetic diversification using three mitochondrial genes of the Lu. longipalpis complex is associated with niche divergence and to explore evolution of distributional projections of all haplogroups between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21,000 yrs ago) and the present. Current occurrence of all haplogroups was used to develop ecological niche models (ENM) and these were projected in both periods to quantify and identify geographic area shifts. Environmental space was used to estimate niche similarity between major clades and pairwise between individual haplogroups. The two major Lu. longipalpis clades (Mex, CA, Col and Ven vs Arg and Bra) had significantly different environmental space, indicating niche divergence. Environmental space overlap of southern haplogroups was variable, with divergent niche, except between Arg and ArgBra. The most suitable regions for the ArgBra haplogroup were northeastern and southeastern Brazil, and the Gran Chaco region. In contrast, ENM of haplogroups within the northern major clade have significantly similar niche, with highest geographic ENM suitability along both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The intensity and coverage of high suitability areas in the LGM decreased for most haplogroups in the present. Integrating ENM and phylogenetic analyses has allowed us to test hypotheses of niche similarity between Lu. longipalpis haplogroups and major clades, and to identify conserved distributional areas of haplogroups since the LGM, with the exception of Arg. Evidence for distributional shifts and overlap of haplogroups is important to analyze Leishmaniasis´ eco-epidemiology and to successfully monitor and control transmission.},
}

Animals
Argentina
Brazil
Caribbean Region
Central America
Colombia
*Ecosystem
*Haplotypes
Insect Vectors/*classification/*genetics
Mexico
*Mitochondria
*Phylogeography
Psychodidae/*classification/*genetics
Uruguay

@article {pmid32349679,
year = {2020},
author = {Anwar, A and She, M and Wang, K and Ye, X},
title = {Cloning and molecular characterization of Triticum aestivum ornithine amino transferase (TaOAT) encoding genes.},
journal = {BMC plant biology},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {187},
pmid = {32349679},
issn = {1471-2229},
support = {31771788//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019BBF02020//General Key Program of Science and Technology Department of Ningxia/ ; },
mesh = {Chromosomes, Plant ; Droughts ; *Genes, Plant ; Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology ; Polyploidy ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Transcriptome ; Triticum/drug effects/*genetics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT, EC:2.6.1.13), alternatively known as ornithine delta aminotransferase (δOAT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme involved in the conversion of ornithine into glutamyl-5-semi-aldehyde (GSA) and vice versa. Up till now, there has been no study on OAT in wheat despite the success of its isolation from rice, maize, and sorghum. This study focuses on identification and molecular characterization of OAT in wheat.

RESULTS: In total, three homeologous OAT genes in wheat genome were found on chromosome group 5, named as TaOAT-5AL, TaOAT-5BL, and TaOAT-5DL. Sequence alignment between gDNA and its corresponding cDNA obtained a total of ten exons and nine introns. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and results indicated that OATs shared highly conserved domains between monocots and eudicots, which was further illustrated by using WebLogo to generate a sequence logo. Further subcellular localization analysis indicated that they functioned in mitochondria. Protein-protein interactions supported their role in proline biosynthesis through interactions with genes, such as delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), involved in the proline metabolic pathway. Promoter analysis exposed the presence of several stress responsive elements, implying their involvement in stress regulation. Expression profiling illustrated that TaOAT was highly induced in the wheat plants exposed to drought or salt stress condition. Upregulated expression of TaOATs was observed in stamens and at the heading stage. A potential role of TaOAT genes during floret development was also revealed. Furthermore, the transgenic plants overexpressing TaOAT showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress by increasing proline accumulation. In addition, salt tolerance of the transgenic plants was also enhanced.

CONCLUSION: TaOATs genes were involved in proline synthesis and nitrogen remobilization because they interacted with genes related to proline biosynthesis enzymes and arginine catabolism. In addition, TaOAT genes had a role in abiotic stress tolerance and a potential role in floret development. The results of this study may propose future research in the improvement of wheat resistance to abiotic stresses.},
}

Chromosomes, Plant
Droughts
*Genes, Plant
Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase/*genetics
Phylogeny
Plant Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
Polyploidy
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
Transcriptome
Triticum/drug effects/*genetics

@article {pmid33382161,
year = {2020},
author = {Rogers, RL and Grizzard, SL and Titus-McQuillan, JE and Bockrath, K and Patel, S and Wares, JP and Garner, JT and Moore, CC},
title = {Gene family amplification facilitates adaptation in freshwater unionid bivalve Megalonaias nervosa.},
journal = {Molecular ecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/mec.15786},
pmid = {33382161},
issn = {1365-294X},
abstract = {Freshwater unionid bivalves currently face severe anthropogenic challenges. Over 70% of species in the United States are threatened, endangered or extinct due to pollution, damming of waterways, and overfishing. These species are notable for their unusual life history strategy, parasite-host coevolution, and biparental mitochondria inheritance. Among this clade, the washboard mussel Megalonaias nervosa is one species that remains prevalent across the Southeastern United States, with robust population sizes. We have created a reference genome for M. nervosa to determine how genome content has evolved in the face of these widespread environmental challenges. We observe dynamic changes in genome content, with a burst of recent transposable element proliferation causing a 382 Mb expansion in genome content. Birth-death models suggest rapid expansions among gene families, with a mutation rate of 1:16 x 10-8 duplications per gene per generation. Cytochrome P450 gene families have experienced exceptional recent amplification beyond expectations based on genome wide birth-death processes. These genes are associated with increased rates of amino acid changes, a signature of selection driving evolution of detox genes. Fitting evolutionary models of adaptation from standing genetic variation, we can compare adaptive potential across species and mutation types. The large population size in M. nervosa suggests a 4.7 fold advantage in the ability to adapt from standing genetic variation compared with a low diversity endemic E. hopetonensis. Estimates suggest that gene family evolution may offer an exceptional substrate of genetic variation in M. nervosa, with Psgv = 0.185 compared with Psgv = 0.067 for single nucleotide changes. Hence, we suggest that gene family evolution is a source of "hopeful monsters" within the genome that may facilitate adaptation when selective pressures shift. These results suggest that gene family expansion is a key driver of adaptive evolution in this key species of freshwater Unionidae that is currently facing widespread environmental challenges. This work has clear implications for conservation genomics on freshwater bivalves as well as evolutionary theory. This genome represents a first step to facilitate reverse ecological genomics in Unionidae and identify the genetic underpinnings of phenotypic diversity.},
}

@article {pmid31751694,
year = {2020},
author = {Song, N and Li, X and Yin, X and Li, X and Xi, Y},
title = {The mitochondrial genomes of ladybird beetles and implications for evolution and phylogeny.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {147},
number = {},
pages = {1193-1203},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.089},
pmid = {31751694},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Codon ; Coleoptera/*genetics/*physiology ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Herbivory ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Likelihood Functions ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Ladybirds formed the most familiar beetle group, namely the family Coccinellidae, whose internal relationships remain unclear. In particular, the subfamily relationships could not be well resolved in previous studies based on the conventional nuclear and/or mitochondrial gene fragments. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to obtain new mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from 13 species representing four coccinellid subfamilies (i.e., Coccinellinae, Epilachninae, Coccidulinae and Chilocorinae). Together with 24 existing mitogenome sequences of Cucujoidea, we conducted phylogenetic analyses to investigate the deep phylogenetic relationships in Coccinellidae, under maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference criteria. The analyses from nucleotide datasets resulted in a largely identical tree topology, where Epilachninae and Coccinellinae were monophyletic groups. The Scymninae and Coccidulinae were recovered as non-monophyletic. Amino acids differed from nucleotides in that the Epilachninae was retrieved as paraphyletic, with respect to Epilachna admirabilis. Ancestral state reconstruction suggested that the plant eating ladybird beetles arose within an aphidophagous/coccidophagous clade. In addition, three independent shifts toward coccidophagy and one shift toward mycophagy occurred in Coccinellidae.},
}

Animals
Bayes Theorem
Codon
Coleoptera/*genetics/*physiology
*Genome, Mitochondrial
Herbivory
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Likelihood Functions
Mitochondria/*genetics
Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Species Specificity

@article {pmid33367059,
year = {2020},
author = {Huang, X and Shi, Y and Shen, X and Huang, D and Wang, Y and Chen, J and Cai, Y},
title = {Characterization of the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Lagocephalus gloveri (Tetraodontidae, Tetraodontiformes).},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {3683-3684},
doi = {10.1080/23802359.2020.1832933},
pmid = {33367059},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {The complete mitochondrial genome of Lagocephalus gloveri is reported in the present study, which is 16,446 bp in length. It consists of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a non-coding control region. The overall base composition of the genome is 27.58% for A, 25.07% for T, 30.83% for C and 16.52% for G. The phylogenetic tree, which is based on 12 protein coding gene sequences, suggested that L. gloveri was closest to L. lagocephalus. This study could give impetus to studies focused on population structure and molecular evolution of L. gloveri.},
}

@article {pmid33366868,
year = {2020},
author = {Yang, RS and Chen, YT},
title = {The complete mitochondrial genome of the freshwater fairy shrimp Branchinella kugenumaensis Ishikawa 1894 (Crustacea: Anostraca: Thamnocephalidae).},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {1048-1049},
doi = {10.1080/23802359.2020.1721367},
pmid = {33366868},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {In this study, we determined and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of the freshwater fairy shrimp Branchinella kugenumaensis Ishikawa 1894 (Crustacea: Anostraca: Thamnocephalidae). The mitogenome is 15,127 bp in length, consisted of 37 genes that participate in protein production and energy metabolism of mitochondria. The gene order of the B. kugenumaensis mtDNA exhibits major rearrangements compared with the pancrustacean ancestral pattern or other known anostracan mitogenomes, representing a novel mitochondrial genomic organization within the Crustacea. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of protein-coding genes places B. kugenumaensis next to Streptocephalus sirindhornae, inside the Anostraca clade. Our study will provide new evidence to the less sampled anostracan evolution and take a further step to the completion of the Branchiopoda tree of life.},
}

@article {pmid33365705,
year = {2019},
author = {Salas-Castañeda, MR and Castillo-Páez, A and Rocha-Olivares, A and Cruz-Barraza, JA},
title = {The complete mitogenome of the Eastern Pacific sponge Aplysina gerardogreeni (Demospongiae, Verongida, Aplysinidae).},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {2734-2735},
doi = {10.1080/23802359.2019.1643804},
pmid = {33365705},
issn = {2380-2359},
abstract = {We report the first mitochondrial genome of a Verongid sponge, Aplysina gerardogreeni from the Pacific Ocean. This has 19,620 bp and includes 14 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs genes, and 25 tRNAs genes. The gene arrangement was similar to the one found in two Caribbean Aplysina mitogenomes previously reported. Comparative analyses revealed a few substitutions among congeneric mitogenomes. The mitogenome of A. gerardogreeni could be useful to study the evolution of Verongimorpha group and also to identify adequate genes for its molecular systematics.},
}

@article {pmid33362740,
year = {2020},
author = {Li, X and Li, L and Bao, Z and Tu, W and He, X and Zhang, B and Ye, L and Wang, X and Li, Q},
title = {The 287,403 bp Mitochondrial Genome of Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Tuber calosporum Reveals Intron Expansion, tRNA Loss, and Gene Rearrangement.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {591453},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2020.591453},
pmid = {33362740},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {In the present study, the mitogenome of Tuber calosporum was assembled and analyzed. The mitogenome of T. calosporum comprises 15 conserved protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 14 tRNAs, with a total size of 287,403 bp. Fifty-eight introns with 170 intronic open reading frames were detected in the T. calosporum mitogenome. The intronic region occupied 69.41% of the T. calosporum mitogenome, which contributed to the T. calosporum mitogenome significantly expand relative to most fungal species. Comparative mitogenomic analysis revealed large-scale gene rearrangements occurred in the mitogenome of T. calosporum, involving gene relocations and position exchanges. The mitogenome of T. calosporum was found to have lost several tRNA genes encoding for cysteine, aspartate, histidine, etc. In addition, a pair of fragments with a total length of 32.91 kb in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of T. calosporum was detected, indicating possible gene transfer events. A total of 12.83% intragenomic duplications were detected in the T. calosporum mitogenome. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial gene datasets obtained well-supported tree topologies, indicating that mitochondrial genes could be reliable molecular markers for phylogenetic analyses of Ascomycota. This study served as the first report on mitogenome in the family Tuberaceae, thereby laying the groundwork for our understanding of the evolution, phylogeny, and population genetics of these important ectomycorrhizal fungi.},
}

@article {pmid33359769,
year = {2020},
author = {Else, PL},
title = {Mammals to membranes: A reductionist story.},
journal = {Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {110552},
doi = {10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110552},
pmid = {33359769},
issn = {1879-1107},
abstract = {This is the story of a series of reductionist studies that started with an attempt to explain what underpins the high-level of aerobic metabolism in mammals (i.e. associated with the evolution of endothermy) and almost forty years later had led to investigations into the role of membrane lipids in determining metabolism. Initial studies showed that the increase in aerobic metabolism in mammals was driven by a combination of increases in mitochondrial volume and membrane densities, organ size and changes in the molecular activity of enzymes. The increase in the capacity to produce energy was matched by an increase in energy use, notably driven by increases in H+, Na+ and K+ fluxes. In the case of increased Na+ flux, it was found this was matched by increases in Na+-dependent metabolism at the tissue level and increases in enzyme activity at a cellular level but not by an increase in the number of sodium pumps. To maintain Na+ gradient across cell membranes, increased Na+ flux is not controlled by an increase in sodium pump number but rather by an increase in sodium pump molecular activity (i.e. an increase the substrate turnover rate of each sodium pump) in tissues of endotherms. This increase in molecular activity is coupled to an increase in the level of highly unsaturated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in membranes, a mechanism similar to that used by ectotherms to ameliorate decreasing activities of metabolic processes in the cold. Determination of how changes in membrane fatty acid composition can change the activities of proteins in membranes will be the next step in this story.},
}

@article {pmid32933406,
year = {2020},
author = {Weaver, RJ and Carrion, G and Nix, R and Maeda, GP and Rabinowitz, S and Iverson, ENK and Thueson, K and Havird, JC},
title = {High mitochondrial mutation rates in Silene are associated with nuclear-mediated changes in mitochondrial physiology.},
journal = {Biology letters},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {20200450},
pmid = {32933406},
issn = {1744-957X},
mesh = {DNA, Mitochondrial ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Plant ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Mutation ; Mutation Rate ; *Silene/genetics ; },
abstract = {Mitochondrial (mt) respiration depends on proteins encoded both by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Variation in mt-DNA mutation rates exists across eukaryotes, although the functional consequences of elevated mt mutation rates in some lineages remain underexplored. In the angiosperm genus Silene, closely related, ecologically similar species have either 'fast' or 'slow' mt-DNA mutation rates. Here, we investigated the functional consequences of elevated mt-DNA mutation rates on mt respiration profiles of Silene mitochondria. Overall levels of respiration were similar among Species. Fast species had lower respiration efficiency than slow species and relied up to 48% more on nuclear-encoded respiratory enzymes alternative oxidase (AOX) and accessory dehydrogenases (DHex), which participate in stress responses in plants. However, not all fast species showed these trends. Respiratory profiles of some enzymes were correlated, most notably AOX and DHex. We conclude that subtle differences in mt physiology among Silene lineages with dramatically different mt mutation rates may underly similar phenotypes at higher levels of biological organization, betraying the consequences of mt mutations.},
}

DNA, Mitochondrial
Evolution, Molecular
Genome, Plant
Mitochondria/genetics
Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
Mutation
Mutation Rate
*Silene/genetics

@article {pmid32652124,
year = {2020},
author = {Wepfer, PH and Nakajima, Y and Sutthacheep, M and Radice, VZ and Richards, Z and Ang, P and Terraneo, T and Sudek, M and Fujimura, A and Toonen, RJ and Mikheyev, AS and Economo, EP and Mitarai, S},
title = {Evolutionary biogeography of the reef-building coral genus Galaxea across the Indo-Pacific ocean.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {151},
number = {},
pages = {106905},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106905},
pmid = {32652124},
issn = {1095-9513},
mesh = {Animals ; Anthozoa/*classification/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; *Coral Reefs ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Indian Ocean ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; *Phylogeography ; Principal Component Analysis ; },
abstract = {Stony corals (Scleractinia) form the basis for some of the most diverse ecosytems on Earth, but we have much to learn about their evolutionary history and systematic relationships. In order to improve our understanding of species in corals we here investigated phylogenetic relationships between morphologically defined species and genetic lineages in the genus Galaxea (Euphyllidae) using a combined phylogenomic and phylogeographic approach. Previous studies revealed the nominal species G. fascicularis included three genetically well-differentiated lineages (L, S & L+) in the western Pacific, but their distribution and relationship to other species in the genus was unknown. Based on genomic (RAD-seq) and mitochondrial sequence data (non-coding region between cytb and ND2) we investigated whether the morphological taxa represent genetically coherent entities and what is the phylogenetic relationship and spatial distribution of the three lineages of G. fascicularis throughout the observed species range. Using the RAD-seq data, we find that the genus Galaxea is monophyletic and contains three distinct clades: an Indo-Pacific, a Pacific, and a small clade restricted to the Chagos Archipelago. The three lineages of G. fascicularis were associated with different RAD-seq clades, with the 'L' lineage showing some morphological distinction from the other two lineages (larger more asymmetrical polyps). In addition to these, three more genetic lineages in G. fascicularis may be distinguished - a Chagossian, an Ogasawaran, and one from the Indian-Red Sea. Among nominal taxa for which we have multiple samples, G. horrescens was the only monophyletic species. The mitochondrial non-coding region is highly conserved apart of the length polymorphism used to define L, S & L+ lineages and lacks the power to distinguish morphological and genetic groups resolved with genomic RAD-sequencing. The polyphyletic nature of most species warrants a careful examination of the accepted taxonomy of this group with voucher collections and their comparison to type specimens to resolve species boundaries. Further insight to the speciation process in corals will require international cooperation for the sharing of specimens to facilitate scientific discovery.},
}

Animals
Anthozoa/*classification/*genetics
Base Sequence
*Coral Reefs
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Genetic Variation
Haplotypes/genetics
Indian Ocean
Mitochondria/genetics
Pacific Ocean
Phylogeny
*Phylogeography
Principal Component Analysis

@article {pmid32599078,
year = {2020},
author = {Xu, X and Kuntner, M and Bond, JE and Ono, H and Ho, SYW and Liu, F and Yu, L and Li, D},
title = {Molecular species delimitation in the primitively segmented spider genus Heptathela endemic to Japanese islands.},
journal = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution},
volume = {151},
number = {},
pages = {106900},
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106900},
pmid = {32599078},
issn = {1095-9513},
mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Geography ; *Islands ; Japan ; Likelihood Functions ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Probability ; Species Specificity ; Spiders/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Determining species boundaries forms an important foundation for biological research. However, the results of molecular species delimitation can vary with the data sets and methods that are used. Here we use a two-step approach to delimit species in the genus Heptathela, a group of primitively segmented trapdoor spiders that are endemic to Japanese islands. Morphological evidence suggests the existence of 19 species in the genus. We tested this initial species hypothesis by using six molecular species-delimitation methods to analyse 180 mitochondrial COI sequences of Heptathela sampled from across the known range of the genus. We then conducted a set of more focused analyses by sampling additional genetic markers from the subset of taxa that were inconsistently delimited by the single-locus analyses of mitochondrial DNA. Multilocus species delimitation was performed using two Bayesian approaches based on the multispecies coalescent. Our approach identified 20 putative species among the 180 sampled individuals of Heptathela. We suggest that our two-step approach provides an efficient strategy for delimiting species while minimizing costs and computational time.},
}

Animals
Bayes Theorem
DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
Geography
*Islands
Japan
Likelihood Functions
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny
Probability
Species Specificity
Spiders/*genetics

@article {pmid32050506,
year = {2020},
author = {Li, Z and Li, X and Song, N and Tang, H and Yin, X},
title = {The Mitochondrial Genome of Amara aulica (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalinae) and Insights into the Phylogeny of Ground Beetles.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {32050506},
issn = {2073-4425},
mesh = {Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Coleoptera/classification/*genetics ; Genes, rRNA ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Transfer/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; },
abstract = {Carabidae are one of the most species-rich families of beetles, comprising more than 40,000 described species worldwide. Forty-three complete or partial mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from this family have been published in GenBank to date. In this study, we sequenced a nearly complete mitogenome of Amara aulica (Carabidae), using a next-generation sequencing method. This mitogenome was 16,646 bp in length, which encoded the typical 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a putative control region. Combining with the published mitogenomes of Carabidae and five outgroup species from Trachypachidae, Gyrinidae and Dytiscidae, we performed phylogenetic estimates under maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference criteria to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of carabid beetles. The results showed that the family Carabidae was a non-monophyletic assemblage. The subfamilies Cicindelinae, Elaphrinae, Carabinae, Trechinae and Harpalinae were recovered as monophyletic groups. Moreover, the clade (Trechinae + (Brachininae + Harpalinae)) was consistently recovered in all analyses.},
}

Animals
Bayes Theorem
Coleoptera/classification/*genetics
Genes, rRNA
*Genome, Mitochondrial
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism
Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
Phylogeny
RNA, Transfer/genetics
Sequence Alignment

@article {pmid33135056,
year = {2020},
author = {Ji, J and Day, A},
title = {Construction of a highly error-prone DNA polymerase for developing organelle mutation systems.},
journal = {Nucleic acids research},
volume = {48},
number = {21},
pages = {11868-11879},
doi = {10.1093/nar/gkaa929},
pmid = {33135056},
issn = {1362-4962},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Chloroplasts/*genetics/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA Polymerase gamma/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors/chemistry/metabolism ; Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Porins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical ; Protein Conformation, beta-Strand ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Receptors, Virus/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Tobacco/classification/*genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {A novel family of DNA polymerases replicates organelle genomes in a wide distribution of taxa encompassing plants and protozoans. Making error-prone mutator versions of gamma DNA polymerases revolutionised our understanding of animal mitochondrial genomes but similar advances have not been made for the organelle DNA polymerases present in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts. We tested the fidelities of error prone tobacco organelle DNA polymerases using a novel positive selection method involving replication of the phage lambda cI repressor gene. Unlike gamma DNA polymerases, ablation of 3'-5' exonuclease function resulted in a modest 5-8-fold error rate increase. Combining exonuclease deficiency with a polymerisation domain substitution raised the organelle DNA polymerase error rate by 140-fold relative to the wild type enzyme. This high error rate compares favourably with error-rates of mutator versions of animal gamma DNA polymerases. The error prone organelle DNA polymerase introduced mutations at multiple locations ranging from two to seven sites in half of the mutant cI genes studied. Single base substitutions predominated including frequent A:A (template: dNMP) mispairings. High error rate and semi-dominance to the wild type enzyme in vitro make the error prone organelle DNA polymerase suitable for elevating mutation rates in chloroplasts and mitochondria.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
Binding Sites
Chloroplasts/*genetics/*metabolism
Cloning, Molecular
DNA Polymerase gamma/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
DNA Replication
Escherichia coli/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression
Genetic Vectors/chemistry/metabolism
Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism
Models, Molecular
Mutation
Phylogeny
Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Porins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
Protein Binding
Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
Receptors, Virus/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
Selection, Genetic
Sequence Alignment
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Tobacco/classification/*genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid32681023,
year = {2020},
author = {Folgueira, I and Lamas, J and Sueiro, RA and Leiro, JM},
title = {Molecular characterization and gene expression modulation of the alternative oxidase in a scuticociliate parasite by hypoxia and mitochondrial respiration inhibitors.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {11880},
pmid = {32681023},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Respiration/*drug effects ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Genome, Protozoan ; Genomics/methods ; Hypoxia/*metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondria/*drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Oligohymenophorea/classification/*enzymology/*genetics ; Oxidoreductases/chemistry/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; },
abstract = {Philasterides dicentrarchi is a marine benthic microaerophilic scuticociliate and an opportunistic endoparasite that can infect and cause high mortalities in cultured turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). In addition to a cytochrome pathway (CP), the ciliate can use a cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway, which indicates the existence of an alternative oxidase (AOX) in the mitochondrion. Although AOX activity has been described in P. dicentrarchi, based on functional assay results, genetic evidence of the presence of AOX in the ciliate has not previously been reported. In this study, we conducted genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the ciliate and identified the AOX gene and its corresponding mRNA. The AOX gene (size 1,106 bp) contains four exons and three introns that generate an open reading frame of 915 bp and a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 35.6 kDa. The amino acid (aa) sequence of the AOX includes an import signal peptide targeting the mitochondria and the protein is associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that the peptide is a homodimeric glycoprotein, although monomeric forms may also appear under native conditions, with EXXH motifs associated with the diiron active centers. The aa sequences of the AOX of different P. dicentrarchi isolates are highly conserved and phylogenetically closely related to AOXs of other ciliate species, especially scuticociliates. AOX expression increased significantly during infection in the host and after the addition of CP inhibitors. This confirms the important physiological roles of AOX in respiration under conditions of low levels of O2 and in protecting against oxidative stress generated during infection in the host.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Base Sequence
Cell Respiration/*drug effects
Female
Gene Expression
Genome, Protozoan
Genomics/methods
Hypoxia/*metabolism
Male
Mitochondria/*drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure
Mitochondrial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics
Models, Molecular
Oligohymenophorea/classification/*enzymology/*genetics
Oxidoreductases/chemistry/*genetics
Phylogeny
Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics
Protein Conformation
Structure-Activity Relationship

@article {pmid31960780,
year = {2020},
author = {Kumari, K and M, MH and Sinha, A and Koushlesh, SK and Das Sarkar, S and Borah, S and BaItha, R and Behera, BK and Das, BK},
title = {Genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationship of 11 Asian Sisorinae genera (Siluriformes: Sisoridae) with new record of Pseudolaguvia foveolata.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {35-41},
doi = {10.1080/24701394.2020.1714605},
pmid = {31960780},
issn = {2470-1408},
mesh = {Animals ; Catfishes/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; India ; Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {Studies on Sisorinae systematics have been largely restricted to morphological data with few studies on examination of phylogenetic relations. However, no study has been done to evaluate genetic distance of the genera under Sisorinae sub-family and detailed phylogenetic relations within it. We used nuclear recombination activating 2 (rag2) gene and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene from 64 species to examine genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships within 11 Asian Sisorinae genera. The range of interspecies K2P distance for rag2 was 0-0.061 and COI was 0-0.204. Phylogenetic analysis based on maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) approaches for each locus individually and for the concatenated rag2 and COI sequences revealed three major subclades viz. Bagariini, Sisorini and Erethistini under subfamily Sisorinae. The analysis based on COI gene showed ((Sisorini, Bagariini), Erethistini) relationship. Rag2 and combined rag2 and COI showed ((Sisorini, Erethistini), Bagariini) relationship. Combined rag2 and COI analyses resulted into better resolved trees with a good bootstrap support. In this study, new record of Pseudolaguvia foveolata (Erethistini) has been documented based on 13 specimens collected from Torsa River, Jaldapara, Alipurduar district, West Bengal, India (26°43'44.66″ N and 89°19'32.34″ E), extending its distribution range in Brahmaputra drainage, India. The genetic distance between the P. foveolata new record and the reported P. foveolata (holotype: UMMZ 244867) was 0.00 at both rag2 and COI locus and it was further grouped with P. foveolata Type specimen (holotype: UMMZ 244867) with 100% bootstrap support. This report gives additional information on occurrence of the species P. foveolata, along with discussion on morphometric, meristic and molecular (COI and rag2 gene) data.},
}

Animals
Catfishes/*genetics/metabolism
DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics/metabolism
Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics
India
Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism
Phylogeny

@article {pmid31762360,
year = {2020},
author = {Phukuntsi, MA and Du Plessis, M and Dalton, DL and Jansen, R and Cuozzo, FP and Sauther, ML and Kotze, A},
title = {Population genetic structure of the thick-tailed bushbaby (Otolemur crassicaudatus) from the Soutpansberg Mountain range, Northern South Africa, based on four mitochondrial DNA regions.},
journal = {Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {1-10},
doi = {10.1080/24701394.2019.1694015},
pmid = {31762360},
issn = {2470-1408},
mesh = {Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Female ; Galago/*genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; *Genetics, Population ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Male ; Phylogeny ; South Africa ; },
abstract = {Greater bushbabies, strepsirrhine primates, that are distributed across central, eastern and southern Africa, with northern and eastern South Africa representing the species' most southerly distribution. Greater bushbabies are habitat specialists whose naturally fragmented habitats are getting even more fragmented due to anthropogenic activities. Currently, there is no population genetic data or study published on the species. The aim of our study was to investigate the genetic variation in a thick-tailed bushbaby, Otolemur crassicaudatus, population in the Soutpansberg mountain range, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Four mitochondrial regions, ranging from highly conserved to highly variable, were sequenced from 47 individuals. The sequences were aligned and genetic diversity, structure, as well as demographic analyses were performed. Low genetic diversity (π = 0.0007-0.0038 in coding regions and π = 0.0127 in non-coding region; Hd = 0.166-0.569 in coding regions and Hd = 0.584 in non-coding region) and sub-structuring (H = 2-3 in coding regions and H = 4 in non-coding region) was observed with two divergent haplogroups (haplotype pairwise distance = 3-5 in coding region and 6-10 in non-coding region) being identified. This suggests the population may have experienced fixation of mitochondrial haplotypes due to limited female immigration, which is consistent with philopatric species, that alternative haplotypes are not native to this population, and that there may be male mobility from adjacent populations. This study provides the first detailed insights into the mitochondrial genetic diversity of a continental African strepsirrhine primate and demonstrates the utility of mitochondrial DNA in intraspecific genetic population analyses of these primates.},
}

Animals
DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Female
Galago/*genetics
Genetic Variation/genetics
*Genetics, Population
Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Male
Phylogeny
South Africa

@article {pmid33330486,
year = {2020},
author = {Zeng, M and He, Y and Du, H and Yang, J and Wan, H},
title = {Output Regulation and Function Optimization of Mitochondria in Eukaryotes.},
journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {598112},
doi = {10.3389/fcell.2020.598112},
pmid = {33330486},
issn = {2296-634X},
abstract = {The emergence of endosymbiosis between aerobic alpha-proteobacterium and anaerobic eukaryotic cell precursors opened the chapter of eukaryotic evolution. Multiple functions of mitochondria originated from the ancient precursors of mitochondria and underwent remodeling in eukaryotic cells. Due to the dependence on mitochondrial functions, eukaryotic cells need to constantly adjust mitochondrial output based on energy demand and cellular stress. Meanwhile, eukaryotes conduct the metabolic cooperation between different cells through the involvement of mitochondria. Under some conditions, mitochondria might also be transferred to nearby cells to provide a protective mechanism. However, the endosymbiont relationship determines the existence of various types of mitochondrial injury, such as proteotoxic stress, mutational meltdown, oxidative injure, and immune activation caused by released mitochondrial contents. Eukaryotes have a repertoire of mitochondrial optimization processes, including various mitochondrial quality-control proteins, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and activation of mitochondrial autophagy. When these quality-control processes fail, eukaryotic cells can activate apoptosis to intercept uncontrolled cell death, thereby minimizing the damage to extracellular tissue. In this review, we describe the intracellular and extracellular context-based regulation of mitochondrial output in eukaryotic cells, and introduce new findings on multifaceted quality-control processes to deal with mitochondrial defects.},
}

@article {pmid33329499,
year = {2020},
author = {Oberleitner, L and Poschmann, G and Macorano, L and Schott-Verdugo, S and Gohlke, H and Stühler, K and Nowack, ECM},
title = {The Puzzle of Metabolite Exchange and Identification of Putative Octotrico Peptide Repeat Expression Regulators in the Nascent Photosynthetic Organelles of Paulinella chromatophora.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {607182},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2020.607182},
pmid = {33329499},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {The endosymbiotic acquisition of mitochondria and plastids more than one billion years ago was central for the evolution of eukaryotic life. However, owing to their ancient origin, these organelles provide only limited insights into the initial stages of organellogenesis. The cercozoan amoeba Paulinella chromatophora contains photosynthetic organelles-termed chromatophores-that evolved from a cyanobacterium ∼100 million years ago, independently from plastids in plants and algae. Despite the more recent origin of the chromatophore, it shows tight integration into the host cell. It imports hundreds of nucleus-encoded proteins, and diverse metabolites are continuously exchanged across the two chromatophore envelope membranes. However, the limited set of chromatophore-encoded solute transporters appears insufficient for supporting metabolic connectivity or protein import. Furthermore, chromatophore-localized biosynthetic pathways as well as multiprotein complexes include proteins of dual genetic origin, suggesting that mechanisms evolved that coordinate gene expression levels between chromatophore and nucleus. These findings imply that similar to the situation in mitochondria and plastids, also in P. chromatophora nuclear factors evolved that control metabolite exchange and gene expression in the chromatophore. Here we show by mass spectrometric analyses of enriched insoluble protein fractions that, unexpectedly, nucleus-encoded transporters are not inserted into the chromatophore inner envelope membrane. Thus, despite the apparent maintenance of its barrier function, canonical metabolite transporters are missing in this membrane. Instead we identified several expanded groups of short chromatophore-targeted orphan proteins. Members of one of these groups are characterized by a single transmembrane helix, and others contain amphipathic helices. We hypothesize that these proteins are involved in modulating membrane permeability. Thus, the mechanism generating metabolic connectivity of the chromatophore fundamentally differs from the one for mitochondria and plastids, but likely rather resembles the poorly understood mechanism in various bacterial endosymbionts in plants and insects. Furthermore, our mass spectrometric analysis revealed an expanded family of chromatophore-targeted helical repeat proteins. These proteins show similar domain architectures as known organelle-targeted expression regulators of the octotrico peptide repeat type in algae and plants. Apparently these chromatophore-targeted proteins evolved convergently to plastid-targeted expression regulators and are likely involved in gene expression control in the chromatophore.},
}

@article {pmid33311144,
year = {2020},
author = {Vasconcelos, R and KÖhler, G and Geniez, P and Crochet, PA},
title = {A new endemic species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde.},
journal = {Zootaxa},
volume = {4878},
number = {3},
pages = {zootaxa.4878.3.4},
doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4878.3.4},
pmid = {33311144},
issn = {1175-5334},
mesh = {Animals ; Cabo Verde ; Islands ; *Lizards ; Mitochondria ; Phylogeny ; },
abstract = {A new species of gecko of the genus Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) is described from São Nicolau Island, Cabo Verde Archipelago, and the Sal and Boavista island populations of Hemidactylus boavistensis (i.e., Hemidactylus boavistensis boavistensis comb. nov. and Hemidactylus boavistensis chevalieri comb. nov.) are recognized as subspecies. Hemidactylus nicolauensis sp. nov. is genetically distinct from H. bouvieri, to which it has previously been referred, and from all other closely related endemic Hemidactylus from Cabo Verde Islands in mitochondrial (12S cyt b) and nuclear (RAG2, MC1R) markers. It is characterized morphologically by its distinct colouration and a diagnostically different arrangement of digital lamellae. With the description of this new species, São Nicolau is now known to harbour three single-island endemic gecko species, and the documented reptile diversity in Cabo Verde is raised to 23 endemic species. As a result of our taxonomic changes, existing conservation regulations should be updated and the conservation status of these taxa should be re-evaluated.},
}

Animals
Cabo Verde
Islands
*Lizards
Mitochondria
Phylogeny

@article {pmid32018005,
year = {2020},
author = {Wu, H and Liu, Y and Shi, X and Zhang, X and Ye, C and Zhu, KY and Zhu, F and Zhang, J and Ma, E},
title = {Transcriptome analysis of antennal cytochrome P450s and their transcriptional responses to plant and locust volatiles in Locusta migratoria.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {149},
number = {},
pages = {741-753},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.309},
pmid = {32018005},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/classification/*genetics/*metabolism ; Cytochrome P450 Family 2/metabolism ; Cytochrome P450 Family 3/metabolism ; Cytochrome P450 Family 4/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Inactivation, Metabolic ; Locusta migratoria/drug effects/*genetics/*metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Odorants ; Phylogeny ; Transcriptome ; Volatile Organic Compounds/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) constitute a large superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins that are involved in the biosynthesis or degradation of endogenous compounds and detoxification of exogenous chemicals. It has been reported that P450s could serve as odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs) to inactivate odorants to avoid saturating the antennae. However, there is little information about P450s in the antennae of Locusta migratoria. In the current work, we conducted an antenna transcriptome analysis and identified 92 P450s, including 68 full-length and 24 partial sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 68 full-length P450s were grouped into four clans: CYP2, CYP3, CYP4, and mitochondria clans. Tissue, stage, and sex-dependent expressions of these 68 P450s were investigated. The results showed that 4 P450s were antenna-specific, whereas others were antenna-rich but also expressed in other tissues, implying their various potential roles in the antennae. In addition, the responses of seven selected P450s to five gramineous plant volatiles and four locust volatiles were determined. CYP6MU1 could be induced by almost all compounds tested, suggesting its important roles in odorant processing. Different P450s exhibited diverse responses to odorants, indicating that specific regulation of P450 expression by odorants might modulate the sensitivity of the olfactory responses to various chemicals.},
}

Animals
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/classification/*genetics/*metabolism
Cytochrome P450 Family 2/metabolism
Cytochrome P450 Family 3/metabolism
Cytochrome P450 Family 4/metabolism
Gene Expression Profiling/*methods
Gene Expression Regulation
Inactivation, Metabolic
Locusta migratoria/drug effects/*genetics/*metabolism
Mitochondria/metabolism
Odorants
Phylogeny
Transcriptome
Volatile Organic Compounds/pharmacology

@article {pmid32012851,
year = {2020},
author = {Coate, JE and Schreyer, WM and Kum, D and Doyle, JJ},
title = {Robust Cytonuclear Coordination of Transcription in Nascent Arabidopsis thaliana Autopolyploids.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {32012851},
issn = {2073-4425},
mesh = {Arabidopsis/*genetics ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Diploidy ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*genetics ; Genes, Plant/genetics ; Genome, Plant/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Organelles/genetics ; Plastids/genetics ; *Polyploidy ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods ; Transcriptional Activation/genetics ; },
abstract = {Polyploidy is hypothesized to cause dosage imbalances between the nucleus and the other genome-containing organelles (mitochondria and plastids), but the evidence for this is limited. We performed RNA-seq on Arabidopsis thaliana diploids and their derived autopolyploids to quantify the degree of inter-genome coordination of transcriptional responses to nuclear whole genome duplication in two different organs (sepals and rosette leaves). We show that nuclear and organellar genomes exhibit highly coordinated responses in both organs. First, organelle genome copy number increased in response to nuclear whole genome duplication (WGD), at least partially compensating for altered nuclear genome dosage. Second, transcriptional output of the different cellular compartments is tuned to maintain diploid-like levels of relative expression among interacting genes. In particular, plastid genes and nuclear genes whose products are plastid-targeted show coordinated down-regulation, such that their expression levels relative to each other remain constant across ploidy levels. Conversely, mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes with mitochondrial targeting show either constant or coordinated up-regulation of expression relative to other nuclear genes. Thus, cytonuclear coordination is robust to changes in nuclear ploidy level, with diploid-like balance in transcript abundances achieved within three generations after nuclear whole genome duplication.},
}

Arabidopsis/*genetics
Cell Nucleus/genetics
Diploidy
Evolution, Molecular
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/*genetics
Genes, Plant/genetics
Genome, Plant/genetics
Mitochondria/genetics
Organelles/genetics
Plastids/genetics
*Polyploidy
Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
Transcriptional Activation/genetics

@article {pmid31369817,
year = {2020},
author = {Garcia-Mayea, Y and Mir, C and Masson, F and Paciucci, R and LLeonart, ME},
title = {Insights into new mechanisms and models of cancer stem cell multidrug resistance.},
journal = {Seminars in cancer biology},
volume = {60},
number = {},
pages = {166-180},
doi = {10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.022},
pmid = {31369817},
issn = {1096-3650},
mesh = {ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Autophagy ; Biomarkers ; DNA Damage ; Disease Susceptibility ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple ; *Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Exosomes/metabolism ; Humans ; Mitochondria/drug effects/metabolism ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/*drug effects/*metabolism/pathology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects/genetics ; Unfolded Protein Response ; },
abstract = {The acquisition of genetic alterations, clonal evolution, and the tumor microenvironment promote cancer progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. These events correspond to the establishment of the great phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer cells that contribute to tumor progression and resistant disease. Targeting resistant cancers is a major challenge in oncology; however, the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. Even though current treatments can reduce tumor size and increase life expectancy, relapse and multidrug resistance (MDR) ultimately remain the second cause of death in developed countries. Recent evidence points toward stem-like phenotypes in cancer cells, promoted by cancer stem cells (CSCs), as the main culprit of cancer relapse, resistance (radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and/or chemotherapy) and metastasis. Many mechanisms have been proposed for CSC resistance, such as drug efflux through ABC transporters, overactivation of the DNA damage response (DDR), apoptosis evasion, prosurvival pathways activation, cell cycle promotion and/or cell metabolic alterations. Nonetheless, targeted therapy toward these specific CSC mechanisms is only partially effective to prevent or abolish resistance, suggesting underlying additional causes for CSC resilience. This article aims to provide an integrated picture of the MDR mechanisms that operate in CSCs' behavior and to propose a novel model of tumor evolution during chemotherapy. Targeting the pathways mentioned here might hold promise and reveal new strategies for future clinical therapeutic approaches.},
}

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics/metabolism
Animals
Antineoplastic Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
Apoptosis/drug effects
Autophagy
Biomarkers
DNA Damage
Disease Susceptibility
*Drug Resistance, Multiple
*Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Epigenesis, Genetic
Exosomes/metabolism
Humans
Mitochondria/drug effects/metabolism
Neoplasms/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism/pathology
Neoplastic Stem Cells/*drug effects/*metabolism/pathology
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
Signal Transduction/drug effects
Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects/genetics
Unfolded Protein Response

@article {pmid32934270,
year = {2020},
author = {Simaika, JP and Ware, JL and Garrison, RW and Samways, MJ},
title = {Phylogeny of the Synlestidae (Odonata: Zygoptera), with an emphasis on Chlorolestes Selys and Ecchlorolestes Barnard.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {15088},
pmid = {32934270},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Odonata/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; South Africa ; },
abstract = {The Synlestidae (Odonata: Zygoptera) of southern Africa comprise some highly localized species. All but one species are endemic to South Africa, and many to the Cape Floristic Region. Here we present the first phylogenetic reconstruction of the southern African Synlestidae using nuclear and mitochondrial molecular data. The genera Ecchlorolestes and Chlorolestes are monophyletic, and we propose that the Neotropical family Perilestidae consisting of two genera, Perilestes and Perissolestes, be sunk within Synlestidae. We discuss the intra-familial relationships for the southern African Synlestidae.},
}

Animals
Cell Nucleus/genetics
Mitochondria/genetics
Odonata/*genetics
Phylogeny
South Africa

@article {pmid33314045,
year = {2020},
author = {Filograna, R and Mennuni, M and Alsina, D and Larsson, NG},
title = {Mitochondrial DNA copy number in human disease: the more the better?.},
journal = {FEBS letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/1873-3468.14021},
pmid = {33314045},
issn = {1873-3468},
abstract = {Most of the genetic information has been lost or transferred to the nucleus during the evolution of mitochondria. Neverthelss, mitochondria have retained their own genome that is essential for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). In mammals, a gene-dense circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of about 16.5kb encodes 13 proteins, which constitute only 1% of the mitochondrial proteome. Mammalian mtDNA is present in thousands of copies per cell and mutations often affect only a fraction of them. Most pathogenic human mtDNA mutations are recessive and only cause OXPHOS defects if present above a certain critical threshold. However, emerging evidence strongly suggests that the proportion of mutated mtDNA copies is not the only determinant of disease but that also the absolute copy number matters. In this review, we critically discuss current knowledge of the role of mtDNA copy number regulation in various types of human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer, and during ageing. We also provide an overview of new exciting therapeutic strategies to directly manipulate mtDNA to restore OXPHOS in mitochondrial diseases.},
}

@article {pmid32591605,
year = {2020},
author = {Goodheart, JA and Minsky, G and Brynjegard-Bialik, MN and Drummond, MS and Munoz, JD and Fallon, TR and Schultz, DT and Weng, JK and Torres, E and Oakley, TH},
title = {Laboratory culture of the California Sea Firefly Vargula tsujii (Ostracoda: Cypridinidae): Developing a model system for the evolution of marine bioluminescence.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {10443},
pmid = {32591605},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; Aquaculture/methods ; Aquatic Organisms/metabolism ; *Biological Evolution ; California ; Crustacea/embryology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Female ; Genetics, Population ; Genome/genetics ; Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Life Cycle Stages ; *Luminescence ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; },
abstract = {Bioluminescence, or the production of light by living organisms via chemical reaction, is widespread across Metazoa. Laboratory culture of bioluminescent organisms from diverse taxonomic groups is important for determining the biosynthetic pathways of bioluminescent substrates, which may lead to new tools for biotechnology and biomedicine. Some bioluminescent groups may be cultured, including some cnidarians, ctenophores, and brittle stars, but those use luminescent substrates (luciferins) obtained from their diets, and therefore are not informative for determination of the biosynthetic pathways of the luciferins. Other groups, including terrestrial fireflies, do synthesize their own luciferin, but culturing them is difficult and the biosynthetic pathway for firefly luciferin remains unclear. An additional independent origin of endogenous bioluminescence is found within ostracods from the family Cypridinidae, which use their luminescence for defense and, in Caribbean species, for courtship displays. Here, we report the first complete life cycle of a luminous ostracod (Vargula tsujii Kornicker & Baker, 1977, the California Sea Firefly) in the laboratory. We also describe the late-stage embryogenesis of Vargula tsujii and discuss the size classes of instar development. We find embryogenesis in V. tsujii ranges from 25-38 days, and this species appears to have five instar stages, consistent with ontogeny in other cypridinid lineages. We estimate a complete life cycle at 3-4 months. We also present the first complete mitochondrial genome for Vargula tsujii. Bringing a luminous ostracod into laboratory culture sets the stage for many potential avenues of study, including learning the biosynthetic pathway of cypridinid luciferin and genomic manipulation of an autogenic bioluminescent system.},
}

Animals
Aquaculture/methods
Aquatic Organisms/metabolism
*Biological Evolution
California
Crustacea/embryology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism
Female
Genetics, Population
Genome/genetics
Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics
Life Cycle Stages
*Luminescence
Male
Mitochondria/genetics
Whole Genome Sequencing

@article {pmid32555277,
year = {2020},
author = {Subramanian, H and Gatenby, RA},
title = {Evolutionary advantage of anti-parallel strand orientation of duplex DNA.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {9883},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-66705-3},
pmid = {32555277},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {U54 CA193489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; DNA/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; },
abstract = {DNA in all living systems shares common properties that are remarkably well suited to its function, suggesting refinement by evolution. However, DNA also shares some counter-intuitive properties which confer no obvious benefit, such as strand directionality and anti-parallel strand orientation, which together result in the complicated lagging strand replication. The evolutionary dynamics that led to these properties of DNA remain unknown but their universality suggests that they confer as yet unknown selective advantage to DNA. In this article, we identify an evolutionary advantage of anti-parallel strand orientation of duplex DNA, within a given set of plausible premises. The advantage stems from the increased rate of replication, achieved by dividing the DNA into predictable, independently and simultaneously replicating segments, as opposed to sequentially replicating the entire DNA, thereby parallelizing the replication process. We show that anti-parallel strand orientation is essential for such a replicative organization of DNA, given our premises, the most important of which is the assumption of the presence of sequence-dependent asymmetric cooperativity in DNA.},
}

Animals
DNA/*chemistry/metabolism
DNA Replication
*Evolution, Molecular
Mitochondria/genetics
Models, Molecular
Nucleic Acid Conformation

@article {pmid32518318,
year = {2020},
author = {Wang, E and Zhang, D and Braun, MS and Hotz-Wagenblatt, A and Pärt, T and Arlt, D and Schmaljohann, H and Bairlein, F and Lei, F and Wink, M},
title = {Can Mitogenomes of the Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) Reconstruct Its Phylogeography and Reveal the Origin of Migrant Birds?.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {9290},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-66287-0},
pmid = {32518318},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animal Migration ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Germany ; Greece ; Haplotypes/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Songbirds/*classification/*genetics ; },
abstract = {The Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe, including the nominate and the two subspecies O. o. leucorhoa and O. o. libanotica) and the Seebohm's Wheatear (Oenanthe seebohmi) are today regarded as two distinct species. Before, all four taxa were regarded as four subspecies of the Northern Wheatear. Their classification has exclusively been based on ecological and morphological traits, while their molecular characterization is still missing. With this study, we used next-generation sequencing to assemble 117 complete mitochondrial genomes covering O. o. oenanthe, O. o. leucorhoa and O. seebohmi. We compared the resolution power of each individual mitochondrial marker and concatenated marker sets to reconstruct the phylogeny and estimate speciation times of three taxa. Moreover, we tried to identify the origin of migratory wheatears caught on Helgoland (Germany) and on Crete (Greece). Mitogenome analysis revealed two different ancient lineages that separated around 400,000 years ago. Both lineages consisted of a mix of subspecies and species. The phylogenetic trees, as well as haplotype networks are incongruent with the present morphology-based classification. Mitogenome could not distinguish these presumed species. The genetic panmixia among present populations and taxa might be the consequence of mitochondrial introgression between ancient wheatear populations.},
}

Animal Migration
Evolution, Molecular
*Genetic Speciation
Genome, Mitochondrial/*genetics
Germany
Greece
Haplotypes/genetics
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Mitochondria/genetics
Phylogeny
Songbirds/*classification/*genetics